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[ "The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by the space shuttle in April 1990. It is named after the American astronomer Edwin Hubble . Although not the first space telescope, the Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well-known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy . The HST is a collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency , and is one of NASA's Great Observatories , along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , and the Spitzer Space Telescope . [1]", "On April 24, 1990, NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope. The telescope rocketed into space aboard the shuttle Discovery, and now after 25 years of giving people a glimpse at some of the farthest reaches of outer space, Hubble has been honored by NASA with a week-long celebration. Here are some of the best views of the cosmos captured by Hubble.", "On April 25, 1990, the Hubble telescope was launched into orbit on the back of the U.S. space shuttle. Costing nearly $3 billion to design and construct, the Hubble weighs 11.6 tons and is 13.3 meters in length with a diameter of 4.3 meters. It travels at 28,000 kilometers per hour in orbit.", "1990 : The space shuttle Discovery blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, carrying the Hubble Space Telescope.", "Hubble launched aboard the space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990, and has been capturing stunning views of the cosmos since astronauts fixed a flaw in the telescope's mirror during a 1993 servicing mission. The famous telescope has contributed to a number of revolutionary discoveries, including confirming that the universe's expansion is accelerating rather than slowing down and finding that supermassive black holes lurk at the heart of most, if not all galaxies.", "Astronauts aboard Discovery deployed NASA's Hubble Space Telescope on the shuttle's STS-31 mission in April 1990. Five subsequent missions, launched aboard a variety of shuttles, repaired and upgraded the sensitive instrument.", "1990: Hubble telescope takes off for space. The space shuttle Discovery takes off, carrying the revolutionary Hubble Telescope into orbit high above the Earth's atmosphere. I hope they've double checked everything. It would be a bugger to get it up there and find it doesn't work properly...", "Eventually, following the resumption of shuttle flights in 1988, the launch of the telescope was scheduled for 1990. On 24 April 1990, shuttle mission STS-31 saw Discovery launch the telescope successfully into its planned orbit. [41]", "When shuttle flights resumed in 1988, Hubble was finally launched aboard Discovery on April 24, 1990. The telescope's original equipment package included the Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC), Goddard High Resolution Spectograph (GHRS), Faint Object Camera (FOC), Faint Object Spectograph (FOS), and High Speed Photometer (HSP).", "In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit around the Earth. Unfortunately, NASA scientists soon discovered that a microscopic spherical aberration in the polishing of the Hubble's mirror significantly limited the instrument's observing power. During a previously scheduled servicing mission in December, 1993, a team of astronauts performed a dramatic series of spacewalks to install a corrective optics package and other hardware. The hardware functioned like a contact lens and the elegant solution worked perfectly to restore Hubble's capabilities. The servicing mission again demonstrated the unique ability of humans to work in space, enabled Hubble to make a number of important astronomical discoveries, and greatly restored public confidence in NASA.", "Long before man ventured into space, astronomers longed for the ability to put a telescope in space far above Earth's obscuring atmosphere . In 1962, a National Academy of Sciences committee recommended the development of just such a telescope. In 1968 and 1972, satellites for observing the stars were launched. These satellites provided the basis on which a larger, more powerful space-based telescope could be built. With the development of the Space Shuttle came the capability for the delivery and servicing of a space telescope. In 1973, NASA selected a team of scientists to determine the basic design of the telescope while Congress authorized the funding for the telescope in 1977. Construction and assembly of the telescope was completed in 1985. The Hubble Space Telescope was originally due to be launched in 1986, but the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger delayed the launch until April 24, 1990. Once in orbit , a defect in the optical mirrors of the telescope prevented the clarity that scientists had hoped for when viewing images provided by the telescope. On December 2, 1993, a crew from the Space Shuttle Endeavor installed corrective devices which brought the images into clear focus .", "Space telescopes were proposed as early as 1923. The Hubble was funded in the 1970s, with a proposed launch in 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the Challenger disaster . When finally launched in 1990, scientists found that the main mirror had been ground incorrectly , severely compromising the telescope's capabilities. However, after a servicing mission in 1993, the telescope was restored to its intended quality. Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely sharp images with almost no background light. Hubble's Ultra Deep Field image, for instance, is the most detailed visible-light image ever made of the universe's most distant objects. Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics , such as accurately determining the rate of expansion of the universe .", "A more recent achievement in the field of astronomy was the completion and launch of the  Hubble Space Telescope  on 24th April 1990. The Hubble Telescope is a vital research tool that takes high-resolution images from 559km above the Earth avoiding the interference of the atmosphere.", "The Hubble Space Telescope has been in orbit since its launch in 1990. Image courtesy of NASA", "The Hubble Space Telescope orbits 569 km above the Earth in this February 1997 photo taken during the STS-82 servicing mission. Launched in 1990, HST has become one of the most important telescopes in history and responsible for many ground-breaking observations.", "The Hubble was funded in the 1970s, with a proposed launch in 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the Challenger disaster. When finally launched in 1990, scientists found that the main mirror had been ground incorrectly, severely compromising the telescope's capabilities. However, after a servicing mission in 1993, the telescope was restored to its intended quality. Hubble's position outside the Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely sharp images with almost no background light. Hubble's Ultra Deep Field image, for instance, is the most detailed visible-light image ever made of the universe's most distant objects. Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as accurately determining the rate of expansion of the universe.", "In early 1986, the planned launch date of October that year looked feasible, but the Challenger accident brought the U.S. space program to a halt, grounding the space shuttle fleet and forcing the launch of Hubble to be postponed for several years. The telescope had to be kept in a clean room, powered up and purged with nitrogen, until a launch could be rescheduled. This costly situation (about $6 million per month) pushed the overall costs of the project even higher. On the other hand, engineers used this time to perform extensive tests, swap out a possibly failure-prone battery, and make other improvements. [39] Furthermore, the ground software needed to control Hubble was not ready in 1986, and in fact was barely ready by the 1990 launch. [40]", "1990 : NASA announced that a flaw in the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope was preventing the instrument from achieving optimum focus.", "1990/--/-- 42 - A mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope is found to be flawed shortly after deployment.", "1997 – Astronauts on the space shuttle Discovery began a series of space walks that are required to overhaul the Hubble Space Telescope.", "1997 : the space shuttle Discovery returned to earth after a mission to upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope.", "1990  - Reported Flaw / Hubble Telescope - June 27th, 1990: \"NASA announced that a flaw in the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope was preventing the instrument from achieving optimum focus.\"", "2 Dec. 1993 Astronauts Richard O. Covey and Kenneth D. Bowersox piloted Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-61) on a highly successful mission to repair the optics of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and perform routine servicing on the orbiting observatory. Following a precise and flawless rendezvous, grapple, and berthing of the telescope in the cargo bay of the Shuttle, the Endeavour flight crew, in concert with controllers at Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, completed all eleven planned servicing tasks during five extravehicular activities for full accomplishment of all STS-61 servicing objectives. This included installation of a new Wide Field & Planetary Camera and sets of corrective optics for all the other instruments, as well as replacement of faulty solar arrays, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and electrical components to restore the reliability of the observatory subsystem. The Endeavour then provided HST with a reboost into a 321-nautical-mile, nearly circular orbit. Re-deployment of a healthy HST back into orbit using the shuttle robotic arm occurred at 5:26 a.m. EST on 10 Dec., and the telescope was once again a fully operational, free-flying spacecraft with vastly improved optics. Orbital verification of HST's improved capabilities occurred in early Jan., well ahead of the March schedule. Endeavour, the newest of the orbiters, was named after the 18th century vessel captained by British explorer Capt. James Cook. The new Shuttle craft took its maiden voyage in May 1992.", "Design: At the heart of Hubble are a 2.4 m primary mirror and a collection of five science instruments that work across the entire optical spectrum — from infrared, through the visible, to ultraviolet light. Hubble is equipped with cameras, spectrographs and fine guidance sensors. The observatory was designed to be serviced in space, allowing outdated instruments to be replaced. The telescope was placed into a low-Earth orbit by the Space Shuttle and uses modular components so that it can be recovered on subsequent Shuttle Servicing missions and faulty or outdated parts more easily replaced before being re-released into orbit.", "In June 1990, just two months after HST was launched into orbit, astronomers discovered that there was a spherical aberration in one of the telescope's mirrors. In 1991, two of the craft's six gyroscopes failed, and a third failed on Nov. 18, 1993, causing additional problems. NASA successfully repaired the space telescope during the Dec. 2–13, 1993, mission of the Endeavour.", "1991 : The space shuttle Atlantis blasted off on a mission that included the deploying of the second of NASA's Great Observatories.", "The Relay mirror experiment (RME), launched in February 1990, demonstrated critical technologies for space-based relay mirrors that would be used with an SDI directed-energy weapon system. The experiment validated stabilization, tracking, and pointing concepts and proved that a laser could be relayed from the ground to a 60 cm mirror on an orbiting satellite and back to another ground station with a high degree of accuracy and for extended durations. [44]", "..... Click the link for more information. , launched in 1990, has made possible visual observations of a quality far exceeding those of earthbound instruments.", "The Relay mirror experiment (RME), launched in February 1990, demonstrated critical technologies for space-based relay mirrors that would be used with an SDI directed-energy weapon system. The experiment validated stabilization, tracking, and pointing concepts and proved that a laser could be relayed from the ground to a 60 cm mirror on an orbiting satellite and back to another ground station with a high degree of accuracy and for extended durations. [55]", "A space telescope or space observatory is an instrument located in outer space to observe distant planets, galaxies and other astronomical objects. Space telescopes avoid many of the problems of ground-based observatories, such as light pollution and distortion of electromagnetic radiation (scintillation). In addition, ultraviolet frequencies, X-rays and gamma rays are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere, so they can only be observed from space. ", "In 1974, the group working on the project suggested a telescope with a number of interchangeable instruments. They would be able to resolve at least one-tenth of an arcsecond and study wavelengths that ranged from ultraviolet to visible and infrared light. The Space Shuttle would be used to put the telescope in orbit and either return it to Earth for repairs and replacement instruments, or service it in space.", "When launched, the HST carried five scientific instruments: the Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC), Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS), High Speed Photometer (HSP), Faint Object Camera (FOC) and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS). WF/PC was a high-resolution imaging device primarily intended for optical observations. It was built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and incorporated a set of 48 filters isolating spectral lines of particular astrophysical interest. The instrument contained eight charge-coupled device (CCD) chips divided between two cameras, each using four CCDs. Each CCD has a resolution of 0.64 megapixels. The \"wide field camera\" (WFC) covered a large angular field at the expense of resolution, while the \"planetary camera\" (PC) took images at a longer effective focal length than the WF chips, giving it a greater magnification. " ]

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[ "Jonas Edward Salk (; October 28, 1914 - June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed the first successful polio vaccine. Born in New York City, he attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. In 1939, after earning his medical degree, Salk began an internship as a scientist physician at Mount Sinai Hospital. Two years later he was granted a fellowship at the University of Michigan, where he would study flu viruses with his mentor Thomas Francis, Jr.. ", "Birthday - Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was born in New York City. In 1952, he developed a vaccine for the dreaded childhood disease Polio (poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis). His vaccine reduced deaths from Polio in the U.S. by 95%.", "Birthday - Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was born in New York City. In 1952, he developed a vaccine for the dreaded childhood disease Polio (poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis). His vaccine reduced deaths from Polio in the U.S. by 95%.", "The clinical trials for Dr. Jonas Salk's polio vaccine began on February 23rd, 1954. This initial mass inoculation was huge in scale, “the clinical trials of the Salk vaccine were the largest ever conducted, involving nearly two million children”. Immediately the vaccine was announced and hailed as an enormous victory in the medical field against a disease plaguing countries around the world. In Dr. Salk's obituary the aforementioned announcement was referred to as “the turning point in the battle against polio” and it was said that, “news caused a public sensation probably unequaled by any health development in modern times”.[1]", "Jonas Salk developed the first vaccine for polio in 1954, which turned the tide against one of the world's most feared illnesses.", "In the late 1940s, the March of Dimes, a grassroots organization founded with President Roosevelt’s help to find a way to defend against polio, enlisted Dr. Jonas Salk, head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. Salk found that polio had as many as 125 strains of three basic types, and that an effective vaccine needed to combat all three. By growing samples of the polio virus and then deactivating, or “killing” them by adding a chemical called formalin, Salk developed his vaccine, which was able to immunize without infecting the patient.", "In July of 1952, Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine from the killed virus at the University of Pittsburgh. First tested on himself and his family, the vaccine was made available nation-wide a few years later, which reduced the number of polio cases from nearly 29,000 in 1955 to less than 6,000 in 1957.", "February 25, 1975: Dr. Jonas Salk at the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. He was the first researcher to develop a safe and effective vaccine for polio. (Photo by Arnold Newman/Getty Images)", "1955 World famous American virologist Dr Jonas Salk witnessed a ceremonial polio vaccination in London when Margaret Jenkins from Kent became the 500,000th person in London to receive the vaccine to prevent the crippling disease poliomyelitis.", "In subsequent years, the March of Dimes continued to lead lucrative fundraising campaigns that set the model for other health-related foundations. In 1941, the foundation provided funding for the development of an improved iron lung, which helped polio patients to breathe when muscle control of the lungs was lost. The March of Dimes appointed Dr. Jonas Salk to lead research for a polio vaccine in 1949. Roosevelt, who died in 1945, did not live to see Salk develop and test the first successful polio vaccine in 1955.", "In 1953 Dr Jonas Salk announced he had a vaccine for poliomyelitis. A vaccine for measles was discovered in 1963.", "Salk went on to found the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, where he continued his research into the causes, prevention and cure of diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Dr. Salk never patented his polio vaccine, but distributed the formula freely, so the whole world could benefit from his discovery.", "As an intense 40-year-old scientist, Dr. Salk became a revered medical figure upon the announcement in 1955 that his new polio vaccine was safe and effective. It was a turning point in the fight against a disease that condemned some victims to live the rest of their lives in tanklike breathing machines called iron lungs and placed sunny swimming holes off limits to children because of parents' fears of contagion.", "The second inactivated virus vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk at the University of Pittsburgh, and announced to the world on 12 April 1955. The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on poliovirus grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture (vero cell line), which is chemically inactivated with formalin. After two doses of IPV (given by injection), 90% or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three serotypes of poliovirus, and at least 99% are immune to poliovirus following three doses.", "During World War II, Salk began postgraduate work in virology, and in 1947 he began studying infantile paralysis at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. It was there that he devoted his research to developing a vaccine against polio, concentrating not on the live vaccines that other researchers had been experimenting with (at great peril; one test killed six children and crippled three more), but with a “killed virus” that Salk believed would be safer.", "Immediately following the proclaimed prevention medicine for Polio, the Foundation for Infantile Paralysis ran press releases in all forms of available media that Dr. Jonas Salk invented and tested this miracle drug. The foundation called for the manufacture of enough vaccines to inoculate over nine million children and pregnant women. American Press and Radio declared victory for Salk and the “greatest medical discovery of the century.” Then came disastrous news. Inoculated children began contracting polio. More and more cases were being reported by the day, including satellite cases where parents and siblings of inoculated children were contracting the disease, even when the inoculated child was not suffering. This was the “carrier” and “shedding” effect that science would later discover that happens with measles, mumps and polio alike. The vaccinated children became the new carriers, and Western Medicine would blame anything else in the name of saving Big Pharma and the new reign of invasive, carcinogenic, immune-compromising and neurologically-impairing medicine.", "Salk 1914 � 1995 American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first successful polio vaccine.", "The Salk Institute was initially envisioned by Jonas Salk, M.D., the developer of the polio vaccine, in 1959, but it was not until 1962 that construction on the Salk Institute for Biological Studies began.", "In the midst of the panic of the polio outbreaks, many scientists were trying to find a vaccine to prevent this awful disease. In 1955, the world learned the name Jonas Salk.", "9) How did Jonas Salk — and other vaccine creators — deal with people who did not believe in the vaccine? \"During the period when Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine, or IPV, there was not much opposition to vaccines,\" says Orenstein, who grew up in the Bronx. \"People were genuinely scared about polio and the annual epidemics — which during the early 1950s paralyzed more than 15,000 people each year in the U.S. IPV was viewed as a miracle. I remember being in second grade when the Salk polio vaccine was licensed and there was to be a vaccination campaign in my school. I was none too thrilled about getting 'a shot' for something I knew nothing about. I remember my mother saying to me 'Better you should cry, than I should cry.' That's how much appreciated the vaccine was.\"", "Dr. Jonas Salk’s discovery of the polio vaccine made headlines all around the world. (March of Dimes Foundation)", "Salk's finding made him a celebrity far beyond scientific circles, and led to complaints from colleagues that he had overrated his own contribution to the effort. His work was also deemed controversial because it had been lavishly funded by the March of Dimes' brilliant advertising campaign, far in excess of more common diseases including cancer and heart disease. All controversy aside, however, the vaccine created by Salk and his team reduced the instance of polio among American children by more than 90%, a decline that accelerated with the introduction of Albert Sabin 's \"live-virus\" oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the 1960.", "Franklin Roosevelt contracted polio as a young man in 1921, and was partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. As president, Roosevelt declared war on polio and thus beginning in the 1930s, considerable effort and resources were directed towards the treatment of polio victims and the search for ways to prevent the disease. In particular, two scientists headed research teams to find a vaccine: Dr. Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh and Dr. Albert Sabin of the University of Cincinnati. ", "When the University of Pittsburgh expanded its virus research program after World War II, Dr. Salk joined their staff and soon became director of virus research. There his scientific interests moved gradually from influenza virus to the urgent effort to develop a polio vaccine. There had been efforts to produce such a vaccine before the war, but some had caused paralysis instead of preventing it. Those failures had dampened the enthusiasm of many public health experts. But polio seemed to be on the increase, and some means of coping with the disease was acutely needed.", "In 1955, Salk’s years of research paid off. Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus. When news of the discovery was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker. He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine. He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery, but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible.", "NEW PREDICTION: 9/30/10 -- On the good news front, a vaccine that will immunise people and protect them from contracting any form of cancer will have been developed over the last several years by a modern-day Jonas Salk. The results will hopefully be released in May 2011, and soon after mass innoculations will take place, eradicating this scourge from the planet for all time. As for a cure against the disease in those already infected, it is unclear if this will be of help or not. One can only hope the answer is yes.", "8 Things You May Not Know About Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine - History in the Headlines", "4) How was the country different before — and after — the polio scares? \"Word that the Salk vaccine was successful set off one of the greatest celebrations in modern American history,\" Oshinsky remembers. \"The date was April 12, 1955 — the announcement came from Ann Arbor, Mich. Church bells tolled, factory whistles blew. People ran into the streets weeping. President Eisenhower invited Jonas Salk to the White House, where he choked up while thanking Salk for saving the world's children — an iconic moment, the height of America's faith in research and science. Vaccines became a natural part of pediatric care.\"", "On April 12, 2015, we celebrate the 60th anniversary of a vaccine developed by Jonas Salk that prevented the disease and eventually led to its remarkable decline. The introduction of that vaccine in 1955 was one of the biggest medical advances in American history.", "\"This was the situation when young Jonas Salk, a medical doctor in charge of a virology laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh, decided to use the safer 'killed' virus,\" writes O'Neill. Despite a general lack of enthusiasm for this approach, O'Connor backed Salk handsomely. After successful tests on laboratory animals, it next had to be tested on human beings. On July 2, 1952, assisted by the staff at the D.T. Watson Home for Crippled Children, Jonas Salk injected 43 children with his killed-virus vaccine. A few weeks after the Watson tests, Salk injected children at the Polk State School for the retarded and feeble-minded. ", "Salk's vaccine was soon replaced by a variation developed by Albert Sabin that could be taken orally. There were pros and cons to each, but the oral vaccination won out. In 1963, still somewhat alienated from the medical community, Salk founded the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences in La Jolla, California. \"I couldn't possibly have become a member of this institute if I hadn't founded it myself,\" he said. Jonas Salk died of congestive heart failure in 1995.", "Right: Jonas Salk in his lab at the University of Pittsburgh, 1954 Courtesy of March of Dimes" ]

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[ "Heathrow is the worst served of all London ’s airports for rail links.   A non-stop service call The Heathrow Express runs to Paddington Station, however this service is very expensive (about £16 single) even though the journey is only around 10-15 minutes.  There is also a cheaper, less frequent service called The Heathrow Connect which runs the same route, but also stops at intermediate stations.    Heathrow is the only London airport with an underground station.  The Piccadilly Line runs from Heathrow to central London with stations at Earls Court, Piccadilly Circus and Covent Garden.  Average journey time around 50 minutes, but can be quite unpleasant and overcrowded at peak times.  There is also an easy change at Hammersmith for the District Line to Westminster. ", "Unlike Heathrow Airport , Gatwick is not directly connected to the Underground system. However, if you need to get somewhere in London other than one of the mainline rail stations served by the trains from Gatwick, taking the Underground is usually the most convenient, quickest and cheapest way to complete your journey.", "In 1911 the line was extended to Acton Town following the existing District Line tracks. From here it split into two. Northwards to South Harrow (1932) and Uxbridge (1933); westwards to Hounslow West (1933). Between 1975 and 1977, this section was extended to Heathrow Airport making London the first city to have an Underground Railway link to its airport. In 1986 a station at Terminal 4 was added. Terminal 5 was added in 2008 giving Heathrow three underground stations.", "The Heathrow London Underground service is the cheapest option between Heathrow Airport and Central London. Victoria Underground trains run around every 5 minutes and take about an hour to Victoria from Heathrow with a change of train at Barons Court.", "As option 1, the Heathrow London Underground service is the cheapest option between Heathrow Airport and Central London. The Piccadilly Line of the London Underground runs direct between Heathrow and London St Pancras Station. Underground trains run around every 5 minutes and take about an hour to St Pancras from Heathrow.", "London is served by Heathrow International Airport. The airport’s five terminal buildings are all served by their own underground stations on the Piccadilly Line for transport links into central London.  ", "London City Airport is linked to both Canary Wharf and the City of London via the Docklands Light Railway, and an interchange to the London Underground. London City Airport DLR station is situated immediately adjacent to the terminal building, with enclosed access to and from the elevated platforms. The Vanguard helipad serves a parcel service by helicopter to Heathrow Airport. ", "The Underground uses TfL's Travelcard zones to calculate fares. Greater London is divided into 6 zones; Zone 1 is the most central, with a boundary just beyond the Circle line, and Zone 6 is the outermost and includes London Heathrow Airport. Stations on the Metropolitan line outside Greater London are in Zones 7-9.", "Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are within walking distance of each other. Transfers to Terminal 4 and 5 are by Heathrow Express trains or bus. Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect services between Heathrow Central and Terminals 4 and 5 are free of charge. Normal fare rules apply to London Underground services between terminals. Local buses throughout the airport area are provided free of charge under the \"Heathrow FreeFlow\" scheme; passengers should tell the driver their destination to ensure they are not charged a fare.", "Unlike the Heathrow Express and the Gatwick Express , the service also calls at stations between the airport and the central London Terminus. These are Tottenham Hale (which provides interchange with the London Underground and easier access to the West End and North London), Harlow Town and Bishop's Stortford .", "London Heathrow (LHR) is a giant, sprawling airport currently divided into four terminals (T2, T3, T4 and T5) - the former T1 has been demolished. The airport is so large it could almost qualify as being a small city in itself - indeed Heathrow is often described as an \"aerotropolis\" for this reason. Originally established in the late 1940s, it is London's primary airport, the premier air gateway into the United Kingdom, and is the busiest airport in the world for international passenger traffic and is Europe's foremost hub airport.", "City Airport- City Airport is served by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which for visitors you can think off as part of the London Underground. City Airport is in zone 3 of the London public transport system. You can use Oyster Cards and other London public transport ticketing options to interconnect between DLR and the Underground in one fare.", "From top to bottom, left to right, you can see Luton (blue - St Pancras Station), Heathrow (pink - Paddington Station, and also the Piccadilly Underground line throughout the center of the city), London City (yellow - Bank Underground station from the Docklands Light Rail and connections on the underground to many other stations), Stansted (green - Liverpool St Station) and Gatwick (purple, Victoria Station, and also rail service to St Pancras, the blue marker).", "London City Airport is best reached by train to King's Cross, then Underground and Docklands Light Railway across London, for £22 (less if you have an Oyster card). Abacus Airport Cars Cambridge rides there from £77.00 one way.", "the Picciadilly line is an underground line running from north to south-western london, and also serving Heathrow airport.", "The first new tube line in central London since 1907, the Victoria Line, was opened in 1969, with the southern extension to Brixton following in 1971. In December 1977 an extension of the Piccadilly line beyond Hounslow West to Heathrow Airport was opened, and a further single-track loop to serve the airport's new Terminal 4 opened in 1986. The Jubilee line was opened in 1979.Work started on the £3.5 billion extended Jubilee line in December 1993. Designed to carry up to 30 000 people per hour in each direction, the 16 km (ten mile) line runs from Green Park to Stratford via Westminster, Waterloo, Southwark, London Bridge, Bermondsey, Canada Water, Canary Wharf, North Greenwich, Canning Town and West Ham. The extension was completed in 1999.", "Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, Heathrow is by far the largest of London's airports, and considered the international gateway into the United Kingdom. Heathrow has five terminals and two parallel runways. Due to the location in London's western suburbs, Heathrow has been unable to expand (especially since the Cameron ministry scrapped the proposals for a third runway on 12 May 2010), and as a result consistently runs at 99% capacity. This has led to Heathrow being one of the worst rated airports in the world, with lengthy border control queues being a recent problem. The airport is connected to Great Britain's motorway network via the M4 and M25 motorways.", "From London Heathrow Airport, there’s a fast, direct rail service to Paddington, where you can change onto a direct train to Wales. From London Gatwick Airport, you can travel direct to London Victoria, then hop on the tube to Paddington or Euston to continue your journey.", "Aircraft destined for Heathrow usually enter its airspace via one of four main reporting points: Bovingdon (BNN) over Hertfordshire, Lambourne (LAM) over Essex, Biggin Hill (BIG) over Bromley and Ockham (OCK) over Surrey. Each is defined by a VOR radio-navigational beacon. When the airport is busy, aircraft orbit in the associated hold patterns. These holding areas lie to the northwest, northeast, southeast and southwest of the London conurbation. Aircraft hold between 7000 feet and 15000 feet at 1000 foot intervals. If these holds become full, aircraft are held at more distant points before being cleared onward to one of the four main holds.", "Heathrow has three rail services to/from central London. The Heathrow Express, Heathrow Connect, and the London Underground (\"the Tube\").", "Located only 4 miles from Canary Wharf, London City Airport is often used by businesspeople, with many flights serving destinations across the UK and Northern Europe. The airport cannot be expanded due to the docks on either side. It is also the only airport serving London which does not operate at night.", "Underground services are connected to all major London airports, as well as express train services that take you directly to some of the main stations in the centre of London.", "London City airport is served by the Docklands Light Railway, which feeds into the tube network and is easily accessed.", "Which London Underground line is the only one to have a direct interchange with all other Underground lines?", "London (all airports code: LON) is served by a total of five airports. Travelling between the city and the airports is made relatively easy by the large number of public transport links that have been put in place over recent years. However, if transiting through London, be sure to check the arrival and departure airports carefully as transfers across the city may be quite time consuming. In addition to London's five official airports (of which only two are located within Greater London), other regional UK airports conveniently accessible from London. Since they offer a growing number of budget flights, choosing those airports can be cheaper (or even faster, depending on where in London your destination is).", "By taxi,  ☎ +44 20 8577-0009 . Journey time 90-120 min. The airport is a long way from central London. It's normally a better idea to take a train to Liverpool Street and continue by taxi from there. approx £70. ", "Four parallel tunnels under the northern runway connect the M4 Heathrow spur and the A4 road to Terminals 1–3. The two larger tunnels are each two lanes wide and are used for motorised traffic. The two smaller tunnels were originally reserved for pedestrians and bicycles; to increase traffic capacity the cycle lanes have been modified to each take a single lane of cars, although bicycles still have priority over cars. Pedestrian access to the smaller tunnels has been discontinued, with the free bus services being used instead.", "King's Cross is the main connecting station for national rail and many underground lines. From here you can travel to the ground via the Piccadilly Line (to Arsenal) or the Victoria Line (to Highbury & Islington). Alternatively, a short overground rail journey of one stop will take you to Finsbury Park station.", "There is a tube station at Euston but you will have to change to the Piccadilly line to get to Heathrow.", "Caleb Johnstone-Cowan informs me; 'The nearest Underground Station to the ground is South Ealing, which is on the Piccadilly Line. This tube station is around a 15 minute walk from the ground, down Ealing Road'. Mick Hubbard adds; 'Finding the ground is easy enough though - you simply turn right out of the tube station and just go straight down Ealing Road, then taking your life in your hands to cross the A4 at the bottom! Otherwise as you come out of the station cross over to the other side of Ealing Road and catch a number 65 bus down to the ground'.", "Also this airport is linked to Barcelona by underground (metro) since February 12, 2016 by Line 9 of the Barcelona Metro with a station in each terminal, the Aeroport T1 station situated directly underneath the airport terminal T1 and the Aeroport T2 station close to the Aeroport rail station at the terminal T2. The line connects with several Barcelona Metro lines to the city center.", "Stansted railway station is immediately below the terminal at Stansted and easily accessed. Stansted connects directly with London Liverpool Street to the East of London City, and other UK destinations.  " ]

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[ "Theodore Harold Maiman (1927-Present) - Theodore Maiman is best remembered for constructing the world's first laser, a device that has transcended the field of optics to find a diversity of applications in the modern world. In May of 1960, Maiman built his prototype laser using a synthetic ruby rod silvered at both ends to reflect light. Small enough to be held in the palm of the hand, when the atoms in the rod were excited by an intense beam of light from a xenon lamp, a release of energy was initiated and an internal chain reaction occurred that caused the energy to bounce back and forth within the rod. When the energy built up to a certain level, it escaped from one end of the ruby rod to form an intense beam of monochromatic light centered at 694.3 nanometers.", "A laser is a device that emits electromagnetic radiation through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. Lasers are used to read compact discs and bar codes, guide missiles, remove ulcers, fabricate steel, precisely measure the distance from Earth to the Moon, record ultradefined images of brain tissue, entertain people in light shows and do thousands of other things. In 1957, American physicist Gordon Gould first theorized the idea and use of laser technology. Despite a 20-year battle with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Gould is now widely associated as the original inventor of laser. In addition, Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schawlow, scientists at Bell Laboratories, wrote a paper, Infrared and Optical Masers in 1958 that was enormously influential on the theory of lasers. Ironically, Gould, Townes, or Schawlow never built the first working laser. On July 7, 1960, American physicist Theodore H. Maiman created and built the first laser. The core of his laser consisted of a man-made ruby as the active medium, a material that had been judged unsuitable by other scientists who rejected crystal cores in favor of various gases. ", "A laser is a device that emits electromagnetic radiation through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. In 1957, American physicist Gordon Gould first theorized the idea and use of laser technology. Despite a 35 year battle with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Gould is now widely, yet not universally known as the original inventor of laser. However, Gould never developed or produced the first working laser. While working at Hughes Research Laboratories, physicist Theodore H. Maiman created the first laser in 1960. The core of his laser consisted of a man-made ruby, a material that had been judged unsuitable by other scientists who rejected crystal cores in favor of various gases.", "Hughes Lab researcher Theodore Maiman became the first person on Earth to build a laser. Fifty years later, the technology is now one of the most ubiquitous on the planet.", "Many historians claim that Theodore Maiman invented the first optical laser, however, there is some controversy that Gordon Gould was the first.", "The first working laser was demonstrated on 16 May 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories . [10] Since then, lasers have become a multi-billion dollar industry. By far the largest single application of lasers is in optical storage devices such as compact disc and DVD players ,[ citation needed ] in which a semiconductor laser less than a millimeter wide scans the surface of the disc. The second-largest application is fiber-optic communication . Other common applications of lasers are bar code readers, laser printers and laser pointers .", "On May 16, 1960, Theodore H. Maiman operated the first functioning laser at Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California, ahead of several research teams, including those of Townes, at Columbia University, Arthur Schawlow, at Bell Labs, and Gould, at the TRG (Technical Research Group) company. Maiman's functional laser used a solid-state flashlamp-pumped synthetic ruby crystal to produce red laser light, at 694 nanometers wavelength; however, the device only was capable of pulsed operation, because of its three-level pumping design scheme. Later that year, the Iranian physicist Ali Javan, and William R. Bennett, and Donald Herriott, constructed the first gas laser, using helium and neon that was capable of continuous operation in the infrared (U.S. Patent 3,149,290); later, Javan received the Albert Einstein Award in 1993. Basov and Javan proposed the semiconductor laser diode concept. In 1962, Robert N. Hall demonstrated the first laser diode device, made of gallium arsenide and emitted at 850 nm the near-infrared band of the spectrum. Later that year, Nick Holonyak, Jr. demonstrated the first semiconductor laser with a visible emission. This first semiconductor laser could only be used in pulsed-beam operation, and when cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). In 1970, Zhores Alferov, in the USSR, and Izuo Hayashi and Morton Panish of Bell Telephone Laboratories also independently developed room-temperature, continual-operation diode lasers, using the heterojunction structure.", "Theodore Maiman developed the first working laser at Hughes Research Lab in 1960, and his paper describing the operation of the first laser was published in Nature three months later. Since then, more than 55,000 patents involving the laser have been granted in the United States. Today's laser and all of its applications are the result of not one individual's efforts, but the work of a number of prestigious scientists and engineers who were leaders in optics and photonics over the course of history. These include such great minds as Charles Townes at Columbia University, who developed the maser, the precursor to the laser, and Arthur Schawlow at Bell Laboratories, who along with Townes published a key theoretical paper in 1958 that helped lead to the lasers development and who jointly were awarded the first laser patent in 1960.", "* March 22 – Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes receive the first patent for a laser.", "The invention of the laser grew from the interest of two researchers in studying the structure and characteristics of a variety of molecules. During the Second World War, Charles H. Townes worked on developing radar navigation bombing systems. After the war he had the idea of modifying the radar techniques and using microwaves to study molecular structure. Subsequently he and Arthur L. Schawlow collaborated at Bell Labs in the USA on using the shorter wavelengths of infrared and optical light to develop an even more powerful tool – the laser (short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). They were granted a patent in 1960. However they had no thoughts about any applications of their invention other than its use in their scientific research. Schawlow recalled:", "The laser is not actually that old, although it has been developed and used regularly for the past few decades, the first working laser was only produced in 1960 but Theodore H.Maiman. The laser consisted of a ruby crystal irradiated by a xenon flash lamp. It produced a coherent light beam of red light. The light was emitted in short pulses, and it was of great spectral clarity with an interval between each burst. The light was so intense that at short ranges it could burn holes through strong materials such as steel. The beam could be modulated to carry signals such as music or television in a similar way to radio waves as it was coherent. 9", "In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretic foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption; [11] in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “short” waves; [12] in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission; [11] in 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping , experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter. [13]", "Theodore Maiman made the first laser operate on 16 May 1960 at the Hughes Research Laboratory in California, by shining a high-power flash lamp on a ruby rod with silver-coated surfaces. He promptly submitted a short report of the work to the journal Physical Review Letters, but the editors turned it down. Some have thought this was because the Physical Review had announced that it was receiving too many papers on masers—the longer-wavelength predecessors of the laser—and had announced that any further papers would be turned down. But Simon Pasternack, who was an editor of Physical Review Letters at the time, has said that he turned down this historic paper because Maiman had just published, in June 1960, an article on the excitation of ruby with light, with an examination of the relaxation times between quantum states, and that the new work seemed to be simply more of the same. Pasternack's reaction perhaps reflects the limited understanding at the time of the nature of lasers and their significance. Eager to get his work quickly into publication, Maiman then turned to Nature, usually even more selective than Physical Review Letters, where the paper was better received and published on 6 August.", "Gordon Gould was born in New York City in 1920. As a child, he idolized Thomas A. Edison and other inventors, with the encouragement of his mechanically-minded mother. Later, Gould himself would conceive and design one of the most significant inventions of the 20th century: the laser.", "Physicist Ali Javan invented one of the most practical and widely used types of lasers, the gas laser. Created in 1960, his helium-neon laser was the first to provide a continuous beam of light, making it possible to use the technology in fiber optics for telecommunications, medicine, and a variety of other scientific and consumer applications.", "In 1917, Einstein laid the foundation for the laser when he introduced the concept of stimulated emission; where a photon interacts with an excited molecule or atom and causes the emission of a second photon having the same frequency, phase, polarization and direction. The acronym LASER stands for \"Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation\".", "In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation) via a re-derivation of Max Planck's law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients (Einstein coefficients) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. In 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existence of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption. In 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify \"short\" waves. In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission. In 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter. ", "A discussion of who really invented the laser: An outline of the legal cases of Gordon Gould.", "The laser was not the first of its kind, before its production there was a previous invention called the MASER, which stands for Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. This was a similar concept to the laser except it was a device that amplified the radiation from the lower frequency microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum rather than visible light. The laser was an extension of the maser which was first achieved in 1954 by Charles Townes. 9", "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him.", "Arthur L. Schawlow was co-inventor of the laser. He worked with Charles H. Townes, who was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1976.", "The ruby laser stunned most other laser researchers, but it inspired Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson. They had laser rods made from crystals of calcium fluoride doped with uranium, which they had earlier identified as a potential four-level laser system, and pumped them with a flashlamp to make the second laser, the first four-level system 19 (shown in Fig. 3 ). Then they 20 made the third laser by flashlamp-pumping another four-level system, samarium-doped", "The 16th-century Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is usually credited with thinking up the idea of such a joint. But as with so many Renaissance figures (most notoriously Leonardo da Vinci) Cardano never actually got around to building the thing. The credit for that goes to the 17th-century English scientist Robert Hooke, whose brilliance has long been overshadowed by the towering genius of his contemporary, Isaac Newton. In 1676, Hooke published a paper on an optical instrument that could be used to study the sun safely. In order to track the sun across the sky, the device featured a control handle fitted with a new type of joint, rather like two stirrups locked together, which allowed twisting motion in one shaft to be passed on to another, no matter how the two shafts were orientated.", "In 1962, a group of researchers at Bell Laboratories discovered laser action in xenon, and later found that the laser gain was improved by adding helium to the lasing medium. The first excimer laser used a xenon dimer (Xe2) energized by a beam of electrons to produce stimulated emission at an ultraviolet wavelength of 176 nm. ", "In 1957, Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow , then at Bell Labs , began a serious study of the infrared laser. As ideas developed, they abandoned infrared radiation to instead concentrate upon visible light . The concept originally was called an \"optical maser\". In 1958, Bell Labs filed a patent application for their proposed optical maser; and Schawlow and Townes submitted a manuscript of their theoretical calculations to the Physical Review , published that year in Volume 112, Issue No. 6.", "At this point Townes had essentially formulated a physics problem—how could one build an optical oscillator to generate coherent light by amplifying stimulated emission? For his dissertation, Gould was using the then-new technique of optical pumping to measure properties of thallium vapor. Townes thought optical pumping might produce the population inversion he needed for his optical maser, so he asked Gould about his thallium lamp. Gould, in turn, asked Townes about his project, and when Townes told him, Gould said he had been wondering about the same thing. After a second conversation, the two went off separately to try to solve the physics problem. Both succeeded. 10", "Dominique-Fran�ois-Jean Arago (1786-1853) - In 1811, Arago, in collaboration with Augustin-Jean Fresnel, discovered that two beams of light polarized in perpendicular directions do not interfere, eventually resulting in the development of a transverse theory of light waves. Arago was also instrumental in the success and funding of Louis-Jacques-Mand� Daguerre's photographic process, known as the daguerreotype, and directed studies that directly led to the discovery of the location of Neptune by Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier.", "Huygens investigated the use of lenses in projectors. He is credited as the inventor of the magic lantern , described in correspondence of 1659. [87] There are others to whom such a lantern device has been attributed, such as Giambattista della Porta , and Cornelis Drebbel : the point at issue is the use of a lens for better projection. Athanasius Kircher has also been credited for that. [88]", "Huygens investigated the use of lenses in projectors. He is credited as the inventor of the magic lantern, described in correspondence of 1659. There are others to whom such a lantern device has been attributed, such as Giambattista della Porta, and Cornelis Drebbel: the point at issue is the use of a lens for better projection. Athanasius Kircher has also been credited for that. ", "Huygens investigated the use of lenses in projectors. He is credited as the inventor of the magic lantern, described in correspondence of 1659. There are others to whom such a lantern device has been attributed, such as Giambattista della Porta, and Cornelis Drebbel: the point at issue is the use of a lens for better projection. Athanasius Kircher has also been credited for that.", "He is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. He is known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices.", "Scottish physicist and principal founder of the electromagnetic theory of light and dynamical theory of gases. Both contributions to science were instrumental in the development of 20th century physics and engineering." ]

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[ "However, in 1901, King Camp Gillette, a salesman from Wisconsin, patented the first razor with disposable blades. Before this, men had to shave with a straight edge razor, which was kept sharp by using a leather strap. Nicks to the skin were a lot more common! This innovation came at a great time, as by the turn of the century the clean- shaven look was coming back into fashion, particularly for the younger generations. The new razors had a guard that prevented the blade from cutting the skin and could be disposed of afterwards.", "The safety razor was invented by Jean-Jacques Perret at the end of the 18th century. He was inspired by the shaping wood tool called plane. King Gillette in 1901 developed the idea and created the safety razor with cheap disposable blades that is still used today. The method was improved over the years, but the basis is the same. King Gillette's blade was double-edged and the razor was T-shaped. The top could be removed in order to insert a new blade. Today Gillette razors have cartridges with multiple blades. The first blade lifts the hair and cuts its top. The other blades cut the hair to skin level.", "On this date King Camp Gillette was born in Fond du Lac. He worked for many years as a traveling salesman. After much experimentation, he developed a disposable steel blade and razor. He established the Gillette Safety Razor Company in 1901. Sales for his product skyrocketed. Gillette remained president of his company until 1931 and was a director until his death the following year. [Source: Lemelson-MIT Program ]", "In September 1901, King Camp Gillette founded the American Safety Razor Co., which was renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Co. in 1904. By the end of that year, in which Mr. Gillette received a U.S. patent for the safety razor, his company had produced more than 90,000 razors and 120,000 blades.", "1901: King C. Gillette patents first safety razor with double-edged disposable blade (Nickerson invented disposable blade)", "Patent No. 775,134 was granted to King C. Gillette for a “safety razor” on November 15, 1904. King Camp Gillette was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin in 1855 and became a traveling salesman to support himself after his family’s home was destroyed in the Chicago Fire of 1871. This work led him to William Painter, the inventor of the disposable Crown Cork bottle cap. Painter told Gillette that a successful invention was one that was purchased over and over again by satisfied customers, and Gillette took this advice to heart.", "            1855- Happy Birthday, King C. Gillette, American inventor and manufacturer of the safety razor. Gillette originally had the idea to put a sharp edge on a small square of sheet steel. He could then market a safety razor blade that could be thrown away when it grew dull, and readily replaced. Great idea! However, it took six years (1895-1901) for Gillette to find an engineer, William Emery Nickerson (an MIT-trained inventor), who could produce the blade Gillette envisioned. In 1901, Gillette and Nickerson formed the American Safety Razor Company (soon thereafter renamed for Gillette himself). For the first time, razor blades would be sold in multiple packages, with the razor handle a one-time purchase. Production began in 1903; Gillette won a patent for his product the next year.", "King Camp Gillette (1855-1932) and William Emery Nickerson invented the world's first disposable razor blade in 1901. Until that time, portable shaving devices consisted of a wedge shaped heavy metal (forged) blade on top of a handle. When dull, the wedge was stropped by hand until it could no longer keep a sharp edge. It is said traveling salesmen referred to such shaving devices as cut-throat razors, as they were quite dangerous to use on a train.", "A safety razor protects the skin from all but the edge of the blade while shaving skin. King Camp Gillette , former traveling hardware salesman of Fond du Lac, invented the double-edged safety razor. His innovation of safety razors with disposable blades beat the competition. Gillette's thin blade was covered by the razor housing, thus protecting the skin against deep cuts. This enabled the majority of people to shave themselves safely for the first time.", "       Edison evidently had not yet seen the newly-invented Star Safety Razor, and he undoubtedly did not have the time to invent a less diabolical shaving instrument.  Many other entrepreneurs did.  Between 1864 and December 1901, when Gillette submitted his patent application, over 100 razor guard or safety razor patents were applied for and granted by the U.S. Patent Office.  Designs were also patented in France, England and undoubtedly elsewhere.  ", "You could be forgiven for thinking that combining razor blades with the reloading mechanism of a repeating rifle sounds downright dangerous. But in fact, it was the basis of a design for a safety razor that Jacob Schick came up with in 1921.", "Shortly before the First World War, Mr. King Camp Gillette patented his safety razor and made a deal with the U.S. armed forces. Every American soldier sent off to Europe was issued a Gillette safety razor in his backpack. However, when the men continued to use them after the war, it became apparent that the way that men liked to shave was changing. Nevertheless, enthusiasts of the traditional straight razor have refused to give up their tool of choice to this day, and the number of straight razor users seems to be increasing again.", "Copper razors first appeared around 3,000 BC. Alexander the Great promoted shaving within his armies to avoid beard grabbing in combat. The safety razor came on the market in 1880 and the disposable bladed safety razor we know today was patented by King Camp Gillette in 1904. In 1970 Wilkinson introduced the multi-blade plastic cartridge razors that are now ubiquitous. At this point razors for men and women began to vary in looks and price but the mechanism remained identical.", "In May 1880 Frederick and Otto applied for a patent on  “new and useful Improvements in Safety-Razors.”  This is the first use of the term “safety razor” that I have discovered.  Trademarks filed in 1903 claimed use of the Star name and symbol since 1 June 1880. Histories written by the American Safety Razor Co. (which acquired the Kampfe business c.1919) have said the Kampfe Brothers began manufacturing the Star safety razor in 1875 ”in a one-room shop in New York City.”  By 1899 they occupied space at 8-10-12 Reade St.  A 1911 Kampfe advertisement stated: “The Star … has been made and used for thirty-six years. We were expert cutlery manufacturers before we invented the safety razor.”  This also implies the razor was first made in 1875", "Nickerson was a fine inventor. This was a fine challenge. Nickerson finally saw that he could make the blade wide. He could let the holder bend it into position. Then he'd have both accuracy and a sharp edge. Together, Gillette and Nickerson began making safety razors in 1903.", "The first attested use of the term \"safety razor\" is in a patent application for \"new and useful improvements in Safety-Razors\", filed in May 1880 by Fredrik and Otto Kampfe of Brooklyn, New York, and issued the following month. This differed from the Henson design in distancing the blade from the handle by interposing, \"a hollow metallic blade-holder having a preferably removable handle and a flat plate in front, to which the blade is attached by clips and a pivoted catch, said plate having bars or teeth at its lower edge, and the lower plate having an opening, for the purpose set forth\", which is, to \"insure a smooth bearing for the plate upon the skin, while the teeth or bars will yield sufficiently to allow the razor to sever the hair without danger of cutting the skin.\" The Kampfe Brothers produced razors under their own name following the 1880 patent and improved the design in a series of subsequent patents. These models were manufactured under the \"Star Safety Razor\" brand.", "The Vibro-Shave electric razor was manufactured by the Electric (Safety) Razor Corp., which was located in Long Island City (NY, USA), and (initially) sold by the Electric Razor Sales Company of America, with offices at Chicago, New York City and Montreal. The Vibro-Shave was a double edge safety razor with a small AC-only machine in the handle, which made the apparatus vibrate. In 1925 a patent for this \"vibratory razor\" was granted to Saul Shaler of New York, and assigned to the Electric Safety Razor Corp. The patent describes a solenoid magnet and a spring return to provide the vibratory movement. Usually the razor took alternating current, in the early days from a light bulb socket. For direct current an interrupter device could be used. The Vibro-Shave razors have been sold in the second half of the 1920s and later. Unlike the Lek-tro-shav and the Collins, there are still many Vibro-Shaves on the second-hand market, which means that this must have been one of the first successful electric safety razors. Several versions of this shaver have been produced. There was a Model A (chromium plated, without on/off-switch, $5.-) and a Model B (gold plated, with on/off-switch, $7.50). Vibro-Shave also marketed a beauty-set.", "Gillette's safety razor finally went on sale in 1903. With only the very edge of the blade exposed to the skin it was far safer than the old cutthroat razor. Furthermore, beards were becoming less popular so Gillette anticipated large sales. At first he was disappointed – in the first year he sold only 51 safety razors and 168 blades. In the following year though, sales took off – 90 000 razors and 12.5 million blades.", "      Competitors were encouraged by the success of the Star.  Between 1880 and 1901, over 80 safety razor patents were issued in the U.S. alone.  ", "Schick, Jacob. Patent Number 1,452,935 - Safety Razor. US1452935 A. New York, NY, issued April 24, 1923. Link .", "In 1926, to commemorate the company's 25th anniversary, Gillette wrote (as cited on the Gillette Company website) of the company's flagship product, the safety razor, \"There is no other article for individual use so universally known or widely distributed. In my travels, I have found it in the most northern town in Norway and in the heart of the Sahara Desert.\"", "Another German electric safety razor was the Elrasor. This razor was marketed (and probably at least as far as the motor is concerned also manufactured) by the company Gebrüder Steidinger (Steidinger Bros.) at St. Georgen in the Black Forest in southwest Germany. The company was founded in 1900 by Christian Steidinger to produce parts for wind-up mechanisms and clockworks. Later the company specialized in (small) electric motors. Steidinger Bros. became famous in the 1950s and 1960s for its turntables with the brandname Dual. The company also sold electric dryshavers (see E|S|M's Dual exhibition). An advertisement from the 1930s shows that Steidinger Bros. sold a Pandora razorblade sharpener with it.", "Gillette set high goals for himself. Adams wrote that he planned \"to build first a better world and then a better razor blade.\" He struggled to achieve both his goals over the new few years. On August 11, 1899, Adams noted, \"he filed for the first patent on the device he conceived four summers earlier, calling it 'new in the art of razor manufacture and use.\"' In the meantime, technical experts told Gillette that it was impossible to produce steel hard, thin, and cheap enough to make disposable blades. Gillette was not dissuaded.", "Patented by Jacob Schick in 1928, the electric razor was made available in 1931 and was later improved by Remington and Philips Laboratories with revolving heads. It isn't a stretch of the imagination to say that Schick's original design paved the way for personal-hygiene gizmos like nose-hair trimmers proving that not all good gadgets are sexy.", "The term safety razor was first used in 1880 and described a basic razor with a handle attached to a head where a removable blade may be placed. The edge was then protected by a comb patterned on the head to protect the skin. In the more modern-day produced safety razors, the comb is now more commonly replaced by a safety bar. There are two types of safety razors, the single edged and the double-edged. The single-edged razor is essentially a 4 cm long segment of a straight razor. The double-edged safety razor is a razor with a slant bar that can be used on both sides, with two open edges. The blade on the double-edged safety razor is slightly curved to allow for a smoother and cleaner shave.", "     Even before the first Kampfe patent expired in 1897 the Star razor was widely copied and sold in the U.S. and abroad – often labeled American Model.  At that point Kampfe Brothers began to advertise more frequently, often including the statement", "The 1880 utility patent expired in 1897.  In order to extend patent coverage, Frederick, Richard, and Otto Kampfe received a 7-year design patent for the tubular handle with a star pattern (1894) and a 14-year design patent for the lather catcher razor casing (1897).", "On January 10, 1847, William Samuel Henson of Somerset, England filed for a patent showing a detachable comb tooth guard for a straight folding razor and another razor employing a similar guard “…the cutting blade which of which is at right angles with the handle, and resembles somewhat the form of a common hoe.”  The handle was attached by screwing it into a tapped hole in a short forged blade.", "On the day of 13th May, 1930 American manufacturer Col. Jacob Schick patented his shaving machine which was filed in April 23, 1928. His patent no was [https://www.google.com/patents/US1757978 US1757978 A]. It was the first electric dry shaver in the history of shaving.", "In 1895 King Camp Gillette was the salesman for the man who invented cork-lined bottle caps. \"Invent something people use and throw away,\" the man told him. It'd sure worked for him.", "After years of losing market share to their electric competition, Gillette finally hit upon a winning innovation in 1960 when it introduced stainless steel blades. These newer blades were tougher to hone, but they lasted much longer and didn't rust. Consumers loved them. Bic introduced the first totally disposable razors in the sixties as well, which made shaving even more convenient.", "Schick, Jacob. Patent Number 1,721,530 - Shaving Implement. 1,721,530. Stamford, CT, issued July 23, 1929. Link ." ]

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[ "The origins of the Daewoo Motor Company go back to the very first automobile company in Korea—National Motor—started in 1937. The company operated under that name until 1962, when it was changed to Saenara Motor. Saenara built the Datsun Bluebird under license and sold it in Korea. Saenara was established under the Automobile Industry Promotion Policy enacted by the South Korean government to help Korean automakers dominate their home market, as well as build up the nation’s economy and infrastructure following the Korean war.", "Daewoo or the Daewoo Group was a major South Korean chaebol (conglomerate). It was founded on 22 March 1967 as Daewoo Industrial and was dismantled by the Korean government in 1999. Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1998, Daewoo was the second largest conglomerate in Korea after Hyundai Group, followed by LG Group and Samsung Group. There were about 20 divisions under the Daewoo Group, some of which survive today as independent companies.", "Daewoo was a South Korean conglomerate that started exporting cars in the mid-1990s. Like fellow South Korean \"chaebols\" Hyundai, Kia, Samsung, and LG, Daewoo produced a vast range of products and services with the significant support from the government, from electronics to ships to pipelines and refineries, and its company history dated back to the 1930s. But the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s pushed the heavily leveraged company beyond the brink, and Daewoo declared bankruptcy in 1999. Subsequently acquired as a subsidiary of General Motors, GM would soon abandon the tarnished Daewoo name in all markets save for South Korea and Vietnam.", "Meanwhile, the Daewoo Group was founded in March of 1967, named for its founder Kim Woo-choong. In the Korean language, the word “Dae” translates to “Great”. “Woo” came from the founder’s last name, which also means “Universe”. Thus Daewoo = Great Universe. His father ultimately became a provincial governor and Kim benefitted from a policy established to promote growth and development in South Korea. Much as the Automobile Industry Promotion Policy did for the Korean car industry, similar policies were put in place to help entrepreneurs in other areas of business by increasing access to resources, promoting exports, financing industrialization, and providing protection from competition in exchange for political support.", "Learn and talk about Daewoo Motors, 1982 establishments in South Korea, Car manufacturers of South Korea, Companies disestablished in 2011, Daewoo", "The Cielo was made in India by DCM Daewoo Motors until the Korean Daewoo company went bankrupt. GM did not take over the Indian plant in Surajpur near Delhi and it was liquidated. Production in South Korea came to an end shortly after the 1996 introduction of the Daewoo Lanos, an original design.", "GM Korea Company [1] (GM Daewoo Auto and Technology Company or GM DAT) is the third largest South-Korean automobile manufacturer , member and part of the General Motors Company .", "In 1998, after the Asian financial crisis, Daewoo Motor took over the troubled 4WD specialist Ssang Yong Motor, only to sell it off again in 2000, because the conglomerate ran into deep financial troubles. Its models, were sold under the Daewoo-Ssang Yong badge in South-Korea (contrary to other areas where they were sold under the Daewoo brand name). Ssang Yong's flagship limousine, the Chairman was on its part integrated to the Daewoo range, becoming the Daewoo Chairman with a new 3-parts Daewoo corporate grill.", "The Daewoo LeMans is a compact car, first manufactured by Daewoo in South Korea between 1986 and 1994, and between 1994 and 1997 as Daewoo Cielo—a car mechanically identical to the LeMans, differentiated only by its modified styling cues. Like all Daewoos preceding it, the LeMans took its underpinnings from a European Opel design. In the case of the LeMans, the GM T platform-based Opel Kadett E was the donor vehicle, essentially just badge engineered into the form of the LeMans, and later as the Cielo after a second more thorough facelift.", "Daewoo owned a share of AvtoZAZ , an automobile manufacturer based in Ukraine , from 1998 to 2003, establishing the AvtoZAZ-Daewoo joint venture. The CKD assembly of the Daewoo Lanos started in 2002 in Ukraine and later it was adopted for full-scale production as the ZAZ Lanos . A version of the Daewoo-developed Chevrolet Aveo has been assembled for local market at the Illichivsk subsidiary. Following the bankruptcy of Daewoo Motor in 2001, UkrAVTO corporation bought out the AvtoZAZ holding in 2002. All of the AvtoZAZ manufacturing facilities (most notably MeMZ and the Illichivsk assembling plant) were reincorporated into ZAZ. The company even adopted a new logo. The Daewoo part in the joint venture was bought out by the Swiss venture Hirsch & CIE in 2003.", "The sedan was facelifted for some markets from 2007, receiving the same front end as the hatchback featured since its debut. This version was only produced in certain countries, such as Colombia, India or Thailand, and since 2013 in Uzbekistan as the Daewoo Gentra.", "*2011: GM Daewoo renamed itself to GM Korea, and in March, all GM Daewoo products are sold in South Korea as Chevrolets.", "The production of Daewoo Matiz started in 1998 and it was sold in South Korea and many European markets with the code name M100. The exterior design is based on the Lucciola, a 1993 Fiat Cinquecento concept by Italdesign Giugiaro which had been rejected by Fiat. The 0.8-litre gasoline engine and the transmission were carryovers from the Daewoo Tico, but it was now using a multipoint injection fuel system. Engineering was carried out at Daewoo's Worthing Technical Centre in England. The car became the best selling Daewoo model in Europe and in India for the next four years. ", "The Daewoo Lanos is a subcompact car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Daewoo from 1997 to 2002, after being car of the year it continued to be produced under license agreements to the present in various countries worldwide. It has also been marketed as the Daewoo Sens, ZAZ Sens and ZAZ Lanos in Ukraine, Doninvest Assol and ZAZ Chance in Russia, FSO Lanos in Poland, or Chevrolet Lanos in Ukraine, Russia and Egypt.", "The Daewoo Motors was a South Korean car maker established in 1978, part of the Daewoo Group. The company sold most of its assets in 2001 to General Motors after running into financial trouble. The commercial vehicles division was acquired by Tata Motors in 2004.", "The Daewoo Tosca is a mid-size car designed by Daewoo in South Korea and marketed by Chevrolet as the Chevrolet Epica and Chevrolet Tosca, while Holden marketed it as the Holden Epica. Codenamed V250, it replaces the Daewoo Magnus and its derivatives. The Chevrolet Epica was officially launched in Europe at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. The Tosca is noteworthy in that it is available with transversely-mounted straight-six engines. Contrary to the preceding models (V100 Leganza and V200 Magnus), which were styled by Giugiaro, the V250 was designed entirely in-house. ", "Daewoo (\"Dae\" Hangul: 대. Korean for \"Great\" and \"Woo\" Hangul: 우. Korean the first name of founder and chairman Kim Woo-jung) or the Daewoo Group was a major South Korean chaebol (conglomerate).", "In August 1992, Daewoo set up Uz-DaewooAuto , a joint venture in Asaka , Uzbekistan , leveraging the presence of a large local ethnic Korean minority . Currently, the plant assembles the Matiz and the Nexia for both the local market and export, as well as the Lacetti hatchback and sedan for the domestic market only.", "GM Daewoo is increasingly important to the fortune of GM. Previously it was seen as a cheap source of small cars feeding North America and Europe. Now with increased investment upping its R&D and design capability, Korea has become the leading engineering center for developing its global small car platform, Delta. GM Korea's designs are extensively used in overseas market - as Chevrolet in America, as Chevrolet / Opel / Vauxhall in Europe, as Holden in Australia and Chevrolet / Buick in China.", "Daewoo, now fully capable of handling all aspects of automobile manufacturing on their own, went on the buy the rest of the stake from GM in 1991. To further their reach across the globe, the Daewoo Group went on to purchase many foreign companies throughout the nineties—such as International Automotive Design (England), Rodae (Romania), FSO (Poland), Avia (Czech Republic), and Uz (Uzbekistan). Their expansion and agreements with other companies lead to the creation of more passenger cars like the Honda Legend (known as the Arcadia) and the Cielo.", "* 30 October – Korean industrial giant Daewoo announces that it will start selling cars in Britain next year, and will be sold directly to customers through its own sales organisation rather than a traditional dealer network. ", "The Korean manufacturers were also offering compact and subcompact hatchbacks, such as the Hyundai Elantra GT, Hyundai Accent, Kia Spectra5, and the Kia Rio Cinco/Rio5. Also on offer in the U.S. were the 1998-2002 Daewoo Lanos hatchback and the 1999 Daewoo Nubira hatchback. The GM Daewoo-sourced Daewoo Kalos (Chevrolet Aveo, Pontiac Wave, et al.),Suzuki Reno (2004-present) and Chevrolet Optra5 (2005-2007) were also available in the U.S. and Canada, respectively.", "In Europe, Daewoo Motor started selling the Espero and the Cielo (or Nexia) from the beginning of 1995, and achieved reasonable sales success, particularly with British buyers, where Daewoo proved popular largely due to its competitive prices and revolutionary dealership network, where cars were sold at fixed prices with a revolutionary aftersales service which included free servicing for three years. In 1996, it gained a 1% share of the new car market in Britain with some 20,000 sales.", "Daewoo Motors, the automaking arm of the vast Daewoo chaebol, made a valiant if goofy effort at establishing a presence here, selling almost 170,000 vehicles in the U.S. between 1999 and 2002, initially through a bizarre scheme involving college recruits hired to hawk the product. The tactic lasted barely eight months before the carmaker decided to go the conventional route of selling cars through dealerships. But the entire effort wouldnt live to see 2003. Daewoo Motors was trying to build its U.S. arm just as the chaebol began collapsing under the weight of an $80 billion debt load. Daewoo went bankrupt in late 00.", "The first \"real\" Daewoo Motor product, the Lanos , was introduced in late 1996. it spawned 3 variants : 4-door, 3-door called Romeo and 5-door Juliet - being the first model of a whole new family of cars to be created. Styling was a cooperation of Giorgetto Giugiaro and Italdesign . One of its main features was the all-new 3-parts corporate grill, reminding of the Daewoo Motor emblem, and which was going to be used on many Daewoo cars to come. February 1997 saw the birth of the Nubira , first Daewoo model to be produced in their then new Kunsan motor plant and designed by Italian I.DE.A Institute . In March 1997, the mid-size Leganza followed, also designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro , borrowing some styling cues of the existing 1990 Jaguar Kensington concept-car. [3]", "Daewoo was forced to sell off its automotive arm, Daewoo Motors, to General Motors by the Kim administration. Since then, GM has been moving to rebadge Daewoo cars as the low-end models for many brands, including Chevrolet. GM was sued by Daewoo's former U.S. dealer network over this practice, since they no longer had new Daewoo cars to sell.", "The first Daewoo addition was the 1986 Daewoo LeMans , based on the Opel Kadett E. Its three-door versions were called the Racer and the five-door version were called Penta-5. This car had an international ambition for GM, as it was sold almost worldwide, as the Pontiac LeMans, Asüna GT and SE, or Passport Optima. This car was produced until February 1997, being one of Daewoo Motor's greatest successes. In 1986, Daewoo also offered a badge-engineered version of the Toyota TownAce .", "Daewoo Motor Co., Ltd. was founded when the Daewoo Group purchased Saehan Motor in 1978, but the Daewoo Motor name did not appear until 1983.", "In 1992, Daewoo dissolved its joint-venture with General Motors, and simultaneously a decision was made to independently develop replacements for the contemporary Daewoo Motors products, based on older General Motors models. The Lanos development programme was formally started in autumn 1993, with the goal to create a car to replace Daewoo Nexia as Daewoo's small family car. ", "In times since, Daewoo has actually produced a slew of far better vehicles. Unfortunately, they are still two or three generations (or four) behind the market leaders. Aveo, Reno, Forenza, Verona, whenever “cheap” is demanded by an uncompetitive car manufacturer, the remnants of Daewoo are still out there producing crap . . . or mediocrity. Hopefully, for the sake of our dwindling natural resources, they won’t be doing so for much longer.", "GM Daewoo introduced the \"Daewoo Kalos\" in September 2002, based on a then-new T200 platform, replacing the Daewoo Lanos (T100). Under development before Daewoo's bankruptcy, the Kalos was the company's first new model introduction following its subsequent takeover by General Motors. Manufacture of the Kalos began in early March 2002, with pre-production prototypes shown at the Geneva Auto Show in April 2002. The nameplate Kalos derives from the Greek word καλός (kalós) for \"beautiful\" and \"good\". ", "** GM Daewoo vehicles were exported under various GM brands (and Suzuki), but mostly as Chevrolets" ]

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[ "Elliot Handler (April 9, 1916 – July 21, 2011) was an American inventor, businessman, and co-founder of Mattel. With his wife, he developed some of the biggest-selling toys in American history, including Barbie, Chatty Cathy, Creepy Crawlers, and Hot Wheels. ", "In 1945 Ruth Handler and her husband Elliot founded the toy company Mattel with their close friend Harold Mattson. The idea for Barbie came about after Ruth watched their daughter Barbara cut dolls out of magazines and carefully choose clothes and accessories to clothe them in. All other dolls on the market at the time were baby dolls, but Ruth realized there was enormous potential in a doll with adult features, allowing children to act out their dreams. Barbie, named after their daughter, made her debut at the New York Toy Fair in March 1959 and took toy stores across the US by storm - more than 351,000 dolls were sold that year at $3 each. Today Barbie is the best selling toy in the world - more than one billion dolls have been sold since 1959 in 150 different countries.", "Best known as the inventor of the Barbie doll, Ruth Mosko Handler combined her marketing genius with her husband Elliot Handler’s creative designs to form the toy company Mattel, Inc. Starting in their garage in 1939, the Handlers produced Lucite gifts, wooden picture frames, and dollhouse furniture before developing their first toy, the Uke-A-Doodle, in 1947. The success of the Uke-A-Doodle was followed by a series of rubber-belt-driven musical toys, including the Jack-in-the-Box, as well as toy guns such as a Winchester rifle replica. Yet it was the Barbie doll, created in 1959, that “ran off the counter.” Thirty years later, sales of the doll that Handler named after her daughter exceeded one billion dollars.", "Elliot Handler, founder of Mattel, Inc., the world's largest toy company and well-known as the creator of the Hot Wheels® mega-brand, died at the age of 95.", "The story started with the birth of Ruth Mosko in Denver Colarado in 1916. Ruth married Elliot Handler in 1938. Elliot Handler and his business partner Harold ‘Matt” Matson formed the company Mattel. The name was created by a combination of their names ‘Matt-Ell”. Mattel originally manufactured picture frames, but after making dolls furniture from scraps decided to focus on toy manufacturing for which Mattel is now famous.", "The History of Toys: The Barbie doll is introduced at the American Toy Fair in New York City by Elliot Handler, founder of Mattel Toys, and his wife, Ruth.", "With his wife Ruth Handler, Elliot transformed what began as a home-based business into the largest global toy company, with a rich portfolio of popular brands beloved by generations of children around the world, including Hot Wheels®, Barbie®, Fisher-Price®, and American Girl®.", "Elliot Handler, a pioneering toy maker who co-founded Mattel and invented Hot Wheels, has died. He was 95.", "Eleven inches tall, with a waterfall of blond hair, Barbie was the first mass-produced toy doll in the United States with adult features. The woman behind Barbie was Ruth Handler, who co-founded Mattel, Inc. with her husband in 1945. After seeing her young daughter ignore her baby dolls to play make-believe with paper dolls of adult women, Handler realized there was an important niche in the market for a toy that allowed little girls to imagine the future.", "Handler came across the doll while vacationing in Switzerland in 1956 and immediately recognized the potential market for a doll that could be dressed in the latest fashions and imagined fulfilling adult roles and careers. She brought three Lilli dolls back to the USA, and over the next few years worked with Mattel, the toy company co-founded by her husband Eliot, to design and create the first Barbie doll.", "In 1966, Elliot Handler, one of the co-founders of Mattel, Inc. and part of the Barbie doll empire, was the inventor of Hot Wheels�. Handler experimented with axles and rotating wheels being attached to tiny model cars. The innovative gravity-powered car he developed had special low-friction styrene wheels. Hot Wheels� have been clocked at speeds of up to 300 miles per hour.", "The History of Toys: Elliot Handler, one of the co-founders of Mattel, Inc., invents Hot Wheels when he decides to add axles and rotating wheels to small model cars.", "Founded in 1945 by Ruth and Elliott Handler. From inception to 1959 it produced simple and conventional toys. Ruth designed \"Barbie\" in 1959, and with increased revenues Mattel hired master electronic engineer Jack Ryan to head a large research and development staff, and production of cutting edge toys was one of Ryan's accomplishments. By using modern technology Mattel stayed ahead of the competition and are the lone survivor of the \"Big 4\": Marx, Ideal, Mattel and Remco, that controlled the toy market in the 1960's. [see links to other persons' history pages at top of this page]", "Barbie began when Ruth Handler, co-founder of Mattel, saw her daughter, Barbara, playing with paper dolls. This wasn't anything out of the ordinary for little girls at the time, as paper dolls were a popular toy . But Ruth noticed something interesting -- her daughter enjoyed imagining the dolls in grown-up scenarios and not as infants. She suggested to Mattel the possibility of an adult female doll, one that could give young girls inspiration for the future. The idea was rejected, though, because executives felt that girls would not have enough interest in a potentially expensive doll.", "BARBIE DOLLS= HAPPY CHILDREN Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the company Mattel and was introduced in 1959 by Ruth Handler, the wife of Elliot Handler. Barbie dolls have been around for many years and are a part of everyone's childhood . The doll has a major impact on the way we dress and how we look. Over the", "Her husband Elliot Handler and his business partner Harold \"Matt\" Matson formed a small company to manufacture picture frames, calling it \"Mattel\" by combining part of their names (\"Matt\" and \"Elliot\"). Later, they began using scraps from the manufacturing process to make dollhouse furniture. The furniture was more profitable than the picture frames and it was decided to concentrate on toy manufacturing. The company's first big-seller was the \"Uke-a-doodle\", a toy ukulele.", "The first Mattel products were picture frames, but Handler soon developed a side business making dollhouse furniture out of picture frame scraps. After the Handlers bought out Matson, they turned Mattel's focus to toys.", "Elliot’s wife Ruth played an instrumental role in propelling the business to fame and fortune. After seeing their daughter Barbara pretend that her paper dolls were adults, in 1959 she created a 3-dimensional doll with an adult body and named it Barbie, after her daughter. It took some convincing the Mattel executives, but after they ran TV ads for Barbie during Disney’s new Mickey Mouse Club television show, sales shot through the roof.       ", "The male doll counterpart to Mattel's Barbie doll has an official, albeit fictional, full name of Ken Carson. Ken has no middle name, and his eponym Ken Handler, is the son of Barbie and Ken creator Ruth Handler. Ken's fictional birth date is March 11, 1961, though the doll has managed to maintain his youthful appearance over the years.", "In 1955, Mattel released a its successful patented toy cap gun called the burp gun. In 1959, the now famous Barbie Doll invented by Ruth Handler was released.", "Handler's product development and design talents were complemented by his wife's marketing savvy. Early successes were musical toys, such as the Uke-A-Doodle, a child-size ukulele, and a cap gun called the Burp Gun, which the Handlers advertised on the new medium of television.", "Mattel, Inc., (NYSE:MAT)( www.mattel.com ) is the worldwide leader in the design, manufacture and marketing of toys and family products, including Barbie(R), the most popular fashion doll ever introduced. The Mattel family of toys and games is comprised of such best-selling brands as Hot Wheels(R), Matchbox(R), American Girl(R) and Fisher-Price(R), which also includes Little People(R), Rescue Heroes(TM) and Power Wheels(R), as well as a wide array of entertainment-inspired toy lines. With worldwide headquarters in El Segundo, Calif., Mattel employs more than 25,000 people in 36 countries and sells products in more than 150 nations throughout the world. The Mattel vision is to be the world's premier toy brands -- today and tomorrow.", "Many countries manufactured them. In America Morris Michtom founded the Ideal Toy Company, and others followed - Columbia, Commonwealth Toy and Novelty, Harman and Knickerbocker. In Britain, the firms of Farnell, Merrythought, Deans, Chad Valley, Pedigree, Norah Wellings, and Ealon Toys. In Germany, Bing, Bruin, Hermann, Schuco, Steiff, and Sussenguth.", "Ruth Handler noticed that her young daughter Barbara was more interested in playing with adult dolls, than the baby dolls that were available at that time. While traveling in Europe she saw a German doll called ‘Lilli’ which she bought for her daughter. The original ‘Lilli’ doll was not a children’s toy, but a joke style gift for men.", "Mattel purchased Fisher-Price Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year.", "Prior to founding JAKKS, Friedman led LJN Toys, guiding the company into licensed products based on TV shows – a new frontier for toy companies in the 1970s. At LJN, he launched toys for the movie E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, as well as dolls based on Michael Jackson and Brooke Shields. After the sale of LJN to MCA in 1985, Jack went on to form video game company THQ, Inc. in 1989 and and served as its CEO until 1995. ", "Possibly the best promoter of toys ever, Ben Michtom structured a sales and marketing organization second to none, propelling the Ideal Toy and Novelty Company to the forefront of the industry. One of the first to make use of licensed products, he inspired the rage for the Shirley Temple doll more than fifty years ago. Upon perfecting the celebrity formula, he nurtured the success of many other personality dolls including Deanna Durbin, Fanny Brice, Charlie McCarthy and Judy Garland. The Toni doll - whose fashions were designed by a dozen Paris couturiers and documented in imaginative advertising - also became a huge sensation of the period, as well as a textbook example of a \"product within a product.\" A TMA Board member and Publicity Committee chairman, he headed the doll association and stuffed toy association for many years. Tireless in his efforts to promote the toy industry, he will be remembered for the enthusiasm and originality which were his trademarks.", "Discover the origins of your favorite toys and games, from chess and checkers to Barbie and AtariSite includes inventor stories and a timline.", "In 1986, Selchow & Righter was sold to COLECO Industries, who had become famous as the manufacturers of the Cabbage Patch Dolls. Three years later, COLECO declared bankruptcy, and its primary assets — most notably the SCRABBLE game and ParchesiTM — were purchased by Hasbro, Inc., owner of Milton Bradley Company, the nation’s leading game company.", "From sales representative to president of CBS Toys, division of CBS Inc., Jerry Fryer’s career in the toy industry spanned a range of successful ventures. Fryer and his partner made the jump from sales to manufacturing by acquiring Samuel Gabriel Sons & Co. in 1950. His considerable entrepreneurial skill and knowledge of toys were evident as he expanded Gabriel Industries into a major corporation, adding other established names - such as Child Guidance, Creative Playthings, Gilbert, Gym-Dandy, Hubley, Ideal, Kohner and Wonder - into what would become CBS Toys.", "Earlier, in 1998, Wham-O acquired Yes! Entertainment's girls' toy line, which included the Mrs. Fields Baking Factory and the Baskin-Robbins Ice Cream Maker. In the early 2000s, they also re-released their classic toys and about 30 new Frisbee designs.", "Since 1977, the Sally Corporation, has created animatronics figures and theme rides for adventure and amusement parks worldwide. Past clients include - Universal Studios, Disney on Ice and Six Flags Belgium." ]

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[ "France, under the Paris Police Ordinance of 14 August 1893, introduced the first driving test. Introduced on a voluntary basis, on 13 March 1935, the driving test did not become official in Great Britain until 1 April 1935 and compulsory until 1 June 1935. The first driving test pass certificate in Great Britain was awarded on the 16 March 1935 to Mr R.E.L. Beere of Kensington.", "1893: The world�s first car registration plates, driving licences and parking restrictions were introduced in France. The licences were issued when the driver passed the test carried out by the Chief Engineer of Mines.", "Licence plates have been around for longer than there have been automobiles. France was the first country to introduce the licence plate with the passage of the Paris Police Ordinance on August 14, 1893, [1] followed by Germany in 1896. [2] The Netherlands was the first country to introduce a national licence plate, called a \"driving permit\", in 1898. The first licences were plates with a number, starting at 1. By August 8, 1899 the counter was at 168. When the Netherlands chose a different way to number the plates on January 15, 1906 the last issued plate was 2001.", "In 1903 the 'Motor Car Act' was introduced in the UK. The Act required all motor car owners to register their vehicles with their local county borough council and to display their registration at all times. It also made the driving licence compulsory. The licence was fabric-bound and similar in style to today's passports. It could be bought at local council office for 5 shillings; no test of driving competency was required. However, the 1903 Motor Act also introduced a penalty for reckless driving.", "The world's first seat belt law was put in place in 1970, in the state of Victoria, Australia, making the wearing of a seat belt compulsory for drivers and front-seat passengers. This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seatbelts, designed by Desmond Hemphill (1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury and death. ", "*Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha (1893-1957) - while Minister of Transport, 1934-7, he introduced the driving test and the Belisha Beacon; then Secretary of State for War, 1937–40", "Mr Beere was the first person to pass the driving test in 1935: he paid the grand total of 7/ 6d (37.5p) to take the test.", "Click the link below to view the first 'First Driving Test' video on 'History Today' website.", "The Motor Carriage Supply Company of London, their instructor being one Mr Hankinson, offered the first driving lessons in Britain in June 1900. The first organisation to title itself a driving school in Britain was the Liver Motor Car Depot and School of Automobilism of Birkenhead. William Lee established the school in May 1901 and its Chief Instructor was Archibald Ford.", "APRIL 14, 1931: The Highway Code was first published on this day in 1931 in a bid to help cut the road deaths and foster better driving in Britain.", "In 1930 age restrictions were applied to driving, and a driving test for disabled drivers was introduced. Compulsory motor vehicle insurance was also introduced.", "In 1896 Britain and Zanzibar fought the shortest ever war when a British gunboat fired on the Sultans only warship and palace for about forty minutes at which point the Sultan surrendered. In the same year the first person to be run down and killed was a lady called Bridget Driscoll, who was run over and killed by a car doing 4mph at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London, this was also the year that the first speeding fine was issued (1/- or 5p for doing 4mph in a 2mph area but as far as I am aware there was no connection between the two events). The 1896 Highways Act ended the requirement for a man to walk in front of motor road vehicles carrying a red flag and the speed limit was raised from 4 mph to 12 mph, the same Act required lights and brakes to be fitted and motor vehicles other than motorbikes had to have a reverse gear. Also in 1896 Lloyds Weekly News, a Sunday newspaper, became the first to achieve a circulation of over a million people.", "1897 - The first recorded traffic fatality in Great Britain occurred. It happened 2 years before the first fatality in the U.S.", "Compulsory testing was brought in on 1 June 1935 for all drivers and riders who started driving on or after 1 April 1934:", "In 1931 an American called Rolla N. Harger invented the first breathalyzer. It was first used in Indianapolis USA in 1939. In Britain double yellow lines at the sides of the roads meaning no parking were introduced in 1958.", "Cars used for a driving test in Britain from this day onwards had to have a front passenger seat belt, head restraints and a rear-view mirror.", "Britain should adopt a more stringent way of enforcing the driving instruction. Too many \"jack the lads\" on the roads who once passing that test become complete morons on the road.", "Compulsory testing brought in for all drivers who started driving on or after 1 April 1934: around 246,000 candidates apply and the pass rate is 63%, with 250 examiners taking at least nine and up to sixteen, half-hour driving tests a day. Examining staff also make all test bookings. There are no test centres: examiners meet candidates at a pre-arranged spot such as a car park or railway station.", "On 5 August 1888, without telling her husband and without permission of the authorities, Bertha Benz drove with her sons Richard and Eugen, thirteen and fifteen years old, in one of the newly constructed Patent Motorwagen automobiles—from Mannheim to Pforzheim—becoming the first person to drive an automobile over a real distance. Motorized drives before this historic trip were merely very short trial drives, returning to the point of origin, made with mechanical assistants. This pioneering tour had a one-way distance of about 106km (66mi).", "Other changes for motorists during the 1920s and 30s is revealed in a look at the first driving tests", "In 1903, Horatio Nelson Jackson became the first documented person to drive an automobile from San Francisco to New York using only a connection of dirt roads, cow paths, and railroad beds. His journey, covered by the press, became a national sensation and called for a system of long distance roads. ", "Voluntary testing was introduced on 16 March 1935 by the Road Traffic Act 1934. This was done to avoid a rush of candidates when the test becomes compulsory.", "The world's first, manually operated gas-lit traffic signal was short lived. Installed in London in December 1868, it exploded less than a month later, injuring or killing its policeman operator. Traffic control started to seem necessary in the late 1890s and Earnest Sirrine from Chicago patented the first automated traffic control system in 1910. It used the words \"STOP\" and \"PROCEED\", though both words did not light up. ", "PSV driving tests became compulsory in March 1985. Previously, Traffic Commissioners decided whether local applicants took the test.", "1926 The first directional road markings were introduced onto British roads (Hyde Park Corner, London). They caused confusion and led to seven accidents on the first day.", "Licences for lorry drivers are introduced under the Road Traffic Act, 1934. The licensing authority may require the applicant to submit to a practical test of their ability.", "Examiners were responsible for handling the booking of driving tests. There were no driving test centres; examiners met candidates at pre-arranged locations such as car parks or railway stations.", "The history of the Motorbike MOT test from the start in 1931 to the present day. In the early days of motoring, one licence covered both cars and motorcycles use.", "PSV drivers could be required to take a test, at the discretion of Traffic Commissioners. First edition of the Highway code introduced.", "In which year was the breathalyzer first used in the UK, after a Road Safety Act of the same year?", "The unfortunate experience forgotten, Frank is now taking his 10th driving test. When Frank stops in the middle of a river bridge as it is in the process of opening, this is the last straw for the examiner and he asks to be driven straight back to the test centre. Frank thinks he knows a short cut, but unfortunately his route takes the speeding car off the end of a quayside into the sea. The examiner swims back to the shore with Frank inquiring from the sinking car, \"Have I passed?\"", "Today, there are more than 250 million cars and trucks in the United States, or almost one per person. At the end of the 19th century, by contrast, there was just one motorized vehicle on the road for every 18,000 Americans. At the same time, most of those roads were made not of asphalt or concrete but of packed dirt (on good days) or mud. Under these circumstances, driving a motorcar was not simply a way to get from one place to another: It was an adventure. Outside cities and towns, there were almost no gas stations or even street signs, and rest stops were unheard-of. “Automobiling,” said the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper in 1910, was “the last call of the wild.”" ]

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[ "On 15 June 1971, Laker Airways submitted an application to the UK's Air Transport Licensing Board (ATLB), [24] [25] [26] one of the forerunners of today's Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), to launch the world's first daily transatlantic, low-fare scheduled service between London and New York , charging a then incredibly low one-way fare of £32.50 in winter and £37.50 in summer. [27] [28] [29] [30] This was one third of what the major, established \" flag carriers \" were charging at the time. The proposed service was to be marketed using the Skytrain trademark and was to be initially operated with 158-seat, single-class Boeing 707-138Bs that were acquired second-hand. [27] [28] [30] Skytrain was to be a \"walk-on\", \"walk-off\" operation that did not require any advance reservations. Instead, seats were to be sold to the travelling public at each end of the route on a \"first come, first served\" basis only. [27] [28]", "Revolutionising air travel[edit]Beginning of the battle for SkytrainLaker Skytrain Airbus A300 in 1982The early 1970s saw the airline and its owner battle with aviation authorities in the UK and US to gain approval for a low-cost, \"no frills\"transatlantic service to link London and New York daily during the peak summer period from May to September and four times a week during the remainder of the year. This was to be marketed as Skytrain for £32.50 one-way in winter and £37.50 in summer.[28][29] Two Boeing 707-138Bs were acquired from the administrators of British Eagle in 1969. Both were operated by Qantas when new. They were subsequently purchased by Kleinwort Benson, which had leased them to British Eagle until its demise in November 1968.[30][31][32][33] These aircraft were earmarked for Skytrain.[28][29] Laker's original Skytrain application assumed a 62.9% break-even load factor. This meant that the airline needed to sell 100 out of 158 seats at a single fare of £37.50 per seat on each flight to start making money with Skytrain.[28][34][35][36] Sir Freddie announced Skytrain at a press conference at London's Savoy Hotel on 30 June 1971.[37]", "The early 1970s saw the airline and its owner battle with aviation authorities in the UK and US to gain approval for a low-cost, \"no frills\" transatlantic service to link London and New York daily during the peak summer period from May to September and four times a week during the remainder of the year. This was to be marketed as Skytrain for £32.50 one-way in winter and £37.50 in summer. [30] [31] Two Boeing 707-138Bs were acquired from the administrators of British Eagle in 1969. Both were operated by Qantas when new. They were subsequently purchased by Kleinwort Benson , which had leased them to British Eagle until its demise in November 1968. [32] [33] [34] [35] These aircraft were earmarked for Skytrain. [30] [31] Laker's original Skytrain application assumed a 62.9% break-even load factor. This meant that the airline needed to sell 100 out of 158 seats at a single fare of £37.50 per seat on each flight to start making money with Skytrain. [30] [36] [37] [38] Sir Freddie announced Skytrain at a press conference at London's Savoy Hotel on 30 June 1971. [39]", "The early 1970s saw the airline and its owner battle with aviation authorities in the UK and US to gain approval for a low-cost, \"no frills\" transatlantic service to link London and New York daily during the peak summer period from May to September and four times a week during the remainder of the year. This was to be marketed as Skytrain for £32.50 one-way in winter and £37.50 in summer. Two Boeing 707-138Bs were acquired from the administrators of British Eagle in 1969. Both were operated by Qantas when new. They were subsequently purchased by Kleinwort Benson, which had leased them to British Eagle until its demise in November 1968. These aircraft were earmarked for Skytrain. Laker's original Skytrain application assumed a 62.9% break-even load factor. This meant that the airline needed to sell 100 out of 158 seats at a single fare of £37.50 per seat on each flight to start making money with Skytrain. Sir Freddie announced Skytrain at a press conference at London's Savoy Hotel on 30 June 1971. ", "AP - Sir Freddie Laker, who changed the face of air travel with his low-cost trans-Atlantic Skytrain service that challenged the industry giants in the 1970s, has died. He was 83.", "That didn't happen right away. Laker was knight ed in 1978, the same year that he launched Skytrain service from Gatwick to Los Angeles International Airport . In 1979, he signed an order to Airbus for ten new Airbus A300 s, which, along with his nine DC-10's, would form the backbone of a sprawling international carrier he dubbed \"Globetrain.\"", "Frederick Alfred Laker British entrepreneur from Kent, Eng., is the brash, ebullient founder and chairman of Laker Airways Ltd. From 1966–82, rhe evolutionized the airline industry by offering the first low-cost commercial transatlantic flights. After an 11-year legal battle, Laker Airways introduced Skytrain international flights in 1977, at a time when major carriers controlled air travel and fares between the U.S. and the U.K. Laker cut costs by introducing a no-frills service that eliminated reservations, meals, and other extras. Other carriers lowered their fares, however, and Laker Airways went bankrupt in 1982. Laker sued, and British courts eventually ruled that the major airlines had engaged in predatory pricing; Laker’s legal efforts thus paved the way for future low-fare carriers. From 1992 he operated small regional airlines servicing Florida and The Bahamas. Laker was knighted in 1978.", "A closer analysis comparing the figures for October 1977 compared with those of the same month in 1976 had shown an increase of 31.8% (37,902 passengers) for all airlines. A further breakdown of these figures had shown that Laker's \"Skytrain\" accounted for 15% (17,501 passengers) of the overall increase while competing services of rival airlines accounted for the remaining 16.8% (20,401 passengers). The latter included IATA members British Airways, Pan Am and TWA who had opposed \"Skytrain\" as well. [nb 3] (Statistics for November and December 1977, as well as for January—June 1978, had also shown that the overall monthly growth in the London—New York market was maintained at that level for the remainder of this period while Skytrain managed to grow its share of the overall monthly increase to 50% and keep up this performance until the end of the period.) [2]", "His cut-price transatlantic Skytrain service, launched in 1977, collapsed in 1982 under a mound of debt. But he had accurately foreseen that the civil aviation regime that had existed since the end of World War II dominated by state-owned carriers, fare-fixing and fierce opposition to new entrants could not continue.", "Laker duly reapplied to the CAA for permission to operate eleven weekly Skytrain services each way between London Gatwick and New York's John F. Kennedy Airport (JFK) during the summer and seven weekly round-trips during the winter. [30] [31] The summer schedule was to be operated with Laker's brand-new DC-10 widebodied jet aircraft to take advantage of increased demand he anticipated for his new low-fare service during the peak months from June to September as well as of the DC-10's low break-even load factor of only 52%. [31] The winter schedule was to be operated with 707 narrowbodies as specified in Laker's original application to the ATLB. [30] [31]", "[edit]Additional Skytrain routes to the United StatesLaker Airways sought to strengthen its position as a transatlantic airline by applying to the CAA and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for licences to serve additional US cities under the Bermuda II UK-US accord.[93] Both the CAA and the CAB approved the application to commence daily Skytrain services from Gatwick, Manchester and Prestwick to Chicago,Detroit, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington DC. The company did not have aircraft to use these licences immediately. Its deteriorating financial position did not let it add more aircraft. By the time Laker Airways went out of business those licences remained unused. They were eventually allocated to other airlines.", "As Skytrain expanded to other British and U.S. gateways, the airline placed orders for additional McDonnell Douglas DC-10 widebodies, including the company's first order for five longer-range series-30 aircraft required for its Los Angeles flights. These were delivered from December 1979 onwards to support its growing number of destinations and frequencies.<br /><br /> The airline also became one of the early buyers of the first Airbus airliner, the A300, ordering ten of these widebodies in 1979 and had plans to deploy the aircraft on a new network of intra-European Skytrain routes in a big way.<br /><br /> Skytrain came to an end the day the airline went spectacularly bankrupt on 5 February 1982.<br /><br /> In 1982, the company went bankrupt, owing over £250 million. The airline made its last flight on 5 February 1982, the day it went bankrupt.<br /><br /> There were numerous reasons for what was termed the biggest corporate failure in Britain at the time: Read Less", "Laker Airways is Laker's first service into London's Gatwick airport since his Skytrain carrier pioneered cheap trans-Atlantic fares nearly two decades ago. In 1977, Laker launched New York-to-London flights for $299, less than half the fare charged by other airlines, and added Miami flights three years later.", "After a struggle of six years to get permission for cheap transatlantic flights, the first Skytrain DC-10 flight from London Gatwick to New York took off on September 26 1977. Laker sold his tickets on a first-come, first-served basis on the day of departure. Many people slept at the airport the night before to be sure of a seat.", "Abortive attempts to expand Skytrain[edit]Plans for a new low-fare Australian serviceIn 1980, Laker Airways withdrew its application to run ABC flights to Australia. Instead, the airline proposed a scheduled low-fare service from London Gatwick with one stop. It was to be one flight a day in each direction using the airline's five McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 widebodies. In contrast to Skytrain, this was to feature a first class section called Pullman. It was to operate three flights per week each to Sydney and Melbourne respectively, and one to Perth.[49][67][68][69]", "Laker Airways planned to link its Gatwick – Los Angeles Skytrain with the proposed Gatwick – Hong Kong Skytrain across the Pacific via Honolulu and Tokyo to create the first daily round-the-world through service by a British airline in both directions.at the time Pan Am was the only airline to operate such a service This was to be marketed under the trademark Globetrain.", "The first Skytrain took off for New York in September 1977. Although Laker offered no frills (such as meals), at £59 it cost a third of any other ticket. He made £1 million profit in the first year, and by 1980 was carrying one in seven transatlantic passengers.", "Laker Airways planned to link its Gatwick — Los Angeles Skytrain with the proposed Gatwick—Hong Kong Skytrain across the Pacific via Honolulu and Tokyo to create the first daily round-the-world through service by a British airline in both directions. [nb 19] [69] [79] [80] [81] This was to be marketed under the trademark Globetrain.", "Before Skytrain, international flights were largely the preserve of the rich. After the Second World War it was thought that competition between airlines might prejudice passenger safety, and hence the market was strictly regulated by the International Air Transport Association.", "Trans World Airlines (TWA), as a history of the company claims, is “Kansas City’s Hometown Airline.” It was founded in Kansas City, and although its headquarters resided in other places over the next seventy-five years, in the last years of TWA’s existence its headquarters returned to the place of its birth. TWA began as a combination of two early companies, Western Air Express, formed in 1925, and Transcontinental Air Transport, formed in 1929. They joined together in 1930 to call themselves Transcontinental and Western Airlines, Inc. With St. Louis, Missouri, as its headquarters, the company had ambitious plans. In its initial year as TWA it began flying a route that was laid out by Charles A. Lindbergh and that extended from coast to coast, from New York to Glendale, a suburb of Los Angeles. The transcontinental service took 36 hours, which included an overnight stop in St. Louis. This auspicious beginning was followed by measured but impressive growth, with the company eventually providing a major world avenue for travel and commerce.", "Light Rail Transit (LRT) was selected as the preferred technology for the route. However, further planning review resulted in an announcement on February 1, 2008 that the provincial government's preferred system was Automated Metro Rail Transit, or SkyTrain-like technology. The goal of this latest change is to boost projected ridership by adding capacity and speed, and by integrating the system with the Millennium Line to reduce the number of times users need to change systems. The expected cost of the line is $1.4 billion.", "The Canada Line, an extension to Vancouver’s SkyTrain rapid transit network, opened in August 2009. The new line, which runs under Cambie and Granville Streets, connects the Vancouver International Airport and Richmond city center and downtown Vancouver in about 25 minutes. Transferring at Waterfront Station to SkyTrain's Expo Line, transit riders can stop at Stadium/Chinatown Station to get to Canada Hockey Place and BC Place stadiums, stop at Science World/Main Street Station to get to the Concord Pacific site and Olympic Village, or board the SeaBus at Waterfront Station to get to the North Shore, Cypress Mountain and Whistler venues.", "In 2011, with the UBC Line Rapid Transit Study, SkyTrain was evaluated as a possible technology for rapid transit expansion along the Broadway corridor to UBC, along with Light Rail Transit and Bus Rapid Transit. The June 2014 plan would extend the SkyTrain Millennium Line from VCC-Clark station to Arbutus Street at first, with a crossover with Canada Line at Broadway–City Hall station, before continuing a second phase to extend the line to UBC. ", "Cheap Fast Travel from Vancouver Airport (YVR) to Downtown Vancouver - SkyTrain, Vancouver Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor", "Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major American airline from 1925 until 2001. It was originally formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a transcontinental route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis and Kansas City as well as other intermediate stops with Ford Trimotor aircraft. Along with American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the \"Big Four\" domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930. ", "The first North American airline to use turboprop aircraft was Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA), with a small fleet of Type 700 Viscounts. Initially, TCA was cautious of the Viscount due to the turboprop engine being a new technology, and there had been a preference for acquiring the piston-engined Convair CV-240 instead; praise of the Viscount from pilots and a promise from Vickers to make any design changes desired by TCA persuaded it to procure the Viscount instead. On 6 December 1954, the first Viscount was delivered to Canada in a large media event which including an improvised aerial display. ", "Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport , ( IATA : YTZ), (commonly known as \"The Island Airport\" by locals), handles short-haul flights only. Its main tenant is Porter Airlines , a short-haul carrier that operates turboprop planes to many cities in eastern Canada (Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, Halifax and St. John's) and parts of the United States (Boston, Chicago, New York/Newark and Myrtle Beach). Air Canada provides service to Montreal. Porter is aggressively fighting for market share and you can take advantage of it by getting really low fares (often lower than Westjet - if booked 2 weeks or more in advance) combined with complimentary drinks and a waiting lounge with amenities.", "2007 Skybus Airlines, a new US-based ultra-low-cost carrier airline, launches inaugural flights to and from Columbus, OH, with $10 tickets enabled by on-plane advertising and charging people for baggage, pillows, boarding priority, and refreshments", "Saturday, July 19, 1930:Incorporation action took place as a first step in the merger of Transcontinental Air Transport and Western Air Express to form Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA), which later changed its name to Trans World Airlines on May 17, 1950. Western Air Express, meanwhile, had retained its corporate identity on some routes and evolved into Western Airlines, a name it adopted in 1941.", "* November 29, 1963 – Trans-Canada Air Lines flight 831 crashed shortly after departure for Toronto, killing all 118 people on board the Douglas DC-8 jet. ", "From 1993 until 2014, the Toronto Airport Express was a privately operated airport shuttle bus service from the airport to downtown Toronto operated by Pacific Western Transportation. A one-way trip took approximately 45 to 90 minutes, depending on traffic. The service ceased operation on October 31, 2014. ", "NorOntair is a defunct airline from Canada that operated its first scheduled flight October 18, 1971 and its last flight March 29, 1996." ]

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[ "The Guinness harp motif is modelled on the Trinity College Harp. It was adopted in 1862 by the incumbent proprietor, Benjamin Lee Guinness. Harps have been a symbol of Ireland at least since the reign of Henry VIII. Guinness registered their harp as a trademark shortly after the passing of the Trade Marks Registration Act of 1875. It faces right instead of left, and so can be distinguished from the Irish coat of arms.", "uinness adopted the 14th century harp of Brian Boru as its trademark in 1862, but with a twist. The Guinness harp faces left as in the Irish Coat Of Arms, rather than right as on the original symbol. The actual harp is on display in Trinity College, Dublin. In 1920, Guinness ran an advertising campaign based on market research where people said they felt good after their pint – the slogan, ‘Guinness is Good For You’ was born. The stout became known as ‘food in a glass’, though a pint contains only 193 calories. Although Guinness was asked not to use this slogan, and they still do not make any health claims, the slogan is still used abroad.", "In 1960, with the Irish harp device already so synonymous with Guinness, the company named its very first lager 'Harp'.", "Gilroy remained with the advertising agency until 1960 during which time he designed many other Guinness posters. As to how animals came to be used in an advertising campaign was recalled later by Gilroy. \"The Guinness family did not want an advertising campaign that equated with beer. They thought it would be vulgar. They also wanted to stress the brew's strength and goodness. Somehow it led to animals.\" [1]", "Despite the black stuff being brewed in 60 countries and available in over 100, it will always be synonymous with Ireland. Arthur Guinness began brewing the beer that bears his name back in 1759 and the drink immediately took off. Well what else was there to do back then? The logo is the Trinity College harp and many Guinness drinkers would appreciate musical accompaniment to their singing following drinking of a few pints.", "The late sixties was a time of rapid change in the brewing industry. New trends seemed to come and go quickly. Draught stout was quickly gaining a following. Watneys tried to compete head to head with Guinness for a time with a trial of Colonel Murphy's Stout. It did not prove successful. They had to accept that Guinness had cornered the market and sell draught Guinness in their houses.", "Guinness, formerly (1986–97) Guinness PLC, (1982–86) Arthur Guinness & Sons PLC , and (1886–1982) Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., former company, incorporated in 1886 as Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., best known as the brewer of a distinctive dark and creamy stout. In 1997 the company merged with Grand Metropolitan PLC to form Diageo PLC. Guinness remains a brand of that company, which is headquartered in London.", "Diageo: Diageo PLC, a UK-based alcoholic drinks company, was formed by the merger of Guinness PLC with Grand Metropolitan PLC (GrandMet), a hotel chain with brewing interests, in 1997. Guinness had already absorbed a number of other companies, including Distillers PLC. The neutral-sounding and fairly meaningless name ‘Diageo’ was chosen is explained as follows by the company: ‘the name “Diageo” combines the Latin word for “day” and the Greek word for “earth”. Together, the two words mean celebrating life every day, everywhere.’", "In 2005, Harp saw a makeover. Diageo Ireland separated the brand from Guinness and gave it a new look, with new advertisements appearing on TV. Ironically, there is no longer an actual Harp on the design of the new tins and bottles, as that logo belongs to Guinness. U.S. and Canadian sold bottles still bear the Harp logo.", "Guinness is sometimes believed to have originated the stout style of beer. However the first use of the word stout in relation to beer was in a letter in the Egerton Manuscript dated 1677, almost 50 years before Arthur Guinness was born. Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778. The first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s.", "Guinness is an Irish dry stout produced by Diageo that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness (1725–1803) at St. James's Gate, Dublin. Guinness is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide. It is brewed in almost 60 countries and is available in over 120. Annual sales total 850 million litres (1.5 billion Imperial or 1.8 billion US pints).", "In 1983, a conscious marketing decision was made to turn Guinness into a \"cult\" beer in the UK, amidst declining sales. The move halted the sales decline. The Guardian described the management of the brand:", "A brewing byproduct of Guinness, Guinness Yeast Extract (GYE), was produced until the 1950s. In the UK, a HP Guinness Sauce has recently been made available, manufactured by Heinz. Kraft also licenses the name for its Barbecue sauce product, Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce.", "/8/1/MSC1 1 Frederick Smith, Birmingham 5 (inc 2 whisky) 2 Smith &amp; Co, Oundle 5 Youngs, London 5 3 Youngs, London 3 Guinness (Foster-Probyn) 2 4 Watney, London 6+N 5 Truman, London 2 Norwich Brewery 1 Manns, Northampton 1 6 Carlsberg, Northampton 1 + 1N Guinness (Watney bottled) 1 Holsten (Watney) 4 7 Whitbread, London 1 8 Elgood, Wisbech 5 Guinness (Elgood bottled) 1 9 Ballingalls, Dundee 1949 1 10 Batemans, Wainfleet 1949 1 11 Cairnes, Ireland 1949 1 12 Camerons, Hartlepool 1954 1 13 Cobb &amp; Co, Margate 1949 1 14 Jeffreys, Edinburgh 1949 2 15 NBC, Northampton 1949 6 16 NBC, Northampton 1952 1 17 Robinson, Stockport 1953 1 18 S&amp;N, Newcastle 1949 1 19 Shepherd Neame, 1957 2 20 Ushers, Einburgh 1949 1 /8/1/MSC2 photocopies Reffels Gold Medal x 2 Lassell &amp; Sharman Strong Ale x3 Left Hand Black Jack Full Sail Amber Trout Creek Porter Breckenbridge Oatmeal Stout, Ballpark Brown Boulder Singletrack Blue Corn Sierra Blanca Fat Tire Amber Eskes Porter Sam Adams Boston Lager McEwans various Cobbolds eelction, Dowson Bros Special, Whitbread London Cooper Oldershaws range J Smith Oatmeal Stout Perhams w&amp;s x3 Truman Best Stout Noels Heart Label /8/1/MSC5 Miscellaneous Cable London Old Hornsey Brewery Greene King + cards M&amp;B 2002: Bass, Tennents, Grolsch, Leicester City Tolly Countdown, Conquest 2000 Nethergate Old Growler x2", "Harp Lager (Harp Irish Lager since 1997) is a pale lager brand owned by Diageo. Harp Lager was first produced in 1960 by The Great Northern Brewery, Dundalk, as a bottled beer, in response to the trend among drinkers in Britain and Ireland towards continental lager. By 1961, it was brewed under an alliance of the brewing companies, Courage, Barclay & Simonds, Scottish & Newcastle, Bass, Mitchells & Butlers and Guinness. These companies grouped together under the name of the Harp Lager Ltd. consortium. Coming 1964, it was being sold on draught and quickly led in its category for sales. Members of the Harp consortium changed over the years, with Courage and Scottish & Newcastle leaving in 1979, but becoming franchisees.", "The attempt to beat the forgers proved to be a little off target. The years of 1961 and 1962 were to the less scrupulous, relatively easy to 'amend' to their own advantage - Guinness bottle labels being used to evade payment! Consequently, in 1963, an additional expiry date, printed in a light tint on the lower half of the disc was added and", "Guinness stout is made from water, barley, roast malt extract, hops, and brewer's yeast. A portion of the barley is roasted to give Guinness its dark colour and characteristic taste. It is pasteurised and filtered. Making the product requires knowledge in the sciences of microbiology, mycology, bacteriology, and thermodynamics. Despite its reputation as a \"meal in a glass\", Guinness only contains 198 kcal (838 kilojoules) per imperial pint (1460 kJ/l), slightly fewer than skimmed milk, orange juice, and most other non-light beers.", "In April 2010, Guinness redesigned the Guinness pint glass for the first time in a decade. The new glass is taller and narrower than the previous one and features a bevel design. The new glasses are planned to gradually replace the old ones. ", "Strong ales were often sold in nip bottles (one third of a pint). The most famous was Tennant's Gold Label; it was in the Guinness Book of Records as the strongest beer on regular sale in the UK. Later it was brewed as Whitbread Gold Label. 70s advertisements told drinkers that it was \"Strong as a double Scotch, less than half the price\". It is still available today.", "The world famous Guinness beer is from Ireland, it originated in the Dublin brewery of Arthur Guinness.", "Local Irish history pits the Guinness drinkers of Dublin squarely against the Murphy's drinkers of Cork. There has long been a lively rivalry between the two, with Murphy's viewed as the more \"craft\" stout, and Guinness being the more mainstream. After years as a solely local stout, the acquisition of the brewery by Heineken in 1983, with a consequent expansion in distribution and international television advertising, exposed Murphy's to the international drinking community.", "Changing fashions ruled beer drinking in the 50s, 60s and 70s. First bottled pale ale challenged draught mild as the Nation's favourite drink. Then a few years later, everyone was drinking draught keg bitter, with Watneys Red Barrel the best known brand.", "The advert plays on the psyche of the consumers aiming to establish the identity of the brand as the true brand leader in the alcoholic beverage category so that consumers see Guinness as a truly distinctive and great product. The campaign also aims at instilling in the minds of the consumers that Guinness is a drink for every man with the potential for greatness. Put in other words, they want consumers to accept Guinness as a brand for them.", "Brooks adapted the 2000 Year Old Man character to create the 2500 Year Old Brewmaster for Ballantine Beer in the 1960s. Interviewed by Dick Cavett in a series of ads, the Brewmaster (in a German accent, as opposed to the 2000 Year Old Man's Yiddish accent) said he was inside the original Trojan horse and \"could've used a six-pack of fresh air. \" ", "On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name \"McDonald's\" with the description \"Drive-In Restaurant Services\", which continues to be renewed through the end of December 2009. On September 13 that same year, the company filed a logo trademark on an overlapping, double-arched \"M\" symbol. By September 6, 1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, when a trademark was filed for a single arch, shaped over many of the early McDonald's restaurants in the early years. Although the \"Golden Arches\" logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter \"M\" did not appear until November 18, 1968, when the company applied for a U.S. trademark.", "In the 1960s, “Nestle’s” did not have an acute accent. It rhymed with “wrestles”, and was never pronounced “Nestlé”. And “Cadbury” was always known as “Cadbury’s”.", "An important, regional brand name in the form of “Kadeker Doppelkorn” evolved, followed by BEHN Whisky- Kirsch as a national brand and later “Zitronen Jette”, an international marketing success. Harro Behn was often way ahead of the times in the area of non-alcoholic drinks. During the seventies, he developed “Kinder Limonade” and became involved in the production of Bitter Drinks, under the name of “Wright’s”.", "A consumer organisation, the Campaign for Real Ale (Camra) was founded, in 1971, to protect unpressurised beer. The group devised the term real ale to differentiate between beer served from the cask and beer served under pressure and to differentiate both from lager. \"Ale\" now meant a top-fermented beer, not an unhopped beer. Camra was to be come an influential force, with a membership of over 170,000. ", "By the end of the sixties, lager too was more popular. Draught Carlsberg was available at Watneys' pubs and Whitbread had linked up with Heineken. Sales of lager, though, did not become significant until the 70s.", "Between 1969 and 2002 McDonald's brand and marketing strategy were celebrated. It was a quintessentially global brand, epitomized by its instantly recognizable golden arches logo, with its clear and simple values and its well-understood food products. It had conquered the world by using a repeatable formula of selecting good locations and franchising them with strict marketing controls.", "An agreement with Carlsberg Lager in 1969 was, however, more successful. Watneys were surprising latecomers to the lager market. Carling Black Label had been on sale in the UK at Bass Charrington houses for several years and Whitbread linked up with Heineken as long ago as 1961. However, Watneys jumped at the right time and joined the lager market before it really took off in the 70s.", "An agreement with Carlsberg Lager in 1969 was, however, more successful. Watneys were surprising latecomers to the lager market. Carling Black Label had been on sale in the UK at Bass Charrington houses for several years and Whitbread linked up with Heineken as long ago as 1961. However, Watneys jumped at the right time and joined the lager market before it really took off in the 70s." ]

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[ "The ESA headquarters, located in Paris, is staffed by 1,500 people drawn from member states. It maintains the European Space Research and Technology centre in the Netherlands, and its operations centre is located in Darmstadt, Germany. This centre is responsible for satellite orbital operations and tracking. Ground stations which feed data to the centre are located in Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain.", "The European Space Agency (ESA; , ASE) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 and an annual budget of about €5.25 billion / US$5.77 billion (2016).", "The European Space Agency is the coordinating entity for European civilian space activities. With 22 member states, its headquarters is in Paris, and it also has several centers scattered in several European countries.", "1962 - The European Space Research Organisation is established in Paris - later becoming the European Space Agency.", "German Chancellor Angela Merkel visits the European Astronaut Centre at the European Space Agency in Cologne, May 2016 Credit: SASCHA SCHUERMANN/EPA", "The city also hosts the European headquarters of Intel and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe. Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, Airbus Group's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world-renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 103,000 students, is the fourth-largest university campus of France after Paris, Lyon and Lille. ", "During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the International Space Station. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom.", "The city is also well known for its aerospace industry Alenia Aeronautica, Thales Alenia Space and Avio. The International Space Station modules Harmony, Columbus, Tranquility, as well as the Cupola and all MPLMs were produced in Turin. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Aircraft Division of Leonardo-Finmeccanica (30%).", "Arianespace successfully performed the first commercial launch of Ariane 5 today, placing the European Space Agency's XMM scientific satellite into a highly accurate orbit, fromthe Guiana Space Centre, Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The XMM satellite was placed into an elliptical orbit: with a perigee of 827km an apogee of 113,946 km and an inclination of 40 degrees. The European Space Agency's XMM (X-ray Multi-Mirror) satellite was built by Dornier Satellitensysteme, which is part of the DaimlerChrysler Aerospace (DASA) group. Equipped with three telescopes, it will perform X-ray astronomy missions during its operational design lifetime of more than ten year s. XMM is the largest scientific satellite ever built in Europe, weighing almost 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) and stretching 10 meters high (33 ft). websites: www.arianespace.com/news_livevideo.html news at www.arianespace.com", "In 1964 the French Government chose Kourou, from 14 other sites, as a base from which to launch its satellites. When the European Space Agency came into being in 1975, the French Government offered to share its Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) with ESA. For its part, ESA approved funding to upgrade the launch facilities at the CSG to prepare the Spaceport for the Ariane launchers under development.", "Q17. Space-A flights near USAREUR garrisons are available at U.S. Air Bases in Aviano, Italy; and Ramstein and Spangdahlem, Germany. For more information, visit Air Mobility Command or the Ramstein Passenger Terminal Facebook page .", "...capitals in October 1969 to explain Shuttle plans and invite European interest, and 43 European representatives attended a Shuttle Conference in Washington. One area of consideration for European effort was development of the Sortie Lab. 3", "Europe's Spaceport is situated in the northeast of South America in French Guiana, an overseas department of France.", "The Guiana Space Centre, where the European Space Agency starts missions, is located a little behind and outside the town. Part of the town and the islands are closed during rocket launches.", "It consists of a complex of one hundred buildings constructed on in the Clear Lake Area of Houston which acquired the official nickname \"Space City\" in 1967. The center is home to NASA's astronaut corps and is responsible for training astronauts from both the U.S. and its international partners. It has become popularly known for its flight control function, identified as \"Mission Control\" during the Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Apollo–Soyuz, and Space Shuttle program flights.", "European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space programme that was initiated in 2001.", "The training center for cosmonauts named after first man in space Yuri Gagarin is located in Star City, about 30 kilometers north of Moscow.", "In 1964, the French government had chosen Kourou in French Guiana as a base from which to launch its satellites. When ESA was created, the French government offered to share its Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) with the new space agency. For its part, ESA approved funding to upgrade the launch facilities at the CSG to prepare the Spaceport for the Ariane launchers under development.", "Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center is a command center for the Chinese space program which includes the Shenzhou missions. The building is inside a complex nicknamed Aerospace City. The city is located in a suburb northwest of Beijing.", "Ariane 1 was the first launch vehicle to be developed by the European Space Agency. It was developed from the L3S Europa launch vehicle replacement design. The development of the vehicle was authorized in July 1973. The cost of program is estimated at 2 billion euros. With lift-off mass of 210000 kg, Ariane 1 was able to put in geostationary transfer orbit one satellite or two smaller of a maximal weight of 1850 kg.", "Mir (,; lit. peace/pax/peaceful (or world, but not in this case) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, run by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft. At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit, succeeded by the International Space Station after Mir's orbit decayed. The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space.", "Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visits to Mir.", "Guiana Space centre close to Kourou . There is a free tour twice a day. And for a few euros you can visit a museum. Check the rocket launch schedule for a special experience.", "The first flight of the European-built Spacelab module was a multidisciplinary science mission, with 71 experiments in a wide range of fields: space physics, materials processing, life sciences, Earth and atmospheric studies, astronomy and solar physics. The record sixperson crew included the first Shuttle payload specialists: Lichtenberg of MIT, and Merbold, a West German physicist who became the first non-U.S. citizen to fly on an American spacecraft.", "* The First European multi-national state organization ELDO tried to make the orbital launches at Europa I and Europa II rockets in 1968-1970 and 1971 but stopped operation after failures.", "Development started in the 1980s. Its design includes a Saturn orbiter (Cassini) and a lander (Huygens) for the moon Titan. The two spacecraft are named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens. The spacecraft launched on October 15, 1997 aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur and entered orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004, after an interplanetary voyage that included flybys of Earth, Venus, and Jupiter. On December 25, 2004, Huygens separated from the orbiter and landed on Saturn's moon Titan on January 14, 2005. It successfully returned data to Earth, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System.", "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest artificial body in orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles. ", "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest artificial body in orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles.", "Europe's first successful commercial launch vehicle, designed to carry two communications satellites at once. Its development took eight years, and was based on the design of a replacement rocket for the ELDO (European Launcher Development Organisation) Europa. Ariane 1 flew 11 times from 1979 to 1986, failed twice, and launched a number of communications and other satellites, and the Giotto probe to Halley's Comet.", "Skylab was the United States' first and only independently built space station. Conceived in 1965 as a workshop to be constructed in space from a spent Saturn IB upper stage, the 169950 lb station was constructed on Earth and launched on May 14, 1973 atop the first two stages of a Saturn V, into a 235 nmi orbit inclined at 50° to the equator. Damaged during launch by the loss of its thermal protection and one electricity-generating solar panel, it was repaired to functionality by its first crew. It was occupied for a total of 171 days by 3 successive crews in 1973 and 1974. It included a laboratory for studying the effects of microgravity, and a solar observatory. NASA planned to have a Space Shuttle dock with it, and elevate Skylab to a higher safe altitude, but the Shuttle was not ready for flight before Skylab's re-entry on July 11, 1979. ", "1973: America launches its one and only space station -- Skylab -- weighing 77.5 tons and 118 feet long, one of the largest satellites ever sent to Earth orbit. Aboard the manned orbiting laboratory, astronuats conduct scientific research and keep an eye on USSR military installations. For nine months it serves as living quarters for three crews of astronauts.", "Skylab. America's first Earth-orbiting space station was launched May 14, 1973. Project Skylab was designed to demonstrate that men could work and live in space for prolonged periods without ill effects. Originally the spent third stage of a Saturn 5 Moon rocket, Skylab measured 118 ft from stem to stern, and carried the most varied assortment of experimental equipment ever assembled in a single spacecraft. Three three-man crews visited the space stations, spending more than 740 hours observing the Sun and bringing home more than 175,000 solar pictures. These were the first recordings of solar activity above Earth's obscuring atmosphere. Skylab also evaluated systems designed to gather information on Earth's resources and environmental conditions. Skylab's biomedical findings indicated that humans adapt well to space for at least a period of three months, provided they have a proper diet and adequately programmed exercise, sleep, work, and recreation periods. Skylab orbited Earth at a distance of about 300 mi. Five years after the last Skylab mission, the 77-ton space station's orbit began to deteriorate faster than expected, owing to unexpectedly high sunspot activity. On July 11, 1979, the parts of Skylab that did not burn up in the atmosphere came crashing down on parts of Australia and the Indian Ocean. No one was hurt." ]

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[ "May 28, 1889 - Andre and Edouard Michelin began manufacturing rubber bicycle tires (1886 - had taken over failing family agricultural goods business in small central French town of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne region of France); September 11, 1891 - Edouard Michelin received a French patent (received U. S. patent on May 16, 1893) for a \"Pneumatic-Tire\" (\"comprises two distinct and independent parts...to permit the rapid removal of the exterior tire for the purpose of changing or repairing the air chamber in case of its becoming broken or deteriorated\"); detachable tire; 1898 - introduced 'Michelin Man' (known as Bibendum in rest of world; by Marius Rossillon O'Gallop, well-known illustrator); 1900 - introduced Michelin Guide as motorist's guide (included driving distances, locations of gas stations, hotels, spare parts, repair services).", "There once was a time when people had to be convinced that a car was useful. That was the situation in 1895, when brothers Edouard and Andre Michelin developed a new design for a car tire at their rubber company in Clermont-Ferrand, France. ", "Dunlop patented his design in 1888.  In 1889 the Pneumatic Tyre Company was set up and after more development the tyre was made suitable for all sorts of vehicles, especially cars. Within ten years of patenting the device, it had almost entirely replaced solid tires and had been implemented for use in automobiles by Andre and Edouard Michelin. John established what would become the Dunlop Rubber Company but had to fight and win a legal battle with Thomson. John Dunlop did not benefit much financially from his invention - he sold the patent and company name early on.  Despite Thomson's earlier work, Dunlop is credited with the invention of the modern rubber tyre.", " André Michelin was the first person to use pneumatic tires on an automobile, however, not successfully.", "The first rubber factory in the world was established near Paris in 1803, the first in England by Thomas Hancock in 1820. Hancock devised the forerunner of the masticator ( the rollers through", "One of the most widely used applications of rubber is in the manufacture of tires for transportation vehicles. This application was patented in 1845 by Robert William Thomson of Great Britain, who also manufactured the first rubber inflatable tires (Iles 1912, 205).", "Introduced in 1894, the Michelin Man, or Bibendum as he’s properly known, is among the world’s oldest trademarks. During their attendance of an industry show in the late 19th century, brothers Edouard and André noticed a stack of tires which evoked in them the image of an armless man—shortly afterwards they presented this idea to a popular French cartoonist by the name of Marius Rossillon, who was responsible for the very first iteration of the now-famous mascot.", "Founded in 1919 by French industrialist André-Gustave Citroën (1878–1935), Citroën was the first mass-production car company outside the USA and pioneered the modern concept of creating a sales and services network that complements the motor car. Within eight years Citroën had become Europe's largest car manufacturer and the 4th largest in the world.", "In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires. ", "1923 - Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, OH began the first regular production of balloon tires.", "Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, the American tyre production giant, opened a new factory in Washington in 1968. However, it closed on 5 July 2006 with the loss of 585 jobs.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wear/5149130.stm]", "In 1823, Charles Macintosh found a practical process for waterproofing fabrics, and in 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, which revolutionized the rubber industry. On March 17, 1845, the fist rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London. In the latter half of the 19th century the demand for rubber insulation by the electrical industry and the invention of the pneumatic tire extended the demand for rubber. In the 19th century wild rubber was harvested in South and Central America and in Africa; most of it came from the Para rubber tree of the Amazon basin.", " Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires.", "Robert William Thomson (1822 - 1873) invented the actual first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire. Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845, and his invention worked well, but it was too costly to catch on.", "1845: Civil engineer Robert Thompson patented pneumatic tyres in London. Later manufacture had to be by hand and were too expensive to catch on. That was left to Dunlop in 1888.", "Though he did not participate after 1895, Dunlop's pneumatic tyre did arrive at a crucial time in the development of road transport. His commercial production of cycle tyres began in late 1890 in Belfast, but the production of car tyres did not begin until 1900, well after his retirement. J B Dunlop did not make any great fortune by his invention. He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2005.", "Robert William Thomson of Stonehaven, Scotland patents the world’s first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tyre. It is well received on trials in London but does not reach production for fear of its cost.", "In midsummer of 1834, a bankrupt hardware merchant from Philadelphia, Charles Goodyear, walked into the New York retail store of the Roxbury India Rubber Co., America's first rubber manufacturer. He showed the store manager a new valve he had devised for rubber life preservers. The manager shook his head sadly. The company wasn’t in the market for valves now; it would be lucky to stay in business at all.", "Goodyear convinced a businessman, William Ballard, to form a partnership based on his new process (Hubert 1893, 184). The two established manufacturing facilities to produce clothing, life preservers, rubber shoes, and a great variety of rubber goods, first at a factory on Bank Street in Manhattan, and then in Staten Island, where Goodyear also moved his family. Just around this time, when everything looked bright, the financial panic of 1837 swept away the entire fortune of his associate and left Goodyear penniless as well.", "Frank Augustus Seiberling (October 6, 1859 – August 11, 1955) was an American inventor and founder. He is most famous for co-founding the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company in 1898 and the Seiberling Rubber Company in 1921. He also built Stan Hywet Hall, a Tudor Revival mansion, now a National Historic Landmark and historic house museum in Akron, Ohio.", "The rubber pneumatic tires seen on millions of cars across the world are the result of multiple inventors working across several decades. And those inventors have names that should be recognizable to anyone who's ever bought tires for their car: Michelin, Goodyear, Dunlop.", "MRF  – from Madras Rubber Factory, founded by K M Mammen Mappillai in 1946. He started with a toy-balloon manufacturing unit at Tiruvottiyur, Chennai (then called Madras). In 1952 he began manufacturing tread-rubber and, in 1961, tyres.", "In 1895 the wealthy French count Albert DeDion and engineer Georges Bouton teamed up in Paris to build first steam then gasoline powered engines, plugging one of 138cc into motorized tricycle. Their Dion-Bouton engines, sold in large quantities, let loose the floodgates of numerous motorcycle enterprises around the globe including the U.S. Also in 1895 Michelin in France introduced pneumatic tires capable of supporting heavyweight autos.", "Goodyear did meet Hiram Hutchinson, however, and, in one of the dumbest business decisions in history, sold him the rights to manufacture rubber footwear. Hutchinson moved to France, set up La Compagnie du Caoutchouc Souple (The Flexible Rubber Company), established the brand A L’Aigle (To the Eagle, a tribute to the American bald eagle), and made the first rubber wellington, or gumboot, in 1853.", "1839 VULCANIZATION: The process of changing the physical properties of rubber through application of sulphur and heat was first perfected in America by Charles Goodyear.", "June 7, 1892 - John F. Palmer, of Riverside, IL, received two patents for a \"Pneumatic Tire\"; first self-healing bicycle cord tire; tread portion designed to operate under compression, any puncture would tend to close rather than open: manufactured by B.F. Goodrich Company.", "Innovators with a passion for color, Binney and Smith started out making red oxide pigments that coated many barns in the United States, as well as carbon black, a revolutionary black pigment that became the main ingredient in automobile tires. In 1900 they bought a gristmill in Easton, Pennsylvania and produced school supplies, including slate pencils and dustless blackboard chalk.", "The Michelin tyre company also has a presence in Stoke-on-Trent, and in the 1920s built their first UK plant in the city. In the 1980s nearly 9,000 workers were employed at the plant; in 2006 about 1,200 worked there. ", "As noted above, the industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s, using the ochre mines Roussillon in the Vaucluse department of Provence, in France. Thanks to the process invented by Astier and refined by his successors, ochre pigments from Roussillon were exported across Europe and around the world. It was not only used for artists paints and house paints; it also became an important ingredient for the early rubber industry.", "   Humber was one of the oldest companies in British Motor Industry. First established in 1867 by Thomas Humber to manufacture bicycles. Humber produced his first car, a 3-½ h.p. Model in 1899. One of its most famous cars was the 1903.", "The company entered the automobile industry due to its bicycle manufacturing business. In 1889, Armand Peugeot created the company’s first car which was run by a steam powered engine. After meeting Gottlieb Daimler, the company replaced the steam engine with a gas powered internal combustion engine.", "With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile around 1900, road transport became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first \"modern\" highways were constructed during the 19th century with macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving materials. In 1903 the Wright brothers demonstrated the first successful controllable airplane, and after World War I (1914-1918)aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances. " ]

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[ "On April 8, 1986, Clint Eastwood defeated incumbent Charlotte Townsend to become mayor of Carmel, a small seaside city in his home state of California. With just 4500 residents and one square mile of land, the town was a perfect fit for the actor, who professed no grand ambitions to run for office for anything larger.", "Carmel-by-the-Sea, often called simply Carmel, is a small city in Monterey County, California which is situated on the Monterey Peninsula.  The small town is known for its natural scenery and rich artistic history and scenic coastal beauty. Early City Councils were dominated by artists, and the town has had several mayors who were poets or actors, including Herbert Heron, founder of the Forest Theater, bohemian writer and actor Perry Newberry, and perhaps its most famous mayor in actor-director Clint Eastwood, who was mayor for one term, from 1986 to 1988.", "On this day, April 8th, in 1986, Clint Eastwood wins 72.5 percent of the vote and is elected mayor of Carmel, California.  During his two-year tenure, he fulfilled most of his campaign promises such as making renovations and property building more accessible, preserving landscapes, and opening libraries for children. While in office, Eastwood managed to make two movies, Heartbreak Ridge and Bridge. After his tenure as mayor, Eastwood opted out for a second term because he was bored of the pettiness he dealt with on a daily basis, plus he wanted to return his focus on acting.", "It has been over 20 years since Clint Eastwood, also known to his fans as “Dirty Harry,” was mayor of the City of Carmel-by-the-Sea, but visitors still ask “Is Clint Eastwood still the mayor?” referring to his one term that ran from 1986 to 1988. His campaign slogan was \"Bringing the Community Together,\" and he stressed his desire to build bridges between the business community and the residential community. His strategy worked and though he enjoyed his experience, he did not to run for a second term.", "After moving to California in the 1980s to further his career, he became friends with actor/director Clint Eastwood while living in Carmel, where Eastwood was elected mayor in 1986. After sharing a story treatment that Eastwood liked, Pierce became a writer for the fourth in the Dirty Harry series, 'Sudden Impact' (1983), which Eastwood directed. Its most famous line, \"Go ahead, make my day,\" has been ranked in the top ten of the American Film Institute's top movie quotes of all time.", "n January 30th, 1986, a local Carmel, California newspaper first announced the news: Clint Eastwood was running for mayor -- salary, $200 a month!", "Since 1967, Eastwood has run his own production company, Malpaso, which has produced all except four of his American films. From 1986–88, Eastwood served as Mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, a non-partisan office.", "But Clint Eastwood, or Clinton Eastwood, Jr., his birth name, was a lot more than just mayor of Carmel. He became one of Hollywood’s famous actors, a super star, and he even received more recognition as a film director, later in his career. He was awarded three Golden Globe Awards for Best Director of a film, three Academy Awards for Best Director of a film, the Cecile B. De Mille Award, and the AFI Achievement Award.", "The story line was originally set in Los Angeles, but at Eastwood's insistence, the film was shot in the more comfortable surroundings of the actual Carmel-by-the-Sea, where he could shoot scenes at the local radio station, bars and restaurants, and friends' houses. Eastwood has also long made Carmel his home, and was elected mayor there in 1986.", "Nicolas Kim Coppola (born January 7, 1964), known professionally as Nicolas Cage, is an American actor, producer and director. He has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action movies. Cage is known for his prolificacy, appearing in at least one film per year, nearly every year since 1980 (with the exception of 1985 and 1991).", "a former movie actor and governor of California, was the president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.", "Several mayors have appeared in television and movies, as well as on Broadway, most notably in The Will Rogers Follies. In the 1980s and '90s, Mayors Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani appeared on Saturday Night Live on several occasions, sometimes mocking themselves in sketches. Giuliani and Bloomberg have both appeared, as themselves in their mayoral capacities, on episodes of Law & Order. Giuliani also appeared as himself in an episode of Seinfeld. Giuliani has made cameos in films such as The Out-of-Towners and Anger Management. Bloomberg has appeared on 30 Rock, Gossip Girl, Curb Your Enthusiasm and Horace and Pete.", "But why did Eastwood—at 55, still churning out hit movies more than 30 years after beginning his career as a screen actor—choose to run at all? In 1985, Carmel’s city council gave him what he alleged to be an extraordinary amount of grief over plans to erect office buildings on property he owned within city limits. Eastwood was so aggrieved he sued the council, and won an out-of-court settlement; the settlement allowed for permission to build if he used more wood than glass.", "a sarcastic superstar on the back of Ghostbusters, he fled the limelight to study philosophy. Later, he reinvented himself as a melancholy clown – “the crying-on-the-inside kind,” as he says in 1990’s Quick Change – and found that some of the most intuitive US directors, like Sofia Coppola, Wes Anderson and Jim Jarmusch, were happy to peg entire movies on that persona. His patience, as he calmly watched Chase, Murphy and Belushi hit the big time, paid off. Naturally, there were comedians who became successful in movies of the ’80s without the springboard of SNL. Some crossed over from sitcoms to movies: Danny DeVito had starred in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest (1975) and Jack Nicholson’s comic Western Gain’ South (1978) with John Belushi. But it was the hit sitcom Taxi that really launched his film career in the ’80s, when he gave audience-pleasing performances in Romancing The Stone (1984), Ruthless People (1986) and Throw Mamma From The Train (1987) among others. The latter starred another fugitive from", "Karl Malden (born Mladen George Sekulovich; ; March 22, 1912 – July 1, 2009) was an American actor. Malden was primarily a character actor who \"for more than 60 years brought an intelligent intensity and a homespun authenticity to roles in theater, film and television\", especially in such classic films as A Streetcar Named Desire (for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), On the Waterfront, Pollyanna, and One-Eyed Jacks. Malden later played in high-profile Hollywood movies such as Baby Doll, How the West Was Won, and Patton as well as appearing on U.S. television as Lt. Mike Stone on the 1970s crime drama, The Streets of San Francisco and as the spokesman for American Express. Film and culture critic Charles Champlin described Malden as \"an Everyman, but one whose range moved easily up and down the levels of society and the IQ scale, from heroes to heavies and ordinary, decent guys just trying to get along\", and at the time of his death Malden was described as \"one of the great character actors of his time\" who created a number of \"powerhouse performances on screen\". Malden was also President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1988 to 1993. ", "In 1986 he headed west and found that his ethnic qualifications was well-suited for getting tough-talker parts. Slick attorneys, unflinching hoods and hard-nosed cops were all part of his ethnic streetwise persona in such TV shows as Wiseguy , Matlock and Hill Street Blues . In films he started off playing a 1930s-style gangster in Sylvester Stallone 's Oscar . Although his roles were sharp, well-acted and with a distinct edge to them, there was nothing in them to show that he was capable of stronger leading parts.", "As a neighborhood within the Los Angeles city limits, Hollywood does not have its own municipal government. There was an official, appointed by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, who served as an honorary \"Mayor of Hollywood\" for ceremonial purposes only. Johnny Grant held this position from 1980 until his death on January 9, 2008. ", "** FILE ** Jack Palance, right, is seen with Billy Crystal in this undated file photo on the set of \"City Slickers\". Palance, the craggy-faced menace in \"Shane,\" \"Sudden Fear\" and other films who turned successfully to comedy in his 70s with his Oscar-winning self-parody in \"City Slickers,\" died Friday, Nov. 10, 2006. Palance died of natural causes at his home in Montecito, Calif., surrounded by family. He was 87. (AP Photo) less", "Mel Gibson, in full Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956, Peekskill , New York , U.S.), American-born Australian actor who became an international star with a series of action-adventure films in the 1980s and later earned acclaim as a director and producer.", "Born January 7, 1964, in Long Beach, CA, to a literature professor father and dancer/choreographer mother, Cage first caught the acting bug while a student at Beverly Hills High School. After graduation, he debuted on film with a small part in Amy Heckerling 's 1982 classic Fast Times at Ridgemont High . Following a lead role in Martha Coolidge 's cult comedy Valley Girl (1983), Cage spent the remainder of the decade playing endearingly bizarre and disreputable men, most notably as Crazy Charlie the Appliance King in Peggy Sue Got Married (1986), Hi McDonough in Raising Arizona (1987), and Ronny Cammareri in the same year's Moonstruck , the last of which won him a Golden Globe nomination and a legion of female fans, ecstatic over the actor's unconventional romantic appeal.", "From the moment he took the stage at 30 Rockefeller Plaza and shouted \"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!\" it was only a matter of time before Hollywood came calling for Eddie Murphy. The comedian's edgy humor, whip-smart intelligence and go-for-broke energy all but ensured a quick transition to feature films. Beginning his movie career with a series of impressive costarring performances, Murphy made the leap to leading man status in the action-comedy classic \"Beverly Hills Cop.\" Released on December 5, 1984, it remains his most financially successful live-action film to date. On its 30th anniversary, here's a look at Eddie Murphy's ten best roles, plus five that should be forgotten.", "After working with Scorsese in Mean Streets, De Niro went on to have a successful working relationship with him in films such as Taxi Driver (1976), New York, New York (1977), Raging Bull (1980), The King of Comedy (1983), Goodfellas (1990), Cape Fear (1991), and Casino (1995). They also acted together in Guilty by Suspicion (1991) and provided their voices for the animated feature Shark Tale (2004). Taxi Driver was particularly important to De Niro's career. His iconic performance as Travis Bickle catapulted him to stardom and forever linked his name with Bickle's famous \"You talkin' to me?\" monologue, which De Niro largely improvised. The role of Bickle earned him his first Academy Award Nomination for Best Actor. His portrayal of Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull was lauded, as well as his interpretation of Max Cady in Cape Fear.", "Schwarzenegger, who worked under the pseudonym Arnold Strong in his first feature, Hercules in New York, quickly made a name for himself in Hollywood. In 1977, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association recognized him with a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year for his role in Stay Hungry opposite Sally Field. His big break came in 1982 when the sword and sorcery epic, Conan the Barbarian, hit box office gold.", "Personal Life: (1931-1955) Born in Marion, Indiana. Father was a farmer and dental technician. Moved to Santa Monica, California at 6. Mother died of uterine cancer when he was 9 years old and was sent back to Fairmount, Indiana to live with his sister. Moved back to California after graduating high school. Attended Santa Monica College for pre-law but transferred to UCLA for drama leading to estrangement from his father. Yet, he dropped out to pursue acting full time. Got his start through acting on television and bit parts. Studied method acting under James Whitmore and Lee Strasberg. Starred in only 3 films. Sexual orientation was a contested subject among his contemporaries and is still debated to this day though his best remembered relationship was with Pier Angeli. Known for his extreme mood swings and might’ve been bipolar. Died when he wrecked his Porsche 550 Spyder called, “Lil’ Bastard” at the junction of California State Routes 46 and 41 at 24.", "The series started in 1984, with the Martin Brest-directed original, which featured Eddie Murphy as Foley, a fast-talking Detroit cop who relocates to Beverly Hills to solve a crime. There, he's paired with Judge Reinhold's ultra-square cop and generally pisses everyone off. The character returned for a stylish blockbuster sequel, directed by Tony Scott, in 1987, and officially went off the rails with the goofy third installment, directed by John Landis and released in 1994.", "actor: In the Heat of the Night, Proud Men, Blue De Ville, At Close Range; mayor of Fresno California", "Gene Wilder - GeneWilder (born Jerome Silberman on June 11, 1933 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actor, who has starred in more than thirty movies.", "He died following a series of strokes in 1986 at the age of 74 in Rancho Mirage, California. He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard and another for television at 6734 Hollywood Boulevard.", "Jerome Silberman, known professionally as Gene Wilder (born June 11, 1933 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), was an American stage and screen comic actor, director, screenwriter, author, and activist.", "Following high school graduation in 1974, he toyed with some commercial work. A few years later he began to make a slight dent in films. He first appeared in Getting Wasted and Without Warning , which led to a succession of secondary roles in such 80s movies as An Officer and a Gentleman , First Blood (as a sheriff's deputy), Thief of Hearts , Blue City , China Girl and Twins . But the break into full-fledged TV stardom proved elusive. It was argued that the thin and lanky actor was not handsome enough to become a leading man in film and didn't have the charisma credentials to carry a big movie.", "The city of Beverly Hills widely opposed Proposition 8, a 2008 ballot measure which repealed legal recognition of same-sex marriages. The proposition passed statewide, but in Beverly Hills, only 34% voted in favor, and 66% voted against it. In 2007, Jimmy Delshad became the city's first Iranian-born mayor, representing the city's large Persian Jewish population. ", "Involved in local politics, openly gay, elected San Francisco Supervisor in 1977. He and Mayor Moscone were assassinated by disgruntled \"family values\" colleague Dan White on 27 Nov. 1978; lenient sentence provoked riots." ]

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[ "Natalie Maria Cole (February 6, 1950 – December 31, 2015) was an American singer-songwriter, and actress. The daughter of Nat King Cole, she rose to musical success in the mid-1970s as an R&B artist with the hits \"This Will Be\", \"Inseparable\", and \"Our Love\". After a period of failing sales and performances due to a heavy drug addiction, Cole re-emerged as a pop artist with the 1987 album Everlasting and her cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Pink Cadillac\". In the 1990s, she re-recorded standards by her father, resulting in her biggest success, Unforgettable... with Love, which sold over seven million copies and also won Cole numerous Grammy Awards. She sold over 30 million records worldwide. ", "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. One of the most prominent cultural icons for over three decades, she has achieved an unprecedented level of power and control for a woman in the entertainment industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have praised her diverse and innovative musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Cited as an influence among numerous artists around the world, she is often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\".", "Last New York Apartment 26 West 87th Street New York, New York This was Billie Holiday’s last New York apartment, where she lived during the final year of her life. By now she was a sad and lonely singer, whose career had all but dried up. Her health was poor, and on May 31, 1959, she collapsed and fell into a coma. She was rushed to the hospital and treated for drug addiction and alcoholism. While she was there, police found heroin in her room (many believe it was planted by a “well-wisher”). Her condition deteriorated and she died in the hospital on July 17th.", "James Newell Osterberg, Jr. ( 21 April 1947 ) more widely know by his stage name Iggy Pop, is an American punk rock singer and actor considered to be one of the most important innovators of punk rock and related styles. He is sometimes referred to by the nicknames \"the Godfather of Punk\" and \"the Rock Iguana\", and is widely acknowledged as one of the most dynamic stage performers of the rock era.", "Iggy Pop (born James Newell Osterberg, Jr. on April 21, 1947) is an American singer-songwriter, and occasional actor. Although he has had only limited mainstream commercial success, Iggy Pop is considered an influential innovator of punk rock , hard rock , and other related styles . He is sometimes referred to by the nicknames \"the Godfather of Punk \" and \"the Iguana\", and is widely acknowledged as one of the most dynamic stage performers of all time. Pop began calling himself Iggy after his first band in high school , The Iguanas .", "Cass Elliot (September 19, 1941 – July 29, 1974), born Ellen Naomi Cohen, was a noted American singer , best remembered as Mama Cass of the pop quartet The Mamas & the Papas . After the group broke up, she had a successful solo career, releasing five studio albums. Elliot was found dead in her room in London from an apparent heart attack after two weeks of sold-out performances at the Palladium . In 1998, the four members of the group were inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . [1]", "Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien OBE (16 April 1939 – 2 March 1999), known professionally as Dusty Springfield, was an English pop singer and record producer whose career extended from the late 1950s to the 1990s. With her distinctive sensual sound, she was an important blue-eyed soul singer and at her peak was one of the most successful British female performers, with six top 20 singles on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and sixteen on the United Kingdom Singles Chart from 1963 to 1989. She is a member of both the US Rock and Roll and UK Music Halls of Fame. International polls have named Springfield among the best female rock artists of all time. Her image, supported by a peroxide blonde bouffant hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up, made her an icon of the Swinging Sixties.", "A version of this article appears in print on September 3, 2012, on Page A20 of the New York edition with the headline: Hal David, Whose Musings Became Pop Hits, Dies at 91. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Perhaps Burt Bacharach's elegy affords Dusty Springfield sufficient distinction: \"You just had to hear two or three notes and you knew it was Dusty.\" Petula Clark, a fellow British Invasion bird, was also struck by Springfield's singularity: \"The way she looked was easy to impersonate — the panda eyes and the bouffant hair. But the voice was impossible to imitate . . . Dusty was the perfect pop singer.\" Perfect, but not pure; there were other shadings that marked Springfield, who died from breast cancer at her home on the Thames, March 2, at 59. Here was a songstress for whom \"blue-eyed soul\" might as well have been coined (\"the white Negress,\" Cliff Richard famously called her), but who, unlike most singers of that appellation, wouldn't likely be mistaken for black in a blindfold test. \"There is a soul influence, but no blues influence,\" says Jerry Wexler, who coproduced 1969's classic Dusty in Memphis, describing her breathy, husky, understated phrasing. \"It wasn't black soul — maybe it was Irish soul — but she had it. She stripped herself down and her singing was naked vulnerability, which made it very sexy.\"", "Buddy Holly became increasingly interested in the New York music/recording/publishing scene, while the other Crickets (Sullivan had already left) wanted to return to Lubbock. As a result, the group split up in late 1958. Buddy and his wife Maria Elena settled in Greenwich Village, New York, in the new Brevoort apartment block at Ninth Street and Fifth Avenue. Here he recorded the series of acoustic songs, including ‘Crying, Waiting, Hoping’ and ‘What to Do,’ known as the “Apartment Tapes”, which were released after his death.", "Her death this week will tempt people to call her music timeless. It is not. She was always of her time; often the best of her time. Her songs will date, and have already. But to answer one of her best-known songs: Yes, we will still love her tomorrow. She has become an icon of superb, soulful pop. Not that it started out that way. The first most people heard of that remarkable voice was The Springfields, formed by Dusty (nee Mary O'Brien) her brother Tom and their friend Tim Field. The Springfields were catchy, really cheerful, fakers. It would take a stony listener indeed not to enjoy Island of Dreams, but who can suppress a laugh at these North Londoners singing with a hilariously hokey mock-Texan twang.", "The singer-songwriter, who was a stalwart supporter of workers’ causes, died of natural causes at NewYork Presbyterian Hospital.", "Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Fagan; April 7, 1915 – July 17, 1959) was an American jazz singer and songwriter. Nicknamed Lady Day by her loyal friend and musical partner Lester Young, Holiday was a seminal influence on jazz and pop singing. Her vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo. Above all, she was admired for her deeply personal and intimate approach to singing. Critic John Bush wrote that she \"changed the art of American pop vocals forever.\" She co-wrote only a few songs, but several of them have become jazz standards, notably \"God Bless the Child\", \"Don't Explain\", and \"Lady Sings the Blues\". She also became famous for singing jazz standards written by others, including \"Easy Living\" and \"Strange Fruit.\"", "Dean Martin (June 7, 1917 – December 25, 1995) was an American singer, film actor and comedian. Martin's hit singles included \"Memories Are Made of This\", \"That's Amore\", \"Everybody Loves Somebody\", \"Mambo Italiano\", \"Sway\", \"Volare\" and \"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\". Nicknamed the \"King of Cool\", he was one of the members of the \"Rat Pack\" and a major star in four areas of show business: concert stage/night clubs, recordings, motion pictures, and television.", "Billie Holiday was one of the first and greatest of American jazz singers, known in equal parts for her unique and laconic timing, her wistful and brassy vocals, and her troubled personal life. Holiday began singing in Harlem clubs as a teenager, and first recorded (with Benny Goodman ) in 1933. She was a sensation at New York's famous jazz club, The Apollo, and sang with the bands of Artie Shaw and Count Basie , among others. Holiday was nicknamed \"Lady Day\" during this era by saxophonist Lester Young , with whom she often recorded. In the 1940s she began using heroin and opium, and her last years were marked by her decline in health as a result of drink and drugs. Her most famous songs include \"God Bless the Child,\" \"Lover Man\" and \"My Man.\" She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence in the year 2000.", "† Rosemary Clooney (May 23, 1928 – June 29, 2002) was a popular American singer and actress. She was most popular singing traditional pop music in the 1940s and 1950s.", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby, Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Crosby's trademark warm bass-baritone voice made him the best-selling recording artist of the 20th century, having sold over one billion records, tapes, compact discs and digital downloads around the world.", "Composer Michael Masser died, aged 74, on July 9 at his home in California. Masser wrote Touch Me in the Morning for Diana Ross, Saving All My Love for You, a smash hit for Whitney Houston, and a string of other hits for artists including Dionne Warwick, Roberta Flack, Gladys Knight and Barbra Streisand", "in 2002 - Eileen Farrell dies at age 82. American opera and concert soprano singer, she preferred the concert hall and radio to the theatre. Born in Willimantic, Connecticut, but raised in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, in 1942 she made her concert debut on CBS radio where she soon presented her own radio program. During 1947�1948, she toured the US as a concert singer, and in 1949 she toured South America. Her song recital in New York in October 1950 was enthusiastically acclaimed and secured for her immediate recognition. That year, she also appeared in a concert performance of Berg's Wozzeck as Marie. In 1952, she was engaged by Toscanini for his first and only studio recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. In the 1955 film Interrupted Melody, which starred Eleanor Parker as Australian soprano Marjorie Lawrence, Eileen supplied the singing voice for Ms. Parker. Throughout the 1960s she was a frequent soloist with the New York Philharmonic under the direction of Leonard Bernstein. From 1971 to 1980, Eileen was professor of music at the Indiana University School of Music in Bloomington. In the 1980's she recorded some pop albums and also made several recordings of blues music as well as the duet with Frank Sinatra on his \"Trilogy\" album, in which they sang a version of the country music hit \"For the Good Times\"", "Abstract: Billie Holiday was a famous American jazz singer who recorded her most prized musical work between 1935 and 1942. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, spent her early childhood in Baltimore, Maryland, and lived the rest of her life in New York City, New York, where she was discovered and most often performed. She wrote an autobiography in 1956 with the assistance of William Dufty, but her book is thought to be highly embellished and so inaccurate that it is more commonly read as a creative work than as a biography. Billie Holiday died in 1959 as a result of health problems brought on by her heavy drug use. One of her most famous musical renditions, “Strange Fruit,” embodied the many struggles Holiday suffered throughout her life as an African-American woman.", "A heavyset man, Kelly contracted cancer and lost weight, which was shown on the group's album cover of Masterpiece. In March 1986, Kelly suddenly died of a heart attack at the age of 48 in his Alpine, New Jersey home leaving behind two sons, Frank and Doug. He is buried in George Washington Memorial Park in Paramus, New Jersey.[http://www.findagrave.com/php/famous.php?page", "Tony Bennett, original name Anthony Dominick Benedetto (born August 3, 1926, Astoria, Queens, New York , U.S.), American popular singer known for his smooth voice and interpretive abilities with songs in a variety of genres .", "Bobby Hebb - whose 1966 classic \"Sunny\" reached #2 on the Billboard Pop chart, died of lung cancer on August 3rd, 2010. He was 72", "6 4 2 . H arry Chapin. Popular American singer and songwriter (1942–1981) of such hits as ‘Cat’s in the Cradle’ who died in an auto accident at the age of 38. Glossy 10 x 8 Elektra Records publicity photo of Chapin on stage, signed and inscribed in black ink, “To Chad ‘Keep the change’ Harry Chapin.” In fine condition. Pre-certified Roger Epperson/REAL and RR Auction COA. Starting Bid $100", "1981, US singer Joan Weber died of heart failure at a mental institution in Ancora, New Jersey, aged 45. Had just one hit, the 1954 US No.1 single 'Let Me Go Lover.'", "Late in his career, when he recorded \"What a Wonderful World\" it was a fitting ode to the life he lived and the legacy he created. He died in New York City on July 6, 1971, a month short of his 70th birthday. He is buried in Flushing Cemetery in the New York City Borough of Queens but his greatest honors have been here in New Orleans.", "Louis Prima - Died 8-24-1978 - After an operation for a brain tumor ( R&B - Jazz - Pop ) Born 12-7-1911 in New Orleans, LA, U.S. - (He did, \"Sing, Sing, Sing\" and \"Angelina\").", "1974 Death - Cass Elliot, singer (Mamas and Papas), chokes to death in London at 32", "Bobby Darin (born Walden Robert Cassotto, May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973) was an American singer, actor and musician.", ", the beloved crooner known for his high-tenor voice and romantic songs in the 1950s and early 1960s, has died. He was 83.", "By late spring 1975, she was ready to renew her career. She sang to a full house at Detroit's Ford Auditorium on 25 June 1975, receiving standing ovations. Her lawsuit against her former attorney was settled and she received a large cash settlement. She reconciled with her husband, bought a new house, and made several television appearances. Her life was busier and happier than it had been in several years. She was back on top. However, her health took a turn for the worse. She was stricken with a sudden illness and had to be rushed to the hospital. A day later, on 22 February 1976, she quietly passed away at the age of 31.", "United States singer who died of a drug overdose at the height of her popularity (1943-1970)" ]

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[ "James Fuller \"Jim\" Fixx (April 23, 1932 – July 20, 1984) was an American who authored the 1977 best-selling book The Complete Book of Running. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging. He died of a heart attack while jogging at 52 years of age. His genetic predisposition for heart problems and other previous lifestyle factors may have caused his heart attack.", "Fixx died on July 20, 1984 at age 52 of a fulminant heart attack, after his daily run on Vermont Route 15 in Hardwick. The autopsy revealed that atherosclerosis had blocked one coronary artery 95%, a second 85%, and a third 70%. Still, medical opinion continued to uphold the link between exercise and longevity.", "Jimm Fixx the promoter of jogging for health reasons died of a heart attack in his early 50's while out jogging.", "Jim Fixx (April 23, 1932 – July 20, 1984) was the author of the 1977 best-selling book, The Complete Book of Running, which sold over a million copies. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging.", "In 1986 exercise physiologist Kenneth Cooper published an inventory of the risk factors that might have contributed to Fixx's death. Granted access to his medical records and autopsy, and after interviewing his friends and family, Cooper concluded that Fixx was genetically predisposed - his father died of a heart attack at 43 after a previous one at 35, and Fixx himself had a congenitally enlarged heart - and had an unhealthy life: Fixx was a heavy smoker before beginning running at age 36, had a stressful occupation, had undergone a second divorce, and his weight before he took up running had ballooned to 214 pounds (97 kg). ", "\"Exercise is tremendously important, but sometimes people try to accomplish with exercise alone what can be achieved only with a combination of exercise and nutrition. Those who believe that exercise can compensate for a high-fat diet, excess sugar consumption, or other dietary transgressions could learn from what happened to a remarkable man named Jim Fixx.", "“The calculation made by one waggish sceptic—that the amount of time exercise adds to life is approximately equal to the amount of time exercising, yielding a net gain of zero—is no doubt unreliable.”  See the Economist,  December 21, 2002-January 3, 2003, p. 100.  Maybe it’s unreliable, but if we recall correctly the running guru Jim Fixx died jogging, and we remember the svelte head of a business association who keeled over on the tennis court much too early.  It’s wise to remember another wag who said, “Every so often I get tempted to exercise.  But I manage to sit down until the sensation passes.”", "Jim didn't just ignore expert advice that he needed to eat more healthfully. On at least one occasion, he went out of his way to criticize those who offered such advice. At the time, probably the world's foremost advocate of a low-fat diet as a means to open and heal clogged arteries was Nathan Pritikin. In his book titled Diet for Runners, Pritikin described a conversation he had with Jim Fixx that took place in January 1984:", "Why did LaLanne live to 96 and Fixx to only 52? You could say their genes encoded their long, or short, lives. I don't think that fully explains it. Genes predispose but they don't predict; they aren't the only determinants of health, they may not even be the most important. In fact, having a genetic predisposition is all the more reason to attend to those things you can control - like diet and exercise. (It's often said that Fixx had a genetic predisposition for short life since his father died at 43. LaLanne's father died at age 50.)", "After retiring from the ring, Burns operated a pub in London and a speakeasy in New York. Then, he renounced the sinful life and embarked upon the sawdust trail as an evangelist. On one of his evangelical tours, he took a side-trip to Vancouver to visit a friend, John Westway, and he died there of a heart attack. They found on his body a calling card that read, Tom Burns, demonstrator of Universal Love. He was buried in Plot 3, Grave 451 of the Balsam Section of Ocean View Cemetery in Burnaby. Only four people attended the servicea boxing fan and his wife, plus two grave diggers. The grave had no marker for six years, until a sportswriter's campaign financed a plaque. And see this site .", "He was an avid sportsman. He took part in football, swimming, and weightlifting. However, late in his life his health declined substantially: he was diabetic, and had an incurable heart disease, causing him to suffer three heart attacks. The last of these heart attacks led to congestive heart failure.", "Adams died of a heart attack at the age of 49, while running on the treadmill at his local gym. Although his youth and apparent lack of any truly nasty habits begged the question, no further information about this event was forthcoming. He left behind a wife and daughter.", "When William Staub died of natural causes at the age of 96 last month, his longevity seemed a tribute to the benefits of healthy living. After all, in the Sixties Staub invented the first mass-produced running treadmill, which found its way into millions of homes and gyms. He was still using his own treadmill right up to the last weeks of his life.", "A stroke left the great runner with blurred vision and a limp. On February 21, 1945, he suffered a second stroke and died. He was 43 years old.", "Unfortunately, drugs took a toll on the once indomitable (not able to be beaten) champion in his final years. In 1969, he was hospitalized after collapsing on a New York City street. While the incident was at first credited to \"physical breakdown,\" Louis later admitted to cocaine use and fears of a plot against his life. The following year, Louis spent five months in the hospital suffering from paranoid delusions (irrational anxiety and fear toward others). Strokes and heart ailments caused his condition to worsen. He had surgery to correct an aortic aneurysm (abnormal widening of a blood vessel) in 1977 and was thereafter confined to a wheelchair.", "Roosevelt’s health was thus never an election issue, and his physicians’ explanation of his sudden death—caused, in their words, by “a bolt out of the blue,” a massive and unforeseeable stroke brought on by overwork—was accepted by Americans. Even at the time, though, privileged observers, like prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and Churchill’s personal physician, Lord Moran—both of whom recorded their shock at FDR’s appearance months before his death—knew better. In 1970, Howard Bruenn, Roosevelt’s last surviving doctor, finally admitted his patient had been fighting severe heart disease throughout 1944 and 1945.", "physical fitness/exercise advocate: founded Coney Island Polar Bears [1903]; publisher: Physical Culture Magazine, True Story Magazine, True Romances, True Detective Mysteries Magazine, Photoplay; author: Macfadden�s Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, Physical Training, Fasting, Hydropathy, and Exercise, Virile Powers of Superb Manhood, How to Raise a Strong Baby, Colds, Coughs, and Catarrh, Talks to a Young Man about Sex, Be Married and like It, [close to 150 books]; hotel magnate; founded Bernarr Macfadden Institute; died Oct 12, 1955", "Then, it all changed. He had a car accident, and found Jesus and low-fat. He became a member of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and an honorary life member of the American Dietetic Association. He has become (as of 2007) a public speaker at hospitals and for organizations, health programmes and rehab centres, and has set up his own corporation called \"Kerr Corporation.\" He partners with American Dietetic Association for projects, and does radio / TV spots for the American National Cancer Institute on healthy fruit and vegetables.", "Evans was born in Manchester, Jamaica in 1952 and moved to Leicester in 1961. Evans found fame on the British breakfast television broadcaster GMTV in the early 1990s as Mr. Motivator, promoting health and fitness as a way of life. He performed fitness routines live on-air in highly-coloured outfits, which quickly became his trademark. > Read more about 'Mr. Motivator' on his official website", "Gordon Pirie dominated the athletics magazines of the day, there was plenty of articles from Athletics Weekly and World Sports about him throughout the 1950′s. He wrote his autobiography in 1961, which is a brilliant “no nonsense” account of his career, Chapter 5′s title, “The Elderly Dictators of British Athletics: These Men Must Go” says it all! He had another book in the making shortly before his death, simply title “Running Fast and Injury Free”, again, he pulls no punches with some of his views, especially with his criticisms of running shoes being unnatural and too high in the heel (well over a decade before people jumped on the bandwagon after reading Born To Run). This book was never officially published, but was available as a free download courtesy of his editor, John Gilbody a few years ago and can still be found with a bit of searching on the web. Dick Booth wrote a terrific biography, “The Impossible Hero” in 1999, which covers Pirie’s career with exceptional detail as well as shedding light on Pirie’s life after athletics up until his untimely death.", "1954: At age 40, one of the founding fathers of fitness, Jack LaLanne, proved his belief that “anything in life is possible if you apply yourself” by captivating the entire world when he swam the length of the Golden Gate Strait (approx 1.7 miles) with 140 pounds of equipment strapped to his body. A year later, he swam from Alcatraz Island to San Francisco while handcuffed.", "The Weight Watchers founder died April 29 at 91. In 1961, after struggling with her weight since early childhood, Nidetch came up with her own diet plan to help herself lose weight. She soon began inviting her overweight friends to join her to discuss their food habits in her living room in Queens, N.Y. Two years later, she officially launched Weight Watchers, and it became an instant hit. She sold the company to Heinz Co. for $71 million in 1978. In her 2009 autobiography The Jean Nidetch Story she revealed she's \"not a millionaire anymore.\" But she always said her greatest legacy was the millions of people her weight-loss plan helped.", "He’s known as “America’s Coach,” and with good reason. Once one of the nation’s fastest runners—a 1972 Olympian in the 10K who trained alongside the likes of Steve Prefontaine, Frank Shorter, and Bill Rodgers—he brought the sport to the masses by slowing things down for beginners. “He is personally responsible for inspiring thousands of people to participate in road races doing his method of run/walking,” says Boston Marathon Race Director Dave McGillivray. Adds women’s running pioneer Kathrine Switzer: “By making running—and marathons—achievable for everyone, he has transformed cities and charities and people.” Galloway is also a motivational speaker, a race founder, a specialist retailer, an online coach, a technology innovator…the list goes on and on. Concludes running historian Roger Robinson: “His influence on the sport is incalculable.”", "Jill is 32 years old, and after years of a mostly sedentary life is determined to get into shape. She decides to take up jogging but cannot decide whether to jog at a moderate pace or very fast pace, and has no idea how long to continue. Jill also wants to learn to monitor her heart rate and pulse. She was a gymnast in high school but can no longer touch her toes. Lets see if you can suggest how Jill should get started by answering these questions. Which component of fitness has Jill lost if she cannot touch her toes?", "Weider's younger brother Ben, with whom he founded the International Federation of Body Building and Fitness in 1940 and spent six decades promoting the sport, died in 2008.", "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of basketball in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rulebook and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (1939). ", "Training during his track and cross country days in the 1930′s was fairly modest, consisting of around 3 hard runs per week with his club. When he switched to marathons after the war, his training load increased significantly to around 70 – 80 miles per week, which would be covered in the evenings after work during the week with a race on Saturday. Holden was a devout Christian and family man; he would spend Sundays going to church and spend the rest of the day with his family, he rarely ran on this day. After the Olympics he upped the volume to 100 miles per week, which would be accumulated off 5 – 6 runs, meaning that he was out every evening after work running over 2 hours, covering between 15 – 20 miles or more each outing. There’s no mention of speed sessions, or paces when reading about his training, it would be fair to assume that he built up his strength from lots of long runs at a steady pace.", "Knowing that exercise and weight loss regimes must go hand-in hand, Simmons has created a series of products that integrate the two components. Deal-A-Meal and the FoodMover help people keep track of calories and portions. His 65 fitness videos, which have sold over 20 million copies, pair lively music, with rockin’ routines and Simmons’ humorous banter and encouragement. With titles that include “Sweatin’ to the Oldies”, “Dance Your Pants Off”, “Party Off the Pounds”, “Disco Sweat”, “Blast Off the Pounds”, “Platinum Sweat”, and “Sit Tight” (a workout designed for people who cannot stand), Richard offers a routine for everyone.", "This year is the 60th anniversary of Emil Zatopek’s unique treble of distance running gold medals at the Helsinki Olympics in 1952 - 5000m, 10,000m and marathon. His widow Dana, who won the javelin at the same games (see Question 3), now a feisty 89 years old, attended a commemorative banquet in Prague in May at which I was privileged to be the guest speaker. Zatopek died in 2000, and is still universally revered as one of the greatest and most inspirational runners of all time. ", "And what about keeping as fit as he did? Certainly gym work and personal trainers were hardly known during his time.", "1943-Alive - James E. Muller - Cardiologist. Exchange student in USSR 1967. One of 3 US founders of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW).", "* In the 1980s Richard Simmons hosted an aerobic exercise show on television, and also released a series of exercise videos" ]

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[ "Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed “Bébé Doc” or “Baby Doc”) (3 July 1951 - 4 October 2014) was the ruler of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. He had called himself \"president-for-life\" and ruled with an iron fist, aided by a brutal private militia known as the Tontons Macoutes. He succeeded his father, François “Papa Doc” Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti upon his father’s death in 1971.", "Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, is a former dictator of Haiti . Mr. Duvalier ruled with brutality and corruption for nearly 15 years before being overthrown in 1986.", "François Duvalier (14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. He opposed a military coup d'état in 1950, and was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. His rule, based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute and the use of a personality cult and voodoo , resulted in the murder of an estimated 30,000 Haitians and the exile of many more. Ruling as President for Life from 1964 until his death in 1971, Duvalier was initially known for successfully fighting diseases, gaining him the nickname 'Papa Doc' (\"Daddy Doc[tor]\" in French). He was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude , nicknamed \"Baby Doc\". [3]", "Political instability persisted in Haiti after World War II, and the country's future was clouded by rising turbulence in the Dominican Republic and by the emergence of a Communist Cuba. François (\"Papa Doc\") Duvalier , who was elected president in 1957, suppressed opposition through the creation of his paramilitary secret police, the tonton macoutes. In 1964 he proclaimed himself president for life. Upon his death in 1971 he was succeeded by his 19-year-old son, Jean-Claude (\"Baby Doc\"), who also became president for life. After 15 additional years of corruption, repression, and inequality under the younger Duvalier, popular discontent became great enough to induce him to flee the country in 1986.", "Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier, the son of the infamously corrupt and authoritarian Haitian president François \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier , was president of Haiti from 1971 to 1986.  Born on July 3, 1951 in the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince, he grew up largely in isolation, spending his time inside the presidential palace.  He rarely left the capital and never traveled outside the country. When Jean-Claude was twenty years old, his father, the self-appointed president-for-life, died.  On April 22, 1971, before his father's funeral had even taken place, Jean-Claude Duvalier was installed as president.  Obese, clumsy, and clearly affected by the sudden attention from the international press, \"Baby Doc,\" as dubbed by the press, proved to be a weak and impressionable figurehead.  For the first years of his presidency, his mother, Simon, and his sister, Marie-Denise, ruled by proxy.", "1986: The hated Haiti dictator, Baby Doc Duvalier, fled to exile in France to avoid a national uprising which began the following day, taking over £100m with him. He and his father, Papa Doc ruthlessly ruled Haiti for over 28 years.", "PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti — Jean-Claude Duvalier, the self-proclaimed “president for life” of Haiti whose corrupt and brutal regime sparked a popular uprising that sent him into a 25-year exile, died Saturday of a heart attack, his attorney said.", "Port Au Prince, Haiti — Jean-Claude-Duvalier, the self-proclaimed \"president for life\" of Haiti whose corrupt and brutal regime sparked a popular uprising that sent him into a 25-year exile, died Saturday of a heart attack, his attorney said.", "PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti –  Jean-Claude-Duvalier, the self-proclaimed \"president for life\" of Haiti whose corrupt and brutal regime sparked a popular uprising that sent him into a 25-year exile, died Saturday of a heart attack, his attorney said.", "* \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier ruled Haiti with an iron fist for 15 years, calling himself \"president-for-life\" before fleeing the country after an outbreak of popular protests. He lived in exile in France before his surprise return to Haiti.", "Duvalier, looking somewhat frail, made a surprise return to Haiti in 2011 , allowing victims of his regime to pursue legal claims against him and prompting some old allies to rally around him. Neither side gained much support, and the once-feared dictator known as \"Baby Doc\" spent his late years in relative obscurity in the leafy hills above the Haitian capital.", "Duvalier, looking somewhat frail, made a surprise return to Haiti in 2011, allowing victims of his regime to pursue legal claims against him and prompting some old allies to rally around him. Neither side gained much support, and the once-feared dictator known as \"Baby Doc\" spent his late years in relative obscurity in the leafy hills above the Haitian capital.", "After a period of disorder, in September 1957 Dr. François Duvalier was elected President of Haiti. Known as \"Papa Doc\" and initially popular, Duvalier was President until his death in 1971. He advanced black interests in the public sector, where over time people of color had predominated as the educated urban elite. He stayed in power by enlisting an organization known as Tontons Macoutes (\"Bogeymen\"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents. ", "Duvalier inherited power from his father, the dictator François “Papa Doc” Duvalier, and ruled Haiti from 1971 to 1986. During the son’s rule, Haiti was marked by systematic human rights violations. Hundreds of political prisoners held in a network of prisons known as the “triangle of death” died from their extraordinarily cruel treatment. Others were victims of extrajudicial killings. Duvalier’s government repeatedly closed independent newspapers and radio stations. Journalists were beaten, and in some cases tortured, jailed, or forced into exile.", "Jean-Claude Duvalier, the second-generation “president for life” who plunged one of the world’s poorest countries into further despair by presiding over widespread killing, torture and plunder, died Oct. 4 at his home in Port-au-Prince. He was 63.", "Luckner Cambronne led the Tonton Macoute throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. His cruelty earned him the nickname \"Vampire of the Caribbean\". He profited by extortion carried out by his followers. In 1971, President Duvalier died and his widow Simone, and son Baby Doc Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida where he lived until his death in 2006. ", "\"People of good conscience cannot be idle while a former dictator is able to return unhindered while a democratic leader who peacefully handed over power to another elected president is restricted from returning to his country by external forces,\" Glover said, referring to Duvalier, who fled into exile in France in 1986 after 15 years of iron-fisted rule.", "Image caption Jean-Claude Duvalier, pictured here in 1980, ruled Haiti with an iron fist for 15 years", "Nonetheless, Duvalier enjoyed significant support among Haiti's majority black rural population, who saw in him a champion of their claims against the historically dominant mulatto élite. During his fourteen years in power, he created a substantial black middle class, chiefly through government patronage. [13] Duvalier also initiated the development of Mais Gate Airport, now known as Toussaint Louverture International Airport .", "57. Washington hoped that Duvalier would break with the past, possibly bringing democracy to Haiti. This, however was not to be the case. Instead Papa Doc as he was commonly called, dissolved the Haitian legislature in 1958 a nd six years later grandly proclaimed himself President-for-Life repressed, political activity tightly controlled and the economy strangled. The situation became so bad that Haitians began fleeing; at least a half-million did so. Dozens of newspapers were shut, and tens of thousands of political op ponents were killed with thousands more imprisoned. During this period several rebellions against the government were attempted by opposition members and disloyal military personnel, all of which failed: Papa Do c created the Volontaires de la Securite Nationale (VSN the secret police force known popularly as the Tonton Macoutes (Bogeymen).The practice of voodoo, meanwhile, increasingly became mixed with political terror to be used against Duvaliers opponents. Ind e ed, voodoo traditionally has been used by Haitian authorities to intimidate.and control the people. By the end of Papa Docs 14-year reign, the Tonton Macoutes had grown to at least 10,000, larger than Haitis 7,000-man regular armed forces. In addition, th e Tonton Macoutes could call on an informal support structure of thousands for localized intimidation and common thievery.", "Jan. 18, 2011 Jean-Claude Duvalier waves as he is taken into custody by Haitian police with his companion Veronique Roy at the Hotel Karibe in Port-au-Prince. Duvalier was initially greeted by supporters upon returning to his homeland for the first time in 25 years from his exile in France. Mario Tama/Getty Images", "A private citizen, Jacques Samyn, unsuccessfully sued to expel Duvalier as an illegal immigrant (the Duvaliers were never officially granted asylum in France). Then, in 1998, a Haitian-born photographer, Gerard Bloncourt, formed a committee in Paris to bring Duvalier to trial. At the time, the French Ministry of the Interior said that it could not verify whether Duvalier still remained in the country due to the recently enacted Schengen Agreement which had abolished systematic border controls between the participating countries. However, Duvalier’s lawyer Sauveur Vaisse said that his client was still in France and denied that the exiled leader had fallen on hard times.", "1964 - Duvalier has himself elected \"president for life\" in April. Haiti is now almost completely isolated. Duvalier's isolation is more profound. He is excommunicated by the Vatican for harassing the clergy and will not be readmitted to the Church until 1966.", "Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011, after two decades in self-imposed exile in France. The following day, he was arrested by Haitian police, facing possible charges for embezzlement. On 18 January, Duvalier was charged with corruption. On 28 February 2013, Duvalier pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse. He died of a heart attack on 4 October 2014, at the age of 63.", "Many human rights advocates were disappointed that, upon returning to Haiti in 2011, its former dictator was never put on trial for the deaths and disappearances of family members or for the looting of the state treasury for his personal needs. Duvalier himself was frequently seen dining with friends at restaurants and was often at state events with current President Michel Martelly, who employs many Duvalierists and relatives of “Baby Doc” in his administration. ", "François Duvalier, byname Papa Doc (born April 14, 1907, Port-au-Prince , Haiti —died April 21, 1971, Port-au-Prince), president of Haiti whose 14-year regime was of unprecedented duration in that country.", "In 2007, British newspaper editor John Marquis published PapaDoc: Portrait of a Haitian Tyrant, which relied in part on records from a 1968 espionage trial in Haiti to detail numerous attempts on Duvalier’s life. The trial’s defendant, David Knox, was a Bahamian director of information. Knox lost and was sentenced to death, but was later granted amnesty.", "Alix Fils-Aime is one of the survivors who have been recounting Duvalier-era experiences around dinner tables, in the news media and in the courts.", "Francois Duvalier came from a lower-middle-class background. But, unlike most Haitians, he was educated. His father had scraped together enough money to send him to a prestigious high school, and afterward he studied medicine. He graduated in 1934, the same year that U.S. Marines, who had occupied Haiti since 1915, left the country.", "François Duvalier is born on 14 April 1907 in Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti. His father is a teacher and journalist. His mother works in a bakery. He is a descendant of African slaves.", "By 22 September 2011, legal procedures against him appeared to have stalled. He was reported to be living under a loosely enforced house arrest, enjoying a life of luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince. By 30 January 2012, it was announced that the former president would face charges of corruption, but not of human right abuses. ", "Aristide’s growing authoritarianism has been denounced by virtually every element of the coalition that supported his rise to the presidency in 1990: the priests and laypersons of the liberation theology wing of the Haitian church, the network of grassroots organisations, peasant co-operatives and labour unions, and every single Haitian intellectual or artist of note. Aristide tried to compensate for the defection of his former supporters by recruiting criminal gangs – the chimères, a term derived from the Creole word for ‘hothead’ – and an expensive lobbying effort in Washington, in which Farmer took part." ]

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[ "Mathias Rust (born 1 June 1968) is a German aviator known for his illegal landing near Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987. An amateur pilot, he flew from Helsinki, Finland to Moscow, being tracked several times by Soviet air defense and interceptors. The Soviet fighters never received permission to shoot him down, and several times he was mistaken for a friendly aircraft. He landed on Vasilevsky Descent next to Red Square near the Kremlin in the capital of the Soviet Union.", "1987: Mathias Rust, a 19-year-old West German, flew his small aircraft through Soviet air space from Helsinki to Moscow, landing right in Red Square.", "1987 :Mathias Rust, a 19-year-old West German pilot, landed a private plane in Moscow's Red Square after evading Soviet air defenses.", "On May 28, 1987, a West German pilot named Mathias Rust landed a Cessna 172 light aircraft at St. Basil next to Red Square, causing a major scandal in the Soviet Air Defence Forces.", "      At the end of a daring flight into the heart of the USSR, Mathias Rust, 19, lands his small plane in Moscow�s Red Square, the site of Lenin�s Tomb and frequent Soviet patriotic demonstrations. The plane had not been detected once during its 1100-km flight from Helsinki, Finland. Soviet authorities hastily arrested the pilot at his conspicuous landing spot, and in September, he was convicted on charges stemming from the flight.", "1987: West German pilot Mathias Rust was sentenced to four years in a Soviet labor camp for his unprecedented flight over Russia and landing in Moscow's Red Square. He was released about a year later.", "German Teenager Matthias Rust flies his plane across Iron Curtain & lands on Moscow’s Red Square - Kickass Trips", "In the morning of 28 May 1987, Rust refueled at Helsinki-Malmi Airport. He told air traffic control that he was going to Stockholm, and took off at 12:21 p.m. However, immediately after his final communication with traffic control he turned his plane to the east. Air controllers tried to contact him as he was moving around the busy Helsinki–Moscow route, but Rust turned off all communications equipment aboard. ", "In 1987 a West German teenager shocked the world, by flying through Soviet air defences to land a Cessna aeroplane in Red Square. He was jailed for more than a year - but a quarter of a century later, he has no regrets.", "Around 7:00 p.m. Rust appeared above downtown Moscow. He had initially intended to land in the Kremlin, but changed his mind: he reasoned that landing inside, hidden by the Kremlin walls, would have allowed the KGB to simply arrest him and deny the incident. Therefore, he changed his landing spot to Red Square. Heavy pedestrian traffic did not allow him to land there either, so after circling about the square one more time, he was able to land on a bridge by St. Basil's Cathedral. A later inquiry found that trolleybus wires normally strung over the bridge—which would have incidentally prevented his landing there—had been removed for maintenance that very morning, and were replaced the day after. After taxiing past the cathedral he stopped about 100 m from the square, where he was greeted by curious passersby and was asked for autographs. When asked where he was from, he replied \"Germany\" making the bystanders think he was from East Germany; but when he said West Germany, they were surprised. A British doctor videotaped Rust circling over Red Square and landing on the bridge. Rust was arrested two hours later. ", "In the end, Rust spotted a four-lane bridge next to St Basil’s Cathedral so he circled around one more time and touched down there. At around 7pm, just as the sun was going down, Rust taxied his plane into the square and climbed out of the cockpit to greet the curious onlookers which had gathered around him. Two hours later Rust got arrested.", "The leader of the Lufthansa Airlines Flight 181 hijacking, a “Black September” soldier, demanded of the West Germany government that eleven Red Army Faction first generation members be released, as well as $150 million. When Palestinians had become refugees, international opinion—especially Arab countries—became sympathetic to Palestinians and their liberation movement, but these sympathies began to shift following this incident. The Palestinian Liberation Organization already lost support from Jordan and Syria. The hijacked aircraft was passed around to Larnaca (Republic of Cyprus), Bahrain, and Dubai, but after Dubai, no other airport in the Arabian Peninsula provided permission for the plane to land. After having to make an emergency stop in Aden, Yemen when the fuel was all used up, the hijacked plane eventually landed in Mogadishu, Somalia where it is apprehended by the German government. Immediately after this hijacking failure, the first generation Red Army Faction leaders in jail committed suicide.", "1977 – German Autumn: Four days after it was hijacked, Lufthansa Flight 181 landed in Mogadishu, Somalia, where a team of German GSG 9 commandos rescued all remaining hostages on board.", "1998: An unemployed man seeking employment in Germany attempted to hijack a Turkish Cypriot Boeing 727 airliner using a grenade-shaped cigarette lighter. Instead of taking him to Bonn, Germany as he requested, the pilots landed the plane at its original destination in Ankara, Turkey. No one was hurt in the incident.", "Following the 20th anniversary of his flight on 28 May 2007, the international media interviewed Rust about the flight and its aftermath.", "1996: A man claiming to have a grenade and dynamite hijacked a Sudan Airways flight from Khartoum, Sudan, to Amman, Jordan. The Airbus 310 jetliner landed at the Lamaca International Airport in Cyprus to refuel. Early the next day, the plane landed at Stansted Airport near London, England.", "* October 17–18 – German Autumn: GSG 9 troopers storm the hijacked Lufthansa passenger plane in Mogadishu, Somalia; 3 of the 4 hijackers die.", "* On 7 August 1970, one passenger on board a LOT An-24 flying from Szczecin to Katowice forced the pilots to divert to Germany. As he did not specify his demands any further, the aircraft landed at Berlin Schönefeld Airport in East Germany, where he was arrested. ", "The Bonn crisis team again decided not to give in. The plane flew on via Larnaca to Dubai , and then to Aden , where flight captain Jürgen Schumann, whom the hijackers deemed not cooperative enough, was brought before an improvised \"revolutionary tribunal\" and executed on 16 October. His body was dumped on the runway. The aircraft again took off, flown by the co-pilot Jürgen Vietor, this time headed for Mogadishu , Somalia .", "1996: A Transavia airlines Boeing 737 en route from Faro, Portugal to Amsterdam, Netherlands made an emergency landing at a military base in Beja in southern Portugal. No one was hurt in the landing.", "- November 20 – Lufthansa Flight 540 crashes shortly after takeoff in Nairobi, Kenya; 59 of 157 on board are killed in the first crash of a Boeing 747.", "- September 26 – Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, an Airbus A300, crashes into a mountain near Buah Nabar, Indonesia killing all 234 on board.", "On 8 October 2014 the president of the German Federal Intelligence Service (BND) gave a presentation about MH17 to a German parliamentary committee overseeing intelligence activities. According to Der Spiegel, the report contained a detailed analysis which concluded that pro-Russian separatists had used a captured Ukrainian Buk system to shoot down Flight MH17. The report also noted that \"Russian claims the missile had been fired by Ukrainian soldiers and that a Ukrainian fighter jet had been flying close to the passenger jet were false\" and that Ukraine had published manipulated photographs. The Attorney General of Germany opened an investigation against unknown persons due to a suspected war crime.", "* September 23 – Gulf Air Flight 771, a Boeing 737, crashes near Mina Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates, after a bomb planted by the Abu Nidal Organization detonates on board; all 112 people on board perish.", "October 13 � German Autumn: Four Palestinians hijack a Lufthansa Airlines flight to Somalia and demand the release of 11 Red Army Faction members (see Lufthansa Flight 181).", "The crashed airplane was on its way to the Republic of Biafra. Biafra was a secessionist state in south-eastern Nigeria that existed from 30 May 1967 to 15 January 1970, taking its name from the  Bight of Biafra (the Atlantic bay to its south). On November 28- 1969, the crew was performing a cargo flight from Faro to Uli with an intermediate stop in Sao Tomé with ammunition on board. While overflying Morocco by night, the crew encountered engine problems and informed ATC they want to divert to the nearest airport. The aircraft, a Lockheed 749A,  hit Mt Tibherine.", "* April 11 – In the 2008 Chişinău Antonov An-32 crash, a Sudanese airline Antonov An-32 crashes when returning shortly after taking off from Chişinău International Airport, Moldova, for Turkey. All eight on board are killed.", "The hijacking of Flight 93 was led by Ziad Jarrah, a member of al-Qaeda. Jarrah was born in Lebanon to a wealthy family and had a secular upbringing. He intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in 1996, enrolling at the University of Greifswald to study German. A year later, he moved to Hamburg and began studying aeronautical engineering at Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. While living in Hamburg, Jarrah became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical Hamburg cell. ", "Schmidt was also in office during the \"German Autumn,\" the name given for the sequence of events in 1977 that ranged from violent attacks by the Red Army Faction (also called the Baader-Meinhof Gang) to the deadly hijacking of a Lufthansa plane. The airliner's passengers were eventually rescued by a German force in Mogadishu.", "        In December, 1993, a Qatari official and his hunting party came upon Lt. Cmdr. Speicher's aircraft wreckage in Iraq.  He", "The forward fuselage did go on display on 28 June 1995. On 2 July 1995, three people were arrested for throwing ash and human blood on the aircraft's fuselage, following an earlier incident in which a protester had thrown red paint over the gallery's carpeting. [40] The exhibition closed on 18 May 1998, and the fuselage was returned to the Garber Facility for final restoration. [41]", "The forward fuselage did go on display on 28 June 1995. On 2 July 1995, three people were arrested for throwing ash and human blood on the aircraft's fuselage, following an earlier incident in which a protester had thrown red paint over the gallery's carpeting. The exhibition closed on 18 May 1998, and the fuselage was returned to the Garber Facility for final restoration." ]

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[ "Virgin Atlantic, a trade name of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, is a British airline with its head office in Crawley, United Kingdom. The airline was established in 1984 as British Atlantic Airways, and was originally planned by its co-founders Randolph Fields and Alan Hellary to fly between London and the Falkland Islands. Soon after changing the name to Virgin Atlantic Airways, Fields sold his shares in the company after disagreements with Sir Richard Branson over the management of the company. The maiden flight from London Gatwick to Newark Liberty International Airport took place on 22 June 1984. The airline along with Virgin Holidays is controlled by a holding company, Virgin Atlantic Limited, which is 51% owned by the Virgin Group and 49% by Delta Air Lines. It is administratively separate from other Virgin-branded airlines.", "An aircraft was found, staff were recruited, licences obtained and, thanks in a great part to Richard's infectious enthusiasm, the airline took off on deadline. On the 22 June 1984 a plane packed with friends, celebrities, and the media set off for Newark, New York. Since then, Virgin Atlantic has become the second largest British long-haul international airline, operating services out of London's Heathrow and Gatwick to 18 different destinations all over the world, from Shanghai to the Caribbean. Virgin Atlantic has won numerous awards for its customer service.", "Combined, Delta and Virgin Atlantic operate 31 flights a day in each direction between North America and the United Kingdom, including nine each way between Heathrow and John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey.", "On December 11, 2012, Delta announced that it would spend $360 million to acquire a 49 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic. These shares were previously held by Singapore Airlines. As a part of this agreement, both airlines would share the costs and revenues from all of the joint venture flights the airlines operated. The two airlines planned to operate a total of 31 roundtrip flights between the UK and North America, including nine daily roundtrip flights between London Heathrow and New York City airports (John F. Kennedy International Airport and Newark Liberty International Airport). The two airlines' application for antitrust immunity was granted by the United States Department of Transportation on September 23, 2013 ", "On 22 June 1984, Virgin Atlantic operated its inaugural scheduled service between Gatwick and Newark using a leased Boeing 747-200 (registration ), christened Maiden Voyager, formerly operated by Aerolíneas Argentinas. Part of Richard Branson's approach to business is to succeed within the first year or exit the market. This includes a one-year limit on everything associated with starting up. Virgin Atlantic became profitable within the first 12 months, aided by sister company Virgin Records' ability to finance the lease of a secondhand Boeing 747. The firm timed operations to take advantage of a full summer, from June to September, the most profitable period of the year.", "Underutilized in the 1970s, Newark expanded dramatically in the 1980s. People Express struck a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and began operations at Newark that April. It grew quickly, increasing Newark's traffic through the 1980s. Virgin Atlantic began service between Newark and London in 1984, challenging JFK's status as New York's international gateway (but Virgin Atlantic now has more flights at JFK than at Newark). Federal Express (now known as FedEx Express) opened its second hub at the airport in 1986. When People Express merged into Continental in 1987, operations (including corporate office operations) at the North Terminal were reduced and the building was demolished to make way for cargo facilities in the early 1990s. This merger started Continental's and later United Airlines', dominance at Newark Airport.", "The UK's busiest air routes all flew out of Heathrow. Almost two million seats were scheduled to New York's JFK airport, pictured, with Dubai in second place at 1.2 million", "Airlines began scheduling jets to IDL in 1958–59; LaGuardia didn't get jets until 1964, so IDL soon became New York's busiest airline airport. In 1962–67 it had more airline takeoffs and landings than LaGuardia and Newark combined and was the second-busiest airline airport in the country, peaking at 403,981 airline operations in 1967. During 1960–66 LaGuardia got a new terminal and longer runways, and by the middle 1970s the two airports had roughly equal passenger airline traffic (by flight count, not passenger count). (Until the 1980s Newark was always third place, except during LGA's reconstruction.) The Concorde, operated by Air France and British Airways, made scheduled trans-Atlantic supersonic flights to JFK from November 22, 1977 until October 24, 2003, when British Airways retired it. Air France had retired the aircraft in May 2003.", "* Newark Liberty International Airport – East Coast hub, New York area base, and primary gateway to Europe and Asia. It is also one of the former Continental hubs.", "The New York City metropolitan area's JFK International, LaGuardia, and Newark Liberty International airports combine to create the largest airport system in the United States, second in the world in terms of passenger traffic, and first in the world in terms of total flight operations. In 2011, the airport handled 24.1 million passengers; In 2015, LaGuardia Airport had a strong growth in passenger traffic; about 31.4 million passengers used the airport, a 14.2 percent increase from the previous year. JFK handled 58.8 million and Newark handled 40.5 million, a total of about 129.7 million travelers using New York airports. In addition, LaGuardia is the busiest airport in the United States without any non-stop service to Europe. A perimeter rule prohibits nonstop flights to or from points beyond 1,500 statute miles (2,400 km), but exceptions to the perimeter rule are flights on Saturdays and flights to Denver. Most transcontinental flights use JFK or Newark, as do all international flights except those from airports within the perimeter that also have United States border preclearance; there is no border control facility at the airport. ", "New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities. ", "Newark Liberty International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which runs the other two major airports in the New York metropolitan area (John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport), it is one of the main airports serving the New York City area.", "Newark Airport, along with LaGuardia and Kennedy airports, uses a uniform style of signage throughout the airport properties. Yellow signs direct passengers to airline gates, ticketing and other flight services; green signs direct passengers to ground transportation services and black signs lead to restrooms, telephones and other passenger amenities. New York City traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast provides the voice for the airport's radio station and curbside announcements, as well as the messages heard onboard AirTrain Newark and in its stations.", " [ ISP ] Mac Arthur -- [ JFK ] John F Kennedy Airport -- [ EWR ] Newark Airport -- [ LGA ] LaGuardia Airport Southampton Limousine Town Car service offers discounted yet excellent town car service with great rates! .", "The history of air travel has close ties to New Jersey. On May 3, 1919, the first passenger flight in American history was flown from New York to Atlantic City. Today, New Jersey is home to two international airports, Newark and Atlantic City. Newark Airport expanded its passenger and cargo services in 1963. In the 1980s, it became one of the world's busiest airports.", "Located in Essex, Stansted is London's third busiest airport, being the fourth busiest in the United Kingdom, behind Manchester Airport, 26th busiest in Europe, and is one of the primary operational bases for Europe's largest low-cost carrier, Ryanair. Stansted destinations are largely in Europe, however in the past it has served destinations further afield, like Kuala Lumpur. It is the home of Harrods Aviation, allowing VIP aircraft to land there, such as Air Force One carrying the President of the United States, Barack Obama, in 2009 and also 2016. ", "Nearly 100 airlines from over 50 countries operate regularly scheduled flights from JFK. The JFK-London Heathrow route is the leading U.S. international airport pair with over 2.9 million passengers in 2008. Domestic travel also accounts for a large share of airport traffic, particularly transcontinental and Florida service.", "1958 – The first transatlantic passenger jet service was begun by British Overseas Airways Corporation (now British Airways) with flights between London and New York.", "JFK Airport is managed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the agency that oversees bridges, tunnels, bus terminals, airports and seaports in New York City and New Jersey. The airport includes eight terminals and provides services to almost 80 domestic, international and charter airlines. Approximately 50 million passengers a year pass through JFK Airport.", "Newark Metropolitan Airport (now Newark International Airport) is located in Essex and Union Counties between the New Jersey Trnpk. (accessible from Exits 13A and 14), U.S. Rtes. 1 and 9 and I-78. The airport is about 16 miles from midtown Manhattan. The Administrative Building, Brewster Hangar and Medical Building are located in the northern administrative section of the airport. Visit Newark International Airport's website for further information.", "Pan Am was the launch customer of the Boeing 747, placing a $525 million order for 25 in April 1966. On January 15, 1970 First Lady Pat Nixon christened a Pan Am Boeing 747 Clipper Young America at Washington Dulles in the presence of Pan Am president Najeeb Halaby. During the next few days, Pan Am flew several 747s to major airports in the United States as a public relations effort, allowing the public to tour the airplanes. Pan Am began its final preparations for the first 747 service on the evening of January 21, 1970, when Clipper Young America was scheduled to fly from New York John F. Kennedy to London Heathrow. An engine failure delayed the inaugural flight's departure by several hours, necessitating the substitution of another 747 which eventually flew to London Heathrow. Passengers cheered and drank champagne as the jet finally lifted off from the runway at John F. Kennedy Airport.", "History - About the Airport - John F. Kennedy International Airport - Port Authority of New York & New Jersey", "On March 19, 2007, JFK became the first airport in the United States to receive the Airbus A380 with passengers aboard. The route-proving flight with more than 500 passengers was operated jointly by Lufthansa and Airbus and arrived at Terminal 1. On August 1, 2008, JFK received the first regularly-scheduled commercial A380 flight to the United States, operated by Emirates on its New York–Dubai route using Terminal 4. [27] This service was suspended indefinitely in 2009, due to poor passenger demand. [28]", "Over ninety airlines operate out of JFK. It is the base of operations for JetBlue Airways and is a major international gateway hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines . The airport is the fourth largest hub for American Airlines and is the fifth largest hub for Delta Air Lines. In the past, it has been a hub for Eastern Air Lines , National Airlines , Pan American World Airways and Trans World Airlines . The airport was renamed after John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States . From 1964-1968, the airport code was KIA. [6]", "On March 19, 2007, JFK became the first airport in the United States to receive the Airbus A380 with passengers aboard. The route-proving flight with more than 500 passengers was operated jointly by Lufthansa and Airbus and arrived at Terminal 1. On August 1, 2008, JFK received the first regularly-scheduled commercial A380 flight to the United States, operated by Emirates on its New York–Dubai route using Terminal 4. This service was suspended in 2009, due to poor passenger demand. With passenger numbers up for Emirates on North America air traffic in the year 2009-10, they will reintroduce the A380 from October 31, 2010.", "North American carriers at Manchester include American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, Air Transat and Air Canada Rouge. The Virgin Atlantic scheduled USA services are also joined by Thomas Cook Airlines with frequent services to New York, Las Vegas, Orlando and Miami with Boston and Los Angeles joining in Summer 2016. ", "Pan American Airways offers the first commercially scheduled 747 service from John F. Kennedy International Airport to London Heathrow Airport.", "With the advent of jets with longer range in the 1960s most flights no longer needed to refuel. Gander has decreased in importance, but it remains the home of Gander Control , one of the two air traffic controls (the other being Shanwick Oceanic Control in western Ireland) which direct the high-level airways of the North Atlantic. Most aircraft travelling to and from Europe or North America must talk to either or both of these air traffic controls (ATC). Some commercial transatlantic flights still use Gander as a refuelling stop - most notably some American legacy carriers ( United Airlines and Delta Air Lines in particular) who use the Boeing 757 to connect smaller European cities with their major US hubs. [17] The 757 is particularly vulnerable in this respect as it was not originally designed for use on transatlantic routes. [18] This practice has been controversial, since strong headwinds over the Atlantic Ocean during the winter months can result in the flights being declared \"minimum fuel\", forcing a refuelling stop at Gander in order to safely complete their journey. [19]", "Sabena started their first transatlantic route to New York City on 4 June 1946, initially using unpressurised Douglas DC-4 airliners which were augmented and later replaced by Douglas DC-6Bs. The DC-4s, followed by the DC-6s, also restarted the airline's traditional route to the Belgian Congo. Sabena was the first airline to introduce transatlantic schedules from the north of England, when its DC-6B OO-CTH inaugurated their Brussels-Manchester-New York route on 28 October 1953.", "Eagle Airways (Bermuda) launched commercial operations in May 1958 between Bermuda and New York, competing head-on with three of the world's most powerful airlines — BOAC, Pan Am and Eastern Air Lines. Other regional services in the western hemisphere followed. Stimulated by low fares, traffic volumes on the Nassau—Miami and Bermuda—JFK sectors grew such that it was possible to run a four-times-a-day Viscount shuttle on the former and a similar, thrice-daily operation on the latter profitably. This increased Eagle's, as well as the overall British market share on these routes. This success provided the impetus for Eagle Airways (Bermuda) to launch weekly low-fare through-plane scheduled services to London with all-coach-configured DC-6Cs. The use of a foreign-registered aircraft on the London route enabled it to circumvent restrictive licensing provisions (including those contained in the forthcoming Civil Aviation (Licensing) Act, 1960) as it only applied to UK aircraft. Bermuda's status as a British colony furthermore meant that no reciprocal approvals from overseas authorities were needed. Eagle's new direct Bermuda—London flights were a cheaper and faster alternative to BOAC's DC-7C services which routed via New York. However, the terms of the licence permitting Eagle to operate scheduled services on this route required it to share its revenues with BOAC. ", "Aer Lingus inaugurated its first transatlantic service in 1958 with a service to New York, a Super Constellation aircraft affectionately referred to as ‘Connies’.", "A Boeing 747 flown by Pan Am, with 322 passengers and 18 crew members, makes its first commercial passenger flight to London from New York." ]

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[ "Falkland Islands War, also called Falklands War, Malvinas War, or South Atlantic War, a brief undeclared war fought between Argentina and Great Britain in 1982 over control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and associated island dependencies.", "Falkland Islands War, also called FALKLANDS WAR, MALVINAS WAR, or SOUTH ATLANTIC WAR a brief, undeclared war fought between Argentina and Great Britain in 1982 over the control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and associated island dependencies.", " The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur), also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom (UK) over the disputed Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The Falkland Islands consist of two large and many small islands in the South Atlantic Ocean east of Argentina; their name and sovereignty over them have long been disputed.", "The Falklands are a group of islands located in the southern Atlantic Ocean , about 460 km east of the South American coast. They belong to the United Kingdom but govern themselves. The Falkland Islands have been an issue of conflict between Argentina and Great Britain over the centuries, resulting in a war between the two countries in 1982.", "The last colonial war - Britain fought a war to retain the Falkland Islands after invasion by Argentina in 1982. Britain was victorious and still maintains 1,500 troops on the islands. Here, the Union Jack and the White Ensign are raised on the South Georgia Islands as the British recapture them from the Argentinians. Ironically, this war to retain the Falkland Islands group was fought at the same time that Britain gave up final control over Canada by granting it a new independent constitution. Despite giving up colonies everywhere, the United Kingdom still maintains military bases all over the world in many independent countries as well as in British Overseas Territories.", "Next Monday, April 2, will mark the 30th anniversary of the start of the Falklands War -- or, as the Argentinians refer to it, la Guerra de las Malvinas. The Falklands, an Atlantic archipelago 460 km (290 mi) east of Argentina, are the subject of a long-standing dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom. In 1982, Argentinian junta leader General Leopoldo Galtieri sent 600 troops to take the islands, which then had a population of 1,800 people. The British government was surprised by the attack, but quickly organized a task force and sailed south to retake the territory. A brief but bloody series of battles took place at sea, in the air, and on the ground, ending with a British victory on June 14 -- 74 days after the initial invasion. In all, more than 900 people were killed and more than 2,000 injured. The loss marked the beginning of the end of Galtieri's junta, but not the dispute over the islands. Current president Cristina Fernandez has been ratcheting up pressure on Britain to engage in new talks over what her countrymen call the Malvinas.", "Very closely linked to South Georgia, but of greater importance, the Falklands Islands have been the main cause of debate between the United Kingdom and Argentina. The British claim to sovereignty dates from 1690, and the United Kingdom has exercised de facto sovereignty over the island almost constantly since 1833. Argentina has long disputed this claim, having been in control of the islands for a brief period prior to 1833. The island had originally belonged to France, and control changed continuously between Spain, Britain and Argentina (United Provinces and the Federation) up to 1833, when the United Kingdom claimed sovereignty and ordered the Argentinians to leave. The islands then remained under British control until 1982, when Argentina invaded the islands (along with South Georgia, above) and started the Falklands War.", "The conflict was the result of a protracted historical confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. Argentina has asserted that the Falkland Islands are Argentinian territory since the 19th century and, as of 2012, shows no sign of relinquishing the claim. [4] [5] [6] The claim was added to the Argentine constitution after its reformation in 1994. [7] As such, the Argentine government characterised their initial invasion as the re-occupation of its own territory, whilst the British government saw it as an invasion of a British dependent territory . However, neither state officially declared war and hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and the local area of the South Atlantic.", "The conflict was the result of a protracted historical confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. Argentina has asserted that the Falkland Islands are Argentinian territory since the 19th century and, as of 2012, shows no sign of relinquishing the claim. [5] [6] [7] The claim was added to the Argentine constitution after its reformation in 1994. [8] As such, the Argentine government characterised their initial invasion as the re-occupation of its own territory, whilst the British government saw it as an invasion of a British dependent territory . However, neither state officially declared war and hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and the local area of the South Atlantic.", "The conflict was a major episode in the protracted confrontation over the territories' sovereignty . Argentina asserted (and maintains) that the islands are Argentine territory, [3] and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory. The British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841. Falkland Islanders , who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and favour British sovereignty . Neither state, however, officially declared war (both sides did declare the Islands areas a war zone and officially recognised that a state of war existed between them) and hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and the area of the South Atlantic where they lie.", "an armed conflict between the UK and Argentina from March 1982 until Argentine surrender in June; resulting from Argentine claim to sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.", "It's the conflict that seems to never end: Argentina and Britain have disagreed over who owns the Falkland Islands since the 19th century. Thirty years ago, hundreds of people died in a bloody war over the British territory after Argentina sent in troops and the British ejected them.", "of the British Antarctic Territory. Argentina also claims the British territory of the Falkland Islands, known as Las Malvinas in Spanish. The two nations fought a brief but bloody war over the South Atlantic archipelago 30 years ago.", "And on this day in 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, British territory, and the Falklands War began.   The war lasted less than 3 months, to June 14, and ended with Britain retaking the islands.   258 British were killed, and 649 Argentines. And so...", "The United Kingdom and Argentina went to war over the territory in 1982 after the then-military government in Argentina landed troops on the islands. Argentina put its death toll from the conflict at around 645. Britain says its civil and military losses amounted to 255.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 2,317. The Falkland Islands (with its dependencies) comprise some 200 islands off the southeastern coast of South America. Only the two main islands, East and West Falkland, are inhabited. Ninety-eight percent of the Falklanders are of British descent and have British nationality. The Falklands were discovered by the British in 1592 but were uninhabited until a French settlement was established in 1764 and a British settlement in 1765. The two countries disputed sovereignty until 1770 when France sold its claim to Spain. Spain and Britain disputed ownership of the islands until 1806, when the Spanish withdrew their settlement. Although Spain ceased pressing its claim at that time, the newly independent United Provinces of Rio de la Plata claimed the Falklands after 1816. A settlement was maintained 1820-33, when the British re-occupied the islands and peacefully expelled the Argentine garrison. Argentina has maintained its claim to the Falklands and, on April 2, 1982, seized the islands. A British fleet was immediately dispatched to oust the Argentines, and successfully recaptured the islands.", "Fought in 1982, the Falklands War was the result of the Argentine invasion of the British-owned Falkland Islands. Located in the South Atlantic, Argentina had long claimed these islands as part of its territory. On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands, capturing the islands two days later. In response, the British dispatched a naval and amphibious task force to the area. The initial phases of the conflict occurred mainly at sea between elements of the Royal Navy and the Argentine Air Force. On May 21, British troops landed and by June 14 had compelled the Argentine occupiers to surrender.", "The Battle of the Falkland Islands was a British naval victory over the Imperial German Navy on 8 December 1914 during the First World War in the South Atlantic. The British, after a defeat at the Battle of Coronel on 1 November, sent a large force to track down and destroy the victorious German cruiser squadron.", "The Falkland Islands, also called The Malvinas, are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean , located 300 miles (483 kilometres) from the coast of South America , 671 miles (1080 km) west of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Shag Rocks) , and 584 miles (940 km) north of Antarctica (Elephant Island) . They consist of two main islands, East Falkland and West Falkland , together with about 700 smaller islands. Stanley , on East Falkland, is the capital and largest city. The islands are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom , but have been the subject of a claim to sovereignty by Argentina since the early years of Argentina's independence from Spain.", "The Falkland Islands, also called the Malvinas, are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located 300 miles (483 kilometres) from the coast of South America, 671 miles (1080 km) west of the Shag Rocks ( ► South Georgia ), and 584 miles (940 km) north of ► Antarctica (Elephant Island). They consist of two main islands, East Falkland and West Falkland, together with about 700 smaller islands. Stanley, on East Falkland, is the capital and largest city. The islands are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom, but have been the subject of a claim to sovereignty by ► Argentina since the early years of Argentina's independence from Spain in 1810.", "On April 2, the Argentine launched an amphibious invasion to overtake the Falklands, known as the Islas Malvinas by the invading forces. Although the Argentine military planners expected little response from a post-colonial United Kingdom, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was unwilling to cede the territory in the face of Argentine aggression. A British task force of over 100 ships and 27,000 personnel steamed south to reclaim the captured islands, the adjacent island of South Georgia was quickly secured on April 25. An operation to retake the main Falklands Islands would commence on May 21, with British marines and crack SAS troops fighting through to the capital Stanley by June 14, forcing an Argentine surrender and bringing an end to the hostilities in the South Atlantic. [15]", "The ongoing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of Argentine scrap metal merchants raised the Argentine flag at South Georgia, an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. The Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, [18] ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April.", "The small group of islands in the south atlantic which Britain has ruled since 1833 and which have long been claimed by Argentina, were invaded on April 2nd 1982 by the Argentine army. As it turned out, Galtieri and his advisors fatally misjudged Great Britain's willingness to defend its territory and citizens. The sudden occupation has led to a brief war and a quick defeat of the Argentine forces.", "London has controlled the islands, about 300 miles (480 km) off the southern Argentine coast, since 1833. In 1982, Britain sent a naval force and thousands of troops to reclaim the islands after Argentine forces occupied them. About 650 Argentine and 255 British troops died in the 10-week conflict.", "Falkland Islands, also called Malvinas Islands or Spanish Islas Malvinas, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean . It lies about 300 miles (480 km) northeast of the southern tip of South America and a similar distance east of the Strait of Magellan . The capital and major town is Stanley , on East Falkland; there are also several scattered small settlements as well as a Royal Air Force base that is located at Mount Pleasant , some 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Stanley. In South America the islands are generally known as Islas Malvinas, because early French settlers had named them Malouines, or Malovines, in 1764, after their home port of Saint-Malo , France . Area 4,700 square miles (12,200 square km). Pop. (2012, excluding British military personnel stationed on the islands) 2,563.", "The Royal Navy built a base at Stanley , and the islands became a strategic point for navigation around Cape Horn . The World War I naval battle, the Battle of Falkland Islands took place in December 1914 , with a British victory over the Germans . During World War II , Stanley served as a Royal Navy station and serviced ships which took part in the Battle of the River Plate .", "* December 8 – World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands: A superior British Royal Navy squadron under Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the Imperial German Navy under Maximilian von Spee.", "The UK, which had ruled the islands for 150 years, quickly chose to fight. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said the 1,800 Falklanders were \"of British tradition and stock\". A task force was sent to reclaim the islands, 8,000 miles away.", "The British with their powerful naval force were anchored in the Falkland Islands; however some of the ships had crossed the Pacific to hinder the operations of the German fleet. The commander of the British units in the South Atlantic was Rear Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock. The British had detected through telegraphic interceptions the presence of the German ships that went to Magallanes. Cradock had no hesitation in attacking although his own naval force was inferior.", "Vice Admiral Reichsgraf Maximilian von Spee, the German admiral at the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8th December 1914. To buy a picture of Admiral Graf von Spee click here", "* The Battle for the Falklands by Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins (W W Norton, 1983) ISBN 0-393-01761-3, (Michael Joseph, 1983) ISBN 0-7181-2228-3", "FALKLAND ISLANDS: George Rennie: Captain Thomas E.L. Moore: Captain James G. Mackenzie: Sir William C.F. Robinson, G.C.M.G.: Colonel George A.K. D’Arcy: Jeremiah T.Fitzgerald Callaghan, C.M.G.: Thomas Kerr, C.M.G.: Arthur C.S. Barkly: Thomas Kerr, C.M.G.: Sir Roger T. Goldsworthy, K.C.M.G.: Sir William Grey-Wilson, K.C.M.G.: Sir William L. Allardyce, G.C.M.G.: Sir W. Douglas Young, K.B.E., C.M.G.: Sir John Middleton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E.: Sir Arnold W. Hodson, K.C.M.G.: Sir James O’Grady, K.C.M.G.: Sir Herbert Henniker-Heaton, K.C.M.G.: Sir Allan W. Cardinall, K.B.E., C.M.G.: Sir G. Miles Clifford, K.B.E., C.M.G., E.D.: Sir O. Raynor Arthur, K.C.M.G., C.V.O.: Sir Edwin P. Arrowsmith, K.C.M.G.: Sir Cosmo D.P.T. Haskard, K.C.M.G., M.B.E.: Ernest G. Lewis, C.M.G., O.B.E.: Neville A.I. French, C.M.G., L.V.O.: James R.W. Parker, C.M.G., O.B.E.: Sir Rex M. Hunt, C.M.G.: Sir Gordon W. Jewkes, K.C.M.G.: William H. Fullerton, C.M.G.: David E. Tatham, C.M.G.: Richard P. Ralph, C.M.G., C.V.O.: Donald A. Lamont: Howard J.S. Pearce, C.V.O.: Alan E. Huckle: Nigel R. Haywood, C.V.O.: Colin Roberts, C.V.O.:" ]

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[ "The tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground off the coast of Brittany after its steering failed in a severe storm. Its entire cargo of 246,000 tons of light crude oil was dumped into the roiling waters of the English Channel, with the grim consequence of killing off more marine life than any other oil spill to date at the time.", "But 21 years later disaster struck again when the oil tanker Erika ran into trouble off Brittany.", "The oil supertanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground and, in the worst oil spill ever, lost its entire cargo of 1,619,048 barrels. A slick 18 miles wide and 80 miles long polluted approximately 200 miles of France’s Brittany coastline.", "The Amoco Cadiz Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) split in two after running aground on Portsall Rocks, off the coast of Brittany. At the time it was the largest ever oil spill.", "The Amoco Cadiz encountered stormy weather and ran aground off the coast of Brittany, France on March 16, 1978. Its entire cargo of 68.7 million gallons of oil spilled into the sea, polluting about 200 miles of Brittany's coastline.", "Initial Notification: On March 16, 1978, the Amoco Cadiz ran aground on Portsall Rocks, three miles off the coast of Brittany due to failure of the steering mechanism. The vessel had been en route from the Arabian Gulf to Le Havre, France when it encountered stormy weather which contributed to the grounding. The entire cargo of 1,619,048 barrels, spilled into the sea. A slick 18 miles wide and 80 miles long polluted approximately 200 miles of Brittany coastline. Beaches of 76 different Breton communities were oiled. The isolated location of the grounding and rough seas restricted cleanup efforts for the two weeks following the incident. Severe weather resulted in the complete break up of the ship before any oil could be pumped out of the wreck. As mandated in the \"Polmar Plan\", the French Navy was responsible for all offshore operations while the Civil Safety Service was responsible for shore cleanup activities. Although the total quantity of collected oil and water reached 100,000 tons, less than 20,000 tons of oil were recovered from this liquid after treatment in refining plants. Keyword: Adverse weather conditions, boom, skimmer, vacuum truck, manual removal, high-pressure hot water washing, sub-surface oil, remote response, BP 1100X, Finasol OSR, BP 1100WD, Finasol OSR-5, chalk, low pressure washing, disposal..", "On March 16, 1978, the Amoco Cadiz, a supertanker weighted with 58 million gallons of crude oil, encountered a late winter gale off the rocky coast of Brittany. Lesser ships weather heavier seas, but the Cadiz was fatally injured.", "The tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground off the coast of Brittany on 16 March 1978 following a steering gear failure.", "The Amoco Cadiz ran aground on March 16th, 1978 following a steering mechanism failure. The accident created a slick 30 by 130 kilometers (18 by 80 miles) long which polluted approximately 360 kilometers (220 miles) of Brittany coastline. Two weeks after the accident millions of dead molluscs, sea urchins and other species washed ashore. 20,000 dead birds were recorded.", "On March 16, 1978, the very large crude carrier Amoco Cadiz ran ashore just north of Landunvez, Finistère, Brittany, France, causing one of the largest oil spills in history. More than a decade later, Amoco was ordered to pay $120 million in damages and restitution to France.", "on March 16, 1978. The enormous vessel -- carrying almost 2 million barrels of oil -- was sailing from the Arabian Gulf to Le Havre, France when it ran aground on Portsall Rocks, three miles off the coast of Brittany, during a severe storm. The entire cargo spilled into the water, creating an oil slick 18 miles wide and 80 miles long, and it wasn't long before the force of the storm caused the ship to break apart.", "1978 The oil tanker Amoco Cadiz, aground in the English Channel since March 16th, split in two, spilling the last of her 1.6 million barrels of oil.", "The massive Amoco Cadiz was caught in a winter storm that damaged the ship’s rudder. The ship put out a distress call, but while several ships responded, none were able to prevent the ship from running aground. On March 17, the gigantic supertanker broke in half, sending its 69 million gallons of oil into the English Channel. The French later sunk the ship.", "1987 – In the worst maritime disaster involving a British registered ship in peacetime since 1919, the ferry M/S Herald of Free Enterprise capsised while leaving the harbour of Zeebrugge, Belgium, killing 193 on board.", "1967 The Torrey Canyon oil tanker, with a cargo of 100,000 gallons of crude oil, ran aground on rocks between Land's End and the Scilly Isles and its cargo discharged into the sea. The RAF was called in to napalm bomb the slick in an attempt to reduce the risk of pollution. In the weeks that followed the accident, oil escaped and spread along the shores of the south coast of England and the Normandy coast of France. Worst hit were the Cornish beaches of Marazion and Prah Sands, where sludge was up to a foot deep.", "March 16 - FRANCE - About 1.6 million barrels of crude spilled after the Amoco Cadiz ran aground near Portsall in France's worst ever tanker accident. The resulting slick eventually covered 125 miles of Breton coast.", "**The Greek oil tanker Aegean Sea, carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground in a storm while on approach to La Coruña, Spain, and spills much of its cargo.", "On March 23 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, carrying over 53 million gallons of oil, left the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Forced to detour from the normal shipping route to avoid icebergs, the tanker ran aground shortly after midnight, striking the Bligh Reef around 25 miles south of the Port of Valdez.", "In July 1979, a Greek oil tanker called the Atlantic Empress collided with another ship, the Aegean Captain, during a tropical storm off of the island of Tobago in the Caribbean Sea. The Atlantic Empress disaster killed 26 crew members and is the largest ship-based oil spill.", "The Exxon Baton Rouge, smaller ship, attempts to off load crude oil from the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska on March 26, 1989. The ship ran aground spilling more than 270,000 barrels of crude oil. ... more", "Image caption 6 July 1988: A series of explosions destroyed the Piper Alpha oil platform in the North Sea. One hundred and sixty seven men died in the world's worst offshore oil disaster. An inquiry blamed the operator, Occidental, for poor maintenance and safety procedures. No charges were ever brought.", "The largest tanker spill in history was in the July 19, 1979, collision off Tobago of the supertankers Atlantic Empress and Aegean Captain, in which 300,000 tons - more than 80 million gallons - of oil was lost.", "An oil tanker carrying 85,000 tonnes of crude oil runs aground in Shetland in hurricane force winds.", "On 5th Jan 1993 an oil tanker broke down 10 miles of the coast of Sumburgh Head. Winds drove it ashore and after six hours she ran aground spewing out 84,000 tonnes of toxic crude oil into the sea.", "In 1986, Brittany Ferries introduced the Duc de Normandie, which operated a new route from Caen to the increasingly popular port of Portsmouth. The former Roscoff ship Cornouailles was transferred to the Truckline Ferries route from Poole to Cherbourg, introducing passenger services on this route. This service was also very successful, and new ships were introduced over the next few years. Meanwhile, a second (chartered) ship, the Gotland was installed on the Caen service in 1988, as well as a new Truckline Ferries vessel, the in 1989. In addition to the Portsmouth-Caen services, from 1986 a Truckline Ferries ferry ran from Poole to Caen during the summer to cope with the seasonal demand on Brittany's standard ships by holiday makers. However, the introduction of larger ships in 2006, and the sale of the original \"truckliners\", meant that this service was discontinued.", "Following engine failure, Braer ran aground in severe weather conditions on Garth's Ness, Shetland on 5 January 1993. Over a period of 12 days the entire cargo of 84,700 tonnes of Norwegian Gullfaks crude oil, plus up to 1,500 tonnes of heavy bunker oil, were lost as almost constant storm force winds and heavy seas broke the ship apart.", "In 1986 she suffered a catastrophic gearbox failure which almost saw the end of the vessel's naval career. Just starting out on her \"fly the flag\" around the globe trip, at about 23:30 whilst reaching full engine revs, the oil vapour surrounding the gearbox exploded causing a fire lasting well over four hours. At one point the captain made preparations to abandon ship, but was then overruled by the fleet admiral who believed the ship could be saved. There was no loss of life or serious injury, but the trip was put off for several months whilst the ship was taken out of service for extensive repairs.", "On February 15, 1996, the Spanish built, Norwegian owned, Cypriot registered, Glasgow managed, French chartered, Russian crewed, and Liberian flagged ship (The Sea Empress) struck the Milford Channel Rock in Milford Haven harbor, Wales. As a result, nearly half the ship's cargo--70,000 tons of light crude oil-- spilled into the Irish Sea. On that dark and ominous night, the pilot attempted to steer to the west of the Mid-Channel Rock, which lay in the Middle of the harbor. When a strong eastward tugging tide arose, he had to change the 147,000 ton vessel's course to port (the left). However, despite his maneuvering, the single hulled ship failed to miss the Mid-Channel Rock.", "wrecked about 130 miles of the coast of Galicia, Spain during a storm on Nov. 19, 2002. The ship broke apart and sank to the bottom as it spilled over 1.5 to 2 million gallons of oil into the Atlantic Ocean. Three massive \"black tides\" soiled 125 miles of Spanish coastline within two weeks after the accident. Considered to be twice as big as the", "Over a period of two weeks the entire cargo of 223,000 tonnes of light Iranian and Arabian crude oil and 4,000 tonnes of bunker fuel was released into heavy seas. Much of the oil quickly formed a viscous water-in-oil emulsion, increasing the volume of pollutant by up to five times. By the end of April oil and emulsion had contaminated 320km of the Brittany coastline, and had extended as far east as the Channel Islands.", "Aeolian Sky : a Greek freighter that collided with another ship near the Channel Islands in 1979, and sank off the Dorset coast.", "1941 - British Motor tanker, Conus, 8,132 tons, dispersed from convoy OB-304 & was torpedoed by U-97. The tanker capsized & sank. The master and 56 crew members and two gunners were lost." ]

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[ "Live Aid was a dual-venue concert held on 13 July 1985. The event was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for relief of the ongoing Ethiopian famine. Billed as the \"global jukebox\", the event was held simultaneously at Wembley Stadium in London, England, United Kingdom (attended by 72,000 people) and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States (attended by about 100,000 people).[1] On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative happened in other countries, such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the largest-scale satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time: an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion, across 150 nations, watched the live broadcast.[2]", "Live Aid was a multi-venue concert that was held on 13 July 1985. The event was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. Billed as the \"global jukebox\", the event was held simultaneously in Wembley Stadium in London, England, United Kingdom (attended by 72,000 people) and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States (attended by about 99,000 people).[1] On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative happened in other countries, such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the largest-scale satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time: an estimated 2 billion viewers, across 60 countries, watched the live broadcast.", "Live Aid was a multi-venue rock music concert held on July 13, 1985 (1985-07-13). The event was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. Billed as the 'global jukebox', the event was held simultaneously in Wembley Stadium, London (attended by 72,000 people) and JFK Stadium, Philadelphia (attended by about 99,000 people).[1] On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative happened in other countries, such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the largest-scale satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time: an estimated 400 million viewers, across 60 countries, watched the live broadcast.", "Each of the two main portions of the concert ended with their particular continental all-star anti-hunger anthems, with Band Aid's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" closing the UK concert, and USA for Africa's \"We Are the World\" closing the US concert (and thus the entire event itself).", "This project was very much an American effort, which makes sense considering it was recorded the night of the American Music Awards. The moniker \"USA for Africa\" made it clear that it was America's answer to Band Aid, and it showed that famine in Africa was an international concern. The only vocalist to participate who wasn't American was Bob Geldof, who that summer organized Live Aid with stages in London and Philadelphia.", "The year was 1985. The event was the Live Aid concert for African famine relief. The place was Philadelphia, PA and it was also, London, England. Electrifying performances from Philly�s JFK Stadium, London�s Wembley Stadium and other venues were telecast world-wide.", "British pop acts gathered on stage for the finale of the Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium in London, 13th July 1985. The group includes George Michael, left in yellow shirt, centre stage Bono, Paul McCartney and Freddie Mercury share a microphone, David Bowie is behind them and Howard Jones is on the right. Event organiser Bob Geldof stands next to George Michael. @Dave Hogan, Getty Images", "Live Aid was a multi-venue rock concert held on 13 July 1985 organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. It took place simultaneously in London at Wembley Stadium and in Philadelphia at JFK Stadium. It was broadcast live on television in more than 60 countries. The 4 disc DVD runs approximately 10 hours (from a total of 16). The film is primarily sourced from the BBC archives and was supplemented by B-roll and alternate camera footage supplied by MTV.", "The concert began at 12:00 British Summer Time (BST) (7:00 Eastern Daylight Time (EDT)) at Wembley Stadium in the United Kingdom. It continued at John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) in the United States, starting at 13:51 BST (8:51 EDT). The UK's Wembley performances ended at 22:00 BST (17:00 EDT). The JFK performances and whole concert in the US ended at 04:05 BST 14 July (23:05 EDT). Thus, the concert continued for just over 16 hours, but since many artists' performances were conducted simultaneously in Wembley and JFK, the total concert's length was much longer.", "The difference between the American version of Live Aid (1985) and the British one - in England, if you wanted a cup of tea, you made it yourself. If you wanted a sandwich, you bought it. In typical American style, at the American concert, there were laminated tour passes and champagne and caviar. I don't doubt anyone's moral commitment to the cause, but the caviar and the cause just didn't jibe for me.", "Live Aid was a dual-venue concert organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure held on 13 July 1985 to raise relief funds for the famine in Ethiopia. The event was considered a 'global jukebox' as it was held simultaneously at Wembley Stadium in London and the John F. Kennedy Stadium in Pennsylvania.� The total number of attendees at the dual event reached over 170,00 people. The dual concert also inspired similar events to be held on the same day in other countries such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the most widely televised events of its time with an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion, across 150 nations. During the concerts, viewers were encouraged to donate money to the Live Aid cause; an estimated �150m is said to have been raised for Ethiopian famine relief as a direct result of the concerts. The success of the Live Aid concerts demonstrate how music can be utilized as a force for good and how it can be used as a source of cultural exchange to bring people together. The magnitude of the global efforts to provide relief for the Ethiopian famine created a sense of unity worldwide.", "About To Be Bootlegged: George Michael, Bono, Paul McCartney, Freddie Mercury and Bob Geldof take part in the Live Aid concert at London's Wembley Stadiumon July 13. 1985. (Photo: Georges DeKeerle/Getty)", "Princess Diana, left, and Prince Charles attend the Live Aid concert as they acknowledge the crowd with event organizer Bob Geldof, right, at London’s Wembley Stadium, England, July 13, 1985. The rock and roll telethon concert, to raise awareness for famine victims in Ethiopia, was broadcast around the world and raised $100 million dollars. (AP Photo/Joe Schaber)", "Tina Turner and Mick Jagger perform together at the Live Aid concert in Philadelphia in this July 13, 1985, file photo. The Philadelphia Inquirer reported Sunday, May 29, 2005, that two decades after rock stars descended in Philadelphia to raise funds for Africa, a sequel is coming to the city. Singer-activist Bob Geldof is again organizing the event, to be held on July 2. Details are expected to be announced Tuesday during joint news conferences planned for Philadelphia and London. (AP Photo/Rusty Kennedy) PA-2423979", "Live Aid is a big charity organization which organizes two yearly concerts in England and the United States, with the purpose of raising funds for the needy African children. The first concerts were held on July 13th, 1985 at the Wembley Stadium in London, England (with about 82.000 viewers) and the JFK Stadium in Philadelphia (with about 99.000 spectators). On the same day, concerts inspired by the same initiative happened in other countries, such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the largest satellite television broadcasts of all time with 2 billion viewers from across 60 countries. The event was organized by two true music visionaries and philanthropists Bob Geldof and Midge Ure. The opening line of Richard Skinner who said \"It's twelve noon in London, seven AM in Philadelphia, and around the world it's time for; Live Aid ....\" is still quoted and well remembered by people of all ages and genders. Throughout the concerts, viewers were urged to donate money to the Live Aid cause which resulted in three hundred phone lines being operated by the BBC and approximately £50 million of raised funds. The project involved notorious musicians from various countries around the world and has been a true inspiration for other humanitarian events at a global level.", "This led to Live Aid in July 1985, with concerts held simultaneously at Wembley and JFK Stadium in Philadelphia. The event was watched by an estimated 400million viewers in 60 countries.", "Live Aid was a multi-venue rock music concert held on July 13, 1985 (1985-07-13). The event was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. Billed as the 'global jukebox', the event was held simultaneously in Wembley Stadium, London (attended by 82,000 people) and JFK Stadium, Philadelphia (attended by about 99,000 people). On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative happened in other countries, such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the largest-scale satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time: an estimated 400 million viewers, across 60 countries, watched the live broadcast.", "Live Aid was a multi-venue rock music concert held on July 13, 1985. The event was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. Billed as the 'global jukebox', the event was held simultaneously in Wembley Stadium, London (attended by 82,000 people) and JFK Stadium, Philadelphia (attended by about 99,000 people). On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative happened in other countries, such as Australia and Germany. It was one of the largest-scale satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time: an estimated 400 million viewers, across 60 countries, watched the live broadcast.", "Paul McCartney,center with arm raised, joins in the finale of the London Live Aid Famine Relief Concert in London on July 13, 1985. Others, from left, are George Michael of Wham; Harvey Goldsmith, concert promoter; Bono of U2 (face obscured); McCartney; Bob Galdof, organizer; Freddie Mercury of Queen; and unidentified backing singer. (AP Photo/Joe Schaber)", "Bob Geldof is shown at Wembley Stadium during preparations for the Live Aid rock concert in London, England, July 10, 1985. It may be hard for next month’s Live 8 concert to be as historic or even heart-warming as the 1985 Live Aid show, one of the greatest rock concerts of all time. (AP Photo/David Caulkin) PA-2443367", "On 13 July 1985, Geldof and Ure organised Live Aid, a huge event staged simultaneously at the Wembley Stadium in London and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia . Thanks to an unprecedented decision by the BBC to clear its schedules for 16 hours of rock music, the event was also broadcast live in the UK on television and radio.", "Singer Joan Baez sings at the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia, PA., on July 13, 1985. (AP Photo/Rusty Kennedy) PA-8669547", "Live Aid was a multi-venue rock music concert held on July 13, 1985. The event was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. Billed as the 'global jukebox', the event was held simultaneously in Wembley Stadium, London (attended by 82,000 people) and JFK Stadium, Philadelphia (attended by about 99,000 people). On the same day, concerts inspired by th", "Live Aid is held simultaneously in London and Philadelphia and broadcast live throughout the world �", "Six months later, on July 13, 1985, came Live Aid. Over 60 acts played for free in London and Philadelphia, one of the biggest live media events ever.", "The performers who sang verses were, in order: Paul Young, Boy George, George Michael, Simon Le Bon, and Bono. The chorus included David Bowie, Phil Collins, Paul McCartney, Geldof, Ure and many other artists who weren't given a verse but sang the \"Feed The World\" part and lent their images to the effort by appearing in the promotional photo. Check out the Band Aid photo with list of performers .", "In 1992, the band participated in the \"Stop Sellafield\" concert with Greenpeace during their Zoo TV tour. Events in Sarajevo during the Bosnian War inspired the song \"Miss Sarajevo\", which premiered at a September 1995 Pavarotti and Friends show, and which Bono and the Edge performed at War Child. A promise made in 1993 was kept when the band played in Sarajevo as part of 1997's PopMart Tour. In 1998, they performed in Belfast days prior to the vote on the Good Friday Agreement, bringing Northern Irish political leaders David Trimble and John Hume on stage to promote the agreement. Later that year, all proceeds from the release of the \"Sweetest Thing\" single went towards supporting the Chernobyl Children's Project.", "LiveLeak.com - LIVE AID, July 13/1985, Today Marks the 24th Anniversary of the Biggest Global Musical Event in History. (Video: the Queen set, 20:46)", "REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert, they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number one single at the moment in the United States.", "The stadium played host to Amnesty International's final A Conspiracy of Hope Benefit Concert on June 15, 1986. The show was a sold-out, all-day event, running from noon until 11 p.m. and broadcast on MTV. The show was headlined by U2 and Sting and also featured Bryan Adams, Peter Gabriel, Joan Baez, The Neville Brothers and The Police. Additional artists that performed include John Eddie, with Max Weinberg, Third World, The Hooters, Peter, Paul and Mary, Steven van Zandt, with Bob Geldof, Stanley Jordan, Joan Armatrading, Jackson Browne, Rubén Blades, with Fela Kuti and Carlos Santana, Yoko Ono, Howard Jones, Miles Davis and Joni Mitchell. Spoken introductions were made by Billy Graham, Bill Bradley, Daryl Hannah, Robert De Niro, Christopher Reeve, Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali. Pete Townshend was scheduled to perform, but cancelled at the last minute, when his father, Cliff Townshend, became gravely ill, which would have been his first US solo appearance. This also marked The Police's final full-live performance together, until their 2007 Reunion Tour, 21 years later.", "LIVE AID, July 13/1985, Today Marks the 24th Anniversary of the Biggest Global Musical Event in History. (Video: the Queen set, 20:46)", "The section commenced with Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" being played and a graphic equaliser being shown on the pixel screen. John Lennon then appeared on the big screens and was joined by Choirs of Liverpool in singing \"Imagine\" as a bust of Lennon's face was created. Balloons were released at the end of this and George Michael followed singing \"Freedom! '90\" and \"White Light\". A group of mods on scooters followed invading the arena; one of them carried Ricky Wilson to the stage where his band the Kaiser Chiefs proceeded to cover The Who's \"Pinball Wizard\"; during the song the scooters continued to circle the arena. Several extracts of David Bowie songs followed, accompanied by images of Bowie; this continued until eight billboards with artwork of models on arrived in the stadium, representing the British fashion industry. The artwork was dropped to reveal the models standing behind: Naomi Campbell (wearing Alexander McQueen), Lily Cole (wearing Erdem), Karen Elson (wearing Burberry), Lily Donaldson (wearing Vivienne Westwood), Jourdan Dunn (wearing Jonathan Saunders), David Gandy (wearing Paul Smith), Georgia May Jagger (wearing Victoria Beckham), Kate Moss (wearing Alexander McQueen) and Stella Tennant (wearing Christopher Kane). The models concluded the section by turning the struts of the Union Flag into a catwalk as they proceeded to the centre, walking to Bowie's 1980 single \"Fashion\"." ]

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[ "Editor's Note: Natan Sharansky was born in Ukraine in 1948 and studied mathematics in Moscow. He worked as an English interpreter for the great Soviet physicist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, and himself became a champion of Soviet Jewry and a worker for human rights. Convicted in 1978 on trumped-up charges of treason and spying for the United States, Sharansky was sentenced to 13 years in prison. After years in the Siberian gulag, he was released in a U.S.-Soviet prisoner exchange in 1986 and moved to Israel, where he founded a political party promoting the acculturation of Soviet immigrants. He is now a minister without portfolio in the government of Ariel Sharon. Tom Rose, a frequent contributor to THE WEEKLY STANDARD, interviewed Sharansky in Jerusalem.", "Natan (Anatoli) Sharansky was arrested in 1977 for his Zionist activism, his insistence on the right of Russian Jews to make aliyah to Israel. However he was accused of the much more serious crime of treason, for spying for the United States. He sat in prison from 1977 to 1986 including eight years in a Soviet prison camp in Siberia. After continuous public protest in the West, spear-headed by his wife Avital, Natan Sharansky was released in a spy exchange between the US and the USSR in 1986. After making aliyah and establishing a Russian immigrant party in 1996, he became Israeli Minister of Industry and Trade and later of the Interior.", "Former Soviet refusenik and prisoner, Israeli politician, human rights activist and author Natan Sharansky with his wife Avital after his release from prison in the Soviet Union. He landed in Israel on February 11, 1986 (Moshe Shai/FLASH90.)", "Sharansky appeared in a March 1990 edition of National Geographic magazine. The article, \"Last Days of the Gulag\" by Mike Edwards, profiles through photographs and text one of the few remaining Soviet prison labor camps. The article featured a photo of Natan Sharansky and his wife Avital in their home in Israel viewing photos of the same Gulag where he had been imprisoned, but as it appeared in 1990. Sharansky remarked in the article that after viewing images of the prisoner's faces he could discern that the protocol of oppression was still at work. The author also showed Sharansky a photo of the cold isolation cell where he had himself been confined. Sharansky commented with irony that conditions had improved slightly—the stark cell now featured a thin bench bolted to the middle of the floor. He said that if that bench had existed when he was there he could have utilized it to sleep, albeit uncomfortably.", "Editor's Note: Natan Sharansky was born in Ukraine in 1948 and studied mathematics in Moscow. He worked as an English interpreter for the great Soviet physicist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, and himself became a champion of Soviet Jewry and a worker for human rights. Convicted in 1978 on trumped-up charges of treason and spying for the United States, Sharansky was sentenced to 13 years in prison.", "Sharansky was denied an exit visa to Israel in 1973. The reason given for denial of the visa was that he had been given access, at some point in his career, to information vital to Soviet national security and could not now be allowed to leave. After becoming a refusenik, Sharansky became a human rights activist, working as a translator for dissident and nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov, and spokesman for the Moscow Helsinki Group and a leader for the rights of refuseniks.", "was in Moscow in 1977 when Sharansky was arrested and was partly responsible for bringing out legal documents to be used in his campaign for freedom. Now I feel it is time to say it like it is: I do not believe Sharansky was a sincere human rights activist. He used the platform to gain stardom at a time when Western eyes were focused on the Soviet Union. Once he got here, his lack of support from olim who had been his former compatriots showed what he really was: a self-seeker.", "The famous writer, Nobel Prize Winner (1970) and public figure Alexander Solzhenitsyn offers his plan for “developing Russia”. In 1994, he returns to his homeland after 20 years in exile from the USSR. He acquaints himself with the new Russia by riding on a train from Magadan to Moscow. At the Kremlin, he is given a polite hearing and even allowed to run a regular programme on television. But before long, the programme is shut down. The country’s authorities feel that", "Sharansky is the author of three books. The first is the autobiographical Fear No Evil, which dealt with his trial and imprisonment.", "On 15 March 1977 Sharansky was arrested on multiple charges including high treason and spying for Americans. The accusation stipulated that he passed to the West lists of over 1,300 refuseniks, many of which were denied exit visas because of their knowledge of state secrets, which resulted in a publication by Robert C. Toth, \"Russ Indirectly Reveal 'State Secrets': Clues in Denials of Jewish Visas\". High treason carried the death penalty. The following year, in 1978, he was sentenced to 13 years of forced labor.", "In July 1945, he was suddenly arrested by the secret police, the NKVD, and charged with making derogatory remarks about Stalin in private correspondence with a friend and in his personal diary. He was detained without trial in the Lubyanka prison in Moscow pending further investigation of his case by the secret police, then sentenced by a special tribunal of the NKVD to eight years hard labour as a traitor to Leninist socialism and to the socialist society. Solzhenitsyn served his sentence in a number of Soviet prisons, but instead of releasing him when his term was up in 1953, the secret police arbitrarily decided to exile him to Kok Tern in the Dzhambul region of Kazakhstan, where he remained until 1956. During his exile, it was discovered that he had cancer and he was sent to a hospital in Tashkent to undergo treatment.", "REHABILITATION. A Soviet legal practice by which a previously condemned person was cleared, often posthumously, of the crimes attributed to him or her and was restored officially to full civilian status. The procedure was one of the key methods by which the Soviet regime tried to reclaim public confidence and legitimacy after having destroyed, through execution, imprisonment, deportation, and exile, millions of innocent people. In Soviet Ukraine rehabilitation began soon after Stalin's death. The first group of Stalin's victims who profited from the milder climate were members the Soviet partisan group who had been repressed in 1944 for acting without proper clearance. Until 1956 the process of rehabilitation was conducted in silence, with no announcements in the press. The use of rehabilitation for political purposes was typical of the late Khrushchev period, but the disclosures continued to be unreliable and incomplete. Although many victims were mentioned, their ultimate fate remained a secret. Ukrainian victims received less attention than victims from other national groups. The rehabilitation of victims who were not Party members was a more delicate problem. In the 1950s most labor-camp inmates who had been involved in the postwar national movements were not released, let alone rehabilitated. The new category of victims, the prisoners of conscience of Khrushchev's and Brezhnev's regimes, had not been rehabilitated by 1991...", "The most unusual part of the NKVD's achievements was its role in Soviet science and arms development. Many scientists and engineers arrested for political crimes were placed in special prisons, much more comfortable than the Gulag, colloquially known as sharashkas. These prisoners continued their work in these prisons. When later released, some of them became world leaders in science and technology. Among such sharashka members were Sergey Korolev, the head designer of the Soviet rocket program and first human space flight mission in 1961, and Andrei Tupolev, the famous airplane designer. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was also imprisoned in a sharashka, and based his novel The First Circle on his experiences there.", "* After the death of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its Gulag prison camps.", "Arrested during the “liquidation” of the movement (at the end of 1905), Nossar was tried, convicted, and exiled to Siberia. He escaped and sought refuge abroad. But like Gapon, he was not able to adapt to a new life, and even less able to undertake regular work. He did not, to be sure, lead a life of debauchery; and he did not commit any act of treason. But he dragged out his life abroad in disorder, poverty and unhappiness.", "With the end of the war in 1945, the Soviet people expected to see the end of the devastation of Nazism, and hoped for the end of Stalin's Purges. But, sealed trains began carrying large numbers of prisoners to the Soviet Gulags. Some were Nazi collaborators who had fought under General Andrey Vlasov, but most were ordinary Soviet officers and men. Pasternak watched as ex-POWs were directly transferred from Nazi Germany to Soviet concentration camps. White emigres who had returned due to pledges of amnesty were also sent directly to the Gulag, as were Jews from the Anti-Fascist Committee and other organizations. Many thousands of innocent people were incarcerated in connection with the Leningrad Affair and the so-called Doctor's Plot, while whole ethnic groups were deported to Siberia. ", "In 1974, after years of struggle with the Soviet dictatorship, Rostropovich fled the Soviet Union with his wife and two daughters, Olga and Elena. He became a much more relaxed person in exile, living the artistic freedom he had so longed for, and did not want to go back until the fall of the oppressive Soviet regime. In 1977 Rostropovich was appointed Music Director of the National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) in Washington, DC, the post he kept for the next seventeen years. Soon after Rostropovich became employed in the USA, his Soviet citizenship was revoked by Leonid Brezhnev in 1978. during the 1970s and 1980s Rostropovich enjoyed a very active concert career; he toured extensively as a cellist as well as an internationally acclaimed orchestra conductor and pedagogue. He also made numerous recordings of cello music and became recognized as arguably the world's best cellist of his time. Being also a good pianist, Rostropovich accompanied his wife, opera singer Galina Vishnevskaya on her numerous international concert tours.", "In 1964 Nikita Khrushchev was dismissed by Leonid Brezhnev and neo-Stalinist hard liners. Solzhenitsyn fell under suspicion and was in danger again. At that time he took a risk and arranged that his manuscripts of autobiographical books 'First Circle' and 'Cancer Ward' were secretly smuggled out of the Soviet Union, and published in the West. But at home, his writings were confiscated by the KGB in 1965 and banned. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but could not go outside of the Soviet Union, and could not receive the award until several years later. Meanwhile he was wanted by the KGB, because he was officially restricted from being in Moscow and was secretly living in the dacha of Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya .", "Rostropovich left the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children and settled in the United States. He was banned from touring his homeland with foreign orchestras and in 1977 the Soviet leadership instructed musicians from the Soviet bloc not to take part in an international competition he had organised. In 1978 Rostropovich was deprived of his Soviet citizenship because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom. He would not return to the Soviet Union until 1990.", "27 April 1979: The Ginzburg swap. Russia releases five political and religious dissidents for two Russians convicted of spying in the U.S. Alexander Ginzburg - a notable Russian writer and activist - is among the five sent back to New York.", "1974 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was deported from the Soviet Union to Frankfurt, West Germany and stripped of his Soviet citizenship", "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn had first-hand experience in the Gulag system, having been imprisoned from 1945 to 1953 for writing derogatory comments in letters to friends about the conduct of the war by Joseph Stalin, whom he referred to by epithets such as \"the master\" and \"the boss\". Solzhenitsyn claimed the prisoners wept when news of Stalin's death reached them. He uses the epithet \"old man whiskers\" in his novel, where it is translated as \"Old Whiskers\" or \"Old Man Whiskers\". This title was considered offensive and derogatory, but prisoners were free to call Stalin whatever they liked: \"Somebody in the room was bellowing: 'Old Man Whiskers won't ever let you go! He wouldn't trust his own brother, let alone a bunch of cretins like you!\" Drafts of stories found in Solzhenitsyn's map case were used to incriminate him (Frangsmyr, 1993).", "Mikhail Nikolaevitch ( January 28, 1948) is a Soviet-born Russian American dancer, choreographer, and actor, often cited alongside Vaslav Nijinsky and Rudolf Nureyev as one of the greatest ballet dancers of the 20th century. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 and went on to become a principal dancer and artistic director with the American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet in New York City. He has spearheaded many of his own artistic projects and has been associated in particular with promoting modern dance, premiering dozens of new works, including many of his own. His success as a dramatic actor on stage, cinema and television has helped him become probably the most widely recognized contemporary dancer.", "Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Russian and Soviet novelist, dramatist, and historian. Through his often-suppressed writings, he helped to raise global awareness of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system – particularly in The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works. Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. He was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974, but returned to Russia in 1994 after the Soviet system had collapsed.", "Oswald was a former U.S. Marine who defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959. He lived in the Belarusian city of Minsk until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States with his Russian wife, eventually settling in Dallas.", "Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын, 11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian writer, dissident and activist. He helped to raise global awareness of the gulag and the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system from 1918 to 1956. While his writings were often suppressed, he wrote several books most notably 'The Gulag Archipelago' and 'One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich', two of his best-known works. ", "In 1950, Shafran moved to Moscow, separating him from his family and his teacher on whom he had depended for so long - an event which caused him an artistic crisis. His early career was, in his own observation \"rather hard. I made blunders, but this is only natural\". Like so many prodigies, Shafran needed to develop into a mature artist, and his first wife and recital partner, Nina Musinian, greatly helped him in this respect, encouraging him to break with his past, and find the space to experiment.", "The Soviet journalist Yevgenia Ginzburg was a former long-term political prisoner who spent time in the Soviet prisons, Gulag camps and settlements from 1938 to 1955. She described in her memoir, Harsh Route (or Steep Route), of a case which she was directly involved in during the late 1940s, after she had been moved to the prisoners' hospital. ", "In 1977, Rostropovich was appointed Music Director of the National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) in Washington, DC, the post he kept for the next seventeen years. Soon after Rostropovich became employed in the USA, he and Vishnevskaya moved from Paris to Washington and made their home there for the next eighteen years. Leonid Brezhnev retaliated by revoking their Soviet citizenship in 1978. During the 1970s and 1980s Rostropovich enjoyed a very active concert career; he toured extensively as a cellist as well as an internationally acclaimed orchestra conductor and pedagogue. He also made numerous recordings of cello music and became recognized as arguably the world's best cellist of his time. Being also a good pianist, Rostropovich accompanied Vishnevskaya on her numerous international concert tours. Besides her singing recitals, Vishnevskaya also directed a successful production of the Rimsky-Korsakov's opera \"The Tzar's Bride\" in Washington D.C. In 1984, she published a memoir titled \"Galina: A Russian Story\" which became an international bestseller.", "Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Soviet and Russian novelist, dramatist, and historian. Through his writings he helped to make the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system particularly The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works.", "Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Soviet and Russian novelist, dramatist, and historian. Through his writings he helped to make the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system – particularly The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works.", "Fanya was shot by the Cheka on September 29, 1921 after having been found guilty of being an \"accomplice of anti-Soviet criminal acts\". She refused to go to her death meekly, fighting her executioners all the way. Aron remined alive in the gulag system and exile until his execution on August 12, 1937. [*NB: Some sources give the year as 1888.]" ]

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[ "The bicentenary of Australia was celebrated in 1988. It marked 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788. The event triggered debate on Australian national identity, Aboriginal rights, historical interpretation and multiculturalism.", "In 1988 the city staged a spectacular celebration of Australia's bicentennial. Landmark events of the 1990s included the 1993 announcement that the city would be the site of the 2000 Olympic Games and the opening of the Sydney Harbour Tunnel in 1994. Preparations for the Games spurred further municipal development and civic pride throughout the decade as Sydney prepared for the most extensive display of pageantry and celebration in its history.", "Bicentennial Flag - The 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia was celebrated on 26 January 1988. The logo for the Bicentennial celebrations was a stylised map of Australia, consisting of a ribbon with stripes of different widths. The ribbon alluded to the diagonal stripes of the Union Jack and the seven golden stripes signified the six states and the territories. The logo was initially placed on a blue field to create a flag, but this was changed to green in 1984 after green and gold were declared the national colours of Australia.", "In February 1987, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Portugal. The visit coincided with the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Windsor (1386). A banquet was held at the Ajuda National Palace. In 1987, they visited Germany and France. In 1988, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Thailand and toured Australia for the bicentenary celebrations. In 1989, they visited the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. The tour began in Kuwait, where they met with Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah and the Crown Prince and Prime Minister Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah. Diana was presented with gifts, including an elaborate embroidered Bedouin gown. The couple also visited Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates.", "In 1988, the Flying Scotsman travelled to Australia in place of the Mallard - celebrating the 50th anniversary of her world record-breaking run - as a key part of the country’s bicentennial celebrations.", "On September 30, 1981, members of the International Olympic Committee, meeting in Baden-Baden, Germany, to select the host city of the 1988 Summer Olympics, unexpectedly voted (52 to 27) to award the Games to Seoul, upsetting the only other candidate, Nagoya. Plagued for some years by various problems, ranging from insolvency (Montreal, 1976) to boycott (Montreal, 1976 and Moscow, 1980), the Games were at the low ebb of their international popularity, which was one reason why the Baden-Baden decision drew only cursory attention of the international media. While socialist countries protested, few others, with the exception of South Korea, where the vote set off jubilant celebrations took notice—except perhaps for those who read as far as the H-section (World News) of The Washington Post, which cautiously commented on October 4: “South Korea's successful bid to host the 1988 summer Olympics in Seoul appears to have moved the country's leadership a step closer to goals of enhancing its image internationally and consolidating political power at home.” [2]", "By 2012, the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 42 cities in 22 countries, but only by cities outside Europe and North America on seven occasions. Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times, which is a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history. All bids by countries in South America and Africa have failed. The number in parentheses following the city or country denotes how many times that city or country had then hosted that version of the Games. The table includes the Intercalated Games of 1906 , which the IOC no longer considers an official Olympic Games.", "South Korea hosted the Asian Games in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan) and 2014 (Incheon). It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997, the Asian Winter Games in 1999 and the Summer Universiade in 2003, 2015. In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul, coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals and 11 bronze medals. South Korea regularly performs well in archery, shooting, table tennis, badminton, short track speed skating, handball, hockey, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, baseball, judo, taekwondo, speed skating, figure Skating, and weightlifting. The Seoul Olympic Museum is a museum in Seoul, South Korea, dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics. On July 6, 2011 Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.", "Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the queen regnant of sixteen independent sovereign states known informally as the Commonwealth realms : the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , the Bahamas , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , and Saint Kitts and Nevis . She holds each crown Head of the Commonwealth , and Supreme Governor of the Church of England . As a constitutional monarch , she is politically neutral and by convention her role is largely ceremonial. [1 ] separately and equally in a shared monarchy, as well as acting as", "Korea is a historical state in Northeast Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the \"Democratic People's Republic of Korea\") and South Korea (officially the \"Republic of Korea\"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).", "1982 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan announced that the U.S., France, and Italy were going to send peacekeeping troops back to Beirut. 1984 - \"The Cosby Show\" premiered on NBC-TV. 1988 - The United Nations opened it 43rd General Assembly. 1989 - F.W. de Klerk was sworn in as president of South Africa. 1991 - U.N. weapons inspectors left for Iraq in a renewed search for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. 1992 - French voters approved the Maastricht Treaty. 1995 - AT&T announced that it would be splitting into three companies. The three companies were AT&T, Lucent Technologies, and NCR Corp.", "*September 17, 1988 – Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea; first time since 1976 that both Soviet Union and the United States participate; it is also the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and its satellite states", "); tr. : \"Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, SSSR\"), more commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was also incorrectly known as Russia . From 1945 until its dissolution in 1991, it was one of the world's two superpowers , along with the United States .", "The World Spain ends its blockade of Gibraltar after 16 years. French agents sink Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland. In Russia, Chernenko dies; Mikhail Gorbachev is the country's new leader. Anglo-Irish Agreement is signed. Anglo-French summit agrees to build cross-Channel link.", "1685 The Edict of Nantes, granting religious freedom to the Huguenots, was revoked by King Louis XIV of France. 1826 Britain's last state lottery was held. 1887 Russia transferred Alaska to the USA for $7.2 million. 1922 The British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) was officially formed. 1977 Germany's anti-terrorist squad stormed a hijacked Lufthansa aircraft at Mogadishu Airport, Somalia, killing three of the four Palestinian hijackers and freeing all of the hostages. 1989 Following a wave of pro-democracy demonstrations in East Germany, Erich Honecker was replaced as head of state by Egon Krenz. 1989 With the end of Communist rule, Hungary was proclaimed a free republic.", "In Asia, affairs regarding the People's Republic of China changed significantly following the recognition of the PRC by the United Nations, the death of Mao Zedong and the beginning of market liberalization by Mao's successors. Despite facing an oil crisis due to the OPEC embargo, the economy of Japan witnessed a large boom in this period, overtaking the economy of West Germany to become the second-largest in the world. The United States withdrew its military forces from their previous involvement in the Vietnam War which had grown enormously unpopular. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan which led to an ongoing war for ten years.", " In 1987, in the context of Soviet President Gorbachev’s \"Glasnost\" (Open discussion) a mass movement began in all three republics demanding the truth about the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 23 1939, and mass demonstrations took place on its 50th anniversary in August 1989. Thus,in late August 1989, tens of thousands in all three republics joined hands to form a human chain to protest  the pact. National flags were hoisted and independence anniversaries were celebrated. Communist leaders became national leaders and worked for autonomy, then independence. This was achieved by all three at the time of the failed rightist putsch in Russia in August 1991.", "Fifty years ago Kenya became an independent country, and the Organization of African Unity (since 2002 the African Union ) was established with headquarters in Addis Ababa, Eth. The Soviet Union launched a woman into space, and the U.S. space program’s Project Mercury made its final flight. A 6.9-magnitude earthquake destroyed 80% of Skopje, Yugos., and killed more than 1,000 of its residents. Pope John XXIII died and was succeeded by Pope Paul VI . In the U.K., Secretary of State for War John Profumo resigned after evidence of his affair with dancer Christine Keeler became undeniable, a mail train was relieved of some £2.6 million in the Great Train Robbery , and the science-fiction television show Doctor Who made its first appearance. The Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty was signed in Moscow by the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union. The U.S. saw the introduction of the ZIP Code and of Touch-Tone dialing. African Americans struggled mightily for racial equality throughout the year, especially in Birmingham, Ala., in Jackson, Miss., and in Washington, D.C.", "1714 The coronation of King George I took place. 1818 Britain and the USA established the 49th parallel as the boundary between Canada and the USA. 1822 The Sunday Times was first published. 1827 The Battle of Navarino, off the coast of Greece, ended with the combined British, French, and Russian fleets completely destroying the Egyptian and Turkish fleets. 1935 Mao Zedong's Long March ended in Yenan, north China. 1944 The Allies captured Aachen, Germany. 1944 US troops landed at Leyte, in the Philippines. 1968 Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of US president Kennedy, married Greek millionaire Aristotle Onassis. 1973 The Sydney Opera House, designed by Danish architect John Utzon, was opened to the public.", "The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, was an  international   multi-sport event  held in  Munich ,  West Germany , from August 26 to September 11, 1972, the sporting nature of which was largely overshadowed by the  Munich massacre  in which eleven  Israeli  athletes and coaches, a West German police officer, and five  Black September terrorists were killed.", "Australia hosted the Olympic Games in 1956 (Melbourne) and 2000 (Sydney) and the Commonwealth Games in 1938 (Sydney), 1962 (Perth), 1982 (Brisbane) and 2006 (Melbourne). 92", "On October 3, 1990 the German Parliament voted on making the former East Germany a part of the united Germany. It is always celebrated on the same day in commemoration of the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification.", "In spite of the war, the IOC organized many events to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation at its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. Held from 17 June to 19 June 1944, this celebration was referred to as \"The Jubilee Celebrations of IOC\" by Carl Diem, the originator of the modern tradition of the Olympic torch relay. ", "Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, 2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, and the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit. A UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital.", "In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale, with many significant events taking place in all major cities. Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney. These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of thePowerhouse Museum at its new location. A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part.", "A couple embraces amidst thousands of merrymakers as they celebrate on V-J Day in downtown Euclid Ave. in Cleveland, Ohio on Aug. 14, 1945. The celebration followed U.S. President Harry Truman's official announcement that the Japanese had surrendered, ending World War II. File photo Associated Press", "The 1980s (pronounced \"nineteen-eighties\" or \"one thousand, nine hundred (and) eighties\", commonly abbreviated as the \"Eighties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.", "Thousands of people celebrate VJ Day as they fill New York's Times Square, Aug. 14, 1945 after Japanese radio reported acceptance of the Potsdam declaration, ending World War II. (AP Photo/Matty Zimmerman) MATTY ZIMMERMAN ASSOCIATED PRESS", "* In some Asian countries that follow the zodiac calendar, there is a tradition of celebrating the 60th birthday.", "On April 1, 1965, the government announced that May 8, 1965, would be a special holiday to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the end of World War II. This public holiday was only observed in 1965.", "People have a \"buerger fest\" which is celebrated in the streets of towns. Generally a government official presides. The official celebration is always in the capital of the different states, with one being picked as the main event each year. Lots of dancing and drinking is involved.", "\"'80s\" redirects here. For decades comprising years 80–89 of other centuries, see List of decades ." ]

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[ "Correction fluid was invented in 1951 by Bette Nesmith Graham, mother of Michael Nesmith of the Monkees.", "Perhaps Nesmith’s early exit from the Monkees, and subsequent refusal to participate in any early reunions, stemmed somewhat from the fact that he was the primary heir to a small fortune. When Nesmith was only 13 years old, his mother, Bette Nesmith Graham, a secretary, invented the typewriter correction fluid Liquid Paper. The product and company she created were eventually sold to Gillette in 1979 for close to $50 million. Sadly she passed away only a few months later, but a large portion of her fortune was handed down to Michael, her only child.", "One of the first forms of correction fluid was invented in 1951 by the secretary Bette Nesmith Graham (who was also the mother of Michael Nesmith , an original member of The Monkees ).", "3. Most random Monkees-related trivia ever: Michael Nesmith’s mother, Bette Nesmith Graham, invented Liquid Paper. Bette was a secretary and painter who used her paint knowledge to come up with a clever solution for correcting mistakes in typewritten documents: instead of messily erasing them, she treated typos by covering them up and typing over them. The single mom (who made an uncredited guest appearance in the Season 1 “Dance, Monkee, Dance” episode) turned her DIY solution into a business she initially ran from her house. The inheritance Nesmith received when his mom died in 1980 made him wealthy, aside from his Monkees earnings.", "White-Out was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham, who is the mother of Michael Nesmith from the \"The Monkees.\"", "Robert Michael Nesmith was born in Houston, Texas on December 30, 1942. He is a musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist. From 1965 to early 1970, Nesmith was a member of the pop rock band The Monkees, created for the television situation comedy of the same name. Also credit with inventing the �Music Video�.  His mother invented white out used for correcting typed documents", "The 1980s reunion tours were the most lucrative venture the three had ever seen in their days as the Monkees, far surpassing the monies they had made in the 1960s. Nesmith had little financial need to join in Monkees-related projects, mostly as his mother Bette Nesmith Graham was the inventor of Liquid Paper, leaving Nesmith over $25 million upon her death in 1980.", "Bette Nesmith Graham was the inventor of Liquid Paper, which is the brand name of opaque correction fluid used to cover up mistakes on paper without retyping the entire sheet. It was invented by Graham to mask the numerous typing mistakes made by herself and her colleagues, but has now developed to become the primary handwriting correction fluid.", "Before the invention of word processors , correction fluid was a critical element of typewritten documents.", "Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928), later known as Shirley Temple Black, is an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia. She began her film career in 1932 at the age of three, and in 1934, skyrocketed to superstardom in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. She received a special Academy Award in February 1935, and film hits such as Curly Top and Heidi followed year after year during the mid to late 1930s. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her wholesome image included dolls, dishes, and clothing. Her box office popularity waned as she reached adolescence, and she left the film industry at the age of 12 to attend high school. She appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid to late teens, and retired completely from films in 1950 at the age of 22. She was the top box-office draw four years in a row (1935--38) in a Motion Picture Herald poll.", "Typists who are prone to making mistakes when using old-fashioned typewriters or word processors have Bette Nesmith Graham to thank for creating one of the most simple, yet lifesaving inventions in all of office-supply history: Liquid Paper.", "She used this to correct her typing mistakes her boss never noticed. Soon another secretary saw the new invention and asked for some of the correcting fluid. Graham found a green bottle at home, wrote \"Mistake Out\" on a label, and gave it to her friend. Soon all the secretaries in the building were asking for some, too.", " Christopher Sholes, born in 1819, was the inventor of the typewriter.  Even today his legacy lives on in the modern computer keyboard that is based upon a typewriter keyboard.", "She was born Anne Francis Robbins in New York City on July 6, 1921, but later shaved two years off her age. Her father, Kenneth Robbins, was a used-car salesman who soon skipped out of his marriage and his daughter's life. Her mother was Edith Luckett, a stage actress.", "The first typewriter to be commercially successful was invented in 1868 by Americans Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, although Sholes soon disowned the machine and refused to use, or even to recommend it. It looked \"like something like a cross between a piano and a kitchen table.\" The working prototype was made by the machinist Matthias Schwalbach. The patent (US 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who made an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as a manufacturer of sewing machines) to commercialize the machine as the Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer. ", "• Christopher Sholes (1819-1890) invented the first practical typewriter in 1867, perfecting a design which had first been attempted in 1714, by Henry Mill in England. The development of the machine was incredibly difficult: no less than 76 attempts had been made between the time of Mill and Sholes' successful design. In 1873, Sholes signed a contract with the Remington Arms Company, a gun manufacturer, to build and market the typewriter. Sholes developed the \"QWERTY\" keyboard still in use in modern English language computers to overcome the problem of typewriter keys sticking at the point of contact with the ribbon: the keys for the letters that most often appear in combination in the English language are located far apart.", "From about 1880 to 1920, an incredible diversity of competing models poured forth from numerous inventors (including Thomas Edison) and manufacturers. Some of those early machines resembled pianos, some (including Remington’s first product) looked like sewing machines, others were the recognizable ancestors of modern typewriters, and still others resembled no machine you have ever seen. Letters were variously mounted on separate type bars, on a single ball, or on a single wheel, strip, or plate. If separate type bars were used, they struck up, down, or sideways, behind or in front of the paper, which was mounted on a flat or curved carriage. What moved was the type ball carrier (as in the later ibm Selectric), the type bars (as in modern mechanical typewriters), or the machine itself. Ink was applied to a ribbon or directly to the typeface. The desired letter was chosen by striking a key or by turning a dial. Among machines that opted for striking a key, some struck one key at a time, others up to three at a time, like playing chords on a piano. The typist’s left and right hands either typed on the same keyboard or on two separate keyboards.", "Christened Anne Frances, she was quickly nicknamed Nancy by her mother and used that name throughout her life. Her father, Kenneth Robbins, a salesman, and her mother, Edith Luckett Robbins, an actress, separated when Nancy was very young. Edith immediately resumed her acting career and began traveling a great deal, leaving Nancy in Bethesda, Maryland , where she was raised by Edith’s sister and brother-in-law. Nancy saw little of her mother over the next five years and had no contact with her father; her parents divorced in 1928.", "* In the 1980 workplace comedy film 9 to 5, Selectric-based typewriters (made by Royal) are shown on many of the secretaries' desks: at one point, a shot appears of Dolly Parton typing a memo, which then zooms to highlight what she's typing, showing a closeup of the printball.", "Since then, I've heard this story repeated a thousand times. So many times, I had assumed it was true. But  Jimmy Stamp over at Smithsonian  points to evidence released by Japanese researchers that, in fact, the story is bunk. The QWERTY keyboard did not spring fully formed from Christopher Sholes, the first person to file a typewriter patent with the layout. Rather, it formed over time as telegraph operators used the machines to transcribe Morse code. The layout changed often from the early alphabetical arrangement, before the final configuration came into being.", "A patent for an electric typewriter was filed by Thomas Edison in 1872, but the first workable model didn’t come out until the 1920s. Typewriters continued to improve and develop, moving from the early electric typewriters to the more modern “IBM Selectric” typewriter which used a ball rather than the earlier type bars. There was also the “daisy wheel” – a disk with the letters and numbers stamped on the outer edges. From there the typewriter evolved into the electronic typewriter which had a memory where text could be stored.", "The Williams typewriter is often referred to as the grasshopper because the type keys resemble grasshopper legs when in operation. It was invented by John Newton Williams of Brooklyn, New York. Newton started applying for patents in 1875 but it wasn't until 1890 & 1891 that he finally achieved them and started manufacture. The No 6 was introduced in 1906 and was made for only a short period of time since the company went out of business in 1909. This machine has been fully restored and still has its original tin carrying case. It has a condition rating of 2,2.", "The invention of the modern computer keyboard can be traced back to the invention of the typewriter. So, who invented the typewriter?", "* Pink Floyd used a typewriter, complete with carriage return bell, as a percussion instrument on their song \"Money\" (1973)", "The September 1962 issue of MAD Magazine published an article titled “Typewri-toons.” The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to “Royal Portable,” was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger bust than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from a snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n’s interrupted by a lowercase h “raising its hand.” [11] Two additional “Typewri-toons” articles subsequently appeared in Mad, in 1965 and 1987.", "Beulah Louise Henry of Memphis, Tennessee was born in 1887 and was dubbed \"Lady Edison\" in the 1930s. She earned 49 patents, but her inventions number around 110. Her first patent was granted in 1912 for a vacuum ice cream freezer. Later, Henry invented an umbrella with a set of different-colored snap-on cloth covers (1924). She also invented – literally overnight – the first bobbinless sewing machine (1940).", "Bette Nesmith Graham never intended to be an inventor; she wanted to be an artist. However, shortly after World War II ended, she found herself divorced with a small child to support. She learned shorthand and typing and found employment as an executive secretary. An efficient employee who took pride in her work, Graham sought a better way to correct typing errors. She remembered that artists painted over their mistakes on canvas, so why couldn’t typists paint over their mistakes?", "One early form of automatic washing machine manufactured by Hoover used cartridges to program different wash cycles. This system, called the Keymatic, used plastic cartridges with key-like slots and ridges around the edges. The cartridge was inserted into a slot on the machine and a mechanical reader operated the machine accordingly. The system did not really take off, since it offered no real advantage over the more conventional program dial, and the cartridges were prone to getting lost. In hindsight it can be seen as a marketing gimmick rather than offering any really useful functionality.", "There are diverse claims as to the time, place, and personage(s) responsible for the invention of the computer per se. (Remember when a computer co-starred with Spencer Tracy and Katherine Hepburn in the 1957 movie version of The Desk Set?)", "In the mid-1940s, Grace Murray Hopper was working on Harvard University's Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator. This primitive computer was based on relays, a type of electromechanical switch. On the September 9th of 1947, not 1945, the Mark II developed a malfunction. Operators, including William \"Bill\" Burke, investigated to find out what was wrong; contrary to many versions of the story, Grace Murray Hopper was not among them.", "Back in the 1940’s Mrs Read was doing smocking the traditional way - picking up dots one by one on her needle.  Her husband, Stanley, an accountant by trade, decided to make a machine for her to simplify the process.  With the help of his brother, whose wife also did smocking, he set about inventing a pleating machine.  The inspiration for this machine came from the humble mangle with rollers which most households in those days used for squeezing the water out of the clothese after washing.  The ‘modern’ mangle of the 1940’s had four rollers in the pleating machine positioned all at the same level. ", "In 1949 Hopper joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a Senior Mathematician and there she worked with John Eckert and John Mauchly on the UNIVAC computer. She designed an improved compiler while working for the company and was part of the team which developed Flow-Matic, the first English-language compiler. In 1951 a maintenance engineer discovered a moth stuck in one of the relais. She pasted the \"computer bug\" as it is known from now on, into the UNIVAC I logbook. Earning eternal fame." ]

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[ "The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, known colloquially as the \"Harrier Jump Jet\", was developed in the 1960s and formed the first generation of the Harrier series of aircraft . It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era. The Harrier was produced directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototypes following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 . The British Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s. It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A, for use by the US Marine Corps (USMC), in the 1970s.", "The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, known colloquially as the \"Harrier Jump Jet\", was developed in the 1960s and formed the first generation of the Harrier series of aircraft. It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era. The Harrier was produced directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototypes following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154. The British Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s. It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A, for use by the US Marine Corps (USMC), in the 1970s.", "The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, developed in the 1960s, was the first of the Harrier Jump Jet series of aircraft. It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era. The Harrier was developed directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototype aircraft, following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154. The British Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s. It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A, for use by the US Marine Corps (USMC), in the 1970s.", "The Harrier is typically used as a ground attack aircraft, though its manoeuvrability also allows it to effectively engage other aircraft at short ranges. [37] The Harrier is powered by a single Pegasus turbofan engine mounted in the fuselage. The engine is fitted with two air intakes and four vectoring nozzles for directing the thrust generated: two for the bypass flow and two for the jet exhaust. Several smaller reaction nozzles are also fitted, in the nose, tail and wingtips, for the purpose of balancing during vertical flight. [38] It has two landing gear units on the fuselage and two outrigger landing gear units, one on each wing tip. [39] The Harrier is equipped with four wing and three fuselage pylons for carrying a variety of weapons and external fuel tanks. [40]", "Lukas Heller's  Cross Of Iron broadcast as part of The Sunday Night Play strand. Hawker-Siddeley publicly unveiled the P1127, the first Harrier Jet.", "In 1964 the RAF specified a requirement (Air Staff Target (AST) 362) for a new fast jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat . The SEPECAT Jaguar  was originally intended for this role, but it was soon realised that it would be too complex an aircraft for fast jet training and only a small number of two-seat versions were purchased. Accordingly, in 1968, Hawker Siddely Aviation (HSA) began studies for a simpler aircraft, initially as special project (SP) 117. The design team was led by Ralph Hooper.", "The Hawker Hurricane is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd for the Royal Air Force (RAF). Although largely overshadowed by the Supermarine Spitfire , the aircraft became renowned during the Battle of Britain , accounting for 60% of the RAF's air victories in the battle, and served in all the major theatres of the Second World War .", "In the late 1960s the British and American governments held talks on producing Harriers in the United States. Hawker Siddeley and McDonnell Douglas formed a partnership in 1969 in preparation for American production, [32] but Congressman Mendel Rivers and the House Appropriations Committee held that it would be cheaper to produce the AV-8A on the pre-existing production lines in the United Kingdom—hence all AV-8A Harriers were purchased from Hawker Siddeley. [32] Improved Harrier versions with better sensors and more powerful engines were developed in later years. [33] [34] [35] The USMC received 102 AV-8A and 8 TAV-8A Harriers between 1971 and 1976. [36]", "Design of the aircraft was attributed to aeronautical engineer Sidney Camm (1893-1966) who also lent his design talents to the wartime Hawker Typhoon and Tempest fighter-bombers. In the post-war years, he helped further the Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Harrier \"jumpjet\" and the Hawker Hunter jet fighter programs which reached their own level of fame during the Cold War.", "The worth of a fighter aircraft cannot be fully realized until it is tested in combat, wargames and mock combat are fine for training, but until an enemy has been met and locked in a life or death struggle, the metal of either a fighting man or fighting aircraft can not be ascertained. The Harrier, after some thirteen years of operational service, has met the enemy, locked him in mortal combat, and come away the winner. Operating under severe winter weather conditions, in the rough wind swept South Atlantic seas off the Royal Navy assault carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible, Royal Navy Sea Harriers engaged Argentine Air Force fighters, naval vessels and ground targets with great success. During these combat actions in the South Atlantic the Harrier, the worlds first operational Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing (V/STOL) jet fighter, has proven its worth. The road to success has been a long and hard one, a road that was paved with hard work, perseverance, disappointment and...", "During the 1960’s the company developed one of their most famous aircraft, the HS Harrier which went on to become the first operational VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) jet aircraft. Manufactured in Kingston on the banks of the River Thames with assembly at Dunsfold, the Harrier led the way in the development of vectored thrust technology, much of which will be used in the aircraft of the 21st century.", "The Hawker Sea Fury was a British fighter aircraft designed and manufactured by Hawker. It was the last propeller-driven fighter to serve with the Royal Navy, and also one of the fastest production single piston-engined aircraft ever built. Developed during the Second World War , the Sea Fury entered service two years after the war ended. The Sea Fury proved to be a popular aircraft with a number of overseas militaries, and was used during the Korean War in the early 1950s.", "Harrier II is an extensively modified and updated version of the Harrier GR3/AV-8A Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL) close air support aircraft, allowing even greater tactical deployment. The ground attack and close air support aircraft has been jointly developed with Boeing and is in service with the Royal Air Force (GR7 and T10), US Marine Corps (AV-8B and TAV-8B) and Spanish Navy (EAV-8B). Like its predecessor, the Harrier II can operate from conventional bases, dispersed sites and a wide range of surface vessels but is able to carry double the payload - or operate over twice the range - of earlier versions. Both the RAF and USMC operate night attack variants of the Harrier II. The AV-8B can carry 50% more internal fuel and 70% more external ordnance compared to AV-8A.", "Some jet trainers, such as the Aermacchi MB-326, Casa C-101, Folland Gnat, Fouga Magister and British Aerospace Hawk, are used by national formation aerobatic teams. Early jet aerobatic teams tended to use combat types such as the Hawker Hunter, English Electric Lightning, and North American F-100 Super Sabre. As air forces' combat fleets were scaled-down, it made sense for most national display teams to change to lighter training types. A few modifications may be needed to enable coloured smoke to be emitted during displays, but essentially these airframes can still perform their pilot training function.", "The first generation of Harriers did not see further combat with the RAF after the Falklands War, although they continued to serve for years afterwards. As a deterrent against further Argentine invasion attempts, No. 1453 Flight RAF was deployed to the Falkland Islands from August 1983 to June 1985. [100] However the second generation Harrier IIs saw action in Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The first generation Hawker Siddeley airframes were replaced by the improved Harrier II, which had been developed jointly between McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. [101]", "In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy (RN) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers . The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War , in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile. The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force. The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV-8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft. Similar V/STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38 . A V/STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is currently under development.", "In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy (RN) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers. The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War, in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile. The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force. The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV-8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft. Similar V/STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38. A V/STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is currently under development.", "The AV-8B Harrier II, a vertical or short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft, is a single engine, one seat aircraft that may be used as a fighter or in an attack role. The AV-8B may be used to escort helicopters, conduct close and deep combat air support and fly offensive missions against enemy ground-to-air defences.", "The Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) operated a substantially modified variant of the Harrier, the British Aerospace Sea Harrier. The Sea Harrier was not intended for ground-attack duties and, unlike the standard Harrier, was equipped with radar and Sidewinder missiles for air combat duties and fleet air defence. The Sea Harrier was also fitted with navigational aids for carrier landings, modifications to reduce corrosion and a raised bubble-canopy for greater visibility.Bull 2004, p. 120.Jenkins 1998, pp. 51–55. The aircraft were later equipped to use AIM-120 AMRAAM beyond-visual-range anti-aircraft missiles and the more advanced Blue Vixen radar for longer range air-to-air combat, as well as Sea Eagle missiles for conducting anti-ship missions.[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id", "During the afternoon there will be a flypast of current and historic aircraft from the Royal Air Force – including the Hurricane, Spitfire and Lancaster of the famous Battle of Britain Memorial Flight , which played such a famous role in the European War. The Spitfire, with its unmistakable design, won the admiration of many for its daring role in the Battle of Britain, engaging in dogfights in the sky against enemy aircraft in the defence of the nation. The Avro Lancaster is perhaps the most famous of the aircraft used by Bomber Command during the Second World War, used in many raids on enemy territory, including the famous Dambuster Raids on the Ruhr Valley.", "In high-intensity conflicts, advanced trainer type aircraft can have a military utility if they operate within a framework of other assets. For example, the German and French Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jets had anti-shipping and light strike roles operating under an air umbrella provided by other aircraft, while the RAF planned to use pairs of gun- and AIM-9 Sidewinder-armed Hawk trainers in the point defence role. Each pair of Hawks was to be teamed with a Phantom FGR.2, in effect using the Phantoms as an Airborne Early Warning and Control system. Although never tested it was believed that the Hawk, combined with AIM-9L and flown by some of the best pilots in the RAF including those from the Red Arrows, would have made a viable air defence fighter. ", "Due to the Harrier's unique characteristics it attracted a large amount of interest from other nations, often as attempts to make their own V/STOL jets were unsuccessful, such as in the cases of the American XV-4 Hummingbird and the German VFW VAK 191B. Operations by the USMC aboard in 1981 and by British Harriers and Sea Harriers in the Falklands War proved that the aircraft were highly effective in combat. These operations also demonstrated that \"Harrier Carriers\" provided a powerful presence at sea without the expense of big deck carriers. ", "On 4 May, three Royal Navy Sea Harriers operating from HMS Hermes attacked the airfield and installations at Goose Green. During the operation, a Sea Harrier was shot down by Argentine 35mm anti-aircraft fire, killing its pilot, Lt-Commander Nick Taylor. His body, still in the ejector seat, was recovered by residents of Goose Green, and buried with full military honours under Argentine supervision. [13] [14]", "Buttler, Tony. Hawker Sea Hawk (Warpaint No.29). Denbigh East, Bletchley, UK: Hall Park, 2001. ISSN 1363-0369.", "It was the location for No. 1414 (Meteorological) Flight RAF equipped with Gloster Gladiator, Boulton Paul Defiant, Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, Percival Proctor and No. 1569 (Meteorological) Flight RAF equipped with Hurricanes. After the war both No. 21 Squadron RAF, No. 30 Squadron RAF, and a Communications Flight operated from the base.", "Harrier jet from the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) The double cross crest No. 41 Squadron of the UK Royal Air displaying the double cross on its tail section. Force (RAF) No. 41 Squadron.", "State-of-the-art RAF Typhoon fighter jets loaded with fearsome weapons patrolling the skies over the Home Counties;", "In August 1942 Britain experienced several incursions of high-altitude Luftwaffe bombers, including the Junkers Ju-86P. As a result of these raids, starting in September 1942, five Mosquito B Mk IV bombers were quickly converted into F Mk XV high-altitude, pressurised fighters, powered by two-stage Merlin 73s and 77s fitted with four-bladed propellers. ", "Information on the R�union harrier is currently being researched and written and will appear here... More 2 Images 0 Videos", "Mitchell’s fighter first took to the air on March 5, 1936. It had been given a name-the Spitfire-by Vickers and made official by the Air Ministry. (Mitchell himself did not like the name very much; he called it ‘a bloody silly name.’) This Spitfire was flown by J. ‘Mutt’ Summers, chief test pilot for Vickers and Supermarine, out of the Eastleigh airport in Hampshire. It was unarmed and fitted with a fixed-pitch wooden propeller. After landing from his test flight, Summers told his ground crew, ‘I don’t want anything touched.’ Although some alterations would be made, he realized from just one flight that the Spitfire was an outstanding fighter.", "Left: A Hurricane Mk I from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight at Biggin Hill Airfield on August 20, 2010 in London, England.", "Left: A Hurricane Mk I from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight at Biggin Hill Airfield is pictured in this 2010 file photo." ]

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[ "Volkswagen is a car producer based in Germany. It forms the substance of Volkswagen Group, which is the world’s fourth largest automobile producer after Toyota, GM and Ford. The origins of the company date back to 1930s Nazi Germany. Long before Hitler was elected to power in Germany, he was creating schemes to mass-produce an affordable car. Hitler called the new vehicle the “KdF-Wagen”, which literally meant “strength through joy – car”, after the Nazi-led KdF movement that was supposed to look after the working people. Ferdinand Porsche disliked the name KdF-Wagen (he preferred Volkswagen, the name under which the car had been produced). “Volkswagen” signifies “people’s car” in German, in which it is pronounced [‘folksvagan]. Volkswagen has one of the most simple and instantly recognizable logos in the world, which has seen subtle changes through the years. It’s pretty obvious what the Volkswagen logo is (a V over a W in a blue background, surrounded by a circle). The logo was the result of an office competition of which the winner was Franz Reimspiess (the engineer who perfected the engine for the Beetle in the 1930’s). The copyright holder of the internationally-famous VW logo is not to be Nikolai Borg, a graphic designer who sued the company for allegedly failing to recognise his work.", "Volkswagen means ‘People’s car’ in German. The history of the company is tied with Adolf Hitler.", "“The car of the people”, as the name Volkswagen means, is a German car manufacturer known for producing very quality specific German cars that are adored all around the world. Founded in 1937 by Ferdinand Porsche, the founder of Porsche invented the iconic Volkswagen beetle for the German government. It is headquartered in Wolfsburg and produces a wide selection of vehicles. In fact, the Volkswagen beetle cars have made Volkswagen famous to the world and rarely someone does not like it. Volkswagen Group is the most successful German car manufacturer, as it has bought SEAT, Skoda, Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Laborghini and Bugatti. In addition, Volkswagen cars have won the Car of the Year Award and the European Car of the Year several times.", "The Volkswagen logo is simple, but the name has an interesting meaning – in German, it translates as the “Peoples’ Car”. Rumored deslgned by one of Hitler’s closest friends during WW2.", "The Volkswagen logo is simple, but the name has an interesting meaning – in German, it translates as the “Peoples’ Car”.", "Volkswagen is the founding and namesake member of the Volkswagen Group, a large international corporation in charge of multiple car and truck brands, including Audi, SEAT, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Scania, and Škoda. Volkswagen Group's global headquarters are located in Volkswagen's historic home of Wolfsburg, Germany.", "Volkswagen is an automaker based in Germany. Its products typically command a higher price than those of competing models, but the return is a more upscale driving and ownership experience.", "Volkswagen Logo Meaning - Volkswagen automobile company in German the Volks Wagenwerk, intended for public use vehicles, marking the VW for the full name the first letter. Signs such as by three with the middle finger and index finger to make the \"V\", said the public company and its products win - win - win.", "Volkswagen is Europe's largest automobile manufacturer today. It boasts of simple design and quality Volkswagen parts that make up their vehicles, absolute performance and reliability.", "In 1934, Ferdinand Porsche was commissioned to build a small, inexpensive car at the request of Adolph Hitler. His masterpiece � a beetle-shaped sedan that was called a Volkswagen (German for \"people's car\") debuted two years later. The war delayed production of the vehicle until 1949, however, and during the '50s the car became known as the VW Beetle, later earning the distinction of the best-selling car of all time. Wolfsburg-based Volkswagen has since gone on to manufacture more contemporary cars � though the world's fondness for the Beetle, or \"Bug,\" still runs strong � strong enough to justify a 1998 New Beetle debut that was initially a huge hit in North America. Though New Beetle sales have leveled off in the 21st century, consumer interest in the company's more practical (but still fun-to-drive) cars � specifically the Jetta and Passat � has steadily increased", "Volkswagen is one of the most venerable names in automotive history and its no surprise that it has made a dramatic comeback in recent years. VW has proven time and again that it can create vehicles that inspire and instantly create a cult-following/. Whether it is the classic Beetle, the idiosyncratic but beloved Vanagon or the tuner-inspired Golf GTI, Volkswagen is the perfect blend of affordability, style and performance which makes it appealing to just about everyone. At Rvinyl.com, we understand that VW-enthusiasts and drivers won't just settle for the ordinary; they want accessories and mods that match their tastes and preferences and we have done our very best to bring only the most stylish and high-quality parts and products to the table. So, whether you want to tint your taillights, wrap your hood or add the roar of a performance muffler we've got the tint film or aftermarket accessory you're looking for.", "Volkswagen  – from the German for people's car.  Ferdinand Porsche  wanted to produce a car that was affordable for the masses – the Kraft-durch-Freude-Wagen (or \"Strength-Through-Joy car\", from a Nazi social organization) later became known, in English, as the Beetle.", "Volkswagen – from the German for people's car. Ferdinand Porsche wanted to produce a car that was affordable for the masses – the Kraft-durch-Freude-Wagen (or \"Strength-Through-Joy car\", from a Nazi social organization) later became known, in English, as the Beetle.", "A car company based in Wolfsburg, Germany. Whether you like them or not, it cannot be denied that Volkswagen is one of the most popular and influential car brands in the world. Some firsts for them include A: building a small, affordable, fuel efficient family car (the beetle, arguably the most influential car in the history of automobiles) B: large scale use of turbo diesel engines in passenger cars in the U.S. (the TDI). They also have a stellar safety record and are widely known today for making a quality, affordable car.", "Volkswagen was started in 1937, by the Nazi Trade Union “German Labour Front,” with the idea of making a car more affordable for Germans than what was currently available. VW owns Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Seat, Skoda, MAN Trucks, Scania, and Porsche.", "Volkswagen. German `people's vehicle.' Not ``-wagon,'' understood? ! The original Volkswagen, what came to be called (affectionately!) the ``Beetle,'' was invented by the engineer Porsche. New for his design were unibody construction and torsion-bar suspension. He convinced Hitler to support it, some prototypes were built and tested, and a plant began to be built using government support as well as a subscription system among Germans who were effectively buying their own future jobs. (Oh yeah, and some slave labor, as current VW ownership discovered when they funded some internal historical research.) After the war , automobile manufacturers among the Allies had the opportunity to buy VW but were not, for various reasons, interested.", "Originally operated by the German Labor Front, a Nazi organization, Volkswagen was headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany. In addition to his ambitious campaign to build a network of autobahns and limited access highways across Germany, Hitler’s pet project was the development and mass production of an affordable yet still speedy vehicle that could sell for less than 1,000 Reich marks (about $140 at the time). To provide the design for this “people’s car,” Hitler called in the Austrian automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche. In 1938, at a Nazi rally, the Fuhrer declared: “It is for the broad masses that this car has been built. Its purpose is to answer their transportation needs, and it is intended to give them joy.” However, soon after the KdF (Kraft-durch-Freude)-Wagen (“Strength-Through-Joy” car) was displayed for the first time at the Berlin Motor Show in 1939, World War II began, and Volkswagen halted production. After the war ended, with the factory in ruins, the Allies would make Volkswagen the focus of their attempts to resuscitate the German auto industry.", "Now VW's tagline is to be Aus Liebe zum Automobil (\"For the love of the car\"). Although the company in the US will stick with its \"Drivers wanted\" slogan, the new German line has already appeared in print adverts and should soon make its way on to UK television, as it will in many other countries.", "The Volkswagen brand name, logo or shield does not feature anywhere in the film, as the automaker did not permit Disney to use the name. The only logos can be briefly seen in at least two places, however. The first instance is on the brake pedals during the first scene where Herbie takes control with Jim inside (on the freeway when Herbie runs into Thorndyke's Rolls Royce), and in fact it is shown in all the future scenes when Jim is braking. The second instance is on the ignition key, when Jim tries to shut down the braking Herbie. The later sequels produced, however, do promote the Volkswagen name (as sales of the Beetle were down when the sequels were produced). The VW \"Wolfsburg\" castle emblem on the steering wheel hub is also seen throughout the car's interior shots.", "Fahrvergnügen meaning \"driving pleasure\"; originally, the word was introduced in a Volkswagen advertising campaign in the U.S., one tag line was: \"Are we having Fahrvergnügen yet?\". Caused widespread puzzlement when it was used in television commercials with no explanation.", "Many enthusiasts don't realize it but the first Volkswagen was designed by the acclaimed automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche (yeah, the guy that Porsche is named after) to be a vehicle for the common man. Throughout the 1930s large, luxury sedans were the most popular and commonplace vehicles on the Autobahn but these behemoths were neither affordable nor accessible to the majority of Germans. Therefore, at the request of Hitler himself, Porsche began to design a line of cars that were both inexpensive and reliable. The Fuehrer conceived o the name for the new marque as being the same as the party slogan \"Joy through Strength\" or KDF-wagne but the company had to shelve its plans before it could begin production due to the exigencies of war and the fact that the plant was badly damaged during WWII.", "The development of the Volkswagen brand is intertwined with the history of the 20th century. It is one of the greatest automotive brand successes in history.", "Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949, but only sold two units in America that first year. On its entry to the U.S. market, the VW was briefly sold as a \"Victory Wagon\". Volkswagen of America was formed in April 1955 to standardize sales and service in the U.S.  ", "Volkswagen Group has added to their success over the years in multiple ways. They now own companies like Bugatti, Porsche, Seat S.A., and Skoda Auto, among others. They have also won numerous awards such as the World Car of the Year award, and the European Car of the Year award. In 2009 the Jetta TDI won the “Green Car of the Year” award, from Green Car Journal.", "Sales soared—thanks in part to the famous advertising campaigns by New York advertising agency Doyle, Dane Bernbach. Led by art director Helmut Krone, and copywriters Julian Koenig and Bob Levinson, Volkswagen advertisements became as popular as the car, using crisp layouts and witty copy to lure the younger, sophisticated consumers with whom the car became associated. Even though it was almost universally known as the Beetle (or the Bug), it was never officially labelled as such by the manufacturer, instead referred to as the Type 1.", "However, the pivotal model which would turn Volkswagen's fortunes emerged as the Volkswagen Golf in 1974, marketed in the United States and Canada as the Rabbit for the 1st generation (1975-1985) and 5th generation (2006-2009). This was a car unlike its predecessor in most significant ways, both mechanically as well as visually (its angular styling was designed by the Italian Giorgetto Giugiaro ). Its design followed trends for small family cars set by the 1959 Mini — the Golf had a transversely mounted , water-cooled engine in the front, driving the front wheels, and had a hatchback , a format that has dominated the market segment ever since. Beetle production at Wolfsburg ended upon the Golf's introduction, but continued in smaller numbers at other German factories ( Hanover and Emden ) until 1978, but mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico .", "bog standard: n no frills. The basic version. So your �bog standard� Volkswagen Golf would be one that doesn�t have electric windows, power steering or opposable thumbs. Well, nowadays a bog-standard Golf probably does have two thirds of those things. There�s no particular reason to believe that the term has anything to do with a toilet (see �bog�).", "So the company is following the lead of Audi and Seat (both owned by the VW parent) and introducing a slogan in the car's native language.", "The Volkswagen Golf is a thoroughly impressive family hatchback. It has a high quality feel that none of its mainstream rivals can match and the potential to pinch sales from premium hatches in the class above. Brilliantly-judged suspension, high-tech turbocharged engines and that classy VW image all count in its favour.", "The pivotal model emerged as the Volkswagen Golf in 1974, marketed in the United States and Canada as the Rabbit for the 1st generation (1975–1985) and 5th generation (2006–2009). Its angular styling was designed by the Italian Giorgetto Giugiaro). Its design followed trends for small family cars set by the 1959 Mini – the Golf had a transversely mounted, water-cooled engine in the front, driving the front wheels, and had a hatchback, a format that has dominated the market segment ever since. Beetle production at Wolfsburg ended upon the Golf's introduction. It continued in smaller numbers at other German factories (Hanover and Emden) until 1978, but mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico.", "Volkswagen's fortunes in North America improved once the third-generation Golf and Jetta models became available there. Sharp advertising and savvy promotional stunts, like including Trek bicycles, and accompanying bike racks with a limited edition of the 1996 Jetta sedan, were credited for the firm's recovery in the U.S. and Canada, but the introductions of the New Beetle and the fifth-generation Passat were a major boost to the brand.", "Passat, Scirocco, Golf, and Polo shared many character defining features, as well as parts and engines. They built the basis for Volkswagen's turn-around." ]

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[ "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was designed and constructed to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice- free port- Valdez, Alaska.", "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 12 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. It is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline, (or the pipeline as referred to in Alaska), but those terms technically apply only to the 800 mi of the pipeline with the diameter of 48 inches (122 cm) that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, to Valdez, Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.", "The difference was the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System and the taxes and revenue it brought to Alaska. Alyeska and the oil companies injected billions of dollars into the Alaska economy during the construction effort and the years afterward. In addition, the taxes paid by those companies altered the tax structure of the state. By 1982, five years after the pipeline started transporting oil, 86.5 percent of Alaska revenue came directly from the petroleum industry. ", "Oil going into the Trans-Alaska Pipeline comes from one of several oil fields on Alaska's North Slope. The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, the one most commonly associated with the pipeline, contributes oil, as do the Kuparuk, Alpine, Endicott, and Liberty oil fields, among others. Oil emerges from the ground at approximately 120 F and cools to 111 F by the time it reaches Pump Station 1 through feeder pipelines that stretch across the North Slope. North Slope crude oil has a specific gravity of 29.9 API at 60 F. In 2008, the pipeline carried approximately 700 koilbbl/d, less than its theoretical maximum capacity of or its actual maximum of in 1988. From Pump Station 1 it takes an average of 11.9 days for oil to travel the entire length of the pipeline to Valdez, a speed of .", "Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., which operates the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, is splitting with its longtime provider of oil spill prevention and response services in Prince William Sound.", "Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.", "Alyeska operates the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and its Valdez terminal, and is controlled by the pipeline owners, primarily ExxonMobil, BP and ConocoPhillips.", "File:Trans-Alaska Pipeline (1).jpg|Heat pipes in vertical supports maintain a frozen bulb around portions of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline that are at risk of thawing.", "The 36-year-old Trans-Alaska Pipeline marches south from the North Slope across squishy tundra, mighty rivers and high mountain passes on its way to Prince William Sound.", "The portion of the environmental debate with the biggest symbolic impact took place when discussing the pipeline's impact on caribou herds. Environmentalists proposed that the pipeline would have an effect on caribou similar to the effect of the U.S. transcontinental railroad on the American Bison population of North America. Pipeline critics said the pipeline would block traditional migration routes, making caribou populations smaller and making them easier to hunt. This idea was exploited in anti-pipeline advertising, most notably when a picture of a forklift carrying several legally shot caribou was emblazoned with the slogan, \"There is more than one way to get caribou across the Alaska Pipeline\". The use of caribou as an example of the pipeline's environmental effects reached a peak in the spring of 1971, when the draft environmental statement was being debated.", "TAPS is operated by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (Alyeska) on behalf of its five owners; ConocoPhillips owns 29%. Alyeska also operates the Ship Escort/Response Vessel System (SERVS), helping to safely transport tankers through the Sound and providing extensive spill response preparedness.", "Early in 1968, oil deposits were discovered at Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, and by December 1968, the United States was proposing to ship oil through the Northwest Passage to the American east coast. The Canadian Government, including newly elected Prime Minister Trudeau, objected to the commercial transportation of environmentally-hazardous materials through the sensitive northern eco-system but possessed little data on northern ice conditions and navigation to back their concerns. [Note 208]", "The perpetually frozen subsurface known as permafrost lies a few feet beneath the surface of the islands in the delta and exists discontinuously beneath the entire Mackenzie Lowlands north of Great Slave Lake. Depending on the type of vegetation cover, the top few inches to several feet of ground above the permafrost thaws during the summer months. Northern construction of airfields, roads, and pipelines has to be adapted to these permafrost conditions; houses and other buildings are usually placed on wooden piles that are sunk and frozen into the permafrost for stability. One of the distinctive features of the town of Inuvik is a utilidor, a linear boxlike metal container raised slightly above the surface of the ground, in which the separate sewer, water, and heating pipes are placed. Mackenzie River water-transport routes terminate at Tuktoyaktuk on the Arctic coast northeast of the delta; there cargo is transferred to other vessels of greater draft, which serve the small settlements, radar stations, and oil-exploration sites along the western Arctic coast.", "*Research and debate is under way right now in Alaska on how to ship the gas. Two of the main options include a new pipeline, and ways to liquefy the gas to send it down the existing pipeline. ", "Canada is the largest source of oil imported by the United States, supplying nearly a million barrels a day from oil sand sources. Keystone XL, a pipeline from Alberta to Gulf coast refineries, is under consideration, as is the North Gateway project to Kitimat, B.C. which would be built by Enbridge, operator of the Enbridge Pipeline System which also serves the area. Industry observers believe there may be excess pipeline capacity. Kinder Morgan has made another proposal for a west coast pipeline while Enbridge also proposes Eastern Access, a pipeline to refineries in Montreal and possibly to a terminal in Portland, Maine, as well as expansion of an existing pipeline to Chicago. Environmental and First Nations opposition to all these projects is anticipated, and planned. ", "B.C. has 25,000 km worth of natural gas pipelines to move the gas from the Peace River region, where almost all of it is currently produced, to market. The gas used by British Columbians is primarily transported through a single pipeline owned by WestCoast stretching from the north-east to the lower mainland. From there the gas is distributed to users by Terasen Gas and Pacific Natural Gas.", "The minimum flow through the pipeline is not as clearly defined as its maximum. Operating at lower flows will extend the life of the pipeline as well as increasing profit for its owners. The 2012 flow of 600,000 bbd is significantly less than what the pipeline was designed for. Low flowrates require that the oil move slower through the line, meaning that its temperature drops more than in high-flow situations. A freeze in the line would block a pig in the line, which would force a shutdown and repairs. A 2011 engineering report by Alyeska stated that, to avoid freezing, heaters would need to be installed at several pump stations. This report noted that these improvements could bring flow as low as 350,000 bbd, but it did not attempt to determine the absolute minimum. Other studies have suggested that the minimum is 70,000 100,000 bbd with the current pipeline. Alyeska could also replace the 48\" pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to Fairbanks with a 20\" pipeline and use rail the rest of the way, which would allow as little as 45,000 bbd.", "A controversial decision by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers preventing completion of the Dakota Access Pipeline continues to spur debate about U.S. infrastructure projects and the movement of crude oil. Regardless of the outcome of that debate, in the short term railroads will continue to transport Bakken crude oil in specially designed tank cars.", "On August 20, 2009, the U.S. State Department issued a presidential permit for an Alberta Clipper Pipeline that will run from Hardisty, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin . The pipeline will be capable of carrying up to 450,000 barrels (72,000 m3) of crude oil a day to refineries in the U.S. [94] [95]", "TransCanada has proposed building a pipeline to bring oil from the Athabasca oil sands directly to refineries in the United States. But the pipeline, known as Keystone XL, has not been approved by the U.S. government.", "Commercial water transportation still operates during the summer on the Mackenzie. A modern diesel tug and barge fleet is based at Hay River, with a secondary base at the mouth of the Mackenzie at Tuktoyaktuk , the only reliably sheltered harbour on the shallow western coast.", "The Mackenzie River (Slavey language: Deh-Cho, big river or Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak, great river) is the largest and longest river system in Canada, and is exceeded only by the Mississippi River system in North America. It flows through a vast, isolated region of forest and tundra entirely within the country's Yukon as well as Northwest Territories, although its many tributaries reach into four other Canadian provinces and territories. The river's mainstem runs 1738 km in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean, draining a vast area nearly the size of Indonesia. It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America, and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world.", "The Mackenzie River (Slavey language: Deh-Cho, big river or Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak, great river) is the largest and longest river system in Canada, and is exceeded only by the Mississippi River system in North America. It flows through a vast, isolated region of forest and tundra entirely within the country’s Northwest Territories, although its many tributaries reach into four other Canadian provinces and territories. The river’s mainstem runs 1,738 kilometres (1,080 mi) in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean, draining a vast area nearly the size of Indonesia. It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America, and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world.", "Slovak oil pipeline operator Transpetrol said it was notified by Russia's pipeline company Transneft that oil flow through the Druzhba pipeline to Slovakia from Russia would resume today afternoon.", "The Canadian government claims that some of the waters of the Northwest Passage, particularly those in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, are Internal waters of Canada, giving Canada the right to bar transit through these waters. Most maritime nations, including the United States and those of the European Union, classify these waters as an international strait, where foreign vessels have the right of \"transit passage\". In such a regime, Canada would have the right to enact fishing and environmental regulation, and fiscal and smuggling laws, as well as laws intended for the safety of shipping, but not the right to close the passage. If the passage’s deep waters become completely ice-free in summer months, they would be particularly enticing for supertankers that are too big to pass through the Panama Canal and must otherwise navigate around the tip of South America. ", "The Mackenzie River basin is still one of the most sparsely populated, and pristine, habitats of North America. Through the trapping of animals such as beavers, lynxes, foxes, and martens for fur is still practiced by the indigenous Indians settled along the river, fur trading is no longer a dominant source of economic revenue for this region. Agriculture is not extensively practiced in this region, and is mainly limited to the warmer, southern reaches of the river and its tributaries, where grains and cereals are cultivated and animal ranching is practiced. Commercial fishing is carried out in the lakes of the Mackenzie system like Lake Athabasca and the Great Slave Lake. Oil and petroleum mining is the major profitable activity along the Mackenzie River, with the first oil field being discovered in 1921 at Norman Wells. Uranium, gold, diamond, lead, and zinc have also been mined in and along the Mackenzie River system. Besides its economic significance, the Mackenzie River is also ecologically significant, hosting some of the most pristine habitats of North America, and accounting for 11% of the freshwater entering into the Arctic, thereby influencing the circulation patterns of this northern ocean to a significant degree.", "The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, and when combined with head streams, including the Peace River and the Slave River, is the second longest river system in North America. This river flows north to the Arctic Ocean. The river system is frozen for much of year, thawing only from May until October.", "This summer, the ice has been slow to retreat in the Baffin and Hudson bays, as highlighted by the Multisensor Analyzed Sea Ice (MASIE) product. Throughout July, ice in the bays remained more extensive than in recent summers, adding an extra 500,000 square kilometers (193,000 square miles) of ice to the Arctic total. These areas, normally navigable at this time of year, are reported to be clogged with ice. The heavy ice conditions made fuel resupply difficult for some coastal communities in Nunavut and Nunavik. A supply ship was delayed three weeks attempting to reach Nunavik, and Arctic research projects have been delayed as well. More extensive ice than usual in the eastern part of Hudson Bay also resulted in delays of resupply for communities in Northern Quebec. Polar bears, which are usually farther out on the ice edge at this time of year, were observed in Iqaluit.", "In March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the allowed maximum weight limit to 40000 kg on the road. The truck which was 3 km outside of Deline, and close to the communities fresh water intake as well as a major fishing area, contained approximately 30000 l of heating fuel and was one of 70 truck loads intended to resupply the community. The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am, 8 March. ", "* Disc-stack centrifuges used by some companies in the oil sands industry to separate small amounts of water and solids from bitumen", "DESCRIPTION: Wanting to know where her electricity comes from, the film maker undertakes a trip to northern Manitoba, where the Cree peoples are coping with the environmental and cultural impact of a nearby hydroelectric dam. Despite the fact that the current dam has increased poverty and environmental devastation, there is division among the northern Manitoba Cree about whether to build more local hydroelectric-power infrastructure. Moneyed interests and their pawns vs. those trying to protect their land and traditional way of life—who will win?", "In Canada�s Northwest Territories the Mackenzie River flows from Great Slave Lake, the 10th largest freshwater lake in the world, 1850km north through one of the largest wildernesses on earth -- the boreal forest and on to the Arctic Ocean. Paddling the Mackenzie, Canada�s longest river, is a trip of a lifetime. Paddling this river won�t take your July long weekend � it will take your summer." ]

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[ "The world's first nuclear-powered submarine was USS Nautilus, launched at Groton, Connecticut, USA, on 21 January 1954. Built by General Dynamics Electric Boat, Nautilus was 98.7 m (324 ft) long, with a beam of 26.8 m (88 ft). She had a crew of 95 enlisted men and 10 officers, and was capable of reaching speeds of over 20 knots (37 km/h or 23 mph). Steam provided by nuclear-generated heat turned two turbines, developing 11,200 kW (15,000 hp). In 1986 she was put on display at the Submarine Force Museum at Groton, Connecticut, where she remains today.", "USS Nautilus was the world's first nuclear-powered submarine. Her propulsion system was a landmark in the history of naval engineering and submersible craft. All vessels previously known as \"submarines\" were in fact only submersible craft. Nautilus' nuclear plant enabled the boat to remain submerged for weeks, even months. Thus Nautilus was the world's first true submarine. Nautilus demonstrated her capabilities in 1958 when she sailed beneath the Arctic icepack to the North Pole and broadcast the famous message \"Nautilus 90 North.\" Scores of nuclear submarines followed Nautilus, replacing the United States' diesel boat fleet. During her long career Nautilus established many historic firsts. She was decommissioned in 1980. The boat is now open to the public in Groton, Connecticut, where many of America's submarines, including Nautilus, have been built since the early 1930s.", "USS Nautilus, the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine, was launched off Connecticut on this day in 1954.", "January 21, 1954 - The USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear powered submarine, was launched at Groton, Connecticut.", "Built by Connecticut craftsmen, USS Nautilus was the world's first nuclear powered submarine and logged more than 500,000 nautical miles during her distinguished 25 year career. The USS Nautilus, named Connecticut's State Ship by the 1983 General Assembly, has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is permanently berthed next to the Submarine Force Library and Museum at Goss Cove in Groton.", "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) is the world’s first operational nuclear-powered submarine. She was also the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched in Groton, Connecticut by Mamie Eisenhower, the First Lady of the United States.", "Description: USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "1954: the United States launched the USS Nautilus.  It was the world's first nuclear  submarine. ( read history )", "On August 3, 1958, the U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus accomplishes the first undersea voyage to the geographic North Pole. The world’s first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus dived at Point Barrow, Alaska, and traveled nearly 1,000 miles under the Arctic ice cap to reach the top of the world. It then steamed on to Iceland, pioneering a new and shorter route from the Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe.", "1957 USS Nautilus, the 1st nuclear-powered submarine, logs her 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described", "The film Nautilus depicted the famous submarine in the Jules Verne novel \"20,000 leagues Under the Sea.\" The theme park ride featured the USS Nautilus - the world's first nuclear-powered submarine that traveled below the polar ice cap of the artic ocean on August 3, 1958 with its crew of 116 to become the first ship to cross the geographic North Pole.", "The US navy commissioned the world’s first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus, in 1955. On his visit to Britain the next year, the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev told an audience at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, that a future war would not be “decided by cruisers, not even by bombers. They too are outdated … Today the submarine fleet has come to the forefront as the chief naval weapon, and the chief aerial weapon is the missile, which can hit targets at great distances, and in future the distance will be unlimited.”", "The first nuclear-powered submarine went to sea: the 323-foot, 3,674-ton \"Nautilus.\" Surface speed 18 knots, 23 knots submerged. On her shakedown cruise, she steamed 1,381 miles from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico � submerged all the way at an average speed of 15 knots. She was so fast that, on her first exercise with an ASW force, she outran the homing torpedoes.", "USS Nautilus was the first nuclear-powered submarine. Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticutthe same company that had sold the U.S. Navy its first submarine in 1900laid her keel 14 June 1952. She was launched 18 months later and commissioned in September 1954.", "In 1952 American scientists invented the much more powerful hydrogen bomb. The USSR exploded a hydrogen bomb in 1954. The first nuclear powered submarine, the Nautilus was launched in 1955.", "USS Nautilus (hull number SSN-571), the world's first atomic submarine, was launched into the Thames River in Groton, CT on January 21, 1954 after First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke the traditional bottle of champagne across her bow.", "The USS Nautilus was constructed under the direction of U.S. Navy Captain Hyman G. Rickover, a brilliant Russian-born engineer who joined the U.S. atomic program in 1946. In 1947, he was put in charge of the navy’s nuclear-propulsion program and began work on an atomic submarine. Regarded as a fanatic by his detractors, Rickover succeeded in developing and delivering the world’s first nuclear submarine years ahead of schedule. In 1952, the Nautilus’ keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman, and on January 21, 1954, first lady Mamie Eisenhower broke a bottle of champagne across its bow as it was launched into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut. Commissioned on September 30, 1954, it first ran under nuclear power on the morning of January 17, 1955.", "Unlike engine s that run on fossil fuel s, nuclear reactors do not require frequent refueling or air. This means the Nautilus and other nuclear-powered submarines could remain underwater for much, much longer time periods than traditional submarines. In fact, the Nautilus’ first voyage became what was then the world’s longest submarine trip—from New London, Connecticut, to San Juan, Puerto Rico. ", "The first submarine to reach the Pole was the nuclear powered submarine USS Nautilus . The sub left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on July 28, 1958, travelled through the Bering Strait and under the Arctic ice pack and reached the geographic North Pole on August 3. It then completed the trans-polar voyage by continuing to Portland, England.", "            1900- Happy Birthday, Hyman Rickover, “the Father of the Nuclear Navy”, who supervised the building of the first atomic submarine. (Did you say Nautilus? The submarine, piloted by Captain Nemo in  Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea?)", "The first launch of a cruise missile (SSM-N-8 Regulus) from a submarine occurred in July 1953, from the deck of , a World War II fleet boat modified to carry the missile with a nuclear warhead. Tunny and its sister boat, , were the United States' first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months. Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the US, the Soviet Union, Britain, and France have been powered by nuclear reactors.", "Official board the USS Nautilus at the electric boat division of the General Dynamics Corp. on Aug. 30, 1954, for the commissioning ceremony placing the world's first atomic-powered submarine in the service of the U.S. Navy.", "In July 1951 the United States Congress authorized the construction of a nuclear-powered submarine for the U.S. Navy, which was planned and personally supervised by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, known as the \"Father of the Nuclear Navy.\" On 12 December 1951 the US Department of the Navy announced that the submarine would be called Nautilus—the fourth U.S. Navy vessel officially so named—and would carry the hull number SSN-571.", "In July 1951, after several years of experiments with marine applications for nuclear power, Congress authorized the US Navy to build a nuclear-powered submarine. This type of propulsion was highly desirable as a nuclear reactor makes no emissions and does not require air. Design and construction of the new vessel was personally overseen by the \"Father of the Nuclear Navy,\" Admiral Hyman G.", "Finally, in 1888, the Spanish navy launched the Peral submarine, the first electric battery-powered submarine, which also so happened to be the first fully capable military submarine. Built by Spanish engineer and sailor named Isaac Peral, it was equipped with a torpedo tube, two torpedoes, an air regeneration system, the first fully reliable underwater navigation system and posted an underwater speed of 3.5 mph.", "In July 1951 the US Congress authorized the construction of a nuclear-powered submarine for the U.S. Navy, which was planned and personally supervised by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover. On December 12, 1951 the U.S. Department o...", "A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor. The performance advantages of nuclear submarines over \"conventional\" (typically diesel-electric) submarines are considerable. Nuclear propulsion, being completely independent of air, frees the submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines. The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods of time; and the long interval between refuelings grants a range limited only by consumables such as food.", "After several years of experiments with marine applications for nuclear power, Congress had authorized the US Navy to build a nuclear-powered submarine in July 1951.", "The German Type 212 submarine was the first series production submarine to use fuel cells for air-independent propulsion. It is powered by nine 34-kilowatt hydrogen fuel cells.", "Steam power was resurrected in the 1950s with a nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator. By eliminating the need for atmospheric oxygen, the time that a submarine could remain submerged was limited only by its food stores, as breathing air was recycled and fresh water distilled from seawater. More importantly, a nuclear submarine has unlimited range at top speed. This allows it to travel from its operating base to the combat zone in a much shorter time and makes it a far more difficult target for most anti-submarine weapons. Nuclear-powered submarines have a relatively small battery and diesel engine/generator powerplant for emergency use if the reactors must be shut down." ]

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[ "The first electrical ignition system or electric starter motor for cars was invented by GM engineers Clyde Coleman and Charles Kettering. The self-starting ignition was first installed in a Cadillac on February 17, 1911. The invention of the electric starter motor by Kettering eliminated the need for hand cranking. United States Patent #1,150,523, was issued to Kettering in 1915. ", "After founding Delco (the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company), Kettering developed the electric ignition and self-starter system, which he later took to General Motors. The ease of ignition literally opened the automobile market to a far wider market, including women—the hand crank starters could be difficult even for a strong man to use, and many had broken a wrist trying to start their engines.", "Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes.", "· Charles Franklin Kettering, having already invented, designed and developed the electric cash register, bank accounting machines and a superior ignition system for cars while working for NCR, sets up Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco). 8000 ignition systems are supplied to Cadillac in his first year of production.", "Internal combustion engines can be classified by their ignition system . The point in the cycle at which the fuel/oxidiser mixture are ignited has a direct effect on the efficiency and output of the ICE . For a typical 4 stroke automobile engine, the burning mixture has to reach its maximum pressure when the crankshaft is 90 degrees after TDC . The speed of the flame front is directly affected by compression ratio , fuel mixture temperature and octane or cetane rating of the fuel. Modern ignition systems are designed to ignite the mixture at the right time to ensure the flame front doesn't contact the decending piston crown . If the flame front contacts the piston, pinking or knocking results. Leaner mixtures and lower mixture pressures burn more slowly requiring more advanced ignition timing . Today most engines use an electrical or compression heating system for ignition. However outside flame and hot-tube systems have been used historically. Nikola Tesla gained one of the first patents on the mechanical ignition system with U.S. Patent 609,250   , \"Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines\", on 16 August 1898 .", "In the late 1890’s Otto developed an electrical ignition system, the first ‘spark plug’ was used to ignite liquid fuels for internal combustion. Petroleum quickly became popular as a mobile fuel source. The electrical ignition idea can actually be first found in the work of Alessandro Volta who used it to ignite gas to fire a cork from a small gun in the 1780’s.", "The ignition system used an unusual trembler coil system to drive the spark plugs, as used for stationary gas engines, rather than the expensive magnetos that were used on other cars. This ignition also made the Model T more flexible as to the quality or type of fuel it used. The need for a starting battery and also Ford's use of an unusual AC alternator located inside the flywheel housing encouraged the adoption of electric lighting (standard fitment as of 1915), rather than oil or acetylene lamps, but it also delayed the adoption of electric starting, which was not offered until 1919. ", "The first commercial electronic fuel injection (EFI) system was Electrojector, developed by the Bendix Corporation and was offered by American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1957. The Rambler Rebel, showcased AMC's new 327 CID engine. The Electrojector was an option and rated at 288 bhp. The EFI produced peak torque 500 rpm lower than the equivalent carburetored engine The Rebel Owners Manual described the design and operation of the new system. (due to cooler, therefore denser, intake air). The cost of the EFI option was US$395 and it was available on 15 June 1957. Electrojector's teething problems meant only pre-production cars were so equipped: thus, very few cars so equipped were ever sold and none were made available to the public. The EFI system in the Rambler ran fine in warm weather, but suffered hard starting in cooler temperatures.", "On this side of the pond, General Motors had jumped ahead of its competition to become the most automated automotive plant in the world. In 1969, it rebuilt its Lordstown, Ohio plant installing Unimate spot welding robots. Capable of production speed never before achieved, the robots built 110 cars per hour - more than double the rate of any automotive plant in existence at the time! With the help of the Unimate, GM revolutionized the automotive industry. The Europeans were quick to follow suit and companies like BMW, Volvo, Mercedes Benz, British Leyland, and Fiat installed Unimate robotic arms to perform jobs that were unpleasant and dangerous for humans, a robot benefit very important to Engelberger.", "Around this same time, many big and small automakers began exploring options for alternative fuel vehicles, including electric cars. For example, General Motors developed a prototype for an urban electric car that it displayed at the Environmental Protection Agency’s First Symposium on Low Pollution Power Systems Development in 1973, and the American Motor Company produced electric delivery jeeps that the United States Postal Service used in a 1975 test program. Even NASA helped raise the profile of the electric vehicle when its electric Lunar rover became the first manned vehicle to drive on the moon in 1971.", "Before Chrysler's 1949 innovation of the key-operated combination ignition-starter switch, the starter was often operated by the driver pressing a button mounted on the floor or dashboard. Some vehicles had a pedal in the floor that manually engaged the starter drive pinion with the flywheel ring gear, then completed the electrical circuit to the starter motor once the pedal reached the end of its travel. Ferguson tractors from the 1940s, including the Ferguson TE20, had an extra position on the gear lever that engaged the starter switch, ensuring safety by preventing the tractors from being started in gear. ", "The Cadillac Division of General Motors demonstrates the first electric self-starter, enabling women to drive alone. Charles Kettering created the first successful electric self-sterterfor Cadillac.", "General Motors was the first company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile. In 1990, GM debuted the \"Impact\" concept car at the Los Angeles Auto Show. It was the first car with zero-emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located in only a few regions (e.g., California, Arizona, Georgia). Vehicles were leased, rather than sold, to individuals. In 1999 GM decided to cease production of the vehicles. When the individual leases had expired, they declined to renew the leases or allow the lessors to purchase them. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors and, with the exception of a few which were donated to museums, all were destroyed. The documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car? covered the EV1 story.", "The year 1934 brought about a revolution in assembly-line technology. Henry F. Phillips introduced the Phillips screw and driver to the market. He entered into talks with General Motors and convinced the Cadillac group that his new screws would speed assembly times and therefore increase profits. Cadillac was the first automaker to use the Phillips technology, which was widely adopted in 1940. For the first time in many years all cars built by the company shared the same basic engine and drivetrain in 1941. [7]", "The “Electrojector” developed by Bendix in the United States during the mid 1950s was one of the first electronic fuel injection systems. From 1957 it was offered as an option by Pontiac, De Soto, Chrysler, Dodge and Plymouth.", "Chevrolet ( ), colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM). Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3, 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company. Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2, 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency. After Durant's second ousting in 1919, Alfred Sloan, with his maxim \"a car for every purse and purpose,\" would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family, selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929. ", "Selden's design was fairly vague, and was actually based on a two-cylinder internal-combustion engine that someone else had invented: Selden had simply copied the one he'd seen on display at the 1872 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. In 1899, Selden sold his patent to a group of investors who called themselves the Electric Vehicle Company. In turn, they immediately sued the Winton Motor Carriage Company, the largest car manufacturer in the United States, for infringing on the Selden patent just by building gas-powered cars. Winton settled, and the court upheld Selden's patent in 1903.", "The first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built 1896 in East Peckham, England by electrical engineer H. J. Dowsing. ", "The automobile, for decades the quintessential American industrial product, did not have its origins in the United States. In 1860, Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian mechanic, introduced an internal combustion engine that proved useful as a source of stationary power. In 1878, Nicholas Otto, a German manufacturer, developed his four-stroke \"explosion\" engine. By 1885, one of his engineers, Gottlieb Daimler, was building the first of four experimental vehicles powered by a modified Otto internal combustion engine. Also in 1885, another German manufacturer, Carl Benz, introduced a three-wheeled, self-propelled vehicle. In 1887, the Benz became the first automobile offered for sale to the public. By 1895, automotive technology was dominated by the French, led by Emile Lavassor. Lavassor developed the basic mechanical arrangement of the car, placing the engine in the front of the chassis, with the crankshaft perpendicular to the axles.", "American Motors did not have its own electric car program as the Big Three, and after some negotiation, a contract was drawn in 1967 with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on lithium and a speed controller designed by Victor Wouk. A nickel-cadmium battery powered 1969 Rambler station wagon demonstrated the power systems that according to the scientist was a \"wonderful car\". This was also the start of other \"plug-in\"-type experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton – the Amitron and the Electron.", "They make their last completely new car in 1924, but a fragment of the company remanufactured old cars, some with contemporary bodies, until 1939. Anderson/Detroit Electric make more personal electric cars than any other manufacturer in the Twentieth Century. They are popular with the wives of gasoline carmakers such as Ford, Marmon, Olds, Stutz, and the makers of Packard.", "The founder of the an American motor company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.", "The Pope Manufacturing Company merged with two smaller electric car companies to form the Electric Vehicle Company, the first large-scale operation in the American automobile industry. The company had assets of $200 million.", "1858 - Belgian-born engineer, Jean JosephÉtienne Lenoir invented and patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an improved engine (using petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a three-wheeled wagon that managed to complete an historic fifty-mile road trip. (See image at top)", "1858 - Belgian-born engineer, Jean JosephÉtienne Lenoir invented and patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an improved engine (using petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a three-wheeled wagon that managed to complete an historic fifty-mile road trip. (See image at top)", "A flywheel Magneto (electrical) (broadly equivalent to a modern Alternator (auto)) produced low voltage Alternating current to power a trembler coil, which created a high voltage current. This ignition pulse was passed to the timer (analogous to a Distributor in a modern vehicle) and redistributed to the firing cylinder. Ignition timing was adjusted manually by using the spark advance lever mounted on the steering column which rotated the timer. A battery could be used for starting current: at hand-cranking speed, the magneto did not always produce sufficient current. A certain amount of skill and experience was required to find the optimal timing for any speed and load. When electric headlights were introduced in 1915, the magneto was upgraded to supply power for the lights and horn. In keeping with the goal of ultimate reliability and simplicity, the trembler coil and magneto ignition system was retained even after the car became equipped with a generator and battery for electric starting and lighting. Most cars sold after 1919 were equipped with electric starting, which was engaged by a small round pedal on the floor in front of the driver's seat.", "During the design of the Model A in 1927, Henry Ford assured mechanical quality and reliability, allowing his son to develop the body, with the help of designer József Galamb. Edsel also prevailed upon his father to allow the inclusion of four-wheel mechanical brakes and a sliding-gear transmission on this model. The resulting Model A was a commercial success, selling over four million during four years of production.", "Electronic ignition (EI) solves these problems. In the initial systems, points were still used but they handled only a low current which was used to control the high primary current through a solid state switching system. Soon, however, even these contact breaker points were replaced by an angular sensor of some kind - either optical, where a vaned rotor breaks a light beam, or more commonly using a Hall effect sensor, which responds to a rotating magnet mounted on the distributor shaft. The sensor output is shaped and processed by suitable circuitry, then used to trigger a switching device such as a thyristor, which switches a large current through the coil.", "Advances in internal combustion engines in the first decade of the 20th century lessened the relative advantages of the electric car. The greater range of gasoline cars, and their much quicker refueling times, made them more popular and encouraged a rapid expansion of petroleum infrastructure, making gasoline easy to find, but what proved decisive was the introduction in 1912 of the electric starter motor which replaced other, often laborious, methods of starting the ICE engine, such as hand-cranking.", "In 1922, two former Tufts engineering college roommates Laurence K. Marshall and Vannevar Bush, along with scientist Charles G. Smith, founded the American Appliance Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Its focus, which was originally on new refrigeration technology, soon shifted to electronics. The company's first product was a gaseous (helium) rectifier that was based on Charles Smith's earlier astronomical research of the star Zeta Puppis. The electron tube was christened with the name Raytheon (\"light of/from the gods\" ) and was used in a battery eliminator, a type of radio-receiver power supply that plugged into the power grid in place of large batteries. This made it possible to convert household alternating current to direct current for radios and thus eliminate the need for expensive, short-lived batteries.", "Capacitor discharge ignition was developed. It produces a rising voltage that is sent to the spark plug. CD system voltages can reach 60,000 volts. CD ignitions use step-up transformers. The step-up transformer uses energy stored in a capacitance to generate electric spark. With either system, a mechanical or electrical control system provides a carefully timed high-voltage to the proper cylinder. This spark, via the spark plug, ignites the air-fuel mixture in the engine's cylinders.", "In today's world, electric motors are everywhere.  You can see them in hybrid cars and you can see them in can openers." ]

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[ "Chester F Carlson invents the photocopier.  It is not patented until 1942, and it is not until 1959 that the first commercial machine goes on sale by the Haloid Company, later renamed the Xerox Corporation.", "Chester Carlson, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a patent attorney, as well as a part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in New York required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was arthritic, found this to be a painful and tedious process. This motivated him to conduct experiments with photoconductivity. Carlson used his kitchen for his \"electrophotography\" experiments, and, in 1938, he applied for a patent for the process. He made the first photocopy using a zinc plate covered with sulfur. The words \"10-22-38 Astoria\" were written on a microscope slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur and under a bright light. After the slide was removed, a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but failed because the process was still underdeveloped. At the time, multiple copies were most commonly made at the point of document origination, using carbon paper or manual duplicating machines, and people did not see the need for an electronic machine. Between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including IBM and General Electric—neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers.", "Xerography, which means “dry writing” in Greek, is a process of making copies. Xerography makes copies without using ink. In this process, static electricity charges a lighted plate; a plastic powder is applied to the areas of the page to remain white. The photocopier was invented in 1938 by Chester Floyd Carlson who marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any. The Haloid Company, later called the Xerox Corporation, marketed it, and xerography eventually became common and inexpensive.", "In 1938 Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged drum and dry powder \"toner\". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum.", "On October 22, 1938, they had their historic breakthrough. Kornei wrote the words \"10.-22.-38 ASTORIA.\" in India ink on a glass microscope slide . The Austrian prepared a zinc plate with a sulfur coating, darkened the room, rubbed the sulfur surface with a cotton handkerchief to apply an electrostatic charge, then laid the slide on the plate, exposing it to a bright, incandescent light. They removed the slide, sprinkled lycopodium powder to the sulfur surface, softly blew the excess away, and transferred the image to a sheet of wax paper . They heated the paper, softening the wax so the lycopodium would adhere to it, and had the world's first xerographic copy. After repeating the experiment to be sure it worked, Carlson celebrated by taking Kornei out for a modest lunch. [19] [20]", "This, \"10-22-38 ASTORIA\", humble legend marks the time and place of an auspicious event. It is the text of the first xerographic image ever fashioned. It was created in a makeshift laboratory in Queens, NY. by a patent attorney named Chester Carlson, who believed that the world was ready for an easier and less costly way to make copies. Carlson was proved right only after a discouraging ten-year search for a company that would develop his invention into a useful product. It was the Haloid Company, a small photo-paper maker in Rochester, N.Y, which took on the challenge and the promise of xerography and thus became, in a breathtakingly short time, the giant multinational company now known to the world as Xerox Corporation.", "Photocopiers - Electronics - Science and Technology Research Paper Topics. The photocopier, copier, or copying machine, as it is variously known, is a staple of modern life. Copies by the billions are produced not only in the office but also on machines available to the public in libraries, copy shops, stationery stores, supermarkets, and a wide variety of other commercial facilities. Over the years, various processes have been employed. By far the most common type of photocopier today is the electrostatic, or xerographic. It is the type most people are familiar with, and arguably that with which most people associate the term photocopier. It was the electrostatic process that revolutionized copying as a part of everyday life. The modern photocopying era began in 1960 with the introduction of the Xerox 914, the first push-button, plain-paper copier. Within one year, sales doubled, and Fortune magazine called the 914 ''the most successful product ever marketed in America.'' While ''photocopying'' to most people...", "Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries. Long before the first photographs were made, Chinese philosopher Mo Di and Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate, and Georg Fabricius (1516–71) discovered silver chloride. Techniques described in the Book of Optics are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials. ", "Today the evolved version of this device is termed as a printer. The device was originally invented in 1454 by a German Goldsmith by the name of Gutenberg, it consisted of a moveable metal which using ink, could print repeatedly on paper. Imagine a life without a printer, no newspaper, no hard copies, no paper and not even the ability to bring out photos from camera reel.", "A French inventor, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, produces the first photograph through a process he calls heliography or sun drawing. Niepce's process uses an instrument like the camera obscura to record an image on paper coated with silver chloride. The image is only temporary, however. It will be another six years before Niepce is able to capture images permanently.", "\"On a summer day in 1827, Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first photographic image with a camera obscura . Prior to Niepce people just used the camera obscura for viewing or drawing purposes not for making photographs. Joseph Nicephore Niepce's heliographs or sun prints as they were called were the prototype for the modern photograph, by letting light draw the picture.\"", "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed “The Wizard of Menlo Park”, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.", "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. ", "Haloid sold the first xerographic machine in 1949, but it was only when the Model 914 was introduced by Haloid (who had been named Haloid Xerox) in 1959, the photocopying machine Xerox seriously got his breakthrough and became a huge commercial success.", "Figure 31 Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography, with his first xerographic apparatus (Source: Rank Xerox UK Ltd)", "Movable-type printing first appeared in East Asia. In Europe, around 1455, Johann Gutenberg adapted the screw press used in other trades such as winemaking and combined it with type-metal alloy characters and oil-based printing ink. Major advances after Gutenberg include the cylinder printing press (c. 1811) by Frederick Koenig and Andreas Bauer, the rotary press (1846) by Richard M. Hoe, and the web press (1865) by William Bullock. Major advances do not include Lavalette's patent, which was only one of 3,268 printing patents granted in the US by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Improvements After Gutenberg", "An early photograph ic process patent ed in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, who found that by treating high-quality writing paper with light-sensitive chemicals and exposing it to light in a camera, a latent image resulted from which print s could be developed on similarly treated paper. Strictly speaking, the term \"calotype\" refers only to the paper negative from which positive prints were made on salted paper . Because the negative was embedded in the paper, rather than on a surface coating, the texture of the fibers and any imperfections in the paper tended to make the prints appear mottled or sketchy (see this example ).", "• invented the world’s first copying machine – similar in function to a photocopier – to make copies of correspondence, pages of books, and pictures.", "Chester Carlson had been frustrated with the slow mimeograph machine and the cost of photography and that lead him to inventing a new way of copying. He invented an electrostatic process that reproduced words on a page in just minutes.", "The stencil duplicator or mimeograph machine is a low-cost printing press that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. Once prepared, the stencil is wrapped around the ink-filled drum of the rotary machine. When a blank sheet of paper is drawn between the rotating drum and a pressure roller, ink is forced through the holes on the stencil onto the paper. Thomas Alva Edison invented the mimeograph in 1875.", "Thomas Edison (1847-1931) invents a duplicating process that uses a wax stencil, an early version of the mimeograph machine.", "Edison was also granted a patent for the motion picture camera or \"Kinetograph\". He did the electromechanical design, while his employee W. K. L. Dickson, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson. In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope, or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891. ", "The invention of the model- Xerox 914 paved a way for an easy process of getting a photocopy. The machine was equally large as the previous ones but this modern photocopier could make a copy on a blank paper by just placing the original sheet on a glass sheet. This machine was introduced to the market on 16th September 1959 in New York City. The initial introduction of this machine was done by making two photocopiers. They had minor problems in them as one of them caught fire and the other one worked.", "Photocopying machine (in common speech called the copy machine) is perhaps the most remarkable technological invention of the last century. The importance is not far from the computer.", "A major beneficiary of the invention of synthetic dyes was a document reproduction technique known as stencil duplicating. Its earliest form was invented in 1874 by Eugenio de Zuccato, a young Italian studying law in London, who called his device the Papyrograph. Zuccato’s system involved writing on a sheet of varnished paper with caustic ink, which ate through the varnish and paper fibers, leaving holes where the writing had been. This sheet – which had now become a stencil – was placed on a blank sheet of paper, and ink rolled over it so that the ink oozed through the holes, creating a duplicate on the second sheet.", "Kodachrome, the first modern colour film, was invented in America by Leopold Mannes and Leopold Godowsky, nicknamed \"Man and God\". These classically-trained professional musicians carried out photographic experiments in their spare time, often in hotel rooms when they were on tour. Their musical background was useful when they whistled passages of music to gauge development times in the darkroom.", "The photocopy machine is commonplace among nearly every business in North America, Europe and beyond. It allows a person to make quick and cost-effective copies of documents. Most modern copy machines use a concept known as xerography that fuses dry ink to paper. This invention was not developed overnight. It took a number of individuals and companies to perfect the concept for the modern office.", "A photocopier (which is also known as simply a copier, copy machine or photocopy machine) is a machine that can make paper copies of documents quickly and cheaply. Most current model photocopiers use a technology called �Xerography�. This uses a dry copying process using toner and heat. Copiers can also use other output technologies, such as ink-jet, but xerography is the standard technology for office copying. Inkjet technology tends to be used more in the lower end home-use copiers. The technology is cheap to purchase, although the consumables (ink) costs are high in terms of cost per page.", "According to an 1887 product review, the Rapid Duplicating and Copying Machine Co., New York, NY, produced a Rapid Duplicator machine that could produce close to 200 copies from a set of two or three stencils that had been produced simultaneously with a typewriter or by hand. The Rapid Duplicator is illustrated in the top image to the right. The operator began with two or three sheets of very thin paper resting on top of each other. Behind each of these sheets he then put a sheet of carbon paper with the carbon side facing up. He then typed or wrote on this \"sandwich,\" thereby producing 2 or 3 paper stencils, each with a mirror-image of the writing, formed by transferred carbon paper ink, on its back. Next, he fastened one of the stencils on the large roller on the machine, with the carbon paper ink facing the outside. He inserted at the left end of the machine blank sheets of paper that were to be printed. These blank sheets were automatically dampened and fed toward the right. A special roller squeezed excess moisture out of the dampened sheets. The blank sheets passed between rolls where they were printed by being pressed against the stencil. The printed sheets exited at the right end of the machine. If three stencils were made, the first was able to print around 75 sheets, the second between 50 and 75 sheets, and the third around 50 sheets.", "Known for inventing the phonograph and the motion picture camera, and whose work in electricity led to the development of the lightbulb", "Xerography, also known as electrophotography, is a printing and photocopying technique that works on the basis of electrostatic charges. The xerography process is the dominant method of reproducing images and printing computer data and is used in photocopiers, laser printer s and fax machines. The term derives from the Greek words xeros , meaning dry and graphos , meaning writing.", "Another process, patented in France in 1855 under the name Photocollography, was modified in 1865 under the name Phototypy (still used in France) and in Germany in 1868 under the name Albertypy (still used in Germany). This process used photosensitive substances not as agents in making plates for printing but to serve directly as the effective surface of such plates. Known elsewhere as the collotype process, the technique was in great favour between 1880 and 1914, was then neglected, and has recently been revived and mechanized for printing posters and transparencies in black and in colour." ]

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[ "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games were held in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The games ran from February 8 to 24, 2002, and the Paralympics from March 7 to 16, 2002. The sporting events were held in ten competitive venues, while non-competitive events, such as the opening ceremony, were held in six other venues. Three venues were also created for training purposes. All Olympic venues were scattered throughout Northern Utah.", "The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XIXes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002, were a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated in February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City, United States. Approximately 2,400 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games, and the 2002 Winter Olympics are the most recent games to be held in the United States.", "The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, Utah from February 8 through February 24, 2002. The Olympics are one of the most popular events on television worldwide. In addition to the hundreds of hours of broadcasts of sporting events and ceremonies, the Olympics generate extensive press coverage, particularly in countries that send athletic delegations to compete. This collection contains archived web sites from media covering the events. Due to the international interest in the Games, media outlets from foreign countries were included as well as U.S. newspapers, journals, and broadcast Web sites. This collection is accessible at the Library of Congress.", "The Nineteenth Winter Olympics: The 2002 Winter Olympics were officially known as the X IX Olympic Winter Games. The games were held in Salt Lake City, Utah in United States.", "The 2002 Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City and the surrounding Wasatch Mountain communities, where the Olympic Legacy thrives today.", "As US Ski Team Members and local ski team coaches Ken Corrock and Terry Palmer joined the ranks of the Ski School, Sun Valley ski racers acquired even more Olympic hardware in the 1994 and 1998 Olympic Games when Picabo Street secured silver and gold. However, it was the Winter Games of 2002 in Salt Lake City, Utah that truly brought the flavor of the Olympics closest to its slopes. While Sun Valley hosted no Olympic venues for the games, its facilities were used by many of the world�s alpine and Nordic ski teams for training purposes.� Sun Valley�s sister resort of Snow Basin, Utah, also owned by Earl Holding, hosted the downhill, super-G and combined events. Switzerland�s downhill skiing champion Bernhard Russi, at the requests of Earl Holding and Rainer Kolb, designed the slopes of Snow Basin for the Downhill competitions.� Dominating the alpine events in said games, Austrians who acquired 9 of the 30 medals awarded.� The lone American Alpine skier to appropriate any medals from the 2002 Winter Olympic Games was Bode Miller from Easton, New Hampshire.", "The opening ceremony was held on February 8, 2002, and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24, 2002. Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters. Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics, although the two subsequent host cities' populations were larger. Following a trend, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games, with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan; this became a trend with more and more events held in subsequent Games.", "Immediately following the end of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, important transformations took place to prepare for the 2002 Winter Paralympics, held from 7 to 16 March 2002. Four hundred and sixteen athletes from 36 nations competed in Alpine and Nordic skiing and ice sledge hockey at the Salt Lake City Paralympics.", "2002 Winter- Salt Lake City. The Winter Olympics of 2002 were overshadowed by the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001. Unprecedented security efforts paid off as the 2002 Winter Olympics were a success. Canada skated away with the Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the first time in 50 years. But while some may want to forget it, these Winter Olympics will likely most be remembered by the intrigue in figure skating and the competition between Canada�s pair: Jamie Sale and David Pelletier, and Russia�s pair: Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze.", "Other candidate cities for the 1998 Olympics were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; and Salt Lake City, United States. The host city selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 15 June 1991, at the 97th IOC session. Nagano prevailed over Salt Lake City by just 4 votes. In June 1995, Salt Lake was chosen as the host of the following 2002 Winter Olympics.", "*1992, 1996-1998: combined bobsled and luge track for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Park City, United States (Draft 1500 meter track and rescheduling, the curtailment)", "The winter Olympic Games were held in Innsbruck, Austria, and the summer Olympic Games were held in Tokyo, Japan", "A total of 98 events in 15 winter sport disciplines were held during the Games. A number of new competitions—a total of 12 accounting for gender—were held during the Games, including biathlon mixed relay, women's ski jumping, mixed-team figure skating, mixed-team luge, half-pipe skiing, ski and snowboard slopestyle, and snowboard parallel slalom. The events were held around two clusters of new venues: an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea, with Fisht Olympic Stadium, and the Games' indoor venues located within walking distance, and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana.", "Participants: 2399 participants competed in the 2002 Winter Summer Games . The 77 countries which participated in the Games were Armenia, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Chinese Taipei, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jamaica, Jordon, Kenya, DPR Korea, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, FYR Macedonia, Mexico, Monaco, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Yugoslavia and Virgin Islands.", "With this year’s event over, it’s never too early to look at the next Games. The 2018 Winter Olympics are set to take place in South Korea. Pyeongchang will be the host city, becoming the second Asian city to do so. The Winter Olympics were held in Japan in 1972 and 1998. In 1988, South Korea was home to the Summer Olympics. It’s the eighth country to host both the Winter and Summer Games.", "The most recent games were held in Turin , Italy in 2006, and the next games will be held in Vancouver , British Columbia, Canada in 2010. On July 4, 2007, the Russian resort of Sochi was chosen to host the 2014 Winter Olympics.", "The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: XXIVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) (), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is a multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in neighboring Hebei province from 4 to 20 February 2022. It will be the third consecutive Olympic Games held in East Asia, after Pyeongchang 2018 and Tokyo 2020. Having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing will become the first city to partially host both the Summer and Winter Olympics. It will also become the largest city ever to host the Winter Olympics, a distinction currently held by Vancouver, which hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics.", "Concerning the Winter Olympics, France has hosted three Games, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, and Italy have hosted twice. The most recent Games were held in Vancouver , Canada's second Winter Olympics and third overall. The next Winter Games will be in Sochi , Russia in 2014, which will be the first time this nation has hosted.", "The Winter Olympics have been hosted on three continents, but never in a country in the southern hemisphere. The United States has hosted the Games four times; France has been the host three times; Austria, Canada, Italy, Japan, Norway and Switzerland have hosted the Games twice. In 2014 Sochi will be the first Russian city to host the Winter Olympics. The IOC has selected Pyeongchang , South Korea , to host the 2018 Winter Olympics .", "The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) (Russian: XXII Олимпийские зимние игры, tr. XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry) and commonly known as Sochi 2014, were a major international multi-sport event held from February 7 to February 23, 2014 in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia, with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony, 6 February 2014. Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOOC). Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It was the first Olympics in Russia since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union was the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.", "The Winter Games returned to Italy after a 50-year absence. Unlike the 1956 Games, which were held in the small resort town of Cortina d’Ampezzo , the 2006 Games were hosted by Turin , an industrial city and provincial capital located in northwestern Italy. The competition venues were spread between seven villages (most in the mountainous Piedmont region to the west) and Turin, and beforehand there was some concern that the widespread Games would suffer from logistics problems and low attendance. The concerns proved to be unfounded, as the competitions were both exciting and well-attended. The festive side of the Games was greatly helped by the nightly medal ceremonies held in the Piazza Castello, Turin’s main piazza. IOC president Jacques Rogge , impressed with the large, happy crowds that the medal ceremonies routinely attracted, suggested that the concept be carried over to subsequent Olympiads.", "Seven cities, namely Sochi (Russian Federation), Salzburg (Austria), Jaca (Spain), Almaty (Kazakhstan), PyeongChang (Republic of Korea), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Borjomi (Georgia) - in the order of drawing of lots - initially submitted applications to host the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.", "Chapter 1, article 6 of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as \"sports which are practised on snow or ice.\" [125] Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme; which include short track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics and higher global television ratings. [126]", "In 2006 the Winter Games returned to Italy after a 50-year absence. Unlike the 1956 Games , which were held in the small resort town of Cortina d’Ampezzo , the 2006 Games were hosted by Turin, an industrial city and provincial capital located in northwestern Italy. The competition venues were spread between seven villages (most in the mountainous Piedmont region to the west) and Turin, and beforehand there was some concern that the widespread Games would suffer from logistics problems and low attendance. The concerns proved to be unfounded, as the competitions were both exciting and well-attended. The festive side of the Games was greatly helped by the nightly medal ceremonies held in the Piazza Castello, Turin’s main piazza. International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Jacques Rogge , impressed with the large, happy crowds that the medal ceremonies routinely attracted, suggested that the concept be carried over to subsequent Olympiads.", "In a 2003 IOC vote, the 2010 Winter Olympics were awarded to Vancouver , thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics as well as being the first for the province of British Columbia. Vancouver will be the largest city to host a Winter Olympics, with a population of more than 2.4 million people in the greater Vancouver metropolitan area.", "The city of Sochi, located on the Black Sea coast in the far south of Russia, was relatively unknown to the rest of the world until 2007, when it won the bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. Here's what you need to know about this latest host city.", "September 15, 2009, Sochi joined the World Union of Olympic cities. Winter Olympic Games 2014 were held in Adler district of Sochi and in Krasnaya Polyana, located 39 km from the coast of the Black Sea.", "The city of Sochi, Russia, was selected as the host city for the XXII Olympic Winter Games in 2014.", "About this Collection - Winter Olympic Games 2002 Web Archive | Digital Collections | Library of Congress", "The Winter Olympic Games are a winter multi-sport event held every four years. They feature winter sports held on ice or snow , such as ice skating and skiing .", "The following cities were accepted as Candidate Cities to host the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Executive Board on 28 August 2002 (in the order of drawing of lots):", "1994 - Winter Olympic Games / Lillehammer, Norway - \"In 1994, the Winter Olympic Games were held in Lillehammer, Norway.\"" ]

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[ "\"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night\" is a poem written by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas. It was written by Thomas for his dying father and is still one of Thomas' most popular poems today.", "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953). Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951, it was actually written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of his In Country Sleep, And Other Poems in 1952.", "Their frail deeds with health and strength failing; mean we at this time face a final separation with them in life, but though they were ordinary and achieved no great fame, if we loved them intensely we must suffer the agony of knowing and watching death, consume the last embers of their lives. 'Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night' by Dylan Thomas, is a brilliant emotional poem for me and will always rank among my favourite poems", "When the speaker of “Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night” by Dylan Thomas states in the second line of the first stanza, “Old age should burn and rave at the close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of that light” he is expressing the idea that moving toward death should not be something we do in a resigned way, but rather that we should fight it and go out in a blaze of glory. When he says, “rage, rage against the dying of the light” it is clear that the dying light is means darkness, which is a metaphor for death and that in old age, we should “burn” with life, which brings to mind images of brightness, light, and life. This first stanza almost acts as something of a thesis statement for the rest of the poem since it clearly defines and outlines the speaker’s beliefs about aging and death.", "In 1952 his Collected Poems were published. Dylan's parents also lived in Laugharne. When Dylan's father became ill Dylan wrote a poem to encourage him to get better, Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night. It is one of Dylan's most famous poems, it was also one of his last.", "Comparing Twelve Songs by W.H.Auden and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas - Comparing Twelve Songs by W.H.Auden and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas The two poems I am comparing are 'Twelve Songs' by W.H.Auden and 'Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night' by Dylan Thomas. Two themes run through both of these poems, those themes are grief and death. Although the subjects are the same, the poets each have a very different approach to the subjects. This is shown in many different ways, But although their approach to the subjects are very different, their overall views on grief and death are quiet similar....   [tags: English Literature]", "The White Horse Tavern has had a long association with writers including Norman Mailer, and Dylan Thomas. Another pub that has had a long association with writers was Chumley's at 86 Bedford. Unfortunately due to reckless work in the adjacent building that caused walls and the chimney to collapse, Chumley's has closed. Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 - 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet. In addition to poetry, he wrote short stories and scripts for film and radio, which he often performed himself. His public readings, particularly in America, won him great acclaim; his booming, sometimes ostentatious voice with a subtle Welsh lilt, became almost as famous as his works. His best known works include Under Milk Wood and Do not go gentle into that good night, a poem written in 1951 about his dying father. On November 5th 1953, after several drinks at the White Horse Tavern, Thomas began to feel ill. He decided go back to his room at the Hotel Chelsea, where he later collapsed and slipped into a coma. An ambulance was called, which took him to St Vincent's Hospital. Thomas died four days later. The most popular myth is that Thomas' last words were, \"I've had eighteen straight whiskies, I think that is a record.\"", "Listen to the powerful recording of Dylan Thomas, himself, reading his genius \"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night\" at http://youtu.be/1mRec3VbH3w .", "ATTRIBUTION: Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), Welsh poet. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night (l. 1–3). . .", "As would be expected of a famous poet whose best known line is \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", many memorials have been constructed or converted to honour Thomas. Tourists in his home town of Swansea can visit a statue in the maritime quarter, the Dylan Thomas Theatre, and the Dylan Thomas Centre, formerly the town's guildhall. The latter is now a literature centre, where exhibitions and lectures are held and is the setting for the city's annual Dylan Thomas Festival. Another monument to Thomas stands in Cwmdonkin Park, one of his favourite childhood haunts, close to his birthplace at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive. The memorial is inscribed with the closing lines from one of his best-loved poems, Fern Hill: \"Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means/Time held me green and dying/Though I sang in my chains like the sea.\"[11] This is inscribed on a rock in a closed-off garden within the park. Thomas's home in Laugharne, the Boat House, is also a memorial. The Powerful Coolmore Stud have a Colt (horse) called Dylan Thomas which won the Irish Derby on the 2nd July 2006.", "Thomas was also known to be a heavy drinker. Sadly, only two years after writing \"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night\" about his father's approaching death, Thomas himself died, probably from alcohol poisoning and abuse, although the exact details of his death are controversial . His premature death at the age of 39 is reminiscent of the early death of another Romantic poet, John Keats . Like Keats, Thomas died before he fully expressed his literary potential; but, also like Keats, he left behind a few enduring works that promise to last through the ages.", "It has been suggested that it was written for Thomas' dying father, although he did not die until just before Christmas 1952. It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line which appears as a refrain throughout. Its other refrain is \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\".", "Often cited as by Auden without attribution, this quotation has been traced to John Foster Hall (1867-1945), an English comedian known as the Reverend Vivian Foster, Vicar of Mirth. Full history with sound recording", "\"Into That Good Night\", episode of ER (\"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night\", villanelle)", "The inspiration for this line is part of the refrain of a song, “We are a happy family, we are, we are, we are”, which was written by Frederick Bowyer and Gilbert Harrow, and popularized by music-hall comedian Arthur Roberts in the early 1880s. Wodehouse used this refrain in his Daily Chronicle poem “A Sound Cure” and in Chapter V of the 1906–09 versions of Love Among the Chickens ; and parodied it in “The Phalanx” , which appeared in The Books of To-day in January 1906.", "The quote is from a Cole Porter song entitled \"Ev'ry time we say goodbye,\" from Porter's revue Seven Lively Arts, from 1944. Porter (1891-1964) was an American songwriter who wrote symphonic jazz works and musicals. He is best remembered for his adaption of Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, as the musical Kiss me, Kate ( Lax and Smith 611; Havelice 200).", "The Reverend Eli Jenkins recites his night poetry. Jack Black goes out to spoil the fun of lovers in the dark wood. Lily Smalls is with Nogood Boyo in the wash-house. Cherry Owen heads off to the Sailors Arms. Sinbad Sailors dreams of Gossamer Beynon.", "\"A Visit from St. Nicholas\", more commonly known as \"The Night Before Christmas\" and \"Twas the Night Before Christmas\" from its first line, is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, who claimed authorship in 1837. Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston, Jr. ", "The musical comedy stage of New York was home to George M. Cohan, vaudeville song-and-dance man, playwright, manager, director, producer, comic actor, and popular songwriter. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Cohan’s style of light comedic drama dominated American theater, and the lyrics he composed are still remembered at the end of the 20th century for their flag-waving patriotism and exuberance. His hit song “Over There” embodied the wartime spirit of World War I, and “I’m a Yankee Doodle Dandy” and “Grand Old Flag,” have been passed from generation to generation as popular tunes celebrating the American spirit.", "George Grossmith (9 December 1847 – 1 March 1912) was an English comedian, writer, composer, actor, and singer. His performing career spanned more than four decades. As a writer and composer, he created 18 comic operas, nearly 100 musical sketches, some 600 songs and piano pieces, three books and both serious and comic pieces for newspapers and magazines.", "Sullivan's music captured Britain's jingoistic mood, and Sullivan's diary entry notes, \"Wild enthusiasm. All sang chorus! I stood on the stage and conducted the encore – funny sight!\" [7] With characteristic grace, the composer wrote to Kipling, \"Your splendid words went with a swing and enthusiasm which even my music cannot stifle\". [7] Kipling, on the other hand, described the music as \"a tune guaranteed to pull teeth out of barrel-organs\". [10]", "\"Send in the Clowns\" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music, an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman's film Smiles of a Summer Night. It is a ballad from Act II in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life. Among other things, she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik. Meeting him after so long, she finds that he is now in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman. Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation, but he declines, citing his dedication to his bride. Reacting to his rejection, Desirée sings this song. The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik's young wife runs away with his son, and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée's offer. ", "Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. His works include the musical comedies Kiss Me, Kate, Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady and Anything Goes, as well as songs like \"Night and Day\", \"I Get a Kick out of You\", \"Well, Did You Evah!\" and \"I've Got You Under My Skin\". He was noted for his sophisticated, bawdy lyrics, clever rhymes, and complex forms. He was one of the greatest contributors to the Great American Songbook. Cole Porter is one of the few Tin Pan Alley composers to have written both lyrics and music for his songs.", "Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. His works include the musical comedies Kiss Me, Kate, Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady and Anything Goes, as well as songs like \"Night and Day,\" \"I Get a Kick out of You,\" \"Well, Did You Evah!\" and \"I've Got You Under My Skin.\" He was noted for his sophisticated, bawdy lyrics, clever rhymes and complex forms. Porter was one of the greatest contributors to the Great American Songbook. Cole Porter is one of the few Tin Pan Alley composers to have written both the lyrics and the music for his songs.", "In the film This is Spinal Tap , the band members discuss their plans to write a musical based on the life of Jack the Ripper, titled Saucy Jack. Song lyrics included sections such as \"You're a naughty one, saucy Jack\", a parody of the Dr. Seuss song which goes \"You're a mean one, Mr. Grinch\".[ citation needed ]", "Cohan became one of the leading Tin Pan Alley songwriters, publishing upwards of 1500 original songs, noted for their catchy melodies and clever lyrics. His other major hit songs included \"You're a Grand Old Flag\", \"Forty-five Minutes from Broadway\", \"Mary Is a Grand Old Name\", \"The Warmest Baby In The Bunch\", \"Life's A Funny Proposition After All\", \"I Want to Hear a Yankee Doodle Tune\", \"You Won't Do Any Business If You Haven't Got A Band\", \"The Small Town Gal\", \"I'm Mighty Glad I'm Living, That's All\", \"That Haunting Melody\", and the popular war song, \"Over There\".", "He published his first volume of poetry, Permit Me Voyage in 1934, and his first novel, The Morning Watch in 1951. From 1948 until his death, he worked primarily as a scriptwriter, notably for The Night of the Hunter and The African Queen. He is probably best known for his work for Fortune magazine, which yielded the lyrical Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. FTP, identify this author of the 1957 pulitzer prize winning A Death in the Family.", "* Overture (includes \"With cat-like tread\", \"Ah, leave me not to pine\", \"Pray observe the magnanimity\", \"When you had left our pirate fold\", \"Climbing over rocky mountain\", and \"How beautifully blue the sky\")", "Overture (includes \"With cat-like tread\", \"Ah, leave me not to pine\", \"Pray observe the magnanimity \", \"When you had left our pirate fold\", \"Climbing over rocky mountain\", and \"How beautifully blue the sky\")", "Overture (includes \"With cat-like tread\", \"Ah, leave me not to pine\", \"Pray observe the magnanimity\", \"When you had left our pirate fold\", \"Climbing over rocky mountain\", and \"How beautifully blue the sky\")", "Apart from \"Mack the Knife\" and \"Pirate Jenny\" from The Threepenny Opera, his most famous songs include \"Alabama Song\" (from Mahagonny), \"Surabaya Johnny\" (from Happy End), \"Speak Low\" (from One Touch of Venus), \"Lost in the Stars\" (from the musical of that name), \"My Ship\" (from Lady in the Dark), and \"September Song\" (from Knickerbocker Holiday).", "[on singing \"Send in the Clowns\" in \"A Little Night Music\" on Broadway in 2010]: As an actor what do you do? You try to make it your own. It was never supposed to be a big song. It's very intimate, about a woman being told that she's not going to be with the love of her life. How are you supposed to sing when you're that deflated?" ]

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[ "Jennifer Jason Leigh (born Jennifer Leigh Morrow on February 5, 1962) is an American actress, writer, producer and director. Leigh began her career as a teenager in the 1970s, guest-starring on several television shows. Her film breakthrough came in 1982 for her performance as Stacy Hamilton in Fast Times at Ridgemont High. Leigh continued performing past her teen years, receiving critical praise for her roles in the 1990 films Miami Blues and Last Exit to Brooklyn. In 1991, she appeared in Ron Howard's Backdraft, and in 1992 she acted in the drama-thriller Single White Female.", "JENNIFER JASON LEIGH (Annie Sullivan) is an award-winning actress with a wide range of roles to her credit, who has recently taken her talents behind the camera. Last year, Leigh starred in the independent feature \"The Anniversary Party,\" which she also co-wrote and co-directed with Alan Cumming, and on which she also served as a producer. Marking her writing and directing debut, the film brought her Independent Spirit Award nominations for Best First Feature and Best First Screenplay.", "Leigh was born in Hollywood, California. Her father, Vic Morrow (born Victor Morozoff), was an actor, and her mother, Barbara Turner, was a screenwriter. Her parents divorced when she was two.Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 1999 Leigh's birth name was Jennifer Leigh Morrow. She changed her surname early in her acting career, taking the middle name \"Jason\" in honor of actor Jason Robards, a family friend. Leigh's parents were Jewish (their families were from Russia and Austria, respectively). ", "Directed by Lili Fini Zanuck. Cast: Jason Patric, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Sam Elliott, Max Perlich, Gregg Allman, Tony Frank, William Sadler. Undercover narcotics officers Jim Raynor and Kristen Cates are partners who become lovers and addicts as they infiltrate the local drug scene in order to bring down a suspected drug lord. Based on the book by Kim Wozencraft. 120 min. DVD X1121; vhs 999:2297", "The only child of Helen Lita (née Westergaard) and Frederick Robert Morrison, Leigh was born Jeanette Helen Morrison in Merced, California, where she also grew up. Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Denmark, and she also had Scots-Irish and German ancestry. In winter 1945, she was discovered by actress Norma Shearer, whose late husband Irving Thalberg had been a senior executive at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer showed talent agent Lew Wasserman a photograph she had seen of Leigh while vacationing at Sugar Bowl, the ski resort where the girl's parents worked. Shearer later recalled that \"that smile made it the most fascinating face I had seen in years. I felt I had to show that face to somebody at the studio.\" Leigh left the College of the Pacific, where she was studying Music and Psychology, after Wasserman secured a contract with MGM, despite having no acting experience. She was placed under the tutelage of drama coach Lillian Burns. ", "Jennifer Jason Leigh began her career with a role in the ABC drama Family and by 1990, she had accrued a series of film credits in critically lauded but commercially ignored films like 1986’s The Hitcher and 1989’s Last Exit to Brooklyn, in which she plays a prostitute in a very bad situation. While the then 28-year-old Leigh could’ve starred in Pretty Woman, she instead bet on the success of an action thriller called Miami Blues, which got good reviews, but under performed at the box office.", "Jason Patric, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Sam Elliott, Max Perlich, Gregg Allman, Tony Frank, William Sadler. Directed by Lili Fini Zanuck. 120 min.", "Jennifer Lynn Lopez (born July 24, 1969), also known by her nickname J.Lo, is an American actress, singer, record producer, dancer, television personality, fashion designer and television producer. Lopez began her career as a dancer on the television comedy program In Living Color Subsequently venturing into acting, she gained recognition in the 1995 action-thriller Money Train .", "Jennifer Lynn Lopez (born July 24, 1969), also known by her nickname J.Lo, is an American actress, singer, record producer, dancer, television personality, fashion designer and television producer. Lopez began her career as a dancer on the television comedy program In Living Color. Subsequently venturing into acting, she gained recognition in the 1995 action-thriller Money Train.", "Leigh has an older sister, Carrie Ann Morrow, who was credited as a \"technical advisor\" on her 1995 film Georgia. Leigh also has a half-sister, actress Mina Badie (born 'Badiyi' - from her mother's second marriage). Badie acted alongside Leigh in The Anniversary Party. Director Reza Badiyi became Leigh's stepfather when he married Leigh's mother, Barbara.", "Jennifer Jason Leigh won a MTV Movie Award for Best Villain, and was also nominated for a Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress.", "Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an American actress and model. She has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action movies. Following early roles in films such as Dangerous Liaisons (1988), she rose to international prominence in 1994 following her role in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award. She starred in several more films throughout the 1990s such as The Truth About Cats & Dogs, Batman & Robin, Gattaca and Les Misérables.", "Jennifer Jason Leigh and Harvey Keitel each were cast and filmed by Kubrick. Their roles were replaced by Marie Richardson and Sydney Pollack in the final cut.", "Lindsay Jean Wagner (born June 22, 1949) is an American Emmy Award-winning film and television actress, model, author, singer, acting coach, and adjunct professor. Wagner is best known for her portrayal of the 1970s iconic television leading female science fiction action character Jaime Sommers, who takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman bionic powers in the American television series The Bionic Woman (1976–1978). She first played this role on the 1970s American television series The Six Million Dollar Man. The Jaime Sommers character also became a pop culture icon of the 1970s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she reprised the role of Jaime Sommers in several bionic reunion television movies.", "Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 � October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. Early life Leigh was born in Merced, California, the only child of Frederick Robert Morrison and Helen Lita Westergard. She was discovered by actress Norma Shearer, whose late husband Irving Thalberg had been a senior executive at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer showed talent agent Lew Wasserman the photograph she had seen of Leigh while vacationing at the ski resort where the girl's parents worked. She left the University of the Pacific, where she was studying music and psychology after Wasserman secured a contract with MGM. Career Throughout the 1950s, she starred in movies that well showed off her beautiful presence. Most notably taking the leading blonde role in the musical c...", "Carrie Frances Fisher was born on October 21, 1956 in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, to singers/actors Eddie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds . She was an actress and writer, and is known for Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) (aka Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977)), Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi (1983). Fisher is also known for her book, \"Postcards From The Edge\", and Fisher wrote the screenplay for the movie from her novel. Carrie Fisher and talent agent Bryan Lourd have a daughter, Billie Lourd (Billie Catherine Lourd), born on July 17, 1992.", "She met independent film writer-director Noah Baumbach in 2001 while starring on Broadway in Proof. The couple married on September 2, 2005. Their son, Rohmer Emmanuel, was born on March 17, 2010. Leigh filed for divorce on November 15, 2010, in Los Angeles, citing irreconcilable differences. She sought spousal support as well as primary custody of the couple's son, with visitation for Baumbach. The divorce was finalized in September 2013. ", "'Daisy Is An Animal': Jennifer Jason Leigh On Her Comeback In 'The Hateful Eight' | WPPB", "Tracey Ullman (born Trace Ullman; 30 December 1959) is a multiple award-winning television, stage, and film actress who performs as a comedian, singer and dancer, and also works as a director, producer, screenwriter, author, and businesswoman. Ullman holds dual British and American citizenship. ", "Jennifer Jason Leigh agreed to do the film because she wanted to work with Hauer again (they co-starred in Flesh + Blood) and loved the character of Nash because \"there was a real person there\".", "Debra Lynn Winger (born May 16, 1955) is an American actress. She has been nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress; for An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Terms of Endearment (1983), and Shadowlands (1993). She won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress for Terms of Endearment, and the Tokyo International Film Festival Award for Best Actress for A Dangerous Woman (1993). Her other film roles include Urban Cowboy (1980), Legal Eagles (1986), Black Widow (1987), Betrayed (1988), Forget Paris (1995), and Rachel Getting Married (2008). In 2012, she made her Broadway debut in the original production of the David Mamet play The Anarchist.", "Natalie Portman (born Neta-Lee Hershlag, ; June 9, 1981 ) is an actress, film producer and film director with dual American and Israeli citizenship. Her first role was in the 1994 action thriller Léon: The Professional, opposite Jean Reno. She was later cast as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (released in 1999, 2002 and 2005).", "She is best known for her Emmy Award- and Golden Globe-nominated role as Catherine Chandler opposite Ron Perlman on the television series Beauty and the Beast and for her role as Sarah Connor in the first two Terminator films. She also starred in such films as Children of the Corn (1984), Black Moon Rising (1986), King Kong Lives (1986), Mr. Destiny (1990), Silent Fall (1994), Separate Lives (1995), Dante's Peak (1997), Wholey Moses (2003), and The Kid & I (2005).", "Jennifer Jane Saunders (born 6 July 1958) is an English comedian, screenwriter and actress. She has won three BAFTAs (including the BAFTA Fellowship), an International Emmy Award, a British Comedy Award, a Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival Award, two Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards, and a People's Choice Award.", "Jennifer Garner was born in Houston, Texas on April 17, 1972. She is a Golden Globe Award- and SAG Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated film and television actress, and producer. She was in the TV show Alias, and numerous movies which include, Daredevil, 13 going on 30, Catch and Release.", "Jennifer Connelly was born in the Catskill Mountains, New York, to Ilene (Schuman), a dealer of antiques, and Gerard Connelly, a clothing manufacturer. Her father had Irish and Norwegian ancestry, and her mother was from a Jewish immigrant family. Jennifer grew up in Brooklyn Heights, just across the Brooklyn Bridge from Manhattan, except for the four years her parents spent in Woodstock, New York. Back in Brooklyn Heights, she attended St. Ann's school. A close friend of the family was an advertising executive. When Jennifer was ten, he suggested that her parents take her to a modeling audition. She began appearing in newspaper and magazine ads (among them \"Seventeen\" magazine), and soon moved on to television commercials. A casting director saw her and introduced her to Sergio Leone , who was seeking a young girl to dance in his gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America . Although having little screen time, the few minutes she was on-screen were enough to reveal her talent. Her next role after that was an episode of the British horror anthology TV series Tales of the Unexpected in 1984.", "American actress Jeanne Tripplehorn was born on June 10, 1963 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She got her interest in performing after her father, Tom Tripplehorn, who was a guitarist for Gary Lewis and the Playboys at one point. After graduating from high school, she got her start as a radio DJ, using the handle “Jeanie Summers,” and later moved on to hosting local television shows. She eventually studied at the University of Tulsa, before deciding to pursue an acting career; she then trained at the Juilliard School of Drama in New York City.", "Heather Graham is an American actress and former spokesperson and TV model for Garnier hair products. Heather was born in Wisconsin and moved frequently with her family during childhood due to her father's career with the FBI. Heather was shy as a child but showed promise in acting and was voted most talented by her senior class in high school. She has starred in over 50 movies, including the well-known films \"Boogie Nights,\" \"Austin Powers: The Spy who Shagged Me,\" and \"The Hangover.\"", "The movie will see Leigh reuniting with longtime collaborators such as cinematographer Dick Pope, producer Georgina Lowe and executive producer Gail Egan. Any further details on casting have not yet emerged.", "Pretty, appealing and energetic blonde actress Jennifer Billingsley was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. Jennifer was an army brat who grew up all over the world. She graduated with honors from Fort Smith Senior High School in Arkansas. Billingsley's initial claim to fame was her striking resemblance to Brigitte Bardot. Jennifer garnered plenty of favorable critical notices for her lively performance in the hit Broadway musical \"Carnival.\" She made an excellent and impressive film debut as James Caan's wild teenage moll girlfriend in the harrowing thriller \"Lady in a Cage.\" Billingsley had a recurring part on the popular daytime soap opera \"General Hospital.\" Jennifer appeared in a handful of hugely entertaining low-budget drive-in features throughout the 70s: she's a scruffy motorcycle mama in the biker romp \"C.C. and Company,\" a sexy hippie hitchhiker in the sleazy \"Brute Corps,\" a brash young lass in the terrific psycho Vietnam vets exploitation winner \"Welcome Home, Soldier Boys,\" a sassy Southern gal in the immensely enjoyable Burt Reynolds vehicle \"White Lightning,\" an American tourist who runs afoul of an evil cult in the cruddy Filipino horror dud \"The Thirsty Dead,\" and another more bitter motorcycle mama in the fine \"Hollywood Man.\" Among the TV shows Jennifer Billingsley had guest spots on are \"Naked City,\" \"Gunsmoke,\" \"Route 66,\" \"Dr. Kildare,\" \"Wagon Train,\" \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.,\" \"Mannix,\" \"Hawaii Five-O,\" \"Police Story,\" \"Alice,\" \"Baretta,\" and \"The Amazing Spider Man.\"", "Jennifer Lawrence was recognized for her portrayal of a strong-willed teenager tracking down her drug-dealer father in \"Winter's Bone.\"", "Jennifer Lawrence was just one awesome person who was born in 1990. Here's a list of notables:" ]

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[ "Clyde and Bonnie never quite surrendered their dreams. Bonnie’s movie magazines were usually found left behind in the stolen cars that police recovered, and Clyde carried his guitar until he had to leave it behind during a police shootout (he later asked his mother if she would contact the police to see if they would return it; they said no). Clyde loved music right up until the end—found in Bonnie and Clyde's ambushed “death car” was his saxophone.", "No one went to see Bonnie and Clyde wondering if the bank robbers were going to die. That much was foreordained. So the problem became, how to keep people interested for two hours in white-trash thieves and outlaws and murderers. Making them look like Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway didn’t hurt. But the movie doesn’t really deliver its first jolt of adrenaline until a few minutes in, when Clyde steals a car and he and Bonnie drive off in a rush to the accompaniment of Earl’s “Foggy Mountain Breakdown.” The sound of Earl’s banjo at that moment is like getting poked with a cattle prod. It’s all you can do not to levitate. But the remarkable thing is, you get that rush every time the song comes on the soundtrack. Taking nothing away from the writers, the director, or the stars, it’s Earl Scruggs who keeps you plugged into that movie right to the very end. If a machine gun has a musical equivalent, it’s the banjo.", "Fame recorded the song after seeing the (then) controversial release of the now considered classic gangster film Bonnie and Clyde starring Warren Beatty (as Clyde Barrow) and Faye Dunaway (as Bonnie Parker). The song, in the style of the 1920s and 1930s, features the sounds of gun battles, car chases, and police sirens, including the climactic gun battle that takes place when both Bonnie and Clyde meet their fate. The instrumentation of the song includes a piano, banjo, drums, trumpets, trombones, and a bass.", "This pair of undated photos provided by RR Auction of Amherst, N.H., show firearms once owned by outlaws and lovers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. Parker's Colt .38 snub-nose detective special, left, was found taped to her inside thigh with white medical tape after she was shot dead. Barrow's Colt .45, right, was recovered postmortem from his waistband. The guns, Bonnie's cosmetic case, Clyde's gold pocket watch and a letter Clyde wrote to his brother while on the run were among the duo's items auctioned in 2012.", "Besides the guns, other items Livingston's company will auction include a gold pocket watch Clyde was wearing when he died, and a cosmetics case Bonnie was using to carry lipstick, Coty face powder and a powder puff. The brown leatherette box was inside the Ford automobile the gangsters were riding in when a posse of lawmen riddled it with bullets on a Louisiana road.", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed May 23, 1934, on a desolate road near their Bienville Parish, Louisiana hideout. They were shot by a posse of four Texas and two Louisiana officers (the Louisiana officers added solely for jurisdictional reasons - see below). Questions about the way the ambush was conducted, and the failure to warn the duo of impending death, have been raised about the incident.", "The bullet-riddled automobile in which bandits Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were trapped, shot and killed on a Louisiana road is seen on May 24, 1934. Officers waited for the desperadoes near Arcadia, La., and pumped 167 bullets into the car. less", "The bullet-riddled automobile in which the bandits, Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker, were trapped, shot and killed on a Louisiana road is seen May 24, 1934. Officers waited for the desperados near Arcadia, La., and pumped 167 bullets into the car.", "One half of the infamous Bonnie and Clyde duo, Clyde “Champion ” Barrow assisted his partner, Bonnie Parker , in a nationwide crime spree that lasted from 1932, until their deaths in 1934. The two met in West Dallas, Texas in January 1930, and after Clyde's parole from burglary charges in 1932 they began a nationwide campaign of crime. Together the pair committed 13 murders, numerous kidnappings, and several burglaries and robberies. The FBI and other law enforcement agencies engaged in one of the largest manhunts the United States had seen up to that time, capturing national attention. With most of their accomplices already dead or captured, Bonnie and Clyde were ambushed and killed instantly by a posse of lawmen led by Texas Ranger Frank Hamer near Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana on May 23, 1934. Bonnie and Clyde's legacy of crime is remembered in the Warren Beatty movie Bonnie and Clyde (1967), which inspired other crime-spree films such as Natural Born Killers (1994)", "Bonnie and Clyde influenced popular culture over time because of their loyalty to one another. There are many songs and movies about them. In the museum, you can see a copy of their car with many bullet holes. There is also a bullet from their real car, as well as a piece of glass from a window.", "This photograph shows the crowd that gathered around Bonnie and Clyde’s car after the ambush in Louisiana. Shortly after the ambush occurred, a large group of spectators came to the scene of their deaths as police were attempting to collect evidence. According to historical sources, several members of the crowd began taking souvenirs from the car, like shards of glass and bullet shell casings, and from the bodies of Bonnie and Clyde themselves, including locks of Bonnie’s hair, pieces of their clothing, and (according to Milner) one individual even attempted to take one of Clyde’s ears. The aftermath of the ambush and the immense crowd here again indicate the public fascination with Bonnie and Clyde.", "Which two of the following musical instruments did Chester play on Gunsmoke: (a) banjo. (b) guitar. (c) harmonica. (d) trombone. (e) bugle. (f) tissue-paper-on-a-comb.", "Following the ambush of Bonnie and Clyde, a Louisiana sheriff who was a member of Hamer’s six-man posse claimed the pockmarked Ford V-8 sedan, still coated with the outlaws’ blood and tissue. A federal judge, however, ruled that the automobile stolen by Bonnie and Clyde should return to its former owner, Ruth Warren of Topeka, Kansas. Warren leased and eventually sold the car to Charles Stanley, an anti-crime lecturer who toured fairgrounds with the “death car” and the mothers of Bonnie and Clyde in tow as sideshow attractions. Still speckled with bullet holes, the “death car” is now an attraction in the lobby of Whiskey Pete’s Casino in Primm, Nevada, a small resort town on the California border 40 miles south of Las Vegas.", "The Bulletproof Bomb (occasionally referred to as the \"Roaring Plenties\") is a 1920s limousine sedan, driven by a group of seven pint-sized gangsters all of whom sit in the front seat: leader Clyde (voiced by Paul Winchell), Ring-A-Ding (voiced by Don Messick), and five others. Clyde is a pastiche of Edward G. Robinson's character in the film Little Caesar and of the male half of Bonnie and Clyde. Their usual method of improving the speed of their car is \"Getaway Power\", which is achieved by extending their feet through the floor of the car and running, much like Fred Flinstone's method of propelling his \"cave car\" in his own series. On occasion the Ant Hill Mob would use their tommy guns against the other racers.", "Greg Martin, director of the Arms & Armor Dept. at Butterfields auction house in San Francisco, puts his finger through a bullet hole of the blood-splattered hat worn by Clyde Barrow in 1934 when he and Bonnie Parker were gunned down by authorities. The hat and other Bonnie and Clyde memorabilia were auctioned in 2000 in San Francisco. less", "Bonnie and Clyde, Their deaths did not make the \" popularity \" of their world -class criminal . The proof , their life story even made into a movie . Especially after police searched the residence they found a collection of poems written by Bonnie , then pictures of the two of them are posing with weapons that they used while committing a crime .", "..... Click the link for more information. . Joining forces in 1932, they traveled the Southwest and Midwest in a 21-month crime spree, robbing small-town restaurants, gas stations, grocery stores, and banks; stealing cars; killing more than 10; and participating in several shoot-outs with police. Part of the time they were joined by Barrow's older brother, his wife, and other outlaws. In Louisiana, on May 23, 1934, Bonnie and Clyde were were ambushed in their car by police; both were shot and killed. Their activities were widely publicized, and the couple was both vilified and glamorized in contemporary reports; they became folk heroes for some. Their fame was renewed by Arthur Penn Penn, Arthur Hiller,", "\"... nearly everyone had begun collecting souvenirs such as shell casings, slivers of glass from the shattered car windows, and bloody pieces of clothing from the garments of Bonnie and Clyde. One eager man had opened his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car to cut off Clyde's left ear.\"", "      This research guide is a study of the famous outlaw duo Bonnie and Clyde and their existence in American memory. I have divided the guide into two parts. Part one explores Bonnie and Clyde in history and in their own time, the time of the Great Depression. In this section I have included a number of primary sources, many of them from digitized archives. The Dallas Municipal Archives and FBI Vault each provide a trove of primary sources related to the exploits of Bonnie and Clyde. Important among these sources are reports detailing the crimes and accomplices of the Barrow gang, as they provide a clear picture of what happened during Bonnie and Clyde’s crime spree from 1932 to 1934. Some of these sources capture the public’s response to Bonnie and Clyde in the Depression Era, such as the photographs of Bonnie and Clyde’s funerals and the report by the New York Times on their ambush. Photo evidence and personal correspondences, furthermore, offer insight into who Bonnie and Clyde were as people. The accounts of Barrow gang members W.D. Jones and Blanch Caldwell Barrow also help shape the story of what happened in the 1930s and who Bonnie and Clyde were. The secondary sources provided in part one help to put the story of Bonnie and Clyde in the historical context of the Depression Era. They also help debunk some of the mythologized aspects of Bonnie and Clyde’s story that have cropped up throughout the time since their deaths.", "Clyde Barrow, the southwest's Public Enemy No. 1, shown as officers removed his bullet-riddled body from an automobile, in which he and his cigar-smoking moll, Bonnie Parker, were shot to death, 60 miles ... more", "On a beautiful morning, May 23, 1934 the careers of a notorious criminal duo, the scourge of stores and banks across the country, came to an abrupt end. Six lawmen took them down in an ambush that’s still talked about today, marking the end of Bonnie and Clyde, criminal superstars. They were the best of the worst in their time, robbing any and everyone where they found an opportunity, and responsible for at least 13 deaths...", "discovered by FBI Agents and they found that Bonnie and Clyde had been driving a car stolen", "A video clip of Bonnie and Clyde, shot to death by officers in an ambush near Gibsland, Louisiana", "Narrator: Back in Dallas, the spectacle of Bonnie and Clyde’s demise drew tens of thousands of onlookers, all of them anxious to catch a last glimpse of the outlaw lovers they had read so much about. A large floral arrangement was sent from the Dallas newspaper vendors; in two days, they had sold almost half a million copies of extra editions.", "Popular music has also done much to keep the legend of the outlaw pair alive. In 1967 Serge Gainsbourg recorded his song \"Bonnie and Clyde\" as a duet with Brigitte Bardot (this song would be covered in the 1990s by the bands Stereolab , Luna and MC Solaar ). In 1968 , Merle Haggard had a hit single with his song \"Legend of Bonnie and Clyde\", and Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames had a hit on both sides of the Atlantic with \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde.\"", "Controversy lingers over certain aspects of the ambush, and the way Hamer conducted it. Historians and writers, such as E. R. Milner, Phillips, Treherne have turned up no warrants against Bonnie for any violent crimes. [17] FBI files contain only one warrant against her, for aiding Clyde in the interstate transportation of a stolen vehicle. [18] The only claim that Bonnie ever fired a weapon during one of the gang's crimes came from Blanche Barrow, and is backed by an article from the Lucerne, Indiana newspaper on May 13 , 1933 . No charges were ever taken out on either woman for the alleged act. By this account, Bonnie would have been firing a \" machine [sic] gun .\"", "Federal Bureau of Investigation. Bonnie and Clyde Horsing Around With a Gun. Photograph. Famous Cases and Criminals. FBI Records: The Vault.", "Narrator: By 1929, Clyde’s crimes were regularly drawing the attention of local police. In November of that year, Clyde, Buck and an accomplice broke into an auto shop in the town of Denton, just outside Dallas. Local law enforcement spotted the robbers trying to flee and opened fire.", "Songs by a variety of artists are heard throughout the film, including The Delfonics \"La-La Means I Love You\" and \"Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)\", Bill Withers \"Who Is He\", The Grass Roots \"Midnight Confessions\", Johnny Cash \"Tennessee Stud\", Bloodstone \"Natural High\", and Foxy Brown \"(Holy Matrimony) Married to the Firm\". There are several songs included that were featured in Blaxploitation films as well, including Bobby Womack's \"Across 110th Street\", from the film of the same name, and Pam Grier's \"Long Time Woman\", from her 1971 film The Big Doll House. The original soundtrack also features separate tracks with dialogue from the film. Instead of using a new film score, Tarantino incorporated Roy Ayers' funk score from the film Coffy.", "Songs by a variety of artists are heard throughout the film, including The Delfonics \"La-La Means I Love You\" and \"Didnt I (Blow Your Mind This Time)\", Bill Withers \"Who Is He\", The Grass Roots \"Midnight Confessions\", Johnny Cash \"Tennessee Stud\", Bloodstone \"Natural High\", and Foxy Brown \"(Holy Matrimony) Married to the Firm\". There are several songs included that were featured in Blaxploitation films as well, including Bobby Womacks \"Across 110th Street\", from the film of the same name, and Pam Griers \"Long Time Woman\", from her 1971 film The Big Doll House. The original soundtrack also features separate tracks with dialogue from the film. Instead of using a new film score, Tarantino incorporated Roy Ayers funk score from the film Coffy.", "Portrait of American criminal Clyde Barrow (1909 - 1934) holding a machine gun while sitting on the front fender of a car. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Portrait of American criminal Clyde Barrow (1909 - 1934) holding a machine gun while sitting on the front fender of a car. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" ]

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[ "Sara married Bob Dylan during a secret ceremony in November 1965, and the couple had four children together. Their marriage is often cited by music writers as the inspiration for many of Dylan's songs created throughout the 1960s and 70s, including \"Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands,\" \"Love Minus Zero/No Limit\", and \"Sara\". The 1975 album Blood on the Tracks has been cited by many as Bob's account of their disintegrating marriage; their son Jakob Dylan has notably said that the lyrics of the album are \"my parents talking.\" The pair finally divorced in June 1977.", "While Dylan's musical career was on an upswing, his personal life was in a downslide, as he became involved in a bitter separation with Sara and a fierce custody battle over their children. Dylan's 1975 album Blood On the Tracks featured songs reflecting the sorrow and passion of his personal life at the time; \"If You See Her, Say Hello\" referred directly to the breakup of his marriage. Many critics hailed Blood On the Tracks as Dylan's best album since the 1960s, praising the artist's use of visual imagery to blur distinctions between reality and illusion. The album's searing songs about love and loss, including \"Tangled up in Blue,\" \"Shelter from the Storm,\" and \"Idiot Wind,\" were well received by fans, and the album soon reached number one on the charts. Dylan's 1976 album Desire, which contained a mournful tune titled \"Sara,\" also reached number one on the charts and achieved widespread success in both the United States and Europe.", "The 1975 album Blood on the Tracks has been cited by many as Bob's account of their disintegrating marriage; their son Jakob Dylan has notably said that the lyrics of the album are \"my parents talking.\" The pair finally divorced in June 1977. … Read More", "The songs on Dylan's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks have been described by several of Dylan's biographers and critics as arising from the tension as his marriage to Sara collapsed. [22] The album was recorded soon after the couple's initial separation. Dylan biographers Robert Shelton and Clinton Heylin have cautioned against interpreting the album as naked autobiography, arguing that Blood On The Tracks works on many levels—musical, spiritual, poetic—as well as a personal confession. [23] [24] Dylan himself denied at the time of the album's release that Blood on the Tracks was autobiographical, but Jakob Dylan has said, \"When I'm listening to 'Subterranean Homesick Blues' I'm grooving along just like you. But when I'm listening to Blood On The Tracks, that's about my parents.\" [1]", "The songs on Dylan's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks have been described by several of Dylan's biographers and critics as arising from the tension as his marriage to Sara collapsed. … Read More", "The songs on Dylan's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks have been described by several of Dylan's biographers and critics as arising from the tension as his marriage to Sara collapsed. The album was recorded soon after the couple's initial separation. Dylan biographers Robert Shelton and Clinton Heylin have cautioned against interpreting the album as naked autobiography, arguing that Blood On The Tracks works on many levels—musical, spiritual, poetic—as well as a personal confession. Dylan himself denied at the time of the album's release that Blood on the Tracks was autobiographical, but Jakob Dylan has said, \"When I'm listening to 'Subterranean Homesick Blues' I'm grooving along just like you. But when I'm listening to Blood On The Tracks, that's about my parents.\"", "The songs on Dylan's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks have been described by several of Dylan's biographers and critics as arising from the tension as his marriage to Sara collapsed. The album was recorded soon after the couple's initial separation. Dylan biographers Robert Shelton and Clinton Heylin have cautioned against interpreting the album as naked autobiography, arguing that Blood On The Tracks works on many levels—musical, spiritual, poetic—as well as a personal confession. Dylan himself denied at the time of the album's release that Blood on the Tracks was autobiographical, but Jakob Dylan has said, \"When I'm listening to 'Subterranean Homesick Blues' I'm grooving along just like you. But when I'm listening to Blood On The Tracks, that's about my parents.\"", "It comes at a cost. It is the culmination of eight years in which Dylan, settled with Sara and their children, tries to evade his fame and talent, seeking a series of bolt-holes across America where he can somehow be ordinary again. Trying hard to be a good husband, music ceases to matter. For three years in the early ’70s, he releases nothing at all. At one time rock’s untouchable king, he seems washed up. With awful irony, it takes his marriage smashing apart to rekindle his art. Blood On The Tracks is the record he pulls from the wreckage.", "In \"Sara,\" from the 1976 album Desire, Dylan calls her a \"radiant jewel, mystical wife.\" Shelton writes that with this song, \"Dylan seems to be making an unabashed confessional to his wife. A plea for forgiveness and understanding.\" Noting the autobiographical reference in the song to \"drinkin' white rum in a Portugal bar\" Shelton connects this line with a trip Dylan made to Portugal with Sara in 1965. In \"Sara,\" Dylan seems to acknowledge his wife as the inspiration for \"Sad Eyed Lady\":", "The songs that constitute Blood on the Tracks have been described by many Dylan critics as stemming from his personal turmoil at the time, particularly his estrangement from his then-wife Sara Dylan. One of Bob and Sara Dylan's children, Jakob Dylan, has said, \"When I'm listening to Blood On The Tracks, that's about my parents.\" ", "Following a US tour with The Band, captured on the lucrative live record Before the Flood ( 1974 ) (the tour had received more ticket requests than any prior tour by any artist), he re-entered the studio with a clutch of new songs. Coinciding with his recent estrangement from his wife, each song, from the slow blues 'Meet Me in the Morning' to the lengthy, impassioned 'Idiot Wind' offers insight into the darkest aspects of relationships. A plausible explanation for the album title decodes these emotional outpourings as the 'blood' on the 'tracks' of the vinyl disk. The resulting album, Blood on the Tracks ( 1975 ), was widely heralded as yet another creative peak. Populated by shadowy characters and shot through with tricks of time and nonchalant wordplay , just beneath consciousness the singer (and the listener) seems to inhabit a consistent yet threatening world, most of all in the well-known ' Tangled Up in Blue '. Another highly regarded song, 'Up to Me' never made it onto the album but was included on Biograph , a compilation including many alternate versions and bootlegs. At a time when many younger artists, all of whom were Dylan fans, including Bruce Springsteen and Tom Waits , were lumbered with the tag 'the New Bob Dylan', it was evident that it was too early to count out the old Bob Dylan.", "Twelve tracks were completed at these New York sessions, whittled down to 10 for the promo version of Blood On The Tracks pressed and sent to key radio stations in November, as Columbia prepared for its release on Christmas Day, 1974. This phantom album, which would never make it to the racks, was very different from the record Dylan would eventually sanction. And even at this stage, he was clearly worried by what such autobiographical insights might encourage in his troubled marriage. The relatively benign “Meet Me In The Morning” was chosen over the far more rancorous “Call Letter Blues”. The latter, finally released on 1991’s Bootleg Series box set, seethes with the guilt and bitterness of a man newly abandoned by his wife. Its pathetic domestic details can only come from life: “Well, your friends come by for you/I don’t know what to say,” Dylan complains. “I just can’t face up to tell ’em/Honey, you just went away.” And what would Sara have made of these lines, spat with gleeful venom?: “Well, children cry for mother/I tell them, ‘Mo-ther TOOK A TRIP.’” The song’s sensitivity is emphasised by the mysterious omission, as late as 2004’s definitive Bob Dylan Lyrics book, of its final verses, in which he watches his ex-partner with another man and considers “call-girls in the doorway/giving me the eye”. This long dark night of a divorcee’s soul, too much even for Dylan at his most exposed, was swiftly buried.", "By this time, Dylan and Baez were both prominent in the civil rights movement, singing together at the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. Dylan's third album, The Times They Are a-Changin', reflected a more politicized and cynical Dylan. The songs often took as their subject matter contemporary, real life stories, with \"Only A Pawn In Their Game\" addressing the murder of civil rights worker Medgar Evers; and the Brechtian \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\" the death of black hotel barmaid Hattie Carroll, at the hands of young white socialite William Zantzinger. On a more general theme, \"Ballad of Hollis Brown\" and \"North Country Blues\" address the despair engendered by the breakdown of farming and mining communities. This political material was accompanied by two personal love songs, \"Boots of Spanish Leather\" and \"One Too Many Mornings\".", "By 1963, Dylan was becoming increasingly prominent in the civil rights movement, singing at rallies including the March on Washington where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his \"I have a dream\" speech. Dylan's next album, The Times They Are A-Changin', reflected a more sophisticated, politicized and cynical Dylan. This bleak material, concerned with such subjects as the murder of civil rights worker Medgar Evers and the despair engendered by the breakdown of farming and mining communities (\"Ballad of Hollis Brown\", \"North Country Blues\"), was tempered by two formidable love songs, \"Boots of Spanish Leather\" and \"One Too Many Mornings,\" and the epic renunciation of \"Restless Farewell.\" The Brechtian-influenced \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\", a highlight of the album, describes a young socialite's killing of a hotel maid. Never explicitly mentioning race, the song leaves no doubt that the killer is white, the victim black.", "Reviewers agreed. They noted with cruel satisfaction how the break-up had blown away his malaise, replacing Dylan the dull, happy husband with the ‘real’ Bob. “The message is a bleak one,” wrote The Village Voice’s Paul Cowan. “At 34, with his marriage on the rocks, he is an isolated, lonely drifter once again… as in all Dylan’s great albums, pain is the flip-side of his legendary cruelty… [he] bears a very special kind of curse.” Dylan tried to throw such critics off the scent. “I would even record an entire album based on Chekhov short stories,” he ‘recalls’ in Chronicles with Olympic cheek. “Critics thought it was autobiographical – that was fine.” In 1985, he was angrier: “Well, I read this was supposed to be about my wife. I wish somebody would ask me first before they would go ahead and print stuff like that. Stupid and misleading jerks… anyway, it’s not the experience that counts, it’s the attitude towards the experience. I don’t write confessional songs. Emotion’s got nothing to do with it. It only seems so, like it seems that Laurence Olivier is Hamlet…”", "The album, which followed on the resurgence of critical acclaim for Dylan's work after Planet Waves, was greeted enthusiastically by fans and critics. In the years following its release it has come to be regarded as one of his best albums; it is quite common for subsequent records to be labeled his \"best since Blood on the Tracks.\" It is also commonly seen as a standard for confessional singer-songwriter albums; though Dylan has denied that the songs are autobiographical, his son Jakob Dylan has stated: \"The songs are my parents talking.\" Most of the lyrics on the album revolve around heartache, anger, and loneliness. In 2003, the album was ranked number 16 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "Dylan finished the decade with Daniel Lanois-produced Oh Mercy (1989). Lanois's influence is audible throughout Oh Mercy, especially in the ambience provided by reverb-heavy guitar tracks. The track \"Most of the Time\", a ruminative lost love composition, was later prominently featured in the film High Fidelity, while \"What Was It You Wanted?\" was a love song that doubled as a dry comment on the expectations of fans. The dense, production- heavy arrangements throughout the album count as yet another of Dylan's inspired departures.", "Another Side of Bob Dylan , recorded on a single June evening in 1964,[70] had a lighter mood than its predecessor. The surreal, humorous Bob Dylan reemerged on \"I Shall Be Free No. 10\" and \"Motorpsycho Nightmare\". \"Spanish Harlem Incident\" and \"To Ramona\" are romantic and passionate love songs, while \"Black Crow Blues\" and \"I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)\" suggest the rock and roll soon to dominate Bob Dylan 's music. \"It Ain't Me Babe\", on the surface a song about spurned love, has been described as a rejection of the role his reputation had thrust at him.[71] His newest direction was signaled by two lengthy songs: the impressionistic \"Chimes of Freedom\", which sets elements of social commentary against a denser metaphorical landscape in a style later characterized by Allen Ginsberg as \"chains of flashing images,\"[72] and \"My Back Pages\", which attacks the simplistic and arch seriousness of his own earlier topical songs and seems to predict the backlash Bob Dylan was about to encounter from his former champions as Bob Dylan took a new direction.[73]", "BOB DYLAN -No other single music artist has had a more profound impact on popular music, and yet over the last 20 years he has only made two quality albums. His album \"Time Out of Mind\" won a fistful of Grammys. He also appears on a soundtrack to the TV show \"The Sopranos\".", "Another Side of Bob Dylan , recorded on a single June evening in 1964, [68] had a lighter mood than its predecessor. The surreal, humorous Dylan reemerged on \"I Shall Be Free #10\" and \"Motorpsycho Nightmare\". \" Spanish Harlem Incident \" and \" To Ramona \" are romantic and passionate love songs, while \" Black Crow Blues \" and \" I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met) \" suggest the rock and roll soon to dominate Dylan's music. \" It Ain't Me Babe \", on the surface a song about spurned love, has been described as a rejection of the role his reputation had thrust at him. [69] His newest direction was signaled by two lengthy songs: the impressionistic \" Chimes of Freedom ,\" which sets elements of social commentary against a denser metaphorical landscape in a style later characterized by Allen Ginsberg as \"chains of flashing images,\" [70] and \" My Back Pages ,\" which attacks the simplistic and arch seriousness of his own earlier topical songs and seems to predict the backlash he was about to encounter from his former champions as he took a new direction. [71]", "Bob Dylan's album Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, soundtrack of the 1973 film by Sam Peckinpah.", "In summer 2001, Dylan took his road band back into the studio and in a quick burst recorded \"Love and Theft\", which reached Number Five. The title was a reference to Eric Lott's groundbreaking minstrelsy study of the same name, and it was canny: Dylan here played the same cracked voice and doomy viewpoint that fueled Time Out of Mind for laughs, even cracking a knock-knock joke in \"Po' Boy.\" The effect was as hard-hitting as Time Out of Mind, and the album won every major critics poll, with several reviewers reading deeply into the fact that an album as apocalyptic as this one was released on September 11, 2001.", "Baez, stentorian and humorless, recorded her first album in 1960 and was a star the next year. (She moved to Carmel and bought a Jaguar.) Dylan got an early rave in the New York Times, which led to his record contract. His second album contained several tracks that became standards. One, “ A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall, ” was a strikingly imagistic portrait of a child returning from a journey to impart wisdom to an older generation. It’s the place where Dylan’s self-definition begins to merge with his songs. On his third and fourth albums, Dylan showed he was capable of increasing nuance. “The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll,” the compellingly told true story of a barmaid carelessly killed by a moneyed young drunk, still able to make one’s blood boil, never mentions Carroll’s race.", "Sara started going out on her own, driving around town in an MG sports car Hans had given her, and gravitated to the youthful scene in Greenwich Village. Sometime in early 1964, she met Bob Dylan. Sara was still married to Hans when they met, and Dylan was still romantically linked to Joan Baez at the time. Peter Lownds (Hans' son from a previous marriage) has stated: \"Bob was the reason (she left Hans).\" Sara also had a friend, Sally Buchler, who went on to marry Dylan's manager Albert Grossman. Dylan and Sara were guests at the wedding in November 1964. ", "Blood on the Tracks is the fifteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on January 20, 1975 by Columbia Records. The album marked Dylan's return to Columbia Records after a two-album stint with Asylum Records. Dylan commenced recording the album in New York City in September 1974. In December, shortly before Columbia was due to release the record, Dylan abruptly re-recorded much of the material in a studio in Minneapolis. The final album contains five tracks from New York and five from Minneapolis.", "A successful mix of , and Dylan's own brand of surreal lyrics, is often considered to be one of the top 5 \"Greatest albums of all time\"", "The album contains 21 of Dylan’s best songs and the reviews were evidently fairly positive. But one writer, Robert Christgau, was particularly vocal in his support, saying that “at its best, this is the craziest and strongest rock and roll ever recorded”.", "Bob Dylan reached New York City and played the Gaslight Cafe. Here he transformed himself from a singer to a songwriter. On March 19th Columbia Records released his debut album Bob Dylan, produced by John Hammond.", "Dylan took the record back to Minnesota with him for the Christmas holidays. Back in New York, hardboiled journalist Pete Hammill had written elegiac sleevenotes, which would later net him a Grammy. Columbia printed them up on iconically elegant covers, the front of which showed a solarised, side-on photo of Dylan in shades: impassive, indistinct, and seemingly shaking apart.", "It has to be said that as the social conflicts grew sharper in the late 1960s, Dylan’s music became tamer and less evocative. Opposition to the existing order is one of the characteristics that he cast off. His music of the late 1960s and early 1970s became more and more religious and self-absorbed. Haynes doesn’t seem to notice. Or else he chooses not to draw attention for his own reasons.", "Dylan’s reinventions of himself are treated by Haynes largely as an internal psychological process. However, the height of the singer’s influence and some of his sharpest changes took place in the period 1963-68, among the most explosive years in postwar American history, which witnessed three major assassinations and the reshaping of official political life, US imperialism’s plunging into full-scale colonial war in Southeast Asia, uprisings in major American cities and the emergence of a mass protest movement. Might not these phenomena, and the psychic reverberations they set off, have had something to do with Dylan’s evolution?", "In the early Sixties, Bob Dylan emerged from New York's folk scene and redefined rock & roll. But by 1967, Dylan had moved upstate to Woodstock, and no other iconic figure had risen to take his place. New York found itself in the uncharacteristic position of not being the epicenter of cultural change. Developments in San Francisco were viewed, as ever, with suspicion. Still, the city was one of the cauldrons of the profound change sweeping America at that time. \"It was a period when a lot of 'new' took place,\" says Bob Neuwirth, a musician, painter and filmmaker, as well as a close associate of Dylan's during that time. \"Painting changed. Folk music changed. Rock & roll changed. It was a typical New York cultural shifting of the ground beneath you.\"" ]

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[ "Fleetwood Mac has only ever had one #1 song on the US charts, too. It was \"Dreams\" back in 1977.", "Its follow-up Rumours released in 1977 became one of the all-time best-selling albums, selling more than 19 million copies. With several Nicks songs such as \"Gold Dust Woman\", \"I Don't Want to Know\", and Fleetwood Mac's only Billboard Hot 100 number one single, Dreams, which was written by Nicks while she was taking a short break in another room as the band was recording during the making of the Rumours album. The recording of Rumours was a difficul time for the band as Stevie and Lindsay were splitting up as were Christine & John McVie which produced a tense but productive working environment with many of the songs seeming to directly address former partners.", "Fleetwood Mac has also only ever had one #1 hit on the UK charts. It was \"Albatross\" from the late '60s.", "While Fleetwood Mac had finally attained their long-desired commercial success, the band was fraying apart behind the scenes. The McVies divorced in 1976, and Buckingham and Nicks ' romance ended shortly afterward. The internal tensions formed the basis for the songs on their next album, Rumours. Released in the spring of 1977, Rumours became a blockbuster success, topping the American and British charts and generating the Top Ten singles \"Go Your Own Way,\" \"Dreams,\" \"Don't Stop,\" and \"You Make Loving Fun.\" It would eventually sell over 17 million copies in the U.S. alone, making it the second biggest-selling album of all time. Fleetwood Mac supported the album with an exhaustive, lucrative tour and then retired to the studio to record their follow-up to Rumours. A wildly experimental double album conceived largely by Buckingham , 1979's Tusk didn't duplicate the enormous success of Rumours, yet it did go multi-platinum and featured the Top Ten singles \"Sara\" and \"Tusk.\" In 1980, they released the double album Live.", "Rumours is the 11th studio album by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac. Largely recorded in California during 1976, it was produced by the band with Ken Caillat and Richard Dashut and was released on 4 February 1977 by Warner Bros. Records. The record peaked at the top of both the United States Billboard Top LPs & Tapes and the United Kingdom Albums Chart. “Go Your Own Way”, “Don’t Stop”, “Dreams”, and “You Make Loving Fun” were released as singles. A Grammy Award winner, Rumours is Fleetwood Mac’s most successful release with sales of over 40 million copies worldwide. The band wanted to expand on the commercial success of the 1975 record Fleetwood Mac, but struggled with relationship breakups before recording started. The Rumours studio sessions... Read on...", "In all, Fleetwood Mac would spawn three hit singles, while the album itself reached #1 on the U.S. chart. Christine McVie's \"Over My Head\" was first, jumping in on December 13, 1975, and coming in to rest at #7. It was Fleetwood Mac's first ever U.S. Top 40 hit. The song's success surprised everybody, its composer in particular. \"It was the last track we kept while we were recording], and we really didn't know what we were going to do with it. All it had was a vocal, a dobro guitar and a drum track.\" Later, she added a Vox continental, while Buckingham came up with a guitar motif, but still, \"it was the last track we ever thought would be a single.'", "Nicks joined Fleetwood Mac in 1975 along with her romantic partner Lindsey Buckingham. Fleetwood Mac's second album after the incorporation of Nicks and Buckingham, Rumours, released in 1977, was the best-selling album of the year of its release, and to date, made sales of 40 million copies worldwide, which makes it the fifth-highest selling studio album of all time. The album remained at number one on the American albums chart for 31 weeks and reached the top spot in various countries worldwide. The album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1978 and produced four U.S. top-10 singles, with Nicks' \"Dreams\" being the band's first and only U.S. number-one hit.", "The album Rumours (the band's first release on the main Warner label after Reprise was retired and all of its acts were reassigned to the parent label) was released in the spring of 1977, in which the band members laid bare the emotional turmoil they were experiencing at the time. Critically acclaimed, it was the recipient of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for 1977. The album generated multiple Top Ten singles, including Buckingham's \"Go Your Own Way\", Nicks' U.S. No.1 \"Dreams\" (), and Christine McVie's \"Don't Stop\" and \"You Make Loving Fun\". Buckingham's \"Second Hand News\", Nicks' \"Gold Dust Woman\" and \"The Chain\" (the only song written by all five bandmates) also received significant radio airplay. By 2003, Rumours had sold over 19 million copies in the U.S. alone (certified as a diamond album by the RIAA), and a total of 40 million copies worldwide, making it the second biggest selling album of all time. Fleetwood Mac supported the album with a lucrative tour.", "\"Don't Stop\" is a song by the British-American group Fleetwood Mac, written by vocalist and keyboard player Christine McVie. Sung by Christine McVie and guitarist Lindsey Buckingham, it was a single taken from the band's 1977 hit album, Rumours. It is one of the band's most enduring hits, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard singles chart. In the UK market, \"Don't Stop\" followed \"Go Your Own Way\" as the second single from Rumours and peaked at No. 32. In the U.S, it was the third single released, and peaked at No. 3 in October 1977.", "The two most successful periods for the band were during the late 1960s British blues boom, when they were led by guitarist Peter Green and achieved a UK number one with \"Albatross\"; and from 1975 to 1987, as a more pop oriented act, featuring Christine McVie, Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. Fleetwood Mac's second album after the incorporation of Buckingham and Nicks, 1977's Rumours, produced four U.S. Top 10 singles (including Nicks' song \"Dreams\"), and remained at No.1 on the American albums chart for 31 weeks, as well as reaching the top spot in various countries around the world. To date the album has sold over 45 million copies worldwide, making it the fourth-highest-selling album of all time.", "The group relocated to California in 1974. After Welch left to form the power trio Paris in 1975, Fleetwood Mac finally found its best-selling lineup. Producer Keith Olsen played an album he'd engineered, Buckingham-Nicks (Polydor), for Fleetwood and the McVies as a demo for his studio; Fleetwood Mac hired not only Olsen but the duo of Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks, who had played together in the Bay Area acid-rock group Fritz from 1968 until 1972, before recording with Olsen. Fleetwood Mac now had three songwriters, Buckingham's studio craft, and an onstage focal point in Nicks, who became a late-Seventies sex symbol as Fleetwood Mac (Number One, 1975) racked up 5 million in sales. The McVies divorced in 1976, and Buckingham and Nicks separated soon after, but the tensions of the two years between albums helped shape the songs on Rumours (Number One, 1977), which would sell over 17 million copies, win the Grammy for Album of the Year, and spawn the 1977 hits \"Go Your Own Way\" (Number 10), \"Dreams\" (Number One), \"Don't Stop\" (Number Three), and \"You Make Loving Fun\" (Number Nine).", "Fleetwood Mac released English Rose and Then Play On during 1969, which both indicated that the band was expanding its music, moving away from its blues purist roots. That year, Peter Green 's \"Man of the World\" and \"Oh Well\" were number two hits. Though his music was providing the backbone of the group, Green was growing increasingly disturbed due to his large ingestion of hallucinogenic drugs. After announcing that he was planning to give all of his earnings away, Green suddenly left the band in the spring of 1970; he released two solo albums over the course of the '70s, but he rarely performed after leaving Fleetwood Mac. The band replaced him with Christine Perfect , a vocalist/pianist who had earned a small but loyal following in the U.K. by singing with Spencer Davis and the Chicken Shack . She had already performed uncredited on Then Play On. Contractual difficulties prevented her from becoming a full-fledged member of Fleetwood Mac until 1971; by that time she had married John McVie.", "1978: Fleetwood Mac, Rumours. With its catchy songs including “Don’t Stop”, “The Chain” & “You Make Loving Fun”, Rumours was Fleetwood Mac’s most successful release & one of the best-selling albums of all time. In 2011 Rumours re-entered the Billboard charts after it was featured in an episode of the TV series, Glee. | Grammy Album of the Year winners 1959 – 2015 - Music", "Rumours was a huge commercial success and became Fleetwood Mac's second US number one record, following the 1975 eponymous release. It stayed at the top of the Billboard 200 for 31 non-consecutive weeks,Rooksby, p. 60 while also reaching number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In May 2011 it re-entered Billboard 200 chart at number 11, and the Australian ARIA chart at number 2, due to several songs from the album being used for the \"Rumours\" episode of the American TV series Glee. The album was certified platinum in America and the UK within months of release after one million units and 300,000 units were shipped respectively. All three major US trade publications—Billboard, Cash Box, and Record World—named it Album of the Year for 1977. After a debut at number seven, Rumours peaked at the top of the UK Albums Chart in January 1978, becoming Fleetwood Mac's first number one album in the country. In February, the band and co-producers Caillat and Dashut won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. By March, the album had sold over 10 million copies worldwide, including over eight million in the US alone.", "“Over My Head” was the first single from Fleetwood Mac’s self-titled 1975 album in America, and the first to feature Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. It became the band’s first Top 40 hit stateside, reaching #20. Written and sung by Christine McVie with her usual grace and warmth, “Over My Head” is a lovely melodic mid-tempo shuffle that has been overshadowed by the group’s later smash hits, but remains an important milestone in Fleetwood Mac’s recorded history.", "Rumours is the thirteenth album by rock band Fleetwood Mac, released in 1977. It was the second album recorded with this line-up, following the successful self-titled Fleetwood Mac album in 1975. In December 1976, prior to the release of the album, Reprise released the single “Go Your Own Way”. In 1978, Rumours won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. As of 2007 the album has sold more than 30 million copies, and is on the list of best-selling albums of all time. In addition, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Rumours at #25 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "Nicks and Buckingham joined Fleetwood Mac on December 31, 1974, after Keith Olsen played their track \"Frozen Love\" for drummer Mick Fleetwood , who had come to Sound City, California to find a new guitar player following Bob Welch 's departure to pursue a solo career. Initially extending the offer only to Buckingham, Fleetwood later included Nicks in the offer when Buckingham insisted that they were \"a package deal.\"", "'Tusk' is filled with lots of weird moments (see No. 3 below). But the third single from the 1979 album is one of its most straightforward songs, a super-catchy slice of radio pop that clocks in at less than three minutes. The song — written by Christine McVie, who's joined by Buckingham on the chorus — might be the most baggage-free track in Fleetwood Mac's extensive catalog. It's a love song, and a relatively simple one at that. No easy task for a band that's treated the subject like a hard-impact contact sport.", "By far the most successful of the Reprise acts who moved to Warner Bros. was Fleetwood Mac, whose massive success firmly established Warner Bros. in the front rank of major labels—although few would have predicted it from the band's tumultuous history. Between 1970 and 1975 there were multiple lineup changes (with only two original members remaining by 1974), their album sales declined drastically, and a legal battle over the group's name kept them off the road for over a year. However, just as Fleetwood Mac was switching labels in 1975, the group re-invigorated by the recruitment of new members Lindsay Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. The 'new' Fleetwood Mac scored a string of US and international hits and their self-titled Warner Bros. debut album was a huge success, reaching #1 in the US, charting for more than 30 weeks and selling more than 5 million copies. In 1977, their now-legendary Rumours took both group and label to even greater heights—it generated a string of international hit singles and became the most successful album in the label's history; it is currently ranked the 11th biggest selling album of all time and as of 2009 was estimated to have sold more than 40 million copies. ", "I liked Fleetwood Mac's first three albums from the Buckingham/Nicks period, FLEETWOOD MAC (1975), RUMOURS (1977), and TUSK (1979), a lot. Stevie didn't release a solo album until 1981 IIRC, and I didn't think in terms of individual members of the band until then.", "BEST OF THE 70s, ONE OF THE BEST EVER Probably the best album ever made...I mean c'mon, Thriller isn't AMAZING. This has sold over 40m, AND counting! Everything about it is great! Christine McVie is now back in Fleetwood Mac, too!!! Every song sounds like a hit from the 70s, and this album is a staple in any family, because of how popular it was! You HAVE TO BUY THIS, IT'S ONE OF THOSE ALBUMS THAT YOU WILL NEVER FORGET.", "\"Go Your Own Way\" is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, released as a single in December 1976. Written by Lindsey Buckingham, it was the first single from the group's 1977 album Rumours.", "On classic rock radio, the recording of \"Oh Well\" from the 1980 Fleetwood Mac album Live, with Lindsay Buckingham singing, is the definitive version of the song. One would hardly be aware that the original recording dates to 1969, was sung by Peter Green, and includes a 6-minute acoustic instrumental outro that rivals Layla in its awesomeness.", "\"Rhiannon\" is a song written by Stevie Nicks and originally recorded by Fleetwood Mac. First released on their self-titled album in 1975, it was subsequently issued as a single the following year.", "Fleetwood Mac ’s classic 1977 album is back in the charts, a reissued expanded edition going straight in at No 3 this week. “It’s this mutant thing, with a life of its own,” says Fleetwood about the enduring appeal of an album that has already sold more than 40 million copies. “It shaped me as a person, because we went through a damage, making that album,” admits the tall, hirsute, elegantly attired 65-year-old drummer. “I know it sounds like, 'Oh my God, when will those people grow up?’ Well, the reality was maybe we didn’t actually ever grow up. But it’s never too late. We’re not finished yet.”", "The band with the most #1 hits during the 1970s was the Bee Gees. This group of three brothers began in the 1960s writing and performing mostly melodic pop-rock ballads and then, with their 1975 hit, �Jive Talkin�,� they switched to disco and became hugely popular. Their album, �Saturday Night Fever,� which was the soundtrack for the 1977 movie of the same name starring John Travolta, was, for many years, the best selling soundtrack album in history (up to 1992), with many of its songs topping the charts (unless noted otherwise, the following were all performed by the Bee Gees): \"Stayin' Alive,\" \"How Deep Is Your Love,\" \"Night Fever,\" \"If I Can't Have You\" (Yvonne Elliman), \"A Fifth of Beethoven\" (Walter Murphy), \"You Should Be Dancing,\" \"Jive Talkin'\" (this song was not played in the movie).", "In September 1971, the band released Future Games. This album was radically different from anything the band had done up to that point. There were many new fans in America who were becoming more and more interested in the band. In Europe, CBS released Fleetwood Mac's first Greatest Hits package, which was predominantly comprised of songs by Peter Green, though there was one song by Jeremy and one by Danny.", "The final piece of the puzzle was the resolution of Keep Me There, a Christine McVie song with a strong chorus, but thought to be lacking something in the verses. Lindsey Buckingham had a vision that include re-writing and re-recording the entire first half, so a new tape was added to the front of the song and a carefully timed bass drum recorded as far as the middle of the existing song, over which Buckingham played a new dobro part. Stevie Nicks had some lyrics and a top line melody which fitted, so with a few more musical and vocal overdubs, the song was completed as The Chain. More overdubs, the last of which included vibes on Dreams, were completed in October, before the mixing of the first single�s A & B sides at Wally Heider, after which the team decamped to the Producers Workshop studio in Hollywood for the album mixing from mid-November. The album was finally finished on January 2nd, and, with a further two weeks of mastering to create 146 LP lacquers for pressing plants worldwide, the album hit the shops in February 1977, 12 months after it had started.", "The song came from his 1978 album Excitable Boy and features backing vocals from John McVie and Mick Fleetwood of Fleetwood Mac fame.", "The band achieved more modest success in the intervening period between 1971 and 1974, with the line-up including Bob Welch, during the 1990s in between the departure and return of Nicks and Buckingham, and also during the 2000s in between the departure and return of Christine McVie. In 1998, selected members of Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. The band has sold 100 million albums worldwide. In 2014, Christine McVie rejoined the band.", "When Fleetwood Mac was released in July 1975, its success was initially modest. But the band toured relentlessly. “There were no limousines and Christine slept on top of the amps in the back of the truck,” Nicks recalls. “We just played everywhere and we sold that record. We kicked that album in the ass.”", " The song was written on a vacation in Florida in a house the band rented. By this point, the members of Fleetwood Mac were not getting along very well. Mick Fleetwood, the band's drummer, remembers the tense atmosphere during this time:" ]

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[ "In 1961 Billie Jean competed in her first Wimbledon tournament in England . Although she was defeated in the women's singles, she teamed with Karen Hautze to win the doubles (two-person team) title. She married attorney Larry King in 1965. In 1966 she won her first Wimbledon singles championship and repeated in 1967. That same year she also won the U.S. Open singles title at Forest Hills, New York .", "In 1961 Billie Jean competed in her first Wimbledon tournament in England. Although she was defeated in the women's singles, she teamed with Karen Hautze to win the doubles (two-person team) title. She married attorney Larry King in 1965. In 1966 she won her first Wimbledon singles championship and repeated in 1967. That same year she also won the U.S. Open singles title at Forest Hills, New York.", "Billie Jean King won 39 Grand Slam tennis titles in her career and dominated women's tennis for more than a decade in the 1960s and 1970s. She won her first Wimbledon title in 1966, beating top-seeded Margaret Court Smith in the semis, and went on to win a total of 20 Wimbledon titles: six in singles, 10 in doubles, and four in mixed doubles. Her singles wins at Wimbledon were in 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973 and 1975. In singles she also won one French Open (1972), one Australian Open (1968) and four U.S. Opens (1967, 1971, 1972 and 1974). Billie Jean King also played a major role in establishing the professional women's tennis tour in the 1970s. In 1973 she played men's player Bobby Riggs, who had publicly proclaimed no woman could beat him. (The previous year he had beaten Margaret Court.) The stunt was dubbed \"The Battle of the Sexes\" and played at the Houston Astrodome, and when King trounced Riggs she became a feminist icon. She also had some memorable matches with Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova , who became her leading challengers in the 1970s. Since retiring, Billie Jean King has worked as a coach, television commentator and businesswoman, and has been a spokesperson for gay and lesbian rights. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2009.", "1979 - Billie Jean King defeated Linda Siegel with a first at the 102-year-old Wimbledon tennis championships. Not only did King defeat Siegel, but in an embarrassing moment, Siegel, wearing a plunging neckline tennis top became partly naked when the neckline plunged too far.", "In 2003, 25 years after her first singles title (of nine), Martina Navratilova equalled the amazing Championships record of Billie Jean King with her 20th Wimbledon title, this one coming alongside Leander Paes in the mixed doubles. This historic moment came less than six months after she had achieved the \"boxed set\" of winning the singles, women’s doubles and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slams (something that eluded even Billie Jean), emulating Doris Hart and Margaret Court before her.", "1969 British tennis player Ann Jones won the Wimbledon women's singles title, beating American Billie Jean King in the final.", "King returned to singles competition at the Wimbledon warm-up tournament in Chichester. She defeated the reigning Wimbledon champion, Martina Navratilova, in a 48-minute quarterfinal 6–1, 6–2 before losing to Evonne Goolagong Cawley in the semifinals 1–6, 6–4, 10–8. Seeded seventh at Wimbledon, King defeated Hana Mandlíková in the fourth round before losing the last six games of the quarterfinal match with fourth-seeded Tracy Austin 6–4, 6–7(5), 6–2. King partnered with Navratilova at Wimbledon to win King's 20th and final Wimbledon title, breaking Elizabeth Ryan's longstanding record of 19 Wimbledon titles just one day after Ryan collapsed and died at Wimbledon. ", "Billie Jean King won six Wimbledon singles championships and four U.S. Open titles. She was ranked No. 1 in the world five years. She defeated such magnificent players as Martina Navratilova, Chris Evert and Margaret Court.", "1982 –Thirty-eight-year-old Billie Jean King defeats Tracy Austin 3-6, 6-4, 6-2 for the first time in her career to advance to the semifinals of Wimbledon for a 13th time in her career. King’s achievement makes her the oldest Wimbledon women’s semifinalist since Dorthea Lambert Chambers reaches the last four in 1920 at 42.", "It was not just her record 20?Wimbledon titles, six of them in the singles between 1966 and 1975, that King will be remembered for. She was the foremost pioneer of women's professional tennis in the 1960s and 1970s, bringing a new athleticism to the female game and campaigning for fair rewards in return. To which end she played in the infamous 'Battle of the Sexes' in Houston, Texas, in 1973, when, as the reigning Wimbledon champion, she lost in three straight sets to Bobby Riggs, the 1939 men's victor at the All England Club. Having won the doubles on her first visit to SW19 as a teenager in 1961, she was nearly 36 years old at the time of her last success at the Championships in 1979 – partnering Martina Navratilova, who would later equal King's number of Wimbledon crowns. A less-heralded achievement was becoming the first woman to win at Wimbledon wearing glasses.", "Billie Jean King's efforts were finally rewarded in 1966, when she won her first major singles championship at Wimbledon. She went on to successfully defend that title in each of the following two years, and added her first U.S. Open singles championship in 1967 and her only Australian Open triumph the following year. In 1968, having claimed the world's No. 1 ranking in women's tennis, King turned professional.", "Billie Jean King thrashes Evonne Goolagong. Has anyone ever played better tennis in a Wimbledon final? The American won 20 Wimbledon titles, six of them in the singles competition between 1966 and 1975, but she probably never played better than when she beat Goolagong 6-0, 6-1.", "In the women's poll, Graf and Navratilova were separated by a point, 52-51, and were followed by Margaret Smith Court - the winner of 24 Grand Slam titles. Billie Jean King, who holds the most Wimbledon titles, with 20 (6 singles and 14 doubles titles) was fourth on the list. Chris Evert was fifth followed by Suzanne Lenglen of France, Helen Wills Moody, Maureen Connolly, Monica Seles of Yugoslavia, and a tie for No 10 between Evonne Goolagong of Australia and Martina Hingis of Switzerland.", "In 1966, King defeated Dorothy \"Dodo\" Cheney (then 49 years old) for the first time in five career matches, winning their semifinal at the Southern California Championships 6–0, 6–3. King also ended her nine match losing streak to Margaret Court by defeating her in the final of the South African Tennis Championships. At the Wightman Cup just before Wimbledon, King defeated Virginia Wade and Ann Haydon-Jones. After thirteen unsuccessful attempts to win a Grand Slam singles title from 1959 through 1965, King at the age of 22 finally won the first of her six singles titles at Wimbledon and the first of twelve Grand Slam singles titles overall, defeating Court in the semifinals 6–3, 6–3 and Maria Bueno in the final. King credited her semifinal victory to her forehand down the line, a new shot in her repertoire. She also said that the strategy for playing Court is, \"Simple. Just chip the ball back at her feet.\" At the U.S. Championships, an ill King was upset by Kerry Melville Reid in the second round. ", "Given the identity of her second-round conqueror, perhaps it was not such a shock when Margaret Court – known as Margaret Smith at the time – made an early exit in 1962. After all, Billie Jean King knew her way around a tennis court, eventually racking up 12 grand slam singles titles during a wonderful career, and the American’s place in the hall of fame is not up for debate. Yet her victory at SW19 that day was a remarkable effort bearing in mind that it was only her second singles match at Wimbledon, while Court was the world No1, the French Open champion and a three-times winner at the Australian Open.", "This doubles victory along with Martina Navratilova in 1979 marked Billie Jean King's 20th Wimbledon title. ", "Wimbledon Champ Billie Jean King holds down the net as Bobby Riggs, the 55-year-old tennis player she played in the game that was billed as \"the battle of the sexes,\" jumps over the net. King will be the ... more", "Billie Jean King, who holds a record 20 Wimbledon titles, will be the 1989 recipient of the Forest Hills Award to be presented Saturday, May 6, at the $602,500 Tournament of Champions. King won 13 U.S. Open titles and singles victories in the French Open and Australian Open, was ranked No. 1 in the world five times and was in the top 10 for 17 years. She led the U.S. doubles list for a record 12 years and won 29 Virginia Slims circuit singles titles. King founded the Women's Tennis Assn.", "2nd July 1964: American tennis player Billie Jean Moffitt (later King) in action during a semi final in the women's singles championship at Wimbledon. (Photo by Dennis Oulds/Central Press/Getty Images)", "7. Bille Jean King and Rosie Casals 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973. Like Margaret Court, Billie Jean King, nee Moffitt, was a real athlete and her all-round ability made her perfect for doubles. Between 1968 and 1973 they won five doubles titles together, also joining King in starting the women’s professional Tour.", "I nternational tennis star Billie Jean King won a record twenty Wimbledon championships and helped win equal treatment for women in sports.", "As the Open Era began in 1968, King kept rolling, winning her third straight Wimbledon singles title. There were runs to the finals in '69 and '70, the latter highlighted by a 14-12, 11-9 loss to Court that is considered by many to be one of the greatest matches in the history of women's tennis. King, though, shudders when she recalls that both she and her opponent were injured and how much better the quality of tennis is today.", "King earned international fame after winning the women’s doubles title at Wimbledon in 1961. King played in seven Grand Slam singles finals from 1971 to 1975, winning every one. Only one of her Grand Slam titles came on a surface other than grass (clay).", "King, Billie Jean American tennis player whose influence and playing style elevated the status of women’s professional tennis beginning in the late 1960s. In her career she won 39 major titles, competing in both singles and doubles. King was athletically inclined from...", "King announced her retirement from singles play after winning Wimbledon in 1975, but she resumed singles competition two years later and continued through 1983. In the meantime, she remained a force in doubles for many years, winning Wimbledon in 1979 and the U.S. Open in 1980. She continued to play WTA doubles matches sporadically, until retiring for good in 1990.", "Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.", "Martina Navratilova won more Wimbledon singles crowns than any person in history, Open Era or pre-Open Era, men or women. To put Navratilova's accomplishment in perspective, she claimed as many Wimbledon singles titles as John McEnroe, Rafael Nadal, Jimmy Connors and Novak Djokovic combined.", "1984- Billie Jean King made history again. She was the first woman to be head of a professional athletic league.", "1967/--/-- 19 - Tennis player Billie Jean King wins the U.S. Open championship for the first time.", "BILLIE JEAN KING: I think most people think I am like the mother of modern sports. WIMBLEDON ANNOUNCER: Billie Jean serves again. BILLIE JEAN KING: I happened to come along at a time when the world was ready for some change.", "Rising star – King made her tennis debut back in 1959. Here, competing under her maiden name Moffitt, she plays a forehand volley during her Wimbledon semifinal in 1964.", "Who won 'The Battle of the Sexes' tennis match at the Houston Astrodome in 1973? Billie Jean King" ]

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[ "The first ever World Cup match was played in Uruguay in 1930. Thirteen teams from around the world competed, and the host nation Uruguay became the first ever nation to win the world cup with a 4-2 triumph over Argentina.", "In 1930, the first FIFA World Cup Football (soccer) Championship was held in Uruguay, with the final match being played in the country's capital, Montevideo, between the host nation Uruguay and their South American neighbours Argentina. Uruguay trailed 2-1 at half-time, but scored 3 goals in the second half to win 4-2 and become the first World Champions. The FIFA World Cup is now held every 4 years and is one of the world's most popular sporting events, with the final match regularly watched by over 2 billion television viewers.", "In 1930, The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) held soccer's first World Cup tournament in Montevideo, Uruguay. There were a total of 13 teams in the first world cup. Besides the host Uruguay , there were Argentina , Belgium , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , France , Mexico , Paraguay , Peru , Romania , the United States and Yugoslavia .", "Argentina, Uruguay, the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals. In the final, hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people, and became the first nation to win the World Cup.", "South America shares with Europe the supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).", "In 1930 Uruguay hosted the first FIFA World Cup. Although the field was much smaller than the competitions of today, the event provided national pride when the home team won the tournament over their neighbors Argentina.", "     Soccer history was made at the Estadio Centenario on Wednesday July 30th 1930, when host nation Uruguay and South American neighbours, Argentina met in the final of the very first World Cup. Uruguay left out Anselmo and replaced him with the one-armed (!?) Castro at center forward.", "In the first World Cup final, held on July 30, 1930, 93,000 spectators looked on as Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in a rematch of the 1928 Olympic gold medal game. Uruguay went on to win its second World Cup in 1950 with a 2-1 win over Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.", "Hosts Argentina captured their first world title as the Netherlands suffered Final heartache for the second tournament running. Mario Kempes sealed Cesar Luis Menotti's side's triumph, scoring twice against the Dutch in the confetti-strewn cauldron of the Estadio Monumental to earn himself additional acclaim as top scorer. Brazil, denied a Final place by Argentina's 6-0 win over Peru, took third place from an enterprising Italy side.", "Mexico became the first nation to hold two World Cups by hosting the 1986 World Cup. The format changed again, with the second round being replaced by a pre-quarterfinal, knockout competition, for which 16 teams would qualify. It was also decided that the final two matches in all groups would kick off simultaneously, to ensure complete fairness. Canada, Denmark and Iraq made their first finals. José Batista of Uruguay set a World Cup record being sent off after a mere 56 seconds into the game against Scotland. The quarterfinal match between England and Argentina is remembered for two remarkable Diego Maradona goals, later regarded as player of the tournament, the first, the controversial handball goal, and the second, considered to be the Goal of the Century, in which he dribbled half the length of the field past five English players before scoring. In the final, Argentina beat West Germany 3–2, inspired by Diego Maradona, who set up Jorge Burruchaga for the winner.", "The country’s World Cup experience is fairly large, qualifying for 15 out of the 19 tournaments that have been held and reaching at least the quarter finals for 8/15 times. However, the country’s reign was in 1978 and 1986. In both cases something identical happened – one phenomenal player led his great teammates to the title. In Argentina 1978 World Cup the hosts were led by their star – Mario Kempes. At the age of 23 the talented striker, who was playing for CF Valencia at that time, scored 6 goals and went on not only to win the World Cup, but also win the top goal scorer and the best player of the tournament awards. “La Albiceleste” beat the Netherlands at the final with 3:1 after an extra time period, and by that winning its 1st World Cup trophy. What happened 8 years later in Mexico 1986 World Cup was very similar. The all-time best number “10” for Argentina, Diego Maradona led his country to the trophy, by also winning the best player of the tournament award. At the age of 25, Napoli’s midfielder and captain of “La Albiceleste” was outstanding throughout the whole tournament and almost single-handedly brought the trophy back to Argentina.", "In 1901 Argentina played Uruguay in the first international match played outside of the U.K. And by the early 1930s the most intense and enduring local derby in world football emerged between Boca Juniors and its breakaway faction River Plate. In 1928 Argentina were runners-up to Uruguay at the Amsterdam Olympic Games and again at the first ever World Cup in 1930. They featured in 3 of the four World Cup finals between 1978 and 1990, winning in 1978 and 1986 and runners-up to West Germany in 1990.", "Weegy: Colorado celebrates its statehood on August 1st. User: who was the winner of the 1986 FIFA world cup Weegy: The winner of the 1986 FIFA World Cup Champions is Argentina. User: who was the winner of the 1986 FIFA world cup? itlaly, brazil, or argentina Weegy: The winner of the 1986 FIFA World Cup Champions is Argentina. (More)", "Argentina's 1986 World Cup winners led by Diego Maradona hosted the first 10-nation tournament and were knocked out in the semi-finals 1-0 by Uruguay.", "The first ever World Cup Final back in 1930 was between Uruguay and Argentina. Since then, they have never encountered each other in a World Cup again. Until the 1986 World Cup! After 56 years Argentina had the chance to take revenge, and they did! Pedro Pasculli was the scorer of this important goal. Diego Maradona scored a goal as well but this was dissalowed. The 1-0 was enough to eliminate Uruguay and for Argentina to advance in the tournament.", "The three quarter-finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans. Germany had a 4–0 victory over Argentina, and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2–1, handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe (other than in a penalty shootout) after 1950 when Uruguay won the decisive match 2–1. [13] Spain reached the final four for the first time after 1950 after a 1–0 win over Paraguay. Uruguay, the only South American team to reach the semi-finals, overcame Ghana in a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of additional time after Luis Suarez controversially handled the ball on the line.", "La Selección (national team), also known as the Albicelestes (sky blue and whites), has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost 4–2 to Uruguay. Argentina won in their next final appearance in 1978, beating the Netherlands at extra time, 3–1. Argentina, led by Diego Maradona won again in 1986, a 3–2 victory over West Germany. They again made the World Cup finals in 1990, and lost 1–0 to West Germany following a controversial penalty call in the 87th minute. Argentina made their fifth appearance in a World Cup final in 2014, again losing to Germany, 1–0 during extra-time. Argentina's World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, and Carlos Bilardo in 1986.", "Uruguay welcomed and then conquered the world, using home-field advantage to defeat South American rivals Argentina in the final of the inaugural World Cup. || READ THE FULL STORY", "Argentina are among those countries to have claimed the title on one occasion, with their success coming in Athens four years ago when a goal by Carlos Tevez fired them to a 1-0 victory against Paraguay.", "For the 1921 event, Paraguay participated for the first time after its football association affiliated to CONMEBOL earlier that same year. Argentina won the competition for the first time thanks to the goals of Julio Libonatti . In subsequent years, Uruguay would dominate the tournament, which at that time was the largest football tournament in the world. Argentina, however, would not be far behind and disputed the supremacy with the Charruas. After losing the 1928 final at the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam, Argentina would gain revenge in the 1929 South American Championship by defeating the Uruguayans in the last, decisive match. During this period, both Bolivia and Peru debuted in the tournament in 1926 and 1927 , respectively.", "For the 1921 event, Paraguay participated for the first time after its football association affiliated to CONMEBOL earlier that same year. Argentina won the competition for the first time thanks to the goals of Julio Libonatti. In subsequent years, Uruguay would dominate the tournament, which at that time was the largest football tournament in the world. Argentina, however, would not be far behind and disputed the supremacy with the Charruas. After losing the 1928 final at the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam, Argentina would gain revenge in the 1929 South American Championship by defeating the Uruguayans in the last, decisive match. During this period, both Bolivia and Peru debuted in the tournament in 1926 and 1927, respectively.", "The 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup, quadrennial international football world championship tournament, was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June.", "Claudio Caniggia, who once played for both River Plate and Boca Juniors, became a hero when he scored in the round of 16 at the 1990 World Cup taking out our archrivals Brazil. His nickname was “El Pájaro” (the bird) because he ran so fast it appeared he was flying", "The first recorded association football match in South America was played in Argentina in 1867 by British railway workers. The first association football team in South America, Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata was created in Argentina in 1887, and the Argentine Football Association was founded in 1893. By the early 20th century, football was growing in popularity, and the first international competition held between national teams of the continent occurred in 1910 when Argentina organized an event to commemorate the centenary of the May Revolution . Chile and Uruguay participated, but this event is not considered official by CONMEBOL. Similarly, for the centennial celebration of its independence, Argentina held a tournament between July 2 and July 17 of 1916 with Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil being the first participants of the tournament. This so-called Campeonato Sudamericano de Football would be the first edition of what is currently known as Copa América; Uruguay would triumph in this first edition after tying 0-0 with hosts Argentina in the deciding, last match held in Estadio Racing Club in Avellaneda.", "Football in Argentina, it could be said, is more than a sport, as it is arguably part of the country's culture. The sport is played all over the country by children during breaks at school and by grown-ups in the indoor football fields that can be found almost everywhere. The Argentina national football team has won the World Cup twice in 1978 and 1986 , successive Olympic gold medals in 2004 and 2008 , won the Copa América fourteen times, one Confederations Cup and six Youth World Championship 's. Argentina's most famed national football idol is Diego Maradona . The Primera División is the top level domestic competition. The Argentines clubs won a record 22 times the Copa Libertadores and have achieve 9 times, like Brazil, the World Club Cup also know has the Intercontinental Cup .", "The most popular sport in Argentina is football (soccer), the Argentine national team has won the football World Cup twice in 1978 and 1986.", "The national team has won the FIFA World Cup twice (in 1978 and 1986 ), successive Olympic gold medals (in 2004 and 2008 ), fourteen Copas América , one Confederations Cup and six World Youth Championships . Argentine clubs have won the Copa Libertadores , the top continental competition, a record 22 times and the Intercontinental Cup or FIFA Club World Cup 8 times, a record shared with Brazilian clubs. The Argentine Primera División is the top level domestic competition. The country’s most famed football idol is Diego Maradona . Actually the most famous football player is Lionel Messi .", "Argentina has been very successful in the Copa América, winning it 14 times and also winning the 'extra' South American Championships in 1941, 1945 and 1946. The team also won the FIFA Confederations Cup and the Kirin Cup, both in 1992, and the Argentine olympic team won the Olympics football tournaments in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. ", "Argentina is, without a doubt, one of the most successful football nations in history. Although heartbreak has outweighed success on the biggest stage, Argentina has won 16 Copa America, 2 Olympic Gold Medals, and 6 FIFA World Youth Championships.", "The official national sport of Argentina is pato,[220] played with a six-handle ball on horseback, but the most popular sport is association football.[221] The national football team has won 25 major international titles[222] including two FIFA World Cups, two Olympic gold medals and fourteen Copa Américas. Over one thousand Argentine players play abroad, the majority of them in European football leagues.[223] There are 331,811 registered football players,[224] with increasing numbers of girls and women, who have organized their own national championships since 1991 and were South American champions in 2006.", "In Part One of Gunner's all time legends of world football, we travel to football's southern-most stronghold Argentina. Football in Argentina is governed by the Asociacion del Futbol Argentino which was founded in 1891 and joined FIFA in 1912.", "Didn’t Argentina do the alphabetical thing in ’78? I seem to remember reading somewhere that Ardiles wore no 1 at that tournament." ]

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[ "1910 - Halley's comet appears. Mark Twain dies. America suffers a one-year depression. U.S. population is 93,402,151 (alt. 93,484,018); less than half have high school diplomas, four percent have college degrees.", "The Spanish War proved the USA was now a great power. By 1910 the USA had overtaken Britain as the richest and most powerful nation in the world. By then the population of the USA had reached 92 million.", "The increase in land area was matched by a rapid increase in population. Between 1860 and 1910, the US population tripled, from 31 million to 92 million. Much of this growth was from immigration; 25 million people, most from Europe, entered the US during this time. They were attracted by the vast expanses of available land, and also by the remarkable economic growth in the US. Between 1860 and 1900, the size of the US economy quadrupled, interrupted only briefly by the Financial Panic of 1873.", "19. The population went from 54,737 in 1895 to 116,526 in 1910. Salazar Anaya, La población extranjera en México, 1995–1990, p. 99.", "Census: According to the 1890 census, the total population in the United States is nearly 63 million people.", "Between 1880 and 1910, almost fifteen million immigrants entered the United States, a number which dwarfed immigration figures for previous periods. Unlike earlier nineteenth century immigration, which consisted primarily of immigrants from Northern Europe, the bulk of the new arrivals hailed mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe. These included more than two and half million Italians and approximately two million Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as many Poles, Hungarians, Austrians, Greeks, and others.", "The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country's population to be 323 425 550 as of April 25, 2016, and to be adding 1 person (net gain) every 13 seconds, or about 6,646 people per day. The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about 76 million in 1900. The third most populous nation in the world, after China and India, the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected. In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children, by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56. Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014. Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010, representing one third of the population increase. The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015. ", "The United States admitted more legal immigrants from 1991 to 2000, between ten and eleven million, than in any previous decade. In the most recent decade, the ten million legal immigrants that settled in the U.S. represent an annual growth of only about 0.3% as the U.S. population grew from 249 million to 281 million. By comparison, the highest previous decade was the 1900s, when 8.8 million people arrived, increasing the total U.S. population by one percent every year. Specifically, \"nearly 15% of Americans were foreign-born in 1910, while in 1999, only about 10% were foreign-born.\"", "In the late 19th century the population of the USA grew very rapidly. In 1860 the population was 31 million. By 1900 it was almost 76 million. Immigrants from Europe poured into the USA hoping for a better life. Many people were lured by the Homesteader Act of 1862. Settlers were offered 160 acres of land free provided they agreed to till it for 5 years. (However Chinese immigration into the USA was ended by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882).", "* 1910 – The population of the city nearly doubles from the 1900 census to 31,229.", "In 1793, the US was still an agrarian nation. By 1880, however, the US was becoming an industrial power. Between 1869 and 1900, manufacturing output, fueled by rich mining resources in the American West, grew from $3 billion to $13 billion, and in 1890 the value of industrial output passed that of agrarian output. The number of factory workers, mostly immigrants, went from 13 million to 19 million. The number of women in the work force went from 2.6 million to 8.6 million; about 18% of the workforce consisted of children age 8-15. By 1910, fully 25% of all children in the US were employed in factories.", "In the early years of the twentieth-century population growth tapered off, due to a slight decline in birth rates, but largely because of Mexican emigration to the United States. The number of Mexicans enumerated north of the Río Bravo grew slowly from 68,000 in 1880 to 78,000 in 1890 and 103,000 in 1900. In 1910, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerated 221,915 Mexican born nationals, but estimated the total \"Mexican race\" population at 367,510, including citizens of Mexican parents born in the United States. As the economies of the southwestern United States boomed, Mexicans flocked into the region, nearly half of them to Texas and more than one-fourth to California. When revolution erupted in Mexico on November 25, 1910, almost 2.5 percent of native-born Mexicans already resided in the United States. While this was double the figure of just ten years before, it was only one-third of what it would become following a decade of revolution, civil war, banditry, famine and epidemics.", "The USA continued to grow rapidly and by 1860 its population was 31 million. New states were added. Iowa was added to the union in 1846. Wisconsin followed in 1848. Oregon was admitted in 1859 and Kansas was admitted in 1861.", "Demography. The United States has a population of over 280 million (2000 census), but it is relatively sparsely populated. The most populous state, California, with 33,871,648 inhabitants, contrasts with Wyoming, which has only 493,782 residents.", "1940 The population of the U.S. is now 132,164,569. Farmers are 18% of the labor force. There are about 6,102,000 farms, averaging about 175 acres.", "Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white. ", "[1] U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 194.", "The census of 1900 also presents the following details of population: (a) White, 1,402,727; African, 11,045; Indian, 15,377; Chinese, 45,753; Japanese , 10,151. (b) Native-born, 1,117,813; Foreign-born, 367,240; (c) Males, 820,531; Females, 664,522. The estimated population of California (January, 1907) is 2,217,897, an increase of 732,844, or 49.3 percent since the census of 1900.", "In 1901, Carnegie merged several companies into U.S. Steel. By 1910, Pittsburgh was the nation's 8th-largest city, accounting for between a third and a half of national steel output. The city's population swelled to over a half million with European immigration via Ellis Island in New York harbor. By 1940, non-Hispanic whites were 90.6% of the city's population. Pittsburgh also became a main destination of the African-American Great Migration from the rural South during the first half of the 20th century. Limited initially by discrimination, some 95% percent of the men became unskilled steel workers. During World War II, demand increased and area mills operated 24 hours a day to produce 95 million tons of steel for the war effort. This resulted in the highest levels of air pollution in the city's almost century of industry. The city's reputation as the \"arsenal of democracy\" was being overshadowed by James Parton's 1868 observation of Pittsburgh being \"hell with the lid off.\" ", "While immigration has increased drastically over the last century, the foreign born share of the population was still higher in 1900 (about 20%) than it is today (about 10%). A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the representation of foreign born residents in the United States. Most significant has been the change in the composition of immigrants; prior to 1890, 82% of immigrants came from North and Western Europe. From 1891 to 1920, that number dropped to 25%, with a rise in immigrants from East, Central, and South Europe, summing up to 64%. Animosity towards these different and foreign immigrants rose in the United States, resulting in much legislation to limit immigration.", "The population of California, according to the United States Census of 1900, is 1,485,053, or 9.5 per square mile. This figure constitutes an increase of 22.7 percent upon the population of 1890. The following table, taken from the United States Census of 1900, exhibits the population of California in each census year since its admission into the Federal Union, its rank among the States in point of population, and the percentage of increase in its population during the period of ten years between each census:", "Situated in the Midwestern location of the United States. Illinois is the 21st state to join the Union (on December 3, 1818 ) and with a population of nearly 13 million, Illinois is the 5th  most populous state. Known as the Land of Lincoln; The \"Prairie State\".", "At the turn of the 20th century, New York City became the city we know today. In 1895, residents of Queens, the Bronx, Staten Island and Brooklyn–all independent cities at that time–voted to “consolidate” with Manhattan to form a five-borough “Greater New York.” As a result, on December 31, 1897, New York City had an area of 60 square miles and a population of a little more than 2 million people; on January 1, 1898, when the consolidation plan took effect, New York City had an area of 360 square miles and a population of about 3,350,000 people.", "by 1910.16 Many had come from the rural South seeking more opportunity. This population grouped mostly in the communities of", "The Gold Rush ushered in the largest mass migration in U.S. history. In March 1848, there were about 157,000 people in the California territory; fewer than 800 were non-native Americans, 150,000 were California Indians, and 6,500 were Californios of Spanish/Mexican descent. Just 20 months later, following the massive influx of settlers, the non-native population had soared to more than 100,000.", "An increasing number of Americans lived in cities. By 1900 almost 1/3 of them did. by then there were more than 40 cities with a population of over 100,000. (It wasn't until 1920 that the majority of Americans lived in cities). Conditions in the industrial cities were often appalling. Many people lived in overcrowded slums.", "In 1910, when the city was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, it had 72,555 inhabitants. Of these, 31,644 (43.6%) were Germans, 28,552 (39.3%) Hungarians, 7566 (10.4%) Romanians and 4793 (6.7%) others.", "1910 – First junior high schools in US open in Berkeley, CA. McKinley School housed seventh and eighth grade students.", "As we begin this discussion, it is important to set the stage. So, what was America like in 1900 and how it compared with America 100 years later in 2000?", "The boom in the size of urban areas in the first third of the 20th century was a source of pride and a sign of progress for some, though a spectre of overcrowding to the Malthusians. In the United States of America, the top five most populous metropolises were:", "This summary of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century immigration describes the \"new immigration\" that originated from Southern and Eastern Europe. The essay also outlines American responses to the new wave of immigration, including some of the laws designed to restrict immigration that were adopted between 1880 and 1910.", "1916 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 and injuring" ]

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[ "Chaplin lived a complex life. He could act in a lovable and unassuming manner in his slapstick sketches, or he could be politically defiant, as witnessed in his railing against the rise and rule of Germany's Adolf Hitler in The Great Dictator. He frequently found himself at odds with American political and social mores of the time, which ultimately led to his self-imposed exile to Switzerland, where he died in 1977.", "Chaplin lived a complex life. He could act in a lovable and unassuming manner in his slapstick sketches, or he could be politically defiant, as witnessed in his railing against the rise and rule of Germany's Adolf Hitler in The Great Dictator. He frequently found himself at odds with American political and social mores of the time, which ultimately led to his self-imposed exile to Switzerland, where he died in 1977.", "The 1940 Charlie Chaplin film The Great Dictator is about a thinly-veiled parody of the Nazi regime, whose leader is named Adenoid Hynkel and whose symbol is the Double Cross. The location is translated from Germany to the fictional country of Tomania; the anti-Semitism is left undisguised.", "Chaplin played a dual role: as a poor, unnamed Jewish ghetto barber, and as a Hitler look-alike, the ruthless tyrannical dictator Adenoid Hynkel of the European country of Tomania. Hynkel's rival was Mussolini-like Benzino Napaloni (Jack Oakie) of Bacteria. The barber and the dictator became involved in a case of mistaken identities.", "Chaplin's film advanced a stirring, controversial condemnation of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, fascism, antisemitism, and the Nazis. At the time of its first release, the United States was still formally at peace with Nazi Germany. Chaplin plays both leading roles: a ruthless fascist dictator, and a persecuted Jewish barber.", "In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his next film, The Great Dictator (1940), satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).", "The film ends with the barber, having been mistaken for the dictator, delivering an address in front of a large audience and over the radio to the nation, following the Tomainian take-over of Osterlich (a reference to the German Anschluss of Austria on March 12, 1938). The address is widely interpreted as an out-of-character personal plea from Chaplin.", "Chaplin used not one, but two similar-looking characters to the Tramp in The Great Dictator (released October 15, 1940); however, this was an all-talking film (Chaplin's first). The film was inspired by the noted similarity between Chaplin's appearance (most notably his small mustache) and that of German dictator Adolf Hitler. Chaplin used this similarity to create a dark version of the Tramp character in parody of the dictator. (In his book My Autobiography, Chaplin stated that he was unaware of the Holocaust when he made the film; if he had been, he writes, he wouldn't have been able to make a comedy satirizing Hitler). The barber, while having many similarities to the Tramp, is not considered a version of that character, although he does engage in several Tramp-like comedy sequences. A noticeable difference is that the barber has a streak of grey in his hair; the Tramp had always been depicted as having dark hair. Also, the barber lacks the ill-fitting clothes of The Tramp, and is clearly portrayed as having a profession. His character does share much of The Tramp's character, notably his idealism and anger at seeing unfairness.", "\"The Great Dictator\" (1940) was an act of defiance against Adolf Hitler and fascism. Chaplin played a fascist dictator clearly modeled on Hitler.", "His first dialogue picture, The Great Dictator (1940) was an act of defiance against Adolf Hitler and Nazism, filmed and released in the United States one year before it abandoned its policy of isolationism to enter World War II . The film was seen as an act of courage in the political environment of the time, both for its ridicule of Nazism and for the portrayal of overt Jewish characters and the depiction of their persecution. Chaplin played both the role of a Nazi dictator clearly modeled on Hitler (with a certain physical likeness), and also that of a Jewish barber cruelly persecuted by the Nazis. Hitler, who was a great fan of movies, is known to have seen the film twice (records were kept of movies ordered for his personal theatre).", "Chaplin's life and career was full of scandal and controversy. His first big scandal was during World War I, during which time his loyalty to England, his home country, was questioned. He had never applied for US citizenship, but claimed that he was a \"paying visitor\" to the United States. Many British citizens called Chaplin a coward and a slacker. This and his other career eccentricities sparked suspicion with FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), who believed that he was injecting Communist propaganda into his films. Chaplin's later film The Great Dictator (1940), which was his first \"talkie\", also created a stir. In the film Chaplin plays a humorous caricature of Adolf Hitler . Some thought the film was poorly done and in bad taste. However it grossed over $5 million and earned five Academy Award Nominations.", "Chaplin's life and career was full of scandal and controversy. His first big scandal was during World War I, during which time his loyalty to England, his home country, was questioned. He had never applied for US citizenship, but claimed that he was a \"paying visitor\" to the United States. Many British citizens called Chaplin a coward and a slacker. This and his other career eccentricities sparked suspicion with FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), who believed that he was injecting Communist propaganda into his films. Chaplin's later film The Great Dictator , which was his first \"talkie\", also created a stir. In the film Chaplin plays a humorous caricature of Adolf Hitler . Some thought the film was poorly done and in bad taste. However it grossed over $5 million and earned five Academy Award Nominations.", "The Great Dictator (1940) - A satirical spoof on Hitler produced during World War II, as Chaplin portrays both anti-Semitic dictator and his doppelgänger, a Jewish barber. Contains one of the most memorable speeches in film history .", "21 Charles Chaplin's Modern Times (1936) borrowed heavily from Rene Clair's A Nous la liberie (1931) but its greater debt was to Soviet revolutionary cinema, causing it to be banned as Communist propaganda by Hitler and Mussolini. Chaplin took his revenge with The Great Dictator (1940).", "Chaplin's film, aimed obviously and scornfully at Hitler himself, could only have been funny, he says in his autobiography, if he had not yet known the full extent of the Nazi evil. As it was, the film's mockery of Hitler got it banned in Spain, Italy and neutral Ireland. But in America and elsewhere, it played with an impact that, today, may be hard to imagine. There had never been any fictional character as universally beloved as the Little Tramp, and although Chaplin was technically not playing the Tramp in \"The Great Dictator,\" he looked just like him, this time not in a comic fable but a political satire.", "During the 1920s he would use his films as sounding boards for his own political and social criticism, winning him few fans from the conservative elite. He did, however, gain the popularity of the cinema-going public as a whole; emerging as the celebrity pin-up for a growing immigrant nation. Yet, as the growing pressure from his detractors increased, the quality of his work did also. His best films – “Modern Times”, “City Lights”, and “The Great Dictator” – were all conceived during the 1930s. “The Great Dictator”, released in 1940, was a damning satirical look at fascism and way ahead of its time. It was stoutly against the Nazi regime and Adolf Hitler yet was made a full year before the American government ended its neutrality in World War 2. But, sadly, its warnings were not heard, and Chaplin’s career groaned to a halt amid political smear campaigns and conservative backbiting.", "The 1940s saw Chaplin face a series of controversies, both in his work and in his personal life, which changed his fortunes and severely affected his popularity in the United States. The first of these was a new boldness in expressing his political beliefs. Deeply disturbed by the surge of militaristic nationalism in 1930s world politics, Chaplin found that he could not keep these issues out of his work. Parallels between himself and Adolf Hitler had been widely noted: the pair were born four days apart, both had risen from poverty to world prominence, and Hitler wore the same toothbrush moustache as Chaplin. It was this physical resemblance that supplied the plot for Chaplin's next film, The Great Dictator, which directly satirised Hitler and attacked fascism. ", "Charles Chaplin in dual roles as a Jewish ghetto barber with amnesia who is mistaken for a Hitlerian dictator (of Tomania) named Adenoid Hynkel in the political satire The Great Dictator. [Chaplin was the first to receive simultaneous nominations for producer (Best Picture), actor (Best Actor), and writer (Best Original Screenplay). This feat was duplicated, and actually topped, the next year when Orson Welles was nominated for the same honors (and also Best Director!) for", "The Great Dictator (1940) earned Chaplin several Oscar nominations-for his acting, the script, and Best Pictureand saw him tackle dialogue for the first time. It offered a relentlessly ridiculous caricature of Hitler and Nazism, and gave movie fans their last look at the Little Tramp, incarnated for this picture only as a Jewish barber whose resemblance to a fascist dictator gets him into trouble.", "In The Great Dictator, Chaplin’s first film after Modern Times, Chaplin plays the dual role of a Hitler-esque dictator, and a Jewish Barber. Although Chaplin emphatically stated that the barber was not The Tramp, he retains the Tramp’s moustache, hat, and general appearance. Despite a few silent scenes, including one where the barber is wearing the tramps’ coat and bowler hat and carrying his cane, the barber speaks throughout the film (using Chaplin’s own British accent), including the passionate plea for peace that has been widely interpreted as Chaplin speaking as himself.", "Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films.[5] His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the music hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin was identified with left-wing politics during the McCarthy era and he was ultimately forced to resettle in Europe from 1952.", "Ironically, the director’s deliberate pace with preparation and shooting — The Great Dictator was in production for almost 600 days — meant that, by the time the film premiered in 1940, the world had changed quite a bit. As Chaplin himself tells it in his autobiography:", "Despite \"The Great Dictator,\" the nineteen-forties were difficult years for Chaplin. His private life provided a headline festival for the tabloid press; he was vexed by income tax trouble; his wartime speeches calling for a Western second front to crush Hitler irked many conservatives; and \"Monsieur Verdoux\" did poorly at the box office.", "The Great Dictator spent a year in production, and was released in October 1940. The film generated a vast amount of publicity, with a critic for The New York Times calling it \"the most eagerly awaited picture of the year\", and it was one of the biggest money-makers of the era. The ending was unpopular, however, and generated controversy. Chaplin concluded the film with a five-minute speech in which he abandoned his barber character, looked directly into the camera, and pleaded against war and fascism. Charles J. Maland has identified this overt preaching as triggering a decline in Chaplin's popularity, and writes, \"Henceforth, no movie fan would ever be able to separate the dimension of politics from [his] star image\". The Great Dictator received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor. ", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor and film director of the silent film era. [2] He became one of the best-known film stars in the world before the end of the First World War . Chaplin used mime , slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies , though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s. His most famous role was that of The Tramp , which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. [3] From the April 1914 one-reeler Twenty Minutes of Love onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing, and from 1918 composing the music. With Mary Pickford , Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith , he co-founded United Artists in 1919. [4]", "Chaplin resisted the coming of the talkies until his first talking picture The Great Dictator (1940). Another talkie was Limelight (1952) - a film with silent comedian Buster Keaton as co-star.", "The Great Dictator was popular with audiences, becoming Chaplin's most commercially successful film. Modern critics have also praised it as a historically significant film and an important work of satire. The Great Dictator was nominated for five Academy Awards - Outstanding Production, Best Actor, Best Writing (Original Screenplay), Best Supporting Actor for Jack Oakie, and Best Music (Original Score).", "Yet, for all its political staturing, the Great Dictator is a brilliant farce, typical of Chaplin. So, you have great gags; Hynkel doing a ballet with an inflated", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the silent era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona \"the Tramp\" and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent film era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona \"the Tramp\" and is considered one of the most important figures of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "In contrast to many of his boisterous characters, Chaplin was a quiet man who kept to himself a lot. He also had an \"un-millionaire\" way of living. Even after he had accumulated millions, he continued to live in shabby accommodations. In 1921 Chaplin was decorated by the French government for his outstanding work as a filmmaker, and was elevated to the rank of Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1952. In 1972 he was honored with an Academy Award for his \"incalculable effect in making motion pictures the art form of the century.\" He was created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1975 New Year's Honours List. No formal reason for the honour was listed. The citation simply reads \"Charles Spencer CHAPLIN, Film Actor and Producer\".", "Chaplin perfected an individual style of performing, derived from the circus clown and the mime, combining acrobatic elegance, expressive gesture, facial eloquence, and impeccable timing. His portrayal of the little tramp, a universally recognized symbol of indestructible individuality triumphing over adversity and persecution, both human and mechanical, won him critical renown as a tragicomedian. Film sound recording in the late 1920s, however, imperiled the effectiveness of the pantomime on which much of his creative imagination depended; also, he became concerned with themes of contemporary significance. In his first two films of the sound era, City Lights and Modern Times, Chaplin's little tramp remained silent. Subsequently, he abandoned the role of the tramp and relied upon specific character portrayal. The Great Dictator, which uses all the resources of sound recording, marks this transition. Chaplin's treatment of his subjects compounds satire and pathos, revealing a love of humanity and of individual freedom. He wrote My Autobiography (1964; reprinted as My Early Years,1982) and My Life in Movies (1975). Sir Richard Attenborough's biographical film Chaplin appeared in 1992." ]

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[ "Joan Collins was born on May 23, 1933 in Paddington, London, England as Joan Henrietta Collins. She is an actress and producer, known for Dynasty (1981), The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000) and Empire of the Ants (1977). She has been married to Percy Gibson since February 17, 2002. She was previously married to Peter Holm , Ronald S. Kass , Anthony Newley and Maxwell Reed .", "Joan Collins was born on May 23, 1933 in Paddington, London, England as Joan Henrietta Collins. She is an actress and producer, known for Dynasty (1981), Tales from the Crypt (1972) and The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000). She has been married to Percy Gibson since February 17, 2002. She was previously married to Peter Holm , Ronald S. Kass , ... See full bio »", "The Collins family hasn�t received much attention. Who do you think of when you think of the Collins? Joan Collins? She was a beautiful, Jewish Hollywood actress from England. Joan�s grandmother lived at Brighton, England. (Joan mentions her father being a Jew on pg. 13 of her autobiography Joan Collins Past Imperfect.) Her father Joe Collins and his friend Lord Lew Grade had an acting company. Joe Collin�s father Will Collins and his wife a can-can dancer Henrietta Collins were also into acting. In the l970s she was in several horror movies and picked up the title \"Queen of the Horror Films\" (p. 271). In 1977 and 1978 Joan was nude in two sexy films (not her first) which were expected to do better at the box office than they did, neither of the titles of these films bear repeating.", "Joan Collins is internationally renowned for her role of Alexis Carrington Colby in \"Dynasty\", one of the most highly rated evening TV dramas of all time. For eight years, viewers were treated to a weekly dose of Alexis' elaborate schemes for power, money and love, during the course of which Joan created one of televisions most popular characters, and etched a place for herself in Hollywood history. \"Dynasty\" continues to be aired worldwide. In 1997, Alexis was reunited with Aaron Spelling and guest-starred in several special episodes of his nighttime drama \"Pacific Palisades\".", "The next bit of script on Michael Aspel’s cue card was: “Welcome home, the lady who’s working on a film called Quest which seems the right title in this context, lovely star – Joan Collins!” Born in Paddington in 1933, Collins trained at RADA before joining J. Arthur Rank’s ‘Charm School’ at the age of 17. She was soon appearing in British films such as Tough Guy and Cosh Boy and gained the nickname, ‘Coffee Bar Jezebel’. She moved to Hollywood in the mid-fifties but by the 1970 Miss World the decent roles were drying up and her marriage to Anthony Newley had recently come to an end. During her introduction Michael Aspel mentioned that she was filming a movie called ‘Quest’, and the following year it was released, almost without trace, as ‘Quest For Love’. The film, adapted from a John Wyndham short story, was a poorly-directed science-fiction romance (not the most popular of genres and watching this film you can see why) and Collins’ performance was by far the best thing about it. She must have particularly liked the white dress she wore for a party scene in the film as she wore it again for the Miss World contest.", "Collins' South African-born father was Jewish, and her British mother was Anglican. A middle child, Collins had an elder sister, actress Joan Collins (who became an actress) and a younger brother, Bill (who became a property agent). ", "Jacqueline “Jackie” Collins was born in London, England on October 4, 1937.She is the youngest daughter of Joseph Collins, a theater agent, and Elsa Bessant. Her older sister was the legendatry American actress, Joan Collins. Collins attended the Francis Holland School in London, where she became known for her erotic story telling. Classmates would pay the young Collins money for original stories. For unknown reasons, Collins was expelled from Francis Holland at age 15, and protested the expulsion by throwing her school uniform into the Thames River. Though not as successful on the big screen as her older sister, Jackie Collins did do a stint on the stage as a singer, alongside Des O’Connor, in the billing for Lonnie Donegan on his United Kingdom around 1958. During this time, she reportedly had an affair with 29 year old, Marlon Brando. Collins also appeared in a few British B movies in the 1950’s, and also appeared in ITC televisions series Danger Man and The Saint in the 60’s. She has also appeared as herself in several tv series in the 1980’s.", "Joanne \"Jo\" Rowling, (; born 31 July 1965), pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold more than 400 million copies. They have become the best-selling book series in history and been the basis for a series of films which is the second highest-grossing film series in history. Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and maintained creative control by serving as a producer on the final instalment. ", "Collins has established herself as a successful author. In addition to her bestselling novels, 'Prime Time', 'Love & Desire & Hate', 'Infamous' (aka 'Too Damn Famous'), 'Star Quality', 'Misfortune's Daughters' and 'The St. Tropez Lonely Hearts Club', she has also written six lifestyle books, 'The Joan Collins Beauty Book', 'Health, Youth & Happiness: My Secrets', 'My Friends' Secrets', 'Joan's Way: Looking Good, Feeling Great' (aka 'The Art of Living Well'), and 'The World According to Joan', as well as memoirs, 'Past Imperfect', 'Katy: A Fight for Life', 'Second Act' and 'Passion For Life'. To date, she has sold over 50 million copies of her books which have been translated into 30 languages. ", "Liza May Minnelli (; born March 12, 1946) is an American actress and singer. With a career spanning six decades, she has reached legendary status in multiple fields of entertainment and is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award.", "Joan Collins, an actress since her teen years, studied for the stage at the Royal Academy in London.  She often played “bad girls and juvenile delinquents,” Collins said.  “It has something to do with the way I look.”  Collins didn’t have any interest in acting for film or TV until an agent booked her small parts in a few films.  In her early twenties, Collins came to Hollywood and landed starring roles, including in “The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing” (1955). Despite her previous work, Collins didn’t become a household name until she landed the part of Alexis Carrington in “Dynasty.”  The producers had first offered the part to Sophia Loren and Elizabeth Taylor, but they declined, allowing Collins to make her debut in season two and to play the role of a lifetime.", "The wonderful Joan Collins returns as Solana CEO Crystal Hennessy-Vass.  Crystal is about to cause huge problems for Joyce Temple Savage and just what will she make of The Oracle?", "Joan Collins has recreated Ellen DeGeneres' Oscars 'selfie'. The 80-year-old actress gathered a group of British celebrities, including Sir Ben...", "Collins's official birthdate is 1941, but other sources peg it as early as 1937. She was born in London, England, to a mother who had once been a dancer and a father who earned a good living as a theatrical agent. Jacqueline Jill Collins arrived some eight years—or four, depending on the birthdate—after her sister, Joan Henrietta. At a young age, she was determined to break free of her middle–class home's constraints. \"I read the whole time and lived in a fantasy world,\" Collins once recalled in an interview for Los Angeles Magazine with Eve Babitz. \"I was English but pretended I was American and couldn't reveal my own identity, and I wouldn't hang out with other kids.\"", "Annette Carol Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American actress. She began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980, and played Lady Macbeth in 1984 at the American Conservatory Theatre. She was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her Broadway debut in Coastal Disturbances. She is a four-time Academy Award nominee; for the films The Grifters (1990), American Beauty (1999), Being Julia (2004) and The Kids Are All Right (2010). In 2006, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "/ˈlaɪzə mɪˈnɛli/; born March 12, 1946) is an American actress and singer. With a career spanning six decades, she has reached legendary status in multiple fields of entertainment and is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award. She is considered both an American icon and a gay icon.", "Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946) is an Academy Award-winning and Tony Award-winning American actress and singer.", "Peggy Lee (born Norma Deloris Egstrom; May 26, 1920 – January 21, 2002) was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, composer and actress, in a career spanning six decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, she forged a sophisticated persona, evolving into a multi-faceted artist and performer. She wrote music for films, acted, and created conceptual record albums—encompassing poetry, jazz, chamber pop, and songs.", "Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; (March 23, 1905 � May 10, 1977) was an Academy Award-winning American actress. The American Film Institute named Crawford among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time, ranking her at number 10.", "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (born June 8, 1933), better known by her stage name Joan Rivers, is an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress. She is known for her brash manner; her loud, raspy voice with a heavy New York accent; and her numerous cosmetic surgeries. Rivers' comic style relies heavily on her ability to poke fun at herself and other Hollywood celebrities. Joan Rivers was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants Beatrice (née Grushman; January 6, 1906 – October 1975) and Meyer C. Molinsky (December 7, 1900 – January 1985). She was raised in Brooklyn, New York, and her family later moved to Larchmont, in Westchester County, New York. She attended Connecticut College between 1950 and 1952 and graduated from Barnard College in 1954 with a bachelor-of-arts degree in English literature and anthropology. Before entering show business, Rivers worked at various jobs such as a tour guide at Rockefeller Center, a writer/proofreader at an advertising agency and as a fashion consultant at Bond Clothing Stores. During this period, the agent Tony Rivers advised her to change her name, so she chose Joan Rivers as her stage name.", "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), better known as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, actress, writer, producer, and television host noted for her often controversial comedic persona—where she was alternately self-deprecating or sharply acerbic, especially toward celebrities and politicians.", "Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury, (born October 16, 1925) is an English-Irish-American actress who has appeared in theatre, television and film. Her career has spanned seven decades, much of it based in the United States, and her work has attracted international attention.", "Joan La Barbara (June 8, 1947 Philadelphia-) also known as La Barbara, Joan, Joan LaBarbara or LaBarbara, Joan is an American singer, composer and actor. She has three children, Steven Subotnick, Jacob Subotnick and Tamara Winer.", "Born on April 24, 1934, in Richmond, Virginia, Shirley MacLaine grew up with sibling Warren Beatty and went on to Broadway. In the mid-1950s, she started working in film, with a decades-long career in classics like Can-Can, The Apartment, Sweet Charity, Irma La Douce and Terms of Endearment, for which she won an Oscar. She is also a prolific writer, having authored several books. In 2013, she received the Kennedy Center Honors.", "Joan Regan (19 Jan 1928 - 12 Sep 2013) was born in Romford, Essex, England.  Her singing career began in 1953, when she made a demo record, and signed a recording contract with Decca Records, with whom she had six Top 20 hits.  The hit \"May You Always\" was with the HMV label, after which she signed with Pye Records and had a few more minor hits.  After her hits dried up she relocated to Florida, USA, and married a doctor there.  She had an accident in 1984 which left her paralysed and unable to speak, but she recovered after a year.  She returned to the UK in the 1990s and began performing again and recorded a couple of albums.  She died in 2013 at the age of 85.", "Joan's autobiography, High Spirits, was released in 2000. She complains in the last few pages of her book at the lack of information on her on the IMDB trivia page, something that was only significantly expanded after her death.", "Nancy Mitford, CBE (28 November 1904, London – 30 June 1973, Versailles), styled The Hon. Nancy Mitford before her marriage and The Hon. Mrs Peter Rodd thereafter, was an English novelist and biographer, one of the Bright Young People on the London social scene in the inter-war years. She was born at 1 Graham Street (now Graham Place) in Belgravia, London, the eldest daughter of Lord Redesdale and was brought up at Asthall Manor in Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of the six controversial Mitford sisters.", "Joan Bennett (singer) -- Dead. Heart attack. Died December 7, 1990. Born February 27, 1910. The venerable mistress of Collinwood in Dark Shadows.   IMDb", "Rivers was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky on June 8, 1933, in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. She was the daughter of Meyer and Beatrice Molinsky. Her father was a doctor, while her mother had been born to wealth in Imperial Russia, but her family had become impoverished during the Russian Revolution. Rivers was raised in wealth with an older sister, Barbara, who became an attorney and was seen as better and more accomplished than her younger sister.", "Joan Rivers was born on June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants Beatrice and Meyer C Molinsky. Joan had an elder sister, Barbara Waxler who passed away in 2013.", "Entering the 1970s, MacLaine starred in the short-lived ABC sitcom “Shirley's World” (1971-1972). She then co-directed (with Claudia Weill) and wrote the documentary feature about her travels through China, “The Other Half of the Sky: A China Memoir” (1974), which received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature. She also appeared on the talk show \"Straight Talk\" on March 14, 1975, promoting her book \"You Can Get There From Here\" and spoke about her trip to China.", "Reagan Arthur, publisher of Little, Brown and Company, announced today the acquisition of an in-depth biography of legendary entertainer Joan Rivers by Little, Brown Editor-in-Chief Judy Clain in a deal with David Kuhn of Kuhn Projects. JOAN RIVERS: A Life will be the definitive book about Rivers’s tumultuous, victorious, tragic, glamorous, and fascinating life, told by longtime Vanity Fair and New York Times journalist Leslie Bennetts. The book is slated for publication in 2016 and will be available as an audio book by Hachette Audio and as an e-book. " ]

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[ "Formerly known as Aristocrat Records, the two brothers brought a stake of the company in 1947. In 1950 they became sole owners and renamed it Chess Records. Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , and Howlin' Wolf have all recorded on this label. ", "In 1938 Leonard and Phil bought several taverns in Chicago, including the Macomba Lounge on the city's South Side, which featured many jazz and blues players. Noticing that the artists in their clubs had no place to record, in 1947 Leonard invested in a start-up record label, Aristocrat Records. By 1950 he had bought out his partners, and he and brother Phil became sole owners and renamed the label Chess Records. They signed such artists as Muddy Waters , Bo Diddley , Sonny Boy Williamson and Chuck Berry , among others. The label eventually expanded its scope from blues and jazz artists to include rock, R&B, gospel, spoken-word and even comedy artists. Leonard and Phil built Chess Records (and its subsidiary labels Checker, Argo and Cadet) into one of the biggest and most respected independent labels in the business.", "In late 1949, Leonard and Phil Chess purchased the interests of the Arons and became the sole owners of Aristocrat Records. On June 3, 1950, they reorganized the company and changed its name to Chess Records. Chess Records flourished in those early days of both rhythm and blues and independent record companies. Chess along with Atlantic, Aladdin, Specialty, Imperial, Modern and King were giving the public music that they could not get from the larger, established \"major\" record companies.", "The Aristocrat label was the forerunner to Chess Records , the mighty Chicago independent. But it was different from the label it evolved into, and should not be assimilated to it.", "The Aristocrat releases didn't hurt Hayes' ballroom bookings, but, if we may assume he was on a one-year contract, he was up for renewal in April 1948 while a Union recording ban was being enforced in Chicago. By the end of the year, when recording was safely resuming, Aristocrat had lost interest. Hayes got another shot in 1949 when James H. Martin, who had distributed his Aristocrats, started his Sharp label; he recorded one session in 1949 and another in 1950. Among the other artists Martin signed were Lee Monti and the Tu-Tones, who had also been dropped by Aristocrat. But while Monti's group got out a slew of sides out on Sharp, we know of just one Hayes single actually being released. In March 1950, Hayes' band was once again at the Blackhawk (4 weeks starting March 15; Cash Box, March 25, 1950, p. 11), though by this time Al Trace seemed to be leading the sweet band of choice at the Martinique In August, the Hayes band moved into the Oriental Theater, where Hayes also served as the MC (Cash Box, August 26, 1950, p. 7). In January 1951, Hayes was working the Oriental again, now apparently without a recording contract (Cash Box, January 20, 1951, p. 9). In the early 1950s the Hayes band made broadcasts from the Hotel Roosevelt in New Orleans . Sherman Hayes died in 1969 .", "Charles Aron - Died 1974 in Miami, Florida, U.S. - Born 1907 in Romania in 1907 - Co-founder of The Aristocrat Records Label which released recordings by The Five Blazes, Andrew Tibbs, Muddy Waters, George Davis, Clarence Samuels, Sunnyland Slim, Benny Kelly, Jump Jackson and Sherman Hayes.", "During its first year of operation, Aristocrat was a long way from being a \"Chicago blues\" label. The only music to fit that description came out of the two Sunnyland Slim/Muddy Waters sessions, in September and December. Between them, they were responsible for just 10 sides out of the 135 that the label recorded or acquired.", "The only documentation that Aristocrat kept of its recording sessions was a master book. This listed matrix numbers, artists, and titles. No dates were included on surviving recording sheets before October 12, 1948—by which time Aristocrat had cut over 130 sides! Because the \"recording ban\" ordered by American Federation of Musicians President James C. Petrillo was not officially lifted until December 13, only the mastering dates were documented for the rest of 1948. Michel Ruppli obtained the information for his Chess Discography from Bob Porter, who worked for Westbound Records (distributed by Chess) in 1972 and 1973. In his spare time, Porter copied the master books for Ruppli; all that remained out of the Aristocrat years were a few typed pages (loaded with errors and misspellings) specifying the tapes on which copies of the Aristocrat material could be found. There were matrix numbers and artists' names, but no dates, no information about issues, no personnel. In fact, it was impossible to tell from these pages what had been released and what hadn't. Some tracks that the company had released (for instance, Aristocrat 3301, 7001, and 8001) were left out entirely.", "In the end, 5 of the 6 sides recorded at this session saw release. Aristocrat 401 and 402 each paired a Melrose Colbert ballad with a Benny Kelly blues; they were released in September and November 1947. One of the two Benny Kelly numbers remaining, \"Choo Choo Blues,\" was somewhat oddly paired on Aristocrat 403 with a track left over from Clarence Samuel's September session. Our previous information on 403 has suggested a December 1947 release date, but this can't be right: the only copy we have seen has the green label that Aristocrat didn't start using till March 1949. It appears that the much-delayed 403 appeared at some point during 1949, when it served as a bridge to the final Aristocrat release series, 404 through 418. Aristocrat released just one other 78 with sides by two different artists. This was Aristocrat 2003, which came out in February 1949 and consisted of a Sax Mallard track on one side and one by the Four Blazes on the other; both sides were actually recorded in 1947. And 2003 also emphasized the names of the singers on the labels, in a way that earlier releases by the same groups had not. Our guess is that 403 probably didn't wait too long to go on sale after the new label design was adopted.", "By the end of 1948, Aristocrat could boast of three \"Great Hits\" (which the label celebrated in a Christmas Day advertisement in Cash Box). These were Aristocrat 1305, by Muddy Waters; Aristocrat 1103, \"I Feel like Crying\" by Andrew Tibbs; \"And the Outstanding HIT of This Season,\" Aristocrat 606, \"Swinging for Christmas\" by Tom Archia. OK, the last was more wish than reality—but the first two were genuine.", "The same October 11 item that announced Adams' arrival went on to claim that R&B singer Annie Laurie, who was a regular with Paul Gayten's New Orleans-based combo, had been signed by Aristocrat. We know that Sammy Goldberg made a trip to New Orleans, where he signed Clarence Samuels (see below), so there's nothing anomalous in the reference to another New Orleans-based performer. But Aristocrat never released anything on Annie Laurie, and we have no evidence of any recordings. She remained with Gayten and continued to record with him for DeLuxe; in the early 1950s she would also record with him for OKeh. Either Sammy Goldberg failed to close the deal, or he thought he had signed Annie Laurie but then discovered that she was actually a party to Gayten's contract with DeLuxe. A small possibility remains that her sides once occupied the gap in Aristocrat's matrix series, from U7066 through 7069, that we have thought might belong to Billy Orr.", "Aristocrat 1101 was not played on the radio in some parts of the South because of its A side, a Black man's crocodilic lamentation on the death of a notorious White racist. Russian artists who were compelled to praise Josef Stalin would fully understand lines like \"Since Mr. Bilbo is dead, I feel like a fatherless child.\" Nadine Cohodas has shown that Marshall Chess's old story about the 78 being destroyed in quantity by union truckers on account of Side B is completely apocryphal. Aristocrat didn't use trucking companies to ship its product, because it couldn't afford them; and if anyone came after Leonard Chess with a crowbar as he was wholesaling the record out of the trunk of his Buick, the incident remains undocumented. Besides, there is nothing that would annoy Teamsters on the record: the number talks about how an unnamed union is really powerful, so no one should mess with Tibbs now that he is a member. Apocryphal dramatics aside, the single seems to have sold well locally upon its release in November. The followup, Aristocrat 1102, hit the racks around March 1948; surviving copies are a good deal harder to find.", "The Four A name would, however, be used on the Chess reissue of their second Aristocrat single, and it was retrospectively applied to some copies of their Aristocrat 78s with a red rubber stamp. Just when the stamping was done, we have no way to know (Aristocrat 78s were distributed until January 1951).", "With Andy Tibbs, as he was now billed, Aristocrat decided to go for a lounge trio sound. But no lounge trios were still under contract, so on two sides that the company cut in July at United Broadcasting, Tibbs sang with \"Leo's Trio,\" which actually conisted of guitarist Leo Blevins, pianist Bill Searcy, bassist Lowell Pointer, and discreet drummer Andrew Duncan. Searcy and Pointer had been in Tom Archia 's combo at the Macomba Lounge, and Leo Blevins, a frequent guest there, had been on the Jimmie Bell session and the Gene Ammons/Christine Chatman session. Tibbs turns in an elegantly haunting rendition of Leroy Carr's \"How Long,\" almost making it into a Charles Brown number. And what's a lounge trio record without a lounge ballad? Although Tibbs had recorded nothing but blues up to this point, \"I Know\" demonstrated his skills with one of the better ballad performances that Aristocrat put on wax.", "Aristocrat also made a few recordings at United Broadcasting Studios. Located at 301 East Erie Street on the near North Side, United Broadcasting was the former World Broadcasting Studio, which had been bought in early 1946 by radio station owner Egmont Sonderling (1906 - 1997).", "Toward the end of October, Tom Archia went on the road with an 8-piece band led by trumpeter Hot Lips Page (he spent a good chunk of December recording with the band in Cincinnati, on a series of sessions for King); he would not return until early January. So he was unavailable for the December madness, when Aristocrat, like so many other labels, stockpiled sides in anticipation of the recording ban. However, Sax Mallard remained in town.", "Sometimes record labels become genre names, as with industrial, named after Throbbing Gristle's imprint , established in 1976, and lovers rock , industrial's polar opposite: sentimental, romantic reggae named for the London label of Dennis and Eve Harris from around the same time. And sometimes record labels just mandate new terms. Outlaw country, no wave and techno all came into use via compilation albums: respectively, 1976's Wanted! The Outlaws (featuring Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, and Tompall Glaser); 1978's No New York (Teenage Jesus & the Jerks, Contortions, Mars and DNA); 1988's Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit (Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson).", "In 1999 , when The Rocket Record Company was being distributed by Universal Music 's subsidiary Island Def Jam Records , the label was shut down. However, the logo still appeared on all new Elton John releases through 2004's Peachtree Road . The name was also resurrected in 2006 for the eponymous Platinum Weird album. It is also the name of John's management team, Rocket Music Entertainment Group. [1]", "His Master's Voice, abbreviated HMV, is a trademark in the music business and was for many years the unofficial name of a large British record label. The name was coined in the 1890s as the title of a painting of the dog Nipper listening to a wind-up gramophone. In the original painting, the dog was listening to a cylinder phonograph.", "A record label is a brand or trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. Often, a record label is also a publishing company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos; conducts talent scouting and development of new artists (\"artists and repertoire\" or \"A&R\"); and maintains contracts with recording artists and their managers. The term \"record label\" derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information. ", "As the millennium loomed, so did the Warners rerelease of \"1999\" (Number 45 R&B, 1999) and the artist's own 1999 (The New Master) EP. That fall, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic (Number 18 pop, Number Eight R&B) was released through a licensing arrangement with Arista. (Stating his displeasure with Arista's marketing of the album, the Artist would later declare his intention to release a new version through his Web site called Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic.) The album, which was produced by \"Prince,\" featured guest appearances by folk-rock singer Ani DiFranco and rapper Chuck D, both performers whom the Artist admired for distributing their music independently. With the expiration of his Warner/Chappell publishing contract on December 31, 1999, the Artist announced the following May that he was reclaiming his given name.", "In 1989 Eddie Piller, who had recently founded a record label, Acid Jazz, moved into offices at num-ber 21, which had formerly been occupied by EMI Music . “Everybody said that’s where the music business was based,” he recalls. “Of course it wasn’t – everybody had packed up and gone to west London years before. It was just a load of empty offices with very cheap rents.”", "His Master’s Voice (HMV), is a trademark in the music business, and for many years was the name of a large record label. The name was coined in 1899 as the title of a painting of the dog Nipper listening to a wind-up gramophone. In the photograph on which the painting was based, the dog was listening to a phonograph cylinder.", "In 1974, capitol changed for very similar orange labels but had a black perimeter print that stated \"Capitol Records - EMI\" instead, creating the second generation of orange labels. RCA most likely did not print any albums from then on and transfered their jobs to CBS / Columbia and Compo.", "* Loud Records (1992–2002) (previously through Zoo Entertainment, then RCA Records, and later Columbia Records, now a new company called SRC Records through Universal Music Group)", "New Order were the flagship band for Manchester-based independent record label Factory Records. Their unlabelled album sleeves and \"non-image\" (the band rarely gave interviews and were known for performing short concert sets with no encores) reflected the label's aesthetic of doing whatever the relevant parties wanted to do, including an aversion to including singles as album tracks. Because of the band's dance-rock genre it has a complex discography, with many well-known songs not featured on studio albums or released in a variety of mixes. Throughout their career, the band's records were carefully art-directed by Mancunian designer Peter Saville.", "American had several sub-labels over the years, including Onion Records, Ill Labels, Wild West, Whte Lbls [sic], and Infinite Zero. The latter was a partnership with Henry Rollins that specialized in reissues of obscure albums. None of these labels made the distribution transition after American Recordings left Warner Bros. Records in 1997, and its recordings were deleted.", "In May 2000 Prince dropped the symbol O(+> he adopted as a name. He had used the symbol because he considered his record contract with Warner Bros. Records oppressive, which ended in 2000.", "88. In the record label A & M, what do either of the letters stand for?", "Record label owner, broadcaster, journalist, pop impresario and nightclub founder - Anthony Wilson was famous for many things, but perhaps he was most famous for being a self-styled professional Mancunian.", "Sony utilized a related brand, Discman, to refer to its CD players. It dropped this name in the late 1990s.", "Pop musicians seeking to utilize catchy, marketable names include Madonna, Lady Gaga, Prince, Keith Sweat, Pink, as well as R&B musicians Jamie Foxx and Alicia Keys, though both Madonna and Prince were given those names at birth; Lady Gaga named herself after the song \"Radio Ga Ga\" by the band Queen." ]

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[ "Why England Slept is the published version of a thesis written by John F Kennedy while in his senior year at Harvard College. Its title was an allusion to Winston Churchill's 1938 book While England Slept, which also examined the buildup of German power. Published in 1940, the book examines the failures of the British government to take steps to prevent World War II and is notable for its uncommon stance of not castigating the appeasement policy of the British government at the time, instead suggesting that an earlier confrontation between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany could well have been more disastrous in the long run.", "Item Description: Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers), Ltd. [1940], London, 1940. FIRST ENGLISH EDITION. 8vo. 5 x 7.5 inches. 256 pp. + 40 pp. publisher's catalogue. Bound in original red cloth with titles in black. Slight wear to extremities and browning of paper but otherwise a good copy. The first published book by the future US President, based on his Harvard thesis. The title alludes to Winston Churchill's 1938 book, While England Slept, tracing the build-up of German strength in the thirties and this title suggests that England was unable to confront the Nazi state until the she had carried out rearmament by the end of that decade. HISTORY/THEOLOGY 20th CENTURY HISTORY 20TH CENTURY HISTORY/THEOLOGY. Bookseller Inventory # 23405", "1940 - The first book written by 23-year-old John Fitzgerald Kennedy was published. It was titled, Why England Slept. Later, Kennedy�s Profiles in Courage would become a best-seller for the man who would become the United States� 35th President.", "New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc, 1940. First Edition. Octavo. . 252pp., published the year Kennedy graduated from Harvard and was an expansion of his senior thesis. The title is a variation of Winston Churchill's work \"While England Slept\". Kennedy attempts to explain why England was so poorly prepared for World War II and why England's leaders settled upon disastrous policies. It became a bestseller and went though several printings in its first year. (Newcome, 10) A handsome copy bound in pictorial maroon cloth stamped in blue and white depicting a sleeping lion, spine lettering white over blue, darkening to pastedowns from binder's glue, near fine in very good unclipped dust jacket with light edge wear, chipping to spine ends fold of spine and front panel partly split at foot, rear flap corner clipped at top. An attractive copy.", "New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc, 1940. First edition. Octavo, original red cloth. Inscribed by the author on the front free endpaper in a contemporary hand, \"For Asa Bordages with best wishes Jack Kennedy.\" The recipient, Asa Bordages was a feature writer for the New York World-Telegram and playwright known for the 1941 play Brooklyn USA. Lightest of rubbing, near fine in a very good dust jacket with some small chips and wear to the extremities. Published the year Kennedy graduated from Harvard, Why England Slept was an expansion of his senior thesis. The title is a variation on the title of Winston Churchill's work, While England Slept, published about two years before Kennedy's. It was dedicated to John's parents, Rose and Joe Kennedy. In this work he attempts to explain why England was so poorly prepared for World War II and why England's leaders settled upon the disastrous policies of appeasement. The book served as a warning to those in our country who felt that appeasing Hitler and staying out of the war was a viable option. It became a bestseller in the United States and went through several printings in its first year. (Newcomb, 10)", "It is difficult to read Why England Slept without seeing the shadow of the future president hanging over every word.  Most prophetic indeed is Henry Luce's foreword, which notes on p. xiv:", "Studies: The future American president sits at a typewriter, holding open his published thesis, 'Why England Slept'", "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He served as Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, historian, writer, and artist. He was the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature and the first person to be recognised as an Honorary Citizen of the United States.", "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 (that is, for most of the Second World War) and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was also the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.", "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD FRS PC PC (Can) (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was an English statesman and author, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Well-known as an orator, strategist, and politician, Churchill was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history. He won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature for his many books on English and world history. Sir Winston Churchill was voted the greatest-ever Briton in the 2002 BBC poll the 100 Greatest Britons.", "Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) was the 29th and 33rd President of the United States serving from 1917-1925 and 1937-1949.", "Mainstream Republicans such as William F. Buckley, Jr. , and Russell Kirk grew increasingly unhappy with the Birch Society after Welch circulated a letter calling President Dwight D. Eisenhower a possible \"conscious, dedicated agent of the Communist Conspiracy.\" [25] The controversial paragraph was removed before final publication of The Politician. [26] Welch also wrote that President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in advance , but said nothing because he wanted to get the U.S. involved in World War II . [27]", "Joseph P. Kennedy, patriarch of the clan and a fierce isolationist, opposed the war and made several missteps that severely damaged his political career, which once seemed destined to climax in a bid for the White House. Appointed in 1938 as President Franklin Roosevelt’s ambassador to Great Britain, he backed the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, describing Czechoslovakia and other nations threatened by Hitler as “disposable countries,” according to Edward Renehan Jr.’s The Kennedys at War. During the Battle of Britain, he declared that democracy was “finished” in England and perhaps America, too. In a line from a speech that Roosevelt censored, he said, “I should like to ask you all if you know of any dispute or controversy existing in the world which is worth the life of your son?”", "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, RA (30 November 1874 -- 24 January 1965) was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. About the book: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/080...", "Winston Churchill was a British politician, writer, historian, and artist. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , from 10 May, 1940 to 26 July, 1945, and again from 26 October, 1951 to 6 April, 1955. He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer, from 6 November, 1924 to 4 June, 1929, Minister of Defence, from 10 May, 1940 to 26 July, 1945, and again from 28 October, 1951 to 1 March, 1952, Leader of the Conservative Party, from 9 November, 1940 to 6 April, 1955, and Leader of the Opposition, from 26 July, 1945 to 26 October, 1951, among other duties. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953.", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American novelist and was one of the best selling novelists of the early 20th century.", "* John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1981) features Frederick Barbarossa as a character in modern times, awoken from his centuries of sleep. In the book, he becomes the President of the United States and rules as a tyrant. ", "Churchill, pressured to meet the high expectations of the British War Cabinet, had read more into Roosevelt's comments than the president intended. Presidential speechwriter Robert Sherwood later wrote that the British assumed that Churchill had obtained some secret assurances during the Atlantic Conference in August 1941, and \"it is improbable that Churchill did much to discourage this hopeful assumption.\" As one British participant later remarked, \"We wished to God there had been!\" (38)", "Swinton did so, knowing Churchill would remain a critic of the government, but believing that an informed critic was better than one relying on rumour and hearsay. Churchill was a fierce critic of Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Adolf Hitler and in private letters to Lloyd George (13 August) and Lord Moyne (11 September) just before the Munich Agreement, he wrote that the government were faced with a choice between \"war and shame\" and that having chosen shame would later get war on less favourable terms. ", "Churchill and Roosevelt communicated regularly, and by the time of the German invasion of France, both men believed that a genuine US policy of neutrality would doom the Allies. Churchill’s dispatches to Roosevelt on this subject became more direct as the Nazi advance continued, warning the US president that a successful German invasion of Britain would threaten US security. If such a scenario occurred, Britain would be forced to sign an armistice that might lead to the British navy and air forces falling into Hitler’s hands, the Prime Minister explained. These powerful weapons might soon be unleashed on US shores.", "Churchill's interwar years were characterized by political isolation, and during this period he made many errors and misjudgments, among them his bellicosity over the general strike of 1926. Thus he cannot be viewed simply as a popular leader who was kept waiting in the wings through no fault of his own. In fact, it is not completely evident that he was aware of the nature of the fascist threat during the 1930s.", "Churchill had been among the first to recognize the growing threat of Hitler long before the outset of the Second World War, and his warnings had gone largely unheeded. Although there was an element of British public and political sentiment favouring negotiated peace with a clearly ascendant Germany, among them the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax , Churchill nonetheless refused to consider an armistice with Hitler's Germany. [133] His use of rhetoric hardened public opinion against a peaceful resolution and prepared the British for a long war. [134] Coining the general term for the upcoming battle, Churchill stated in his \"finest hour\" speech to the House of Commons on 18 June 1940, \"I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin.\" [135] By refusing an armistice with Germany, Churchill kept resistance alive in the British Empire and created the basis for the later Allied counter-attacks of 1942-45, with Britain serving as a platform for the supply of Soviet Union and the liberation of Western Europe .", "On the other hand, if Hitler had not committed imperial suicide by going to war against the USSR and instead concentrated on deploying a full fledged naval blockade against Britain by building more advanced U-boats and in greater numbers, for example, after a couple of years of privations Churchill would have been voted out of office and his replacement would have sued for peace with Germany (which, if Speer is to be believed was always Hitler’s preferred option for England) the US would then have had no base of operations in Europe and would have been in no position to threaten the Nazi European Union in any meaningful way.", "Not only was Churchill the greatest PM, he was probably the greatest American citizen ever. (Remember that he was awarded honorary American citizenship by Congress.) There may be many talented PMs on the list, but Churchill displayed leadership beyond talent -- he was alone, in the wilderness, crying out against the gathering Nazi storm, when most Brits would not even care to listen. Churchill was a giant who ensured that Britain would survive WWII, even if the Empire would not. No one else on the list could have provided that necessary leadership. No one.", "Since 1945, American presidents have repeatedly sought to justify US military actions in foreign countries by recalling the \"good war\" and, in particular, the US role in defeating Germany. During the 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson sought to win support for his Vietnam war policy with historically false portrayals of World War II and Hitler's Germany. / 37", "Both FDR and Churchill, however, confronted domestic political factors which imposed definite restraints on their public postures. Hitler's invasion of Poland had, after all, precipitated the British declaration of war on Germany. Moreover, substantial Polish forces were fighting and continued to fight valiantly on the British side throughout World War II. For FDR, there was the matter of the Polish-American vote. During the last of his private meetings with Stalin at Tehran, FDR volunteered to the Soviet dictator that he would like to see the eastern frontier of Poland moved further west (i.e., to at least the vicinity of the Curzon line) and the western frontier moved to the Oder River. However, reasons of domestic politics -- the six to seven million Polish-American voters -- would, during an election year, prevent him from saying anything in public on this issue.", "Churchill's years between world wars were characterized by political isolation. During this period he made many errors and misjudgments. Chief among these was his warlike approach to the general strike of 1926. Thus, he cannot be viewed simply as a popular leader who was kept waiting in the wings through no fault of his own.", "Chamberlain believed that Germany had been badly treated by the Allies after it was defeated in the First World War . He therefore thought that the German government had genuine grievances and that these needed to be addressed. He also thought that by agreeing to some of the demands being made by Adolf Hitler of Germany and Benito Mussolini of Italy , he could avoid a European war.", "Chamberlain believed that Germany had been badly treated by the Allies after it was defeated in the First World War . He therefore thought that the German government had genuine grievances and that these needed to be addressed. He also thought that by agreeing to some of the demands being made by Adolf Hitler of Germany and Benito Mussolini of Italy, he could avoid a European war.", "World War II's surprise outbreak in 1939 left Mussolini standing on the margins of world politics, and he saw Hitler redrawing the map of Europe without him. Impelled by the prospect of easy victory, Mussolini determined \"to make war at any cost.\" The cost was clear: modern industry, modern armies, and popular support. Mussolini unfortunately lacked all of these. Nonetheless, in 1940 he pushed a reluctant Italy into war on Hitler's side. He thus ignored the only meaningful lesson of World War I: the United States alone had decided that conflict, and consequently America, not Germany, was the key hegemonic power.", "The domestic labours and battles of his administration were far from Churchill’s main concerns. Derationing, decontrolling, rehousing, safeguarding the precarious balance of payments—these were relatively noncontroversial policies; only the return of nationalized steel and road transport to private hands aroused excitement. Critics sometimes complained of a lack of prime ministerial direction in these areas and, indeed, of a certain slackness in the reins of government. Undoubtedly Churchill was getting older and reserving more and more of his energies for what he regarded as the supreme issues, peace and war. He was convinced that Labour had allowed the transatlantic relationship to sag, and one of his first acts was to visit Washington (and also Ottawa) in January 1952 to repair the damage he felt had been done. The visit helped to check U.S. fears that the British would desert the Korean War , harmonized attitudes toward German rearmament and, distasteful though it was to Churchill, resulted in the acceptance of a U.S. naval commander in chief of the eastern Atlantic. It did not produce that sharing of secrets of atom bomb manufacture that Churchill felt had unfairly lapsed after the war. To the disappointment of many, Churchill’s advocacy of European union did not result in active British participation; his government confined itself to endorsement from the sidelines, though in 1954, faced with the collapse of the European Defense Community , Churchill and Eden came forward with a pledge to maintain British troops on the Continent for as long as necessary.", "The domestic labours and battles of his administration were far from Churchill's main concerns. Derationing, decontrolling, rehousing, safeguarding the precarious balance of payments--these were relatively noncontroversial policies; only the return of nationalized steel and road transport to private hands aroused excitement. Critics sometimes complained of a lack of prime ministerial direction in these areas and, indeed, of a certain slackness in the reins of government. Undoubtedly Churchill was getting older and reserving more and more of his energies for what he regarded as the supreme issues, peace and war. He was convinced that Labour had allowed the transatlantic relationship to sag, and one of his first acts was to visit Washington (and also Ottawa) in January 1952 to repair the damage he felt had been done. The visit helped to check U.S. fears that the British would desert the Korean War, harmonized attitudes toward German rearmament and, distasteful though it was to Churchill, resulted in the acceptance of a U.S. naval commander in chief of the eastern Atlantic. It did not produce that sharing of secrets of atom bomb manufacture that Churchill felt had unfairly lapsed after the war. To the disappointment of many, Churchill's advocacy of European union did not result in active British participation; his government confined itself to endorsement from the sidelines, though in 1954, faced with the collapse of the European Defense Community, Churchill and Eden came forward with a pledge to maintain British troops on the Continent for as long as necessary." ]

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[ "On November 1st, 1952 the United States detonated the world’s first hydrogen bomb on a large atoll called Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands in the South Pacific (190 miles west of the more famous Bikini Atoll) as a part of Operation Ivy. Previously in September of 1949, the Soviet Union had detonated its atomic bomb, prompting the United States to increase efforts to develop an even greater thermonuclear weapon to surpass the capacity of the Soviets. The creation and detonation of the first hydrogen bomb on the Eniwetok atoll allowed the United States to temporarily step ahead of the Soviets during the arms race. Overall there were 43 nuclear tests conducted at Enewetak from 1948 to 1958. H-bombs, which get their power from fusion, are about 1000 times more powerful than atomic bombs, which derive their force from fission.", "1950: Communist spy jailed for 14 years Nuclear scientist Klaus Fuchs is sentenced to 14 years imprisonment for espionage. The first h-bomb explodes at Enewatek Atoll on 1 November 1952 1954: US tests hydrogen bomb in Bikini The biggest explosion ever made by man is witnessed in the Pacific when US scientists explode their second H-bomb at Bikini Atoll. Fred West 1994: West charged as death toll mounts Fred West is charged with two further murders following the discovery of more human remains in the garden of his Gloucester home. Gunman from Palestinian group Black September in Saudi embassy in Khartoum 1973: Palestinian gunmen hold diplomats in Sudan The armed Palestinian group Black September has seized the Saudi Arabian embassy in Khartoum. Miners march on Parliament in 1972 1971: Workers down tools over union rights Hundreds of thousands of workers across Britain take part in an unofficial day of protest against the governments new industrial relations Bill.", "1952: The first hydrogen bomb was detonated by the US at Eniwetak Atoll, Marshall Islands in the mid-Pacific.", "On Nov. 1, 1952, the U.S. detonated the world's first hydrogen bomb, code-named \"Mike,\" on the Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands . The resulting explosion was about the same as 10 million tons of TNT, or 700 times greater than the fission bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The cloud produced by the explosion was 25 miles high and 100 miles wide, and the island on which it exploded simply disappeared, leaving nothing but a gaping crater. Again, Klaus Fuchs had delivered early information on the hydrogen bomb designs along with the fission bomb information, and by late 1955 the Soviets tested their own design.", "1. The United States tests the first hydrogen bomb during November of 1952 at the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean.", "1952 - Operation Ivy - The United States successfully detonates the first large hydrogen bomb, codenamed \"Mike\" [\"M\" for megaton], in the Eniwetok atoll, located in the Marshall Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. The explosion had a yield of 10 megatons.", "The first nuclear bomb, a hydrogen bomb, is exploded in a test on a Pacific Ocean atoll on November 1, 1952. Three days later, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President of the United States over Governor Adlai Stevenson.", "* 1 November 1952 – The first hydrogen bomb, largely designed by Edward Teller, is tested at Eniwetok Atoll.", "From 1946 to 1958, the early years of the Cold War, the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands, including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S., code named Castle Bravo. \"The bombs had a total yield of 108,496 kilotons, over 7,200 times more powerful than the atomic weapons used during World War II.\" With the 1952 test of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb, code named \"Ivy Mike,\" the island of Elugelab in the Enewetak atoll was destroyed. In 1956, the United States Atomic Energy Commission regarded the Marshall Islands as \"by far the most contaminated place in the world.\" ", "The first Soviet hydrogen (thermonuclear or fusion) bomb, far more potentially damaging than those dropped on Japan, was exploded in the Kazakh desert, then part of the Soviet Union. Igor Vasziljevics Kurcsatov, head of the Soviet Uranium Committee, said to Josef Stalin at the time: “The atomic sword is in our hand. It is time to think about the peaceful use of nuclear energy.” ", "1954: The US carried out the first hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific.", "While the islanders struggled to set up their new community on Kili, the beautiful atoll of Bikini was in the process of being irradiated. In the northern Marshalls in January of 1954, the Air Force and Army men arrived on the Bikinians' former, temporary home of Rongerik Atoll, and jointly set up a weather station to monitor conditions in preparation for Operation Castle. This was a series of tests that would include the first air-deliverable, and the most powerful hydrogen bomb ever detonated by the United States. The U.S. government was operating with the fear that the Russians had already detonated their own hydrogen bomb in 1952. Now, decisions concerning the U.S. testing program were being made at the highest levels of the government. The cold war burned with vigor in the minds of paranoid politicians the world over.", "While the islanders struggled to cope with their exile, Bikini was in the process of being destroyed. In January 1954, the air force and army began preparations for Operation Castle. This was a series of tests that would include the first air-deliverable, and the most powerful hydrogen bomb ever detonated by the US [the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not hydrogen bombs], codenamed Bravo.", "From 1945 to 1952 the uninhabited Heligoland islands were used as a bombing range. On 18 April 1947, the Royal Navy detonated 6,700 tonnes of explosives (\"Big Bang\" or \"British Bang\"), creating one of the biggest single non-nuclear detonations in history. ", "In 1952, the hydrogen bomb was detonated for the first time. The contraceptive pill was introduced. Polio vaccine was developed. The transistor radio was developed.", "* May 22, 1957: a 42,000-pound Mark-17 hydrogen bomb accidentally fell from a bomber near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The detonation of the device's conventional explosives destroyed it on impact and formed a crater 25-feet in diameter on land owned by the University of New Mexico. According to a researcher at the Natural Resources Defense Council, it was one of the most powerful bombs made to date. ", "\"Little Boy\" was the codename for the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 ktonTNT. The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima.", "Early in the morning on March 1, 1954, the hydrogen bomb, code named Bravo, was detonated on the surface of the reef in the northwestern corner of Bikini Atoll. The area was illuminated by a huge and expanding flash of blinding light. A raging fireball of intense heat that measured into the millions of degrees shot skyward at a rate of 300 miles an hour. Within minutes the monstrous cloud, filled with nuclear debris, shot up more than 20 miles and generated winds hundreds of miles per hour. These fiery gusts blasted the surrounding islands and stripped the branches and coconuts from the trees.", "* On October 16, 1964, China detonated its first atomic bomb. China possessed a hydrogen bomb by 1967.", "1950-The development of the hydrogen fusion bomb (H-bomb) was ordered by U.S. President Truman. The codename of \"Super\" for the project reflected the far greater power of this thermonuclear device over the earlier fission bombs used to end WW II.", "\"Little Boy\" was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon. The second, the \"Fat Man\", was dropped three days later on Nagasaki.", "** United States President Harry S. Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb, in response to the detonation of the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb in 1949. ", "January 17, 1966A B-52 crashes over Palomares, Spain, dropping four hydrogen bombs. Of the four Mk28 type hydrogen bombs the B-52 carried, three were found on land near the small fishing village of Palomares. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of roughly 1 square mile area by plutonium. The fourth, which fell into the Mediterranean Sea, was recovered intact after nearly a 3-month-long search.", "1958 – A hydrogen bomb known as the Tybee Bomb is lost by the US Air Force off the coast of Savannah, Georgia, never to be recovered.", "Q8. Britain detonated its first hydrogen bomb (~ 0.6 megatons) in May 1957. Where did this event take place?", "~1953 – US President Harry Truman announced that the United States had developed the hydrogen bomb.", "This photo dated 1945 shows the devastated city of Hiroshima in days after the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US Air Force B-29, August 6, 1945.", "1958 Hydrogen bomb known as the Tybee Bomb is lost by the US Air Force off the coast of Savannah, GA, never to be recovered", "The name of the American bomber that on August 6,1945, dropped the first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, thus initiating the nuclear age.", "The Trinity fireball, 15 seconds after detonation of the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945, rises into the air above the desert near the town of San Antonio, New Mexico.", "1955 AD - Ultra high frequency discovered. West Germany joins NATO. Disneyland opened. U.S. stockpile of atomic bombs reaches 4,000. The U.S.S.R is estimated to have 1,000. ", "The Enola Gay is the B-29 Superfortress bomber that dropped the first atomic bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", to be used in war, by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in the attack on Hiroshima, Japan on 6 August 1945, just before the end of World War II. The B-29 was named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Paul Tibbets." ]

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[ "Queen Alia International Airport (; transliterated: Matar Al-Malikah Alia Ad-Dowali) is Jordan's main and largest airport and is located in Zizya 30 km south of the capital city, Amman. Named after Queen Alia, third wife to the late King Hussein of Jordan, the airport is home to the country's national flag carrier, Royal Jordanian Airlines and serves as a major hub for Jordan Aviation, Royal Falcon and Royal Wings.", "Queen Alia International Airport is the principal aviation hub in Jordan, an Arab kingdom in the Middle East. The airport is located 32 kilometers from the nation’s capital city, Amman.", "Queen Alia International Airport ( IATA : AMM,  ICAO : OJAI) (Arabic: مطار الملكة علياء الدولي; transliterated: Matar Al-Malikah Alia Ad-Dowali) is Jordan's main and largest airport and is located in Zizya 30 kilometres (20 mi) south of the capital city, Amman. Named after Queen Alia, third wife to the late King Hussein of Jordan, the airport is home to the country's national flag carrier, Royal Jordanian Airlines and serves as a major hub for Jordan Aviation, Royal Falcon and Royal Wings. A state-of-the-art new terminal was inaugurated in March 2013 to replace the ai ... (展开) rport's older two passenger terminals and one cargo terminal. The three original terminals were made obsolete once the new terminal officially began operations. In 2014, the new airport received the \"Best Improvement by Region: Middle East\" and \"Best Airport by Region: Middle East\" awards by the Airport Council International, the awards are given to the airports which achieved the highest customer satisfaction in the ASQ Survey.", "The main airport serving Amman is Queen Alia International Airport, situated about 30 km south of Amman. Much smaller is Amman Civil Airport, a one-terminal airport that serves primarily domestic and nearby international routes and the army. Queen Alia International Airport is the major international airport in Jordan and the hub for Royal Jordanian, the flag carrier. Its expansion was recently done and modified, including the decommissioning of the old terminals and the commissioning of new terminals costing $700M, to handle over 16 million passengers annually. It is now considered a state-of-the-art airport and was rewarded 'the best airport in the Middle East' for 2014 and 2015 and 'the best improvement in the Middle East' for 2014 by Airport Service Quality Survey, the world's leading airport passenger satisfaction benchmark program. ", "Located 35 kilometers from the heart of the capital Amman, Queen Alia International Airport (QAIA) was inaugurated in 1983 to become Jordan's key gateway to the world. The airport served 5.42 million passengers in 2010, in addition to providing air cargo and other aviation support services. The airport has recently been ISO certified and AIG is investing systematically in upgrading technologies and work practices to enhance QAIA's customer service levels and operational performance.", "Amman is introducing itself as a business hub. The city's skyline is being continuously transformed through the emergence of new projects. A significant portion of business flowed into Amman following the 2003 Iraq War. Jordan's main airport, Queen Alia International Airport, is located south of Amman and is the hub for the country's national carrier Royal Jordanian, a major airline in the region. The airline is headquartered in Zahran district. Rubicon Group Holding and Maktoob, two major regional information technology companies, are based in Amman, along with major international corporations such as Hikma Pharmaceuticals, one of the Middle East's largest pharmaceutical companies, and Aramex, the Middle East's largest logistics and transportation company. ", "Amman Queen Alia International Airport (IATA: AMM, ICAO: OJAI) (Matar al-Malikah 'Alya' Ad-Dowaly) is located in Zizya area, 20 miles (30km) south of Amman, the capital city of Jordan. It is the home hub of Royal Jordanian Airlines, the national flag carrier, and Jordan Aviation, Royal Falcon and Royal Wings as well.", "Jordan has two major International Airports.  They are Queen Alia International Airport and King Hussein International Airport.  Queen Alia International Airport is the largest Airport in Jordan.", "^ \"Official Opening of Queen Alia International Airport in Amman, Jordan\" (Press release). Amman, Jordan: Foster + Partners. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.", "Due to persistent air traffic increases in the past few years, an airport expansion was deemed as necessary. The expansion aims to make Queen Alia the airport hub of Jordan.", "Queen Alia International Airport, about 35km south of Amman, is the country’s main gateway. There are two terminals: Terminal 1 is used for most Royal Jordanian flights and Terminal 2 is used by other airlines. The terminals are within easy walking distance, on opposite sides of the airport road. Both terminals have ATMs, foreign-exchange counters, a post office and left-luggage.", "Royal Jordanian Airline is the country's flag carrier that operates its main base at Queen Alia International Airport (AMM), Amman .", "Queen Alia International Airport is situated approximately 30 miles south of central Amman, and a taxi into town costs around JD20-25/£15-20. Ahmed Mansour offers a reliable pick-up service, and speaks good English: book before you travel (00962 79 565 4720).", "^ a b c Tribute to King Abdullah II of Jordan – Celebrating 15 Years of Leadership, \"Celebrating 30 Years of Queen Alia International Airport\".", "Jordan had an estimated 17 airports in 2004. As of 2005 a total of 15 were paved, and there was also one heliport. The major airport is the Queen Alia International Airport, about 30 km (19 mi) south of 'Ammān, which was opened in the early 1980s. Aqaba Airport is the other international airport. The government-owned Alia-Royal Jordanian Airline operates domestic and international flights. In 2003, about 1.313 million passengers were carried on scheduled domestic and international flights.", "^ a b Maslen, Richard (27 March 2013). \"New Terminal Opening Boosts Queen Alia Airport's Capacity\". Routesonline (Manchester, United Kingdom: UBM Information Ltd). Retrieved 4 February 2014.", "The 307-room Amman Airport Hotel is just 2km (1.4 miles) from Amman Queen Alia International Airport. In addition to a range of eating and drinking venues, the 4-star hotel boasts a fitness suite, pool, meeting rooms and business services. A free shuttle operates to and from the airport.", "Jinnah International Airport ( IATA : KHI ICAO : OPKC), [13] , is Karachi's largest international and domestic airport located on the outskirts of the main city though in a huge populated area. The Airport has connections to many other hubs such as Toronto , London , New York , Tokyo and Dubai . It is also the hub for Pakistan International Airlines [14] , Pakistan's national carrier, which flies to numerous destinations, including all the major cities in Pakistan , and international cities such as Beijing , Barcelona , London , New York , Toronto , Istanbul , Kabul , Copenhagen , Paris , Frankfurt , Amsterdam , Milan , Kuala Lumpur , Oslo , Abu Dhabi , Chicago , Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow ], Hong Kong , Dhaka , Sharjah , Al Ain , Kathmandu , Kuwait , Mumbai , Muscat , Riyadh , Jeddah , Amman , Bangkok and Tokyo . The Airport has three terminals out of which the Terminal 3, also referred as Jinnah Terminal is in the commercial operations whereas Terminal 2 is now dedicated to Hajj operations and Terminal 1 is now the Head Quarter of Civil Aviation Authority.", "^ \"Queen Alia International Commences Second Phase of US$100m Expansion Project\". Passenger Terminal Today.Com. Retrieved 20 May 2014.", "Jinnah International Airport ( Urdu : جناح بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈا) ( IATA : KHI,  ICAO : OPKC) is Pakistan 's largest international and domestic airport. Located in Karachi , the largest city and capital of the Sindh province, it is named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan.", "Bahrain sits at a most convenient location in the Arabian Gulf, connected by a causeway to Saudi Arabia and within a short flying time of the major cities in the region.  The new Bahrain International Airshow (BIAS) is part of this investment.", "Luxor International Airport is the main airport serving the city of Luxor, Egypt. It is located four miles (6 km) east of the city. Many charter airlines use the airport, as it is a popular tourist destination for those visiting the River Nile and the Valley of the Kings.", "Malta International Airport (, ) is the only airport in Malta and it serves the whole of the Maltese Islands. It is located on island of Malta, between Luqa and Gudja, and occupies the location of the former RAF Luqa. It was completely re-furbished, becoming fully operational on 25 March 1992. It is still referred to by locals as Luqa Airport, and sometimes as Valletta Airport internationally, as it is located 5 km southwest of the Maltese capital Valletta. The airport serves as the main hub for Air Malta and a base for Ryanair. It is also home to the Area Control Center and hosts the annual Malta Airshow, visited by military and civil aircraft from various European and other countries. The airport is operated by Malta International Airport plc.", "Oran Es Senia Airport is an international airport serving Oran City near Es Senia in the North African nation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Algeria . Oran is the second largest major city in the country spread along the north-western Mediterranean coast of Algeria. Located at a distance of 8.7 kilometers to the south of the city centre, this public airport was first used by the French Air Force as a military airfield in the 1940s during World War II. Situated at an elevation of 295 feet above mean sea level, the Oran Es Senia Airport is owned and operated by EGSA Alger, which is an airport management services establishment of the government of Algeria operating a total number of 18 airports within this country.", "Etihad Aviation Group (EAG) is a diversified global aviation and travel group comprising four business divisions – Etihad Airways, the national airline of the United Arab Emirates, Etihad Airways Engineering, the Hala Group and the Airline Equity Partners.", "King Hussein International Airport connects Aqaba to Amman, Sharm el-Sheikh, Dubai and Alexandria and several destinations in Europe. It is the headquarters of the Jordan Aviation Airlines.", "* Yemenia's flights operate via Bisha Domestic Airport. However, Yemenia does not have the traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Amman and Bisha.", "The Shahjalal International Airport, located 15 km north of Dhaka city centre, is the largest and busiest airport in the nation. Domestic service flies to Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Cox's Bazar, Jessore, Barisal, Saidpur and international services fly to major cities in Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Western Europe.", "The Dubai World Central Al Maktoum International Airport is an international airport located in Jebel Ali. It was opened on the 27th of June, 2010 with one runway and handling only cargo flights. It is the main part of the Dubai World Central, a planned residential, commercial and logistics complex. The airport will have an annual cargo capacity of 12 million ton and a passenger capacity of up to 160 million people per year – where would make it the largest airport in the world in both size and passenger volume.", "Shahjalal International Airport (formerly Zia International Airport) (IATA: DAC, ICAO: VGZR) (Bengali: শাহজালাল আন্তর্জাতিক বিমানবন্দর), in Dhaka is the main gateway to the country, though Chittagong and Sylhet also receive international flights. Be wary of the mosquitos which terrorize the entire airport.", "Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport (KKIA), located 35 kilometers north from the city center, is the city's main airport, and serves over 17 million passengers a year. Plans are being made to expand the airport to accommodate for 35 million passengers, given that the airport was only built for 12 million passengers annually. but new airport is on the table.", "The heads of state and other high ranking VIP visitor to the kingdom are usually greeted in the royal pavilion which has open spaces, some garden areas and amazing fountains. There’s a ceremonial hall which usually connects the pavilion to the mosque. The unique design and geometry of the building is similar to those of the other terminals architecturally and the aesthetic respect. The arriving guests can at times either the air bridges or escalators to enter the building from the aircraft parking area. The airport is ranked among the first in the world because of its world class customer service." ]

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[ "BUFF SAYS: “The dictionary is the only place where you come to SUCCESS before you get to WORK.”", "Arthur Brisbane liked to point out that the dictionary is the only place where success comes before work.", "QUOTE ‘The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. Hard work is the price we must all pay for success.’ Vince Lombardi", "This expression has been attributed to football coach Vince Lombardi, humorist Mark Twain, newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, hair stylist Vidal Sassoon, and others. Would you please explore its origin?", "Leading celebrity hairstylists also made statements. Lee Stafford said that \"Sassoon revolutionised the way everybody wears their hair today, he also made British hairdressing the best in the world, he was my hero.\" Tabatha Coffey said \"thank you for all you have done for our industry and for me.\" ", "Mark Twain once wrote: 'What one experiences in a barber's shop the first time he enters one is what he always experiences in barbers' shops afterwards till the end of his days'.", "Frieda rarely cuts hair any more, but still owns a handful of salons, including his New Cavendish Street space. Other addresses included one at 797 Madison Avenue, and a lavish Los Angeles one called Sally Hershberger @ John Frieda. Hershberger, best known for shaping Meg Ryan's sought–after late 1990s coif, worked with Frieda on developing the Sheer Blonde line and holds the title of style director at the Frieda company. The posh L.A. salon includes a courtyard pool and in–house video–monitor system that lets clients accurately assess their $400 haircuts from television screens situated at the stylists' stations. Frizz–Ease, meanwhile, continues to be the biggest seller in the Frieda line, with some $60 million in sales annually and a bottle sold every 30 seconds.", "Jen is a woman at the top of her game, but how did she become involved in the hairdressing world in the first place? For anyone starting out, prepare to be inspired... “I’ve always loved doing hair and was obsessed with Natalie Imbruglia’s short haircut in her ’Torn’ music video when I was a teenager in Utah. “No one could give me the cut I wanted, so I went to the store, bought a pack of shaving razors, and starting cutting my own hair. Soon I was cutting all my friends’ hair in my parents’ garage. After high school, I drove to California with literally only $300 and my Honda Civic hatchback. “I called all the salons in Allure’s beauty directory until finally someone returned my call and I started working as a receptionist at", "Quote Investigator: The saying was ascribed to Dorothy Parker in the 1968 volume “The Algonquin Wits” edited by Robert E. Drennan. The section about Parker included a miscellaneous collection of her witticisms, and the following was listed without any additional context: 1", "Sassoon trained under Raymond Bessone, in his salon in Mayfair. In 2010, Sassoon stated that \"he really taught me how to cut hair...I'd never have achieved what I have without him.\" Sassoon opened his first salon in 1954 in London; singer-actress Georgia Brown, his friend and neighbor, claimed to be his first customer. ", "\"From BIRTH to age 18, a girl needs good parents. From 18 to 35, she needs good looks. From 35 to 55, she needs a good personality. From 55 on, she needs good cash.\" Biographer Michael Freedland is one among many who have attributed this saying to Sophie Tucker (1884-1996). According to Bartlett's the singer said these words when she was sixty-nine. But in 1948, when Tucker was sixty-four, this saying ran without attribution in a newspaper's humor column. Other versions have been credited to novelist Kathleen Norris (1880-1966).", "As seen with bras, products aimed solely at women were still almost exclusively designed by men. Perhaps that explains the famous Clairol hair coloring tag line, “Does she or doesn’t she? Only her hairdresser knows for sure.” Hairdressers have long held the reputation as confessors for their patrons, so the implication carried social weight by asking an open question on the minds of men, then answering it by naming someone who knows the secret.", "She knows that, but: \"If I'm going to talk to someone for two hours then it can't just be about fashion. You know, I never really wanted to be a designer in the first place but about 15 to 20 years ago I decided that if I was going to continue I'd be better off starting to like it. I do think looking your best is really, really good for the spirit and my clothes allow people to project their personalities and express themselves. I offer choice in an age of conformity.\" A perfect Vivienne Westwood pronouncement.", "ast November, Elizabeth Roop became the new owner of Personal Image Hair Studio, an established salon in the Tantallon Plaza. It turned out to be the perfect setting for her to evolve as a business owner. Having spent 24 years in the hair industry, doing everything from styling to teaching in cosmetology schools and even educating for Redken, Elizabeth says becoming a business owner felt like the right next move. “Personal Image always had a very special feel about it,” she says. But why? Was it", "Apparently, though, this common saying goes back even further. It's believed that James Howell, a historian and writer, used the phrase in one of his literary works in 1659, called Paramoigraphy (Proverbs). I don't have access to the book to see the quote for myself, but supposedly it reads:", "PS Magazine: Growing up during the Depression, you aspired to be a hairdresser. Tell us about how you accomplished that. Margaret Vinci Heldt: We’ll start from the very beginning. I was born in Chicago, and when I was about 9 or 10 years old, one of our neighbors took me with her to a beauty shop. I was so fascinated—I saw so many women come in and by the time they went out they were beautiful. And I still get excited when I think of that moment. I thought, “I want to do something like that.” When I got back home, I asked my little next-door neighbor, “Francie, do you want to play beauty shop with me?’ I made a shop in the backyard. I got some starch from home and made up a batter and put it in her hair, and it worked so good. Then, I knew I could be a beauty operator someday. It was a hot day and her hair started to dry kind of white, so she went home and her mother asked what happened. She came over and went over to my mother. My mother must have been shocked and I was scared to death. It was a critical moment, my mother could have really destroyed my 27", "coming from Stroud, Wales, Weston-super-Mare and all over the place, so I decided to stay local and I moved to this place just down the road. “Everything grew from the studio and now I have five full-time staff, with hairdressers and beauty therapists.” Feisty, and with strong opinions about products, their use, and the way women are treated in the industry, Amanda manages to give advice and instil confidence without being patronising or intimidating. Before long I’m installed in a comfy swivel chair in front of a well-lit mirror surrounded by tools of the trade. Aware that I’m about to be gently chastised for my shoddy beauty routine, I surrender to Amanda’s skill. She deals with only half my face (so that I can really see the", "I made sure of it, from my point of view at least. I did a beauty course at a small college in South Woodford and got a certificate entitling me to work as a qualified beautician anywhere. That was my ambition, to set up my own beauty parlour, attract the very best customers and give them the best hands-on treatment. Until I saved up enough to do that, I would continue at Selfridge’s, but I was going up the career ladder anyway; I was put in charge of the whole perfume section in June 1963 and quickly established myself as a firm but fair manager. Not that I really needed to be firm; I was friends with all the girls there, we’d go out together at lunch to the local Lyons Cornerhouse, and they were thrilled to be working with me, not a square old crow from the Boer War days! I was decidedly modern in my style and approach, and always, but always, optimistic.", "“She tried to personalize what a salon could be,” Klein says. “She had an ideology that stressed individualism, at a time that really discouraged nonconformity. Your pores were analyzed. You’d learn comportment, how to walk, and dexterity. You learned the importance of nutrition and exercise. Rubinstein tried to have a scientific approach because, in those days, you had to appear as up-to-date with science as possible. She often used the analogy of a garden, when it came to maintaining one’s self on a regular basis. Her salons offered sun-lamp treatments on beds of sand, while you had drinks served to you. It was a rather thorough day of indulgence.”", "Random people on the internet attribute this quote to Wilde. Is it real? \"Looking good and dressing well is a necessity. Having a purpose in life is not.\"", "I heard Richard Downes the other day talking about Michelle Obama's appearance at the Oscar's ceremony. He commented on her hairstyle and I just wondered if he has found out that the \"bangs\" talked about are her fringe and even though she wore her hair up she still had her \"bangs\"? Just wondering...", "This haircut banter riles him a little bit. At the end of the interview, when his publicist comes over, Seinfeld asks, \"Do you think my haircut's of an era? He thinks it's of an era. I thought it was timeless. I thought it was classic and timeless. His haircut is of an era.\" He turns to me. \"You're going to hate pictures of yourself in ten years' time.\"", "One of Crisp’s aphorisms sums up his life of style well: “Believe in fate, but lean forward where fate can see you.” ds", "“We work in the beauty industry, and while we welcome individuality amongst our members of staff, clients need to feel that their haircare needs are being addressed by someone who takes their own grooming regime as seriously as they do”", "Quoted from the brilliant text of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. In my experience, that complaint is the #1 factor behind most spiteful personal disputes.", "Notable Quotable: “Would ya just watch the hair. Ya know, I work on my hair a long time and you hit it. He hits my hair.”", "Harvey, Adia M. \"Becoming Entrepreneurs: Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender at the Black Beauty Salon.\" Gender and Society. 19.6 (2005): 789-808. Print.", "Career advice: 'They say if you can deliver a funny line and you're not ugly, it's gold'", "Dear Quote Investigator: The funniest advice I was ever given as a sales associate was from another seasoned employee:", "each day with a lengthy beauty routine, and has a penchant for Valentino suits. He is an authority on what his colleagues are wearing.", "The last names, or names by which people are best known and whose quotes are included below are arranged alphabetically, for ease of referenceː", "Talking Head: I have to travel in a handbag so the girls won’t get me. (Laughter) Like they say, once you’ve gone out with a shrunken head, you never go back. (He laughs)" ]

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[ "1965 - The American space probe Mariner 4 flew by Mars, and sent back photographs of the planet.", "1965 : The American space probe Mariner 4 flew by Mars, sending back photographs of the planet.", "1965 - The spacecraft Mariner IV sent back the first close-up pictures of the planet Mars.", "The first photos of Mars from orbit came from the NASA probe Mariner 4, which flew by the Red Planet in 1965. The probe's 21 photos of a dry, dusty surface disappointed those hoping for rivers, oceans or any signs of life.", "Mariner 4 was the first spacecraft to obtain and transmit close range images of Mars. After its launch on November 28, 1964 and a journey of hundreds of millions of kilometers, Mariner 4 passed within 9844 kilometers of Mars on July 14, 1965. Beginning at a range of 16,900 km, the probe acquired a surface image composed of 200 lines, consisting of 200 pixels each (average resolution was about 3 km/pixel) every 48 seconds until, at a range of 11,900 km, 22 television pictures of the Martian surface had been stored on the spacecraft's 4-track tape recorder (the last 3 of these pictures were beyond the terminator). It took 4 days to transmit the image information to Earth and the spacecraft returned useful data until October 1965, when the distance from Earth and its antenna orientation temporarily halted the signal acquisition. Data acquisition resumed in late 1967 and continued until December 20, 1967.", "Mariner Mars Missions (Mariner 4 was the first spacecraft to obtain and transmit close range images of Mars. After its launch on November 28, 1964 and a journey of hundreds of millions of kilometers, Mariner 4 passed within 9,844 kilometers of Mars on July 14, 1965. Data acquisition continued until December 20, 1967.", "1969 : The U.S. space probe \"Mariner VII\" flew by Mars, sending back photographs and scientific data.", "The American space probe Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to orbit another planet (Mars). It sent back the first clear close-up images of the planet and went on to photograph the entire surface", "            1965-Saturday-  Ranger 8 space probe crashed into the moon after taking 7,000 pictures of possible landing sites.  There were no soft landings in those days so the first image was taken at 9:34:32 UT at an altitude of 2510 km. Transmission of 7,137 photographs of good quality occurred over the final 23 minutes of flight. The final image taken before impact was from 1.5 meters.  It showed a terrified alien holding up six appendages trying to protect itself from the missile that appeared from nowhere.", "While NASA was working to ensure that America would be the first country to put a man on the moon, other scientists there were busy trying to learn more about Earth's planetary neighbor, Mars. NASA launched the Mariner IV probe in 1964. A probe is an unmanned spacecraft equipped to gather information from space. Mariner IV took the first close-up photographs of Mars. Myths about Martians were destroyed when the photos made clear that no such civilization existed there. But was there life of any other kind? After the success of the Apollo mission, the U.S. space program was anxious to look beyond the moon and get even closer to Mars. President Gerald Ford (1974-1977) spoke to NASA scientists while the probe, Viking I, landed on Mars. In 1997, Pathfinder brought even more sophisticated ways to learn about life forms on Mars. Evidence has been found that there may have been large floods on Mars long ago. Where there is water, there is the possibility of life forms. The Pathfinder delivered scientific instruments to the Martian surface that investigated the atmosphere, geology and the composition of rocks and soil.", "Meanwhile, a Soviet probe intended for Mars missed the 1965 window of opportunity for a launch, but was fired off anyway. It faxed back to Earth photographs of the far side of the Moon as it flew away into an orbit around the Sun.", "      Viking 1, an unmanned US planetary probe, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a mission to Mars. On 19 June 1976, the spacecraft entered into an orbit around Mars, and devoted the next month to imaging the Martian surface with the purpose of finding an appropriate landing site for its lander. On 20 July the seventh anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing, the Viking 1 lander separated from the orbiter and touched down on the Chryse Planitia region, becoming the first spacecraft to successfully land on the surface of Mars. The same day, the craft sent back the first close-up photographs of the rust-colored Martian surface. In September of 1976, Viking 2, launched only three weeks after Viking 1 in 1975, entered into orbit around Mars, where it assisted Viking 1 in imaging the surface and also sent down a lander. During the dual Viking missions, the two orbiters imaged the entire surface of Mars at a resolution of 150 to 300 meters, and the two landers sent back over 1400 images of the planet's surface.", "More than twenty years after the Viking 1 probe was released, NASA sent another probe to Mars, the Mars Global Surveyor . In early 2001, after having taken tens of thousands of images of the planet, the Surveyor aimed its strong camera lens on the \"Face of Mars.\" This time, the image clearly showed that the landform was simply another mesa in an area of mesas and buttes, very much like those that exist in the American Southwest.", "In 1973, the Soviet Union sent four more probes to Mars: the Mars 4 and Mars 5 orbiters and the Mars 6 and Mars 7 fly-by/lander combinations. All missions except Mars 7 sent back data, with Mars 5 being most successful. Mars 5 transmitted 60 images before a loss of pressurization in the transmitter housing ended the mission. Mars 6 lander transmitted data during descent, but failed upon impact. Mars 4 flew by the planet at a range of 2200 km returning one swath of pictures and radio occultation data, which constituted the first detection of the nightside ionosphere on Mars. Mars 7 probe separated prematurely from the carrying vehicle due to a problem in the operation of one of the onboard systems (attitude control or retro-rockets) and missed the planet by 1300 km.", "In 1973, the Soviet Union sent four more probes to Mars: the Mars 4 and Mars 5 orbiters and the Mars 6 and Mars 7 fly-by/lander combinations. All missions except Mars 7 sent back data, with Mars 5 being most successful. Mars 5 transmitted 60 images before a loss of pressurization in the transmitter housing ended the mission.", "Finally, in 1961 NASA created Project Surveyor to soft-land a satellite on the Moon. A small craft with tripod landing legs, it could take post-landing photographs and perform a variety of other measurements. Surveyor 1 landed on the Moon on 2 June 1966 and transmitted more than 10,000 high-quality photographs of the surface. Although the second mission crash landed, the next flight provided photographs, measurements of the composition and surface-bearing strength of the lunar crust, and readings on the thermal and radar reflectivity of the soil. Although Surveyor 4 failed, by the time of the program's completion in 1968 the remaining three missions had yielded significant scientific data both for Apollo and for the broader lunar science community. 67", "Later spacecraft, especially Mariners 6 and 7, in 1969, reexcited curiosity and laid the groundwork for an eventual landing on the planet. Their pictures verified the Moon‑like appearance of Mars, but they also found that volcanoes had once been active on the planet, that the frost observed seasonally on the poles was made of carbon dioxide, and that huge plates indicated considerable tectonic activity in the planet’s past. Suddenly, Mars fascinated scientists, reporters, and the public once again, largely because of the possibility of past life that might have existed there.", "An artist’s impression of the Beagle 2 probe on Mars – as it would have appeared if it had landed successfully. Photograph: PA", "FIRST ELECTRONIC CAMERA PHOTOS OF MARS - 1964.  In July 1964, NASA, at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena, California, received electronic signals from video cameras on board the Mariner 4 (IV) spacecraft on its way to Mars.  The image above is the first close-up image ever taken of Mars (NASA).", "Mariner 9 far exceeded its expectations in every way. Upon its arrival in November, the spacecraft was presented with a Martian atmosphere full of dust which obscured the view of the surface. The opaqueness, explained as dust storms, of the Martian atmosphere had been previously observed from Earth during Martian southern hemisphere summers and now with Mariner 9 in orbit, the existence of these dust stroms was confirmed. With a reprogrammable computer on board, Mariner 9 was kept in orbit until the dust began to settle out of the atmosphere and the systematic imaging of the planet's surface began in January of 1972. The 7329 images, covering about 80% of the planet, revealed the surface and atmosphere of Mars to be as varied as planetary scientists had hoped. Some of the observed features included ancient river beds, craters, massive extinct volcanoes, canyons, layered polar deposits, evidence of wind-driven deposition and erosion of sediments, weather fronts, ice clouds, localized dust storms, morning fogs and more. With evidence of flow features, and therefore the possibilty of a time when water was in liquid form on the surface of Mars, the question of the existence of life on Mars was intensified. It was clear that Mars had brought about many more questions which a lander would be best suited to answer.", "            2002 –Tuesday- America’s Mars Odyssey space probe began to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system.  Mars Odyssey was launched April 7, 2001 on a Delta II rocket from", "Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1), an automatic interplanetary spacecraft launched to Mars on November 1, 1962, was the first probe of the Soviet Mars probe program to achieve interplanetary orbit. Mars 1 was intended to fly by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km and take images of the surface as well as send back data on cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds. Sixty-one radio transmissions were held, initially at two-day intervals and later at 5 day intervals, from which a large amount of interplanetary data was collected. On 21 March 1963, when the spacecraft was at a distance of 106,760,000 km from Earth, on its way to Mars, communications ceased due to failure of its antenna orientation system.", "The USSR's Mars 1, launched in November 1962, was the first attempt to probe Mars. Unfortunately, contact was lost with the spacecraft only 60 million miles along its route to the Red Planet.", "The Soviet Phobos 1 and 2 probes were launched in 1988 and were meant to study Mars's moon Phobos in detail. However, Phobos 1 failed due to a software glitch and Phobos 2 malfunctioned shortly before mission controllers attempted to send two landers from the orbiter onto the moon's surface. In this clip Soviet space programme analyst Phillip Clark explains the probes' missions.", "By 1968, when this photograph was taken, Wernher von Braun had been director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, developer of the Saturn rockets that got us to the moon, for eight years. A Saturn IB stands at the ready in the background. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA", "On February 14, 1990, Voyager 1 took the first ever \"family portrait\" of the Solar System as seen from outside, which includes the image of planet Earth known as \"Pale Blue Dot\". Soon afterwards its cameras were deactivated to conserve power and computer resources for other equipment. The camera software has been removed from the spacecraft, so it would now be complex to get them working again. Earth-side software and computers for reading the images are also no longer available.", "What does Earth look like when viewed from Mars? At 13:00 GMT on 8 May 2003, the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) had an opportunity to find out. In addition, a fortuitous alignment of Earth and Jupiter---the first planeary conjunction viewed from another planet---permitted the MOC to acquire an image of both of these bodies and their larger satellites. At the time, Mars and the orbiting camera were 139 million kilometers (86 million miles) from Earth and almost 1 billion kilometers (nearly 600 million miles) from Jupiter. The orbit diagram, above, shows the geometry at the time the images were obtained.", "image:Apollo17UV.jpg|A model of the UV spectrometer used to take the first accurate measurements of the constituents of the Moon's atmosphere", "On February 14, 1990, the cameras of Voyager 1 pointed back toward the Sun and took a series of pictures of the Sun and the planets, making the first ever \"portrait\" of our solar system as seen from the outside. This image is a diagram of how the frames for the solar system portrait were taken. (Courtesy NASA/JPL)", "1996 - Launch / Mars Global Surveyor - November 7th, 1996: \"Mars Global Surveyor Launched.\" [Link: 1 ]", "On March 6, 1974, Mars 7 failed to go into orbit about Mars and the lander missed the planet. Carrier and lander are now in a solar orbit.", "Spacecraft and related mission designed to orbit Mars over a two year period and collect data on the surface morphology, topography, composition, gravity, atmospheric dynamics, and magnetic field. Launched November 1996." ]

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[ "The original small screen depiction was popularised in the 1960’s Batman TV show, played by Burgess Meredith, who also played the character in the 1996 film Batman. In this series, The Penguin was an arch-nemesis of Batman who worked alongside fellow villain The Joker. Meredith’s portrayal is best remembered through his signature laugh, meant to mimic the squawk of a penguin.", "Burgess Meredith - (November 16, 1907 - September 9, 1997) Burgess Meredith was a versatile two-time Academy Award-nominated American actor. He was known for portraying Rocky Balboa's trainer Mickey Goldmill in the Rocky films and The Penguin in the television series Batman. Burgess Meredith was adept playing both dramatic and comedic roles, and with his rugged looks and gravelly voice, he could convincingly play either an everyman hero or a sinister villain.", "Burgess Meredith portrayed The Penguin in the 1960s Batman series , as well as the 1966 film . Meredith's portrayal of the Penguin tied with Cesar Romero 's Joker as the most frequent appearance of a villain on the show, and was in fact so popular that the writers always had an episode script featuring the Penguin ready whenever Meredith was available. His trademark \"quacking\" sound had been created to prevent the non-smoking Meredith from ruining takes by coughing whenever the frequently-smoking Penguin smoked.", "Professor William Omaha McElroy is the name of a Batman villain in the 1960s Batman television series. His criminal theme is based around Ancient Egypt the same way that Ancient Greece is the theme for Maxie Zeus .", "Burgess Meredith portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s Batman television series and its movie. Danny DeVito played a darker, more grotesque version in the 1992 film Batman Returns. Subsequent Batman animated series featured him in depictions that alternated between deformed outcast and high-profile aristocrat, or a blend of the two. Robin Lord Taylor currently portrays a young Penguin in the television series Gotham. The Penguin has repeatedly been named one of the best Batman villains, and one of the greatest villains in comics and, paradoxically, has also been described by others as among the least convincing. Penguin was ranked #51 in IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time. ", "This live-action film featured some of Batman's most notorious villains such as Joker, Riddler, Catwoman, and Penguin, who was played by Burgess Meredith. Penguin and the villains try their hardest to outsmart and outmatch Batman and the boy wonder, but are thwarted and unable to succeed. The late Burgess Meredith was the first person to ever play the Penguin and pulled it off with class and elegance, different from his counterpart Danny DeVito in Tim Burton's film \"Batman Returns\".", "Burgess Meredith’s portrayal of The Penguin may be the most iconic (at least in appearance) of the entire series. With his purple top hat, monocle, and long cigarette, Meredith’s Penguin would appear in more Batman episodes (20) than any other villain. ", "Meredith also played the Penguin in the television series Batman from 1966 to 1968. His role as the Penguin was so well-received, the show's writers always had a script featuring the Penguin ready whenever Meredith was available. He and Cesar Romero (the Joker) are tied for number of appearances on the show. ", "Burgess Meredith , who played The Penguin in Batman: The Series , was considered for the role of Tucker Cobblepot . However, due to his illness, Meredith was forced to reject the offer, and Paul Reubens was hired for the role. Meredith died for his illness in 1998.", "            1966- “Holy premier Batman” Batman the TV series made its debut on ABC  starring Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin. The show was thirty minutes but since most episodes were two-parters, breathless fans were kept on the edge of their seats as the first part ended with Batman in dire straits. The first episode’s villain was The Riddler, played by Frank Gorshin.  Other popular villains were Caesar Romero as the Joker, Burgess Meredith as The Penguin and three, yes three Catwomen - # 1 was Julie Newmar, # - Eartha Kitt, and # 3, Lee Meriweather – through the years.", "and as war correspondent Ernie Pyle in The Story of G.I. Joe (1945). He was featured in many 1940s films, including three (Second Chorus (1940), Diary of a Chambermaid (1946) and On Our Merry Way (1948) ) co-starring then-wife Paulette Goddard. Among later roles, he became known for playing The Penguin on the television series Batman. The Penguin's trademark quacking laugh was actually Meredith's attempt to cover up coughing fits, as his part required him to smoke, something he had not done in years. He admitted in an interview it sounded more like a duck than a penguin. [citation needed] Nevertheless, his role as the Penguin was so well-received that the show's writers always had a script featuring the Penguin ready whenever Meredith was available. He appeared on the show more times during its run than any other villain.", "His character, the Penguin, was so popular as a villain on the television series Batman (1966), the producers always had a Penguin script ready in case Meredith wanted to appear as a guest star.", "Much as with Gorshin's Riddler, Burgess Meredith's Penguin is so iconic that it's still not only referenced ( The Daily Show drew comparisons between the character and Dick Cheney), it's also arguable that Penguin's the Bat-Villain least changed since the 60s depiction. He still does the laugh in the comics, too.", "1966: Burgess Meredith appeared for the first time as The Penguin on \"Batman.\" ( Classic fight scene )", "Batman is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character of the same name, which stars Adam West and Burt Ward as Batman and Robin, two crime-fighting heroes who defend Gotham City. It aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network for two and a half seasons from January 12, 1966 to March 14, 1968. Despite its short run, a total of 120 episodes were produced based on having two weekly installments for most of its tenure.", "Batman is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character of the same name , which starred Adam West and Burt Ward as Batman and Robin , two crime-fighting heroes who defended \"Gotham City\". It aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network for two and a half seasons from January 12, 1966 to March 14, 1968. Despite its short run, the show had a total of 120 episodes, having two weekly installments for most of its tenure.", "* King Tut, played by Victor Buono, was a villain on the Batman TV series which aired from 1966 to 1968. Mild-mannered Egyptologist William Omaha McElroy, after suffering a concussion, came to believe he was the reincarnation of Tutankhamun. His response to this knowledge was to embark upon a crime spree that required him to fight against the \"Caped Crusaders\", Batman and Robin.", "The next notable Batman incarnation was the weekly television series starring Adam West in the title role and Burt Ward as Robin. The series was intended to be a lampoon comedy show because of producer William Dozier's initial ignorance of comic books; this likewise gave Dozier, who also narrated the series, the idea to \"overdo\" the series. The stories followed a format that was villain-driven and action-comedy heavy and tended to need two parts to complete. The first part usually involved a villain committing a crime with Batman and Robin attempting to stop the criminal, only to be caught and put in a death trap. The series is notable for the high profile guest stars, most of whom portrayed Batman's villains. One of these, the Joker, as whom Cesar Romero guested on an almost semi-regular basis, was shown in color for the first time in this program, and Ben Nye Sr.'s make-up format was later adapted for Jack Nicholson's use in Burton's 1989 film .", "The quintessential (and first) Batman villain to star in the ’66 series, Frank Gorshin would end up playing The Riddler in all of the character’s appearances in the series except for a two episode span during season two when John Astin stepped into the green tights.", "In 1967, William Dozier , the producer responsible for the 1966 Batman television series, produced a pilot for a live-action Dick Tracy series, starring Ray MacDonnell in the title role. While the quality of the pilot (\"The Plot To Kill NATO\", featuring \"Special Guest Villain\" Victor Buono as 'Mr. Memory') was slightly above-average, the series was not purchased by either ABC or NBC as ratings for the Batman series were dropping, and a similar series featuring The Green Hornet had recently flopped. To the networks, the \"Hero Camp\" or Batmania craze was dying, and they chose not to take a risk on another series.", "Throughout the course of the show, Gorshin's Riddler made few appearances compared to the likes of Cesar Romero's Joker and Julie Newmar's Catwoman, but arguably made the biggest impression on the audience. His crimes ranged from tricking Batman into a lawsuit to kidnapping a visiting king, and always involved an over-the-top deathtrap of some sort. Most (in)famously, he teamed up with fellow rogues Joker, Penguin, and Catwoman to launch an attack on the United Nations building in the 1966 theatrical film, and stole the Batmobile along with Catwoman in the made-for-TV-movie Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt.", "In the 1960s TV series Batman, Alfred was skilled in swordsmanship and archery. He also impersonated Batman in scenes where Batman and Bruce Wayne had to be seen together.", "Egghead is a fictional character, portrayed by Vincent Price , created for the 1960s Batman television series. He believes himself to be \"the world's smartest criminal,\" and his crimes usually have an egg-motif to them as well as including egg puns in his speech where appropriate (e.g., \"egg-zactly\", \"egg-cellent\", etc.).", "* In the Family Guy episode \"Killer Queen\", Peter says that he fought the Riddler, which is shown in a similar style to the 1960s Batman television series.", "The Riddler was popularized by Frank Gorshin’s Emmy-nominated portrayal in the 1960s Batman television series. Jim Carrey played the Riddler in the 1995 film Batman Forever with Gorshin as his inspiration. The character was also featured in Batman: The Animated Series (voiced by John Glover) and The Batman (voiced by Freddy Krueger portrayer Robert Englund). In both series, he was portrayed as a smooth-talking intellectual who presented genuinely challenging riddles. While the former utilized his traditional wardrobe and appearance, the latter reimagined him with a Marilyn Manson-esque sense of style. Since the first animated series and Batman Forever, Riddler often carries a trick \"question mark\" cane.", "Originally called Mr. Zero, he was renamed and popularized by the 1960s Batman television series, in which he was played by several actors.", "In 1979, Solomon Grundy appeared as a live-action nemesis for the first time. On January 18, 1979, NBC aired a television movie called Legends of the Super-Heroes. Actor Mickey Morton played the role of Solomon Grundy, who functioned as a crony under the leadership of the evil sorcerer, Mordru. Mordru equipped Grundy with a special workman's cap, and sent him out undercover working at an automobile repair shop. The cap altered Grundy's appearance, making him unrecognizable to others. Throughout the movie, various super-heroes approached the auto-garage asking the disguised Grundy for information. Invariably, Grundy would accidentally remove his hat, negating it's effects, and thereby exposing his concealed identity. He fought several established heroes and even managed to capture the Black Canary, Huntress and Hawkman. By the end of the film, Batman and Robin succeeded in rescuing their defeated colleagues and apprehending Grundy. Due to the target viewing audience of the film, Solomon Grundy was portrayed as more of a loveable goon, rather than the menacing misanthrope commonly seen in the comic books.", "Commissioner Gordon was play by Neil Hamilton in the 1960s live action television series starring Adam West as Batman. The character was often shown contacting Batman through a red telephone rather than the Bat-signal.", "Michael Gough, who portrayed Bruce Wayne's trusted butler Alfred, and Pat Hingle (Commissioner Gordon) were the only two actors to star in all four original Batman films. Hingle died in 2009 at 88 while Gough died in 2011 at 94.", "Portrayed by Cesar Romero. He teamed with Catwoman, Riddler, and Penguin to try and take down Batman and Robin.", "An imitation of the announcer from the 1966 TV series Batman, starring Adam West. The announcer, who was voiced by executive producer William Dozier, led into commercial breaks with similarly portentous phrases.", "Holy haberdashery!: Cesar Romero donned the colourful costume for the Batman TV series in the Sixties with Adam West" ]

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[ "\"Question Mark\" is a famous aircraft, because it set an early Army refueled endurance record between January 1-7, 1929; a total of 150 hours and 40 minutes. Refer to the link to Spatz' page above for an overview of the flight and just what kinds of preparations went into the endurance flight. The details are withering!", "The Curtiss-Robertson St. Louis Robin being refueled during its flight to a new world’s endurance record of 420 hours greatly surpassing the record of 150 hours set by the Army’s Question Mark at the beginning of the year. Source: Aircraft Yearbook for 1930", "Starting there on 8 August 1929, Graf Zeppelin flew back across the Atlantic to Friedrichshafen to refuel before continuing on August 15 across the vastness of Siberia to Tokyo (Kasumigaura Naval Air Station), a nonstop leg of 6,988 miles (11,246 km), arriving 3 days later on 18 August.[7] Dr. Eckener believed that some of the lands they crossed in Siberia had never before been seen by modern explorers. After staying in Tokyo for five days, on 23 August, the Graf Zeppelin continued across the Pacific to California flying first over San Francisco before heading south to stop at Mines Field in Los Angeles for the first ever nonstop flight of any kind across the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific leg was 5,998 miles (9,653 km) and took three days.[7] The airship's final leg across the United States took it over Chicago before landing back at Lakehurst NAS on 29 August, taking two days and covering 2,996 miles (4,822 km).[7][14]", "In 1930 the record for flying around the world was not held by a fixed-wing aircraft, but by the Graf Zeppelin, piloted by Hugo Eckener in 1929 with a time of 21 days. On June 23, 1931, Post and his navigator, Harold Gatty, left Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York in the Winnie Mae with a flight plan that would take them around the world, stopping at Harbour Grace, Flintshire, Hanover twice, Berlin, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Nome where his propeller had to be repaired, Fairbanks where the propeller was replaced, Edmonton, and Cleveland before returning to Roosevelt Field. They arrived back on July 1, after traveling 15474 miles in the record time of 8 days and 15 hours and 51 minutes. The reception they received rivaled Charles Lindbergh's everywhere they went. They had lunch at the White House on July 6, rode in a ticker-tape parade the next day in New York City, and were honored at a banquet given by the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America at the Hotel Astor. After the flight, Post acquired the Winnie Mae from F.C. Hall, and he and Gatty published an account of their journey titled, Around the World in Eight Days, with an introduction by Will Rogers.", "Another portion of Hughes' business interests lay in aviation, airlines, and the aerospace and defense industries. Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye Stephens . He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft for himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale , CA. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1 Racer . On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course near Santa Ana, California ( Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). This was the last time in history that the world airspeed record was set in an aircraft built by a private individual. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h).", "Another portion of Hughes' business interests lay in aviation, airlines, and the aerospace and defense industries. Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye Stephens. He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft for himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale, CA. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1 Racer. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane airspeed record of 352 mph over his test course near Santa Ana, California (Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). This was the last time in history that the world airspeed record was set in an aircraft built by a private individual. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph. ", "Aviator Wiley Post and navigator Harold Gatty began their record-breaking around-the-world flight during June of 1931. Post and Gatty took off from New York in their plane, the Winnie Mae, and made several stops as they traveled around the globe. Trouble with their propeller held them up in Alaska and after they had it replaced they resumed their journey. Post and Gatty successfully completed their trip of over 15,000 miles returning to New York in just over 8 days, eclipsing Hugo Eckner's previous record of 21 days in the Graf Zeppelin. Post would later become the first person to successfully complete a solo around-the-world flight two years later in 1933.", "The certification of Charles Lindbergh's flight required several documents to prove the performance. A sealed barograph, an instrument working with atmospheric pressure, was loaded on the aircraft; its six-hour cylinder recorded the altitudes flown and proved that the flight was uninterrupted. The start of the flight was attested by the US National Aeronautic Association and the Procès-verbal established by the Aéro-Club de France on Lindbergh's arrival attested that the barograph was found sealed and reported that 322 litres of gas (85 gallons) remained in the sealed tanks. This Procès-verbal was signed by no less than 13 French officials, the US Ambassador Myron Herrick, the Belgian Air Attaché Willy Coppens and, of course Charles Lindbergh himself. Finally, the FAI General Secretary Paul Tissandier informed the National Aeronautic Association on August 31st, 1927, that Lindbergh's flight was certified as the Class-C World Record for non-stop flight over a distance of 5809 kilometres\".", "The first in-flight refueling was tackled by the US Army Air Service on 25 June 1923. In August, lieutenants Lowell H. Smith and John P. Richter set a world’s record by staying aloft for 37 hours and 15 minutes in a DH-4 over San Diego with the help of refueling from another DH-4 (above).", "; First around the world solo flight: On 15–22 July 1933, Wiley Post flew Lockheed Vega monoplane Winnie Mae 15596 smi in 7d 8h 49m, with 11 stops; flying time, 115h 36 mi.", "• May 17 – Army aviation pioneer Major Harold Geiger dies in the crash of his Airco DH.4 de Havilland plane, at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania.", "1931: Wiley Post and Harold Gatty make the first around-the-world flight in a single aircraft, the Winnie Mae.", "208ae39d40a78110VgnVCM1000001382000aRCRD \"Timeline.\"] Sikorsky.com. Retrieved: 22 September 2009. On 6 May 1941, the VS-300 beat the world endurance record held by the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, by staying aloft for 1 hour 32 minutes and 26.1 seconds.", "Throughout the 1950s, the B-52 chalked up many distance and speed records. It cut the round-the-world speed record in half, and in January 1962, flew 12,500 miles (20,117 kilometers) nonstop from Japan to Spain without refueling. This flight alone broke 11 distance and speed records. The B-52 saw active duty in the Vietnam War and was used in the Persian Gulf War in 1991 and over Afghanistan in 2001.", "In  January 1937, after further work on the Gamma H-1 (using the wind tunnel at Cal-Tech, which he helped to fund), he cut yet another two hours off his own record, crossing the country in seven hours and twenty-eight minutes. Aviation professionals regarded the feat as reckless because he flew much of the way at altitudes above fifteen thousand feet (4,572m) without any special oxygen equipment. Hughes� crowning achievement came on July 14, I938, when he shattered  Wiley Post�s round-the-globe speed record by circling the Northern Hemisphere (essentially Post�s route) in three days, nineteen hours, and eight minutes (about half the eight days Post needed). When Hughes� Lockheed twin-engine 14-N Super Electra, which was equipped with two enormous Wright Cyclone engines, the most powerful available, landed at Floyd Bennet Field, a throng of twenty-five thousand New Yorkers rushed onto the field to the plane to congratulate him. Upon his return, Hughes was given a ticker tape parade down Broadway in New York City. He was at the height of his popularity.", "Taking off from Sabishiro Beach, Japan, aviators Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon II flew 4,558 miles in 41 hours and 34 minutes, landing at Fancher Field on October 5, 1931. The flight was made in a small, single-engine plane--a Bellanca \"Skyrocket\" they named Miss Veedol. Since retractable landing gear had yet to be invented, the landing gear was jettisoned over the ocean after take-off in order to lighten the load and decrease wind resistance. Their landing without gear was so smoothly accomplished that the only damage to the airplane was a bent propeller, which is now in the North Central Washington Museum, in Wenatchee, along with other momentos of the event. The two men were seeking a $25,000 prize offered by a Japanese newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, to the pilots who could make the first nonstop flight from Japan to the United States.", "The Ryan Aircraft Corporation's Spirit of St. Louis is perhaps one of the most famous aircraft ever built. With Charles Lindbergh as pilot, it became the first aircraft to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean in May 1927. Its marathon 33-hour, nonstop, non refueled flight departed Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York and when the plane landed at LeBourget Airport in Paris, France, Lindbergh became an international hero overnight.", "Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast, pilot, and self-taught aircraft engineer. He set many world records, and designed and built several aircraft himself while heading Hughes Aircraft. The most important aircraft he designed was the Hughes H-1 Racer. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the world speed record of 352 miles per hour over his test course near Santa Ana, California. (The previous record was 314 miles per hour.) A year and a half later (January 19, 1937), flying a somewhat re-designed H-1 Racer, Hughes set a new trans-continental speed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average speed over the flight was 322 miles per hour. [2] (U.S. Centential of Flight Commission web site).", "In mid-1911, Harry Atwood and Charles Hamilton flew a Burgess Model F Moth aircraft from Boston to Washington, setting a 737.9 km (461.2 miles) flight distance record. Stops included New London, New York, Asbury Park, and Atlantic City. Disparity between the 14 hour flight time and 12 day trip is probably not surprising considering contemporary aircraft development and operational and logistical support. Subsequently, Atwood landed on the White House lawn and was decorated by President Taft with the Aero Club of America's gold medal.", "Hughes H-4 Hercules ( Spruce Goose), Transcontinental airspeed record from Los Angeles to Newark NJ (1937), round the world airspeed record (1938)", "Only three weeks later, on 12 December 1953, the record was smashed again. The aircraft was the Bell X-1A and the pilot was again 'Chuck' Yeager. In fact, Yeager took the aircraft to Mach 2.44 (1,650 mph). However, he then experienced a high speed phenomenon known as roll-coupling. The aircraft went completely out of control and tumbled down for 36,000 feet. Yeager was knocked semi-conscious but managed to regain control of the aircraft in time to land it safely.", "Dozens of people had flown the Atlantic ocean by the time Lindbergh made his historical non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927. The first flight was made in May 1919 from New York to Plymouth, England, in a six-man, four-engine navy flying boat. But it stopped in the Azores and Lisbon on the way. That same month, Raymond Orteig of New York City offered a $25,000 prize for the first non-stop airplane flight from New York to Paris. Just one month later, Alcock and Brown flew a two-engine airplane non-stop from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland.", "In 1935 he equipped a Northrop Gamma H-1 with the newest 1000-horsepower Wasp engine, and broke the old air speed record of 314.3 miles per hour (505.Skph) by thirty-eight miles per hour (6lkph). On June 14, 1936, Hughes set a transcontinental speed record by flying from Los Angeles to Newark Airport in nine hours and twenty-seven minutes, heating Roscoe Turner�s 1934 record by two full hours.", "North American F-100F Super Sabre FW898 was a fighter which first flew on 7 March 1957 with one Pratt & Whitney J57-P-21A (A/B 17,000Lb) engine. Its maximum speed was 871 mph. It had a wing span of 38 ft 10in and a length of 52 ft 3in. Major Robinson Risner established a record when he flew a North American F-100F Super Sabre \"Spirit of St. Louis II\" across the Atlantic to Paris on 21 May 1957 over the same route used by Charles Lindbergh 30 years prior.", "1919 - The British dirigible R-34 landed (or was hauled in, as they say) at Roosevelt Field, Long Island, NY. It was the first airship to cross the Atlantic. The 600-foot-long airship, piloted by Royal Air Force Cmdr. G.H. Scott with a crew of 30, reached a top speed of 62 mph during the 108-hour trip from Scotland.", "Attachment Rheims082909 contains an extensive article published August 29, 1909 in the Indianapolis Star. It reports on the marquee event of the multi-day air show, the August 28 competition for the James Gordon Bennett Cup won by American Glenn Curtiss.  It occurred to me that while an American never won - or was even competitive - in Bennett's original cup for automobile competition Curtiss claimed the trophy in its initial offering for airplane competition. The event was for the fastest time recorded over 20 kilometers or 12.42 miles which was two laps of the air course.", "In 1925, Thomas Slate leased space adjacent to the south side of the Glendale Airport for the construction of an all-metal dirigible, a very novel (but ultimately unsuccessful) design.  The dirigible was made out of duralumin & was filled with hydrogen. It was forecast to have a cruising speed of 80 mph and would accommodate 40 passengers and 5 crew.  The dirigible was to be powered by oil and driven by steam-turbine, using one rotary blower, which would create a vacuum, instead of traditional propellers.  Slate also constructed a metal hangar, the largest built in the United States at the time.*#", "Aviator who completed the non stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in a single seat, single engine mono plane. 1920's celebrity and hero", "United States Army Air Service, 1924, first aerial circumnavigation, 175 days, covering 44,360 kilometres (27,553 miles).", "Meanwhile, Orville was carefully preparing for the trials at Fort Myer, Va. He made his first flight on September 3, 1908, and during the following two weeks went up a total of 14 times, establishing records for duration almost every time he flew. His longest flight was one hour and 14 minutes, during which he circled the field 71 times. He also carried aloft both Lieutenant Frank P. Lahm and Major George O. Squier on test flights to prove that the plane could safely handle two passengers.", "Designed by A. C. Beech for the National Aeroplane Co. of Chicago. It was one of the biggest planes in the USA in 1912 with a wing span of 52 feet, powered by a 75 hp Roberts engine. It was fitted with dual controls and used by the NAC School for flight training.", "Sometimes claimed to be the first American monoplane, this machine with a 30 hp engine was used for exhibitions in the Joplin and St Louis area." ]

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[ "    The first production airplane of the Boeing 707 commercial jet series made its maiden flight December 20, 1957, with Pan American World Airways putting the airplane into transoceanic service October 26, 1958, and American Airlines following with transcontinental service January 25, 1959.", "In October 1955, Trippe signed contracts with both companies to buy 45 of these jets (20 707s and 25 DC-8s). Exactly two years later, Boeing rolled out the first operational 707, a Boeing 707-120, and on October 26, 1958, amid much fanfare, Pan American inaugurated its New York-London route, ushering in a new era in the history of passenger aviation. On the very first flight, which made a stopover in Newfoundland, there were 111 passengers, the largest number ever to board a single regularly scheduled flight. Coach fares were $272, about the same as one would expect to pay for a piston-engine flight across the Atlantic.", "With strong competition on many of its routes, Pan Am began investing in innovations such as jet and wide-body aircraft. Pan Am purchased the DC-8 and the Boeing 707, which Boeing modified to seat six passengers across instead of five under pressure from Pan Am. The airline inaugurated transatlantic jet service from New York to Paris on October 26, 1958, with a Boeing 707 named the Clipper America.[9]", "SABENA (an acronym for \"Societé Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aérienne\") began operations in 1923 as the national carrier of Belgium. In 1925 and Sabena began flights within Congo, the Belgian colony in Africa. In 1946 they changed their name in \"SABENA – Belgian World Airlines\". SABENA was mainland Europe's first airline to operate a jet across the Atlantic (Boeing 707 to New York in 1960).", "  BOAC started the world's first jet passenger service across the Atlantic, New York to London, with the Comet 4 on 4th October 1958.  It only beat the Boeing 707 to this record by a few weeks.", "As the great liners had lived and thrived by speed, so they would die. Oceangoing transatlantic travel reached its peak in 1958, when more than 1.5 million paying passengers crossed by sea. But that year also saw the debut of the Boeing 707 and the Douglas DC-8, the first two commercially successful passenger jet aircraft. One year later, twice as many people crossed by air as by sea. The ratio would only grow.", "The Comet 4 raced across the Atlantic carrying passengers on October 4, 1958, three weeks before PAA flew the first 707 passenger flight from New York City to Paris, on October 26, 1958. It was a hollow victory for the new Comet version as it lacked true trans-Atlantic capability, as evidenced by the need to refuel in Canada en route to New York. BOAC, a British national airline, was among the first to order 707s.", "1960 saw the introduction of the Boeing 707-320 intercontinental jet for trans-Atlantic flights to New York. SABENA was mainland Europe's first airline to operate a jet across the Atlantic (BOAC - now British Airways - had been flying jet transatlantic services using the de Havilland Comet 4 since 4 October 1958). Tragically, one of SABENA's aircraft became the first Boeing 707 to crash while in commercial service when Flight 548 crashed while preparing to land at Brussels on 15 February 1961. The United States Figure Skating Team was aboard the aircraft, en route from New York to Prague via Brussels to compete in a figure skating championship.", "Pan Am was the launch customer of the Boeing 707, placing an order for 20 in October 1955. It also ordered 25 of Douglas's DC-8, which could seat six across (the 707 originally was to be 144 inches wide with five-abreast seating; Boeing widened it to match the DC-8). The combined order value was $269 million. Pan Am's first scheduled jet flight was from New York Idlewild to Paris Le Bourget (stopping at Gander to refuel) on October 26, 1958, with Boeing 707–121 Clipper America (N711PA) with 111 passengers. The 320 \"Intercontinental\" series 707 in 1959-60, and the Douglas DC-8 in March 1960, enabled non-stop transatlantic crossings with a viable payload in both directions.", "1958 The Boeing 707 jet liner (America's first commercial jet) introduced; Pan American Airways initiated transatlantic passenger jet service; the 707 entered the jet transport market already served by the British Comet.", "1971 saw Boeing 747-100s introduced on the transatlantic routes flying alongside the Boeing 707-320Cs. SABENA, like many other trans-Atlantic airlines was happy with the Boeing 707s but for commercial reasons it had to buy the new jumbo-jets for its prestige services like New York City and as of the mid-seventies, Chicago. SABENA purchased only two first generation jumbo-jets and continued to fly the 707 into the late 1970s.", "1971 saw the introduction of the Boeing 747-100 on transatlantic routes flying alongside the Boeing 707-320Cs. Sabena, like many other trans-Atlantic airlines, was satisfied with the Boeing 707s. For commercial reasons they recognised that they had to buy jumbo jets for their prestige services, notably New York JFK and as of the mid-seventies, Chicago O'Hare. Sabena purchased only two first generation jumbo jets and they continued to fly the 707 into the late 1970s.", "In 1958, Boeing began delivery of its 707, the United States' first commercial jet airliner, in response to the British De Havilland Comet, French Sud Aviation Caravelle and Soviet Tupolev Tu-104, which were the world's first generation of commercial jet aircraft. With the 707, a four-engine, 156-passenger airliner, the U.S. became a leader in commercial jet manufacture. A few years later, Boeing added a second version of this aircraft, the Boeing 720, which was slightly faster and had a shorter range.", "The first Boeing 707-400 arrived on June 22, 1960, already bringing Varig�s passengers from New York. With the arrival of 707, Varig was the first airline to have nonstop flight between Rio de Janeiro and New York.", "Pan Am followed Air France into Tegel in May 1964, with a year-round, thrice-weekly direct service to New York JFK, which was operated with Boeing 707s or Douglas DC-8s. These aircraft could not operate from Tempelhof – the airline's West Berlin base at the time – with a viable payload. Launched with DC-8 equipment routing through Glasgow Prestwick in Scotland, frequency subsequently increased to four flights a week, while the intermediate stop was cut out. Following the introduction in April 1971 of a daily Berlin Tempelhof–Hamburg Fuhlsbüttel–London Heathrow 727 feeder flight that connected with the airline's transatlantic services at the latter airport, Pan Am withdrew its non-stop Tegel–JFK service at the end of the summer timetable, in October of that year. ", "On January 15, 1970, First Lady Pat Nixon officially christened a Pan Am Boeing 747 at Washington Dulles International Airport in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby. Red, white, and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft, rather than breaking a bottle of champagne. The first commercial flight involving the Boeing 747 took place on January 22, 1970 operated by Pan Am between New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport and London Heathrow Airport. Pan Am added 747 service to London from Boston, Washington, and other cities during the spring and summer of 1970. Overnight, a new standard of air travel had been created and other airlines rushed to bring their own 747 jets into service. TWA, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa, BOAC, and Northwest Orient would be among the first carriers to offer 747 service on long-haul flights. American Airlines initiated 747 service between New York and Los Angeles by the summer of 1970.", "The 727 followed the 707, a quad-jet airliner, with which it shares its upper fuselage cross-section and cockpit design. The 727-100 first flew in February 1963 and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964; the stretched 727-200 flew in July 1967 and entered service with Northeast Airlines that December. The 727 became a mainstay of airlines' domestic route networks and was also used on short- and medium-range international routes. Passenger, freighter, and convertible versions of the 727 were built.", "In 1962, BOAC and Cunard formed BOAC-Cunard Ltd to operate scheduled services to North America, the Caribbean and South America. BOAC provided 70% of the new company's capital and eight Boeing 707s. The independent Cunard Eagle Airways, of which Cunard held a 60% shareholding, provided two more 707s.", "On 21 January 1976, Air France operated its inaugural supersonic transport (SST) service on the Paris (Charles de Gaulle) to Rio (via Dakar) route with Anglo-French BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde F-BVFA. Supersonic services from Paris (CDG) to Washington Dulles International Airport began on 24 May 1976, also with F-BVFA. Service to New York (JFK) – the only remaining Concorde service until its end – commenced on 22 November 1977. Paris to New York was flown in 3 hours 23 minutes, at about twice the speed of sound. Approval for flights to the United States was initially withheld due to noise protests. Eventually, services to Mexico City via Washington, D.C. were started. Air France became one of only two airlines – British Airways being the other – to regularly operate supersonic services, and continued daily transatlantic Concorde service until late May 2003. ", "Pan American Airways flies its first trans-Atlantic Boeing 707 flight from New York to London. The flight is fueled by Mobil aviation fuel.", "1976: First commercial flights take place on 21 January (BA: London to Bahrain; Air France: Paris to Rio de Janeiro)", "21st January 1976 - Inauguration of commercial supersonic travel by British Airways from London to Bahrain and by Air France from Paris to Rio", "1947: The rocket-powered aircraft Bell X-1 piloted by Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier, reaching speeds of 700 miles per hour, just over Mach 1. 1948: Alitalia makes its first intercontinental flight, flying a thirty-six hour, Milan-to-Rome-to-Dakar-to Natal- to-Rio de Janeiro-to-Sao Paulo-Buenos Aires route. 1948: On June 26, the Berlin airlift begins, by which the United States, Britain, and France attempt to break the Soviet blockade of Berlin.", "According to British Airways a typical London to New York crossing would take a little less than three and a half hours as opposed to about eight hours for a subsonic flight. The record for the fastest supersonic flight across the Atlantic by a civil aircraft is hold by Captain Leslie Scott and his crew, who on February 7, 1996, set the record at 2:52:59.", "1976 The Concorde, a supersonic transport developed by a British-French consortium, began to fly routes between Europe and the United States (Washington, D.C., and New York City), and demonstrated the strength of foreign competition in the aviation industry.", "Concorde maiden passenger flights took place on January 21, 1976, with British Airways flying from London Heathrow to Bahrain and Air France from Paris to Rio.", "Bookings opened for the first commercial supersonic flights on 14 October 1975. The British Airways Concorde flew from London to Bahrain on 21 January 1976 and the Air France Concorde from Paris from Rio de Janeiro. As flights to New York were banned because of noise concerns, British Airways and Air France began Concorde’s US flights to Washington, but by late 1977 New York had succumbed by allowing Concorde to fly there.", "The 737-200 had its maiden flight on August 8, 1967. It was certified by the FAA on December 21, 1967, and the inaugural flight for United was on April 28, 1968, from Chicago to Grand Rapids, Michigan. The lengthened 727-200 was widely preferred over the 737-100 by airlines.", "From London’s Heathrow Airport and Orly Airport outside Paris, the first Concordes with commercial passengers simultaneously take flight on January 21, 1976. The London flight was headed to Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, and the Paris to Rio de Janeiro via Senegal in West Africa. At their cruising speeds, the innovative Concordes flew well over the sound barrier at 1,350 miles an hour, cutting air travel time by more than half.", "(Sept 8th) Pan Am's Boeing 707 became the first Trans-Atlantic jetliner to land in Ireland at Shannon Airport .", "1946: Iberia begins service to London and Rome and becomes the first airline to fly between Europe and South America, establishing a route from Madrid to Buenos Aires.", "Continental was one of the first major airlines to fly Boeing 757s on transatlantic routes. There have been some instances of range limitations on west-bound transatlantic flights due to strong headwinds resulting in a fuel stop which does not appear on the timetable, but these stops are not common. The use of the 757 with its smaller seating capacity allowed for \"thin\" routes (routes with less passenger traffic) to be economically viable. It allowed non-stop service from smaller cities, such as Belfast, Northern Ireland and Hamburg, Germany to the New York gateway. Previously, customers originating at these and similar cities needed to connect at European gateways like London Heathrow, Paris Charles de Gaulle, or Frankfurt, in order to travel to New York. United retains a number of these flight routes, mostly based out of Newark, including Newark-Hamburg, Newark-Dublin, and Newark-Berlin." ]

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[ "Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of Orange-Nassau (born January 31 , 1938 ) is the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , having acceded to the throne in 1980 . Beatrix is the daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Bernhard von Lippe-Biesterfeld . When Beatrix was a young girl, the Dutch royal family fled the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II , moving to Great Britain in May 1940 and then to Ottawa , Canada . They returned home in 1945 .", "On April 30, 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. This also made her son crown prince, the first in Dutch history since 1884. [6] She approached her role as queen with more formality than Queen Juliana , and many admired her professionalism. While the monarchy remains popular, in recent years some members of the Dutch media have openly criticized the royal family. Journalists have also published \"tabloid\" stories, similar to the stories that have covered the British House of Windsor for decades. Some Dutch subjects view the monarchy as an ongoing \"soap opera,\" rather than an institution that plays an important role in Dutch society. As a result, Beatrix's current challenge is to keep the Dutch monarchy modern, efficient, and most of all, in tune with the wishes of the Dutch people.", "Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard,; born 31 January 1938) reigned as Queen of the Netherlands from 1980 until her abdication in 2013, after a reign of exactly 33 years. She is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Upon her mother's accession in 1948, she became heir presumptive. When her mother abdicated on 30 April 1980, Beatrix succeeded her as queen.", "Juliana (Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 -- 20 March 2004) was the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1948 and 1980. She was the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry. She was married to Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, with whom she had four children: Princess Beatrix (born 1938), Princess Irene (born 1939), Princess Margriet (born 1943), Princess Christina (born 1947). During the Second World War she lived in exile with her children in Ottawa, Canada. She became Queen of the Netherlands with her mother's abdication in 1948 and was succeeded by Queen Beatrix after her own abdication in 1980. During her reign both Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) in 1949 and Suriname in 1975 became independent from the Netherlands. Her birthday is celebrated annually as Koninginnedag, Queen's Day. Since her death at the age of 94, she became the longest lived former ruling monarch in the world.", "Juliana (; Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 until 1980. She reigned for nearly 32 years. Her reign saw the decolonization of both Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) and Suriname from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.", "On 30 April 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the Queen has much more latitude. In 1994, the minister of Foreign Affairs conveyed in Parliament that a Dutch embassy in Jordan had been opened at her request.", "1980: Queen Juliana of the Netherlands signed the Act of Abdication, ending 31 years as monarch. She was succeeded by Queen Beatrix.", "As the eldest child of Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard, Beatrix succeeded her mother in 1980. Queen Juliana in 1980 was succeeded by Beatrix, the present Dutch monarch. Beatrix, Wilhelmina, Armgard is the current Queen of the Netherlands. Beatrix was born in in 1938 with the title Princess of Oranje Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Beatrix went to college in Leiden, where she obtained the doctoral in laws. Since the age of 18 she sits on the \"Raad van State\", the State Council. Princess Beatrix mairred Prince Claus, Jonkheer von Amsberg (1926- ) in 1966. The mairrage was quite controversial at the time. He was a German diplomat and because of the NAZI occupation there was considerable anti-German feeling. They had three boys.", "Juliana (Juliana Emma Louise Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau; April 30, 1909 – March 20, 2004) was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from her mother's abdication in 1948 to her own abdication in 1980.", "An even more violent riot occurred on 30 April 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including socialist squatters, used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan \"Geen woning; geen Kroning\" (No home, no coronation). Violent clashes with the police and security forces took place. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of A.F.Th. van der Heijden.<br /><br /> As monarch, Beatrix had weekly meetings with the prime minister. She signed all new Acts of Parliament and royal decrees, and until a constitutional change late in her reign, appointed the public servant who assisted in brokering the formation of new governments. At the state opening of parliament each September, she delivered the Speech from the Throne, in which the government announces its plans for the coming parliamentary year. As Queen, she was president of the Council of State. Her role was largely ceremonial and as a focus of national unity; she did not make legislative or executive decisions. Read Less", "When Queen Juliana did eventually abdicate in 1980, it was a free and considered decision to hand over the throne to her eldest daughter, Crown Princess Beatrix. Thereafter, as Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, the former Queen lived quietly with Prince Bernhard at Soesdijk, and largely retired from public view.", "Juliana was queen from 1948 until 1980 when she abdicated, on her 71st birthday, passing the throne to Beatrix. That throne will now be handed to her son on Tuesday, giving the Netherlands its first king in more than a century.", "Beatrix was born in Baarn, the Netherlands. She is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. When her mother Juliana abdicated on 30 April 1980, Beatrix succeeded her as Queen of the Netherlands.", "Popular support waned for a time in the early 1980s, during the start of Queen Beatrix' reign. She adopted a style of government more like that of Queen Wilhelmina and was perceived as cold and distant in a country used to Queen Juliana being everybody's grandmother. Over time the country has got used to her style though and acceptance has grown. This was also aided by the public image of Prince Claus, who came to be perceived as charming and funny during her reign. Particularly his public love declaration for Beatrix a few years before the end of his life endeared him to many people. Popular support for the monarchy (which was only measured regularly since Beatrix' reign) has consistently been above 85% since the mid-1990s and reached a peak with the marriage of Prince Willem-Alexander to Princess Máxima in 2002.", "In a broadcast on national media on January 28, 2013 Beatrix announced her intention to abdicate on April 30 (Queen's Day), when she would have been on the throne for exactly 33 years. Beatrix stated that it was time to \"place the responsibility for the country in the hands of a new generation.\" [10] Her heir apparent was her eldest son, Prince Willem-Alexander. [11] She was the third successive Dutch monarch to abdicate, following her grandmother and her mother . [11] The broadcast was followed by a statement from Prime Minister Mark Rutte who paid tribute to Beatrix, saying \"Since her investiture in 1980 she has applied herself heart and soul to Dutch society.\" [10]", "On 30 April 1980, her 71st birthday, Queen Juliana abdicated and her eldest daughter succeeded her. Juliana remained active in numerous charitable causes until well into her eighties.", "In a broadcast on national media on 28 January 2013 Beatrix announced her intention to abdicate on 30 April (Queen's Day), when she would have been on the throne for exactly 33 years. Beatrix stated that it was time to \"place the responsibility for the country in the hands of a new generation.\" Her heir apparent was her eldest son, Prince Willem-Alexander. She was the third successive Dutch monarch to abdicate, following her grandmother and her mother. The broadcast was followed by a statement from Prime Minister Mark Rutte who paid tribute to Beatrix, saying \"Since her investiture in 1980 she has applied herself heart and soul to Dutch society.\"", "Millions of Dutch people dressed in orange flocked to celebrations around the Netherlands on Tuesday in honor of a once-in-a-generation milestone for the country’s ruling House of Orange-Nassau: After a 33-year reign, Queen Beatrix abdicated in favor of her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, shown on the balcony of the Royal Palace in Amsterdam with his wife, Queen Maxima, and their children, from left, Catharina-Amalia, Ariane and Alexia. At 46, King Willem-Alexander is the youngest monarch in Europe and the first Dutch king in 123 years. PHOTOS BY THE ASSOCIATED PRESS", "Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Marie of Orange-Nassau; August 31, 1880 – November 28, 1962) was queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. She ruled the Netherlands for fifty-eight years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw many turning points in both Dutch and world history: World War I and World War II, the Great Crisis of 1933, as well as the decline of the Netherlands as a major colonial empire. Outside the Netherlands she is primarily remembered for her role in the Second World War, in which she proved to be a great inspiration to the Dutch resistance, as well as a prominent leader of the Dutch government in exile.", "chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch", "Beatrix (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand); born 27 April 1967) is the King of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, including the Netherlands proper (with the Caribbean Netherlands), and the countries of Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten. He is head of the Dutch royal house and the House of Amsberg.", "Queen Beatrix is the oldest reigning monarch of the Netherlands . She abdicated in favor of her son, Willem-Alexander, on 30 April 2013.", "*7 January 1937 – 6 September 1948: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld", "Willem-Alexander (; Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 April 1967) is the King of the Netherlands.", "Princess Beatrix was born Princess Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld on 31 January 1938 at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, Netherlands. She was the eldest daughter of Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld . Beatrix's five godparents are King Leopold III of the Belgians , Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone , Princess Elisabeth of Waldeck and Pyrmont , Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg , and Countess Allene de Kotzebue . When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister Princess Irene was born.", "Former monarch who, in 1980, followed the House of Orange-Nassau's practice of abdicating, in favour of her daughter Beatrix", "On 29 and 30 April 2005, she celebrated the 25th anniversary of her reign. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on Dam Square in Amsterdam, and a celebration took place in The Hague, the country's seat of government.", "11. What was the name of the Queen of the Netherlands who abdicated in 1948 due to ill health?", "* 1977 – Louis Beel, Dutch academic and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1902)", "** Jan Peter Balkenende, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands (from 22 July 2002 to 14 October 2010) ", "* December 24 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician and journalist, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1973–1977) (b. 1919)", "* : Dame of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (November 2008) " ]

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[ "Ringo Starr, MBE (born Richard Starkey; 7 July 1940) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles . He sang lead vocals for a song on most of the Beatles' studio albums, including \" With a Little Help from My Friends \", \" Yellow Submarine \" and their version of \" Act Naturally \". He is also credited as a co-writer of \" What Goes On \" and \" Flying \", and as the sole author of \" Don't Pass Me By \" and \" Octopus's Garden \".", "McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time . [2] More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song “ Yesterday “, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings’ 1977 release “ Mull of Kintyre ” is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK. A two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as a member of the Beatles in 1988, and as a solo artist in 1999), [3] and a 21-time Grammy Award winner, McCartney has written, or co-written, 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and as of 2009 he has 25.5 million RIAA -certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1965, and in 1997, McCartney was knighted for services to music.", "Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known by his stage name Ringo Starr, is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer forthe Beatles. When the band formed in 1960, Starr was a member of anotherLiverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He joined the Beatles in August 1962, taking the place of Pete Best. In addition to his drumming, Starr is featured on lead vocals on a number of successful Beatles songs (in particular, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\", and the Beatles' version of \"Act Naturally\"). He is credited as a co-writer of the songs \"What Goes On\", \"Flying\", and \"Dig It\" and as the sole writer of \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\".", "Better known by his stage name Ringo Starr, the English musician, singer-songwriter, and actor gained worldwide fame as the drummer for The Beatles. When the band formed in 1960, Starr belonged to another Liverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He became The Beatles' drummer in 1962, taking over from Pete Best. In addition to his contribution as drummer, Starr featured as lead singer on a number of successful Beatles songs (in particular, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\", and the Beatles version of \"Act Naturally\") and as songwriter with the songs \"Don't Pass Me By\", \"What Goes On\" and \"Octopus's Garden\".", "Richard Starkey, MBE, known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead v...", "Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English rock singer, bass guitarist, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, entrepreneur, record producer, film producer and animal-rights activist. He gained worldwide fame as a member of The Beatles, with John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. McCartney and Lennon formed one of the most influential and successful songwriting partnerships and \"wrote some of the most popular music in rock and roll history\". After leaving The Beatles, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman McCartney, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine. He has worked on film scores, classical music, and ambient/electronic music; released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist; and taken part in projects to help international charities.", "In 1973, Starr earned two number one hits in the US: \"Photograph\", a UK number eight hit that he co-wrote with Harrison, and \"You're Sixteen\", written by the Sherman Brothers. Starr's third million-selling single, \"You're Sixteen\" was released in the UK in February 1974 where it peaked at number four in the charts. Both songs appeared on Starr's debut rock album, Ringo, which was produced by Richard Perry and featured writing and musical contributions from Lennon and McCartney, as well as Harrison. A commercial and critical success, the LP also included \"Oh My My\", a US number five. The album reached number seven in the UK and number two in the US. Author Peter Doggett describes Ringo as a template for Starr's solo career, saying that, as a musician first rather than a songwriter, \"he would rely on his friends and his charm, and if both were on tap, then the results were usually appealing.\"", "In November 1973, Starr released Ringo , a commercially successful album produced by Richard Perry that featured writing and musical contributions from Harrison, Lennon and McCartney. [119] The LP yielded the hit song \" Oh My My \", a US number five that was Starr's fifth consecutive top-ten hit. [120] The album reached number seven in the UK and number two in the US. [121] Goodnight Vienna followed in 1974 and was also successful, reaching number eight in the US and number 30 in the UK. [122] The album earned Starr a pair of top-ten hits with his cover of the Platters ' \" Only You (And You Alone) \", which peaked at number six in the US and number 28 in the UK, and \" No No Song \", which was a US number three and Starr's seventh consecutive top-ten hit. [123] [nb 10] During this period he became romantically involved with Lynsey de Paul . [125] He played tambourine on a song she wrote and produced for Vera Lynn , \"Don't You Remember When\", and he inspired another De Paul song, \"If I Don't Get You the Next One Will\", which she described as being about revenge after he missed a dinner appointment with her because he was asleep in his office. [125]", "Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970. Their solo records sometimes involved one or more of the others. Starr's Ringo was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four ex-Beatles, albeit on separate songs. After the December 1980 murder of Lennon, Harrison rewrote the lyrics to his song \"\" All Those Years Ago \" in Lennon's honor. With Starr on drums and McCartney and his wife,  Linda , contributing backing vocals, the song was released as a single in May 1981. The Beatles  1 , a compilation album of the ban'ds British and American number-one hits, was released on November 13th, 2000. It became the fastest-selling album of all time, with 3.6 million sold in its first week and 13 million within a month. As of April 2009, the compilation had sold 31 million copies globally, and was the best-selling album of the decade in the United States.", "1971: Each of the four ex-Beatles has a solo single on the UK chart. Paul McCartney with ‘Another Day’, John Lennon ‘Power To The People’, George Harrison ‘My Sweet Lord’ and Ringo Starr ‘It Don’t Come Easy.’", "Ringo Starr first rose to fame in the early 1960s as the drummer for the legendary rock group the Beatles, and is now the richest drummer of all time.", "Though Paul McCartney is the most successful former member of The Beatles , Ringo actually had more solo U.S. Top Ten hits (McCartney performed most of his Top Ten hits with Wings ).", "Richard Starkey was born on July 7th 1940 in Liverpool, England. As a young child, Richard was in and out of hospital with various bouts of illness. It was while in hospital that young Richard started tapping his fingers, foreshadowing what was to become of him. Richard had many dreams when he was a teenager, one was that he wanted to go to sea as a merchant seamen, another was to emigrate to Houston, Texas to live with his blues hero Lightnin' Hopkins. He joined a neighbour's band called The Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group. This group disbanded as Eddie was getting married but Richard soon found work with other skiffle groups and by 1959 was playing with the top band in Liverpool, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. It was during a stint at Butlins holiday camp that Richard decided on a stage name: Ringo Starr, on the account that he wore a lot of rings. Ringo's apprenticeship was with Rory and in the Autumn of 1960, the group went to Hamburg, Germany to play on the Reeperbahn. While there, Ringo met and became friends with another band that had come over from Liverpool called The Beatles.", "The following year, Starr made a cameo appearance on The Simpsons episode \" Brush with Greatness \" and contributed an original song, \"You Never Know\", to the soundtrack of the John Hughes film Curly Sue . [151] In 1992, Starr released his first studio album in nine years, Time Takes Time , which was produced by Phil Ramone , Don Was , Lynne and Peter Asher and featured guest appearances by various stars including Brian Wilson and Harry Nilsson . [152] In 1994, Starr began a collaboration with the surviving former Beatles for the Beatles Anthology project. They recorded two new Beatles songs built around solo vocal and piano tapes recorded by Lennon and gave lengthy interviews about the Beatles' career. [153] Released in December 1995, \" Free as a Bird \" was the first new Beatles single since 1970. [154] In March 1996, they released a second single, \" Real Love \". Harrison refused to participate in the completion of a third song. [155]", "four members of, arguably, the greatest group in music history, The Beatles. This report concentrates on Ringo Starr.", "The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960. Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin enhanced their musical potential. They gained popularity in the United Kingdom after their first single, \"Love Me Do\", became a modest hit in late 1962. They acquired the nickname the \"Fab Four\" as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the following year, and by early 1964 they had become international stars, leading the \"British Invasion\" into the United States pop market. From 1965 on, they produced what many critics consider their finest material, including the innovative and widely influential albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968), and Abbey Road (1969). After their break-up in 1970, the ex-Beatles each enjoyed successful musical careers. Lennon died in 1980 after having been shot by a deranged fan, and Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001. McCartney and Starr remain active.", "In 1994, Starr began a collaboration with the surviving former Beatles for the Beatles Anthology project. They recorded two new Beatles songs built around solo vocal and piano tapes recorded by Lennon and gave lengthy interviews about the Beatles' career. Released in December 1995, \"Free as a Bird\" was the first new Beatles single since 1970. In March 1996, they released a second single, \"Real Love\". The temporary reunion ended when Harrison refused to participate in the completion of a third song. Starr then played drums on McCartney's 1997 album Flaming Pie. Among the tracks to which he contributed, \"Little Willow\" was a song McCartney wrote about Starr's ex-wife Maureen, who died in 1994, while \"Really Love You\" was the first official release ever credited to McCartney–Starkey.", "four members of, arguably, the greatest group in music history, The Beatles. This book is not about the Beatles. This book concentrates on Ringo Starr and the life and music of Ringo as an individual and as a solo performer. More", "All four of the Beatles were elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the group was inducted in 1988. Since then, Lennon (1994), McCartney (1999) and Harrison (2004) have been inducted for their solo careers as well. As of 2012, Starr remains the only Beatle not inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his solo career, though it had been announced on 5 September 2007 that he would be on the ballot for membership.During the 50th Grammy Awards, Starr, George Martin and Giles Martin accepted the Best Compilation Soundtrack award for Love.", "Starr was inducted into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 2002, joining an elite group including Buddy Rich and William F. Ludwig, Sr. and Jr. [159] On 29 November 2002 (the first anniversary of Harrison's death), Starr performed \"Photograph\" and a cover of Carl Perkins ' \" Honey Don't \" at the Concert for George held in the Royal Albert Hall , London. [160] In 2003, Starr formed Pumkinhead Records with All-Starr Band member Mark Hudson. [161] The label was not prolific, but their first signing was Liam Lynch , who produced a 2003 LP entitled Fake Songs . [162]", "Was the first solo artist in history to have three consecutive #1 double-albums on the Billboard charts. The only other musical act to accomplish this feat was The Beatles .", "The Beatles ceased playing live shows in 1966. After their breakup in 1970, McCartney recorded two solo albums, McCartney (1970) and Ram (1971), before forming the band Wings with his wife Linda (formerly Linda Eastman), an American photographer and musician whom he had married in 1969. He wanted her with him at all times, and having her on stage solved many of the problems that befall marriages in the world of popular music. Wings toured the world and became the best-selling pop act of the 1970s, with an astonishing 27 U.S. Top 40 hits (beating Elton John ’s 25) and five consecutive number one albums, including the highly acclaimed Band on the Run (1973) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976).", "\"Octopus's Garden\", was Ringo�s second (and last) solo composition released on a Beatles album. It was inspired by a trip to Sardinia aboard Peter Sellers' yacht that occurred when Starr left the band for two weeks with his family during the sessions for The Beatles. While there, he composed the song.", "Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr) - drums, lead vocals, percussion, keyboard, tambourine, maracas, bongos, timpani, cowbell, bells, cymbals, congas, piano, tubular bells, harmonica (1962-1970, 1994-1995)", "Paul McCartney: Not yet a Sir in the 1970s, Paul McCartney still did quite well for himself, garnering the number 9 position among the best-selling artists of the '70s. The breakup of the Beatles in 1970 didn't hurt him much, as McCartney went on to release 12 albums that decade. He had many hit singles as a '70s solo artist, including \"Another Day\" and \"Live and Let Die.\"", "The longevity and success of Wings can be seen as something of a vindication for McCartney, whose early home-grown solo output, which often featured simpler songs and less lavish production than the Beatles received from George Martin, sometimes led to critical dismissal of his work as \"lightweight\" next to the seemingly more serious nature of his former bandmates' solo output. Though McCartney was the first Beatle to release a solo album after the official break-up of the band, it was John Lennon's early solo output which initially gained the lead in both critical opinion and commercial success, and George Harrison had scored a huge success with his 1970 triple-album solo debut All Things Must Pass. But by the mid-1970s, Lennon's solo career had run out of steam, and he had stopped recording; Harrison was also fading from view by this time, as by 1976 he had all but retired from recording and performing. As leader of Wings, however, McCartney was rising to a new peak of success. He became the only one of the four Beatles who continued to tour and record regularly in the years after their split.", "All four members of The Beatles enjoyed successful careers as solo artists outside the band, not to mention long after the band's demise. In the past six months alone, there have been releases...", "After The Beatles broke up, he was the first of them to have a #1 hit as a solo artist (\"My Sweet Lord\" December 1970).", "1971 - George Harrison�s All Things Must Pass was number one on U.S. album charts. Harrison was the first ex-Beatle to hit #1 with a solo album.", "William Everett Preston was born in Houston, Texas on September 2, 1946, and died on June 6, 2006. He was a soul musician. He had a successful Grammy-winning career as a solo artist, and also collaborated with some of the greatest names in the music industry, including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Little Richard, Ray Charles, George Harrison, Elton John, Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Sam Cooke, Sammy Davis Jr., Sly Stone, Aretha Franklin, the Jackson 5, Quincy Jones, and Red Hot Chili Peppers. He played the electric piano on the Get Back Sessions in 1969 and is one of several people sometimes credited as the \"Fifth Beatle\". He is, in fact, the only non-Beatle to receive label performance credit on any Beatles record.", "His posthumously released anthology collection \"Legend\" is one of the highest selling \"greatest hits\" recordings by a solo artist.", "Linda McCartney is exempted. Her 1971 chart-topper (\"Ram\") (with Paul) is her only 'solo' credit but she had further success as a member of Wings." ]

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[ "The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency of the state-run Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the world's most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations and the most trackage. It offers service 24 hours per day and every day of the year.", "At 2:35 on the afternoon of October 27, 1904, New York City Mayor George McClellan takes the controls on the inaugural run of the city’s innovative new rapid transit system: the subway.", "At 2:35 on the afternoon of October 27, 1904, New York City Mayor George McClellan takes the controls on the inaugural run of the city's innovative new rapid transit system: the subway.", "In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.", "The subway system in New York City is the busiest in the Americas. Opened in 1904, there are now 468 stations, the most of any system in the world. About five million people daily travel to Wall Street, the United Nations headquarters, Times Square, Central Park, the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty, or theater shows on Broadway. The MTA New York City Subway map is incredibly detailed and complex.", "While London boasts the world’s oldest underground train network (opened in 1863) and Boston built the first subway in the United States in 1897, the New York City subway soon became the largest American system. The first line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), traveled 9.1 miles through 28 stations. Running from City Hall in lower Manhattan to Grand Central Terminal in midtown, and then heading west along 42nd Street to Times Square, the line finished by zipping north, all the way to 145th Street and Broadway in Harlem. On opening day, Mayor McClellan so enjoyed his stint as engineer that he stayed at the controls all the way from City Hall to 103rd Street.", "While London boasts the world's oldest underground train network (opened in 1863) and Boston built the first subway in the United States in 1897, the New York City subway soon became the largest American system. The first line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), traveled 9.1 miles through 28 stations. Running from City Hall in lower Manhattan to Grand Central Terminal in midtown, and then heading west along 42nd Street to Times Square, the line finished by zipping north, all the way to 145th Street and Broadway in Harlem. On opening day, Mayor McClellan so enjoyed his stint as engineer that he stayed at the controls all the way from City Hall to 103rd Street.", "The Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, and construction began in 1900. The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27, 1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers. The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road. ", "1904 – The first underground segment of the New York City Subway, today one of the most extensive public transportation systems in the world, opened, connecting New York City Hall with Harlem.", "The first attempted subway in the U.S. was the Beach Pneumatic Transit Company in New York City. Alfred Ely Beach completed a demonstration subway beneath one block of Broadway from Warren Street to Murray Street, opened to the public on February 26, 1870. A single subway car was propelled by a large reversible fan at one end of the tunnel. It is unclear how this pneumatic technology could be applied on a larger scale. Political opposition by New York City's mayor followed by the Panic of 1873 spelled the end to Beach's subway ambitions.", "At 7 p.m. that evening, the subway opened to the general public, and more than 100,000 people paid a nickel each to take their first ride under Manhattan. IRT service expanded to the Bronx in 1905, to Brooklyn in 1908 and to Queens in 1915. Since 1968, the subway has been controlled by the Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA). The system now has 26 lines and 468 stations in operation; the longest line, the 8th Avenue “A” Express train, stretches more than 32 miles, from the northern tip of Manhattan to the far southeast corner of Queens.", "On December 15, 1940, local subway service began on Sixth Avenue from the West Fourth Street subway station to the 47-50th Street subway station with track connections to the IND 53rd Street Line. The Sixth Avenue Line's construction cost $59,500,000. The following routes were added with the opening of service:", "Current official transit maps of the New York City Subway are based on a 1979 design by Michael Hertz Associates. The maps are not geographically accurate due to the complexity of the system (i.e. Manhattan being the smallest borough, but having the most services), but they do show major city streets as an aid to navigation. The newest edition took effect on June 27, 2010, and makes Manhattan bigger and Staten Island smaller. Earlier diagrams of the subway (the first being produced in 1958), while being more aesthetically pleasing, had the perception of being more geographically inaccurate than the diagrams today. The design of the subway map by Massimo Vignelli, published by the MTA between 1972 and 1979, has become a modern classic but the MTA deemed the map flawed due to its placement of geographical elements. ", "The Staten Island Railway traverses the island 24/7 from its northeastern tip to its southwestern tip. The Staten Island Railway opened on April 23, 1860 and was owned and operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) until July 1, 1971 when the line was bought by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The Staten Island Railway continued to have its own railway police, the Staten Island Rapid Transit Police until 2005 when the 25 officer police force was consolidated into the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police. MTA Police officers patrol the Island's only passenger railway. Staten Island is the only borough not serviced by the New York City Subway, as the Staten Island Tunnel was abandoned in the middle of construction in the 1920s. It lies dormant beneath Owl's Head Park in Brooklyn. As such, express bus service is provided by NYC Transit throughout Staten Island to Lower and Midtown Manhattan.", "The world's first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the London Underground. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.", "Since the majority of the system was built before 1990, the year the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) went into effect, many New York City Subway stations were not designed to be handicapped-accessible. Since then, elevators have been built in newly constructed stations to comply with the ADA. (Most grade-level stations required little modification to meet ADA standards.) In addition, the MTA identified \"key stations\", high-traffic and/or geographically important stations, which must conform to the ADA when they are extensively renovated. As of March 2016, there are 103 currently accessible stations; many of them have AutoGate access. Under the current MTA plans, the number of ADA accessible stations will go up to 144 by 2020. The MTA has been sued by a disability rights group for not including an elevator during the $21,000,000 renovation of the Middletown Road subway station in the Bronx. Only 19% of all of the subway system's stations are fully accessible to people with disabilities. ", "The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), a public authority presided by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city, and placed under control of the state-level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968. ", "Entering the 21st century, progress continued despite several disasters. The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan, particularly the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line, which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center. Sections of the tunnel, as well as the Cortlandt Street station, which was directly underneath the Twin Towers, were severely damaged. Rebuilding required the suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. Ten other nearby stations were closed for cleanup. By March 2002, seven of those stations had reopened. The rest (except for Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line) reopened on September 15, 2002, along with service south of Chambers Street. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy wreaked havoc, flooding several underwater tunnels and other facilities near New York Harbor. The immediate damage was fixed within six months but long-term resiliency and rehabilitation projects continue. ", "Just after midnight on April 9, 1936, trains began running under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel, which connected the Houston-Essex Street Line with the north end of the Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line at a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of Jay Street – Borough Hall. E trains were sent through the connection to Church Avenue. Simultaneously, the Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue and the A and C trains, which had used Smith Street, were rerouted to Fulton Street. ", "From the subway platform, follow the Metro North signs to the main concourse of: 1. Grand Central Terminal. Commodore Vanderbilt himself named the station “Grand Central” in the 1860s, despite the fact that it was out in the boondocks at that time. The present terminal was built in 1913. This engineering tour de force combines subways, surface streets, pedestrian malls, underground shopping concourses, and 48 pairs of railroad tracks into one smoothly functioning organism. Masterfully restored in 1997, the main concourse is breathtaking. It’s one of America’s most impressive interior spaces, with gleaming marble floors, sweeping staircases, and an aqua vaulted ceiling soaring 125 feet high. Twenty-five hundred pinpricks of electronic stars litter this “sky” with a view of a Mediterranean winter sky’s constellations (seemingly backward, the zodiac symbols are supposedly represented as they would be seen from outside our solar system). When a developer announced plans to place a huge tower over the concourse in the 1970s, preservationists came to the rescue, with Jackie Onassis leading the charge. The terminal’s design survived intact after a series of legal challenges that went all the way to the Supreme Court and resulted in a 1978 decision that upheld New York City’s landmarks laws.", "1897 - The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground rapid transit system in North America.", "The world's first subway was the Metropolitan Railway in London. The Met opened on January 10, 1863, operating nearly four miles between Paddington (Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street via King's Cross. The railway used steam locomotives to haul gas-lit wooden carriages. The subway was expanded many times and is used today by the London Underground.", "Construction began in late 2001 to rearrange the tunnels approaching Exchange Place to allow for installation of a crossover, as well as to permit 10 car trains to platform. The work was part of a $566 million project to restore PATH service to lower Manhattan; the cost of restoring and expanding Exchange Place station was $160 million. The Exchange Place project was completed in 21 months, and the station was opened as PATH's new temporary stub terminal on June 29, 2003. PATH service resumed to the World Trade Center on November 23, 2003.", "The neighborhood changed from the 1930s to the 1950s. In 1932, the IND Eighth Avenue Line opened under Central Park West. In 1940, the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line over Columbus Avenue closed. Immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Caribbean moved in during the '50s and the '60s. The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts opened in the 1960s. ", "Let’s back up. The MTA has been thinking of ways to bring the LIRR into Grand Central Station since the 63rd Street Tunnel under the East River was finished in 1969. Currently, commuters from Long Island are dumped unceremoniously at Penn Station, which some argue is the nation’s least attractive, most impossible-to-navigate transportation hub. By creating a new access point at Grand Central, the MTA says some commuters will save 40 minutes on their daily commutes.", "The first land purchase of 128 acre was completed in 1910, and Edward A. MacDougall's Queensboro Corporation had bought about 325 acre by 1914. At first, the area could most easily be reached via a ferry from Manhattan or the Brooklyn bridges, but the Queensboro Bridge opened in 1909, followed by the elevated IRT Flushing Line—the present-day , just 20 minutes from Manhattan—came in 1917, and Fifth Avenue Coach Company double-decker coaches came in 1922.", "The late 1980s renovation of the station installed brighter lighting and new multi-colored wall and floor tile, artwork in the passageways, and elevators between the lower mezzanine and the island platform, and between the upper mezzanine and the street. (The two mezzanines are still connected by the long sloping passageways described above.) The Erie Railroad legacy is still present in the \"E\"'s engraved on the tops of the columns along the island platform.", "Perhaps the greatest testament to growth however, was a new subway system that was well on its way to being completed. The master plan projected tunnels under the Hudson and East Rivers, electric tracks, signals and switches, a power plant in Long Island City, sprawling train yards, and the world's largest railroad-arch bridge. The center of it all would be massive Pennsylvania Station in midtown Manhattan, recalling the ornate Roman architecture.", "Subway: 110st Street (West side - A, B, C, D lines ), 110th Street (East side - 4, 5, 6 lines), Central Park North (2, 3 lines)", "** August 24: A subway crash caused by a defective switch below Times Square kills 16 and injures 150.", "The main entrance is on 7th Avenue between 31st and 33rd Streets. Passengers can also enter through the subway stations on 34th Street and 7th Avenue, and on 34th Street and 8th Avenue.", "January 8 – A train collision in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17, injures 38, and leads to increased demand for electric trains." ]

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[ "Aero Lloyd Flugreisen GmbH & Co, operated as Aero Lloyd, was a German charter airline based in Oberursel, Germany. It was headquartered in Building 182 at Frankfurt Airport in Frankfurt before it was moved to Oberursel. ", "Aero Lloyd was founded on 20 December 1980 and launched operations in March 1981 with three Sud Aviation Caravelle's. By 1982, the airline received 3 ex-Garuda Indonesia Douglas DC-9-32 aircraft.", "Like in most major European countries, commercial aviation in the Netherlands had its beginnings in the immediate aftermath of World War I. A group of investors and bankers led by 30-year old Albert Plesman formed KLM on October 7, 1919. The airline began its first service on May 17, 1920, with an Amsterdam-London service flying an old De Havilland DH-16 aircraft chartered from the British company Air Transport and Travel (AT&T). By September, KLM had expanded its offerings by serving Copenhagen in Denmark and Hamburg in Germany. In its early days, KLM used Dutch-made planes such as the four-seater Fokker F.2 and the five-passenger Fokker F.3 for its flights. By the early 1920s, KLM slowly expanded its routes via a series of cooperative agreements with other airlines. For example, KLM signed an agreement with the German company Deutscher Aero Lloyd to provide services to Hamburg.", "KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) is the national air carrier of the Netherlands, its name is literally translated as Royal Aviation Company but more usually as Royal Dutch Airlines. Founded on 7 October 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name.", "Aegean Airlines (Athens), Aeroflot (Moscow-Sheremetyevo), Air Berlin (Berlin-Tegel), Air France (Seasonal: Paris-Charles de Gaulle), Air Serbia (Belgrade), Alitalia (Rome-Fiumicino), Austrian Airlines (Vienna), British Airways (London-Heathrow), Dniproavia (Kiev-Boryspil), El Al (Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion), flydubai (Dubai-International), Jet2.com (Seasonal: Manchester), LOT Polish Airlines (Warsaw-Chopin), Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Munich), Qatar Airways (Doha), Swiss International Air Lines (Zürich), TAROM (Bucharest), Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk), Vueling (Seasonal: Barcelona).", "Founded in 1919, KLM (KL) is the oldest airline in the world operating under its original name. The airline, which operates from a hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. Its subsidiaries include KLM Cityhopper (WA) and Transavia (HV). KLM flies to about 130 destinations in 69 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. A member of the SkyTeam alliance, the carrier also has codeshare agreements with 29 other airlines. KLM's fleet of 113 passenger aircraft includes both Boeing and Airbus planes. Each is typically configured with a Business Class cabin, Economy Comfort Class and Economy Class.", "ANA's other ancestor was Far East Airlines (極東航空, Kyokutō Kōkū ? ). [12] Although it was founded on 26 December 1952, one day before Nippon Helicopter, it did not begin operations until 20 January 1954, when it began night cargo runs between Osaka and Tokyo, also using a de Havilland Dove. It adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to Kagoshima . [10]", "Air France (AF), Japan Airlines (JL), Korean Air (KE), KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (KL), China Eastern Airlines (MU), AirAsia ZEST Airway (Z2), Qantas (QF), Gulf Air (GF), Jin Air (LJ), Sri Lankan Airlines (UL), Royal Brunei Airlines (BI), China Airlines (CI), American Delta Airlines (DL)", "British Airways has its head office, Waterside, in Harmondsworth, London Borough of Hillingdon, England. [27] Waterside was completed in June 1998 to replace British Airways' previous head office, Speedbird House, on the grounds of London Heathrow Airport. [28] [29] The IAG has its operational headquarters in London and corporate headquarters in Madrid; it is incorporated under Spanish law as a \"Sociedad Anónima\", and pays taxes in Spain. [30]", "KLM was founded on 7 October 1919 by Albert Plesman, making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name, though the company stopped operating during World War II—apart from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM flight was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. In 1921 KLM started scheduled services, and by 1926 it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen and Malmö. Intercontinental flights to the Netherlands East Indies started in 1929. This was for several years the world's longest scheduled air route.", "LOT Polish Airlines is the flag carrier of Poland. LOT was established in 1929 and is based in Warsaw, making it one of the world's oldest airlines still in operation. Using a fleet of 55 aircraft, LOT operates a complex network to 60 destinations in Europe, North America, and Asia.", "Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT S.A. (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɔt], Flight), trading as LOT Polish Airlines, is the flag carrier of Poland. Based in Warsaw, LOT was established in 1929, making it one of the world’s oldest airlines still in operation. Using a fleet of 55 aircraft, LOT operates a complex network to 60 destinations in Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia. Most of the destinations are served from its hub, Warsaw Chopin Airport.", "11x Caravelle (of which one leased from Air France), 20x B707 (of which one leased from Sobelair + one from Trans Air + one from Zaïre Express + one from Occidental Airlines), 5x B727-100, 16x B737-200, 6x B737-300, 3x B737-400, 6x B737-500, 6x BAC 1-11 of which two leased from British World and four from European Aircharter, 1x BAe146-300 leased from British World, 4x B747-100 (of which two leased from Air France), 3x B747-200 leased from Air France, 3x B747-300 of which one leased from Corsair, 13x DC10 (of which four leased from Lufthansa + one from Air Zaïre + two from Alitalia + one from World Airways), 7x A310 (of which two leased from Airbus and two from Lufthansa), 15x A319, 6x A320, 3x A321, 10x A330, 5x A340 (of which one leased from Airbus), 2x MD11 leased from City Bird.", "KLM, abbreviation of Koninklijke Luchtvaartmaatschappij NV (Dutch: Royal Air Transportation Company), English: Royal Dutch Airlines, Dutch airline founded on Oct. 7, 1919, and flying its first scheduled service, between Amsterdam and London , on May 17, 1920. Until its merger with Air France in 2004, it was the world’s oldest continuously operating airline. Headquarters are at Amstelveen , Neth.", "Malaysia Airline is the flag carrier of Malaysia it serves over 100 destinations in Asia, Australia, USA and Europe. The airline has its main base at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL), near Malaysia's capital Kuala Lumpur .", "9:01 PM   Aeroflot , Air France , Airline , Aviation , British Airways , Delta Air Lines , Emirates , Etihad , Global , Lufthansa , Qantas , Qatar Airways , Ryanair , Singapore Airlines , Southwest Airlines , Top 10 , United Airlines   16 comments", "Emirates ( DMG: Ṭayarān Al-Imārāt) is an airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The airline is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group, which is wholly owned by the government of Dubai's Investment Corporation of Dubai. It is the largest airline in the Middle East, operating over 3,300 flights per week from its hub at Dubai International Airport, to more than 148 cities in 78 countries across six continents. Cargo activities are undertaken by Emirates SkyCargo. ", "**A German-based carrier, Air Berlin, began flights to Asturias airport in November 2006, it operates to Mallorca which the airline uses as a major hub.", "there was carrier called Modernair that operated out of Miami with convair 880s and possibly 990s they also had routes inside germany before the germans were allowed to . on some flights they had topless flight attendants.at that time I believe the 880s were the fastest passenger aircraft in service", "A Qatar Airways Airbus A340-600 departing from London Heathrow Airport in 2014. The airline became a customer for the type in 2003. [23]", "British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third-largest, after SkyTeam and Star Alliance. British Airways merged with Iberia on 21 January 2011, formally creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe. IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index.", "Flybe, pronounced /ˈflaɪˌbiː/, is a British low-cost regional airline based in Exeter, and the largest regional airline based in Europe. The airline launched in 1979 as Jersey European Airways following the merger of Intra Airways and Express Air Services. In 1983 the airline was sold to Walker Steel Group, which also owned Spacegrand Aviation, and the two airlines were merged under the Jersey European name in 1985. Jersey European was renamed British European in 2000 (shortened to \"BE\"), and received its current name in 2002. Flybe's parent company Flybe Group PLC is listed on the London Stock Exchange.", "In the UK is Air Atlantique, the owner has a huge love & tradition for vintage prop transports. based at Coventry.", "Lufthansa, Germanwings and Air Berlin passenger planes on the tarmac at Tegel Airport on Oct. 21, 2014, in Berlin. ", "Flybe (pronounced) is the largest independent regional airline in Europe, based in Exeter, operating more UK domestic flights than any other airline. It flies 7 million passengers a year on 149 routes, from 62 destinations in 9 countries, connecting to long-haul hubs in Manchester, Birmingham, Paris, Dublin and Amsterdam. It is a member of the European Regions Airline Association. Flybe's parent company Flybe Group PLC (formerly known as Walker Aviation Limited) is listed on the London Stock Exchange. ", "Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and operates to destinations in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia from its main bases at London Heathrow and London Gatwick and its secondary base at Manchester. The airline also operates flights from Glasgow and seasonal flights from Belfast.", "Planes operated by Lufthansa and Germanwings on the tarmac at Aena-operated Barcelona-El Prat International Airport on Feb. 10 in Barcelona. ", "Situated just across the Elbe river, Finkenwerder Airport would undeniably be the most convenient airport for travellers visiting Hamburg. But unfortunately, due to being associated with an Airbus aircraft plant, for security concerns, usage is restricted to Airbus employees only. For them, two daily flights are available to/from Toulouse , but most of the time the runway is used for freight (up to complete sections of passenger planes using the Beluga aircraft [7] ) or the delivery of new planes.", "When Lufthansa launched passenger operations in 1955, Hamburg was used as a hub until Frankfurt Airport took over due to growth constraints posed by the location in the city. Lufthansa Technik still maintains a large presence at the airport due to the early activities of the airline at the airport.", "Emirates operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and is one of the few airlines to operate an all-wide-body aircraft fleet. Emirates has orders for 76 Airbus A380s and is the largest A380 operator. Emirates also has orders for 150 Boeing 777-X and 36 Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, and is the world's largest Boeing 777 operator.", "*On 11 June 1961, KLM Douglas DC-7C (PH-DSN) lost an engine at 17,000 feet over the Atlantic en route to Amsterdam from Windsor Locks; the aircraft landed safely at Prestwick with no casualties to the 81 passengers and crew on board.", "•Skybus Airlines, an ultra-low-cost airline with a unique business model, based in Columbus, OH, operated 12 Airbus A319s from 10/07 until they ceased operation in 4/08." ]

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[ "It was July 1, 1926, that the world's longest suspension bridge opened connecting Philadelphia and Camden. That historic day will be celebrated with a 75th anniversary re-enactment of the opening of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge on Sunday, June 30.", "Still standing. The Delaware River Port Authority celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge by closing the span to all but pedestrian traffic on July 1, 2001. Thousands of people, some in 1920s attire, crossed the bridge. Antique cars, trucks, and fire engines were displayed on the deck, and two of the original rail cars that ran in the 1930s were on display at mid-span on the southern tracks. Since then, the bridge has undergone an extensive repainting process involving bead-blasting off many coats of old paint to bare metal. Only the Philadelphia approach remains to be done, but this has been delayed for years due to a complicated political dispute between Pennsylvania and New Jersey involving the dredging of the Delaware River.", "Construction of the bridge began in 1933 after years of delay, costing $35 million and eleven lives. The bridge opened about 4.5 years later on May 27, 1937 (and to vehicle traffic on May 28). It was the longest suspension bridge in the world from when it opened until 1964. Today, well over 2 billion vehicles have crossed the bridge over its history (2,025,883,491 as of January 2014).", "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, the mile-wide three mile long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, to Marin County. It is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United States. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommers travel guide considers the Golden Gate Bridge \"possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world\". It opened in 1937 and had until 1964 the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet.", "The Brooklyn Bridge is a bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. With a main span of 1,595.5 feet, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge. Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and as the East River Bridge, it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge, a name from an earlier January 25, 1867, letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an icon of New York City, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.", "The George Washington Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River, connecting the Washington Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City to Fort Lee in New Jersey. Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge. The bridge has an upper level with four lanes in each direction and a lower level with three lanes in each direction, for a total of 14 lanes of travel. George Washington Bridge has the greatest vehicular capacity of any bridge in the world, carrying approximately 106 million vehicles per year, making it the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. Built between October 1927 and October 1931.", "The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. With a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge. Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge in a January 25, 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972. (Wikipedia).", "The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. At 5,989 feet (1825 m), it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge. Contemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of and the bridge became a symbol of the optimism of the time. John Perry Barlow wrote in the late 20th century of the \"literal and genuinely religious leap of faith\" embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge ... \"the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to control technology.\"", "On this day in 1933, construction starts on what will become one of America’s most famous landmarks: the Golden Gate Bridge. When completed in 1937, the Golden Gate has a 4,200-foot-long suspension span, making it the world’s longest suspension bridge. Since opening to the public in May 1937, almost 2 billion vehicles have crossed the bridge, in both the north- and southbound directions.", "The Brooklyn Bridge, one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States, stretches 5,989 feet (1825 m) over the East River, connecting the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn (on Long Island). Upon completion, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world, the first steel-wire suspension bridge, and the first bridge to connect to Long Island. Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge in an 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.", "Construction on the bridge, the second to cross this river, began in 1896, with Leffert L. Buck as chief engineer, Henry Hornbostel as architect and Holton D. Robinson as assistant engineer, and the bridge opened on December 19, 1903 at a cost of $12,000,000. At the time it was constructed, the Williamsburg Bridge was the largest suspension bridge on Earth, and remained so until the Bear Mountain Bridge was completed in 1924. It is an unconventional structure, as suspension bridges go; though the main span hangs from cables in the usual manner, the side spans leading to the approaches are cantilevered, drawing no support from the cables above. The main span of the bridge is 1600 feet (488 m) long. The entire bridge is 7308 feet (2227 m) long between cable anchor terminals, and the deck is 118 feet (36 m) wide. The height at the center of the bridge is 135 feet (41 m) and each tower is 335 feet (102 m); these measurements taken from the river's surface at high water mark.         4 George Washington Bridge  ", "The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. With a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge.", "On this day in 1931, eight months ahead of schedule, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the George Washington Bridge over the Hudson River. The 4,760-foot�long suspension bridge, the longest in the world at the time, connected Fort Lee, New Jersey with Washington Heights in New York City. \"This will be a highly successful enterprise,\" FDR told the assembled crowd at the ceremony. \"The great prosperity of the Holland Tunnel and the financial success of other bridges recently opened in this region have proven that not even the hardest times can lessen the tremendous volume of trade and traffic in the greatest of port districts.\"", "ADAPTING TO THE INTERSTATE ERA: In 1951, the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA) was established by the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The new bi-state commission was to oversee improvements to the Delaware River Bridge (now renamed the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, after one of the \"Founding Fathers\") and construct new crossings over the Delaware River.", "The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is the largest suspension bridge in the world. Since its establishment in 1937, it has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco. Its red-orange color enhances its visibility even in adverse weather conditions.", "San Francisco�s iconic Golden Gate Bridge officially opens during May of 1937. Construction on the bridge began in 1933 and cost about $35 million to complete. It was designed by several engineers and architects including Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, Charles Alton Ellis, and Leon Moisseff, in a collaborative effort. At the time of its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world, a title which it held continuously until 1964.", "An 1876 photo of construction on the east tower of the Brooklyn Bridge from the Brooklyn side of the East River. Construction began Jan. 3, 1870, and was finished 13 years later, opening on May 24, 1883. On completion, it was the largest suspension bridge in the world and the first steel-wire suspension bridge.", "The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States, stretching 5,989 feet (1825 m) over the East River, connecting the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Upon completion in 1883 (134 years ago), it was the longest suspension bridge in the world, the first steel-wire suspension bridge, and the first bridge to connect to Long Island.", "Old Waterloo Bridge opened the following year and Old Southwark Bridge two years later. London's first suspension Bridge, Hammersmith Suspension (now demolished), opened in 1827. Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Hungerford Suspension Bridge (now demolished) opened in 1845.", "This 2002 photo shows the Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and US 30) looking east from Penn's Landing toward Camden. (Photo by Jim K. Georges.)", "The Menai Suspension Bridge, considered the world's first modern suspension bridge, connecting the Isle of Anglesey to the north West coast of Wales is opened, 1826", "1957 - The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at the time, opens to traffic connecting Michigan's upper and lower peninsulas.", "In order to meet the increasing demand for his wire rope, John Roebling opened a factory in Trenton, New Jersey in 1848. John Roebling, along with his two sons, Washington and Ferdinand, built a suspension bridge across the gorge of the Niagara River. They then built the Brooklyn Bridge, plus many other suspension bridges in the United States.", "In the United States, the first major wire-cable suspension bridge was the Wire Bridge at Fairmount in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by Charles Ellet, Jr. and completed in 1842, it had a span of 109 m. Ellet's Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge (1847–48) was abandoned before completion. It was used as scaffolding for John A. Roebling's double decker railroad and carriage bridge (1855).", "The first American iron chain suspension bridge was the Jacob's Creek Bridge (1801) in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, designed by inventor James Finley. Finley's bridge was the first to incorporate all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge, including a suspended deck which hung by trusses. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal, The Port Folio, in 1810. ", "* July 1 – The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens for business, built with an 8 ft girder and 190 ft above the water, as the third longest suspension bridge in the world.", "** The Verrazano–Narrows Bridge across New York Bay opens to traffic (the world's longest suspension bridge at this time).", "The George Washington Bridge – known informally as the GW Bridge, the GWB, the GW, or the George  – is a double-decked suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River between the Washington Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City and Fort Lee, New Jersey. , the George Washington Bridge carries over 106 million vehicles per year, making it the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. The bridge is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state government agency that operates several area bridges, tunnels and airports, marine seaports, and the PATH rapid transit system.", "In 1846, John A. Roebling built the Monongahela River Suspension Bridge at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This bridge consisted of eight spans of 188 feet each, supported by two four-and one-half inch cables, which, in this instance, were made on land separately for each span, and then hoisted in place from flatboats.", "Congress approved a new bridge, to be 60-ft-wide rather than the formerly typical 40-ft-wide, the very next year. The concept for the bridge had existed for almost a century since Andrew Jackson had proposed a bridge in this location as a way to more conveniently link DC and VA and therefore North and South, but the unprecedented traffic jam forced them to take action.", "The first suspension bridge is built across the Niagara gorge. It takes business away from the Maid of the Mist ferry service, so the service begins to offer boat rides towards the Horseshoe Falls. In order to start construction of the bridge, engineers faced the challenge of running the first line across the gorge. From the Canadian side, Homan Walsh won a contest sponsored by the engineers to send that first line over. He used a kite. Crossing the bridge was free, returning was 25 cents.", "At the time of its construction, the Ambassador Bridge was the largest suspension bridge in the world, with a center span of 1,850 feet. Its record was surpassed two years later by the George Washington Bridge, which spans the Hudson River." ]

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[ "An inmate register reveals that there were 1,576 prisoners in total held at Alcatraz during its time as a Federal Penitentiary, although figures reported have varied and some have stated 1557. The prison cells, purposefully designed so that none adjoined an outside wall, typically measured 9 ft by 5 ft and 7 ft high. The cells were primitive with a bed, a desk and a washbasin and toilet on the back wall and few furnishings except a blanket. An air vent, measuring 6 in by 9 in, covered by a metal grill, lay at the back of the cells which led into the utility corridors. Prisoners had no privacy in going to the toilet and the toilets would emit a strong stench because they were flushed with salt water. Hot water faucets were not installed until the early 1960s, shortly before closure.", "Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. One of the world's most notorious and best known prisons over the years, Alcatraz housed some 1,576 of America's most ruthless criminals including Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the \"Birdman of Alcatraz\"), George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Mickey Cohen, Arthur R. \"Doc\" Barker, and Alvin \"Creepy\" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts during the 29 years of the prison's existence, the most notable of which were the violent escape attempt of May 1946 known as the \"Battle of Alcatraz\", and the arguably successful \"Escape from Alcatraz\" by Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin in June 1962 in one of the most intricate escapes ever devised. Faced with high maintenance costs and a poor reputation, Alcatraz closed on March 21, 1963.", "In 1963, U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered Alcatraz closed, citing the high expense of its maintenance. In its 29-year run, Alcatraz housed more than 1,500 convicts. In March 1964 a group of Sioux Indians briefly occupied the island, citing an 1868 treaty with the Sioux allowing Indians to claim any \"unoccupied government land.\" In November 1969, a group of nearly 100 Indian students and activists began a more prolonged occupation of the island, remaining there until they were forced off by federal marshals in June 1971.", "Alcatraz, aka \"The Rock\", was first established as a military fort in the 1850s by the US Army. During the Civil War, it became a military prison and in 1934, a federal maximum security prison for high-risk civilian prisoners. Because of the chilly San Francisco Bay waters that surround the island, prisoners thought twice about trying to escape. Out of 36 inmates attempting to escape, none succeeded. In 1963, due to the inability to restore & maintain it, the prison was closed.", "From 1934 to 1963 it served as a federal prison for some of the most dangerous civilian prisoners. Among its famous denizens were Al Capone , George (“Machine Gun”) Kelly, and Robert Stroud , the “Birdman of Alcatraz.” Although the Alcatraz penitentiary was able to house 450 convicts in cells that measured about 10 by 4.5 feet (3 by 1.5 metres), no more than 250 prisoners ever occupied the island at one time. Escape attempts were rare, but a few inmates did escape from the island; whether they survived the currents of the bay is unknown. One daring escape was popularized in the film Escape from Alcatraz (1979). Eventually the necessity of transporting fresh water to and waste away from the island resulted in its abandonment in 1963.", "List of Famous Inmates at Alcatraz ranked by fame and notoriety. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary is a prison located on Alcatraz Island off the coast of San Francisco. Alcatraz operated from 1934 through 1963 and during that time they had several famous prisoners. Alcatraz had 36 inmates make escape attempts, none of which were successful.", "In the year 1963 – A line of handcuffed prisoners, the last convicts held at Alcatraz prison, walk through a cell block as they are transferred to other prisons from Alcatraz Island on San Francisco Bay, California, on March 21, 1963. Alcatraz, known as \"The Rock,\" was a federal penitentiary for 29 years and a prison for more than a century.", "The average population was only about 260-275 (the prison never once reached its capacity of 336 - at any given time, Alcatraz held less than 1 percent of the total Federal prison population). Many prisoners actually considered the living conditions (for instance, always one man to a cell) at Alcatraz to be better than other Federal prisons, and several inmates actually requested a transfer to Alcatraz. But while USP Alcatraz was not the \"America's Devil's Island\" that books and movies often portrayed, it was designed to be a prison system's prison.", "The Battle of Alcatraz – The Battle of Alcatraz is known as the most violent escape attempt in Alcatraz. It began on the 2 May 1946 when six prisoners (Bernard Coy, Joseph Cretzer, Sam Shockley, Clarent Carnes,Marvin Hubbard and Miran Thompson) over powered the guards and took over control of the cell-block, and stole the keys to the recreation yard.", "While many tried, only three Alcatraz prisoners escaped and were never caught, fueling speculation that they successfully made it off the Rock. The men involved in the June 1962 escape are, from left, in their younger and older years, Frank Lee Morris (1926-1962), Clarence Anglin (1931-1962) John Anglin (1930-1962). They dug through cell walls, climbed a ventilation shaft and set sail on San Francisco Bay in a homemade raft. They were never seen again.", "But in addition to the inmates, it was the guards that made up the bulk of the island's population. Because of the calibre of the convicts, the Bureau of Prisons tried to keep Alcatraz well staffed, and the intent was to have about three inmates per guard. A very high ratio for a prison, then or now.", "2-4 May, 1946 - The 10th attempt was known as the 'Battle of Alcatraz', where six inmates seized guns from the West Gun Gallery and killed a number of officers. They tried to walk out of the cellhouse by force, but after taking a pair of keys, they accidentally locked themselves in because of a mechanism in the door that locked when the wrong pair of keys are used. They had to take hostages, and eventually, after a long standoff between the escapees and the military and police, were killed fighting. It would be ten years before another inmate attempted to escape.", "In 1963, USP Alcatraz closed after 29 years of operation because it was too costly to operate. An estimated $3 million to $5 million was needed for restoration and maintenance, excluding daily operating costs.", "By the mid-nineteenth century, prisons existed throughout the United States. Prisoners were kept in unsanitary environments, forced to work at hard labor, and brutalized by guards. These conditions continued until the 1950s and 1960s, when heightened social and political discourse led to a renewed emphasis on rehabilitation. The closing of one particular prison symbolized the change in correctional philosophy. Alcatraz Prison, located on an island off San Francisco, was used exclusively to place in solitary confinement convicts classified as either violent or disruptive. Rehabilitation was non-existent in Alcatraz. The prison was filthy and rat-infested, and prisoners were held in dungeon-like cells, often chained to stone walls. Established in 1934, Alcatraz was closed in 1963, in part because its brutal treatment of prisoners symbolized an outdated penal philosophy.", "There were many prominent differences between Alcatraz prisoners and regular prisoners. There were a dozen counts per day, a ratio of one guard per every three inmates (a very high proportion compared to other Federal Prisons) and the fact that no one was ever sentenced directly to Alcatraz. To reach The Rock, you would have to be transferred to it through another prison, and to be paroled, you would have to be transferred out to another prison. Alcatraz was no ordinary prison.", "Other famous (or infamous) Alcatraz inmates included George “Machine Gun” Kelly (1895-1954), who spent 17 years there on a kidnapping conviction. Gangster Alvin “Creepy Karpis” Karpowicz (1907-79), listed as “Public Enemy No. 1″ by the FBI in the 1930s, spent over 25 years behind bars at Alcatraz, reportedly more time than any other prisoner. Murderer Robert Stroud, also known as the “Birdman of Alcatraz,” was transferred there after three decades at the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas . Stroud arrived on the island in 1942 and served 17 years there; however, despite his nickname, he was not permitted to keep birds at Alcatraz as he had while locked up at Leavenworth.", "During the 29 years it was in use, the jail held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the Birdman of Alcatraz), George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda (a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the United States Capitol building in 1954), Mickey Cohen, Arthur R. \"Doc\" Barker, James \"Whitey\" Bulger, and Alvin \"Creepy\" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families.", "In 1963, Alcatraz was closed. U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy said his decision to close Alcatraz was based on increasing maintenance and operating costs. Since then, the island has been left to tourists.", "1971 - Occupation End / Alcatraz State Prison, CA - May 11th, 1971: \"Indian occupation of Alcatraz ends after 19 months.\"  ", "D-Block gained notoriety as a \"Treatment block\" for some of the worst inmates, with varying degrees of punishment, including Isolation, Solitary and Strip. Prisoners usually spent anything from 3 to 19 days in Solitary. Prisoners held here would be given their meals in their cells and not permitted to work and only shower twice a week. After a 1939 escape attempt in which Arthur \"Doc\" Barker was killed, the Bureau of Prisons tightened security in the D-Block. The Birdman of Alcatraz inhabited cell 42 in D-Block in solitary confinement for 6 years.", "By 1963 no one really wanted Alcatraz anymore. San Francisco never cared for it in the first place, and since the cost per inmate was about three times that of other prisons, the Bureau of Prisons didn't think so much of it either. Besides, after the Morris and Anglin escape it had become clear the whole prison would have to be overhauled. A study showed the cost would be in the millions. So Bobby Kennedy, then Attorney General, ordered Alcatraz closed.", "In 1969, a group of Native Americans led by Mohawk activist Richard Oakes (1942-72) arrived on Alcatraz Island and claimed the land on behalf of “Indians of All Tribes.” The activists hoped to establish a university and a museum on the island. Oakes left Alcatraz following the death there of his stepdaughter in 1970, and the remaining occupiers, whose ranks had become increasingly contentious and divided, were removed by order of President Richard M. Nixon (1913-94) in 1971. The island became part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in 1972 and was opened to the public a year later. Today, some 1 million tourists visit Alcatraz each year.", "Clarence Anglin, John Anglin and Frank Morris made what is still debated to be the only successful escape from Alcatraz Prison. The prisoners chiseled away at concrete surrounding an air vent leading to an utility corridor outside their cell, using tools such as a metal spoon and an improvised electric drill.", "Famous inmates include Al Capone and Robert ‘Birdman’ Stroud. The prison is situated on a rocky island in San Francisco Bay and considered to be impossible to escape from, although thirty-six men attempted it.", "In 1934, Alcatraz was fortified into a high-security federal penitentiary designed to hold the most dangerous prisoners in the U.S. penal system, especially those with a penchant for escape attempts. The first shipment of civilian prisoners arrived on August 11, 1934. Later that month, more shiploads arrived, featuring, among other convicts, infamous mobster Al Capone. In September, George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly, another luminary of organized crime, landed on Alcatraz.", "Frank Weatherman seen above and left, he was the last inmate to be transferred to Alcatraz, and the last inmate to walk down the gangway and leave the island.", "29 September, 1958 - The last escape attempt using force was the work of Aaron Burgett and Clyde Johnson. They worked on the garbage detail, under the supervision of Officer Harold Miller. Miller was new to Alcatraz, and this was one of his first times supervising the garbage detail. At some point, the inmates pulled out a knife and taped over the eyes and mouth of Miller, and tied him to a tree, but did not harm him. Burgett and Johnson launched their own plans of escape, but both lost hope as they reached the cold water. The two inmates were reported missing, and a search effort went out to find them. Johnson was found, and surrendered, and Burgett's dead body was found quite a while later.", "Who is the most famous inmate at Alcatraz? Notorious gangster Al Capone tops our list. Capone spent four and a half years at Alcatraz and he continued to run his illegal operations behind bars by buying off the prison guards. Mafia man Mickey Cohen also spent time at Alcatraz and became partially paralyzed by another inmate who beat him with a pipe.", "The gun gallery was situated in the Recreation Yard and mounted on one of the dining hall's exterior walls. There was a metal detector outside of the dining hall for security purposes. The dining hall had tear-gas canisters attached to the rafters of the ceiling which could be activated by remote control, should prisoners riot or attempt to escape. The first warden, James A. Johnston, always entered the dining hall alone and unarmed, due to heavy guarding around him. Several riots did break out in the dining hall during Alcatraz's history. Those prisoners who were not involved in the fighting hid under the dining hall tables to escape possible gunfire.", "At Alcatraz, Capone's decline became increasingly evident as neurosyphilis progressively eroded his mental faculties. He spent the last year of his sentence in the prison hospital, confused and disoriented.[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/mob_bosses/capone/chapter_11.html Al Capone: Chicago's Most Infamous Mob Boss – The Crime library]. Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California to serve out his sentence for contempt of court. He was paroled on November 16, 1939. ", "15 September, 1941 was the first solo escape attempt since the first one, by Joe Bowers. John Bayless worked on the garbage detail at Alcatraz, and on the 15th of September, suddenly decided to escape, when the fog was especially thick. He jumped into the water, and quickly realized that the water would be too difficult for him. He was captured without incident, and sent to D-Block.", "Joseph Bowers was the first man to attempt escape from Alcatraz Prison. He made his bid for freedom on April 27, 1936, while on garbage-burning duty, by climbing a fence in an attempt to make it to the shore. He was shot by guards before he made it." ]

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[ "A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959, although the first weather satellite to be considered a success was TIROS-1, launched by NASA on April 1, 1960.", "On April 1, 1960, the first successful weather satellite, TIROS-1 (Television Infrared Observation Satellite), was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with the participation of The US Army Signal Research and Development Lab, RCA, the US Weather Bureau, and the US Naval Photographic Center. During its 78-day mission, it relayed thousands of pictures showing the structure of large-scale cloud regimes, and proved that satellites could provide useful surveillance of global weather conditions from space. ", "The first weather satellite to be considered a success was TIROS-1, launched by NASA on April 1, 1960. TIROS operated for 78 days and proved to be much more successful than Vanguard 2. TIROS paved the way for the Nimbus program, whose technology and findings are the heritage of most of the Earth-observing satellites NASA and NOAA have launched since then. Beginning with the Nimbus 3 satellite in 1969, temperature information through the tropospheric column began to be retrieved by satellites from the eastern Atlantic and most of the Pacific ocean, which led to significant improvements to weather forecasts. ", "There are many different kinds of satellites that are used everyday. One type of satellite is weather satellites. Tiros 1 was the first weather satellite which was launched on April 1,1960. Tiros 1 sent pictures of clouds to the earth. Another kind of satellite is a navigation satellite. This satellite was first developed by the U.S. Navy. It was called Transit 1B, and it first orbited in April of 1960. The U.S. launched Echo 1, the first communication satellite. Echo 1 reflected signals back to Earth.", "THE UNITED STATES LAUNCHES THE FIRST WEATHER SATELLITE, TIROS-1. TIROS, for Television Infrared Observation Satellite, sent the very first TV images from space to the ground station at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. The pictures clearly showed the New England coast and Canada’s Maritime Provinces north to the St. Lawrence River. The photos were airlifted pronto to Washington, D.C., to be presented to President Eisenhower.", "23. Miscellany - US Experimental rocket powered airplane travels at 2,200 MPH. The United States launches the first weather satellite, TIROS-1. The Lockheed U-2 is a single-engine, very high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft operated by the United States Air Force was shot down by a Soviet missile. Read a book set in space, a book with a space pirate OR a book with a weather theme.", "As early as 1946, the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed. This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets. By 1958, the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard (developed by the Army Signal Corps) were created. The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959. It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance, but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather-related experiments.", "Following the war, surplus radar equipment and airplanes were employed in storm studies. At the Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company, Irving Langmuir, a Nobel Prize–winning chemist, and his associates Vincent Schaefer and Bernard Vonnegut experimented with weather modification using dry ice, silver iodide, and other cloud-seeding agents. Although these techniques did not result in their originally intended goal—large-scale weather control—they did provide impetus to the new field of cloud physics. Meanwhile, at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, John von Neumann began experiments using digital computers to model and predict the weather. With the support of the weather bureau and the military weather services, operational numerical weather prediction became a reality by the mid-1950s. Viewing the earth from space had also become a reality. In 1947 cloud formations were photographed from high altitude using a V2 rocket. Explorer 6 took the first photograph of the earth from space in 1959, while in the same year Explorer 7 measured the radiation budget of the earth with a pair of infrared radiometers with spin-scan stabilization designed and built by Verner Suomi. Tiros 1 (Tele-vision Infra-Red Observation Satellite), the world's first all-weather satellite, was launched into polar orbit by NASA in 1960.", "1 Apr. 1960 The United States launched TIROS 1, the first successful meteorological satellite, observing Earth's weather.", "NOAA’s environmental satellite system is composed of two types of satellites: POES for global, long-term forecasting and environmental monitoring; and GOES for national, regional, short-range warning and “now-casting.” Lockheed Martin and its heritage companies built all of the POES satellites going back to the very first weather satellite launch on April 1, 1960, and is currently developing the next generation GOES-R satellite system, with a first launch set for 2015. Both GOES and POES are necessary for providing a complete global weather monitoring system.", "1875: The British preoccupation with the weather was given the additional benefit of the first weather chart published by The Times. Appropriately, the US chose this day, 1960, to launch their first weather satellite.", "If it is hard to appreciate the value of these satellites, consider the following true story: One of the people responsible for this web site was on a small freighter (ship) on its way from Sweden to the US in November of 1959. The ship had just reached a particularly nasty part of the North Sea (not too far from the rocky coast of Scotland) when it was caught in a storm that had not been predicted or seen. For several days, the ship tossed back and forth on waves as big as it was - or bigger - tipping more than 30 degrees each way. (If you have seen \"The Perfect Storm\" then you have some idea of what that was like.) This ship made it to port some days later, but quite a few did not, in that storm. A couple of year later, the first weather satellites were launched, and no ship has been caught by a surprise storm since then!", "On January 31, 1958, Explorer 1 launched and became the first U.S. satellite, using its single instrument to send back data about the radiation environment high above Earth's surface.", "altitude of 22,300 mi (35,880 km) has a period of exactly 24 hr, the time it takes theearth to rotate once on its axis; such an orbit is called synchronous. If such an orbit alsolies in the equatorial plane, it is called geostationary, because the satellite will remainstationary over one point on the earth’s surface. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1,was launched by the USSR on Oct. 4, 1957. Explorer 1, the first American satellite, waslaunched on Jan. 31, 1958. The principal types of applications satellites areCommunications Satellites, Navigation Satellites, Reconnaissance Satellites and WeatherSatellites. Major U.S. scientific research satellites include the Orbiting AstronomicalObservatories (OAO), the Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (OGO), the Orbiting SolarObservatories (OSO), the High Energy Astronomical Observatories (HEAO), manyExplorer satellites, the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), and the forthcoming SpaceTelescope. Major Soviet space-science satellite programs include Elektron, Proton,Prognoz, and many Cosmos satellites. The U.S. has also launched several Landsatsatellites to survey the earth’s resources by means of special television cameras andradiometric scanners.", "1959: Major weather-related scientific event: The Army launches Vanguard II from Cape Canaveral, carrying two photocell units to measure sunlight reflected from clouds, demonstrating feasibility of a weather satellite.", "1963: The polar-orbiting weather satellite TIROS III is launched with automatic picture transmission capability, eventually to provide continuous cloud images to over 100 nations.", "1958: Weather-related scientific event: Explorer I is launched into space by an Army Redstone Rocket from Cape Canaveral. This satellite discovers the Van Allen Radiation Belts.", "During World War I, the father-son team of Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862–1951) and Jacob Bjerknes (1897–1975) organized a nationwide weather-observing system in their native Norway . With the available data they formulated the theory of polar fronts: The atmosphere is made up of cold air masses near the poles and warm tropical air masses, and fronts exist where these air masses meet. In the 1940s, Englishman R. C. Sutcliffe and Swede S. Peterssen developed three-dimensional analysis and forecasting methods. American military pilots flying above the Pacific during World War II discovered a strong stream of air rapidly flowing from west to east, which became known as the jet stream . The development of radar, rockets, and satellites greatly improved data collection. Weather radar first came into use in the United States in 1949 with the efforts of Horace Byers (1906–1998) and R. R. Braham. Conventional weather radar shows precipitation location and intensity.", "Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United states. On January 31, 1958 the United States of America's Jupiter-C rocket launched Explorer 1 at Cape Canaveral. The Army was responsible for the preparation of Explorer 1. The army was asked by Washington officials to try to send a satellite to orbit because they were worried about losing prestige. Four months after Russia orbited Sputnik 1 the United States entered the space race as well.", "TIROS-1 demonstrated the advantage of mapping Earth’s cloud cover from satellite altitudes. The first views revealed clouds banded and clustered in unexpected ways. The mission also succeeded in verifying experimental television techniques designed to develop a worldwide meteorological satellite information system, and testing Sun angle and horizon sensor systems for spacecraft orientation. While the satellite operated for only 78 days, it paved the way for far more robust spacecraft that have made a lasting impact on weather prediction. In all, 44 TIROS satellites were launched between 1960 and 2009. Through five decades of service, they have earned the reputation as the workhorses of the Civil Space Earth-imaging inventory.", "Explorer-I, officially known as Satellite 1958 Alpha, was the first United States earth satellite and was sent aloft as part of the United States program for the International Geophysical Year 1957-1958. It was designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology under the direction of Dr. William H. Pickering . The satellite instrumentation of Explorer-I was designed and built by Dr. James Van Allen of the State University of Iowa.", "Explorer 1, the first U.S. Earth-orbiting satellite, was launched January 31, 1958 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The launch vehicle was an Army Jupiter-C rocket. Explorer 1 orbited the Earth every 115 minutes. Its orbit carried it from a low of about 220 miles to a high of nearly 1,600 miles.", "3. 1958 January 31st The United States puts it's first satellite into space the Explorer 1", "On 20 December 1974, the United States' ESSA-8 environmental satellite recorded a large cloud mass centred over the Arafura Sea about 370 km northeast of Darwin. This disturbance was tracked by the Darwin Weather Bureau's regional director Ray Wilkie, and by senior meteorologist Geoff Crane. On 21 December 1974, the ESSA-8 satellite showed evidence of a newly formed circular centre near latitude 8° south and longitude 135° east. Crane - the meteorological duty officer at the time - issued the initial tropical cyclone alert describing the storm as a tropical low that could develop into a tropical cyclone.", "1977: The success of weather satellites results in the elimination of the last U.S. weather observation ship; real time access to satellite data by national centers advances hurricane, marine and coastal storm forecasts.", "Six experiments were carried aboard the satellite. Five of these examined the relationship between two types of solar radiation and changes in the Earth’s ionosphere. They took advantage of techniques developed in the Skylark programme. (Skylark was a British sounding rocket design, first launched in 1957 from Woomera, Australia and its 441st and final launch took place from Esrange, Sweden on 2nd May 2005.)", "This article is the second in a series commemorating the 40th anniversary of the beginning of the Space Age. The first article, \"Sputnik: The First Man Made Earth Satellite\" can be found in the October 1997 issue of SpaceViews.", "These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin. Before the satellite era began in 1960, tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one, a ship reported a voyage through the storm, or a storm hit land in a populated area.", "Meteorological satellites see more than clouds and cloud systems. City lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc., and other types of environmental information are collected using weather satellites. ", "By 1962, some governments had already launched satellites, largely to carry out extraterrestrial experiments. That year, though, the first commercial satellite went into orbit, forever changing the face of communications.", "    Explorer VIII was a 42.7-kg satellite equipped to carry out the first intensive direct measurement study of the Earth's ionosphere, where ultraviolet radiation from the Sun acts upon the atoms of the atmosphere, causing them to lose their electrons (ionized). The satellite has also two secondary objectives: to measure the charge accumulation (static electricityO on the satellite's aluminum surfaces which can be related to the problem of electrical drag; and to measure the number of micrometeoroid impacts. The spin-stabilized satellite, shaped like a toy top, 75 cm long and 75 cm in diameter. Explorer VIII transmissions ceased on 27 December 1960, transmittiend data recorded on 1,100 km of magnetic tape. The satellit has an expected orbital life of 10 years. (USASA, 1961)", "___________ was the first Earth satellite of the US and was launched in 1958 as part of the International Geophysical Year" ]

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[ "Trading Places is a 1983 American comedy film directed by John Landis, starring Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy. It tells the story of an upper-class commodities broker and a homeless street hustler whose lives cross paths when they are unknowingly made part of an elaborate bet. Ralph Bellamy, Don Ameche, Denholm Elliott, and Jamie Lee Curtis also star. The storyline is often called a modern take on Mark Twain's classic 19th-century novel The Prince and the Pauper. It also bears a resemblance to another of Mark Twain's stories, The Million Pound Bank Note.", "Trading Places is a screwball comedy from director John Landis in 1983 (it marked his first collaboration with Eddie Murphy). It is an old fashioned satire along the lines of something Frank Capra or Preston Sturges would have made 40 years earlier. It has a Prince and the Pauper plot wherein two men from vastly different backgrounds switch places. It was a huge hit in the summer of 1983, further cementing Eddie Murphy as one of the most bankable stars of the decade. Dan Aykroyd and Jamie Lee Curtis costar.", "Trading Places is a comedy starring Eddie Murphy, Dan Aykroyd and Jamie Lee Curtis. It is the story of two millionaire brothers who decide, as an experiment, to frame their pompous stock-broker nephew and install a down-and-out in his place. It was directed by John Landis in 1983.", "Trading Places is first and foremost a display of Eddie Murphy's vast and hilarious comedic talent (sort of an updated Jerry Lewis). But unlike some of his later movies this one is truly an ensemble. Dan Aykroyd, Jamie Lee Curtis, Ralph Bellamy, Don Ameche and Denholm Elliott are all equally funny.", "Murphy's first film following his breakout success with 48 Hrs. is still his funniest. John Landis directs and Dan Aykroyd co-stars in a satire of '80s greed and excess that also works as classic screwball comedy, and the way that Murphy's fast-talking style meshes with Landis's old-fashioned approach makes Trading Places something truly special. The movie doesn't sacrifice story for jokes the way some of Murphy's later comedies would, and creates memorable, likable characters as well as fantastic villains in Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy's Duke brothers. It isn't just Murphy's funniest movies -- it's also one of the best comedies of the 1980s. Check Amazon rating »", "Director, screenwriter and actor John Landis was born on August 3, 1950, in Chicago, Illinois. A successful director, John Landis is best known for his comedies, which include National Lampoon's Animal House (1978), The Blues Brothers (1980), and Trading Places (1983). He started out his career in the mail room at 20th Century Fox and soon found other behind-the-scenes jobs, including working as a stuntman.", "Thirty years ago, “ Trading Places ,” John Landis‘ classic comedy, premiered to critical and commercial success. Not only was it the 4th highest grossing film of 1983 (making over $90 million, behind “Flashdance,” “Terms of Endearment,” and “Return of the Jedi“), but the film also received praise from the likes of Roger Ebert (“This is good comedy”) and Rex Reed (“Trading Places is an updated Frank Capra with four-letter words, and I can think of no higher praise than that”). The film is about two beyond-wealthy yet bored brothers (Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche) who swap out a well-to-do finance guy in their employ ( Dan Aykroyd ) with a homeless conman (Eddie Murphy) just to watch the world burn, oh no, we mean to test the good old “nature vs. nurture” debate. Decades later, “Trading Places” is still hilarious, with its cutting commentary on class and race in America (regrettably still topical), legendary comedic performances by Murphy (way before “ Triplets ” talk and Murphy became the most overpaid actor in Hollywood ) and Aykroyd (way before “ Ghostbusters 3 ” talk and Aykroyd opened up about his belief in aliens ), and so much more (Jamie Lee Curtis plays a hooker with a heart of gold, the 1% lose out in the end, and more).", "John Landis4.5B00003CXD3In this crowd-pleasing 1983 comedy of high finance about a homeless con artist who becomes a Wall Street robber baron, Eddie Murphy consolidated the success of his startling debut in the previous year's 48 Hours and polished his slick-winner persona. The turnabout begins with an argument between super-rich siblings, played by Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche: Are captains of industry, they wonder, born or made? To settle the issue, the meanies construct a cruel experiment in social Darwinism. Preppie commodities trader Dan Aykroyd (perfectly cast) is stripped of all his worldly goods and expelled from the firm, and Murphy's smelly derelict is appointed to take his place, graduating to tailored suits and a world-class harem in record time. Eventually the two men team up to teach the nasty old manipulators a lesson, cornering the market in frozen orange juice futures in the process. Director John Landis (The Blues Brothers) doesn't have the world's lightest touch, but he hits most of the jokes hard and quite a few of them pay off. Trading Places is also a landmark film for fans of Jamie Lee Curtis. —David Chute", "Some might think that Trading Places deserves to be higher than Bowfinger, but, to quote another 1999 movie, \"Take a closer look.\" The Frank Oz comedy, pairing comedic geniuses Murphy and Steve Martin in a tale of small-time movie-making, is extremely witty and entertaining. It's also the best movie starring Eddie Murphy in two captivating roles: 'Jiff' Ramsey, an employee at Blockbuster who has a special way of saying \"Awesome\"; and his brother Kit Ramsey, the biggest action movie star on the planet. Martin co-stars as the title character, and also wrote the deft script, but it's Murphy who's unforgettable as these two oddball, winning comic creations.", "Trading Places, a Prince and the Pauper-style comedy starring Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy, was filmed directly after the Twilight Zone accident. After filming ended, Landis and his family went to London.", "Trading Places is an old time comedy with 1980s subject matter. It is funny, charming and timeless. Consider that it also takes place during the holidays; this film may prove to be Murphy’s most memorable film.", "After the uber-success of “Stir Crazy” (grossing over $100 million and ranking 3rd overall for 1980, although with mixed reviews), the team of Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder was a hot ticket. With comedic and literal gold in mind, the story for “Trading Places” was born, though with the slightly more blunt title of “Black and White.” Too bad “ Ebony and Ivory ” was already taken. Remember, this was the early ’80s and a to-be-rated R comedy, so subtlety and racial sensitivity were not high on the checklist (for some context, check out this landmark ‘SNL’ sketch ).", "Where Trading Places truly succeeds is in the simple story of two men from opposite sides of the tracks coming together to take down some evil rich men. The cast is terrific. Eddie Murphy’s star power was just starting to show and man did he have some serious wattage. Dan Aykroyd has always done his best work in ensemble casts and does not disappoint here. Jamie Lee Curtis has never looked better. Denholm Elliott is known for his small role in the Indiana Jones films but they never gave him the chance to shine like he does here.", "Amazon.com: Trading Places: Eddie Murphy, Dan Aykroyd, Denholm Elliott, Ralph Bellamy, Don Ameche, John Landis: Movies & TV", "Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd are 'Trading Places' (Saturday 20 December, ITV). Right: Murphy is down but not out in the film. continued from page 17", "Amazon.com: Trading Places: Denholm Elliott, Dan Aykroyd, Eddie Murphy, Richard D. Fisher Jr.: Amazon Digital Services LLC", "Trading Places was released theatrically in the United States on June 10, 1983. During its opening weekend, the film earned $7.3 million from 1,375 theaters—an average of $5,334 per theater—ranking as the third highest grossing film of the weekend, behind Octopussy ($8.9 million)—debuting the same weekend—and Return of the Jedi ($12 million). ", "One of his best-received performances was as a blueblood-turned-wretch in the 1983 comedy Trading Places, in which he co-starred with fellow SNL alumnus Eddie Murphy as well as Jamie Lee Curtis.", "Billy (Eddie Murphy, centre) is set up by scheming brothers (Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy). See the game in 'Trading Places', 10.15.", "In films, he has received Golden Globe Award nominations for his performances in 48 Hrs., the Beverly Hills Cop series, Trading Places, and The Nutty Professor. In 2007, he won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of soul singer James \"Thunder\" Early in Dreamgirls. ", "Trading Places is a lot of fun. Though it is a few scenes short of a great comedy, it is solidly entertaining and thoroughly engaging. A vehicle for its stars that does not necessarily use them to its fullest benefit, the film is, nonetheless, time well spent.", "The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont, and starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman. Adapted from the Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, the film tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who is sentenced to life in Shawshank State Penitentiary for the murder of his wife and her lover, despite his claims of innocence. During his time at the prison, he befriends a fellow inmate, Ellis Boyd \"Red\" Redding, and finds himself protected by the guards after the warden begins using him in his money-laundering operation.", "Thomas Jeffrey \"Tom\" Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for his roles in Splash (1984), Big (1988), Turner & Hooch (1989), Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Saving Private Ryan, You've Got Mail (both 1998), The Green Mile (1999), Cast Away (2000), The Da Vinci Code (2006), Captain Phillips, and Saving Mr. Banks (both 2013), as well as for his voice work in the animated Toy Story series and The Polar Express (2004).", "A snobbish investor and a wily street con-artist find their positions reversed as part of a bet by two callous millionaires. Key:trading places full movie, Trading place movie online, trading places free, trading places free streaming, Trading places full", "The Coen Brothers' Fargo (1996) , an off-beat, absurdist morality tale from the creative and original producing/writing/directing collaborative team of Joel and Ethan Coen, was very unlike many of their previous films, with a straight-forward, realistic narrative devoid of their typically quirky and bizarre sequences. From its seven Academy Awards nominations (including Best Picture), it won for Best Original Screenplay (Joel and Ethan Coen), and Best Actress (Frances McDormand, Joel Coen's real-life wife). Frances McDormand became the first actress to win the Best Actress Oscar in a film directed by her nominated husband.", "*The Negotiator, directed by F. Gary Gray, starring Samuel L. Jackson, Kevin Spacey, David Morse and J. T. Walsh", "Kevin Costner emerged from the Eighties as Hollywood's most important and versatile suprestar. His first job as a director on the epic western Dances with Wolves, a breathtaking film in which Costner plays a soldier alone on the frontier, learning the ways of the Sioux Indians. The spectacular three-hours film was widely praised by critics. Working on a limited budget (he gave up part of his fee to reduce production costs), Costner made Dances with Wolves into an unforgettable cinematic experience, and at the US Academy Awards in 1991 he took away the Oscar for Best Picture and best Director.", "The encounter was turned into a play entitled \"Frost/Nixon\", which was adapted into a 2008 film, with Michael Sheen playing Frost and Frank Langella as Nixon. It was nominated for five Oscars.", "Was considered for the lead role of Eliot Ness in The Untouchables (1987). The role went to his good friend Kevin Costner , which turned out to be his breakthrough role.", "In 2009, Gere co-starred with Hilary Swank in Amelia, a biopic about groundbreaking aviator Amelia Earhart. While that film proved to be a critical and commercial disappointment, he earned raves for one of his next efforts. Gere starred in 2012's Arbitrage with Susan Sarandon, playing a troubled hedge fund titan; his stunning performance in the film earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination.", "As of 2015, has appeared in four films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Atonement (2007), War Horse (2011), 12 Years a Slave (2013) and The Imitation Game (2014). Of those, 12 Years a Slave (2013) is a winner in the category.", "As producer of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Douglas won the Best Picture Oscar. After memorable turns in The China Syndrome (1979) and Romancing the Stone (1984), he starred in a string of movies dealing with controversial topics, beginning with 1987's Fatal Attraction. His performance as corrupt tycoon Gordon Gekko in Wall Street brought him his first Oscar for acting later that year." ]

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[ "Errol Flynn, in full Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (born June 20, 1909, Hobart , Tasmania , Australia —died Oct. 14, 1959, Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ), Australian actor, celebrated during his short but colourful lifetime as the screen’s foremost swashbuckler.", "Flynn was born in Hobart , Tasmania , where his father, Theodore Thomson Flynn , was a lecturer (1909) and later professor (1911) of biology at the University of Tasmania . Flynn was born at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Battery Point . His mother was born Lily Mary Young, but dropped the first names Lily Mary shortly after she was married and changed her name to Marelle.[3] Flynn described his mother's family as \"seafaring folk\"[4] and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats and the sea originated. Despite Flynn's claims,[4] the evidence indicates that he was not descended from any of the Bounty mutineers .[5] Married at St. John's Church of England, Birchgrove , Sydney, on 23 January 1909,[6][7] both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish, English and Scottish descent.[8]", "Errol Flynn was born in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, where his father, Theodore Thomson Flynn was a lecturer (1909), and eventually a professor (1911) of", "Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (ur. 20 czerwca 1909 w Hobart, zm. 14 października 1959 w Vancouver) – amerykański aktor australijskiego pochodzenia.", "Errol Leslie Flynn was an Australian-born American actor. He was known for his romantic swashbuckler roles in Hollywood films and his flamboyant lifestyle.", "Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959) was an Australian-American actor. He was known for his romantic swashbuckler roles in Hollywood films.", "Patrice Wymore(1950-1959) Enfant(s) Sean Flynn , Deirdre, Rory, Arnella Errol Flynn est un acteur et sc©nariste am©ricain , n© le 20 juin Hobart Australie ) et d©c©d© d'une crise cardiaque le 14 octobre Vancouver Canada", "Flynn was born in a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, where his father, Theodore, was a lecturer (1909) and later professor (1911) of biology at the University of Tasmania. Flynn was born at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Battery Point. His mother was born Lily Mary Young, but dropped the first names Lily Mary shortly after she was married and changed her name to Marelle. Flynn described his mother's family as \"seafaring folk\" and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats and the sea originated. Despite Flynn's claims, the evidence indicates that he was not descended from any of the Bounty mutineers. Married at St. John's Church of England, Birchgrove, Sydney, on 23 January 1909, both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish, English and Scottish descent. ", "died Oct. 14, 1959, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Errol Flynn in The Adventures of Robin Hood Warner Brothers/First National/The Kobal Collection in full Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn Australian actor, celebrated during his short but colourful lifetime as the screen's foremost swashbuckler. Flynn, Errol... (75 of 546 words) To read the full article, activate your FREE Trial Commonly Asked Questions About Errol Flynn Close Enable free complete viewings of Britannica premium articles when linked from your website or blog-post. Now readers of your website, blog-post, or any other web content can enjoy full access to this article on Errol Flynn , or any Britannica premium article for free, even those readers without a premium membership. Just copy the HTML code fragment provided below to create the link and then paste it within your web content. For more details about this feature, visit our", "Errol Flynn was an Australian actor who became an overnight sensation when he arrived in Hollywood. This film directed by Michael Curtiz was his first real starring role and quickly earmarked him as one of the legends of the golden age of Hollywood. A figure who became as famous for his off-screen shenanigans as for those in front of the camera, he was a ladies man with a lurid reputation.", "Errol Flynn, stage name of Leslie Thompson, (June 20, 1909 - October 14, 1959) was an actor.", "Flynn described his mother’s family as “seafaring folk,” and this appears to be where his life-long interest in ships and the sea originated. Both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish and British descent, who had been married at St John’s Church of England, Balmain North, Sydney, on 23 January 1909.", "According to his autobiography, Errol Flynn's mother, Marelle Young, was a descendant of Midshipman Edward (\"Ned\") Young, a Bounty mutineer who went to Pitcairn with Fletcher Christian. Young had four children with Toofaiti, Nancy, George, Robert and William, and three more with Christian's widow Mauatua, Edward, Polly and Dorothea. His descendants still live on Pitcairn, Norfolk and in New Zealand.", "While Merle Oberon was best known for playing Catherine Earnshaw from Wuthering Heights, like Heathcliff, she also had a mysterious past she covered up for years, which has just only come to light after her death. So for those who believe she was from Tasmania, you are wrong. Besides, that’s Errol Flynn’s home range, not hers.", "Errol Flynn, is probably best remembered as Robin Hood and his swashbuckling adventure films. Flynn also did a few western films. They mabybe be not as popular as some of his other pictures, but they are still entertaining movies. Click picture to view Errol Flynn's Official website.", "In 1933, he starred in the Australian film In the Wake of the Bounty , directed by Charles Chauvel , and in 1934 appeared in Murder at Monte Carlo , produced at the Warner Bros. Teddington Studios , England. This latter film is now considered a lost film . [15] During the filming of Murder at Monte Carlo, Flynn was discovered by a Warner Brothers executive, signed to a contract and emigrated to America as a contract actor. He became a naturalised citizen of the United States in 1942, eight months after America entered World War II.", "* Actor Errol Flynn was the father of actor/journalist Sean Leslie Flynn and grandfather of actor Sean Flynn (born Sean Rio Amir) through his daughter, Rory Flynn.", "In the early 1930s, Flynn left for the United Kingdom and, in 1933, snagged an acting job with the Northampton Repertory Company, where he worked for seven months. According to Gerry Connelly’s book, Errol Flynn in Northampton, he also performed at the 1934 Malvern Festival as well as in Glasgow and London’s West End.", "Flynn described his mother's family as \"seafaring folk\" and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats and the sea originated. Both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish, English, and Scottish descent. Despite Flynn's claims, the evidence indicates that he was not descended from any of the Bounty mutineers. Read Less", "Guy Pearce played Errol Flynn in the 1996 Australian film Flynn, which covers Flynn's youth and early manhood, ending before the start of his Hollywood career.", "Swashbuckler films were a unique genre of action movies, utilising the earlier developed art of cinematic fencing, a combination of stage combat and fencing. The most famous of these were the films of Douglas Fairbanks, which defined the genre. The stories came from romantic costume novels, particularly those of Alexandre Dumas and Rafael Sabatini, and included triumphant, thrilling music. There were three great cycles of swashbuckler films: the Douglas Fairbanks period from 1920 to 1929; the Errol Flynn period from 1935 to 1941; and a period in the 1950s heralded by films, including Ivanhoe (1952) and The Master of Ballantrae (1953), and the popularity of the British television series The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–1959). ", "Edward \"Ned\" Kelly (c. January 1855 – 11 November 1880) is Australia's most famous bushranger, and, to many, a folk hero for his defiance of the colonial authorities. Born near Melbourne to an Irish convict father, as a young man he clashed with the police. After an incident at his home, police parties went in search of him. After murdering three policemen, he and his gang were proclaimed outlaws. A final violent confrontation with police at Glenrowan, with Kelly dressed in home-made plate metal armour and helmet, led to his capture and trial. He was executed by hanging at Melbourne Gaol in 1880. His daring and notoriety made him an iconic figure in Australian history, folk lore, literature, art and film.", "In 1933, In the Wake of the Bounty was directed by Charles Chauvel, who cast Errol Flynn as the leading actor. Flynn went on to a celebrated career in Hollywood. Chauvel directed a number of successful Australian films, the last being 1955's Jedda, which was notable for being the first Australian film to be shot in colour, and the first to feature Aboriginal actors in lead roles and to be entered at the Cannes Film Festival. It was not until 2006 and Rolf de Heer's Ten Canoes that a major feature-length drama was shot in an indigenous language.", "This is the trailer for \"The Sea Hawk\" (1940), Errol Flynn's second pirate film. He had made \"Captain Blood\" in 1935 and had appeared in a number of romantic costume dramas in the intervening years, but \"Captain Blood\" was his first return to the full-blooded swashbuckling film.", "In 1984, CBS produced a television film based on Flynn's autobiography, starring Duncan Regehr as Flynn. Regehr commented that it was an amazing coincidence in his life that he'd had the opportunity to portray two characters (the other being the fictional character Zorro ) that \"helped define our image of swashbuckling in movies\". [28]", "1933 24 Years Old In early 1933, Flynn appeared as an amateur actor in the Australian film In the Wake of the Bounty, in the lead role of Fletcher Christian. … Read More", "There was much bushranging activity in the Lachlan Valley, around Forbes, Yass and Cowra in New South Wales. Frank Gardiner, John Gilbert and Ben Hall led the most notorious gangs of the period. Other active bushrangers included Dan Morgan, based in the Murray River, and Captain Thunderbolt, killed outside Uralla.", "Ned Kelly is a 1970 British-Australian biographical (and part musical) film. It was the seventh Australian feature film version of the story of 19th century Australian bushranger Ned Kelly. It is notable for being the first Kelly film to be shot in colour.", "1957. Action. Directed by Jack Lee and starring Peter Finch, Ronald Lewis and Maureen Swanson. Two brothers join their father in Captain Starlight’s (Finch) bushranger gang in 19th century Australia.", "He claimed to be the great-great-great-great-grandson of HMS Bounty mutineer Edward \"Ned\" Young. However research suggests this was not actually true. Flynn portrayed Fletcher Christian in the film In the Wake of the Bounty (1933). He was also the 23rd great-grandson of Robert De Vere. In addition, he is the 15th cousin twice removed of Olivia de Havilland , who played Maid Marian, his love interest, in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938).", "Aiming a pistol with a desperate glint in his eye, Ned Kelly warns off curious bystanders. The legendary bushranger (played by Heath Ledger) took over a small rural town yesterday. The town of Clunes is being used for street scenes in the new movie Ned Kelly and yesterday filming was in full swing. Clunes locals (in particular several teenage girls) spent the day outside the set in a bid to catch a glimpse of home-grown heart-throb Ledger, 23.", "\"Ned Kelly\" is a straight-forward re-telling of the legendary Australian who has a powerful symbolism as both an outlaw and a revolutionary." ]

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[ "ACMAT  · Agricola  · Ajokki (Finland) · Albion Motors  · Alfa Romeo (Italy) · Amanco  · Astra (Italy) · AutoDiana  · Avia (Czech)  · Avia (Spain)  · Barreiros (Spain) · Berliet (France) · Bernard (France) · Bollnäs  · DAAG (Germany) · DAF (Netherlands) ( Paccar ) · EBIAN (Greece) · Ebro (Spanish) · ELBO (Greek) · Emelba (Spain) · Enasa (Spain) · Faun (German) · Fiat / Iveco (Italy)/ Ford Trucks / Iveco-Ford  · FTF Trucks (Netherlands) · Hanomag  · Hanomag Henschel  · Hispano-Suiza (Spain) · Intrall (Poland) · IPV (Spain) · Jelcz  · Kaelble  · KMC  · Laffly (France) · Latil (France) · LIAZ  · Magirus-Deutz (Germany) · MAN (German) · Mercedes Benz (German) · MOL (Belgium) · Panhard (France) · Pegaso (Spain) · Renault (France) · Roman  · Saurer (Switzerland) · Saviem  · Scania  · Scania-Vabis  · Steyr (Austria) · Tatra (Czech) · Uro (Spain) · Volkswagen (Germany) · Volvo (Sweden)", "As of 2008, International plates for private cars are available from the DLT upon request, for a fee. The prefix characters are translated via code-matching into two alphanumeric Roman characters. The country name THAILAND is displayed in capital letters below the registration number, and the numerical provincial code is shown in the bottom right. The plates are black on white. They are required for transport into Burma, Cambodia, Southern China, Laos, Vietnam and Malaysia. However, they are not legal inside Thailand, and must be removed upon re-entering the country.", "A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. These vehicles with these purposes include bicycles (only back), buses, cars, golf carts (front and back in each state), motorboats (only back), motorcycles (only back), scooters (only back), tractors, tricycles (only back), trucks, vans, and possibly hoverboards and segways (only back), but not likely unicycles (only back). The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the vehicle owner within the issuing region's database. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, while in others it is unique within a state or province. Whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. Depending on the country, the vehicle registration plate may be called a licence plate (e.g., United States and Canada), or number plate (e.g., Australia, India, United Kingdom).", "The Ford Ka is a city car from the Ford Motor Company marketed in Europe and elsewhere. The current European version is produced by Fiat Auto in Tychy, Poland, while the model sold in Latin America is built in Brazil and Argentina. [1] [2]", "Most of you here will know what KTM is – it is the name of a manufacturer based in the Austrian town of Mattighofen, near Salzburg in Europe. KTM is an acronym for Kraftfahrzeuge Trunkenpolz Mattighofen. Kraftfahrzeuge means ‘motor vehicles’. Trunkenpolz comes from its founder Hans Trunkenpolz who founded it in the town of Mattighofen in 1934.", "In South Africa pickups account for about 17 per cent of the passenger and light commercial vehicle sales, mostly the Toyota Hilux, Ford Ranger, and Isuzu KB (Isuzu D-Max). The Volkswagen Amarok and Nissan Navara are also sold, that latter marketed as the Nissan NP300 Hardbody.", "Alternative Cars (Intl.) Ltd. P.O. Box 13207 29b Alfred St Onehunga, Auckland, New Zealand 64-21-939436 www.sportscars.net.nz Manufactures the Mazda Miata-based 55 MGTF TG Sports", "Normal vehicles have number plates starting with the letter B, followed by three digits, followed by three letters. The digits and letters are assigned by a registrar. The three letters never include the letter Q, to avoid confusion with O. Botswana number plates have a reflective white front and yellow rear background, and black lettering.", "Normal vehicles have number plates starting with the letter B, followed by three digits, followed by three letters. The digits and letters are assigned by a registrar. The three letters never include the letter Q, to avoid confusion with O. Botswana number plates have either a reflective white front and yellow rear background, and black lettering.", "Since the 1970s, in remote areas of Africa, South America, Asia and the Australian Outback, the somewhat similar Nissan Patrol (which was the first 4x4 other than the Range Rover to adopt coil springs at the front and rear) and Mitsubishi Pajero (also known as Shogun in the UK and Montero in other markets) have overtaken the Land Rover as the utility 4x4 of choice, partly because of the better support network and reputation for reliability. In Australia at least, pricing is now actually comparable or in favour of the Land Rover, due to the shorter supply chain. Another reason seems to be the 'leadfoot' factor - the workhorse Toyota models tend to have larger engines than the comparable Land Rover models.", "In 2008, [3] the European Ka was replaced with a model developed and produced for Ford by Fiat S.p.A in conjunction with Fiat's own 500 vehicle. [20] [21] The car is built in Fiat's Tychy, Poland factory alongside the Fiat 500 , Fiat Panda and Lancia Ypsilon .", "In Australia, the V6 engine Camry was badged \"Camry Vienta\" when launched in 1993, later becoming the Toyota Vienta in 1995. In South Africa, the XV10 Camry was manufactured by Toyota SA in Durban from 1992 to 2002, offering both the 2.2-liter and 3.0-liter engines, as well as a 2.0-liter engine derived from the Celica. Only a sedan configuration was available. These were also marketed and sold into Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe.", "Brazil adopted its current system in 1990, which uses the form ABC 1234, with a dot between letters and numbers. A combination given to one vehicle cannot be transferred to another vehicle.", "Car for use in (country): Date Required:. I am interested in: 8(K) Series fj New 600 Series Q 400 Series fj 2(X) Saloon fj 200 Coupe 200 Cabriolet FJ Montcgo Estate Q Metro fj Mini Q) Land Rover Defender Land Rover Discovery G Range Rover Q TAX FREE FOR EXPORT fj TAX PAID FOR I'K USE Post to SCE Ltd, FRHEPOST. Faringdon, Oxon SN: 5BR (No stamp required if mailed in IK or BFPO).", "€1,700 including transfer. 952058048 BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (0)uve 609709466 ---------------------------------------------EMBARGOs or finance no (0)ghf problem. 678808837 --------------------------------------------MERCEDEs E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14,950. Call (0)uvef 609709466 --------------------------------------------TOYOTA Landcruiser D4D, 2003, slate grey, 115,000kms, immaculate condition. Valued €15,000, bargain at €12,200. 654396651 (0)kwf --------------------------------------------CARs, Vans bought without papers, best prices. Please call (0)ghf 678808837 ---------------------------------------------UNWANTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. Removed free (159)atp 616835799 ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works. Call 952454491", "The Mark III was available in South Africa as the XLE with the Essex V6 3.0L engine. There was also a Pickup truck version available.", "In Australia, rather than referred to by marks, Cortinas had a two-letter code beginning with 'T' from the Mk III on. Hence, the Mk III was the TC, with a mid-life revised model the TD. The Mk IV was the TE and the Mk V the TF. Luxury options for the TC and TD were L, XL, XLE and for the TE and TF were L, Ghia.", "In addition to four-cylinder models, the Mark III was available in South Africa as the 'Big Six' L and GL with the Essex V6 2.5 litre engine and Perana, GT and XLE with the Essex V6 3.0 litre engine. There was also a pick-up truck version available. In addition to the 1.6-litre inline-four, there was also a version with a locally built two-litre V4 engine, unlike anywhere else in the world. Max power is SAE, and it was also available with pick-up bodywork beginning in late 1972. The Cortina 2000 V4 arrived during 1972 and also became available as a station wagon later in the year. The shorter engine required a radiator shroud to compensate. The Cortina GT, however, received an OHC inline-four in South Africa as well.", "According to AutoGuide , Å koda submitted four separate trademark applications for “Skoda Superb”, “Superb”, “Octavia”, and “Yeti” with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) on May 24 and May 25, 2016. USPTO has yet to  publish them for opposition .", "* B 1234 AB, is mainly a vehicle registered in Jakarta, distinguishable from the letter code from the first letter of the plate, \"B\" which represents the following cities: Jakarta, Tangerang that includes South Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi that is shortened as \"JADETABEK\". Mainly, vehicles registered in 2008 or 2009 and later starts using three letters at the end of the whole plate, for example: B 1234 ABC", "* KT 8910 T, is a vehicle registered in East Kalimantan Province, Tarakan municipality, on Borneo island. East Kalimantan code is \"KT\"", "BMW and M Series are registered Trademarks of Bayerische Motoren Werke AG. Mercedes and AMG are Registered Trademarks of Daimler AG.", "*Dealer plates are white background with red typeface, usually for vehicles yet to have legal and confirmed information and owner.", "ITPs are compulsory for cars crossing the international borders, but are  no longer issued or required for motorcycles. You can get a Certificate of Registration if you can, but they generally don’t ask for one either.", "We represent Chana Automobile Co. which produces light commercial vehicles and small to medium size buses. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been representing them for about four years now. We also represent King Long full size buses which are used for City Bus operations.", "Das große Verzeichnis aller Autohändler und Automobilhandelsgruppen in Deutschland mit Adressen von Autohändlern Werkstätten Reifenhändlern und Tankstellen....", "On 7 April 2010 Renault-Nissan executives, Carlos Ghosn and Dr. Dieter Zetsche announced a partnership between the three companies. The first fruits of the alliance in 2012 included engine sharing (Infiniti Q50 utilising Mercedes diesel engines) and a re-badged Renault Kangoo being sold as a Mercedes-Benz Citan. ", "A rarther blatant copy of a smart fortwo, though it seats four and has a front-mounted engine.  The yellow one pictured had a special touch on the back:", "| Vehicle type: __ | | c = Car | | t = Truck | | b = Bus |", "Abnormal load vehicles and trailers. The vehicle has 2 plates identical in format to the current series.", "Today vehicles with plates ending in 0 and 1, 2 and 3, etc 8 and 9 do not circulate", "8. For more information, visit KBB.com . Kelley Blue Book is a registered trademark of Kelley Blue Book Co., Inc." ]

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[ "In 1990 he beat highly rated Brazilian Reginaldo Dos Santos in 20 seconds to win an inter-continental title and a World title shot, then won the WBO World middleweight title against Nigel Benn in a classic encounter that was later released on DVD. Eubank would defend the title successfully against Dan Sherry, Gary Stretch and finally in an excellent match with Michael Watson. This concluded Eubank's career as a middleweight, with a 28-0 record.", "Christopher Livingstone Eubanks (born 8 August 1966),. Retrieved 2 July 2016. known as Chris Eubank, is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 1998. He held the WBO middleweight and super-middleweight titles, scoring victories over six world champions, and is ranked by BoxRec as the third best British super-middleweight boxer of all time. A slick, awkward and unorthodox fighter, Eubank had natural athleticism, coupling speed and one-punch knockout power used together with ease.", "Chris is a British boxing legend and a much-loved media personality. His sporting talent and quirky sense of humour have kept him in the limelight for a number of years. Christopher Livingstone Eubanks (later opting to delete the ‘s’ from his surname) was born on 8 August 1966, in South London and spent his early days in Jamaica, from two months old to six years old, when he returned to England. When he was 16 he went to live in New York with his mother. In his spare time he trained at the Jerome Boxing Club. He won the 1984 Spanish Golden Gloves Tournament and also got to the semi-final stage of the main Golden Gloves tournament at Madison Square Garden at aged 18. Chris won the WBO middleweight title against Nigel Benn (and the odds) in a classic encounter. Continue Reading »", "Scored a 12-round unanimous decision over Chris Eubank to win the vacant WBO super middleweight title", "Former WBO middleweight and super middleweight champion Chris Eubank said: 'I'm the type of person who looks at a man's behaviour. It inspired me that Henry Cooper was loved by the public, and I wanted the same.", "Despite so many irrational decisions, the WBO increased its influence in Europe, particularly in the British Isles, which by the end of 1993 claimed four of the organization’s titles. This was proving very lucrative to British boxers and promoters. Chris Eubank (England), having retained the WBO super middleweight crown against several moderate challengers, faced Nigel Benn (England), the WBC super middleweight champion, over 12 rounds at Manchester. The contest ended in a draw, and so each fighter retained his title. The fight attracted 42,000, with Benn collecting £1 million and Eubank £800,000. It was seen by 16 million people on one British TV channel.", "In the 1990s British boxing was spoilt for choice in the middleweight division as Nigel Benn, Steve Collins and Chris Eubank all held world titles and fought each other in epic bouts.", "Chris Eubank vs Gary Stretch WBO middleweight championship of the World billed, \"Beauty And The Best\" official on-site 36 page programme, 18th April 1991, Earls Court Exhibition Hall, London.", "1995-03-18 : Steve Collins 167¾ lbs beat Chris Eubank 167¾ lbs by UD in round 12 of 12", "In 1997, Calzaghe beat the legendary Chris Eubank, knocking him down in the first and ten rounds en route to a unanimous decision victory, capturing the vacant WBO Super Middleweight Championship. This is considered to be one of the biggest wins of Calzaghe's career. Eubank had only two losses, both to Steve Collins up till that time. Eubank had 14 successful title defenses of his WBO Super Middleweight title before losing it to Collins.", "Super-middleweight professional boxer. Born in Belfast in 1969. He won the European super-middleweight title in 1993 when defeating Italian Vincenzo Nardiello. In May 1993 he drew on points with Chris Eubank for the W.B.O. World Super-Middleweight crown in Glasgow, and gained a W.B.O number two ranking as a result. He relinquished his European title in August 1993 to concentrate on a world title shot.", "The choice to move management seemed to work almost immediately. After just two fights under Warren, he had his chance at a title. In October 1997, Calzaghe faced British boxing legend Chris Eubank for the WBO Super Middleweight title in Sheffield. Eubank was a strong favourite, but Calzaghe shocked the boxing world by defeating the two time WBO champion after he knocked down Eubank in the first round, before winning by a unanimous points decision. This was the first real success for Calzaghe. The boxing world began to take notice.", "After losing his WBO world middleweight title to Eubank, Nigel won his next six professional bouts before claiming the WBC world super middleweight title from Italian Mauro Galvano by a 4th round KO in Mauro’s home country.", "A rematch was quickly arranged for three months later and they again fought for the WBO cruiserweight championship in what turned out to be Eubank's last fight. Eubank had the better of the fight early in the rematch, but the short rest between the bouts came back to haunt him as his left eye that was damaged in the first fight rapidly began to swell. The fight was stopped at the end of the ninth round, when Eubank's left eye closed completely from swelling. At the time he was ahead on the scorecards. It was the only stoppage loss of Eubank's career spanning 3 weight divisions, 30 pounds and 13 years as professional.", "It was also the final outing for the two-weight world champion. Eubank ended his career with a 45-5-2 (23 KOs) record.", "Joe won his first World Title on 1997, when he knocked down Chris Eubank in round one and went on to score a unanimous decision win for the WBO Super Middleweight Title.", "In the lighter weight divisions however, long-reigning champions during the 1990s such as Chris Eubank, Dariusz Michalczewski, Johnny Tapia, and Naseem Hamed gave the WBO title much more prestige. The WBO was also made popular by boxers such as Marco Antonio Barrera, Oscar De La Hoya, Nigel Benn, Ronald \"Winky\" Wright, Joe Calzaghe, and Wladimir Klitschko holding its title.", "After a string of impressive stoppage victories following a dominant 10-round decision over American 'gatekeeper'/'journeyman' Randy Smith, Eubank captured the WBC International title in 1990 against Hugo Corti. Later in the year, he knocked out Renaldo Dos Santos in precisely 20 seconds (including the 10-count).", "He made his debut at the Atlantis Hotel against Timmy Brown, shortly after his 19th birthday. It was an eye-catching display, the young man vaulting the top rope and showing agility, skill and power. He won over four rounds on points, and four more four-rounders followed (all in Atlantic City) with four more points wins. He finally returned to the UK in January 1988, making Brighton (where his brothers Peter and Simon had settled) his adopted home. He became obsessed with becoming a World champion. In October 1988, when he was 10 and 0 as a professional boxer, Eubank first started calling out Nigel Benn, and they would become arch-rivals.", "After the Benn rematch and the Rocchigiani victory, Eubank signed an eight fight £10million deal with Sky Sports, and fought in Ireland, South Africa, Manchester, London and Millstreet. Fights in Paris, Rome and the Middle East to conclude the program were scuppered when Eubank lost his title via a split decision in March 1995. In his 44th fight, having accepted at short notice to fight Steve Collins, his unbeaten record and title were lost. Collins was a stand-in for Ray Close, who had failed an MRI scan. Eubank had Collins reeling but seemmed bereft of his old killer instinct. In the rematch, Eubank had Collins bleeding and disorientated but would not 'bludgeon' his opponent to a knockout, after the Watson tragedy. Chris, with not a mark on his face, lost on points. He retired at 45-2.", "Chris Eubank had his best wins over Michael Watson, Thulani Malinga, and Nigel Benn. This is a good list of wins, but far from the elite status one would expect from a nation that produced the likes of Jimmy Wilde, Bob Fitzsimmons, Turpin, and Buchanan. Watson accomplished little out of stopping Benn early in his career, and was knocked out by the underrated Mike McCallum immediately after. Malinga’s only good win was a split decision over Benn, who was nearing the end of his career.", "Benn came back to Britain and fought classy Chris Eubank, it was a fight captured the British public’s imagination, Benn was the boxer who would come in swinging and Eubank was a more stylish boxer with great feet movement and superb uppercut. Both boxers went at it from the opening bell, Benn knocked Eubank down in round 8 this was the first time Eubank had been on the canvas, but Eubank came back and stopped Benn in round nine thus capturing the WBO belt.", "Eubank won an eliminator for his old title against Jose Ignacio Barruetabena, as well as a win over Bruno Ruben Godoy. A rematch with Collins took place in Cork, Ireland, and Eubank lost again by a surprisingly narrow split decision. He announced his retirement from the ring in October 1995. He made a quick comeback in 1996, however, defeating Luis Dionisio Barrera and Camilo Alarcon.", "A fight against the recently deposed titleholder and British boxing legend Chris Eubank was set up for the vacant WBO title on 11 October 1997, in Sheffield. Calzaghe emerged victorious over the two-time WBO champion, shockingly knocking Eubank down in the opening seconds and claiming a unanimous points win. The judges scored the contest 118-110, 118-109, and 116-111 in favour of Calzaghe. Eubank said of Calzaghe in a 2006 interview that: \"Joe is the proper article, a true warrior.\" Calzaghe conceded that Eubank, even in his comeback, gave him the toughest fight of his life.", "PAUL UPHAM ANSWERS: We comparing these three boxers, firstly we have to say they were all world class fighters and deserving world champions. The more I think of it, the more I think UK boxing fans were blessed to have all three around at the same time. But you have to look at their complete body of career work and all had great triumphs. Yes, Collins beat Eubank and Benn twice, but I think you can make an argument that both were past their best then. Benn clearly was, Eubank marginally so. Not to say that Collins was a genuine world champion either. Eubank deserves credit for his first win over Benn, but the ‘Dark Destroyer’ appeared to win their rematch even though it was scored a draw.", "In the event the first fight, held at Earl’s Court in 1991, was a bit of a damp squid.  Eubank was all preening confidence and strutting lethargy.  Watson, in turn, went for the body of Eubank, seen as Chris’s weak-point going into the bout.  The body punching caused Eubank to drop his gloves as the fight wore-on, although as we would find out Eubank could do this and get away with it, his chin looked after itself.", "PAUL UPHAM ANSWERS: At their absolute peaks, I have Eubank and Collins at the top. Collins’ fitness and workrate beat Eubank twice. Chris just couldn’t keep the same pace when they fought, although he fought well in spurts. I thought Benn beat Eubank in their rematch. Nigel landed the cleaner, harder punches. Eubank took a lot of punishment in the later fights in his career and I think this hurt him against Collins.", "CLIVE BERNATH ANSWERS: You may well have a point about Eubank not being the same fighter after the Watson tragedy. I thought the same thing and asked Chris Eubank that same question a few years ago and he said ‘no’. I can’t remember exactly what he said but words to the effect of he was a professional fighter and had to do the best job he could. Having said that I do think Eubank lost his edge after the second Watson fight.", "Saunders, however, is much skilful than any of the journeymen and no-hopers who feature on Eubank’s record . “He’s definitely at a higher level than anyone else I’ve faced as a professional,” Eubank Jr agrees. “But in terms of those I’ve sparred with he doesn’t come close. I’ve shared the ring with world champions and held my own. Carl Froch, Nathan Cleverly, George Groves, David Haye, [James] DeGale and, in the States, Chad Dawson, Montell Griffin and Zab Judah. These are serious fighters and countless levels above Average Joe. He says he wants to kill me. But he knows he can’t beat me.”", "In relation to who was better Eubank, Collins or Benn? I think Eubank comes out on top, after all he twice beat Watson who knocked out Benn, as well as stopping Benn himself. I then pick Benn as he notched up great results against hard-hitting opponents like Barkley and McClellan. Collins was excellent but he fought Eubank and Benn past their prime. I would have liked to have seen a prime Eubank and Benn fight Roy Jones and James Toney. Who do you think would have come out on top? Were they dodged because of what they did to Watson and the G-man?", "PAUL UPHAM ANSWERS: Unfortunately fights with Toney, Jones Jr and Benn, Eubank and Collins never happened. The Americans seemingly didn’t want to go to fight in the UK and those in the UK were busy with their own domestic match-ups. I agree with Ben, Eubank would have had the best chance of beating Toney and Jones Jr. Though, Collins work rate and chin would have given Toney trouble as well. A prime Jones would have been too fast for him.", "GREG JUCKETT ANSWERS: Mark, Eubank was unbeaten in 14 fights after the Michael Watson bout. To pin Collins’ win on the Watson outcome doesn’t hold water." ]

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[ "\"She Ain't Worth It\" is a song recorded by Glenn Medeiros with a rap verse from singer Bobby Brown. It hit number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 on July 21, 1990, becoming Medeiros' only number one hit in America and Brown's second and last number one hit after \"My Prerogative\". The single also reached the Top 20 in the UK Singles Chart where Medeiros had previously reached number 1 with his hit \"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You\".", "Robert Barisford \"Bobby\" Brown (born February 5, 1969) is a Grammy Award -winning American R&B singer-songwriter and dancer . After success in pop group New Edition , Brown began his solo career in 1987 and had a string of Top 10 Billboard hits, culminating in a Grammy Award . He was a pioneer of New Jack Swing music, a fusion of hip hop and R&B. His second album, Don't Be Cruel , included popular songs such as \" My Prerogative \". Brown is the ex-husband of R&B singer Whitney Houston and starred in the reality show Being Bobby Brown .", "Despite the group's success, his solo debut, King of Stage, sold disappointingly, with the single \"Girlfriend\" a comparatively middling R&B hit. In 1988, he hooked up with producers Teddy Riley and L.A. Reid and Babyface. The album they produced, the chart-topping, sextuple platinum Don't Be Cruel, helped change the face of popular music, fusing melodic, soulful songs with hip-hop rhythms, bringing the hybrid style new jack swing to a pop audience. The title track went gold, topped the R&B charts, and hit #8 on the pop charts. The gold follow-up single, \"My Prerogative,\" topped both the pop and R&B charts. \"Roni\" went to #3; \"Every Little Step\" went gold, topped the R&B chart, and hit #3 pop; \"Rock Witcha\" went gold and hit #7 pop. Brown also had a platinum single with the #2 pop tune \"On Our Own,\" featured in the film Ghostbusters II. He topped the pop charts again on a gold duet with Glen Medeiros, \"She Ain't Worth It.\"", "Robert \"Bobby\" Brown (born February 5, 1969) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer and actor. Brown started his career as one of the frontmen of the R&B and pop group New Edition, from its inception in 1978 until his forced exit from the group in 1985 following a period of misbehavior and rebellious behavior on his part. Starting a solo career, he became a hit success with his second album in 1988, Don't Be Cruel, which spawned a number of hit singles including the self-penned \"My Prerogative\", which became his signature hit. Brown had a string of top ten hits on various Billboard charts between 1986 and 1993. Brown is noted as a pioneer of new jack swing, a fusion of R&B.", "Bobby Brown age 46 Robert Barisford \"Bobby\" Brown is an American R&B singer-songwriter, rapper, dancer, and actor. Brown started his career as one of the frontmen of the R&B/pop group New Edition, from", "R&B singer Bobby Brown, accused of battering his wife Whitney Houston on Dec. 7, 2003, married the pop diva in 1992 when both had successful singing careers. Their divorce is final April 24, 2007.", "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter, and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny’s Child. Managed by her father Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world’s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé’s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide; it sold 12 million copies, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles “Crazy in Love” and “Baby Boy”.", "Beyonce Knowles is an American singer and actress who was born on September 4, 1981. After starting singing at a very young age, she competed in several singing competitions while growing up and first garnered international fame as the lead singer of one of the world’s best selling girl-group of all time, Destiny’s Child in late 1990s. Beyonce launched her solo career in 2003 with debut album Dangerously in Love which garnered huge commercial success and established her as a highly successful solo artist worldwide.", "Bobby Brown grew up in the projects in the Roxbury section of Boston. His father was a construction worker and his mother taught grade school. They sang in church, and listened to blues and R&B at home. Brown saw music as his way out of the projects. He formed the vocal group New Edition with four of his Roxbury friends, sharing lead vocal duty with Ralph Tresvant for five years before going solo in 1986 at age 17.", "Grace Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, lyricist, supermodel, record producer, and actress. She was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica and raised by her grandparents. At 13 she moved with her siblings to their parents' home in Syracuse, New York. Jones started out as a model, initially in New York state, then in Paris, working for Yves St. Laurent, Claude Montana, and Kenzo Takada, and appearing on the covers of Elle, Vogue, and Stern working with Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin, and Hans Feurer.", "Nathaniel Dwayne Hale (August 19, 1969 – March 15, 2011), better known by his stage name Nate Dogg, was an American rapper, singer, and actor. He was known as one of the pioneers of West Coast hip hop. He was noted for his membership in rap trio 213 and his solo career in which he collaborated with Dr. Dre, Eminem, Warren G, Tupac Shakur, Westside Connection, Snoop Dogg, 50 Cent, Ludacris, Xzibit, and Shade Sheist on many hit releases. He released three solo albums, G-Funk Classics, Vol. 1 & 2 in 1998, Music & Me in 2001, and Nate Dogg as a bootlegged album in 2003 and on CD in 2014.", "In 2003, a few years before his death, Bobby, his wife Vicki, and Famous Flames Bobby Bennett and Lloyd Stallworth, sued lead singer James Brown and Universal Music for non-payment of royalties, stating that monies that rightfully belong to them for numerous Famous Flames hits, and Byrd's hit \"I Know You Got Soul\", which was sampled by numerous rappers, including Eric B. & Rakim, were sent by Universal to James Brown instead, who allegedly kept them. The suit was dismissed due to the statute of limitations having run out. However, rapper Jay-Z, who sampled Byrd's song \"I'm Not to Blame\" for his recording, \"U Don't Know\", on his 2001 multi million-selling The Blueprint, paid Byrd 65% of the royalties for the song, allowing Byrd and his family to secure a mortgage for their home, which was worth about $250,000.", "Helen Folasade Adu (born 16 January 1959), better known as Sade, is a British singer-songwriter, composer, and record producer. Sade was born in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Her middle name, Folasade, means \"honor confers your crown.\"  When Sade was 11, she moved to live at Holland-on-Sea with her mother, and after completing school at 18 she moved to London and studied at the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. While at college, she joined a soul band, Pride, in which she sang backing vocals. Her solo performances of the song \"Smooth Operator\" attracted the attention of record companies and in 1983, she signed a solo deal with Epic Records, taking three members of the band with her. Sade and her band produced the first of a string of hit albums, the debut album Diamond Life, in 1984, and have subsequently sold over 50 million albums. She is the most successful solo female artist in British history.", "Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Jr. (born October 20, 1971), best known by his stage name Snoop Dogg (formerly Snoop Doggy Dogg) and now also using an alter ego pseudonym Snoop Lion, is an American rapper/reggae singer, record producer, and actor. Snoop is best known as a rapper in the West Coast hip hop scene, and for being one of Dr. Dre’s most notable protégés. Snoop Lion was a Crip gang member while in high school. Shortly after graduation, he was arrested for cocaine possession and spent six months in Wayside County Jail. His music career began in 1992 after his release when he was discovered by Dr. Dre. He collaborated on several tracks on Dre’s solo debut, The Chronic and on the titular theme song to the film Deep Cover.", "Dana Elaine Owens (born March 18, 1970), known professionally by her stage name Queen Latifah, is an American rapper, songwriter, singer, actress, model, television producer, record producer, comedian, and talk show host. Born in Newark, New Jersey, she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album All Hail the Queen the same year, featuring the hit single \"Ladies First\". Her second album, Nature of a Sista (1991), was her final album with Tommy Boy Records.", "In August, accident-prone former R&B star Bobby Brown was in court on drugs and traffic charges just hours after being released from prison. Mr Whitney Houston was fined fourteen hundred dollars.", "Antoine Dominique \"Fats\" Domino Jr. (born February 26, 1928) is an American R&B and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. Domino first attracted national attention with \"The Fat Man\" in 1949 on Imperial Records. This song is an early rock and roll record, featuring a rolling piano and Domino doing \"wah-wah\" vocalizing over a strong back beat. It sold over a million copies and is widely regarded as the first rock and roll record to do so. Fats Domino released a series of hit songs with producer and co-writer Dave Bartholomew, saxophonists Herbert Hardesty and Alvin \"Red\" Tyler and drummer Earl Palmer. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Domino's band were saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, and Fred Kemp, Domino's trusted bandleader. Domino finally crossed into the pop mainstream with \"Ain't That a Shame\" (1955), which hit the Top Ten, though Pat Boone characteristically hit #1 with a milder cover of the song that received wider radio airplay in a racially-segregated era. Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles.", "Good Girl Gone Bad is the third studio album by Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna , released May 30, 2007, on Def Jam Recordings . Recording sessions for the album took place during October 2006 to April 2007 at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles. Rihanna worked with producers Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken, Ne-Yo, StarGate, and Timbaland. Departing from the dancehall influence of her previous albums, Good Girl Gone Bad contains up-tempo and ballad-oriented songs, and it heavily incorporates pop and dance-pop musical styles.", "Tramar Lacel Dillard (born September 16, 1979), better known by his stage name Flo Rida (pronounced ) is an American hip hop recording artist from Carol City, Florida. His 2008 breakout single \"Low\" was number one for 10 weeks in the United States and broke the record for digital download sales at the time of its release. ", "Known For : Female American R & B, soul, disco and jazz singer who during the mid 1970s through to the mid- 1980's helped shape the Motown sound as lead singer of The Supremes who has sold more than 100 million records worldwide. During her career she has had eighteen American number-one singles including \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\", \"Touch Me in the Morning\", \" Do You Know Where You're Going To \", \"Upside Down\", \"Love Hangover\" and \"Endless Love\" (with Lionel Richie). Twelve were as lead singer of The Supremes and six as a soloist. In addition to singing career she has won critical and popular acclaim as an actress and was nominated for an Oscar for her role as Billie Holiday in Lady Sings the Blues.", "Color Me Badd was an R&B vocal group that was formed in Oklahoma. The original members of the group were Bryan Abrams (born November 16, 1969); Mark Calderon (born September 27, 1970); Sam Watters (born July 23, 1970) and Kevin Thornton (born June 17, 1969). The group sold 8.8 million records worldwide.", "\"Don't Cha\" is a song by American girl group The Pussycat Dolls from their debut studio album PCD (2005). The song features rapper Busta Rhymes who co-wrote the song with its producer, CeeLo Green. The song contains an interpolation of \"Swass\" which is written and performed by Sir Mix-a-Lot. It is a R&B song. \"Don't Cha\" was originally recorded by Tori Alamaze who released the song as her first single; however after minor success and dissatisfaction with her label she give up her rights to the song. Universal Music Group gave it to the Pussycat Dolls as the label was trying to reinvent the girl group.", "Bobby Byrd (Robert Howard Byrd, Toccoa, Georgia, August 15, 1934 – Loganville, Georgia, September 12, 2007) was an american funk, soul, rhythm & blues, gospel singer, songwriter and record producer.", "Don't Be Cruel is the second album by American R&B singer Bobby Brown. It was released in the United States on June 20, 1988 by MCA Records.", "\"U Got It Bad\" is a song by American recording artist Usher, released through Arista as the second single from his third studio album, 8701 (2001). It was written by Usher, Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox, and produced by the former and co-produced by the latter. It was released as a CD Single in the US on September 4, 2001. \"U Got It Bad\" is an R&B ballad that, according to MTV, incorporates \"digi-coustic\" guitars, a \"slow-burning bass line\" and \"sex funk\" drums. The lyrics notably contain some quick direct allusions to other soul music ballads, mainly Maxwell's \"Fortunate\", and Prince's \"Adore\".", "People we lost in 2013 – Singer Bobby \"Blue\" Bland , who helped create the modern soul-blues sound, died June 23 at age 83. Bland was part of a blues group that included B.B. King. His song \"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City\" was sampled on a Jay-Z album. Bland was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992.", "* \"A House Is Not a Home\" (Brook Benton, U.S. Pop 75, AC 13, 1964; Dionne Warwick, 1964; Barbra Streisand, 1971; Luther Vandross, 1981);", "On January 17, 2002 it was announced that Michael's vocals are used on \"It's Not Worth It\" - a brandnew song off Brandy's new album titled \"Full Moon\", due in stores March 05, 2002.", "Born in New Orleans, established as an R&B singer and pianist before becoming a rock 'n' roll star. Known for his R&B-tinged hits \"Ain't It a Shame\" and \"Blueberry Hill.\"", "Bobby Charles, born Robert Charles Guidry, was a Cajun singer and songwriter. He wrote Fats Domino's, \"Walking To New Orleans\" and Bill Haley And The Comets', \"See You Later, Alligator.\" He also worked with Dr. John and Clarence \"Frogman\" Henry.", "Spark's third studio album features collaborations with B.O.B., 2Chainz, Shaggy and more as well as the new single, \"They Don't Give\" -- written by Babyface.", "People we lost in 2014 – Legendary soul singer Bobby Womack died June 27, according to Womack's publicist. He was 70." ]

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[ "1959 - Elvis Presley made the album charts, but no one would have known by the title of the disk. \"For LP Fans Only\" was the first LP ever issued without the artist’s name to be found anywhere on the cover -- front or back. On selected copies of the album, however, some record buyers who held the record up to their ears could plainly hear Elvis screaming, \"Help! Get me outta here! It’s me, Elvis!\" Not everyone. Just some record buyers...", "1959 - Elvis Presley made the album charts, but no one would have known by the title of the disk. For LP Fans Only was the first LP ever issued without the artist�s name to be found anywhere on the cover -- front or back. On selected copies of the album, however, some record buyers who held the record up to their ears could plainly hear Elvis screaming, \"Help! Get me outta here! It�s me, Elvis!\" Not everyone. Just some record buyers...", "By 1955, at the age of 20, Elvis Presley was emerging as a regional star in the south, touring and playing shows from Tennessee to Texas. Known for his lively performances and on stage gyrations, Elvis played a unique blend of R&B, country, gospel and rock ‘n’ roll. At this early age, Elvis was taken under the wing of well-known music promoter Colonel Tom Parker who heard about Elvis and the audience reaction he was getting whenever he performed. Elvis was recording for producers Sam Phillips and his Sun label. Parker got RCA to buy Elvis’ contract for an outrageous sum at the time -- $35,000. Elvis’ first single, “Heartbreak Hotel” was released on January 27, 1956 and his self-titled debut album two months later. “Heartbreak Hotel” became Elvis Presley’s first Number One single and his debut album quickly went gold.", "March 13, 1956 - His first album, titled simply \"Elvis Presley\", is released by RCA. It will become his first Gold Album.", "RCA Victor released Presley's  self-titled debut album  on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of  rock and roll : \"Blue Suede Shoes\"—\"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way\", according to critic  Robert Hilburn —and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of  Little Richard ,  Ray Charles , and  The Drifters . As described by Hilburn, these \"were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases.\" [91 ] It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. [87 ] While Presley was not an innovative instrumentalist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers  Bo Diddley  and  Chuck Berry , cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, \"of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music.\" [92 ]", "After learning about the up-and-coming Elvis in 1955, Parker negotiated the sale of the singer’s contract with tiny Sun Records to RCA, a major label, and officially took over as his manager in 1956. Under the Colonel’s guidance, Elvis shot to stardom: His first single for RCA, “Heartbreak Hotel,” released in 1956, became the first of his career to sell more than 1 million copies; his debut album, “Elvis Presley,” topped Billboard’s pop album chart; and he made his big-screen debut in 1956’s “Love Me Tender.”", "RCA Victor released Presley's eponymous debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll: \"Blue Suede Shoes\"—\"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way\", according to critic Robert Hilburn—and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard, Ray Charles, and The Drifters. As described by Hilburn, these \"were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases.\" It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. While Presley was not an innovative guitarist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, \"of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music.\"", "Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, as a twinless twin, and when he was 13 years old, he and his family relocated to Memphis, Tennessee. His music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was an early popularizer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who managed the singer for more than two decades. Presley's first RCA single, \"Heartbreak Hotel\", was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the leading figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines that coincided with the dawn of the Civil Rights Movement, made him enormously popular—and controversial.", "RCA releases \"Elvis Presley\", Elvis' first album. (He had not released an album on Sun.) The album would go to #1 on Billboard's pop album chart for ten weeks. It would become the first Elvis album to reach over $1 million in sales, thus becoming Elvis's first gold album", "Born in Tupelo, Mississippi , Presley and his family moved to Memphis, Tennessee when he was 13 years old. His music career began there in 1954, when he started to work with Sam Phillips , the owner of Sun Records . Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , Presley was an early popularizer of rockabilly , an uptempo, backbeat -driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who was to manage the singer for more than two decades. Presley's first RCA single, \" Heartbreak Hotel \", released in January 1956, was a number-one hit in the US. He became the leading figure of rock and roll after a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines that coincided with the dawn of the Civil Rights Movement , made him enormously popular—and controversial.", "Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is \"a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement.\" The album featured the hit single \"In the Ghetto\", issued in April, which reached number three on the pop chartâPresley's first non-gospel top ten hit since \"Bossa Nova Baby\" in 1963. Further hit singles were culled from the American Sound sessions: \"Suspicious Minds\", \"Don't Cry Daddy\", and \"Kentucky Rain\".", "G.I. Blues , the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material,  His Hand in Mine , followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in Great Britain, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records. [162 ] A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody . [163 ] As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the  Nashville sound , the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely \"a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright.\" [164 ] It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a  Pearl Harbor  memorial, was staged on March 25, in  Hawaii . It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years. [165 ]", "Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is \"a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement.\"", "And then there was Elvis Presley , whose eponymous 1956 debut was the first rock ’n’ roll album to top the charts and sell a million copies. Tracks included the King’s famous cover of Carl Perkins’s \"Blue Suede Shoes.\"", "On January 10, 1956, Presley recorded his first session for RCA with guitarist Scotty Moore, bassist Bill Black, and drummer D. J. Fontana. \"I Got a Woman\", \"Heartbreak Hotel\", and \"Money Honey\" were recorded. Presley asked his new label RCA Victor if the Jordanaires could appear on the recordings. The next day Gordon Stoker was called by Chet Atkins to do a session with a new young singer named Elvis. RCA had also just signed the Speer Family. Atkins asked Stoker to sing with Ben and Brock Speer so he could use them. The recording session for \"I'm Counting on You\" and \"I Was the One\" was the first session Presley did with vocal background. By April 1956, \"Heartbreak Hotel\" was No. 1.", "The first recording session, on March 20, 1960, was attended by all of the significant businessmen involved with Presley; none had heard him sing for two years, and there were inevitable concerns about him being able to recapture his previous success. [122] The session was the first at which Presley was recorded using a three-track machine, allowing better quality, postsession remixing and stereophonic recording. [122] This, and a further session in April, yielded some of Presley's best-selling songs. \" It's Now or Never \" ended with Presley \"soaring up to an incredible top G sharp ... pure magic.\" [123] His voice on \" Are You Lonesome Tonight? \" has been described as \"natural, unforced, dead in tune, and totally distinctive.\" [123] Although some tracks were uptempo, none could be described as \"rock and roll\", and many of them marked a significant change in musical direction. [123] Most tracks found their way on to an album— Elvis is Back! —described by one critic as \"a triumph on every level... It was as if Elvis had... broken down the barriers of genre and prejudice to express everything he heard in all the kinds of music he loved\". [124] The album was also notable because of Homer Boots Randolph 's acclaimed saxophone playing on the blues songs \" Like A Baby \" and \" Reconsider Baby \", the latter being described as \"a refutation of those who do not recognize what a phenomenal artist Presley was.\" [123]", "On January 10, 1956, Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville. [87 ] Extending the singer's by now customary backup of Moore, Black, and Fontana, RCA enlisted pianist  Floyd Cramer , guitarist  Chet Atkins , and three background singers, including Gordon Stoker of the popular  Jordanaires  quartet, to fill out the sound. [88 ]The session produced the moody, unusual \" Heartbreak Hotel \", released as a single on January 27. [87 ] Parker finally brought Presley to national television, booking him on CBS's  Stage Show  for six appearances over two months. The program, produced in New York, was hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy  and  Jimmy Dorsey . After his first appearance, on January 28, Presley stayed in town to record at RCA's New York studio. The sessions yielded eight songs, including a cover of  Carl Perkins ' rockabilly anthem \" Blue Suede Shoes \". In February, Presley's \" I Forgot to Remember to Forget \", a Sun recording initially released the previous August, reached the top of the  Billboard country chart . [89 ] Neal's contract was terminated and, on March 2, Parker became Presley's manager. [90 ]", "In 1954, Elvis Presley made his first professional recordings at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee. Within two years, he was an international sensation, with an every-growing list of hit records that helped define the sound of Rock & Roll. Blending gospel, blues and country music styles, Elvis created a totally new sound, one that thrilled millions of listeners and made the young singer from Tupelo, Mississippi the worldwide spokesman for an entire generation.", "The next day, Presley recorded \"Hound Dog\", along with \" Any Way You Want Me \" and \" Don't Be Cruel \". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, \"You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight.\" [109] In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida , ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order. [110] The single pairing \"Don't Be Cruel\" with \"Hound Dog\" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years. [111] Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of \"Hound Dog\", contributed \" Love Me \". [97] [112]", "On July 18, 1953, Presley went to Sun Records' Memphis Recording Service to record \"My Happiness\" with \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\", supposedly a present for his mother. [48] During his initial introduction at Sun Records, assistant Marion Keisker asked him who he sounded like. Presley replied: \"I don't sound like nobody.\" On January 4, 1954, he cut a second acetate . At the time, Sun Records boss Sam Phillips was on the lookout for someone who could deliver a blend of black blues and boogie-woogie music; he thought it would be very popular among white people. [49] When Phillips acquired a demo recording of \"Without Love (There Is Nothing)\" and was unable to identify the vocalist, Keisker reminded him about the young truck driver. She called him on June 26, 1954. Presley was not able to do justice to the song (though he would record it years later). [50] Phillips would later recall that \"Elvis was probably as nervous as anybody, black or white, that I had seen in front of a microphone.\" [51] Despite this, Phillips invited local musicians Winfield \"Scotty\" Moore and Bill Black to audition Presley. Though they were not overly impressed, a studio session was planned. [52]", "* In 1956â57, Presley was also credited as a cowriter on several songs where he had no hand in the writing process: \"Heartbreak Hotel\"; \"Don't Be Cruel\"; all four songs from his first film, including the title track, \"Love Me Tender\"; \"Paralyzed\"; and \"All Shook Up\". He received credit on two other songs to which he did contribute: he provided the title for \"That's Someone You Never Forget\" (1961), written by his friend Red West; Presley and West collaborated with another friend, guitarist Charlie Hodge, on \"You'll Be Gone\" (1962).", "By the end of June, he had his 7th no.1 LP, Pot Luck which with 6 weeks at the top, became the 4th best seller of 1962. The number one single She's Not You was not included. Suspicion, a track that would have to wait a further 14 years to receive a release on single was a highlight. Also on 'Pot Luck' was the usual mixture of ballads That's Someone You Never Forget and Fountain Of Love. Elvis' second HMV LP Rock n Roll No.2 was re issued on his current label RCA, reaching no.3 as it had done first time around in 1957.", "1956 - Elvis Presley recorded Hound Dog and Don�t Be Cruel for his new record label home, RCA Victor. In addition, Elvis recorded Any Way You Want Me for later release.", "After his death became known yesterday, radio stations around the country began playing nothing but old Presley records. Mr. Presley recorded about 40 albums, many of them soundtracks of his films. They include \"Loving You,\" \"King Creole,\" \"Frankie and Johnny,\" \"Paradise, Hawaiian Style,\" \"Clambake\" and \"Speedway.\"", "Though he began recording music in 1953, it was in 1956 that Presley—born on Jan. 8, 1935—became a phenomenon. That was also the year he first appeared in the pages of LIFE, in a one-page story about the runaway success of “Heartbreak Hotel.” The magazine explained:", "For trivia buffs, in 1956 Dean recorded two sets of Children's Songs from Italy while RCA later released the conceptually poor album Elvis Sings For Children and Grownups Too. More recently, two unofficial Elvis CD releases bore the name of a Dino hit From The Bottom Of My Heart, although an Elvis version of the song was nowhere to be found on either CD.", "Charlie was the first person ever to put Elvis Presley on the air. He used to have a station in Tupelo, and   Elvis made his debut there singing in an amateur contest about 1945 or 1946. Didn't even have a guitar, then.  If Charlie had a movie of the event, he could get rich. But this is about Billy Boren.", "On Sunday March 20, 1960 a group of musicians gathered for a recording session at RCA's Studio B.  Some of them were initially told they were hired for a Jim Reeves session. Besides guitarist Scotty Moore, drummer D.J. Fontana and the vocal group Jordanaires,  members of the famous Nashville A team studio musicians were present: pianist Floyd Cramer, guitarist Hank Garland, bass player Bob Moore, and drummer Buddy Harman. It turned out to be the first Elvis Presley recording session after Elvis left the Army. RCA kept the recording session secret for fear of disturbances by thousands of fans turning up at the studio to see their favorite artist.", "1945: Elvis Presley makes his first public appearance at 10 years old in a talent contest at a Dairy Show.", "Presley \"was an untrained musician who played [guitar and piano] entirely by ear. 'I don't read music,' he confessed, 'but I know what I like.' ... Because he was not a songwriter, Presley [would] rarely [have] material prepared for recording sessions...\" When later, as a young singer, he \"ventured into the recording studio he was heavily influenced by the songs he had heard on the jukebox and radio.\" [47]", "Presley, who never received formal music training or learned to read music, studied and played by ear. He frequented record stores with jukeboxes and listening booths. He knew all of Hank Snow's songs and he loved records by other country singers such as Roy Acuff, Ernest Tubb, Ted Daffan, Jimmie Rodgers, Jimmie Davis, and Bob Wills.", "Everything changed when I heard [ Elvis Presley ]. Where there had been nothing, there was suddenly something." ]

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[ "The 1977 U.S. Open was the 77th U.S. Open, held June 16–19 at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Hubert Green won the first of his two major titles, one stroke ahead of runner-up Lou Graham, the 1975 champion.", "In his 26 years on the PGA Tour, Green had 19 victories, including two major championships: the 1977 U.S. Open at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma and the 1985 PGA Championship at Cherry Hills Country Club in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. He finished in the top-25 in a third of the PGA Tour events he entered. He also played on three Ryder Cup teams (1977, 1979, and 1985) and was undefeated in singles play.", "In 1975 Green won the Japanese Dunlop-Phoenix Open, which brought him international fame. Then he captured three titles in a row: the Doral-Eastern Open in Miami, the Greater Jacksonville Open, and the Heritage Classic in Hilton Head, South Carolina. No other player has won these three championships back-to-back. In 1977 at age 30, Green won his first major on the professional circuit, the U.S. Open at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Despite a death threat during his round from an unknown telephone caller and immediate undercover police protection, Green shot a sub-par round, winning by one stroke over Lou Graham. His performance under pressure won praise from golf officials and sportswriters alike.", "Augusta National Golf Club, located in Augusta, Georgia , is a famous men's golf club . Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts and designed by Alister MacKenzie on the site of a former indigo plantation, the club opened for play in January 1933. Since 1934, it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament , one of the four major championships in professional golf , and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the number one ranked course in Golf Digest 's 2009 list of America's 100 greatest courses [1] and is currently the number ten ranked course on Golfweek Magazine's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States, in terms of course architecture. [2]", "The following year, 1977, was also majorless for Nicklaus, but he did achieve four top-10 finishes in the four events inclusive of two second and one third-place finish – this being one shot out of the PGA Championship playoff between Lanny Wadkins and Gene Littler. Despite a brilliant final round 66 at the Masters, he finished second by two shots to Tom Watson. But his subsequent second-place finish behind Watson at the Open Championship at Turnberry created headlines around the world. In a one-on-one battle dubbed the \"Duel in the Sun,\" Nicklaus shot 65-66 in the final two rounds, only to be beaten by Watson, who scored 65-65. This event marked the first time 270 was broken in a major championship, and the third-place finisher Hubert Green scored 279. Nicklaus would later say:", "As for Watson, four of his five Open titles were secured on Scottish turf at Carnoustie, Turnberry, Muirfield and Royal Troon  - he also won in England at Royal Birkdale - and an enduring relationship with the game's spiritual home began with an Open baptism in 1975 when he followed in the footsteps of Ben Hogan by winning at Carnoustie on his debut after a play-off against Jack Newton. While the victories which followed in 1980, 1982 and 1983 would earn pride of place in any other Open story, nothing captures the essence of Watson's relationship with the oldest major quite like the Duel In The Sun, his astonishing win over Jack Nicklaus on the Ailsa during the summer of 1977 .  ", "The Augusta National Golf Club is located in Augusta, Georgia and is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world.  It has been opened for play since January 1933. Since 1934, it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course.", "The United States is home to many of the world's most famous golf courses. The most famous is arguably the Augusta National Golf Club, where membership is strictly by invitation only and a very exclusive privilege. The Augusta National Golf Club is the home of the Masters , one of the world's most prestigious professional golf tournaments, and also one of the four majors in men's golf. The U.S. is also home to 2 of the other 3 majors in men's golf, namely the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship , which rotate between different golf courses in the U.S. every year. Golf is popular both as a participation and spectator sport, and the U.S. supports several major professional tours:", "Nicklaus won the 1978 Open Championship at St. Andrews to become the only player to have won each major championship three times. This record has since been tied by Tiger Woods, by winning the 2008 U.S. Open. Nicklaus and Woods are the only two players to win three \"Career Grand Slams\". Nicklaus considered his performance in the 1978 Open as the finest four days of tee-to-green golf he had ever produced, and was most proud that the win came at St. Andrews, his favorite place to play golf. The victory was also his most emotional to date.", "The world's most famous sports venues have an aura to them - Wimbledon is not just tennis; it's strawberries and cream. The old Yankee Stadium was not just a ball field; it was memories - some say ghosts - of Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. But Augusta National Golf Club in Georgia may top them all. It is a place so perfect in its beauty, so steeped in history and tradition. The golfers say it's special because, unlike other major tournaments, the Masters is always held at the same place. That builds history over the years - you compare your game to the greats who walked those same fairways and greens. Ben Hogan, Gene Sarazen, Byron Nelson, Sam Snead, Arnold Palmer.", "The 2006 U.S. Open Golf Championship was the fifth U.S. Open at Winged Foot and the sixth major championship (1997 PGA Championship won by Davis Love III). Former champions include: Bobby Jones (1929), Billy Casper (1959), Hale Irwin (1974), and Fuzzy Zoeller (1984). The 1974 edition was known as \"The Massacre at Winged Foot,\" as Irwin won with a seven-over-par 287, and just seven sub-par rounds were recorded over the four days. In the years following World War II, only Julius Boros' 9-over total in high winds in 1963 was a higher winning score. Some thought the difficult set-up in 1974 was in response to Johnny Miller's final round 63 at Oakmont a year earlier.", "The Masters, also known as The Masters Tournament, is one of the four major golf tournaments of the PGA (Professional Golfer's Association) Tour. Since 1934, it has been held annually during the first full week of April at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Since 1949, the winner of the Masters has been awarded a symbolic green jacket.", "The U.S. Open Championship, operated by the United States Golf Association (USGA), is the second of four major tournaments of professional golf's calendar year. First contested in October 1895 on the nine-hole course of Newport (R.I.) Golf and Country Club, the U.S. Open is played at different courses throughout the United States and perennially features one of the strongest fields of participants in golf. Each year's field of golfers also includes those who qualify through sectional events within the United States along with international qualifiers. Originally set up as a 36-hole, one-day event, the U.S. Open is now conducted over four days with four rounds of 18 holes determining the winner. The U.S. Open is unique among the four majors in that it does not use a sudden-death playoff if two or more players are tied at the end of the four rounds. Instead, those tied for the lead play another 18-hole round the following day to determine a champion.", "The Augusta National Golf Club is one of the most storied and exclusive golf clubs in the world. Founded by Bobby Jones and designed by Alister MacKenzie on the site of the former Fruitlands Nursery, the club opened for play in January 1933. Since 1934 it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships in professional golf.", "The U.S. Open is the second of golf’s prestigious Majors each season, a tournament where legendary champions emerge from one of the widest fields in American golf. Since 1895, golfing history has been made on the best fairways and greens around the United States. Organized by the United States Golf Association (USGA) in June, the U.S. Open is played on a different course each year, providing a fresh challenge for the world’s leading players and an opportunity to witness superior performance at its finest. Rolex has been Official Timekeeper of the U.S. Open since 1980.", "Pro golfer Tiger Woods was born in Cypress, California, in 1975. He won the U.S. Masters at Augusta in 1997 with a record score at age 21, making him the youngest man and the first African American to earn the title. Woods won another 13 majors and was named the PGA Player of the Year 10 times over the next 12 years, but he struggled to regain his top form after personal problems surfaced in 2009.", "It was the fourth major championship held at the course; it previously hosted the PGA Championship in 2002, won by Rich Beem, and two U.S. Opens (1970, 1991). The 2009 course was the longest to date for a major at 7674 yd. The average elevation of the course is approximately 940 ft above sea level. ", "2004 was another successful year as Els won 6 times on both tours, including big wins at Memorial, WGC-American Express Championship and his sixth World Match Play Championship, a new record. His success did not stop there. Els showed remarkable consistency in the Majors but lost to Phil Mickelson in the Masters when Mickelson birdied the 18th for the title, finished ninth in the U.S. Open after playing in the final group with friend and fellow countryman Retief Goosen and surprisingly lost in a playoff in the Open to the then unknown Todd Hamilton. Els had a 14 ft putt for birdie on the final hole of regulation for the Open at Royal Troon, but he missed the putt and lost in the playoff. Els ended the major season with a fourth-place finish in the PGA Championship, where a three-putt on the 72nd hole would cost him a place in the playoff. In total, Els had 16 top-10 finishes, a second European Order of Merit title in succession and a second-place finish on the United States money list.", "1977  Bing Crosby National Pro-Am, Andy Williams-San Diego Open Invitational, Masters Tournament, Western Open, British Open Championship", "In 1948 alone, Ben Hogan won 10 tournaments, including the U.S. Open at Riviera Country Club, a course known as \"Hogan's Alley\" because of his success there. His 8-under par score in the 1948 U.S. Open set a tournament record that was matched only by Jack Nicklaus in 1980, Hale Irwin in 1990, and Lee Janzen in 1993. It was not broken until Tiger Woods shot 12-under par in the tournament in 2000 (Jim Furyk also shot 8-under par in the 2003 U.S. Open, and Rory McIlroy set the current U.S. Open record with 16-under par in 2011).", "During the 1960s, the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times, making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors. In 1965, the PGA was contested for the first time in August, and returned in 1969, save for a one-year move to late February in 1971, played in Florida. The 2016 event was moved to late July, two weeks after the Open Championship, to accommodate the Olympics in August.", "GOLF SATURDAY  2:00 p.m. (6) NBC PGA Tour Golf  WGC Cadillac Championship, Third Round. From Trump National in Doral, Fla.", "Early in 1941 the Selective Service Board was beginning to interfere with the careers of professional golfers as well as many other people. In late January Ed Oliver, still using Wilmington as his address even though he was the head professional in Hornell, New York, had to make a hurried trip home from the tour for his physical. Oliver drove home to Wilmington and then drove back across the country to play in the Crosby Pro-Am. He was Bing Crosby�s partner in the tournament and the defending champion. While Oliver was home his father had taken his clubs out of the car and stored them away. He didn�t know that his son was going to get a deferment and thought that he would not be playing golf for a while. Oliver arrived in California without any clubs and had to play with a borrowed set. At the tournament Ed Dudley gave Bing Crosby a plaque from the PGA for participating in six Red Cross matches sponsored by the PGA in 1940. Sam Snead won the 36-hole tournament, played at Rancho Sante Fe Golf Club, with a 67 and a 69 for a 136 total. There were over 300 entries and it took two days to play the first round. Craig Wood finished second at 137. This was Snead�s third Crosby Pro-Am victory and he had won every one he had played in. Jug McSpaden and Bill Nary tied for third with 138s.", "Oakmont is where Tommy Armour, the “Silver Scot”, won his US Open in 1927, claiming the title in an 18-hole play-off with Harry Cooper. It’s also where Colin Montgomerie lost out in a similar play-off to Ernie Els in 1994, when the shoot-out also involved Loren Roberts.", "1971 - 53rd PGA Championship: Jack Nicklaus shoots a 281 at PGA Natl FL Jack Nicklaus wins his 2nd golf grand slam", "Results from the 1997 Masters golf tournament played at the par-72 Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Ga. (a-amateur):", "Watson won his second major championship and his first green jacket as Masters champion in 1977 after a duel with Jack Nicklaus. During the final round Watson stood on the 17th green tied with Nicklaus for the lead. Watson holed a 20-foot putt for a birdie to go one stroke ahead of Nicklaus. Watson's par on the 18th hole won him the Masters title by two strokes after Nicklaus had a bogey on the 18th.", "Results from the 1997 PGA Championship played on the West Course (par 70) at Winged Foot Golf Club in Mamaroneck, New York:", "In 1977, Nicklaus won his 63rd tour event, passing Ben Hogan to take second place on the career wins list, behind only Sam Snead . He also became the first player to amass over $3 million in official PGA Tour earnings. The year also saw Nicklaus win for the first time his own Memorial Tournament , where he described the victory as the most emotional moment of his entire career, and nearly decided to retire from competitive golf.", "Results from the 1948 U.S. Open golf tournament played at the par-71 Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades, California (a-amateur):", "7. In October, which golf course was named as host for the 2019 Open Championship, returning there after 68 years?", "1977 Event - 97th U.S. Mens Tennis: Guillermo Vilas beats Jimmy Connors (26 63 75 60)" ]

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[ "Prior to arriving in Seoul, Marquess led the national team to the silver medal at the World Amateur Baseball Championships in Italy. The Americans posted an 11-2 mark in the tournament, losing both games to gold medalist Cuba in the bottom of the ninth inning. For the summer, the USA squad posted a 42-11 overall record.", "  United States won the event, going 10-0 to take home Gold. It was their first Gold ever in an Amateur World Series and was aided by the absence of Cuba, a member of FIBA. Rich Wortham won the finale, 1-0, in a duel of future major leaguers and had a 0.00 ERA in 27 innings. Orlando Gonzalez scored 12 runs to lead all players. Jimmie Hacker was named the All-Star at 3B, Wayne Krenchicki was picked at SS, Danny Goodwin at C and Wortham as LHP.", "The defending champion team was not invited after 1977, so the tournament again matched one team from each WBF geographic zone that chose to participate. The number of teams remained at six because \"Central America & the Caribbean\" sent a team for the first time, three players from Panama and three from Venezuela with a Guadeloupe captain. Brachman from North America and national teams from Italy, Australia, Taiwan, and host Brazil represented the other four zones. [52]", "Jason Dobis has been a member of USA Baseball�s executive committee (and, now in its current form, the Board of Directors) since 2001, first as a �Recent Athlete� and now in his current position as treasurer. Dobis was a pitcher for the silver-medal-winning 1994 USA Baseball 18U National Team and later spent three years in Minor League Baseball. Dobis is the immediate past representative (before Ernie Young) for the sport of baseball to the United States Olympic Committee's Athlete Advisory Committee (AAC).", "In baseball, another sport rooted in the Caribbean Coast, Colombia was world amateur champion in 1947 and 1965.", "William C. Campbell, USA (1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1967, 1971, 1975) William J. Patton, USA (1955, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1965) John Harris, USA (1993, 1995, 1997) Bob Lewis Jr. USA (1981, 1983, 1985, 1987)", "Baseball debuted as an Olympic sport at the 1992 Games in Barcelona, Spain, and in the late 1990s the International Baseball Federation permitted professionals to play in international competitions. But because the Olympic Summer Games take place during the Major League Baseball season, the Olympic tournament failed to attract the top players in the sport. In 2005 the International Olympic Committee voted to drop the sport from the Summer program following the 2008 Olympics. That same year the International Baseball Federation sanctioned the World Baseball Classic, a triennial international competition between national teams consisting of professional and amateur players. The inaugural World Baseball Classic was held in March 2006. It featured 16 teams from all parts of the globe and was won by Japan.", "In response to that, Major League Baseball, along with the International Baseball Federation (IBAF), the sport's international governing body, instituted the World Baseball Classic. This sixteen-team tournament -- first held in 2006, with the second edition held in 2009 and future tournaments to be held in 2013, 2017, etc. -- takes place in March, right before the MLB regular season, and many of the players are on MLB teams, unlike in most tournaments. Japan has won both WBCs played so far, and has a bit of a rivalry with South Korea for obvious reasons . The USA missed the semifinals in 2006, but made the semifinals in 2009.", "A schism developed between professional and amateur ballplayers after the founding of the Cincinnati club. The NABBP split into an amateur organization and a professional organization. The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, often known as the National Association (NA), was formed in 1871. Its amateur counterpart disappeared after only a few years. The modern Chicago Cubs and Atlanta Braves franchises trace their histories back to the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in the 1870s.", "* After being demonstrated six times, baseball became an Olympic sport, with Cuba winning the gold medal, Chinese Taipei winning silver, and Japan, the bronze.", "The 52nd Little League World Series Championship Game was one of the most exciting championship games in history as Toms River, N.J. defeats Kashima, Japan 12-9. Toms River, or the Beast of the East as the team and the team's gorilla mascot came to be known, was the first American team in five years to win the World Series. Eleven home runs were hit in the championship game, with two coming off the bat of Chris Cardone, a little-used player who came into the game as a pinch-hitter with one hit in 10 at-bats at the World Series. He followed his pinch-hit homer in the fifth inning with a two-out, two-run home run in the top of the sixth to break an 8-8 tie, and Toms River went on to the Series title. Todd Frazier, who also hit two home runs in the championship game, finished the Series with two pitching victories, four home runs and a .600 batting average.", "Serving as head coach of USA Baseball in 1981, Marquess guided the U.S. collegiate team to a gold medal at the World Games in Santa Clara. Following that accomplishment, he led the club to the gold medal at the Intercontinental Cup in Edmonton, Canada. His squad edged Cuba, 5-4, in the finals to mark the first time since 1970 that the United States had beaten the Cubans in international competition. In addition, Marquess became the only person ever to post victories over the Cuban team as both a player and a coach.", "Serving as head coach of USA Baseball in 1981, Marquess guided the U.S. collegiate team to a gold medal at the World Games in Santa Clara. Following that accomplishment, he led the club to the gold medal at the Intercontinental Cup in Edmonton, Canada. Marquess' squad edged Cuba, 5-4, in the finals to mark the first time since 1970 that the United States had beaten the Cubans in international competition. In addition, Marquess became the first to post victories over the Cuban team as both a player and a coach.", "The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world's oldest current professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later. Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series. After the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 47 of the 111 World Series contested from 1903 to 2015.", "Daisuke Matsuzaka is another Japanese player. An insanely dominant pitcher for the Seibu Lions who came to international prominence during the 2006 World Baseball Classic, he was offered $51 million by the Boston Red Sox just to negotiate a contract, and somehow was the subject of hysterical rumors that he knew how to throw a mysterious pitch known as the \"gyroball\". So far he's been good, but not quite among the best pitchers in baseball. He is nicknamed Dice-K, an Anglicized pronunciation of his first name and pun on the symbol scorekeepers use for a strikeout (the letter K).", "The World Series is still baseball's biggest prize, and the U.S.A. and Canada still have the strongest teams in the world, with top managers and players earning millions of dollars a year. Professional leagues have also been established in many other countries as well, including Cuba, the Netherlands, Australia, Japan, Puerto Rico, Italy, Venezuela, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Korea, Taiwan and China, and the game seems sure to become even more popular around the world in the future.", "Internationally, there are twenty two total members of the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL), only United States, Canada, Australia, and the Iroquois Nationals have finished in the top three places at the World Lacrosse Championships. The World Lacrosse Championship began as a four-team invitational tournament in 1968 sanctioned by the International Lacrosse Federation. Lacrosse at the Olympics was a medal earning sport in the 1904 Summer Olympics and the 1908 Summer Olympics.[20][21][22] Lacrosse was a demonstration sport in the 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics, and the 1948 Summer Olympics.[23][24][25][26]", "Professional baseball leagues existed in Cuba (see also Cuban League ) from 1878 until 1961, when the Cuban government abolished the professional game. With all the Cuban talent now at the amateur level, the Cubans began to dominate international amateur competition, winning the first gold medals given in baseball at the Olympic Games in Barcelona (1992).", "he American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a minor league based in the Great Lakes states, that eventually aspired to major league status. The league is often called the Junior Circuit because it was elevated to Major League status in 1901, 25 years after the formation of the National League (the “Senior Circuit”). The American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion after the end of every season. Through the", "Internationally, there are twenty two total members of the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL), only United States , Canada , Australia , and the Iroquois Nationals have finished in the top three places at the World Lacrosse Championships . The World Lacrosse Championship began as a four-team invitational tournament in 1968 sanctioned by the International Lacrosse Federation. Lacrosse at the Olympics was a medal-earning sport in the 1904 Summer Olympics and the 1908 Summer Olympics . [20] [21] [22] Lacrosse was a demonstration sport in the 1928 Summer Olympics , 1932 Summer Olympics , and the 1948 Summer Olympics . [23] [24] [25] [26]", "The best-known event in the Little League calendar is the annual Little League Baseball World Series, which is held every August in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Tournaments leading up to the World Series are held in the U.S. insular areas of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and throughout the world. In 2003, for example, there were tournaments in Canada, Latin America (Mexico, Aruba, Curaçao, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela), Europe (Germany and Poland), and Asia (Japan, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan).", "A varsity baseball team is an established part of physical education departments at most high schools and colleges in the United States. In 2008, nearly half a million high schoolers and over 35,000 collegians played on their schools' baseball teams. The number of Americans participating in baseball has declined since the late 1980s, falling well behind the number of soccer participants. By early in the 20th century, intercollegiate baseball was Japan's leading sport. Today, high school baseball in particular is immensely popular there. The final rounds of the two annual tournaments—the National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring, and the even more important National High School Baseball Championship in the summer—are broadcast around the country. The tournaments are known, respectively, as Spring Koshien and Summer Koshien after the 55,000-capacity stadium where they are played. In Cuba, baseball is a mandatory part of the state system of physical education, which begins at age six. Talented children as young as seven are sent to special district schools for more intensive training—the first step on a ladder whose acme is the national baseball team.", "1971: The aluminum baseball bat is first used. It was partly developed by Little League Baseball. Lloyd McClendon of Gary, Indiana, dominates the Little League World Series, hitting five home runs in five at-bats. He later played in the Major Leagues and become the first Little League graduate to manage an MLB club with the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "I’m still with the California team in 1965 and won the league again and qualified for the world tournament in Rock Island. In the semi-final game it is the 13th inning with no score. We are playing against the defending champions, the team that beat us twice the year before. The outcome of this game would almost guarantee a world championship – again – less one ball player that flew away with the live bat. (What do I mean by this? I don’t know, ask someone else)", "Baseball is also an important sport in Korea, where there is a professional league, the Korea Baseball Organization, that has fielded an eight-team circuit since 1982. Taiwan, which has produced several Little League world champion teams, has two professional leagues, the Chinese Professional Baseball League, a four-team league that started in 1990, and the Taiwan Major League, a four-team league that began operations in 1997. Australia has an eight-team professional league, the International Baseball Association Australia, which started in 1989.", "1901 — Herm McFarland and Dummy Hoy homer in the Chicago White Sox’ 19-9 rout of the Detroit Tigers. The Tigers committed an AL record 12 errors, 10 by the infield, in the loss. 1906 — John Lush of the Philadelphia Phillies pitched a no-hitter at Brooklyn, beating the Dodgers 6-0. 1912 — George Sisler, a freshman at Michigan, struck out 20 in seven innings. 1920 — Joe Oeschger of the Boston Braves and Leon Cadore of the Brooklyn Dodgers each pitched 26 innings in a 1-1 tie, the longest in major league history. 1920 — Babe Ruth hit his first home run as a Yankee as New York beat Boston 6-0 at the Polo Grounds. 1944 — George Myatt of Washington went 6-for-6 as the Senators beat the Boston Braves 11-4.", "Golf: The oldest American international team golf match takes place between the U.S. and Great Britain. It is established at the National Golf Links of America, Southampton, NY.", "In that letter, Ford refers to 'old grayhairs' at the time, who had played this game as children, suggesting that the origins of baseball in Canada go back into the 18th century. Very similar instances were recorded by the American John Montgomery Ward in his 1888 book Base-Ball: How to Become a Player, with the Origins, History and Explanation of the Game, in which he recounts several elderly men recalling having played as boys, covering a span from the 1790s to the 1830s; among others, Oliver Wendell Holmes recalled playing at Harvard, from which he graduated in 1829.", "Basketball and baseball are not just confined to USA. Russians, Chinese, Spanish, Argentinians, French, and Canadians love basketball. Baseball is huge throughout most of Latin America, the Caribbean, Japan, and South Korea.  ", "Even though US is the only place in the world that plays baseball. How is it third you silly? And basketball isn't that popular", "As an Olympic sport, see earlier section on the status of baseball in the Olympic games, and the article \" Baseball at the Summer Olympics.\"", "As an Olympic sport , see earlier section on the status of baseball in the Olympic games, and the article \" Baseball at the Summer Olympics .\"" ]

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[ "Super Bowl IV (1970) – The Kansas City Chiefs lost the first Super Bowl, but they made it count the second time around. Quarterback Len Dawson had 142 yards and a touchdown as the Chiefs beat the Minnesota Vikings 23-7 in New Orleans. It was the second straight year that the AFL champions had defeated the NFL champions, and by the next season the two leagues had merged.", "The first Super Bowl was played on January 15th, 1967 as the game to determine the Champion between the AFL and NFL. The Green Bay Packers won, and Bart Starr was named MVP of Super Bowl I. A condition of the AFL-NFL Merger was that the winners of each leagues championship game would meet to determine the world champion of American football. After the NFL's Green Bay Packers convincingly won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared that AFL teams could compete with their NFL counterparts. That all changed with perhaps the biggest upset in Super Bowl history, the AFL's New York Jets , led by Joe Namath, beat the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami . The next year, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23-7 and won Super Bowl IV in New Orleans . Check out these pages to see more famous Super Bowls and past SB champions .", "Red Miller, a long-time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense (a nickname originating in the early '70s, also the brand of the popular orange-flavored soft drink) and aging quarterback Craig Morton, took the Broncos to what was then a record-setting 12–2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977, and ultimately first Super Bowl, in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys, 27–10. ", "The first AFL/NFL championship to be called a “Super Bowl” was Superbowl III; on January 12, 1969 the New York Jets beat the Baltimore Colts 16 – 7 at the Orange Bowl. Super Bowl I was held on January 15, 1967 in Los Angeles where the Green Bay Packers beat Kansas City Chiefs by 35 to 10.", "As 1970 approached, three NFL teams (the Baltimore Colts, Cleveland Browns, and Pittsburgh Steelers), agreed to join the ten AFL teams (the Cincinnati Bengals and Miami Dolphins had joined the original Boston Patriots, Buffalo Bills, Denver Broncos, Houston Oilers, Kansas City Chiefs, New York Jets, Oakland Raiders, and San Diego Chargers) to form the American Football Conference (AFC). The other thirteen NFL teams (Atlanta Falcons, Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions, Green Bay Packers, Los Angeles Rams, Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, New York Giants, Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco 49ers and Washington Redskins) became part of the National Football Conference (NFC). Since then, the Super Bowl has featured the champions of the AFC and NFC. Both are determined each season by the league's playoff tournament.", "After the NFL's Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL counterparts, though that perception changed when the AFL's New York Jets defeated the NFL's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game played before the merger. Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers , and Cleveland Browns ) would constitute the American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams had previously won a Super Bowl, as the Steelers were the defending champions and the Cowboys had won Super Bowl VI.", "Super Bowl V proves to be a game of significant firsts. Its the first championship tilt between representatives of the American (Baltimore) and National (Dallas) football conferences within the reorganized NFL. In addition, it is the first Super Bowl to be played on artificial turf, the first to be decided on its final play, and the first to produce a Most Valuable Player who is neither a quarterback or a member of the winning team. It is also the first Super Bowl match-up between two original NFL franchises. Before the 1970 season, Baltimore was one of three teams moved by the NFL to the AFC. The Colts waste little time avenging their Super Bowl III loss to the Jets and the old AFL, by losing only twice during the season and rolling through the AFC playoffs. Although the aged Colts are expected to fall to the younger Cowboys in the Super Bowl, Jim OBriens game-ending 32-yard field goal gives Baltimore the title. In a game marred by 11 turnovers, Dallas linebacker Chuck Howley is named MVP thanks in part to his two interceptions.", "The Steelers became just the third team to win the Super Bowl despite not playing a single home game in the playoffs. The Green Bay Packers, who won Super Bowl I (against the Kansas City Chiefs), and the Kansas City Chiefs, who won Super Bowl IV (against the Minnesota Vikings), also accomplished the feat. The Steelers, however, had to win four games to accomplish the feat, while the Chiefs won three and Packers won only two games.", "Super Bowl III was the third AFL-NFL Championship Game in professional American football, but the first to officially bear the name \"Super Bowl\" (The two previous AFL-NFL Championship Games came to be known, retroactively, as \"Super Bowls\"). The game, played on January 12, 1969, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in American sports history. The heavy underdog American Football League (AFL) champion New York Jets defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Baltimore Colts by a score of 16–7. This was the first Super Bowl victory for the AFL.", "The game was remembered for being the most exciting of the first 10 Super Bowl games. Swann's heroics and Lambert's 14 tackles and throw-down of Cliff Harris are the indelible images from the game. After being benched to start the 1974 campaign and being booed for most of his first four seasons in Pittsburgh, Bradshaw became the first quarterback to throw two game-winning touchdown passes in Super Bowl competition. The Steelers' bid for three-consecutive championships ended in a 24–7 loss to the Oakland Raiders in the 1976 AFC Championship game after a season that saw Pittsburgh's defense shut out five opponents and allow only 28 points in a 9-game span. The loss to Pittsburgh coupled with an early playoff exit in 1976 largely influenced the Cowboys to draft Tony Dorsett in the 1977 Draft to help infuse life into Dallas' offense. Dorsett helped lead Dallas to a Super Bowl XII victory over the Denver Broncos, who defeated the Steelers in the first round of the playoffs that year.", "After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.", "Two years later, the AFL proved itself to doubters by winning its first championship, when Joe Namath led the New York Jets to an upset 16-7 victory over the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III. In 1970, the AFL and NFL merged into one league, as the Colts, Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers agreed to join the 10 AFL teams to form American Football Conference (AFC). Since then, the Super Bowl has been the annual meeting of the top teams in the AFC and the National Football Conference (NFC) for the championship of the NFL.", "On January 16, 1972, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Miami Dolphins 24–3 in Super Bowl VI in New Orleans. The CBS telecast had an estimated household viewership of 27,450,000 homes, the highest-rated single-day telecast ever at the time. Although Tulane Stadium was sold out for the game, unconditional blackout rules in the NFL prohibited the live telecast from being shown in the New Orleans market. This would be the last Super Bowl to be blacked out in the television market in which the game was played. The following year, the NFL allowed Super Bowl VII to be televised live in the host city (Los Angeles) when all tickets were sold. In 1973, the NFL changed its blackout policy to allow games to be broadcast in the home team's market if tickets are sold out 72 hours in advance (all Super Bowls since the second have sold out, as it is the main event on the NFL schedule, and there is high demand for Super Bowl tickets).", "While many AFL players and observers believed their league was the equal of the NFL, their first two Super Bowl performances did nothing to prove it. That perception changed on January 12, 1969, when the AFL Champion New York Jets shocked the heavily favored NFL Champion Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III . The Colts, who entered the contest favored by as many as 18 points, had completed the 1968 NFL season with a 13–1 record, and won the NFL title with a convincing 34–0 win of the Cleveland Browns. Led by their stalwart defense—which allowed a record-low 144 points—the 1968 Colts were considered one of the best-ever NFL teams. [31] [32]", "On January 26th, 1992 in the Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Marv Levy's Buffalo Bills lost 37-24 to the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl Twenty-Six. It was Joe Gibbs' turn to deliver Levy a loss. Jim Kelly was tormented by Tim Johnson, Charles Mann, Brad Edwards, Darrell Green and the rest of the Redskin defense, as he was intercepted 4 times. Thurman Thomas rushed for a season low 10 yards. Mark Rypien had 292 yards, throwing touchdowns to Gary Clark and Earnest Byner. Art Monk had 113 yards. Bruce Smith, Darryl Talley, and Cornelius Bennett couldn't break through the Hog's frontline as Washington dominated Super Bowl 26.", "This was the first ever Super Bowl rematch (the Steelers had previously beaten the Cowboys, 21–17, in Super Bowl X), and both teams were attempting to be the first club to ever win a third Super Bowl. Dallas was also the defending Super Bowl XII champion, and finished the 1978 regular season with a 12-4 record, and posted playoff victories over the Atlanta Falcons and the Los Angeles Rams. Pittsburgh entered the game after posting a 14-2 regular season record and playoff wins over the Denver Broncos and the Houston Oilers.", "Three of the top five teams to lose in the Super Bowl played in the late 1960s. Out of these three, the best has to be the 1968 Baltimore Colts, a 13-1 team that was denied their Super Bowl title in one of the biggest upsets in all of sports history.", "While many AFL players and observers believed their league was the equal of the NFL, their first two Super Bowl performances did nothing to prove it. However, on November 17, 1968, when NBC cut away from a game between the Jets and Raiders to air the children's movie Heidi, the ensuing uproar helped disprove the notion that fans still considered the AFL an inferior product. The perception of AFL inferiority forever changed on January 12, 1969, when the AFL Champion New York Jets shocked the heavily favored NFL Champion Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III. The Colts, who entered the contest favored by as many as 18 points, had completed the 1968 NFL season with a 13–1 record, and won the NFL title with a convincing 34–0 win over the Cleveland Browns. Led by their stalwart defense—which allowed a record-low 144 points—the 1968 Colts were considered one of the best-ever NFL teams. ", "The 1966 season saw the Packers led to the first ever Super Bowl by MVP quarterback Bart Starr. The team went 12–2, and as time wound down in the NFL Championship against the Dallas Cowboys, the Packers clung to a 34–27 lead. Dallas had the ball on the Packers' two-yard line, threatening to tie the ballgame. But on fourth down the Packers' Tom Brown intercepted Don Meredith's pass in the end zone to seal the win. The team crowned its season by rolling over the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs 35–10 in Super Bowl I.", "The second half of the decade was dominated by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who won four times in six seasons: Super Bowls IX, X, XII and XIV. Led by the \"Steel Curtain\" defense and quarterback Terry Bradshaw, the Steelers appeared in six AFC championship games during the 1970s, making the playoffs in eight consecutive years. The squad became the first (and only) team to win back-to-back Super Bowls on two different occasions.", "• Made first Super Bowl appearance with a heartbreaking 16-13 loss to the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V on January 17th.", "The Vikings won their first 9 games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12-2 record. In the playoffs they defeated the Washington Redskins 27-20 and the Dallas Cowboys 27-10. On January 13, 1974, the Vikings played in the 2nd Super Bowl in franchise history, Super Bowl VIII , against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston, TX. The Dolphins prevailed, 24-7.", "Ironically, the very first Super Bowl after the merger pitted the Colts against the Cowboys--two former NFL teams.", "*New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first-half touchdown. The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so.", "The Broncos' first ever Super Bowl appearance (in the 1977 season) was made possible by defeating Oakland in the AFC Championship on questionable officiating.", "Super Bowl XIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Los Angeles Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1979 season. The Steelers defeated the Rams by the score of 31–19, becoming the first team to win four Super Bowls in six years, as well as the first to win more than three Super Bowls.", "Dan Reeves' Atlanta Falcons fell victim to Mike Shanahan's Defending Champion Denver Broncos on January 1st, 1999 at Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida. Super Bowl 33 had Dan Reeves' old club, Denver, against his new club, \"The Dirty Birds.\" John Elway played well in his last game, throwing an 80 yard touchdown to Rod Smith, while taking home MVP honors. Terrell Davis had 100 yards for the second straight year. Tony Martin and Terrence Mathis were Chris Chandler's main targets, but Chandler also threw 3 interceptions; 2 to Darrien Gordon; 1 to Darrius Johnson. Jamal Anderson had 96 yards, and Tim Dwight had a 96 yard kick return for Atlanta. Trevor Price, Glenn Cadrez and Ray Crockett led Denver's defense.", "The players drafted in the early '70s formed the base of an NFL dynasty, making the playoffs in eight seasons and becoming the only team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls in six years, as well as the first to win more than two. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins (1971–1979) against teams that would finish with a losing record that year.", "The players drafted in the early 1970s formed the base of an NFL dynasty, making the playoffs in eight seasons and becoming the only team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls in six years, as well as the first to win more than two. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins (–) against teams that would finish with a losing record that year.", "The team continued to dominate in 1970 and 1971, reaching the playoffs behind the stubborn \"Purple People Eaters\" defensive line. In 1971, Alan Page won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award given by the Associated Press. He was the first defensive player to win the award. ", "Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the merger in 1970: [73]" ]

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[ "For the decade, the Yankees won six World Series championships ('50, 51, '52, '53, '56, '58) and eight American League pennants (those six plus '55 and '57). Led by Mantle, Ford, Berra, Elston Howard (the Yankees' first African-American player), and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees burst into the new decade seeking to replicate the remarkable success of the 1950s.", "The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season, appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921, and became frequent participants thereafter. Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964, the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships, winning 20. The team's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964, when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years, helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics (after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954–1955 offseason) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees (until ended by new Athletics' owner Charles O. Finley). During that span, the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948, 1954, and 1959, winning ten. From 1949 to 1953, the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row; from 1936–1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row. There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series: 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics, and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees.", "The New York Yankees have won more World Series than any other baseball team, winning 26 World Series from 1923 to 2000. They also won 39 American League pennants between 1921 and 2003. The New York Yankees were the American League East division leaders every year from 1998 to 2006, and they won the American League Wild Card in 1995, 1997 and 2007. [ read more... ]", "No surprise here. By far the biggest city population wise on this list, the ‘Big Apple’ easily crushes the competition when it comes to winning in pro sports, in large part thanks to the Yankees. The Yankees have won 27 World Series titles, making up more than half of all of New York’s championships combined. And the Yankees have been consistent, fielding winning teams featuring all-time greats like Babe Ruth , Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, and Derek Jeter , for a century. Although clearly overshadowed by the Yankees, people forget the Mets have won the World Series twice as well.", "The Yankees remain the most successful baseball team in America. The Yankees have won the World Series six times since Steinbrenner came on board.", "The Yankees have won a leading 27 World Series in 40 appearances (which, since the first World Series in 1903, currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons); the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories. The Yankees' number of World Series losses, 13, leads in Major League Baseball. The St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers and New York/San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece. Of their 18 World Series appearances, the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times, going 3–8 against the Yankees, while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times, going 2–5 against the Yankees. Among North American major sports, the Yankees' success is only approached by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League, though the Canadiens haven't won a Cup championship since . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies, a feat that no other team is even close to matching.", "In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York/San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 18 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5.", "Template:Seealso The Yankees have won 27 World Series in 40 appearances through 2009 (which, since the first World Series in 1903, currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons); the St. Louis Cardinals are second with ten World Series victories. The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers are second in World Series appearances with eighteen; eleven of those eighteen appearances have been against the Yankees, where the Dodgers have gone 3-8 against them. [10] Among North American major sports, the Yankees' success is only approached by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees are also the only team that is represented at every position in the Baseball Hall of Fame .", "There have been fourteen World Series championship series between New York City teams, in matchups called Subway Series . New York is one of only five metro areas (Chicago, Washington-Baltimore, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Yankees and the New York Mets , who compete in six games every regular season. The Yankees have enjoyed 27 championships, while the Mets have won the World Series on two occasions. The city also was once home to the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants ) and the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers ). Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two minor league baseball teams in the city, the Staten Island Yankees and Brooklyn Cyclones .", "The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves. Following the Series, the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California, the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles, leaving the Yankees as New York's only baseball team. In the 1958 World Series, the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves, and became the second team to win the Series after being down three games to one. For the decade, the Yankees won six World Series championships ('50, 51, '52, '53, '56, '58) and eight American League pennants (those six plus '55 and '57). Led by Mantle, Ford, Berra, Elston Howard (the Yankees' first African-American player), and the newly acquired Roger Maris, the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s.", "Baseball: The New York Yankees defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 50th annual World Series. The Yankees are the first team to win 5 consecutive series titles.", "The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees , one of the leading baseball franchises in sports history. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year which saw the Yankeees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has played host to many of the greatest players ever to take the field including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter, Mariano Rivera and Alex Rodriguez. The Stadium, as referred to by locals, has witnessed of the most memorable moments in sports history such as Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech in 1939, Joe DiMaggio's 56 game hitting streak in 1941, Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, Roger Maris' record breaking 61st home run in 1961, Reggie Jackson's 3 home runs to clinch Game 6 of the 1977 World Series and more recently the dynasty of the 1996-2000 Yankee club that captured 4 out of 5 World Series victories during that span. The original Yankee Stadium closed in 2008 to make way for a brand new stadium in which the Yankees started play in 2009 and capped off a memorable first year in their new home with a 27th World Series title, by beating the Philadelphia Phillies 4 games to 2 in the Fall Classic.", "DiMaggio played for the New York Yankees from 1936 until 1951. Babe Ruth started the tradition of winning, but DiMaggio, with his high standards and leadership, took his New York Yankees team to the World Series ten times, leading them to nine championships.", "** October 10: New York Yankees won their 3rd consecutive World Series title, and 14th overall in franchise history, defeated the New York Giants in 6 games.", "** October 7: New York Yankees tied the record, winning their 4th straight World Series championship, and 15th overall in franchise history, by defeating the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games.", "DiMaggio was a three-time MVP winner and an All-Star in each of his 13 seasons. During his tenure with the Yankees, the club won ten American League pennants and nine World Series championships.", "Prior to Ruth leaving Boston , the Red Sox had won five World Series , with Ruth as pitcher in the 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 teams, whereas the Yankees hadn't been in the World Series. After the sale, the Yankees came to win 26 World Series by the start of the 2004 season, while the Red Sox had been to the Series only four times - and lost each time in seven games.", "The remodeled Yankee Stadium opened on April 15, 1976 with the Yankees topping Minnesota 11-4 and, like its predecessor, would host the World Series in its inaugural season. The Stadium, in fact, hosted the Fall Classic in its first three seasons with the Yankees winning back-to-back World titles in 1977 and 1978.", "The team won its first of three consecutive AL titles, as well as the 1977 World Series and 1978 World Series, and (as had been the case throughout his playing days) Berra's reputation as a lucky charm was reinforced. Casey Stengel once said of his catcher, \"He'd fall in a sewer and come up with a gold watch.\" Read Less", "However, the Baltimore Orioles made three consecutive World Series appearances: 1969 (losing to the \"amazing\" eight-year-old franchise New York Mets), 1970 (beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade), and 1971 (losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates, as well their 1979 appearance, when they again lost to the Pirates), and the Los Angeles Dodgers' back-to-back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978 (both losses to the New York Yankees), as well in 1974 losing against the cross-state rival Oakland Athletics.", "October 21, 1976: 1976 World Series, Game 4: Cincinnati Reds 7 at New York Yankees 2, F -- On the heels of the high from Chris Chambliss' Royals-crushing home run in the ALCS to put the Yankees into the World Series, the Yanks crashed right into the steamrolling juggernaut that was the \"Big Red Machine\" from Cincinnati. With a lineup that boasted George Foster, Johnny Bench, Pete Rose, Joe Morgan, Tony Perez and Ken Griffey, the Reds only allowed the Yankees the lead once in the Series, for the first three innings of this Game 4. Johnny Bench homered twice to drive in four runs, adding to his Series-leading totals and earning him World Series MVP honors.moreless", "1976 saw a return of the same starting eight in the field. The starting rotation was again led by Nolan, Gullett, Billingham, and Norman, while the addition of rookies Pat Zachry and Santo Alcalá comprised an underrated staff in which four of the six had ERAs below 3.10. Eastwick, Borbon, and McEnaney shared closer duties, recording 26, 8, and 7 saves respectively. The Reds won the NL West by ten games. They went undefeated in the postseason, sweeping the Philadelphia Phillies (winning Game 3 in their final at-bat) to return to the World Series. They continued to dominate by sweeping the Yankees in the newly renovated Yankee Stadium, the first World Series games played in Yankee Stadium since 1964. This was only the second ever sweep of the Yankees in the World Series. In winning the Series, the Reds became the first NL team since the 1921–22 New York Giants to win consecutive World Series championships, and the Big Red Machine of 1975–76 is considered one of the best teams ever. So far in MLB history, the 1975 and '76 Reds were the last NL team to repeat as champions.", "In the emotional times of October 2001 , following the September 11 attack on New York's World Trade Center , the Yankees defeated the Oakland A's three games to two in the ALDS , and then the Seattle Mariners, who had won 116 games, four games to one in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year, the 1998-2001 Yankees joined the 1921-1924 New York Giants , and the Yankee teams of '36-'39, '49-'53, '55-'58 and '60-'64 as the only dynasties to reach at least four straight pennants . The Yankees had now won eleven consecutive postseason series in consecutive years.", "After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the 1978 World Series . They lost the first two games on the road, but then came home to win all three games at Yankee Stadium before wrapping up their 22nd World Championship in Game Six in Los Angeles.", "1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951: Plays in the World Series. Yankees win all but 1942.", "1956 : New York Yankees (AL) defeat Brooklyn Dodgers (NL), 4 games to 3. MVP: Don Larsen , New York", "1973 : Oakland Athletics (AL) defeat New York Mets (NL), 4 games to 3. MVP: Reggie Jackson , Oakland", "baseball: Houston Astros, NY Yankees [World Series: 1977, 1978], Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Texas Rangers", "baseball: LA Dodgers [World Series: 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981/all-star: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981], Oakland Athletics, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros", "1953 - The New York Yankees became the first baseball team to win five consecutive American League championships.", "baseball: pitcher: LA Dodgers [World Series: 1974, 1977, 1978], Texas Rangers [all-star: 1986], Chicago White Sox, Florida Marlins", "After the 1974 season, Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency, signing star pitcher James Augustus \"Catfish\" Hunter away from Oakland. Midway through the 1975 season, Steinbrenner made another move, hiring former second baseman Billy Martin as manager. With Martin at the helm, the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series, but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed \"Big Red Machine.\"" ]

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[ "The most successful franchise of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP wide receiver Jerry Rice , and tight end Brent Jones . Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears , who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka , colorful quarterback Jim McMahon , and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton and won Super Bowl XX in dominating fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII and XXII and the Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV . As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).", "The grand finale of the \"team of the 1980s\" culminated in one of the most dominant Super Bowls ever played and the greatest championship in the storied history of the San Francisco 49ers.", "Largest margin of victory in a Super Bowl – San Francisco demolished the Denver Broncos 55-10 in 1990, winning by a record 45 points. It was the 49ers' fourth Super Bowl title in nine years.", "'Still, while the quarterbacks were lauded in the '80s, running backs were not to be forgotten. 1984 featured Eric Dickerson setting the record for most rushing yards in a single season (with 2,105). And in 1987, Chicago Bears running back Walter Payton retired after setting or tying six NFL records, including career rushing yards, career rushing attempts, single-game rushing yards and most seasons with 1,000-yards or more. Payton also played for the '85 Bears, considered by many to be one of the greatest teams of all time. The Bears collected a 15-1 regular season record and went on to defeat the New England Patriots 46-10 in the Super Bowl, the most lopsided Super Bowl in history, behind a historically stifling defense; the Bears only gave up 10 points in their three playoff games (and those were to the Patriots in the Super Bowl), shutting out the Giants and Rams. The Bears defense, coached by coordinator Buddy Ryan, featured a new scheme, the 46 defense, in which pressure to the quarterback could be applied from anywhere, at any given time. Their 72 sacks that year are the most by any team in history.'", "This was the third time in Super Bowl history that a team overcame a deficit entering the fourth quarter to win the game. The Baltimore Colts entered the final quarter down 13–6 against Dallas in Super Bowl V and won the game 16–13. The Pittsburgh Steelers started the final period against Dallas in Super Bowl X down 10–7 and eventually won the game 21–17. The lead had changed hands seven times, a Super Bowl record to this day. Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, and John Stallworth became the fourth, fifth and sixth players to score touchdowns in back-to-back Super Bowls, respectively. They had to celebrate when Swann returned from the hospital after being injured.", "1986 - Super Bowl XX (at New Orleans): Chicago Bears 46, New England Patriots 10. Coach Mike Ditka, RT William ’The Refrigerator’ Perry, QB Jim McMahon, RB Walter Payton. Is it all coming back to you now? MVP: Bears’ DE Richard Dent. Tickets: $75.00. Nielsen TV ratings indicated that exactly 50 percent of the U.S. population watched at least some part of the game, making it, at the time, the most watched TV program in history.", "On January 28th, 1990, new head coach, George Seifert, led the San Francisco 49ers to their second straight Super Bowl Title, blowing-out Dan Reeves' Denver Broncos 55-10 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. John Elway, Vance Johnson and the Broncos lost for the 3rd time in 4 years, while the 49ers tied the Steelers' record 4 Super Bowl victories, with the Super Bowl 24 win. Jerry Rice caught three touchdowns, John Taylor caught one, and Brent Jones reeled in another. Tom Rathman rushed for two short scores. Joe Montana threw a record breaking 5 touchdown passes, taking home MVP honors, and his 4th Super Bowl victory. Matt Millen, Ronnie Lott, Bill Romanowski, Kevin Fagan, Chet Brooks, Michael Walter and Don Griffin led San Francisco's defensive charge.", "Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13 year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII , Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win 10 out of 13 Super Bowls. In the years between 2001 and 2011, three teams – the Patriots, Steelers, and Colts – accounted for ten of the AFC Super Bowl appearances, with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.", "Tom Flores' Oakland Raiders beat Dick Vermeil's Philadelphia Eagles, 27-10, in Super Bowl 15 on January 25th, 1981 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. Ron Jaworski had 291 yards, but was intercepted by linebacker Rod Martin three times. Jim Plunkett threw three touchdowns in Super Bowl Fifteen; an 80 yard bomb to Kenny King, and two shorter scores to Cliff Branch. An Eagle defense led by John Bunting and Herman Edwards couldn't slow Plunkett and Mark Van Eeghen (75 yards). Ted Hendricks, Matt Millen, Dave Browning, and Martin led the stout Raider defense.", "In 1982 the Raiders moved from the Oakland Coliseum to the more spacious Los Angeles Coliseum in 1982, and remained there until 1994. During the '80s the team won two Western division titles and two AFC championships, not to mention becoming the only AFC franchise to win a Super Bowl in the Eighties.", "The tide turned following the 1981 season, when an NFC team other than the Cowboys won the Super Bowl for the first time since the late '60s. The San Francisco 49ers earned the honors, defeating the Cincinnati Bengals 26-21 in Super Bowl XVI. Over the next 16 years, the NFC won 15 titles -- the Los Angeles Raiders claiming the only AFC championship, in Super Bowl XVIII. The NFC won every title between the 1984 and 1996 seasons.", "The San Francisco 49ers captured their second Super Bowl title with a dominating offense and a defense that tamed Miami's explosive passing attack. Running back Roger Craig set a Super Bowl record by scoring three touchdowns on pass receptions of 8 and 16 yards and a run of 2 yards. San Francisco's Joe Montana was voted the game's most valuable player.", "On January 25th, 1987 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, Dan Reeves' Denver Broncos lost 39-20 to Bill Parcells' New York Football Giants in Super Bowl 21. Super Bowl Twenty-One MVP, Phil Simms was 22-25, for 261 yards and 3 touchdowns. His 88% completion percentage is a Super Bowl record. John Elway led the Broncos in rushing and passing, throwing for 304 yards. Vance Johnson led the game with 121 yards, but neither could bring home the Broncos' first Super Bowl. Joe Morris and Mark Bevaro helped Simms control the second half as a record 8 different players caught passes for the N.Y. Giants.", "With the Steelers win, they became the fourth team to win Super Bowls on three different networks (NBC-IX and XIII, CBS–X and XIV, and ABC) joining the Green Bay Packers (NBC- I, CBS-II, Fox- XXXI and XLV), San Francisco 49ers (NBC- XXIII, CBS- XVI and XXIV, ABC- XIX and XXIX), and Washington Redskins (NBC- XVII, ABC- XXII, CBS- XXVI). (These teams have since been joined by the New York Giants, who also surpassed them by winning a Super Bowl on each of the networks that carried the game; their win in Super Bowl XXI was carried by CBS, their win in Super Bowl XXV was carried by ABC, their win in Super Bowl XLII was carried by Fox, and their win in Super Bowl XLVI was carried by NBC.)", "*New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first-half touchdown. The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so.", "1986 Event - Superbowl XX: Chicago Bears beat New England Patriots, 46-10 in New Orleans Superbowl MVP: Richard Dent, Chicago, DE", "On January 26th, 1997 Mike Holmegren's Green Bay Packers beat Bill Parcells' New England Patriots, 35-21, in Super Bowl 31 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. Brett Favre ran for a score and threw touchdowns to Antonio Freeman and Andre \"Bad Moon\" Rison, but Heisman Trophy Winner Desmond Howard took home the MVP after returning a kickoff for 99 yards and piling up a Super Bowl record 244 return yards. Brian Williams, Doug Evens, Craig Newsome, and Mike Prior each intercepted a Drew Bledsoe pass, as Reggie White and Gilbert Brown caused havoc in the Patriot backfield. Ty Law, Otis Smith, Willie McGinest, Lawyer Milloy and the rest of the Pats couldn't stop Favre's Super Bowl Thirty-One Champion Packers.", "* January 26 – Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. ", "The 1992-95 Dallas Cowboys and 2001-04 New England Patriots each won three out of four Super Bowls. In 1994, the Cowboys lost the NFC Championship to San Francisco, while the 2002 Patriots failed to make the playoffs.", "At 38, Bill Cowher became the youngest head coach to lead his team to a Super Bowl. Along the way, Cowher's team captured their third AFC Central division title in four years, made their fourth straight playoff appearance, and won the Steelers' first AFC title since 1979. After a first-round bye, they defeated the Buffalo Bills (40-21) and the Indianapolis Colts (20-16), before losing to the Dallas Cowboys, 27-17, in Super Bowl XXX in Tempe, Arizona.", "After 9–7 and 10–6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively, the Giants compiled a 14–2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense. As of 2015, this is the Giants' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16-game seasons in 1978. After clinching the top seed in the NFC, the Giants defeated the 49ers 49–3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17–0 in the NFC championship game, advancing to their first Super Bowl, Super Bowl XXI, against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88% completion percentage, they defeated the Broncos 39–20, to win their first championship since 1956. In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor, the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells, tight end Mark Bavaro, running back Joe Morris, and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson.", "The Bills lost the 1992 AFC East title to the Miami Dolphins and Jim Kelly was injured in the final game of the regular season. Backup quarterback Frank Reich started their wild card playoff game against the Houston Oilers , and they were down 35–3 early in the third quarter. Undaunted, the Bills scored touchdowns on several consecutive possessions to tie the game and force overtime. Steve Christie kicked the game-winning field goal in the extra session to cap the biggest comeback in NFL history, 41–38. They then handily defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional playoff and upset the archrival Dolphins in the AFC Championship to advance to their third straight Super Bowl. Super Bowl XXVII , played against the Dallas Cowboys , turned out to be a mismatch. Buffalo committed 9 turnovers en route to a 52–17 loss. One of the sole bright spots for the Bills was Don Beebe's rundown and strip of Leon Lett after Lett had returned a fumble inside the Bills' 5 and was on his way to scoring. Lett held the ball out long enough for Beebe, who had made up a considerable distance to get to Lett, to knock it out of his hand.", "In the strike-shortened 1982 NFL season, the Dolphins, led by the \"Killer B's\" defense (Bob Baumhower, Bill Barnett , Lyle Blackwood , Kim Bokamper , Glenn Blackwood , Charles Bowser , Doug Betters, and Bob Brudzinski ), held five of their nine opponents to 14 or fewer points en route to their fourth Super Bowl appearance. During the first two rounds of the playoffs, they got revenge for previous losses, crushing the Patriots, 28–13 (revenge for the infamous Snow Plow game at Schaeffer Stadium played earlier in the season) and the San Diego Chargers, 34–13 at the Orange Bowl. After shutting out the New York Jets in the AFC Championship 14–0 (aided by Shula's instructions to the Stadium's grounds crew to leave the field uncovered throughout a week long rain in Miami). This was done to negate the Jets superior edge in team speed. They lost Super Bowl XVII to Washington, 27–17. After enjoying success rooted in a defense-first philosophy, and employing a ball control offense to take pressure off of lackluster quarterbacks, the next 17 seasons would be marked by an average rushing game and defense that limited a great quarterback.", "1984 was a rebuilding year. Brian Sipe defected to the upstart USFL after the 1983 season, and Paul McDonald was named the starting quarterback. Mike Pruitt missed much of the season and later ended up with the Buffalo Bills . Coach Sam Rutigliano lost his job after a 1–7 start as Marty Schottenheimer took over. The Browns coasted to a 5–11 record.", "The Eagles started the '80s with a club-record 12 wins in the 1980 season, going on to beat the Cowboys in the NFC championship game. The next few years were disappointments for Eagles fans, and in 1985 the rebuilding began, culminating in a division title in 1988. They were contenders for the next four years, as well.", "The New England Patriots became the next AFC squad to win the title in Super Bowl XXXVI, taking a close game over the St. Louis Rams 20-17. That began an era of New England dominance: The Patriots won three Super Bowls in four years starting with that title. After missing out on the title game in Super Bowl XXXVII (when the Tampa Bay Buccaneers beat the Oakland Raiders), the Patriots won close games in Super Bowl XXXVIII and XXXIX, cementing their dominance in the AFC.", "Super Bowl XXX (1996) – Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown is pushed out of bounds after one of his two interceptions in Super Bowl XXX. Brown's MVP efforts helped the Cowboys beat Pittsburgh 27-17 for their third championship in four years.", "After a 13-year NFL career, Jerome Bettis got a fairytale ending when his Pittsburgh Steelers played in and won Super Bowl XL, hosted in Bettis' hometown of Detroit. \"The Bus\" announced his retirement after the game.", "In 1980, CBS, with a record bid of US$12 million, was awarded the national radio rights to broadcast 26 NFL regular season games, including Monday Night Football, and all ten postseason games through the 1983 season. Starting with the 1980 season, CBS frequently used the beginning guitar riff of Heart's \"Crazy on You\" for commercial break tosses. Television ratings for season and playoff broadcasts in 1980 were the second-best in NFL history, trailing only the combined ratings of the 1976 season. All three networks posted gains, and NBC's 15.0 rating was its best ever. CBS and ABC had also experienced their best NFL ratings since 1977, with 15.3 and 20.8 ratings, respectively. CBS Radio reported a record audience of 7 million listeners for Monday night and special games.", "In the 1980s, the team drafted LB Lawrence Taylor who would go on to become one of the game’s greatest defensive forces. Other notable players are Frank Gifford, Eli Manning , Y.A. Tittle, Harry Carson, Mel Hein, Fran Tarkenton, Roosevelt Brown and Phil Simms.", "In 2006, CBS' coverage of the AFC Championship Game earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of American Idol on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the M*A*S*H finale (\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. ", "Super Bowl XX was the 20th championship game of the modern National Football League (NFL). The game was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana following the 1985 regular season ." ]

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[ "Mo Greene, as he is sometimes known, was spectacularly successful between 1997 and 2001. In particular, in 1999, where Greene really asserted his dominance. He was the first ever winner of both the 100m and 200m at the 1999 World Championships in Seville. Maurice Greene collected his third gold medal of the competition with the 4 x 100m relay. The same year in Athens he set the 100m world record with 9.79 seconds.", "On June 16, 1999 in Athens, he set the world record for the 100M, running it in just 9.79 seconds.", "Yet there are never any certainties in athletics, and the bang of the gun at the start of the men's 100m sounded the death knell for the Moroccan's birthday celebrations, as Tim Montgomery charged through the finish in 9.78 (+ 2m/s legal wind) to beat Maurice Green's old World Record  of 9.79, which was set in Athens in 1999.", "In his first major outing on the world stage, Chambers attained a new personal best at the 1999 World Championships in Seville, registering a time of 9.97 s for third place in the 100 m final. This made the 21-year-old the youngest ever World Championships 100 m medallist. North Americans dominated the event as Maurice Greene and Bruny Surin took first and second place respectively, with record runs of 9.80 s and 9.84 s, respectively. The British sprint team Chambers, Gardener, Campbell and Marlon Devonish performed well in the 4×100 metres relay event as runners-up in a time of 37.73 s behind the US team led by Greene. World record holder Maurice Greene was hitting his peak, winning three gold medals in Seville. However, at 21 years old, Chambers had achieved more than Greene had at that age: Greene's best was 10.08 s in 1996 and he had never reached a major final. ", "a career which spanned a decade, Greene collected a substantial amount of championship hardware:  4 Olympic medals, including 2 golds [100m and 4x100] from Sydney '00; and 5 golds in world championship competition, including Bolt Slam golds [100m, 200m, and 4x100] in Seville '99.  The former world record holder at 100m [9.79], Greene still holds the indoor WR's for 50m [5.56] and 60m [6.39].  No doubt about it.  When the chips were on the table, it was a safe bet that Maurice Greene would come up big.", "Bailey's time of 9.84 in Atlanta was the 100m world record from 1996 until 1999, when it was broken by Greene. The time also stood as the Commonwealth record from 1996 until 2005, when it was broken by Asafa Powell, and is the current Canadian record (shared with Bruny Surin since 1999). His Olympic record was broken by Usain Bolt at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "Maurice Greene lowers the world record by 0.05 seconds!! running in 9.79 (+0.1 wind) and beating Donovan Bailey's former record of 9.84 set in Atlanta games.", "The 100 metres, or 100-meter dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women.", "* October 14 was the 45th anniversary of the first sub-10 sec 100m on automatic timing � by Jim Hines when winning the 1968 Olympic title at high altitude Mexico City in 9.95. How many men are now in the sub-10 club? A remarkable compilation by Italian statistician Pino Mappa that appears in Bulletin no 92 (Sep 2013) of the the Spanish statistical group, the AEEA (Asociaci�n Espanola de Estad�sticos de Atletismo) lists 604 legal marks of 9.99 or quicker as at the end of 2012 by 83 sprinters. Taking into account the 2013 season the figures are now 89 men with 666 performances. The most prolific are Asafa Powell (81), Maurice Greene (51) and Usain Bolt (40). Powell's 100th best mark is 10.05!", "The stadium hosted both the opening and closing ceremonies at the 2012 Olympic Games. During the Athletics events of the Olympic Games David Rudisha broke his own world record for the 800 metres to become the first man to run the distance in under 1 minute 41 seconds. In the 4 × 100 metres relay the team from Jamaica also broke their own world record from the 2011 World Championships by two-tenths of a second. The United States women's 4 by 100 metres team beat the previous best set by East Germany in 1985, recording a time of 40.82 seconds to set a new world record. Olympic records were set by Usain Bolt, who ran the second fastest 100 metres, Renaud Lavillenie in the Pole vault by 1 cm, Sally Pearson recorded a record time in the 100 metres hurdles and Tatyana Lysenko set a new mark in the Hammer. ", "From an early age, Maurice Greene showed ability on the track. In 1993, Greene achieved an amazing three years in a row of winning the double of 100 metres and 200 metres at the Kansas High School State meeting.", "Greene ran 53 sub-10-second 100 m races during his career, which at the time was more than any other sprinter in history. This record has now been surpassed by Asafa Powell who has 88 100 m sub-10-second runs to his name. Previously Greene had held the record for the most wind-legal sub-10-second clockings for 100 m in one season, when he ran 9 sub-10s in 1999. This record was also broken by Asafa Powell in 2006 (12), and it was improved by Powell in 2008 to 15.", "At the 2009 World Championships in August, Bolt eased through the 100 m heats, clocking the fastest ever pre-final performance of 9.89 seconds. The final was the first time Bolt and Gay had met in the season, and Bolt improved his world record with a time of 9.58 s to win his first World Championship gold medal. Taking over a tenth of a second off the previous best mark, this was the largest ever margin of improvement in the 100 m world record since the beginning of electronic timing. Gay finished with a time of 9.71 s, 0.02 s off Bolt's 9.69 s world-record run in Beijing. ", "Greene's 100m time still ranks among the top-five on the world all-time list. Jamaican Asafa Powell (9.74) holds the current world-record.", "The 100 metres is the shortest sprint distance commonly run outdoors. It is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 (1928 for women). The reigning", "Boldon said he and the former 100-metre record-holder Maurice Greene, who are both 5-9, used to finish their races in 45 or 46 strides. Tyson Gay and Powell, Bolt’s top current competition, are at about 45. Lewis required between 43 and 44 at his fastest.", "TRACK AND FIELD; Greene Breaks World Record in the 100 Meters - The New York Times", "2005 - Asafa Powell of Jamaica sets a new Men's 100 meters world record of 9.77 at the Athens Olympic Stadium", "Jun 14 Asafa Powell of Jamaica sets a new Men's 100 meters world record of 9.77 at the Athens Olympic Stadium", "For an encore the following day at the Olympic Trials, Gay won his semifinal heat in a wind-legal 9.85. In the final, he blasted his way to victory in 9.68 seconds. While technically faster than the world record of 9.72, the time will not count toward records because the wind reading with 4.1 meters per second. However, no man has ever run the 100m faster regardless of conditions. The previous best of 9.69 was turned in by Obadele Thompson in April 1996. The tailwind that day was 5.7 mps.", "Bolt then focused on attaining a gold medal in the 200 m event, aiming to emulate Carl Lewis' double win in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Michael Johnson felt that Bolt would easily win gold but believed that his own world record of 19.32 s set at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta would remain intact at the Olympics. Bolt eased through the first and second rounds of the 200 m, jogging towards the end of his run both times. He won his semi-final and progressed to the final as the favourite to win. Retired Jamaican sprinter Don Quarrie praised Bolt, saying he was confident that Johnson's record could be beaten. The following day, at the final, he won Jamaica's fourth gold of the Games, setting a new world and Olympic record of 19.30 s. Johnson's record fell despite the fact that Bolt was impeded by a 0.9 m/s headwind. The feat made him the first sprinter since Quarrie to hold both 100 m and 200 m world records simultaneously and the first since the introduction of electronic timing. Furthermore, Bolt became the first sprinter to break both records at the same Olympics. Unlike in the 100 m final, Bolt sprinted hard all the way to the finishing line in the 200 m race, even dipping his chest to improve his time. Following the race, \"Happy Birthday\" was played over the stadium's sound system as his 22nd birthday would begin at midnight.", "In an electrifying performance that would have won the flat 400m title as recently as the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Young became the first and only man in history to shatter the 47-second barrier by winning the 1992 Olympic men's 400m hurdles gold medal in the astounding world record time of 46.78 seconds. In using his unusual technique of switching between 12 and 13-stride intervals between hurdles, Young bettered the world record of 47.02 set by Edwin Moses in 1983 despite slamming the final hurdle and raising his arms in triumph prior to reaching the finish. His record still stands and he remains the only athlete ever to break the 47-second barrier. As a collegian Young was nicknamed \"Spiderman\" by his teammates at UCLA, where he won the 1987 and 1988 NCAA 400m hurdles crowns. After winning the 400m hurdles at the 1993 USA Outdoor Championships, later that summer Young won the gold medal at the World Outdoor Championships in Stuttgart, Germany.", "Silas Kiplagat, Asbel Kiprop, James Kiplagat Magut and Collins Cheboi of Kenya set the record on May 25, 2014, in Nassau, Bahamas. (Getty Images for IAAF)", "*Dai Greene, athlete 400m hurdler, world champion and Gold medalist for IAAF championships at Daegu, South Korea", "Perhaps one of the most shocking races of the evening session was the first semi-final of the men's 400m hurdles. Felix Sanchez rolled back the years to run a world-leading 47.76 – his fastest time since winning the 2004 Olympic title in Athens. In a high-quality race that saw Jehue Gordon set a national record (47.96) and Kerron Clement clock a season's best (48.12), World champion Dai Greene appeared to be out of it as he finished fourth in 48.19. But it proved to be the fastest of all the semis and Greene's time was good enough to make it through to the final. Javier Culson won the second semi from Angelo Taylor, 47.93 to 47.95, while Michael Tinsley won the third (48.18).", "In the 200m, Allyson Felix of the USA crossed the line first in 22.02 seconds with Double Olympic champion Veronica Campbell-Brown from Jamaican coming second with 22.35. In the 400m men final, LaShawn Merritt and Jeremy Wariner battled it out with Merritt securing gold with 44.06. Wariner ran a season's best of 44.60, winning the silver medal.", "Michael Johnson, Frankie Fredericks and Ato Boldon at the IAAF/BTC World Relays, Bahamas 2015 press conference (Getty Images) © Copyright", "Gold guy: Mo Farah's gold is Britain's second in the World Championships after Dai Greene won the 400m hurdles Photo: AP", "1999 - Michael Johnson breaks the 400 metres world record with a time of 43.18 seconds.", "Michael Johnson of the US starts the 400m at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Photograph: Don Emmert/AFP", "In winning the gold medal in the men's 400m hurdles at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, Andre Phillips picked the best possible time to notch his only career win over his idol and fellow National Track & Field Hall of Famer Edwin Moses. Phillips, who won the 1985 World Cup, the 1985 USA Outdoor title and was the 1981 NCAA 400m hurdles champion, was nine times ranked top ten in the world by Track & Field News, and ranked #1 globally in 1985, 1986 and 1988. He was world ranked #3 in the 110m hurdles in 1985.", "1968 - Lee Evans wins the 400 m and Bob Beamon the Long Jump. Both world records would stand for over 20 years" ]

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[ "The Brooklyn Dodgers won baseball’s World Series by defeating the New York Yankees four games to three. This was the Dodgers’ first-ever world championship.", "Baseball: The New York Yankees defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 50th annual World Series. The Yankees are the first team to win 5 consecutive series titles.", "History of Baseball - The 1952 World Series began with the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The World Series goes to the team to first reach four wins through seven games, the best of the teams wins. In this occasion, the New York Yankees defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers four games to three. Baseball today has many changes from 1952, such as team names. Todays World Series consist of the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox, in which the Boston Red Sox defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to two. Baseball is Americas past time, some of the greatest players played in the past of baseball....   [tags: world series, new york yankees, red soxs]", "baseball: Brooklyn Dodgers [World Series: 1953], Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Athletics, Boston Red Sox; manager: Boston Red Sox, Oakland Athletics [winning 2 World Series], California Angels, Montreal Expos, San Diego Padres, Seattle Mariners", "The historic event took place during the seventh-inning stretch. As the Cubs band played “The Star-Spangled Banner,” the players and the nineteen-thousand-plus spectators stood, took off their hats, and sang along — much as they do today at professional and collegiate sporting contests. At Boston’s Fenway Park on September 9 in the fourth game of the Series, the National Anthem was played before the first pitch. The Red Sox, led by pitching star Babe Ruth, prevailed in that post-season contest—and did not win another World Series until 2004.", "For the decade, the Yankees won six World Series championships ('50, 51, '52, '53, '56, '58) and eight American League pennants (those six plus '55 and '57). Led by Mantle, Ford, Berra, Elston Howard (the Yankees' first African-American player), and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees burst into the new decade seeking to replicate the remarkable success of the 1950s.", "The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast, defeating the Chicago White Sox in 1959. The 1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise, losing to the Yankees. The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s: a 1963 win over the Yankees, a 1965 win over the Minnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to the Baltimore Orioles.", "October - The Dodgers defeat the Twins in Milwaukee to capture the World Series. Sandy Koufax was the winning pitcher with his second shutout in four days. He allowed only three hits…  Third baseman Ken Boyer , the National League’s most valuable player in 1964 when he led St. Louis to the world championship, is traded the Cardinals to the New York Mets… Leo Durocher (59) returns to baseball as manager of the Chicago Cubs…", "October 7, 1952: 1952 World Series, Game 7: New York Yankees 4 at Brooklyn Dodgers 2, F -- Gene Woodling and Mickey Mantle homered, and Billy Martin made a game-saving grab of an infield popup gone awry, as the Yankees recovered from a three game to two deficit to win their fourth of five straight World Series, in seven games over the Brooklyn Dodgers. Mantle's homer in the sixth gave the Yankees the lead for good, and an insurance run in the seventh made it 4-2. With the bases loaded and two outs in the bottom of the inning, Jackie Robinson hit a high pop up that Yankees first baseman Joe Collins appeared to lose it in the sun. But Martin charged in from second base to snatch the ball at his shoe tops to end the inning and snuff out the Dodgers' last threat as the Yankees secured the championship.moreless", "The 1951 playoff between Brooklyn and the New York Giants and that year's World Series were the first major league baseball games telecast live from coast-to-coast; transcontinental network transmission lines had been completed and activated in September, in-time for the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco and the start of the 1951–52 television season.", "Behind Tim Lincecum , the Giants wrapped up the World Series with a 3-1 Game 5 win for their first world championship in San Francisco and the first for the Giants franchise since 1954. [50] Édgar Rentería was named World Series Most Valuable Player . [51] [52]", "* October 9 – In Major League Baseball, the Cincinnati Reds win the World Series, five games to three, over the Chicago White Sox, whose players are later found to have lost intentionally.", "In 1910, A baseball with a cork center was used in a World Series game for the first time. The Philadelphia Athletics (managed by Connie Mack) and the Chicago Cubs (managed by P.K. Wrigley) played for the championship.", "Teams Move Around The Country But Veeck's little tricks didn't do enough, and baseball's landscape began to change. The Browns abandoned St. Louis for Baltimore and became the Orioles. The Philadelphia A's moved to Kansas City, while the Boston Braves moved to Milwaukee. But the '50s were not wholly a time of despair for Major League Baseball. The '50s saw the advent of a player who would be considered by many the best to ever play the game - both before and since. Willie Mays, who broke in with the Giants in 1951, would go on to hit .302 for his career, winning 12 Gold Gloves for best fielder at his position, hit 660 home runs (fourth on the all-time list) and become the first player to hit 300 home runs and steal 300 bases. Players, managers and fans alike heaped praise on the young centerfielder.", "1954: With the return of Willie Mays, and Monte Irvin, the Giants are once again at full strength and capture the NL Pennant with a 97-57. In the World Series the Giants were matched up against a Cleveland Indians team that won 111 games. In Game 1 Willie Mays got the Giants off to a great start when he made perhaps the greatest catch in baseball history. With the Giants and Indians tied 2-2 in the eighth inning, with and two Indians on base, Mays made an over-the-shoulder catch of a 460-foot smash off the bat Vic Wertz. The Giants went on to win 5-2 when pinch-hitter Dusty Rhodes hit a three run, home run in the tenth inning off Indians starter Bob Lemon. Ironically, the game-winning clout went only 260 feet down the line. The Giants would go on to sweep the Indians in four games to register their last World Championship of the 20th Century.", "1955 - The World Series was televised in color for the first time. The game was between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "1955 - The World Series was televised in color for the first time. The game was between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "The beginning of US involvement in World War II necessitated depriving the game of many players who joined the armed forces, but the major leagues continued play throughout the duration. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig, Boston's great left fielder Ted Williams had a batting average over .400 – the last time anyone has achieved that feat. During the same season Joe DiMaggio hit successfully in 56 consecutive games, an accomplishment both unprecedented and unequaled. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.", "* Joe DiMaggio and the New York Yankees go to five World Series in the 1940s, winning four of them.", "# The 2015 World Series—in which the Kansas City Royals (enfranchised by the American League in 1969) defeated the New York Mets (NL, 1962) in five games—was the first between two expansion teams.", "1943 - NY Yankees beat Cards 4 games to 1, in 40th World Series, to become 1st team to win 10 World Series", "In the 1950s, the Brooklyn Dodgers became the Los Angeles Dodgers as the team made its historic move to the West Coast in 1958. Despite the change in location, the Dodgers dominated the National League, winning five National League pennants (1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1959) and World Championships in 1955 and 1959.", "In 1958, the Braves again won the National League pennant and jumped out to a three games to one lead in the World Series against the New York Yankees once more, thanks in part to the strength of Spahn's and Burdette's pitching. But the Yankees stormed back to take the last three games, in large part to World Series MVP Bob Turley's pitching.", "1954 – In Major League Baseball, Willie Mays of the New York Giants made \"The Catch\" against the Cleveland Indians at the Polo Grounds in Game 1 of the World Series.", "1959 : Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) defeat Chicago White Sox (AL), 4 games to 2. MVP: Larry Sherry , Los Angeles", "1950 - 17th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 4-3 in 14 at Comiskey Park, Chic Ted Williams breaks his elbow; 1st extra inning All Star Game", "1968 - Detroit Tigers beat St Louis Cards, 4 games to 3 in 65th World Series", "1959 - 1st World Series since 1948 not to feature a NY team (LA vs Chic)", "1959 – First world series (World Series #56) game played west of St Louis (in LA).", "119. In 1951, Bobby Thomson hit the “shot that was heard round the world” to secure his team the Baseball National League Pennant. For whom was he playing?", "to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the ...", "1950 - Pitcher Curt Simmons of the Philadelphia Phillies became the first major-league baseball player to be called to active military duty during the Korean War." ]

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[ "O'Neal was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers as the 17th pick in the 1996 NBA draft. The rookie was surrounded by veterans and emerging stars who could show him the ropes in Portland; forming the frontcourt with him were Arvydas Sabonis, Rasheed Wallace and Clifford R. Robinson. After missing the first 17 games with a bone contusion in his knee, O'Neal made his debut against the Denver Nuggets in December. At 18 years, one month and 22 days, he became the youngest player to play in an NBA game (a mark that was later eclipsed by Andrew Bynum). O'Neal also became the youngest player at 18 years, three months and eleven days to score 20 points in a game on January 22, 1997 against the Seattle SuperSonics.", "Jermaine Lee O'Neal (born October 13, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player. The 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m), 255 lb (115 kg) forward-center had a successful high school career and declared his eligibility for the 1996 NBA draft straight out of high school. He was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers with the 17th overall pick, but O'Neal was unable to break into the first team in Portland and was traded to the Indiana Pacers in 2000. In his eight seasons with the club, he was voted an NBA All-Star six times, made the All-NBA teams three times, and was voted the NBA Most Improved Player in the 2001–02 season. He also helped Indiana reach the NBA Playoffs six times, including the Conference Finals in the 2003–04 season. He was traded to the Toronto Raptors before the 2008–09 season began, and traded to the Miami Heat midway through the same season. O'Neal joined the Boston Celtics prior to the 2010–11 season. In 2012, he signed with the Suns, and in the offseason of 2013, he signed with the Warriors.", "When O'Neal arrived at his new club, new coach Isiah Thomas —who had pushed for the O'Neal/Davis trade—told him that he simply needed to work harder on his game to succeed. [17] At that time, Indiana was rebuilding and still revolved around veteran All-Star Reggie Miller . O'Neal turned out to be a revelation for his new club and it was not long before he established himself as a key player for his new team. [17] [18] Starting in 80 of the 81 regular season games he played in for the 2000–01 season , his statistics improved significantly as he averaged 12.9 points and 9.8 rebounds per game. [7] The big man helped his team to a 41–41 record and the eighth playoff seed ; [19] he also led the league in total blocks (228, a franchise record), [18] and led the Eastern Conference in double doubles. [4] O'Neal kept up his form into the playoffs as well, averaging almost 9.8 points and 12.5 boards a game in the first round against the Philadelphia 76ers , [7] although the series was short-lived as the latter emerged victorious in four games. [19]", "Portland was mediocre in the first half of the campaign, but came to form as the playoffs approached and managed to finish third in the Pacific Division with a 49–33 win–loss record. While fans at the Rose Garden harbored thoughts of an upset against the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs, the Trail Blazers succumbed in four games. In O'Neal's first season, he appeared in a total of 45 games in the regular season, averaging 4.1 points and 2.8 rebounds per game. For the most part, however, he came off the bench and only averaged 10.2 minutes a game. O'Neal doubted for a while if he had made the right decision to skip college—he watched with envy as good friend and fellow prep-to-pro draftee Kobe Bryant was enjoying a good rookie season—but he remained confident that the best had yet to come.", "The 1998–99 season was initially disrupted for several months following an impasse in the collective bargaining negotiations. In the end, the league scaled down to a 50-game schedule, and Portland capitalized on the shortened campaign. Boasting one of the league's most balanced squads that also had strength in depth, [9] the Trail Blazers chalked up an impressive 35–15 record and topped the division. [10] Dunleavy—who would later be named NBA Coach of the Year —led his club into the playoffs aiming to capture the franchise's first NBA title since 1977. [11] After sweeping the Phoenix Suns 3–0 in the first round, Portland defeated the Utah Jazz 4–2 to set up a showdown with the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals. [10] In Game 2, a 3-pointer by Sean Elliott in the closing seconds gave the Spurs as 86–85 win [12] and propelled San Antonio to win the series (the Spurs went on to win the NBA championship). O'Neal's disappointment at losing in the Conference Finals was compounded by the fact that his regular season minutes had dropped to fewer than 10 a game for the first time, [7] and that his contributions to the team were mostly insignificant to begin with. He was having increasing doubts about his NBA career.", "In his senior season at Eau Claire, O'Neal's averages of 22.4 points, 12.4 rebounds and 5.2 blocks per game ensured that he was voted First Team All-State, South Carolina's Player of the Year and \"Mr. Basketball\". Named to USA Today's All-USA Basketball Team, he earned a spot in the McDonald's All-America Game as well. Despite being one of the nation's top prospects, O'Neal's future in college basketball was uncertain. He scored poorly on the SATs, and Glymph advised against him making the leap to the NBA. But it was only a year before that another South Carolinian—future NBA All-Star Kevin Garnett—had made a seamless transition from high school to the NBA, and O'Neal thought he could emulate Garnett.", "In the 1997–98 season, O'Neal and the Lakers had the best start in franchise history, 11–0. O'Neal missed 20 games due to an abdominal injury. Los Angeles battled Seattle for the Pacific Division title most of the season. In the final two months, the Lakers won 22 of their final 25 games, finishing 61–21, and second to Seattle in the standings. The Lakers defeated Portland three games to one in the first-round. The following round, they faced Seattle. Although the Sonics won the first game, the Lakers responded with four straight wins, taking the series, but were swept by the Jazz in the next round.", "The 1992 NBA Draft marked the entrance into the league of Shaquille O'Neal, who was drafted by the Orlando Magic. Immediately drawing comparisons to Wilt Chamberlain, the 7'1\" (2.15 m), 325-pound (147 kg) O'Neal was billed as potentially the most physically dominating player ever and he quickly lived up to the hype. By his third season, he led the league in scoring and led the Magic to the NBA Finals, where they were swept by the Houston Rockets, with O'Neal out-played by the more experienced Olajuwon. After the 1995–96 season, he signed with the rebuilding Los Angeles Lakers. Former Georgetown center Alonzo Mourning, also drafted in 1992, established himself as a premier big man with the Charlotte Hornets and, later, the Miami Heat, winning two Defensive Player of the Year Awards thanks to his prolific shot blocking while also proving a reliable scoring threat.", "In 1996, the Wolves added another star player in the draft, trading Ray Allen to the Milwaukee Bucks for the rights to Stephon Marbury, the 4th overall pick. The addition of Marbury had a positive effect on the entire team, as Garnett and Gugliotta became the first Wolves to be selected to the All-Star team. Gugliotta and Garnett led the Timberwolves in scoring as the team made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history with a record of 40–42. However, in the playoffs the Timberwolves made a quick exit as they were swept by the Houston Rockets in three straight games. The T-Wolves also decided to change their image by changing their team logo and color scheme, adding black to the team colors and replacing the original logo with one featuring a snarling wolf looming over a field of trees. It was also during this season that Minnesota began to play on a parquet floor.", "In November of the 1996–97 season, Bitove sold his ownership interest in the team to Slaight for $65 million after Slaight had activated a shotgun clause in their partnership agreement, giving Slaight 79% control of the team, and remaining minority partner of the Bank of Nova Scotia (10%), Thomas (9%) Peterson (1%) and Granovsky (1%). Slaight subsequently acquired the 1% which had been owned by both Peterson and Granovsky, who had died a year earlier. The team improved on its win record by nine games. They selected centre Marcus Camby with the second overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft. By the end of the season, Camby earned a berth on the NBA's All-Rookie Team while Stoudamire continued to play well, averaging 20.2 points and 8.8 assists per game. As in the previous season, the Raptors were one of only 11 teams to topple the eventual 1997 Champions, the Chicago Bulls. The Raptors also defeated the Houston Rockets, Utah Jazz and Miami Heat, all of whom were eventual Conference finalists. However, the Raptors struggled against teams who were not of championship calibre, including three losses to the 15–67 Boston Celtics.", "The third team composed of NBA players participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The star quality of the team was impressive as it featured five members of the original Dream Team (Barkley, Malone, Pippen, Robinson, and Stockton), plus two other members of the NBA 50 Greatest Players list, Hakeem Olajuwon and Shaquille O'Neal. Lenny Wilkens coached the team.", "Upon the purchasing of the franchise by Micky Arison in 1995, Pat Riley was brought in as the team president and head coach. Riley acquired center Alonzo Mourning and point guard Tim Hardaway to serve as the centerpieces for the team, transforming Miami into a championship contender throughout the late 1990s. With them they also brought in a new team trainer, Cody Posselt, to work on shooting. The Heat underwent a dramatic turnaround in the 1996–97 season, improving to a 61–21 record – a franchise record at the time, and currently second-best in team history. That same year, Miami earned the moniker of \"Road Warriors\" for its remarkable 32–9 record on the road. On the backs of Hardaway and Mourning, the Heat achieved their first two series victories in the playoffs, making it to the Conference Finals against the Michael Jordan-led Chicago Bulls before losing in five games. Their biggest rivals of the time were the New York Knicks, Riley's former team, who would eliminate the Heat in the playoffs from 1998 through 2000. A period of mediocrity followed after, highlighted by missing the playoffs in 2002 and 2003.", "Only six or seven college basketball players are invited to formally tour the World Campus each year and witness a Nike presentation, and only Shaquille O'Neal, who was a star at LSU when he look his tour last year, ever showed up in Reebok gear and yawned during the sports marketing team's elaborate spiel. O'Neal had told various agents and marketing types long before leaving college that he had his own ideas about his image and endorsement future. He had no intention of competing with Jordan, Barkley and the others already at Nike for money and air-time. So he signed a $15 million, five-year deal with the R company and went on to sell the Shaq umbrella marketing concept to other corporations for millions more.", "In the 1996 NBA Finals, Payton harassed Jordan into a subpar performance (by his Airness’s standards). Payton held Jordan to 23, 26, and 22 points in the final three games of the series. As a member of the Seattle SuperSonics, Payton was the mastermind behind bang-bang alley-oop plays to “Man-Child” Shawn Kemp. In addition to the flair for the dramatic, Payton was fundamentally sound, as he thrived in the post to cook opponents with head fakes, turnaround jumpers, and a lethal drop step toward the goal.", "In Game 1 of the Conference Finals, James scored a buzzer-beating layup to give Miami a one-point victory against the Pacers. Throughout the series, his supporting cast struggled significantly, and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his \"Cleveland days\". Despite these struggles, the Heat won the series and advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs, signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier. At the beginning of the series, he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2–3. In Game 6, he recorded his second triple-double of the series including 16 fourth quarter points to lead the Heat to a comeback victory. In Game 7, he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory, leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points. He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season, averaging 25.3 points, 10.9 rebounds, 7 assists, and 2.3 steals per game for the series. ", "On November 21, 2012, O'Neal scored 17 points off of 7-9 shooting off the bench to help defeat the Portland Trail Blazers 114–87. Two days later, O'Neal would record his first double-double with the Suns by scoring 13 points and grabbing 11 rebounds in a close 111-108 overtime victory over the New Orleans Hornets.", "Magic host their former star centre, Shaquille O’Neal, now with the Boston Celtics, who knocked them out of the playoffs last year. Amway Center, Orlando, USA", "Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is an American retired professional basketball player who played point guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for 13 seasons. After winning championships in high school and college, Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA draft by the Lakers. He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season, and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s. Johnson retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had contracted HIV, but returned to play in the 1992 All-Star Game, winning the All-Star MVP Award. After protests from his fellow players, he retired again for four years, but returned in 1996, at age 36, to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time.", "The team made another Finals appearance in 1991, but lost in five games to a Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan. On November 7, 1991, Magic Johnson announced he had tested positive for HIV and would retire immediately. In their first season without Johnson, the team won 43 games, but became the first eighth seed to win the opening two games on the road against a number one seed when they took a 2–0 lead versus Phoenix. They lost the next two games at home however, then game five in Phoenix in overtime. Randy Pfund was let go as head coach in March 1994 and eventually replaced by Johnson, who coached the club with former teammate Michael Cooper as his lead assistant. Johnson decided not to take the job permanently due to what he felt was a lack of commitment from certain players, and Los Angeles ended the season with a 10-game losing streak to finish 33–49 and out of the playoffs. ", "Bryant joined the Los Angeles Lakers in 1996 despite being initially drafted by the Charlotte Hornets. He was immediately traded to the Lakers, the team that he always wanted to play for.", "In the summer of 1992, Bird joined Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan and other NBA stars to play for the United States basketball team in that year's Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. It was the first time in America's Olympic history that the country sent professional basketball players to compete. The \"Dream Team\" won the men's basketball gold medal.", "In 1979, using a first-round draft pick obtained from the Utah Jazz, the Lakers selected a 6-9 point guard named Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson from Michigan State. Johnson's arrival marked the beginning of a decade that would bring Abdul-Jabbar five more championship rings. With a blitzkrieg fast break that came to be known as \"Showtime,\" the Lakers won nine division titles in the final 10 years of Abdul-Jabbar's career.", "In 1995, the Celtics moved from the Boston Garden into the Fleet Center (renamed the TD Banknorth Garden in 2005). Carr fired Chris Ford and took the coaching reins himself. After drafting Providence College star Eric Williams , the Celtics struggled to a 33–49 record. Things got worse in 1996–97 as the Celtics lost a franchise record 67 games, winning only 15 times despite the emergence of 1st-round draft pick Antoine Walker .", "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar made his debut for the Milwaukee Bucks at home against the Detroit Pistons. The Bucks won 119-110.", "While we're on the subject of the summer of 1996, keep in mind that was the same offseason the Lakers shipped Vlade Divac to Charlotte for the draft rights to a 17-year-old kid from Lower Merion High outside Philadelphia.", "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr.; April 16, 1947), in New York City, New York, becomes a retired professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association for the Milwaukee Bucks and Los Angeles Lakers.", "Chosen by the NBA as one of its 50 greatest players of all time in 1996.", "My grandmother watched Ray Allen and the 2005 squad completely dominate the Sacramento Kings during the playoffs on her deathbed, before she passed, one last thrill. You know how much that team meant to her? It's disturbing people from Oklahoma want to take that away. I remember my mom taking me to the airport to watch the Sonics arrive during the '96 Finals, which they lost, but it is a very happy memory. Kemp/Payton era will always remain an exciting sports moment for me as a child. Keep the Sonics in Seattle where they belong.", "And Ron Artest needs to remember how out-of-the-loop he felt entering the Lakers' visiting locker room in Boston after Game 6 in 2008, finding his friend, Odom, and idol, Bryant, after they were abused by Paul Pierce . He should realize he can put a stop to Pierce this time and be responsible for healing the wound from that day, a wound that Odom, Bryant and Derek Fisher carry with them to this day.", "In a preseason match-up, Denver beats the Phoenix, 77-72, at the Indian Wells (California) Tennis Garden. The game is noteworthy because it is the first NBA game played outdoors in three decades.", "JaVale McGee is the NBA's version of a Butt Monkey . A member of the Washington Wizards traded to the Denver Nuggets, he's known for bone-headed plays like these", "Throughout the game, we get a preview of the way that Johnson and Bird would revolutionize the NBA in the next decade. In an era in which basketball was largely becoming a sloppy playground style sport, the two made teamwork and fundamentals popular again. Sadly, since they retried, the sport has regressed to an even worse state than it was at the time of this game. Though in two ways the sport has improved. Watching this game now reminds me how much more exciting the three point shot and the shot clock have made basketball." ]

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[ "The Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race on the open-wheel, or IndyCar, circuit and is contested annually on Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. First held in 1911, the Indy 500 is now known as the \"Greatest Spectacle In Racing,\" with the winner receiving the Borg-Warner Trophy. A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears have each won the Indianapolis 500 four times (the most among drivers in the event's history).", "ONLY THREE HAVE WON FOUR. “The only drivers to have won the Indianapolis 500 four times each are A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears.” — ims.com", "Only three drivers in history have ever won the Indy 500 four times. A.J. Foyt (1961, ’64, ’67, ’77), Al Unser (1970, ’71, ’78, ’87) and Rick Mears (1979, ’84, ’88, ’91) are the three most successful names in IMS history and Castroneves could join them with a win this weekend. Foyt also owns the record for most consecutive starts in the race at 35 while Roger Penske’s 15 wins are a record for an owner.", "Foyt won the Indianapolis 500 4 times, in 1961, 1964, 1967 and 1977. He was the first driver to do so. The feat has since been matched by Al Unser (1970, 1971, 1978, 1987) and Rick Mears (1979, 1984, 1988, 1991). Of his 67 career Championship Car race victories, twelve were won at Trenton (NJ) Speedway. Foyt also won the Indycar Series seven times, a record that still stands.", "When you think of the Indy 500, the name that comes to mind the most is A.J. Foyt, who at the age of 26 won his first race in 1961. He later went on to win the Indy 4 more times.  In September of 1990 a serious crash in Wisconsin shattered his legs. But 8 months later he managed to squeeze into his race car and star the race for the 34th year in a row.", "A. J. Foyt and Mario Andretti are the only drivers to have won both the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Both drivers also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring. Foyt won four editions of the Indianapolis 500, and collected seven open-wheel titles and a 24 Hours of Le Mans win. Mario Andretti won three editions of the 12 Hours of Sebring, the 1969 Indianapolis 500, and also won four open-wheel titles, a Formula One world championship, and a class win and 2nd overall finish at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.", "With a victory, Castroneves would have become the fourth driver to win the Indy 500 four times, joining A.J. Foyt, Al Unser Sr. and Rick Mears. But throughout the afternoon the second-place car had the distinct disadvantage in passing the leader due to the draft, and short of blocking Hunter-Reay, Castroneves' options were limited.", "May 29 – Indianapolis 500: A. J. Foyt becomes the first driver to win the race 4 times.", "1985 - A.J. Foyt made it to his 30th Indianapolis 500 as he got his sluggish Indy-car to start. In addition to winning four Indianapolis 500s as a driver, A.J. Foyt won the 1972 Daytona 500 and the 24 Hours of LeMans, making him the only man to have won the crown jewels of Indy car, NASCAR Winston Cup and international sports car racing.", "Two drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt , have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500 . Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring , America’s premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans , while Andretti won the 1978 Formula One World Championship and is a three time Sebring winner (he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races . In 2010 Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.", "Arie Luyendyk quietly compiled some of the most impressive achievements in the history of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Aside from being a two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500, Luyendyk holds the IMS one- and four-lap speed records, and his average speed over 500 miles of 185.981 mph in 1990 is a mark that is unlikely to ever be broken.", "Between his 1969 victory in the race and 1981, Andretti dropped out of the races due to part failures or crashes. His luck seemed to turn around in 1981. Andretti finished second in the 1981 Indianapolis 500 by eight seconds behind Bobby Unser. The following day Unser was penalized one lap for passing cars under a caution flag, and Andretti was declared the winner. Unser and his car owner Roger Penske appealed the race stewards' decision. USAC overturned the one lap penalty four months later, and penalized Unser with a $40,000 fine.", "One of the all time great Formula One racing drivers, Jim Clark won 25 of his 72 F1 races and won the world championship on two occasions, as well as winning the Indianapolis 500.", "Al Unser , younger brother of Bobby, salutes the crowd as he takes the checkered flag in his Johnny Lightning Special to win the 1971. Unser would join Foyt as a four-time winner, with victories in 1970, '71, '78 and '87. ", "In 1961, he became the first driver to successfully defend his points championship and win the Indianapolis 500 race. Late in the 500, Foyt made a pit stop for fuel, but a refueling malfunction meant that he returned to the race without enough fuel to finish. Eddie Sachs, unaware that Foyt's now-quicker car was light on fuel, pushed hard to keep up—and Sachs had to pit from the lead with just three laps remaining to replace a shredded right rear tire. Foyt pitted again also but only for enough fuel to finish. He took over the lead and beat Sachs by just 8.28 seconds—the second-closest finish in history at the time. He raced in each season from 1957–1992, starting in 374 races and finishing in the top ten 201 times, with 67 victories. In 1958, Foyt raced in Italy in the Trophy of the Two Worlds on the banking at Monza.", "A.J. Foyt won the first of his four Indy 500 races in 1961 with this machine. This front-engined roadster won with an average speed of 139.130 mph. Chief-mechanic George Bignotti was with the team this year, winning the first of his record seven Indy 500 victories.", "Arie Luyendyk drinks the traditional milk after winning the Indy 500 for the second time in his career at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Tuesday, May 27, 1997. (AP Photo/Tom Strattman)", "In the meantime, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II , with the competitive Maserati 8CM allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1941. With the Indianapolis 500 having been a part of the World Drivers Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari , but European entries were few and far between during those days.", "Arie Luyendyk becomes the seventh man to win the Indy 500 twice, but perhaps the first to do it on a Tuesday. Repeated rain delays fracture this Sunday-starting event.", "Norman Graham Hill OBE (15th February 1929 - 29th November 1975) was a British racing driver and team owner from England, who was twice Formula One World Champion. He is the only driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport: the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Indianapolis 500 and the Monaco Grand Prix. Hill and his son Damon are the only father and son pair to have both won the Formula One World Championship.", "BOBBY UNSER WON HIS FIRST INDY 500 IN 1968. He’d win twice more, in ’75 and ’81.", "May 28 � Indianapolis 500: Al Unser wins his third race, and the first for car owner Jim Hall.", "With that God-given talent and Colin Chapman's brilliant Lotus cars, the dark-haired, handsome Scot was nearly unbeatable as long as his car held together. And Clark was also as versatile as any driver in history—he was twice a runner-up in his class at the 24 Hours of Le Mans (and third overall in 1960), and he won the 1965 Indianapolis 500. In short, if a vehicle had four wheels and an engine, Clark could make it fly.", "Emerson Fittipaldi's crew members jump from the pit wall after Fittipaldi drove to victory in the 1993 Indianapolis 500. The former Formula One champion won his first Indy 500 in 1989. ", "Wheldon, Dan – British racing driver and winner of the Indy 500 in both 2005 and 2011", "Foyt is the only driver to win the Indy 500 in both front and rear-engined cars, winning twice with both configurations.", "In a career spanning almost two decades, Hill won the world championship twice. If that is not enough, he remains the only driver ever to have won the Triple Crown of Motorsport that is the 24 Hours of LeMans, the Indianapolis 500 and the Monaco Grand Prix.", "Another World Championship was to follow in 1965. Jim even missed out on the Monaco GP this year to concentrate on Indianapolis. This was a good decision as he was to dominate the race, leading 190 of the 200 laps and finishing over two laps ahead of his nearest rival.", "The IndyCar racing champion died in Las Vegas on October 16, aged 33. The two-time Indianapolis 500 winner, originally from Emberton, Olney,", "In 1977 Unser won races at Pocono, Milwaukee, and Phoenix. He also came in second in Indy-car points—points are awarded to the fastest qualifier and to the driver leading by the most laps in a race-and won the International Race of Champions (IROC) championship. The following year he took racing's Triple Crown by winning at Indianapolis, Pocono, and Ontario. He also recaptured the IROC championship.", "He was a three-time Indy Car champion. He won the USAC award in 1970 and the CART titles in 1983 and 1985.", "The double duty did not affect his performance in either series. In the IRL, he won twice and finished 3rd in the championship. His season was something of a disappointment, especially as he finished last in the Indy 500 because of an engine failure." ]

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[ "As you can see, the quarterback position has been named Super Bowl MVP almost four times as many as any other position. It is the only in which there are any players that have been named the MVP more than once. Bart Starr (1967, 1968), Terry Bradshaw (1979, 1980) Joe Montana (1982, 1985, 1990) Tom Brady (2002, 2004) and Eli Manning (2008, 2012) are the only players to win the award more than once. Montana is a three time winner which is an NFL record. Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw are the only players to win the award in back to back years.", "Joe Montana is the only player to have won the Super Bowl MVP three times (1982, 1985, 1990). There have been four others win the awards twice. They are Bart Starr (1967, 1967), Terry Bradshaw (1979, 1980), Tom Brady (2002, 2004) and Eli Manning (2008, 2012). Harvey Martin and Randy White of the Dallas Cowboys were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, which was the only time that has happened in the history of the big game.", "The Super Bowl MVP was Troy Aikman. He threw four touchdown passes and completed 22 of 30 passes for 273 yards and no interceptions.", "The 49ers' victory in Super Bowl XVI cemented the legacy of future Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, who was named MVP three times and led his team to four titles: Super Bowls XVI, XIX, XXIII and XXIV. Montana and star receiver Jerry Rice were clinical throughout the 1980s, setting a standard for the decade's NFC domination. The 49ers' final win of the era, a 55-10 drubbing of the Denver Broncos, set a record for point differential in a Super Bowl.", "The Packers repeated as Super Bowl champions, beating the Oakland Raiders , 33-14. Don Chandler put the Packers on the board with a pair of field goals, then Bart Starr hit Boyd Dowler for a 62-yard score to put the Packers up 13-0. Herb Adderly made the first defensive touchdown with a 60-yard interception touchdown return. Starr was named Super Bowl MVP for the second consecutive year, completing 13 of 24 passes for 202 yards and one touchdown pass.", "After trumpeter Wynton Marsalis performed the national anthem, Bart Starr, MVP of Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, tossed the coin.", "Bart Starr ended up winning the MVP award in Super Bowl I (and in Super Bowl II as well), but in the first game, who can forget the performance of Max McGee.", "No one remembers the second half of the Super Bowl. (Seriously, name one down that happened in the 3rd quarter.) The New England Patriots win. Tom Brady is named MVP. The spotlight goes rushing back toward Janet Jackson.", "Super Bowl 1 MVP: Bart Starr, Green Bay quarterback (16/23, 250 yards, 2 TDs, 1 INT)", "The Steelers suffered a rash of injuries in the 1980 season and missed the playoffs with a 9–7 record. The 1981 season was no better, with an 8–8 showing. The team was then hit with the retirements of all their key players from the Super Bowl years. \"Mean\" Joe Greene retired after the 1981 season, Lynn Swann and Jack Ham after 1982's playoff berth, Terry Bradshaw and Mel Blount after 1983's divisional championship, and Jack Lambert after 1984's AFC Championship Game appearance.", "Earned Super Bowl MVP honors after completing 32 of 48 passes for 354 yards and three touchdowns against the Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII. Completed four of five passes in the final 1:08 to lead the Patriots on a Super Bowl-winning drive that culminated in Adam Vinatieri's winning boot with four seconds left in the contest.", "Super Bowl XIV was a close game during the first three quarters. The Rams led 13–10 at halftime before Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw connected with wide receiver Lynn Swann on a 47-yard touchdown pass. Los Angeles regained the lead on a halfback option play with running back Lawrence McCutcheon's 24-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith. But Pittsburgh controlled the fourth quarter, scoring 14 unanswered points with Bradshaw's 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver John Stallworth, and running back Franco Harris' 1-yard touchdown run. Despite throwing three interceptions, Bradshaw was named Super Bowl MVP by completing 14 of 21 passes for 309 yards and two touchdowns. ", "During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII. Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl–record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award — this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision. The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19. Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception.", "Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw, who was named Super Bowl MVP, completed 17 out of 30 passes for Super Bowl records of 318 passing yards and 4 touchdown passes. His 75-yard touchdown pass in the second quarter also tied Johnny Unitas in Super Bowl V for the longest pass in a Super Bowl. The Cowboys were able to stay close, only trailing 21-17 at the end of the third quarter, but Pittsburgh scored two touchdowns in a span of 19 seconds in the fourth period. Dallas also could not overcome turnovers, drops, and a controversial penalty during the second half. The Cowboys were eventually able to score two touchdowns in the final minutes of the game, but still ended up being the first defending champion to lose in the Super Bowl, and to date the only losing Super Bowl team to score 30 points or more.", "Named Super Bowl XXXVI MVP after connecting on 16 of 27 passes for 145 yards and one touchdown. Completed five of eight passes for 53 yards on the game-winning drive that began with 1:21 remaining in the fourth quarter with the game tied at 17 and ended with an Adam Vinatieri 48-yard field goal as time expired.", "The Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Kansas City Chiefs, New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks, St. Louis Rams and Tampa Bay Buccaneers all have one Super Bowl MVP. The Cowboys list does include White and Martin as two separate winners despite them being co-MVPs in 1978.", "On January 30th, 1983, Joe Gibbs' Washington Redskins beat Don Shula's Miami Dolphins 27-17 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Super Bowl 17 MVP, John Riggins, rushed for a record 166 yards, and Joe Theismann threw two touchdowns, to Alvin Garrett and Charlie Brown, leading the Redskin comeback in the second half. Miami's 17 Super Bowl Seventeen points came in the first half; a 76 yard touchdown pass from David Woodley to Jimmy Cefalo, a short field goal by Uwe Von Schamann, and a 98 yard kickoff return by Fulton Walker. Vernon Dean and Mark Murphy led the Washington defense that held Woodley and Don Strock to 4-17 passing.", "The biggest Super Bowl blowout of all-time belongs to the San Francisco 49ers. Facing the (literally) defenseless Broncos on January 28, 1990, the Niners were 12-point favorites. However, once the game started they just completely ran amok. Joe Montana, who was the NFL MVP in 1989, also earned Super Bowl MVP honors by throwing for 297 yards and a ridiculous five touchdowns while finishing with a 75.9 completion percentage.", "Super Bowl X (1976) – This diving catch from Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann is one of the most iconic plays in Super Bowl history. Swann had a touchdown and 161 yards receiving as the Steelers defeated Dallas 21-17 to win their second straight Super Bowl. Swann was the first wide receiver to win MVP.", "Super Bowl IGreen Bay 35, Kansas City 10 Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles, Calif. Jan. 15, 1967 MVP: Bart Starr, QB - Green Bay Starr (#15, pictured) went 16 for 23 for 250 yards and a pair of touchdowns during this first installment of the Super Bowl series.", "Super Bowl XXXI was significant in that it was the first championship for a player who would become a legend: Green Bay's Brett Favre. Favre had won his first MVP award the year before, and he won again after his Super Bowl-winning campaign in 1996.", "McGee didn't get the game's MVP award, it went to Starr, but Max was the \"star\" that day.  McGee was never All-Pro and only went to one Pro Bowl. All he did was produce. Like in Super Bowl II, when he caught only one pass...for 35 yards!", "The second half of the decade was dominated by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who won four times in six seasons: Super Bowls IX, X, XII and XIV. Led by the \"Steel Curtain\" defense and quarterback Terry Bradshaw, the Steelers appeared in six AFC championship games during the 1970s, making the playoffs in eight consecutive years. The squad became the first (and only) team to win back-to-back Super Bowls on two different occasions.", "The next two seasons the Cowboys won back-to-back Super Bowl titles over the Buffalo Bills during the 1992 (13–3) and 1993 (12–4) seasons and beat the AFC champs 52–17 and 30–13 to become at the time one of just three NFL teams to claim four Super Bowl titles. Aikman, the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII, renegotiated his contract in 1993 for an NFL record $50 million over eight years. Emmitt Smith, after holding out over the first two games of that season, also signed a new contract and went on to win the second of his four NFL rushing titles, along with MVP honors in Super Bowl XXVIII.", "San Francisco faced the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XVI. Montana completed 14 of 22 passes for 157 yards with one touchdown passing and one rushing touchdown. San Francisco won the game 26–21, and in recognition of his performance, Montana won the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award , which he accomplished two more times before he retired. The Super Bowl win also made Montana one of only two quarterbacks (along with Joe Namath ) to win a college national championship and a Super Bowl.", "January 22: Two-time NWA World champion and pro football Hall of Famer Bronko Nagurski, 75, is given the honor of tossing the coin at the start of Super Bowl XVIII in Tampa, Florida. The Los Angeles Raiders win the toss�and the game, defeating the Washington Redskins, 38-9.", "Washington Redskins quarterback Doug Williams is surrounded by members of the media after leading the Redskins to a 42-10 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXII in San Diego, Jan. 31, 1988. Williams completed 18 of 29 attempts and was named Most Valuable Player. (AP Photo)", "Sroba goes on to star at the University of Virginia while Grupp does the same at Duke before he is drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs where he serves as their punter during the late 1970s. He also plays in the 1980 pro bowl. Bahr played 17 seasons in the NFL and appeared in multiple Super Bowls. Fullback Lenny Barker was a two sport star, playing baseball for Neshaminy in addition to football. He is drafted by the Texas Rangers and will play in the majors for 11 years. In 1981 he throws a perfect game for the Cleveland Indians becoming one of just 23 players to so do. With the win he joins another former Redskin, Bill McCahan, in an exclusive major league group of special pitchers. Admittedly, Barker's club is somewhat smaller as McCahan's 1947 no hitter has been matched by 237 other major leaguers. Swartz retires after the season with a 43-11-1 record in his five years as the head man (he is replaced by Allison). Swartz had been a coach at Neshaminy for 18 years.", "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Yet another standard was set the following year when the 1979 Steelers defeated the Los Angeles Rams, 31-19, in Super Bowl XIV to make them the first team in history to win four Super Bowls and the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice. The Super Bowl victory followed a 12-4 regular season and playoff wins versus Miami (34-14) and Houston (27-13). With six consecutive AFC Central crowns, eight straight years of playoff appearances and four Super Bowl championships, the Steelers were tagged the \"Team of the Decade\" for the 1970s.", "The game was played on January 20, 1980, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, and was attended by a Super Bowl record 103,985 spectators. It was also the first time that the Super Bowl was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants; at the time, the Rams played at nearby Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.", "In 1980, CBS, with a record bid of US$12 million, was awarded the national radio rights to broadcast 26 NFL regular season games, including Monday Night Football, and all ten postseason games through the 1983 season. Starting with the 1980 season, CBS frequently used the beginning guitar riff of Heart's \"Crazy on You\" for commercial break tosses. Television ratings for season and playoff broadcasts in 1980 were the second-best in NFL history, trailing only the combined ratings of the 1976 season. All three networks posted gains, and NBC's 15.0 rating was its best ever. CBS and ABC had also experienced their best NFL ratings since 1977, with 15.3 and 20.8 ratings, respectively. CBS Radio reported a record audience of 7 million listeners for Monday night and special games." ]

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[ "In the 1978 US Masters, who was leading Gary Player be seven strokes only to lose by a single stroke?*Hubert Green", "The Big Three of Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978, winning the event eleven times between them during that span. After winning by one stroke in 1958, [23] Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances. Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event, Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail. Gary Player became the first international champion in 1961 and won again in 1974 and 1978. [24] Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964. [25] [26]", "The Big Three of Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978, winning the event 11 times among them during that span. After winning by one stroke in 1958, Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances. Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event, Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail. Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964.", "'Palmer's fame was helped along by the presence of two significant rivals, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus. Player was a South African who turned professional in 1953. He joined the PGA Tour in '57. Within two years, he already began to win. His first major championship victory came in 1959 at the Open Championship, the first of three British Open titles he would win. He won the PGA Championship twice and the Masters three times. He finally completed the career Grand Slam in 1965 when he won the U.S. Open (his only victory there). He is one of only eight golfers to have won the Masters three times or more. His last major victory came in 1978, at the Masters, when he stormed back from a 7-hole deficit after three rounds to win by a stroke. He was nicknamed \"the Black Knight\" because he famously wore all black while playing. Player, though considered a rival of Palmer, was considered more a rival of his contemporary, Jack Nicklaus.'", "Gary Player’s last Masters 2009 AUGUSTA FAREWELL: Apart from a few grey hairs and a few lines on his face, Gary Player looked hardly any different in 2009 than he had in 1961. In 2009, Player — one of golf’s greatest — bade farewell as a participant in the US Masters, a tournament he won three times. His first victory in 1961 was also the first time that a non-American had won at Augusta. Player won it again in 1974 and the last of his nine major victories came in the Masters of 1978. He maintains that his favourite round in a glittering career was the 64 he shot in the final round of the 1978 Masters. He had gone into the round trailing by seven shots, but seven birdies over the final 10 holes — including a clutch 15-foot birdie putt on the 18th — gave Player a one-stroke victory over 1977 winner Tom Watson, Hubert Green and Rod Funseth. Photo by Jamie Squire – Getty Images", "In 1978, as defending Masters champion, Watson needed a par on the 18th hole of his final round to tie over 72 holes with Gary Player, who had shot a record-tying final round of 64. However, Watson missed out on a playoff by sending his approach shot to the 18th into the gallery and missing the 10-foot par putt he needed for a playoff. He finished tied for 2nd place at Augusta, one stroke behind Gary Player. Watson had five PGA Tour victories in 1978, but he also had one of the biggest disappointments of his career in that year's PGA Championship in August at Oakmont. Watson had a five-shot lead after 54 holes, but lost the tournament in a 3-way sudden-death playoff to John Mahaffey. This would be the closest that Watson has come to landing the one major title that has eluded him. ", "The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934. He repeated his win in 1936. The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus, who won six times between 1963 and 1986. Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four, and Jimmy Demaret, Gary Player, Sam Snead, Nick Faldo and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name. Player also became the tournament's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961. Other notable winners include Byron Nelson, Ben Hogan, Tom Watson, Seve Ballesteros, Bernhard Langer, Ben Crenshaw, José María Olazábal and Bubba Watson, who have all won the Masters twice. ", "Gary Player, who earlier in the spring had captured the Masters title, demolished the 72-hole tournament record with a 15-under-par 273. His opening-round 65 was also a course record. But, his second-round 72 slipped him into a tie for fifth, five strokes behind Hubert Green. He closed with solid rounds of 69 and 67 to win by two strokes over Green and Lou Graham. The 37-year-old South African, who lost Memphis playoffs in 1959 and 1962, went on to finish seventh in the PGA Championship and eighth in the US Open in 1974.", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is a retired American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the greatest professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second-place and 9 third-place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list behind Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (79).", "(Eligible but not competing: Jack Burke, Jr., Dow Finsterwald, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Al Geiberger, Wayne Grady, David Graham, Hubert Green, Don January, John Mahaffey, Larry Nelson, Bobby Nichols, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Nick Price, Jeff Sluman, Dave Stockton, Hal Sutton, Lee Trevino, Lanny Wadkins)", "This was the first sudden-death playoff in Masters history, and it was won by Fuzzy Zoeller. Prior to this, playoffs had been a full 18 holes (or 36 holes, once). But in 1976, The Masters switched to a sudden-death playoff format. This tournament is perhaps better-known for the way Ed Sneed lost: he led by three with three holes to play, but bogied all three holes. Zoeller won with a birdie on the second extra hole when both Sneed and Tom Watson parred.", "A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968. Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard (scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron) which incorrectly showed him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round. By the rules of golf, if a player signs a scorecard (thereby attesting to its veracity) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole, the player receives the higher score for that hole. This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18-hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby, who won the green jacket. De Vicenzo's mistake led to the famous quote, \"What a stupid I am.\" ", "An Englishman had won the Open after eighteen long years. A few months later in 1970 Jacklin became the first British golfer in 50 years to win the US Open at the Hazeltine National Club (by a remarkable 7 shots) and consequently for a short while held both Open Championships simultaneously. At a time when Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player were all in their prime, Jacklin was unquestionably the best player in the world for a one-year period. His victory at Lytham was historic and a crucial catalyst to the revitalisation of British and ultimately European golf. Sparking a revival of interest in golf among youngsters throughout the British Isles, it launched a new generation of future champions into the game: a resurgence that became particularly evident from the 1980s onwards, with Jacklin himself making a further vital contribution as Captain of successive, victorious Ryder Cup teams.", "His other majors included the 1972 PGA Championship, the 1968 and 1974 British Opens, and the 1974 and 1978 Masters. The last is perhaps Player’s proudest victory. He began the final round seven strokes out of the lead. But at age 42, he birdied seven of the final 10 to shoot 64 and win by a stroke.", "This latter situation is what happened to Roberto DiVicenzo during the 1968 Masters. He had made a birdie 3 on the 17th hole during the 4th round, which would place him in a tie with Bob Goalby for the championship. However, when he signed and returned his card to the Committee, his marker (Tommy Aaron) had recorded a \"4\" for the 17th hole. Roberto failed to catch the mistake. Thus he was forced to take the higher score, which allowed Goalby to claim the \"Green Jacket\" without a playoff. Many people mistakenly think DiVicenzo was disqualified or that because of his mistake, he lost the title (when, in fact, he lost the opportunity to be in a play-off).", "Gary Player wins the U.S. Open championship after a playoff with Australian Kel Nagle , to complete a career \"Grand Slam\" of the four major professional titles. He becomes only the third player ( Gene Sarazen and Ben Hogan were the first two) to accomplish the feat.", "Someone was going to have to do something special to win what was turning into one of the wildest Masters Tournaments on record Sunday afternoon at Augusta National Golf Club. South Africa's Charl Schwartzel did. His historic finish in the 75th Masters was appropriate because it came on the 50th anniversary of countryman Gary Player's becoming the first international player to win the tournament.", "Nicklaus won the 1978 Open Championship at St. Andrews to become the only player to have won each major championship three times. This record has since been tied by Tiger Woods, by winning the 2008 U.S. Open. Nicklaus and Woods are the only two players to win three \"Career Grand Slams\". Nicklaus considered his performance in the 1978 Open as the finest four days of tee-to-green golf he had ever produced, and was most proud that the win came at St. Andrews, his favorite place to play golf. The victory was also his most emotional to date.", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is an American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the most accomplished professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second place and 9 third place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list.", "The first European to stake his claim and win the Masters title was none other than Seve Ballesteros in 1980 . The then 23-year-old Spaniard had set his sights on Nicklausՠcourse record of 271 (-17) and was close to it after making the turn on the final day at 16-under-par. But as he made his way round the infamous Amen Corner he found the water at both 12 and 13, had his lead reduced to three and fought valiantly to recover with birdie at 15 and pars at the remaining three holes. He had finished his final round in an even-par 72 and had taken the title with a four round total of 275, four shots behind the record.", "He bogeyed the 17th after a poor chip and drove into the fairway bunker at 18. He came out with a 7-iron pulled near the left gallery and when he couldn't get up and down, the Masters had its first playoff since Woods beats Chris DiMarco in 2005 and its first three-man playoff since Larry Mize beat Greg Norman and Seve Ballesteros in 1987.", "Tiger Woods set the record for the lowest final score in Masters history when he shot a 72-hole total of 270 in 1997, 14-under par. Jack Nicklaus shot a 271 in 1965 and that figure was matched by Raymond Floyd in 1977. Sam Snead and Jack Burke hold the record for the highest winning score. Snead shot a 5-over par 289 in 1954 and Burke shot the same score to win the 1956 tournament.", "When thinking of the greatest golfers of all-time, you’d probably jump immediately to some of the other guys on this list, like (SPOILER ALERT) Tiger, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus.  One name you probably didn’t immediately think of, but absolutely should have, is Tom Watson .  The native of Kansas City was one of the most dominant players in the world in the 1970’s and 1980’s, winning eight majors, including five Open Championships, and coming up just short of the career grand slam, having never finished higher than second in the PGA Championship.  What a slacker.", "Horton Smith (May 22, 1908 – October 15, 1963) was an American professional golfer, best known as the winner of the first and third Masters Tournaments.", "4. A first-time PGA Tour winner at the Masters is an extremely rare phenomenon. Since 1948, there have only been two – Bernhard Langer in 1985 and Charl Schwartzel in 2011.", "Arnold Palmer – 1960 Masters; 1960 U.S. Open, Cherry Hills. Palmer was 30 when he won his second major, the 1960 Masters. \"The King\" won the 1960 U.S. Open at Cherry Hills and then traveled the British Open at St. Andrews, hoping to match Hogan's 1953 feat of three consecutive majors and put him one step closer to winning the modern-day Grand Slam. He lost the British Open to Kel Nagle by a shot, although his good looks and swashbuckling style made him a favorite of European golf fans. Palmer won seven career majors and 62 events on the PGA TOUR. Like Snead, he was awarded the PGA TOUR Lifetime achievement award in 1998. His grandson, Sam Saunders, currently plays on the PGA TOUR.", "Phil Mickelson is the winner of the 2010 Masters Golf Tournament. Mickelson took home his 3rd green jacket on Sunday at Augusta National. He went into Sunday 1 back of Lee Westwood after a tremendous surge of consecutive eagles and a birdie on the back 9 on Saturday.", "The charismatic and much-loved golfer died on May 7, aged 54, three years after being diagnosed with a brain tumour. The Spaniard, a former World No1, was one of the sport’s leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. He won five major championships, the Open Championship three times, and the Masters Tournament twice.", "Oakmont is where Tommy Armour, the “Silver Scot”, won his US Open in 1927, claiming the title in an 18-hole play-off with Harry Cooper. It’s also where Colin Montgomerie lost out in a similar play-off to Ernie Els in 1994, when the shoot-out also involved Loren Roberts.", "Trevor Immelman became the first winner of the Public Links to win a Major Championship with his victory at the 2008 Masters Tournament. His playing partner in the final round, Brandt Snedeker, was also a past Public Links winner.", "April 10th 1961 - Gary Player of South Africa became the first foreign golfer to win the Masters Golf Tournament in Augusta, Georgia.", "*Ryder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1969 (winners), 1971 (winners), 1973 (winners), 1975 (winners), 1979 (winners, non-playing captain)" ]

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[ "The world athletics championships have been held every two years since 1991, the third edition of the competition. The first world championships were held in 1983 in Helsinki, Finland, followed by Rome in 1987.", "The World Championships is the jewel in the crown of the IAAF’s global competition programme. It is the third-largest sporting event in the world, involving approximately 2000 athletes from more than 200 nations competing for 47 gold medals. The first World Championships in athletics was held in Helsinki in 1983. Today, the competition is staged biennially, usually in the month August.", "In 1913, the IAAF decided that the Olympic Games would serve as the World Championships for athletics. In 1976 at the IAAF Council Meeting in Puerto Rico have been desided the organization of World Athletics Championships separately from the Olympic Games and the first world championships in athletics awarded to Helsinki to take place in 1983.", "Athletics was included in the first modern Olympic Games, in 1896, and has formed their backbone since. After the initial success, the Olympics struggled. The celebrations in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) were overshadowed by the World's Fair exhibitions in which they were included. The so-called Intercalated Games (because of their off-year status, as 1906 is not divisible by four) were held in 1906 in Athens, as the first of an alternating series of Athens-held Olympics.", "The World Championships in Athletics is an event organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The first three championships were held every four years, championships have been held every two years since 1991.", "Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships, track and field forms a significant part of continental championships. The South American Championships in Athletics, created in 1919, was the first continental championships and the European Athletics Championships became the second championships of this type in 1934. The Asian Athletics Championships and African Championships in Athletics were created in the 1970s and Oceania started its championships in 1990.", "First Games in the southern hemisphere. The equestrian events were held in Stockholm due to quarantine regulations. Australian athletes had a field day, courtesy of runner Betty Cuthbert winning the 100m, 200m and 4×100m, as well freestyle swimmers Murray Rose, the first to win multiple golds since Weissmuller (400m, 1500m and 4×200m), and Dawn Fraser at the 400m and 4×100m. The Games also featured the debut of Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina", "The 1908 games were originally to be held in Rome, but were reassigned to London at short notice and held at the purpose-built White City stadium. Famously, the marathon ended in dramatic fashion when the race leader, Dorando Pietri of Italy, was disqualified after he collapsed and had to be helped over the finishing line. Widely recognised as the best organised Games to date, they featured 22 nations, 110 events and more than 2,000 athletes.", "The modern format of athletics, in which a variety of running, jumping, throwing, walking and combined events are competed at a single “meeting” or “meet”, evolved in the late 19th century, when schools and military colleges began to incorporate sports and exercise as part of education programmes. The earliest recorded meeting dates back to 1840 in Shropshire, England, but specialised championships began to thrive in the 1880s in the USA, UK, and throughout Europe, as well as in other developed nations.", "There were two events - one for men and one for women. The event was held for the first time at the 1928 Games in St Moritz, Switzerland.", "The 1896 Olympic Games, the first full Games of the modern era, opened in Athens on 6 April following the congress organised by Baron Pierre de Coubertin and the formation of the International Olympic Committee; some 80,000 spectators watched the opening ceremony and sports including athletics, cycling, gymnastics, swimming, shooting, tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, fencing and sailing, totalling forty-three events with winners receiving an olive branch, certificate and a silver medal and the runners-up receiving the olive branch, certificate and a copper medal (which was also given to all participants and was available to the public attending; it is believed that 20,000 were struck). Although recorded as representing their country, athletes (strictly amateurs) often made their own travel and accommodation arrangements with the full modern concept of national teams, selected and organised by each nation, not being universal until the Games of 1906.", "The event originated in Ireland. Horses and riders raced from one town's steeple to the next. The steeples were used as markers due to their visibility over long distances. Along the way runners inevitably had to jump streams and low stone walls separating estates. The modern athletics event originates from a two-mile (3.2 km) cross country steeplechase that formed part of the University of Oxford sports (in which many of the modern athletics events were founded) in 1860. It was replaced in 1865 by an event over barriers on a flat field, which became the modern steeplechase. It has been an Olympic event since the inception of the modern Olympics, though with varying lengths. Since the 1968 Summer Olympics the steeplechase in the Olympics has been dominated by Kenyan athletes, including the current gold medal streak since 1984 and a clean sweep of the medals at the 1992 and 2004 Games.", "Many events of the 1908 Olympics were at the stadium itself (except for several football games hosted at Shepherds Bush Green ), whereas nowadays there are many arenas. The Olympic rugby union final between Australia and Great Britain was held in the stadium on 26 October 1908 [4] [5] and events such as archery and gymnastics took place at White City, while some others took place at Queens Club . Swimming was held at White City, in a 100-yard pool dug in the infield. The position of the finish line for the marathon in the 1908 Summer Olympics is commemorated by a marker in the plaza that now stands there. The distance of the modern marathon was fixed at these Games and calculated from the start of the race at Windsor Castle to a point in front of the royal box. The medal table for the 1908 Summer Olympics is also listed on a nearby wall. [6]", "For the first time, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the governing body of track and field, organized a World Championships, an event which would prove to be one of the biggest sporting events of the year worldwide. The championships boasted a then record number of participating countries for a sporting event (154), more than even the Olympics which had been plagued by politically motivated boycotts in its two previous celebrations and which would suffer another one in 1984.", "In 1865, Brookes helped establish the National Olympian Association (NOA) based in Liverpool. Their first Olympic Games, a national event, held in 1866 at the Crystal Palace, London, were a success and attracted a crowd of over 10,000 spectators. W.G. Grace, the famous cricketer (before he became famous), competed and came first in the hurdles event. The Amateur Athletic Club, later to become the Amateur Athletics Association was formed as a rival organisation to the NOA.", "The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as theGames of the I Olympiad, was a multi-sport event celebrated in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first international Olympic Games held in the Modern era. Because Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on June 23, 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also instituted during this congress.", "Though smaller in stature than previous modern Games, the 1908 Games hosted 22 nations competing in 110 events. As one of the first venues of the modern Olympics, London in 1908 helped set standards, including organizing the Games around an opening ceremony and national teams and establishing the exact length of the Marathon (which is still 26.2 miles, based on the distance between Windsor Castle and White City Stadium ).", "The opening ceremony of the first Olympic Games in the Panathenaic Stadium.The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1894 when Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. He based his Olympics on the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, which had been contested in Much Wenlock since 1850. The first edition of de Coubertin's games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on her own, saying \"[i]f the committee doesn’t let me compete I will go after them regardless\".", "The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first Olympic Games held in the Modern era. About 100,000 people attended for the opening of the games. The athletes came from 14 different nations, with most coming from Greece. Although that Greece had the most athletes, the U.S. finished with the most champions. 11 Americans placed first in their events vs. the 10 from Greece. Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on 23 June 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also established during this congress.", "Athletics was the original event at the first Olympics back in 776 BCE where the only event held was the stadium-length foot race or \"stade\".", "Two IAAF world championship events preceded the inaugural edition of the World Championships in Athletics in 1983. The 1976 World Championships had just one event – the men's 50 kilometres walk which was dropped from the Olympic programme for the 1976 Summer Olympics and the IAAF responded by setting up their own contest. Four years later, the 1980 World Championships contained only two newly approved women's events, (400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres), neither of which featured on the programme for the 1980 Summer Olympics.[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/wc.htm IAAF World Championships in Athletics]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2013-09-08. ", "Wembley was the main athletics venue for the 1948 Summer Olympics, with Fanny Blankers-Koen and Emil Zátopek among the notable winners. The Stadium also hosted the semifinals and finals of the Olympic hockey and football tournaments, the Prix des Nations event in the equestrian competition, and a demonstration match of lacrosse.", "The 1906 Summer Olympics revived the momentum, and the Olympic Games grew to become the most important sports event. De Coubertin created the modern pentathlon for the 1912 Olympics, and subsequently stepped down from his IOC presidency after the 1924 Olympics in Paris, which proved much more successful than the first attempt in that city in 1900. He was succeeded as president, in 1925, by Belgian Henri de Baillet-Latour.", "That same year, the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was established, becoming the international governing body for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as one of its founding principles for the sport. The National Collegiate Athletic Association held their first Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students, and this was soon followed by the introduction of track and field at the inaugural World Student Games in 1923. The first continental track and field competition was the 1919 South American Championships, which was followed by the European Athletics Championships in 1934. ", "Many events of the 1908 Olympics were at the stadium itself (except for several football games hosted at Shepherds Bush Green), whereas nowadays there are many arenas. The Olympic rugby union final between Australia and Great Britain was held in the stadium on 26 October 1908 and events such as archery and gymnastics took place at White City, while some others took place at Queens Club. Swimming was held at White City, in a 100-yard pool dug in the infield. The position of the finish line for the marathon in the 1908 Summer Olympics is commemorated by a marker in the plaza that now stands there. The distance of the modern marathon was fixed at these Games and calculated from the start of the race at Windsor Castle to a point in front of the royal box. The medal table for the 1908 Summer Olympics is also listed on a nearby wall. ", "The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). The winner of the first Olympic Marathon in 1896 (a male-only race) was Spiridon \"Spiros\" Louis , a Greek water-carrier. He won at the Olympics in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds at a distance of 40 km (24 miles 85 yards). The new marathon distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards) was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances.", "By far the most common events are the 100 metres hurdles for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event, which entered the Olympic programme in 1932. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the previous year).", "Natural land is the stage on which many of the world’s greatest distance runners learn their craft. The ‘World Cross’ is the oldest competition on the IAAF calendar, connecting the modern professional sport with its roots in the nineteenth century. Medals are awarded for both team and individual performances in senior and junior categories. The event is generally held in March, every odd year.", "The 100 metres is the shortest sprint distance commonly run outdoors. It is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 (1928 for women). The reigning", "The FIRST ever event of the modern Olympic Games was the 1st heat of the 100m, held on 6 April 1896.", "46 countries and 1,405 athletes took part, and there were ten sports on offer. These Games were the first to be called the Commonwealth Games.", "1968 - Lee Evans wins the 400 m and Bob Beamon the Long Jump. Both world records would stand for over 20 years" ]

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[ "In 1978 the Steelers made history after a league-best 14-2 regular season and playoff wins versus Denver (33-10) and Houston (34-5). Their 35-31 Super Bowl XIII win versus Dallas made the Steelers the first team to win three Super Bowls.", "The 1986-89 Denver Broncos also lost three out of four Super Bowls but did not even make the playoffs in 1988. The 1971-73 Miami Dolphins were the first team to ever play in three consecutive Super Bowls, losing the first before a repeat performance in 1972-73.", "With this victory, the Steelers became the first team to win three Super Bowls in the same state. Their victories in Super Bowls X and XIII were both at the Miami Orange Bowl.", "Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by the score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders, and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII), to lose back-to-back Super Bowls. The game was played on January 26, 1992, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the first time the city has played host to a Super Bowl (the city will host Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium).", "'While the 1970s were marked by dynastic football teams, five teams won Super Bowls. In the 1980s, that perception of complete domination by only a handful of teams actually went down somewhat; yet, only four teams won Super Bowls in the '81 to '90 Super Bowls. In particular the state of California had a great year: only four Super Bowls went to teams outside the Golden State. The Raiders, building on the successful '70s in which they won their first Super Bowl, won two more, one while still in Oakland (in '81) and the other (in '84) after moving to Los Angeles. But the team of the decade was no doubt the San Francisco 49ers, led by head coach (and offensive guru) Bill Walsh. The previous decade, the Steelers became the first team to win four Super Bowls in a ten-year span. The 49ers matched that, winning in '82, '85, '89 and '90. However, that's not to say there weren't some good football teams elsewhere in the country: The Denver Broncos, led by new head coach Dan Reeves and quarterback John Elway, went to three of four Super Bowls to close out the decade; however, they lost all of them (to three different teams). One of the teams they lost to, the Washington Redskins, also went to three Super Bowls in the '80s; the Redskins, however, fared far better, winning titles in '83 and '88.'", "For the first four championship games, both the NFL and the AFL logos were in the center of the trophy. Starting from Super Bowl V through XLII, the old NFL shield has been on the forefront. As of Super Bowl XLIII, a newer, modernized NFL shield (with eight stars and a rotated football designed akin to that atop the trophy) replaced the older logo. Otherwise, the trophy has had no significant changes made since the first Super Bowl. The Green Bay Packers are the only team with all 3 versions having won Super Bowls I, II, XXXI, and XLV.", "Three more Super Bowls were contested under separate AFL and NFL flags. The next year the Packers handled the Oakland Raiders 33-14. In the third game, the first to be officially known as the Super Bowl, Joe Namath and the New York Jets shocked the Baltimore Colts.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each, while the Green Bay Packers , New York Giants and New England Patriots have four Super Bowl championships. Thirteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Nine teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row, and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans ) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the Super Bowl's creation, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger, but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV.", "Super Bowl III was the third AFL-NFL Championship Game in professional American football, but the first to officially bear the name \"Super Bowl\" (The two previous AFL-NFL Championship Games came to be known, retroactively, as \"Super Bowls\"). The game, played on January 12, 1969, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in American sports history. The heavy underdog American Football League (AFL) champion New York Jets defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Baltimore Colts by a score of 16–7. This was the first Super Bowl victory for the AFL.", "The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback Bart Starr , who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years. As owners of arguably the only true NFL dynasty, Green Bay, Wisconsin has been named Titletown, USA.\" [7] [8]", "The New England Patriots became the next AFC squad to win the title in Super Bowl XXXVI, taking a close game over the St. Louis Rams 20-17. That began an era of New England dominance: The Patriots won three Super Bowls in four years starting with that title. After missing out on the title game in Super Bowl XXXVII (when the Tampa Bay Buccaneers beat the Oakland Raiders), the Patriots won close games in Super Bowl XXXVIII and XXXIX, cementing their dominance in the AFC.", "Right off the start, the Packers showed their supremacy in the sport of football by becoming the first team to win back-to-back Super Bowls.", "Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13 year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII , Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win 10 out of 13 Super Bowls. In the years between 2001 and 2011, three teams – the Patriots, Steelers, and Colts – accounted for ten of the AFC Super Bowl appearances, with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.", "The first AFL/NFL championship to be called a “Super Bowl” was Superbowl III; on January 12, 1969 the New York Jets beat the Baltimore Colts 16 – 7 at the Orange Bowl. Super Bowl I was held on January 15, 1967 in Los Angeles where the Green Bay Packers beat Kansas City Chiefs by 35 to 10.", "The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL. They did not complete a winning season until 1973. In 1977, four years later, they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII. Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's more successful teams, having suffered only six losing records in 40 seasons. They have won eight AFC Championships (, , , , , , , ) and three Super Bowl championships ( (XXXII),  (XXXIII),  (50)); share the record for most Super Bowl appearances with the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots, and Pittsburgh Steelers; and have four players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Gary Zimmerman, and Shannon Sharpe.", "Yet another standard was set the following year when the 1979 Steelers defeated the Los Angeles Rams, 31-19, in Super Bowl XIV to make them the first team in history to win four Super Bowls and the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice. The Super Bowl victory followed a 12-4 regular season and playoff wins versus Miami (34-14) and Houston (27-13). With six consecutive AFC Central crowns, eight straight years of playoff appearances and four Super Bowl championships, the Steelers were tagged the \"Team of the Decade\" for the 1970s.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in , , and , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years.", "After the AFL-NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.", "After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.", "After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.", "'That string of three Cowboy Super Bowl victories was interrupted by the 49ers win in 1995. What made that victory notable was that Joe Montana, star QB and leader of the San Fran teams that had won four Super Bowls in the '80s, had been traded in 1993 after missing most of '91 and '92 with injuries. His backup, Steve Young, would lead them to the '95 Super Bowl title, and end up a Hall-of-Famer himself. Another Hall-of-Fame QB, John Elway, won his only two Super Bowls in the final two years of his career as the Broncos won in '98 and '99, with Elway retiring just after being named Super Bowl MVP.'", "Since the leagues merged into one in 1970, the Super Bowl has featured the champions of the AFC and NFC. The team who wins the Super Bowl receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named for the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games.", "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "The last team to lose in the Super Bowl one year and then win it the next was the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl V and Super Bowl VI. And even getting back to the Super Bowl after losing one is a tough proposition these days. The last team to do it was those infamous Buffalo Bills who went to four-straight Super Bowls in the early ’90s and won none.", "Elway and the Broncos earned their second title in Super Bowl XXXIII, handily beating the Atlanta Falcons. In a rare NFC win, the St. Louis Rams took the title in Super Bowl XXXIV, but that was followed by a drubbing by the Baltimore Ravens of the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV.", "* The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders.", "The Broncos had their first winning season in 1973 -- and continued to improve through the Eighties, winning four division titles and three AFC championships during the decade, helped along by the arm of QB John Elway, who signed on in 1983. Still, a Super Bowl win would elude the Broncos until the late '90s, when they would win two in a row.", "* Atlanta Falcons (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIII. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.", "Many think Three Rivers Stadium brought good luck, as the Pittsburgh Steelers' first-ever division title came in 1972 with an 11-3 record. In the first playoff game at Three Rivers, the Steelers defeated the Oakland Raiders 13-7 and advanced to the AFC Championship Game (which they later lost) with Franco Harris' \" Immaculate Reception ,\" perhaps the most famous play in NFL history, during the final minute of the game.", "The 1985 team is also remembered for recording the song \"The Super Bowl Shuffle\", which reached number forty-one on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for a Grammy Award. The music video for the song depicts the team rapping that they are \"not here to start no trouble\" but instead \"just here to do the Super Bowl Shuffle\". The team took a risk by recording and releasing the song before the playoffs had even begun, but were able to avoid embarrassment by going on to win Super Bowl XX by a then-record margin of 46–10. That game was one of the most watched television events in history according to the Nielsen ratings system; the game had a rating of 48.3, ranking it 7th in all-time television history. ", "There have only been seven teams to win back-to-back Super Bowls. One team did it twice. In chronological order, those teams are:" ]

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[ "The Baltimore Colts defeat the Dallas Cowboys, 16-13, in Super Bowl V. The game is plagued by a record combined 11 turnovers, and is not decided until Jim O'Brien kicks a 32-yard field goal with five seconds remaining. Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley becomes the first player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP.", "Howley is the only Super Bowl MVP from a losing team, on the Cowboys’ side in a mutually ugly 16-13 loss to the Baltimore Colts. Howley did record two interceptions in the game, but it wasn’t like the Colts, even with QBs Johnny Unitas and Earl Morrall struggling as much Dallas’ Craig Morton, didn’t have a worthy winning offensive candidate.", "Dallas linebacker Chuck Howley became the first defensive player to be named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl. But the honor had a hollow ring for Howley, who also became the first player from a losing team to be named MVP.", "Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr earned the very first Super Bowl MVP in NFL history by throwing 16 of 23 for 250 yards and two touchdowns.", "This is NOT meant to take anything away the MVP from the player who won, but merely show there were other players who played a very important part in their team's victory in the biggest game of their lives. In some cases, it was hard to find someone else to make a case for, others seemed to be fairly obvious. So this is for all the Otis Taylor's, Jim O'Brien's, Rod Martin's and Isaac Bruce's of the world -- you are not overlooked in our eyes. Bart Starr was the MVP of Super Bowl I...but another Packer made a pretty strong case for the trophy...", "After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \"I'm going to Disney World!\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. ", "Down 10–6 at halftime of Super Bowl XLIV, in what many consider the turning point of the game, New Orleans successfully recovered a surprise onside kick on the second half kickoff, and subsequently took the lead on Pierre Thomas' 16-yard touchdown reception. The Colts responded with Joseph Addai's 4-yard touchdown run, but the Saints then scored 18 unanswered points, including Tracy Porter's 74-yard interception return for a touchdown, to clinch the victory. New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees, who completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and two touchdowns, was named the Super Bowl MVP. His 32 completions tied a Super Bowl record set by Tom Brady in Super Bowl XXXVIII.", "The game is best remembered for Bills placekicker Scott Norwood's last-second field goal attempt which went wide right of the uprights, leading to a Giants victory, and starting a four-game losing streak in the Super Bowl for the Bills. The Giants set a Super Bowl record holding possession of the ball for 40 minutes and 33 seconds. New York also overcame a 12–3 second-quarter deficit, and made a 75-yard touchdown drive that consumed a Super Bowl-record 9:29 off the clock. Giants running back Ottis Anderson, who carried the ball 21 times for 102 yards and one touchdown, was named Super Bowl MVP. He was the first awardee to receive the newly named \"Pete Rozelle Trophy\" (named for the former commissioner). Anderson also recorded one reception for seven yards. This is the first Super Bowl to feature two teams representing the same state. It was also the first Super Bowl in which neither team committed a turnover.", "Super Bowl XIV was a close game during the first three quarters. The Rams led 13–10 at halftime before Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw connected with wide receiver Lynn Swann on a 47-yard touchdown pass. Los Angeles regained the lead on a halfback option play with running back Lawrence McCutcheon's 24-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith. But Pittsburgh controlled the fourth quarter, scoring 14 unanswered points with Bradshaw's 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver John Stallworth, and running back Franco Harris' 1-yard touchdown run. Despite throwing three interceptions, Bradshaw was named Super Bowl MVP by completing 14 of 21 passes for 309 yards and two touchdowns. ", "Super Bowl 30 was played on January 28th, 1996 at Tempe, Arizona's Sun Devil Stadium. Barry Switzer's Dallas Cowboys beat Bill Cowher's Pittsburgh Steelers, 27-17. Larry Brown's two interceptions led to two Dallas touchdowns and a Pete Rozelle MVP Trophy for Brown. Chris Boniol hit 2 field goals. Emmitt Smith ran for two scores. Troy Aikman hit Michael Irvin on his lone touchdown pass. With 4:15 left in the game Neil Odonnell threw his second pick to Brown ending Pittsburgh's comeback hopes. Lavon Kirkland, Chad Brown, Kevin Greene and Greg Lloyd led the Steeler defense. Brock Marion, Deion Sanders, Charles Haley, Leon Lett, and Darren Woodson all played great for Dallas' defense.", "Super Bowl IGreen Bay 35, Kansas City 10 Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles, Calif. Jan. 15, 1967 MVP: Bart Starr, QB - Green Bay Starr (#15, pictured) went 16 for 23 for 250 yards and a pair of touchdowns during this first installment of the Super Bowl series.", "It’s no surprise that Tom Brady and Russell Wilson are the favorites to win Super Bowl XLIX considering that 26 of the 49 Super Bowl MVP awards have gone to a player from that position. In fact, 39 of the 49 have gone to an offensive skill position player. A running back has won the MVP seven times, while a wide receiver has won it six times. There have been nine defensive players and one special teams participant to hold the trophy. Desmond Howard won it in Super Bowl XXXI, totaling a Super Bowl record 90 punt return yards and 154 kickoff return yards with a touchdown.", "Super Bowl X (1976) – This diving catch from Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann is one of the most iconic plays in Super Bowl history. Swann had a touchdown and 161 yards receiving as the Steelers defeated Dallas 21-17 to win their second straight Super Bowl. Swann was the first wide receiver to win MVP.", "The Patriots took the second quickest lead in Super Bowl history after linebacker Larry McGrew recovered a fumble from Walter Payton at the Chicago 19-yard line on the second play of the game. (Jim McMahon took responsibility for this fumble after the game, saying he had called the wrong play.) This set up Tony Franklin 's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter after 3 incomplete passes by Tony Eason . \"I looked up at the message board,\" said Chicago linebacker Mike Singletary , \"and it said that 15 of the 19 teams that scored first won the game. I thought, yeah, but none of those 15 had ever played the Bears.\" [6] Chicago struck back with a 7 play, 59-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard pass completion from Jim McMahon to wide receiver Willie Gault , to set up a field goal from Kevin Butler , tying the score 3-3.", "Put Me In, Coach! : Jeff Hostetler won Super Bowl XXV as the backup for star QB Phil Simms. But the unquestioned king of this trope was Max McGee, WR for the Packers in Super Bowl I. So convinced was he that his services would not be required, that he spent the night before the game getting blind drunk. When the starter was injured, he came in with a borrowed helmet and a hangover and scored the first TD in Super Bowl history. Subverted in Super Bowl XLVI, when backup Patriots WR Tiquan Underwood was cut from the team hours before the game. That said, the Patriots lost .", "Aided by quarterback John Elway's 80-yard touchdown pass to receiver Rod Smith, Denver scored 17 unanswered points to build a 17-3 lead in the second quarter from which Atlanta could not recover. At 38 years old, Elway became the oldest player ever to be named Super Bowl MVP. As the final game of his career, he completed 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with one touchdown and one interception, and also scored a 3-yard rushing touchdown. Elway retired on May 2 before the following season.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike , reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. [31] Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 [9] after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV, who trailed the Indianapolis Colts 10-0 after the 1st quarter, and won 31-17. This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory. [32] Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yards. [32]", "During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII. Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl–record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award — this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision. The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19. Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception.", "Super Bowl XXXIII (1999) – Denver quarterback John Elway smiles after scoring a touchdown in Super Bowl XXXIII. Elway was named MVP of the game, throwing for 336 yards as the Broncos won back-to-back titles with a 34-19 victory over Atlanta. It was Elway's last game before he retired.", "Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irving created a dynasty in Dallas that won three Super Bowls in four years. The most impressive of those victories? Undoubtedly it was the first, in which they shellacked the hapless Buffalo Bills to hand them their third consecutive Super Bowl loss.", "One oddity in the Bears' victory was that Walter Payton had a relatively poor performance running the ball and never scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX, his first and only Super Bowl appearance during his Hall of Fame career (Many people including Mike Ditka have claimed that the reason for this was due to the fact that the Patriots' defensive scheme was centered on stopping Payton). Although Payton was ultimately the Bears' leading rusher during the game, the Patriots' defense held him to only 61 yards on 22 carries, with his longest run being only 7 yards. He was given several opportunities to score near the goal line, but New England stopped him every time before he reached the end zone (such as his 2-yard loss from the New England 3-yard line a few plays before Butler's second field goal, and his 2-yard run from the 4-yard line right before McMahon's first rushing touchdown). Thus, Chicago head coach Mike Ditka opted to go for other plays to counter the Patriots' defense. Perry's touchdown and McMahon's rushing touchdowns are scoring opportunities that were denied to Payton. Ditka has since gone on record stating that his biggest regret of his career was not creating a scoring opportunity for Payton during the game.", "Second Place Is for Losers : No one really remembers the loser of the game. Former coach-turned-broadcaster John Madden once opined that the biggest gap in sports is that between the winning and losing team in the Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl XXVII (1993) – Dallas quarterback Troy Aikman had 273 yards and four touchdowns as the Cowboys won their first Super Bowl since 1978. Dallas trounced Buffalo 52-17, handing the Bills their third straight Super Bowl loss.", "Super Bowl XLVIII , played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43-8 defeat of the Denver Broncos , in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton-Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.", "Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43-8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton-Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.", "In the 1980s, the team drafted LB Lawrence Taylor who would go on to become one of the game’s greatest defensive forces. Other notable players are Frank Gifford, Eli Manning , Y.A. Tittle, Harry Carson, Mel Hein, Fran Tarkenton, Roosevelt Brown and Phil Simms.", "Washington Redskins quarterback Doug Williams is surrounded by members of the media after leading the Redskins to a 42-10 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXII in San Diego, Jan. 31, 1988. Williams completed 18 of 29 attempts and was named Most Valuable Player. (AP Photo)", "*Having been down 10 points in the first quarter, the Saints tied a record for the biggest comeback win in Super Bowl history, set in Super Bowl XXII when the Washington Redskins faced a 10-point first quarter deficit of their own.", "*New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first-half touchdown. The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so.", "It happens more than you think in Super Bowls: The wrong guy is picked for game MVP.", "* The Saints are the 9th team to win the Super Bowl on their first attempt. The others are the Green Bay Packers of Super Bowl I, the New York Jets of Super Bowl III, the Pittsburgh Steelers of Super Bowl IX, the San Francisco 49ers of Super Bowl XVI, the Chicago Bears of Super Bowl XX, the New York Giants of Super Bowl XXI, the Baltimore Ravens of Super Bowl XXXV, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of Super Bowl XXXVII.", "In 1999, the team advanced to the playoffs at 9–7. After a close win at Seattle in the Wild Card round 20–17, they suffered the second-worst playoff loss in NFL history losing to the Jacksonville Jaguars, 62–7 (the Chicago Bears beat the host Washington Redskins 73–0 in the 1940 NFL Championship game, the worst playoff game loss in league history). After the season, Jimmy Johnson left the team and Marino retired." ]

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[ "* In 1997 became lowest-ranked player to defeat two top-10 players in one tournament, number seven Mary Pierce and number four Monica Seles, after entering Chicago event as a 304th-ranked wildcard.", "Monica Seles was the dominant player in women’s tennis in the early 1990s. She became a tennis sensation in 1990 when she became the youngest ever winner of the French Open, at 16, beating Steffi Graf in straight sets. With a punishing two-fisted forehand, fierce backhand and a strong return of serve, she is considered by many to be the first power player in the women's game, paving the way for subsequent champions like Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova.", "Monica Seles, who was born and raised in Serbia, won eight of her Grand Slam titles for the former Yugoslavia. Her double-fisted groundstrokes were ahead of their time in the early 1990s as she looked to hit every ball as hard as she could. For a few years, she held the upper hand on rival Steffi Graf. Eventually she was stabbed by a deranged tennis fan in 1993, and Seles never regained her former confidence and dominance. She won another Grand Slam title as an American citizen.", "Monica Seles competed at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, where she beat Sabatini in a third round match before losing to Jana Novotná in the quarterfinals. Four years later, at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Seles captured her first Olympic medal, a bronze in singles. She defeated Jelena Dokic in the bronze medal match, after pushing eventual gold medalist Venus Williams to a tough 3 setter in the semis, losing 6-3 in the final set.", "Williams did not play a tournament in 1996. The following year, she lost in the qualifying rounds of three tournaments, before winning her first main-draw match in November at the Ameritech Cup Chicago . Ranked world no. 304, she upset world no. 7 Mary Pierce and world no. 4 Monica Seles , recording her first career wins over top 10 players and becoming the lowest-ranked player in the open era to defeat two top 10 opponents in one tournament. [1] She ultimately lost in the semifinals to world no. 5 Lindsay Davenport . She finished 1997 ranked world no. 99.", "Williams did not play a tournament in 1996. The following year, she lost in the qualifying rounds of three tournaments, before winning her first main-draw match in November at the Ameritech Cup Chicago. Ranked world No. 304, she upset world No. 7 Mary Pierce and world No. 4 Monica Seles, recording her first career wins over top 10 players and becoming the lowest-ranked player in the open era to defeat two top 10 opponents in one tournament. She ultimately lost in the semifinals to world No. 5 Lindsay Davenport. She finished 1997 ranked world No. 99.", "Winner (6): 1998 - Tokyo [Princess Cup] (w/Kournikova); 1997 - Tokyo [Princess Cup] (w/Sugiyama); 1992 - Rome (w/Sukova); 1991 - US Hardcourts (w/Fendick), Rome (w/Capriati); 1990 - Rome (w/Kelesi).", "Monica started 1999 off with a trip to the Australian Open for the 1st time in 3 years. She had never been defeated in Australia ever. Blasting her way through the draw, she met back up with Steffi Graf once again in a very much anticipated quarterfinal match. Monica and Steffi played some outstanding tennis once again, but this time Monica was victorious in straight sets. After coming back from behind in the 1st set to win 7-5, Monica just blasted Steffi in the 2nd set 6-1 (for a 7-5, 6-1 win for Seles). Monica had placed herself in the semifinals of the Australian Open once again, and was still undefeated with a 33-0 Australian win streak! Waiting in the semifinals though was Martina Hingis who was also riding her own Australian success story. Unfortunately though, Monica lost to Hingis on that hot and sunny day 6-2, 6-4, breaking her winning streak and putting Hingis in the final (where she went on to win her last Grand Slam).", "On January 27, 1996, Serbian-born tennis player Monica Seles, the former No. 1 women’s player in the world, defeats Anke Huber of Germany to win the Australian Open.", "1991 was the first of two years in which Seles dominated the women's tour. She started out by winning the Australian Open in January, beating Jana Novotná in the final. In March, she replaced Graf as the world no. 1. She then successfully defended her French Open title, beating the former youngest-ever winner, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, in the final. Unable to play at Wimbledon, suffering from shin splints, Seles took a six-week break. But she was back in time for the US Open, which she won by beating Martina Navratilova in the final, her third Grand Slam title of the year, to cement her position at the top of the world rankings. She also won the year-end Virginia Slims Championships for the second consecutive time, defeating Navratilova in four sets. At the end of season, Seles had won 10 out of the 16 tournaments she entered (reaching the final of every tournament that she entered that year). She ended the year as the #1 ranked player in the world.", "Andre Kirk Agassi (; born April 29, 1970) is an American retired professional tennis player and former World No. 1, who was one of the game's most dominant players from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s. Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi had been called the greatest service returner in the history of the game. Described by the BBC upon his retirement as \"perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history\", Agassi compiled performances that, along with his unorthodox apparel and attitude, saw him cited as one of the most charismatic players in the history of the game. As a result, he is credited for helping to revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s. ", "In 2002, King dismissed Capriati from the Fed Cup team, saying Capriati had violated rules that forbade bringing along and practicing with personal coaches. Opinion was sharply divided, with many supporting King's decision but many feeling the punishment was too harsh, especially in hindsight when Monica Seles and Lisa Raymond were defeated by lower-ranked Austrians Barbara Schett and Barbara Schwartz. The following year, Zina Garrison succeeded King as Fed Cup captain.", "John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player, often rated among the greatest of all time in the sport, especially for his touch on the volley. He won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title. He also won a record eight year-end championships, 19 Grand Prix Super Series titles, and finished his career with 77 ATP-listed singles titles and 72 in doubles.", "Billie Jean King (born November 22, 1943) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. King won a total of 39 Grand Slam titles throughout her career; this includes 12 singles, 16 doubles and 11 mixed doubles titles. Additionally King won the first ever WTA Tour Championships and was a three time winner of the doubles event. King is an advocate for sexual equality and won the Battle of the Sexes tennis match against Bobby Riggs in 1973 and was the founder of the Women’s Tennis Association, World TeamTennis and the Women’s Sports Foundation.", "Although Monica Seles is one of the most accomplished women in tennis, she only played for the United States from 1995-2003, before which she played for Yugoslavia. Only one of her nine Grand Slam titles would come as an American citizen. Therefore, in analyzing the greatest American tennis players over the past 22 years, only Seles' 1996 Australian Open victory qualifies. Seles would, however, win an Olympic bronze medal for the United States in 2000 and several WTA titles after 1995.  ", "Billie Jean King (née Moffitt; born November 22, 1943) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. King won 39 Grand Slam titles, including 12 singles, 16 women's doubles, and 11 mixed doubles titles. King won the singles title at the inaugural WTA Tour Championships. King often represented the United States in the Federation Cup and the Wightman Cup. She was a member of the victorious United States team in seven Federation Cups and nine Wightman Cups. For three years, King was the United States' captain in the Federation Cup.", "Martina Navratilova (; born Martina Šubertová; October 18, 1956) is a retired Czech and American tennis player and coach. In 2005, Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.", "In 1997, Hingis became the undisputed World No. 1 women's tennis player. She started the year by winning the warm-up tournament in Sydney. She then became the youngest Grand Slam singles winner in the 20th century by winning the Australian Open at age 16 years and 3 months (beating former champion Mary Pierce in the final). In March, she became the youngest top ranked player in history. In July, she became the youngest singles champion at Wimbledon since Lottie Dod in 1887 by beating Jana Novotná in the final. She then defeated another up-and-coming player, Venus Williams, in the final of the US Open. The only Grand Slam singles title that Hingis failed to win in 1997 was the French Open, where she lost in the final to Iva Majoli. She won the Australian Open women's doubles with Natasha Zvereva.", "On April 30, 1993, then-world No. 1 Monica Seles was playing Magdalena Maleeva in the Citizen Cup, an undistinguished event in Germany. Seles was up 4-3 in the second set after having won the first, and appeared to be within minutes of taking the match and moving onward.", "Williams played 15 tour events in 1997, including five Tier I tournaments. She reached the quarterfinals in three of the Tier I events – the State Farm Evert Cup in Indian Wells, California, the European Indoor Championships in Zürich, and the Kremlin Cup in Moscow. In Indian Wells in March, Williams defeated World No. 9 Iva Majoli in the third round for her first win over a player ranked in the top 10. She then lost in the quarterfinals to World No. 8 Lindsay Davenport in a third set tiebreak. Her ranking broke into the top 100 on April 14, 1997. She made her debut in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament at the French Open, reaching the second round before losing to Nathalie Tauziat. She then lost in the first round of Wimbledon to Magdalena Grzybowska. During her debut at the US Open, she lost the final to Martina Hingis after defeating Irina Spîrlea in a semifinal famous for \"the bump\" in which Spîrlea intentionally collided with Williams during a changeover. Richard Williams, her father, later claimed that this incident was racially motivated. She was the first woman since Pam Shriver in 1978 to reach a US Open singles final on her first attempt and was the first unseeded US Open women's singles finalist since 1958. On September 8, 1997, her ranking broke into the top 50 for the first time. She ended the year ranked World No. 22.", "** Four consecutive major titles from the 1996 US Open to 1997 Wimbledon (three times with Gigi Fernández and the 1997 Australian Open won with Martina Hingis).", "Let’s break it down and take a look at how Monica and Steffi fared in their individual head to head matchup.  Is Pam Shriver right? Was Seles the dominant player in this category?", "At the outset it appeared that 1994 would be dominated by the excellence of the two players at the head of the respective world rankings, the men’s events by Pete Sampras of the U.S. and the women’s by Steffi Graf of Germany. This view was strengthened by the performances of the two players in winning the singles titles at the Australian Open in January, prompting discussion of their prospects of accomplishing a Grand Slam (a sweep of the Australian, French, Wimbledon, and U.S. singles championships within a calendar year).", "Seles began a two-year domination of her sport at age 17, when she assumed the No. 1 world ranking. She won seven of nine Grand Slam events from January 1991 through January 1993. Her career took an unfortunate turn when a crazed fan stabbed her during a match in April 1993, which led to a two-year playing hiatus. She went on to win the 1996 Australian Open but never returned to the level of her previous success.", "Henin, known as \"Juju\" to many of her fans, [3] was coached by Carlos Rodriguez of Argentina . In 1997, she won the junior girl's singles title at the French Open. Early in her senior career, she regularly reached the late rounds of international competitions and won five International Tennis Federation tournaments by the end of 1998.", "1996 Summer Olympics champion. He and Steffi Graf are the only players in history to win all four Grand Slam singles titles and an Olympic gold medal.", "1996 was a less successful year for Agassi, as he failed to reach any Grand Slam final. He suffered two early-round losses at the hands of compatriots Chris Woodruff and Doug Flach at the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively, and lost to Chang in straight sets in the Australian and US Open semifinals. At the time, Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on the windy conditions, but later said in his biography that he had lost the match on purpose, as he did not want to play Boris Becker, whom he would have faced in that final. The high point for Agassi was winning the men's singles gold medal at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, beating Sergi Bruguera of Spain in the final. Agassi also successfully defended his singles titles in Cincinnati and Key Biscayne.", "Brenda Schultz-McCarthy made two quarterfinals appearances at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open in 1995. She also helped the Dutch team to the 1997 Fed Cup finals, their best team effort of the Open era.", "In April 1997, Ivanišević became the only player to defeat the \"king of clay\", Thomas Muster, in a Davis Cup singles match on clay. Ivanišević defeated Muster, 6–7, 7–5, 6–7, 6–2, 7–5, despite Muster having won 112 of his previous 117 matches on clay going into the match. During 1997, Ivanišević also got back up to his career high ranking of World No. 2, although his ranking fell down to No. 15 by the end of the year.", "* U.S. Olympic Committee \"Sportsman of the Year\" in 1997. He was the first tennis player to receive this award. ", "Sampras was also a member of two Davis Cup-winning teams. He teamed with John McEnroe to give the US a doubles point in 1992. In 1995, he almost singlehandedly led the United States to victory. He won both of his singles matches and teamed with Todd Martin to earn the doubles point.", "Returning from Europe , she graduated from Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences, which she financed with her job as a playground instructor. She was playing at the highest amateur level and was generating ample media attention, but at the time, athletic scholarships for women were practically unheard of. In 1965 she married Larry W. King, a pre-law student at the College of Applied Arts and Sciences and a year behind her. The two had been dating for about two years, with periods of interruptions, including a three-month break when she went to Australia on an all-expenses-paid trip to study with coach Mervyn Rose, former Davis Cup player for Australia. Rose changed King's forehand and service." ]

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[ "1986: The Boston Red Sox are trying to rid themselves of the Curse of the Bambino. They have not won a World Series since trading Babe Ruth to the Yankees after the 1919 season, but it appears the curse is about to end tonight.", "After trading Babe Ruth, the Red Sox went over 80 years without winning a World Series", "#Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961, only two of the original 16 teams have not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors: the American League Cleveland Indians, who have not won a Series since 1948 (defeating the Boston Braves), and the National League Chicago Cubs, who last won a Series in 1908 (defeating the Detroit Tigers).", "Ever since team owner and Broadway producer Harry Frazee sold the great Babe Ruth to the Yankees in 1920—he got $125,000 and a $300,000 loan, which he used to pay Fenway’s mortgage and put on the musical No, No, Nannette—the Sox had been tragically unable to win the World Series. People said that the team was cursed. Before 1920, the Sox had won five championships and the Yanks hadn’t won any; after the Babe left, Boston’s well ran dry. The Yankees, meanwhile, won a record 26 times after 1920.", "Neither the Cubs nor the Red Sox won another World Series during the 20th Century.   The Red Sox sold Babe Ruth to the Yankees in 1920.  The Babe hit one of the most talked about home runs in baseball history in 1932 when he “called his shot” against the Cubs at Wrigley Field after some heated exchanges with the Cubs players on the bench. The Red Sox did return to the Series in 1946, 1967, 1975 and 1986 and finally won a World Series in 2004 after an 86 year drought.  The Cubs have some extra penance as they have to make right with Goats….", "Prior to Ruth leaving Boston , the Red Sox had won five World Series , with Ruth as pitcher in the 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 teams, whereas the Yankees hadn't been in the World Series. After the sale, the Yankees came to win 26 World Series by the start of the 2004 season, while the Red Sox had been to the Series only four times - and lost each time in seven games.", "As of 2015, no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1999 and 2000, the longest such duration in Major League Baseball history.", "Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by . However, they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history, dubbed the \"Curse of the Bambino\" after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918, an 86-year wait before the team's sixth World Championship in . The team's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history, including Enos Slaughter's \"mad dash\" in , the \"Impossible Dream\" of , Carlton Fisk's home run in , and Bill Buckner's error in . Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and . Red Sox history has also been marked by the team's intense rivalry with the Yankees, arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports. ", "Both of Chicago's baseball teams are or were involved in supposed curses. The Chicago Cubs, after benefiting from a baserunning error by New York Giants' Fred Merkle during the last couple of weeks in the season, won the 1908 World Series. Since then, the Cubs have not won a World Series, despite participating as the National League (NL) champion seven times between 1910 and 1945. The 1945 World Series appearance was most notable because it marked the start of the Curse of the Billy Goat. That incident involved Billy Sianis, owner of the Billy Goat Tavern, who was asked to leave a World Series game vs. the Detroit Tigers because his pet goat's odor bothered other fans. The closest the Cubs have advanced to the World Series since then was five outs away in game 6 of the 2003 NLCS vs. the Florida Marlins, when Steve Bartman, a Cubs fan, attempted to catch a foul ball.", "The Red Sox did not win a World Series (Championship) for many, many years. Not since 1918. And since then there has been some real heartbreak losses, most notable was Aaron Boone's walk-off home-run in the 11th inning or the ball going through Billy Bukner's legs.", "The Seattle Mariners are now known for a high number of Japanese players and fans and a good budget who never close the deal. They are one of only two teams (along with the Washington Nationals) who have never played in the World Series. The team's only real run of success came from 1995 to 2001 when they made the playoffs four times, and in three of those four occasions, advanced to the League Championship Series (though they never got any farther). In 2001, they had the best regular season record in baseball history, but still failed to reach the World Series. The club has had a few stars in its history, most notably Ken Griffey Jr., Randy Johnson, and Ichiro Suzuki, all of whom are likely future Hall of Famers and likely candidates to have any number besides 42 become permanently retired for the first time [6] . Alex Rodriguez also began his career with the Mariners before moving on to greater fame with the Rangers and Yankees. An interesting note is that this team's currently owned by Nintendo . It explains how Ken Griffey Jr. got a couple of video games on some of Nintendo's consoles .", "Ruth was a full-time member of the Red Sox pitching rotation in 1915 and he responded with an 18-8 record and a 2.44 earned run average (ERA). The Red Sox were the American League (AL) pennant winners, but despite his outstanding season Ruth did not pitch in the World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. Ruth's only appearance in the Series was a pinch hit at bat against Grover Cleveland Alexander in the first game. He grounded out to first base. Even without Ruth the Red Sox won the Series in five games.", "43. The Yankees had never been to the World Series before acquiring Ruth from Boston, but they went to seven World Series in his 15 years with the team, winning four of them. Their first pennant came in 1921. Their first championship came in 1923 in the third of three consecutive World Series confrontations with John McGraw’s New York Giants .", "#The Athletics, Cardinals, Cubs, and Yankees are the only teams to be swept in two World Series. The Athletics and Yankees are the only two of these with at least one World Series sweep to their credit, the other two being among nine teams overall that have never swept a World Series, but have been swept in one (the Tigers, Astros, Indians, Padres, Phillies, Pirates, and Rockies being the others).", "The Giants experienced a mixture of success and hard luck in the early 1910s, losing three straight World Series in 1911–13 to the A's, Red Sox and A's again (two seasons later, both the Giants and the A's, decimated by the short-lived Federal League signings of many of their stars, finished in eighth [last] place). After losing the 1917 Series to the Chicago White Sox (the last Chisox Series win until 2005), the Giants played in four straight World Series in the early 1920s, winning the first two over their Polo Grounds tenants, the Yankees (after winning the first two of their many pennants, led by young slugger Babe Ruth), then losing to the Yankees in 1923 after Yankee Stadium had opened that May. They also lost in 1924, when the Washington Senators won their only World Series in DC (prior to their move to Minnesota as the Twins before the 1961 season and their 1987 & 1991 Series wins there).", "The Texas Rangers are best known as the team that George W. Bush owned before his political career and producing a number of sluggers (Rafael Palmeiro, Juan Gonzalez, Ivan \"Pudge\" Rodriguez, among others) who may or may not have been chemically enhanced. They are descended from the Washington Senators, but not the old Senators team from the first half of the 20th century; rather, they are descended from the new expansion Senators that began play in 1961. The old Senators are now the Minnesota Twins. For years, the club was known for big bats, terrible pitching, and not much else. Until 2010, they were the only team in baseball who had never won a postseason series. They finally accomplished this in 2010 after nearly 50 years of trying, making it all the way to their first ever World Series before finally losing to the San Francisco Giants. In 2011, they lost ace pitcher Cliff Lee to free agency, but managed to have an even better year than before, reaching their second consecutive World Series. Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan pitched his last two no-hitters and earned his 5,000th strikeout and 300th win with the team. His plaque in Cooperstown bears a Rangers cap, and he currently serves as Owner and Team President; his guidance, especially with regard to how to handle pitchers, is considered the biggest factor in the team's turnaround.", "The Yankees hold the record for World Series championships with 27, while the St. Louis Cardinals trail overall but lead the National League with 10. Other franchises with greater than five are the Oakland A’s—they’ve also played in Philadelphia and Kansas City—with nine, the Boston Red Sox—they were originally called the Americans—and the San Francisco Giants (formerly of New York), and the Los Angeles Dodgers (formerly of Brooklyn) are tied with six each.", "#The Orioles were also the last original team in the majors to make their first World Series appearance, as the St. Louis Browns in . Although they never won another American League pennant while in St. Louis, they have won three World Series in six appearances since moving to Baltimore. The St. Louis Cardinals were the last original National League team to make its modern World Series debut, with its victory in . They have subsequently won more World Series than any other National League club: 11 championships through 2014.", "The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) in North America, contested since 1903 between the American League (AL) champion team and the National League (NL) champion team. Prior to 1969, the team with the best regular season win-loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series; since then each league has conducted a championship series (ALCS and NLCS) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance. As of 2015, the World Series has been contested 111 times, with the AL winning 64 and the NL winning 47. The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best-of-seven playoff, and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner's Trophy. As the series is played in October (and occasionally November), during the autumn season in North America, it is often referred to as the Fall Classic. ", "The Nationals are one of two franchises, and the only one in the National League, that has never played in a World Series. (The American League's Seattle Mariners are the other). ", "The Atlanta Braves are a franchise that has won three World Series titles in nine total appearances in the Fall Classic. The team won their most recent title in 1995 in Atlanta, but also claimed the championship in 1914 in Boston and then again in 1957 in Milwaukee. Overall, the franchise has won more games than they have lost, but are remembered mostly for their struggles in the World Series during the 1990s. The team had great success in winning their division, but even with a pitching staff led by Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine, and John Smoltz, only won a single championship during that era.", "The Chicago Cubs last won a World Series in 1908 and last appeared in a World Series in 1945.", "baseball: pitcher: LA Dodgers [World Series: 1974, 1977, 1978], Texas Rangers [all-star: 1986], Chicago White Sox, Florida Marlins", "Founded in 1901, the A's are one of baseball's most storied franchises. With nine World Series titles, the team holds the third most wins in the major leagues. Moving from Kansas City to Oakland in 1968, the A’s have since become a prominent Bay Area fixture. As the Oakland A's, the club won three consecutive championships from 1972 to 1974 thanks to the efforts of Rollie Fingers, Catfish Hunter, and Reggie Jackson, who all later earned places in the Hall of Fame. The A’s also became one of the few teams in baseball history to receive Hollywood attention when they became the subject of the 2011 Oscar-nominated film “Moneyball.” In 2013, the A's achieved a milestone by winning their 16th division title since 1971.", "The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves. Following the Series, the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California, the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles, leaving the Yankees as New York's only baseball team. In the 1958 World Series, the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves, and became the second team to win the Series after being down three games to one. For the decade, the Yankees won six World Series championships ('50, 51, '52, '53, '56, '58) and eight American League pennants (those six plus '55 and '57). Led by Mantle, Ford, Berra, Elston Howard (the Yankees' first African-American player), and the newly acquired Roger Maris, the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s.", "*This marks the first time since the 1993 postseason where neither the New York Yankees nor the Boston Red Sox qualified.", "The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All-Star first baseman Don Mattingly. In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team, they failed to win a World Series (the first such Yankees team since the 1910s) and had only 1 playoff appearance. Although they consistently had a powerful offense—Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield (whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title throughout most of the 1984 season), Rickey Henderson, Don Baylor, Ken Griffey, Sr., Mike Pagliarulo, Steve Sax, and Jesse Barfield, and the Yankees led the majors in runs scored for the decade—the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship. After posting a 22–6 record in 1985, arm problems caught up with Ron Guidry, and his performance declined over the next three years. Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees' rotation, only Dave Righetti stood out, pitching a no-hitter on July 4, 1983, but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role. Despite the Yankees' lack of pitching success during the 1980s, they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter, Doug Drabek and José Rijo. All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential, with only Rijo returning much value – he was traded to the Oakland A's in the deal that brought Henderson to New York.", "The Reds failed to post winning records in both 2008 and 2009. In 2010, with NL MVP Joey Votto and Gold Glovers Brandon Phillips and Scott Rolen the Reds posted a 91-71 record and were NL Central champions. The following week, the Reds became only the second team in MLB history to be no-hit in a postseason game when Philadelphia's Roy Halladay shut down the National League's number one offense in game one of the NLDS. The Reds lost in a 3-game sweep of the NLDS for Philadelphia.", "The \"curse\" did not always wait for the World Series. In 1949 , the Red Sox needed to win just one of the last two games of the season to win the pennant, but lost both games to the Yankees. Ironically, the Red Sox were managed by Joe McCarthy , who had previously steered the Yankees to 7 World Series titles.", "Supp 1 Which baseball team has recently won the World Series for the first time since 1908?", "Omar Vizquel came up in the Mariners’ organization before being traded to the Cleveland Indians. Cleveland had fantastic, talented teams that made it to the World Series twice in three years, but lost both times.", "After retiring as a player, with which team did baseball great Babe Ruth spend one year as a coach?" ]

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[ "Here it is, the model yacht that started the VICTOR CUP SERIES. This is the semi-scale version of the yacht Stars & Stripes, skippered by Dennis Conner that returned the America's Cup to the USA in 1987. This boat is perfect for those who wish to create their own version of the America's Cup Races in miniature. The model is an excellent competitor when sailed against similar boats in its class. You can have hours of enjoyment when racing against our Australia II.", "Dennis Conner is also the only four time skipper in America's Cup history, with FREEDOM in 1980, LIBERTY in 1983, and STARS & STRIPES in 1987 and his catamaran called STARS & STRIPES in 1988.", "By this stage, it was clear NZL 32 was far superior to any of her rivals, including the winner of the defender series Stars & Stripes (USA-34). With that knowledge, Stars & Stripes skipper Dennis Conner swapped boats for the Cup matches, taking the helm of Young America. While Young America didn't win the Defender's Series, she was widely believed to be faster than Stars & Stripes.", "In the controversial 1988 America's Cup challenge that went all the way to the New York Supreme Court, Dennis Conner defeated Sir Michael Fay's 120' NEW ZEALAND 2-0 on STARS & STRIPES, the first catamaran to ever compete in America's Cup racing.", "Beaten skipper Dennis Conner won the Cup back four years later, with the yacht Stars & Stripes representing the San Diego Yacht Club, but had to fend off an unprecedented 13 challenger syndicates to do it. Bond's syndicate lost the Defender series and did not race in the final.", "In 1987, Dennis Conner traveled to Fremantle, Australia to challenge the Royal Perth Yacht Club for the America’s Cup races. Dennis Conner was representing the United States through the San Diego Yacht Club from Southern California. The Conner yacht, ‘Stars and Stripes 87’ easily won the Louis Vuitton qualifying races and went on to win the 1987 America’s Cup challenges to bring the coveted Cup trophy back to America.", "1988/--/-- 13 - Dennis Connor skippers a U.S. catamaran to beat New Zealand in the America's Cup.", "While the racing ended at Newport in 1983 with the victory by the wonderful AUSTRALIA II, the subsequent events are equally interesting. Dennis Conner took charge again and with a brilliantly conceived and executed plan won back the Cup the first time sailing Twelves in the challenging waters of western Australia. The final STARS & STRIPES was a one-weather boat, big and powerful for the consistent \"Doctor\" (strong winds) of Freemantle. Others did not have the strength of their convictions to go with such a big and powerful boat. Dennis's crew and tactics were admirable in this most wonderful challenge at a spectacular sailing locale.", "Down By The Sea. Parts 1&2. Australian Story revisits The America's Cup yacht race challenge of 1983, 30th 30 years anniversary. Australia II won wins, beats defeats \"Liberty\" Dennis Conner, New York yacht club. Alan Bond, john Bertrand, Ben Lexen,Warren Jones, Ken Beashel, John Longley, Hugh Treharne, Grant Simmer, Bob Hawke.Introduced by Ray Martin. Rob Mundle, Barbara Lloyd. Oracle wins the America's Cup 25th September 2013 25/11/2013 Racing Team USA San Francisco Defenders Challengers USA oracle defeats NZ.New Zealand looses. Oracle Team USA Aussie Skipper Jimmy Spithill crew As seen on ABC TV Australia 8th & 15th April 2013.", "The San Diego Yacht Club defended the America’s Cup three times after Conner’s 1987 win before losing it the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron in 1995. In 1988, one of the most famous America’s Cup competitions took place off the waters of San Diego, California. An America’s Cup that would, unfortunately, begin and end in the court room instead of on the race course. Striking back to the New Zealand challenger, the 133 foot New Zealand (KZ-1), Conner and the American team designed a catamaran, Stars & Stripes ’88 (USA-1), to defend the 1988 America’s Cup. Stars & Stripes ’88 swept the three race series but the race committee decided that a catamaran was not eligible to race in the America’s Cup. Conner and the Americans protested and the first America’s Cup defense by the San Diego Yacht Club, was finally settled in the courtroom long after racing had ended, declaring the catamaran, Stars & Stripes ’88, the winner of the 1988 America’s Cup but subsequently tarnishing the image of the America’s Cup.", "Feb 4 – Dennis Conner avenged yachting's most historic loss by returning the America’s cup to the US with the “Stars & Stripes.” Conner’s lost the 132 year old cup in 1983.", "Representing the San Diego Yacht Club , Conner returned to win the 1987 America's Cup . His yacht Stars & Stripes 87 earned the right to challenge by winning the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup against an unprecedented field of 13 challenger syndicates. In the America's Cup regatta he faced defender Iain Murray sailing Kookaburra III , who had defeated Alan Bond's Australia IV in the defender selection trials. Stars & Stripes 87 defeated Kookaburra III four races to nil.", "In 1992, two American teams sought the right to defend the United States through a Defender series, where Dennis Conner was beaten and lost the right to defend to American billionaire Bill Koch with his massive, four-boat America programme. On the challenger side, New Zealand met the Italian Il Moro de Venezia Challenge, eventually yielding to relentless pressure from the Italians and their skipper Paul Cayard. In the concluding battle for the 29th America’s Cup, Koch, occasionally steering the boat himself, and his skipper Buddy Melges, successfully defended the America’s Cup.", "Then in 1988 a New Zealand syndicate, led by merchant banker Michael Fay , lodged a surprise \"big boat\" challenge that attempted to return to the original rules of the cup trust deed. Not wanting to be beaten, Conner's syndicate produced a new Stars and Stripes, a catamaran , which totally outclassed the challenger. The conflict descended into a bitter court room battle that ultimately confirmed that San Diego Yacht Club held the cup.", "Dennis is best known for his participation in the America’s Cup. He competed in 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 2000 and 2003.. Because of his 30 years of America’s Cup experience he is known to many as ‘Mr. America’s Cup’. He is the only person to be pictured on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the President of The United States, Ronald Regan (February 1987 issue). Conner was also pictured on the cover of Time Magazine (Feb. 9, 1987).", "Sir Russell Coutts is the second foreign skipper ever to win the America's Cup. He sailed Team New Zealand's BLACK MAGIC to an unprecedented 37- 1 record in the trials, and an overwhelming five straight victories over Team Dennis Conner in the 1995 America's Cup finals. This New Zealander's extraordinary record includes a gold medal in the '84 Olympics, the longest stint ever as the World #1 Ranked Sailor (22 months), two World Match Racing Championships, 3 Brut Gold Cup victories, 18 international match race wins, and One Ton Cup and Two Ton Cup victories.", "In 1983 there were seven foreign challengers for the cup. Bond's campaign, representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club, won the elimination series for the \"right to challenge\" the NYYC, the prize for which was the Louis Vuitton Cup. In the challenger series, Bond's Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand and designed by Ben Lexcen won easily. The Australians recovered from a bad start to win the America's Cup 4-3 in a best-of-seven format and break the 132-year winning streak.", "Throughout its history, the America’s Cup has bedazzled a worldwide roster of business and industry tycoons such as Oracle’s Larry Ellison, brewing and real estate mogul Alan Bond, tea merchant Sir Thomas Lipton, aviation pioneer Sir T.O.M. Sopwith, the Aga Khan, media mogul Ted Turner, and Harold S. Vanderbilt, an American railroad executive who won the America’s Cup three times and also helped author the original racing rules of sailing.", "The fate of its sister ship with the conventional soft rig, Stars and Stripes (S1 version) was more spectacular than the 1988 Defender (H3 version). Steve Fossett, the man with dozens of speed records, acquired it in the 1990s.", "1987: Stars & Stripes USA 55, representing the San Diego Yacht Club, wins over Kookaburra III KA 15, the defender from the Royal Perth Yacht Club in Fremantle, Western Australia, in four straight races. This was the first America's Cup in the Southern Hemisphere. Conner and Company pulled out all the stops in the Louis Vuitton Cup finals by developing the shark skin coating from 3M called riblets and hoisting a spinnaker with pockets called \"Dolly.\" Stars & Stripes easily disposed of the other leading edges of technology and by the time they rolled into Kookaburra III, the outcome was already a foregone conclusion. There were 11 different challenging teams and seven different boats built by four defender syndicates. The Kiwis showed up with the first fiberglass 12-Meter boat and USA from the St. Francis Yacht Club (StFYC) featured a front rudder.", "Russell Coutts and Dean Barker celebrate winning the America’s Cup in February 2000 with Team New Zealand. Coutts, the skipper, steered the team to a 4-0 lead before handing the helm to his understudy, Barker, for the final, deciding race.", "1977: Courageous US 24 wins again, with Ted Turner at the helm beating Alan Bond's Australia 4-0, representing the Sun City Yacht Club. The NYYC held a spirited series of defense trials with two brand new 12-Meter yachts to compete with Courageous. In a battle of sail makers Ted Hood with Independence and Lowell North's sleek new Enterprise, Turner looked like he would be relegated to being a back marker on Courageous. Even as Enterprise emerged as the faster yacht, Turner and tactician Gary Jobson sailed smarter, ultimately faster as they improved Courageous slowly but surely, throughout the summer. Bond returned with a faster boat, but again was bested four straight in the finals. Sweden competed for the first time with Severige.", "1977 — Ted Turner, center, is carried off by his crew following a news conference after his Courageous won the Americas Cup. At right is Bill Ficker, skipper of cup winner Intrepid in 1970. (AP Photo/J. Walter Green)", "AC NEWS – The Competitor Forum, comprising the six teams registered for the 2017 America’s Cup, has appointed Iain Murray as Regatta Director. Murray is a former America’s Cup skipper who also served as Regatta Director in the last America’s Cup.", "The 1988 Olympic Regatta was held in the Bay of Pusan in Korea. The final winner, José Luis Doreste, who had competed in both the 1976 and 1980 Olympics was disqualified in race 4 for a collision. The Silver medalist Peter Holmberg was PMS in race 4 and one of the favourites Lasse Hjortnäs broke his mast in race two after winning the first race. These events really opened up the racing. Eventually John Cutler won the last two races to take the Bronze. Larry Lemieux gave up a good position in the fifth race to rescue two Singapore 470 sailors from the water after one had lost contact with his boat and was awarded Pierre de Coubertin Medal for Sportsmanship for this feat. Once again the sailors had to use boats that were provided by the organisers.", "Alan Bond, the chairman of the Australia II syndicate, said the first Australian defense of the cup would be in Australian waters in either 1987 or 1988. He said he believed the Royal Perth Yacht Club would continue to call the cup the America's Cup, saying ''it would be a great break with tradition'' if it was not. Pressure to Win Enormous", "Conner, this time representing the San Diego Yacht Club, won back the Cup in 1987 in Fremantle, Australia. Indeed, the racing was exciting. Sails tore and needed replacing. The skill and athleticism of the crews was impressive.", "American yachtsman, recently voted Americas Greatest Sailor by his peers at US Sailing. Noted for winning the bronze medal at the 1976 Olympics, two Star World Championships, and four wins in the America's Cup.", "“This was a wonderful match of teams,” said Regatta Director Iain Murray, who’s been involved with the America’s Cup since 1983. “In the case of a boat coming from behind, 3-1 down as was the case with Australia II in 1983, the shoe is on a different foot this time around. Then it was the challenger behind and this time it was the defender. But in the end we had great competition between two great teams, evenly matched, battling it out to the end.”", "When Turner was 26, he entered sailing competitions at the Savannah Yacht Club and competed in Olympic trials in 1964. He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on July 4, 1977, after being chosen to lead the 1977 America's Cup defense as skipper of the yacht Courageous. He had purchased the boat after its 1974 America's Cup victory. On September 18, 1977, he successfully defended the America's Cup, defeating Australia 4-0. He was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 1993, and the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2011. ", "The 150-year history of the America's Cup, the oldest and most distinguished prize in world sport, is summarized from the author's vantage point of belonging to a family of boat designers and builders who contributed to the dominance of American yachts from the beginning into the 1980s. Particulars and performances of the most important designs are described from AMERICA to the current International America's Cup Class.", "*Ryder Cup: 1969 (tied), 1971 (winners), 1973 (winners), 1975 (winners), 1979 (winners), 1981 (winners), 1985 (non-playing captain)" ]

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[ "FOR THOSE WHO KNEW MARTINA NAVRATILOVA best, it was a moment of surpassing emotion. Last July 7, under an unusually sunny English sky, Navratilova defeated Zina Garrison 6-4, 6-1 at Centre Court, winning her record-breaking ninth Wimbledon singles championship, more than any man or other woman in history. As Garrison mishit her final backhand, Navratilova raised her arms, sank to sore knees and scanned the crowd for longtime companion Judy Nelson, the honey-blond former Texas beauty queen who six years before had left a husband and two children to live with her. As their eyes met, both women burst into tears.", "In the final, the 33-year-old Navratilova swept Zina Garrison 6â4, 6â1 to claim an all-time record ninth Wimbledon singles crown. Though that was her last major singles title, Navratilova reached two additional major singles finals during the remainder of career. Read Less", "On a sunny Saturday afternoon, Martina Navratilova produced a near-flawless performance to win her ninth Wimbledon singles title, a record that will take some topping in today's day and age. Competing against fellow American Zina Garrison, Navratilova served and volleyed her way around Centre Court in emphatic fashion, dropping just five games as she took the title 6-1, 6-4.", "Today, Navratilova made history when she became the first player to win nine Wimbledons. Hitting 32 winners and committing just nine unforced errors, Navratilova rolled to a 6-4, 6-1 victory in the final over Zina Garrison, who had upset Graf in the semis.", "The clouds gathered, the sky darkened, and the summer rain fell on the grass, center court in the suburbs of London, England. This was early in the summer of 1988, late in the fortnight at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. In progress: the championship match of the women's competition between Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf. Navratilova, 31, was the defending champion. A native of Czechoslovakia who is now an American citizen, she was seeking her seventh straight English crown and ninth there in the past 11 years. On the other side of the net was Graf, 19, a West German who had lost the previous year's title match to Navratilova but seemed on her way to her first victory here.", "Navratilova not only won the 1990 Wimbledon for her record ninth title, but she had one of the most dominating performances of her career. She did not come close to losing a set in her run to the championship. Zina Garrison, who had done Navratilova a favor by beating Graf in the semifinals, was no match for Navratilova in the final. ", "While Navratilova would never regain her No. 1 ranking, she would win another Wimbledon. In 1990, at 33, she won her ninth Wimbledon, breaking the record she shared with Helen Wills Moody. By then, she was a crowd favorite, the grande dame of tennis who finally heard the cheers for her, not for her opponent.", "Navratilova, reknowned for her athleticism, dived and body-rolled after Evert's shots as never before, taking the first set 6-2. Throughout the two hours, Evert played superb catch-up tennis, taking the second set 7-5, and she almost got there before time ran out, Navratilova sealing the win 6-4 in the third. She went on to win the title, defeating Steffi Graf in the final for her eighth Wimbledon singles title. ", "Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.", "Martina Navratilova won more Wimbledon singles crowns than any person in history, Open Era or pre-Open Era, men or women. To put Navratilova's accomplishment in perspective, she claimed as many Wimbledon singles titles as John McEnroe, Rafael Nadal, Jimmy Connors and Novak Djokovic combined.", "Martina Navratilova, arguably the greatest tennis player of all-time, revolutionized women's tennis with her superb athleticism and raised the sport to an entirely new level. By the time she retired in 1994, she had amassed a staggering number of records, including 168 pro singles titles, breaking Chris Evert's previous record of 157. She set a new record with nine Wimbledon championships and more singles matches than anyone in tennis history with a 1,438-212 won-lost record. She holds 165 doubles titles and earned more than $20 million in prize money.", "Next came Wimbledon, where Martina Navratilova had won six straight titles. Graf was trailing Martina Navratilova in the final 7–5, 2–0 before winning the match 5–7, 6–2, 6–1. She then won tournaments in Hamburg and Mahwah (where she lost only eight games all tournament).", "Navratilova won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 Grand Slam women's doubles titles (an all-time record), and 10 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times, including 9 consecutive years from 1982 through 1990, and won the women's singles title at Wimbledon a record 9 times. She and King each won 20 Wimbledon titles, an all-time record. Navratilova is one of just three women to have accomplished a career Grand Slam in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles (called the Grand Slam \"boxed set\"). She holds the open era record for most singles titles (167) and doubles titles (177). She recorded the longest winning streak in the open era (74 consecutive matches) and three of the six longest winning streaks in the women's open era. Navratilova, Margaret Court , and Maureen Connolly share the record for the most consecutive Grand Slam singles titles (six). Navratilova reached 11 consecutive Grand Slam singles finals, second all-time to Steffi Graf's 13. In women's doubles, Navratilova and Pam Shriver won 109 consecutive matches and won all four Grand Slam titles in 1984. They also tied Louise Brough Clapp's and Margaret Osborne duPont's record of 20 Grand Slam women's doubles titles as a team.", "Williams was ranked World No. 31 going into Wimbledon and was seeded 23rd at the tournament due to her previous results at Wimbledon. Williams was a game away from defeat in her first round match against Alla Kudryavtseva and in her third round match against Akiko Morigami she was two points away from defeat, but she eventually won both 7–5 in the third set. She then advanced to reach her sixth Wimbledon final, after beating Maria Sharapova, Svetlana Kuznetsova and Ana Ivanovic in straight sets en route, where she defeated 18th seed Marion Bartoli also in straight sets. Williams thus became only the fourth woman in the open era to win Wimbledon at least four times, along with Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf. She also became the lowest-seeded Wimbledon champion in history, breaking the record she herself set in 2005. Williams returned to the top 20 as a result of the win. ", "Steffi Graf's seven Wimbledon singles championships are the second most among women in the Open Era (behind Martina Navratilova's nine) and the third most overall (also behind Helen Wills' eight).", "Navratilova won her first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon in 1978, where she defeated Evert in three sets in the final and captured the World No. 1 ranking for the first time. She successfully defended her Wimbledon title in 1979, again beating Evert in the final, and retained her World No. 1 ranking.", "Most Wimbledon Women's Singles Titles - The most Wimbledon singles tennis titles won by a woman is nine, won by Martina Navratilova(USA) from 1978–79, 1982–87, and 1990.", "A huge challenge for Kvitova at 40-30, but Hawk-Eye shows Azarenka's effort landed plumb on the baseline and it's deuce. Kvitova then rifles another double-handed backhand down the line. Advantage. And game. Martina Navratilova, the last left-hander to win Wimbledon in 1990, offers her applause from the crowd. Martina's sitting next to Richard Branson bizarrely. A crucial hold for Azarenka coming up.", "In the women's poll, Graf and Navratilova were separated by a point, 52-51, and were followed by Margaret Smith Court - the winner of 24 Grand Slam titles. Billie Jean King, who holds the most Wimbledon titles, with 20 (6 singles and 14 doubles titles) was fourth on the list. Chris Evert was fifth followed by Suzanne Lenglen of France, Helen Wills Moody, Maureen Connolly, Monica Seles of Yugoslavia, and a tie for No 10 between Evonne Goolagong of Australia and Martina Hingis of Switzerland.", "Talking about making history is now a good time to mention Roger Federer? He's aiming to become the first man to win eight Wimbledon singles titles. Martina Navratilova leads the pack with nine titles in the women's game.", "Steffi Graf won the Wimbledon Singles title seven times along with winning a Golden Slam in 1988. Steffi Graf ruled this decade at Wimbledon and overall tennis world with 22 singles grand slam wins, four more than Martina Navratilova. Steffi won the first Wimbledon title in 1988. She not only won this title but the other three Championships as well, only a third woman to do so.", "Henin was the third seed going into Wimbledon and advanced to her third consecutive Grand Slam final without losing a set. She defeated Clijsters (who was seeded second) in a semifinal 6–4, 7–6(4) but lost the final to Mauresmo. The final featured two finesse players who used their all-court games, a break from recent years that featured a succession of power baseliners claiming the title. At almost every point throughout the match, both players approached the net to volley. Tipped as the tournament favorite, Henin won the first set. But Mauresmo recovered to win the next two sets and her second Grand Slam singles title and deny the Belgian a career Grand Slam. [29] [30] This was the only Wimbledon final of the decade that did not involve Venus Williams and/or Serena Williams .", "Williams defeated Muguruza in a tight two-setter. The victory made her the oldest woman in the Open Era to win a grand slam singles title, in addition to having the distinction of being the oldest ladies' singles champion of all of the grand slam tournaments. It also was her eighth consecutive victory in Grand Slam singles finals appearances, breaking Steffi Graf's Open Era record of seven from 1995 through 1999 and, on the men's side, tying Pete Sampras' Open Era record of eight from 1995 through 2000. Her 21 major singles titles equaled the tally of the rest of the women's tour, combined. The week of July 13 marked the first time in WTA history that the No. 1 player had more than twice as many points as No. 2. Following her win at Wimbledon, Williams was awarded with her 7th ESPY for Best Female Tennis Player. Read Less", "Dominika Cibulkova of Slovakia celebrates after beating Agnieszka Radwanska of Poland during their women's singles match on day eight of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships in London, Monday, July 4, 2016. (Anthony Devlin PA via AP)", "Wimbledon: tennis & croquet championships, southwest London, SW19 (Britain's most famous postcode); Andy Murray, runner-up in the 2012 tennis tournament, went on in the same year to win Olympic gold at Wimbledon and then to triumph at the US Open, his first victory in a major; in the next year, 2013, Murray won the Wimbledon gentlemen�s singles title itself, the pinnacle of tennis; prior to Murray�s win the great Fred Perry was victorious at SW19 in 1934, 1935 & 1936; Murray�s triumph is the 36th time a British man has held aloft the trophy � more than any other nation; British winners of the ladies� singles title in the modern era are Angela Mortimer (1961), Ann Jones (1969) & Virginia Wade (1977); the first British woman to win a ranking tennis tournament in the twenty-first century was Heather Watson, who won the Japan Open in 2012; she had previously won the US Open Girls title in 2009; the Hawk-Eye electronic (multi-camera) line judge used at Wimbledon (and also in cricket) was invented by Paul Hawkins in 2001", "Garbine Muguruza celebrates beating Agnieszka Radwanska on July 9, 2015 to reach the Wimbledon women's singles final (AFP Photo/Leon Neal)", "Serena Williams - she defeated Angelique Kerber to win the Wimbledon tennis women's single title 2016. This was her 7th Wimbledon title and she also equaled the record of 22 Grand Slam victories of Steffi Graf.", "But typically for a player who has been overlooked for much of her career, that victory is better remembered because it denied Martina Navratilova a 10th Wimbledon singles title.", "July 3, 2010: Serena dominates Vera Zvonareva to win her fourth Wimbledon crown and 13th Grand Slam singles title. It would be the last Tour match she would play in nearly a year.", "Kvitova is the only player born in the 1990s to have won a major title, taking the crown at the All England Club in 2011. She improved her record to 25-5 on the Wimbledon grass and she’s made at least the quarter-finals five years in a row.", "Wimbledon revisited: A history of No.1s foiled in the ladies' singles - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM", "After taking up tennis at the age of nine, Annabel became, at 15, the youngest Briton to play at Wimbledon for nearly 100 years. In 1984 she became junior Wimbledon Champion and a year later picked up her first senior tournament trophy in San Diego." ]

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[ "\"I've been waiting for this day since I received the call last month,\" Pavin said yesterday. \"I'm very excited to be here. In 1991 I played in my first Ryder Cup. Listening to the national anthem, experiencing the pressure for the first time, watching the last match between Hale Irwin and Bernhard Langer, and of course throwing captain Dave Stockton into the ocean, cemented my love for the Ryder Cup for ever. I knew I wanted to play as many as possible and dreamt of becoming captain one day. Today my dream has come true.\"", "In early April, the British P.G.A. chose a selection committee of six and selected Henry Cotton as captain. [20] In August, eight players were named in the team: Cotton, Jimmy Adams , Dick Burton , Sam King , Alf Padgham , Dai Rees , Charles Whitcombe and Reg Whitcombe . [21] Charles Whitcombe immediately withdrew from the team, [22] not wishing to travel to the United States. With seven selected, three places were left to be filled. War was declared on 3 September and the British P.G.A. immediately cancelled the match: \"The P.G.A. announce that the Ryder Cup match for this year has been cancelled by the state of war prevailing in this country. The P.G.A. of the United States is being informed.\" [23]", "until the penultimate singles match, when the home side’s normally dependable Bernard Hunt missed a tiddler on the 18th green to halve his game with Dave Douglas. Earlier, the 22-year-old Peter Alliss took a gut-wrenching six at the final hole to lose one down to Jim Turnesa. \"I made an awful bodge of it, and that was that” was his succinct comment at the time. For the record, Alliss went on to play in 11 further Ryder Cups, winning five singles matches, although losing 15 matches in total. It should also be remembered that the American team was without arguably the greatest golfer of all time, Ben Hogan, who was enjoying his greatest year, having won all three majors he played in. The peerless ‘Hawk’ took the liberty of limiting his schedule to 72-hole medal events, which prevented him from taking part in the Ryder Cup, as it required 36hole matches during this period. Following the matches, US playing captain Lloyd Mangrum – pictured here escaping from what could loosely be described as a bunker on the 15th hole – said he would ‘never, never captain an American team again, because of the 9,000 deaths I suffered in the last hour’. He was as good as his word – and the Ryder Cup too has never returned to Wentworth, the club where it all began.", "Lyle’s name was mentioned in both 1991 and 1993 when it came to Ryder Cup selection, but each time captain Bernard Gallacher felt that he did not deserve a place in his final 12. So his refusal to play in 1989 was his last opportunity to represent Europe. Only Lyle knows if he regrets his call to Jacklin in August 1989, but for me his honesty should be respected. It can be hard for champions to admit to their weaknesses, but Lyle was a big enough man to put his hands up for the good of his team at the end of his season of utter frustration.", "Held at The Belfry in Europe, the 1989 Ryder Cup saw the rising of tensions in the series. After holding the cup for more than two decades, the United States team lost both the 1985 and 1987 matches. At the 1989 matches, the pressure was on the United States team and its captain, Raymond Floyd. At a pre-match opening celebration, Floyd slighted the European team by introducing his United States team as \"the 12 greatest players in the world.\\", "Repeating captains has been rare for the US side. Watson, who was captain at a 1993 US win at Gleneagles that is the most recent for the Americans on European soil, had been the first repeat US Ryder Cup captain since Jack Nicklaus in 1983 and 1987.", "1987: Tony Jacklin led a team of 12, including Sevvy Ballesteros, Sam Torrance, Howard Clark, Eamonn Darcy and Bernhard Langer, on behalf of Great Britain and Europe to win the Ryder Cup. It was the first time the US team had been defeated on their home ground.", "Tom Watson was officially unveiled as the U.S. Ryder Cup captain for 2014 at a ceremony in New York. It will be his second spell in charge, having led the successful 1993 U.S. team.", "The 37th Ryder Cup Matches were held September 19–21, 2008, in the United States at Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky. Team USA won 16½ - 11½ to end the streak of three successive victories for Europe. This was USA's largest margin of victory since 1981 and the first time since 1979 that the Americans had held the lead after every session of play. The team captains were Paul Azinger for the USA and Nick Faldo for Europe.", "The 39th Ryder Cup was held September 28–30, 2012, in the United States at the Medinah Country Club in Medinah, Illinois, a suburb northwest of Chicago. This was the first time that the Ryder Cup was held in Illinois. Europe went into the competition as the cup holders, having won in 2010 to regain it. The team captains were Davis Love III for the U.S. and José María Olazábal for Europe. ", "1987 Tony Jacklin led a team of 12 golfers, including Sevvy Ballesteros, Sam Torrance, Howard Clark, Eamonn Darcy and Bernhard Langer, on behalf of Great Britain and Europe to win the Ryder Cup. It was the first time the US team had been defeated on their home ground.", "The overall tension between the teams and the feud between Ballesteros and Azinger escalated at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in 1991. At the ceremonial opening dinner, the PGA of America played two videos that were seen as less than hospitable by the European team. The first video was presented as a highlight reel of past Ryder Cups, but reportedly showed only Americans. The second video was a welcoming address by then-United States President George H. W. Bush in which he closed by cheering on the American side.", "The members of the US Ryder Cup Task Force were co-chairs Sprague and PGA Chief Executive Officer Pete Bevacqua; PGA Vice President Paul Levy, Raymond Floyd, Tom Lehman, Love, Rickie Fowler, Jim Furyk, Phil Mickelson, Steve Stricker and Tiger Woods. ", "Love, who served as US Captain in 2012, becomes the eighth American to guide multiple Ryder Cup teams. With recommendations from the Ryder Cup Task Force, the PGA also announced changes to the Captain's selection process, along with the qualifying system for US players and new leadership for future Ryder Cups. The Ryder Cup Task Force has been dissolved, with a newly-designated PGA of America Ryder Cup Committee responsible for identifying future Captains and Vice-Captains and consulting on a wide array of matters related to the Ryder Cup. ", "Two of the most dominant players on the PGA TOUR during the 1980s and 1990s led the United States and International Teams at The Presidents Cup 2009.  Fred Couples and Greg Norman, known the world over for their outstanding competitive accomplishments and larger-than-life personas, succeeded long-time captains and World Golf Hall of Fame members Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player.", "The Presidents Cup 2003 was held at The Links at Fancourt Hotel and Country Club Estate in George, South Africa.  The competition ended in a tie, after both teams completed regulation tied at 17 points.  Ernie Els of the International Team and Tiger Woods of the United States Team were designated to represent their teams in a sudden-death playoff.  After three playoff holes, and as darkness was descending, Captains Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus, in the spirit of the competition, decided that the two teams would share the cup.", "Below is the full list of individuals who have performed the duties of Ryder Cup captains. For each year, the American captain is listed first, followed by the opposing captain (that would be the Great Britain captain from 1927 through 1971; Great Britain and Ireland - or GB&I - captain in 1973, 1975 and 1977; and European captain from 1979 to present). Below the list are the records for most wins, lossses and times served as captain.", "Faldo was selected as captain of the European Ryder Cup team in 2008 . The 37th Ryder Cup Golf Tournament was won 16½ - 11½ by Team USA to end the streak of three successive victories for Team Europe . This was Team USA's largest margin of victory since 1981 , and the first time since 1979 the Americans had the lead after every session of play.It was held at the Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky , USA , which as a contribution factor in Faldo getting the captaincy given his experience of living and working in America for over a decade.", "Dai Rees has played in more Ryder Cups than any other Welshman. He also captained the side on five occasions - the most famous being at Lindrick Golf Club in 1957 where he masterminded the USA's only defeat in the competition between 1933 and 1985.", "The 29th Ryder Cup Matches were held September 27–29, 1991, on The Ocean Course at Kiawah Island Golf Resort in Kiawah Island, South Carolina, southwest of Charleston.", "Bernard Gallacher: 1991 was a turning point for the Ryder Cup. And not in a good way. Suddenly, there was hostility out there. And it was the first time the crowd actually participated in a match. The spectators affected the outcome of matches.", "Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1991 Ryder Cup.", "Phillip Price represented Europe in the 34th Ryder Cup, held at the Belfry. The event was originally scheduled for September 2001, but was postponed one year due to the September 11 attacks. He played in two matches, famously beating Phil Mickelson 3&2.", "Watson won five Opens, more than anyone else has since the 1950s, but his final win in 1983 brought down the curtain on an era of U.S. domination. In the next 11 years there was only one American winner, with the others coming from Europe and the Commonwealth. The European winners of this era, Spaniard Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century, and the Englishman Nick Faldo, were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period.", "The 46-year-old played in three Ryder Cups, was vice-captain in 2010 and 2012 and holed the winning putt in 2002.", "*Ryder Cup: 1937 (winners), 1947 (winners), 1949 (winners), 1951 (winners, playing captain), 1953 (winners), 1955 (winners), 1959 (winners, playing captain), 1969 (tied, non-playing captain)", "*Ryder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1969 (winners), 1971 (winners), 1973 (winners), 1975 (winners), 1979 (winners, non-playing captain)", "Lyle was a member of five European Ryder Cup teams, from 1979 to 1987 inclusive. Highlights from those years included the team that was victorious at the Belfry in the autumn of 1985, and the 1987 team which won for the first time ever on American soil, at Muirfield Village.", "He joined the PGA Tour in 1991 and won the PGA Championship that year. … Read More", "The 46-year-old has played in six Ryder Cups and has been chosen to try to recapture the trophy the US lost to Europe in October 2010.", "In 2002, on the same green, wearing the same colours, I was the [non-playing] captain when we won the cup again. I had spent three years planning it (the September 11 terror attacks delayed the tournament by a year) and I was responsible for choosing the pairings, the team uniforms and the course set-up, as well as making sure the players were happy. Because I put so much effort into it and we ended up winning, the 2002 victory was even more satisfying than 1985 and became my new career highlight.", "1961 Event - 14th Ryder Cup: U.S., 14 -9 at Royal Lytham and St. Annes, England" ]

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[ "As 1970 approached, three NFL teams (the Baltimore Colts, Cleveland Browns, and Pittsburgh Steelers), agreed to join the ten AFL teams (the Cincinnati Bengals and Miami Dolphins had joined the original Boston Patriots, Buffalo Bills, Denver Broncos, Houston Oilers, Kansas City Chiefs, New York Jets, Oakland Raiders, and San Diego Chargers) to form the American Football Conference (AFC). The other thirteen NFL teams (Atlanta Falcons, Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions, Green Bay Packers, Los Angeles Rams, Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, New York Giants, Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco 49ers and Washington Redskins) became part of the National Football Conference (NFC). Since then, the Super Bowl has featured the champions of the AFC and NFC. Both are determined each season by the league's playoff tournament.", "Largest margin of victory in a Super Bowl – San Francisco demolished the Denver Broncos 55-10 in 1990, winning by a record 45 points. It was the 49ers' fourth Super Bowl title in nine years.", "After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers, led by Hall of Famers Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Mel Blount, Joe Greene, Jack Lambert and Jack Ham, again reached the playoffs in 1973, winning the Super Bowl the next two seasons. After missing another chance at the Super Bowl with playoff losses in 1976 and 1977, the Steelers won the Super Bowl again in 1978 and 1979, becoming the first team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls and the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice. With six consecutive AFC Central championships, eight straight years of playoff appearances, and four Super Bowl championships, the Steelers were affectionately dubbed as the \"Team of the Decade\" for the 1970s.", "The AFL also ended up radically altering the fortunes of the Pittsburgh Steelers . Before the merger, the Steelers had long been one of the NFL's worst teams. Constantly lacking the money to build a quality team, the Steelers had only posted eight winning seasons, and just one playoff appearance, since their first year of existence in 1933. They also finished with a 1-13 record in 1969 , tied with the Chicago Bears for the worst record in the NFL. The $3 million relocation fee that the Steelers received for joining the AFC after the merger helped them rebuild into a contender, drafting eventual- Pro Football Hall of Famers like Terry Bradshaw and Joe Greene , and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. [42]", "While many AFL players and observers believed their league was the equal of the NFL, their first two Super Bowl performances did nothing to prove it. That perception changed on January 12, 1969, when the AFL Champion New York Jets shocked the heavily favored NFL Champion Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III . The Colts, who entered the contest favored by as many as 18 points, had completed the 1968 NFL season with a 13–1 record, and won the NFL title with a convincing 34–0 win of the Cleveland Browns. Led by their stalwart defense—which allowed a record-low 144 points—the 1968 Colts were considered one of the best-ever NFL teams. [31] [32]", "Super Bowl 3 marks one of the biggest upsets in football history. In Miami, Florida on January 12th, 1969 Weeb Ewbank's New York Jets beat Don Shula's Baltimore Colts for the AFL's first Super Bowl victory. Everyone remembers Joe Namath's \"Guaranteed Victory\" over the heavily favored Colts. Namath followed through, taking home MVP honors. Running backs Matt Snell and Tom Matte each rushed for over 100 yards for there respective teams. Johnny Unitas came off the bench after starter Earl Morrall was intercepted thrice, but it wasn't enough, as the Jets won 16-7.", "When the game was over, the Bears had set a new NFL record for margin of victory (36 points), bettering the mark of 29 set by the Los Angeles Raiders when they beat the Washington Redskins 38-9 in Super Bowl XVIII. They also scored more points than any other team in the history of the Super Bowl, beating the previous record (38) shared by the Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XIX. The Bears defensive end Richard Dent, who contributed one and a half of Chicago’s record seven sacks, was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XX, becoming only the fourth defender to win the honor.", "I was born in the early '60s and just missed the Packers era. My first football memory is O'Brien kicking the winning field goal for the Colts against the Cowboys in Super Bowl V. By the early '70s the Super Bowl had grown into an extravaganza.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike , reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. [31] Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 [9] after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV, who trailed the Indianapolis Colts 10-0 after the 1st quarter, and won 31-17. This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory. [32] Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yards. [32]", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "The game was remembered for being the most exciting of the first 10 Super Bowl games. Swann's heroics and Lambert's 14 tackles and throw-down of Cliff Harris are the indelible images from the game. After being benched to start the 1974 campaign and being booed for most of his first four seasons in Pittsburgh, Bradshaw became the first quarterback to throw two game-winning touchdown passes in Super Bowl competition. The Steelers' bid for three-consecutive championships ended in a 24–7 loss to the Oakland Raiders in the 1976 AFC Championship game after a season that saw Pittsburgh's defense shut out five opponents and allow only 28 points in a 9-game span. The loss to Pittsburgh coupled with an early playoff exit in 1976 largely influenced the Cowboys to draft Tony Dorsett in the 1977 Draft to help infuse life into Dallas' offense. Dorsett helped lead Dallas to a Super Bowl XII victory over the Denver Broncos, who defeated the Steelers in the first round of the playoffs that year.", "In Super Bowl III, the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath (who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game) and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year, when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV.", "*New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first-half touchdown. The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so.", "Other high scoring games in NFL history include the Oakland Raiders defeating the Houston Oilers 52-49 in 1963, the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Kansas City Chiefs 51-48 in 1983, the Denver Broncos defeating the Dallas Cowboys 51-48 in 2013 and the Pittsburgh Steelers beating the San Diego Chargers 54-44 in 1985.", "The NFL's Green Bay Packers dominated winning the Super Bowl for the few years.  Then, the New York Jets and their infamous star quarterback, Joe Namath aka \"Broadway Joe\" for his celebrity status, won Super Bowl III, proving that the NFL and AFL could compete equally and increasing it's popularity even more.", "In Super Bowl III , the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath (who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game) and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank , and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year, when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV .", "The Vikings won their first 9 games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12-2 record. In the playoffs they defeated the Washington Redskins 27-20 and the Dallas Cowboys 27-10. On January 13, 1974, the Vikings played in the 2nd Super Bowl in franchise history, Super Bowl VIII , against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston, TX. The Dolphins prevailed, 24-7.", "The SuperBowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League NFL. The contest is held in an American city that is chosen three to four years beforehand, usually in warm-weather or domed sites. The winner of the American Football Conference AFC Championship Game faces the winner of the National Football Conference NFC Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs. Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League AFL and the National Football League (NFL), the two leagues met in a World Championship Game and Super Bowl III in 1969 was the first Super Bowl that carried the \"Super Bowl\" moniker at the time of the game. The NFC leads in Super Bowl wins with 22, while the AFC has won 21. The NFL and AFL each won two World Championships.", "Super Bowl VI (1972) – Dallas atoned for its loss the next season, shutting down the Miami Dolphins 24-3. MVP quarterback Roger Staubach had two touchdown passes.", "Photo: Pittsburgh Steelers' Lynn Swann dives as he catches a pass from quarterback Terry Bradshaw during Super Bowl X action held at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida Jan. 18, 1976 against the Dallas Cowboys.", "Super Bowl XIII was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1978 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 35–31. The game was played on January 21, 1979, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, the fifth and last time that the Super Bowl was played in that building.", "The players drafted in the early 1970s formed the base of an NFL dynasty, making the playoffs in eight seasons and becoming the only team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls in six years, as well as the first to win more than two. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins (–) against teams that would finish with a losing record that year.", "The team continued to shine in 1970 and 1971 as their \"Purple People Eater\" defense led them back to the playoffs. In 1971 the defense was so impressive that Alan Page became only the third defensive player to win the NFL Most Valuable Player Award (the Colts' Gino Marchetti was the AP MVP in 1958 and the Lions' Joe Schmidt was co MVP in 1960).", "The Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the premier association of professional American football. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970.", "Following Super Bowl XXVIII the Jones-Johnson relationship became contentious, and on March 29, 1994, the dynamic duo agreed to part ways after five seasons and winning consecutive Super Bowls and NFC East titles. The following day Jones replaced Johnson with their former University of Arkansas assistant coach and longtime Oklahoma University head coach Barry Switzer, who had won four national championships and eight Big Eight titles during his sixteen-year tenure in Norman, Oklahoma. While the Cowboys finished the 1994 season 12–4 again and won the third of what turned out to be five consecutive NFC East titles, they unfortunately opened their third consecutive NFC title game against San Francisco with three consecutive turnovers that turned into a 21–0 Niners’ lead halfway through the first quarter at Candlestick Park to essentially prevent the Cowboys from a chance to become the first and only team to win three consecutive Super Bowl titles. In a valiant effort, the Cowboys lost that day to San Francisco, 38–28, but not before they had moved to the Niners 43-yard line with just more than five minutes left in the fourth quarter and were arguably a non-interference call (on Niners corner Deion Sanders) away inside the five-yard line from drawing to 38–35. That game essentially was for the Super Bowl title; San Francisco easily defeated San Diego, 49–26, for the Lombardi Trophy.", "Citing friction with the City of Baltimore and the local press, Rosenbloom traded the Colts franchise to Robert Irsay on July 13, 1972 and received the Los Angeles Rams in return. Under the new ownership, the Colts did not reach the postseason for three consecutive seasons after 1971, and after the 1972 season, starting quarterback and legend Johnny Unitas was traded to the San Diego Chargers. Following Unitas' departure, the Colts made the playoffs three consecutive seasons from 1975 to 1977, losing in the divisional round each time. The Colts 1977 playoff loss in double overtime against the Oakland Raiders was famous for the fact that it was the last playoff game for the Colts in Baltimore and is also known for the Ghost to the Post play. These consecutive championship teams featured 1976 NFL Most Valuable Player Bert Jones at quarterback and an outstanding defensive line, nicknamed the \"Sack Pack.\"", "Super Bowl 50 was the 50th National Football League (NFL) championship game between the Denver Broncos and the Carolina Panthers at Levi’s Stadium in San Francisco, California on February 7th, 2016. The game ended in the Broncos’ victory against the Panthers by 24-10, which marked the team’s third Super Bowl championship title in the NFL history.", "• Only year during the decade of the 70s that the Cowboys failed to qualify for the playoffs.", "The Broncos' first ever Super Bowl appearance (in the 1977 season) was made possible by defeating Oakland in the AFC Championship on questionable officiating.", "The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League (NFL). The game culminates a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. The contest is held in an American city, chosen three to four years beforehand, usually at warm-weather sites or domed stadiums. Since January 1971, the winner of the American Football Conference (AFC) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs. Normally, Roman numerals are used to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season. The single exception to this rule was Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, following the 2015 regular season.", "Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the merger in 1970: [73]" ]

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[ "Jock Hutchison was the last St Andrews born player to win the Open, while Paul Lawrie was the last native Scot when he won at Carnoustie in 1999. After Jock's win, the Open was dominated by the American, Walter Hagen who won the first of his four Open titles in 1922 at St George's and followed up with victories in '24, '28 and '29. Together with his compatriots Jim Barnes (1925), Gene Sarazen (1932) and the incomparable Bobby Jones who won in 1926 and '27, this was an unprecedented period of Open Championship domination by US players.", "Carnoustie Golf Links is one of the venues in The Open Championship's rotation. The course first played host to The Open in 1931, when it was won by Tommy Armour of the USA. Subsequent winners have included Henry Cotton of England in 1937, Ben Hogan of the USA in 1953, Gary Player of South Africa in 1968, Tom Watson of the USA in 1975, Paul Lawrie of Scotland in 1999 and Pádraig Harrington of Ireland in 2007. ", "Jean Van de Velde looked invincible as he stood on the final tee at Carnoustie holding a three-shot lead. A few minutes later, the 33-year-old Frenchman was rolling up his trousers to wade in to Barry Burn where his ball lay under water. That was after his first shot landed on the 17th fairway and his second, having struck a stand and a rock, ended in heavy rough. His third plopped in to the burn, his fourth was a drop, his fifth disappeared in to a bunker, his sixth rolled on to the green and his seventh, a putt from seven feet, found the centre of the hole. Van de Velde then finished last in a three-way play-off for the title with winner Paul Lawrie and Justin Leonard.", "As host venue Carnoustie was privileged to witness the first all-European playoff in a Major Championship in modern times between the enigmatic Spaniard Sergio Garcia and the ever popular Irishman Padraig Harrington. Such was the quality and drama it was almost a shame that one man had to lose, but in the end it was Padraig Harrington who claimed his first Major title and lifted the famous Claret Jug, becoming the first European to win a Major Championship since Paul Lawrie won here 8 years previously.", "1999 July 18 1999 – Paul Lawrie after a three-way play-off against Jean van de Veldt of France and Justin Leonard of the US won the Open Golf Championship at Carnoustie July 19 1333, July 19 – The Battle of Halidon Hill. Sir Archibald Douglas, guardian of David II routed by Edward Balliol and Edward III. Scots losses were nearly 600, English losses 14.", "Both the U.S. Open and the British Open are characterized by well-known third-round leaders suffering poor final rounds to allow relatively unknown players to pass them and win. At Medinah, Frank Beard gives away a three-shot overnight lead, and Lou Graham emerges victorious; at Carnoustie, South Africa's Bobby Cole — winner of the individual and team titles at the previous year's World Cup — is the victim, allowing Tom Watson to slip past for his first major victory.", "The 1999 Championship, Carnoustie’s first since 1975, featured a climax so extraordinary, so unexpected, that it will never be forgotten. It resulted in Lawrie becoming the first Scotsman to win the Open on native soil for 68 years but also made Frenchman, Van de Velde, headline news all over the world.", "back nines in championship golf. Others will recall John Van de Velde’s barefoot paddle in the Barry Burn at the 18th hole during the 1999 Open Championship. Bernard Darwin perhaps had Van de Velde in his mind when, in 1910, he wrote in his book The Golf Courses of the British Isles: “he had got burns badly on his nerves… there really is some justification for the nervous golfer who has water on the brain after a round at Carnoustie.” You have to cross the snaking burn no less than five times whilst playing the closing two holes. We mustn’t forget to mention wee Jockie’s Burn—the young son of Barry—he comes in to catch your approach shot to the 3rd green.", "After years of American domination, European golfers were now winning Major titles with regularity and a “home” success at Carnoustie would come as no surprise. Even so, few were predicting that Aberdonian Paul Lawrie, despite having two European Tour titles to his name, including success in the Qatar Masters earlier in the year, would be the man to claim the title!", "Prestwick Golf Club is on the Ayrshire coast, about a half-hour's drive south-west of Glasgow. The club was founded in 1851 and from then until 1864 the Keeper of the Green was the legendary 'Old' Tom Morris . In 1860, Prestwick was the venue for the first Open Championship, which was played there each year until 1870, since when the venue has rotated among a small number of links courses. Prestwick was the venue in 1914, when Harry Vardon won the last Open before war brought the annual event to a temporary halt. Tam Duggan and Alec Fraser may be real people, but it is more probable that they are generic Scots names; there is no record of anyone of either name having won a tournament of any note, at Prestwick or any other venue, in the years preceding the writing of A Damsel in Distress.", "By 1975, Watson's fifth season, he had only one victory and was probably best known for losing the '74 U.S. Open, when he had the 54-hole lead but bled out with a 79 on Sunday in the so-called Massacre at Winged Foot. Two months before the British Open he played in the Byron Nelson Classic, during which he forged a lasting friendship with the host, another farm boy who had gone on to big things. Nelson imparted simple swing thoughts and homespun advice on golf's inner battle; duly inspired, Watson went out and won the tournament. He carried the momentum into his first British Open, at Carnoustie, the most demanding of the courses in the rota. On his first day in Scotland, Watson drove to Carnoustie with Hubert Green and John Mahaffey for a practice round, but they were turned away, told that the course was closed for maintenance. (Can you imagine?) They wound up on the humble locals' links in the town where they were staying, Montifieth.", "Paul Lawrie became the first Scotsman in 68 years to win the claret jug on his native soil, an unremarkable champion in an unforgettable British Open.", "4. The Open returns to Carnoustie this year. The last time it was played there (in 1999), which Frenchman famously blew his chance of winning by going into the water after leading by 3 shots at the last hole?", "I didn't play in the British Open until 1968. It was at Carnoustie that year, and I started out 72-68 and led by four. I shot 74 in the third round and led by one, and in the last round I still led as late as the 14th hole before Gary Player made a fantastic eagle and beat me. All I could think about the whole way around was, Why didn't I play here more? Carnoustie was a tough course, but it was made for me. All the courses in the British Isles were. I was a low-ball hitter, and I loved the wind. I could bounce the ball along the ground as well as anybody, and my putting stroke was made for those greens. I loved the people. I loved everything about it and felt right at home. But I played the British Open only five times, from 1968 to 1972. My best years as a player, I wasn't there. The trouble was, I cared mainly about making money for my family, and the British Open had a small purse. It was a two-week commitment, and I had young children. I just couldn't see it. If I hadn't left IMG in the early 1960s--another mulligan I'd like to take--Mark McCormack would have urged me to play in the British Open. I don't want to sound conceited, but that type of golf was the kind of golf I was best at.", "Louis finds the bridge is not too far 18 July 2010 BRIDGE TO VICTORY: Louis Oosthuizen and caddy Zack Rasego cross the Swilcan Burn Bridge during the 2010 British Open at the Old Course at St Andrews. The stone bridge is one of golf’s most famous landmarks and spans the creek between the first and 18th fairways at the legendary Scottish course. Oosthuizen entered the 2010 Open championship having made the cut only once in eight previous major championships. He won the Open by seven strokes, extending South Africa’s love affair with this major tournament. Oosthuizen became the fourth South African to win the title after Ernie Els (2002), Gary Player (1959, 1968 and 1974) and Bobby Locke (1949, 1950, 1952 and 1957). Photo by Andrew Redington – Getty Images", "Photograph of Barry Burn & Hotel Carnoustie :: Donald Ford Images :: Scotland's landscape and Scottish golf courses", "Lyle showed his quality by winning The Open Championship at Royal St George's Golf Club in 1985. He was the first British winner since Tony Jacklin in 1969, and continued the rise of European golfers in the world scene.", "The 1997 Open Championship was the 126th Open Championship, held from 17–20 July at the Royal Troon Golf Club in Troon, Scotland. Justin Leonard won his first major championship, the fifth consecutive American to win The Open at Royal Troon. Five strokes back after a 72 in the third round, he shot a final round 65 (–6) to win by three strokes over runners-up Jesper Parnevik and Darren Clarke.", "\"Old Tom\" Morris, after whom the 18th hole at St Andrews is now named, won his fourth title at Prestwick when he was 46 years 99 days old, the oldest winner of the Open. Morris's 13-stroke victory in 1862 was the largest winning margin in any Major until Tiger Woods won the 2000 US Open by 15.", "Carnoustie is famous for golf, which is first recorded as having been played here in the 16th century. Carnoustie Golf Links has three golf courses: the Championship course, on which several international tournaments are held, the Burnside course and the Buddon course. ", "Tom Watson, winner of the British Open in 1975, 1977, 1980, 1982 and 1983, plays from the 18th tee during the Champion Golfers’ Challenge on Wednesday, July 15, 2015, ahead of the 144th British Open Golf Championship that starts on Thursday at The Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland.", "10 strokes - Paul Lawrie, 1999 (Lawrie began the final round 10 shots off the lead)", "above LEFT: Stephen Gallacher in action at The Barclays Scottish Open at Loch Lomond. ABOVE: Richie Ramsay holds the impressive trophy after winning the 2010 South African Open.", "Clockwise from above: David Howell poses on the famous Swilken Bridge after winning the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship at St Andrews last year. Brett Rumford seals his fifth European Tour title at last year’s Volvo China Open and Paul Casey clinches the 2013 Irish Open.", "The 2015 event is the 29th Open Championship played at the Old Course at St Andrews. The most recent was in 2010 when Louis Oosthuizen won his only major title and became the first South African to win an Open Championship at St Andrews.", "Tom Watson poses on the Swilcan Bridge as he marks his final round in any British Open on day two of the 2015 British Open Golf Championship on The Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland, on July 17, 2015.", "“As a former World Number 1, The Masters and Open Champion, I can honestly say I have played at some of the world’s leading golf courses. I am delighted to say that having played Spey Valley Championship Golf Course in Aviemore, that it is set to become one of Scotland’s premier golfing destinations and will undoubtedly be among the top ranked courses in the UK”", "Why He's Here: Walker doesn't have a lengthy track record at the Open, so his decision to head over early for the Scottish Open is a good one. The man is a tee-to-green force and is only usurped by players with more Open experience and staggering recent success.", "Senior majors are shown in bold. See \"Other senior wins\" below for Player's wins in the Senior British Open.", "*Is the oldest player to lead after any completed round at a major championship (2009 Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland)", "An improving links player later in his career. Top 15s in The Open in 2012 and 2013. Chased a T12 at Chambers Bay with a T2 at the Scottish Open.", "• Played in Motorola Western Open on PGA TOUR and Scottish Open on PGA European Tour" ]

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[ " 26 1984 - John Henry, a nine-year-old gelding, came from behind to win the $600,000 Arlington Million race in suburban Chicago, IL. The lifetime earnings of the famous horse reached $5,482,797.", "In 1970 he surpassed John Longden's total of 6,032 wins to become the most successful jockey in the history of the sport. He had already won three Kentucky Derbys - in 1955 (on Swaps), 1959 (Tomy Lee) and 1965 (Lucky Debonair) - and was to add a fourth, when he was 54, in 1986 (Ferdinand). In 1981 he won the Arlington Million on John Henry, and in 1987 the Breeders' Cup Classic with Ferdinand.", "The wins became fewer over the years. Two especially noteworthy ones came in the 1980s. In 1981, he became the first jockey to win a $1-million race when he guided John Henry to a nose victory over The Bart in the inaugural Arlington Million.", "Racing through the age of nine, John Henry won the 1981 Santa Anita Handicap and repeated in 1982 after Perrault was disqualified. He is one of only three horses with back-to-back victories in the race's 72-year history. He also twice won the Arlington Million Stakes and won three renewals of both the Hollywood Invitational Handicap and the Oak Tree Invitational Stakes, two Grade I turf stakes in Southern California. He also won one of America's most important races for older horses, the 1981 Jockey Club Gold Cup at Belmont Park, at 1½ miles on the dirt. This victory clinched his first Horse of the Year title.", "In 1978, New York City businessman Sam Rubin and his wife Dorothy paid $25,000 sight unseen for the then three-year-old John Henry. The horse broker who picked out the horse for Rubin was Louisville trainer and broker, Mike McGee. Rubin asked McGee if he \"was sure this horse was sound\". McGee said he could see potential in John Henry. Racing under the Rubins' Dotsam Stable banner, he was first conditioned by trainer Robert Donato, a former policeman, who saw his grass potential. Under him, John Henry won 6 of 19 starts and $120,000, starting the year as a cheap claimer and finishing it as a stakes winner. The following year, the Rubins and Donato had a disagreement on policy and parted ways. John Henry was given to a new trainer, Lefty Nickerson. Under him, he won 4 of 11 races in 1979. When the grass season was over in New York, Rubin decided to send the horse to California. Nickerson suggested his good friend Ron McAnally as trainer. Under McAnally, John Henry won six stakes races in a row. Initially the plan was to keep him under McAnally out west and Nickerson in the east, but eventually this was scrapped and McAnally had him full-time. Because they were such good friends, Nickerson agreed to this and McAnally voluntarily gave him half of his 10% trainer's share of John Henry's earnings.", "The Arlington Million is a Grade 1 race for horses aged three years and upward that takes place in August over a distance of one and a quarter miles at Arlington Park in Arlington Heights, Illinois. It was the first thoroughbred race to offer prize money of US$1,000,000.", "Others insist the historical John Henry was born a slave in Virginia, and that he worked on the Columbus and Western Railway near Leeds, Alabama. There’s documentation to support this hypothesis, which holds that the contest took place on September 29, 1887, at the Coosa Mountain or Oak Mountain Tunnel. The ‘Bama Henry would have been 43 -- a “reasonable age for a champion steel driver,” according to folklorist John Garst .", "In the early 1970s the initial challenge of being head of sport had faded as Telefís Éireann was now an established broadcaster. In 1972 he became manager of the newly designed Leopardstown Racecourse but left the following year to continue writing and broadcasting as a freelance journalist. This work took him to the United States where he commentated for NBC in races such as the Arlington Million. This association with the American broadcaster lasted well into the eighties. ", "Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as Fiat or Peugeot soon developed their own vehicles to try and win the event, which they did from 1913 to 1919. However, after World War I , the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race, with the engineer Harry Arminius Miller setting himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last until the mid-70s.", "It wasn't until June 21, 1985, that owner Sam Rubin made the decision to retire John Henry, age 10, when he injured a tendon during a workout at Hollywood Park on July 19, 1985. He was subsequently unretired in a comeback bid but never returned to racing and retired a second time.", "TONY CURTIS SUSAN HAMPSHIRE PETER COOK DUDLEY MOORE TERRY-THOMAS The son of the Ware-Armitage defeated in the great air race of 1910, Sir Cuthbert yearns to win a big international event. He inherits half of a car factory producing a model called The Nifty Nine. The other half-share has gone to an American gambler, Chester Schofield, who has already moved in and is building a speedster called The Triple S. Sir Cuthbert, who intends to cheat, proposes they enter their respective cars in the Monte Carlo Rally. (Late film change: not", "Secretariat (March 30, 1970 - October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse considered by many to be one of the greatest racehorses of all time: Secretariat not only won the 1973 Triple Crown but set still standing track records in two of the three races in the Series, the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes. Secretariat was affectionately nicknamed \"Big Red\" by his owner because of his size and brilliant chestnut color, or, perhaps, in an attempt to draw comparisons to the great Man o' War.", "The winner has been awarded one of the pace cars , or a replica, almost every year since 1936. In 1941, there were only six copies of the special Chrysler Newport Phaeton, and no production models created. The co-winners did not receive it. In 1946, an oil painting and a trip to Italy was substituted as the award, but winner George Robson died in a motorsports accident before he received it. In 1991, the Dodge Viper was still a prototype vehicle, and only two were in existence. Winner Rick Mears was awarded instead a Dodge Stealth , which was to be the original pace car but after protests by the UAW (because the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan), they were instead used at the track for festival cars.", "In 1993, while the race was still under starter's orders, a jockey (think she might have been female, but don't tell anyone) became tangled in the starting tape, which had failed to rise correctly. A false start was declared, but lack of communication between course officials meant that 30 out of the 39 jockeys did not realise this and continued to race. Officials tried to stop the runners further by waving red flags, but many jockeys thought that they were protesters who had invaded the course earlier and ignored them. Seven horses completed the course, including the “winner” Esha Ness (in the second-fastest time ever), ridden by John White and trained by Jenny Pitman – but as the start had been declared false, the result had to be declared void. I can still remember the expression on the winner’s face when he realised this... more stuff of fiction.", "In 1975 and 1976 Red Rum finished second in the race. On both occasions he was beaten by a horse carrying significantly less weight and it was the handicapper that prevented a third win in those years. McCain never lost faith and always believed his horse would become the first and only three times winner of the great race.", "2008 marked the 60th Anniversary of the first race ran through the streets of Watkins Glen.  The season long celebration included the selection of the top driver from each of the six decades that made up the racing history in The Glen and honoring them with the title Driver of the Decade.  Those honored were Phil Walters (1948-1957), Graham Hill (1958-1967), Sir Jackie Stewart (1968-1977), Al Holbert (1978-1987), Mark Martin (1988-1997), and Tony Stewart (1998-2007).  These six drivers also composed the inaugural class inducted into the newly started Legends of The Glen.  History was made in 2008, when Kyle Busch captured the Centurion Boats at The Glen and with it became the first driver in NASCAR history to claim three road course victories in a single season. Prior to the beginning of the season, the capital improvements project at The Glen continued with the completion of the new, state-of-the-art Media Center and the addition of two pit boxes which brought the total on pit road to 43.", "John Henry had many quirks that endeared him to his followers, not the least of which was the habit of turning towards the tote board after a victory as if checking the time of the race, or possibly the payoff. Regular rider Chris McCarron often described him as very smart, commenting: \"I'm just along for the ride.\" McAnally also attributed his career to his soundness, noting him to step over rocks on the way to his morning exercise. John Henry also once was determined to get to the winner's circle after losing a race, dragging his groom to get there.", "There are many legendary figures in America, but few stand as tall as that of John Henry. The man who raced against a steam powered drilling machine and won. Many people think that the John Henry legend is only a myth, however, there is enough proof that a steel-driving man by the name John Henry did live. One of those pieces of evidence stands outside of Hinton, West Virginia at the former C&O railroad (now CSX) Big Bend Tunnel. There on top of the tunnel portal is a monument to this man, one of America’s greatest folk heroes.", "*The winner has been awarded one of the pace cars, or a replica, almost every year since 1936. In 1941, there were only six copies of the special Chrysler Newport Phaeton, and no production models created. The co-winners did not receive it. In 1946, an oil painting and a trip was substituted as the award, but winner George Robson died in a motor sports accident before he received it. In 1971, Al Unser received a Dodge Charger from Palmer Dodge in the Indianapolis area, after the Dodge Challenger safety car was damaged in the start crash. Palmer repaired the car and kept it until selling in 2006 to local car collector Steven Cage. In 1991, the Dodge Viper was still a prototype vehicle, and only two were in existence. Winner Rick Mears was awarded instead a Dodge Stealth, which was to be the original pace car but after protests by the UAW (because the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan), they were instead used at the track for festival cars.", "here are few finer sights in US racing than Arlington Park on a sunny day in August. There are very few meetings as attractive, or as well-loved, as Chicago’s Arlington International Festival either. This year’s was a particularly good Million meeting, attended by just under 35,000 paying fans, a high proportion of them young, dressed for summer, and pretty much qualified for the coveted description “Beautiful People”. Viewing a record number of overseas horses for the festival’s four Grade 1s, a 50/50 split of the main events between the visitors and the US horses, top class jockeys from around the world, and a festive atmosphere that did credit to everyone involved in its organisation, no objective observer could have seen Arlington on Saturday, August 17 as anything but a magnificent example of American racing at its best. Of the main performers, Dandino, winner of the only slightly comically named “American St. Leger” may well go on and win the Melbourne Cup. Dank, now she’s found that middle-distances", "The race is usually run in slightly over two minutes, although in 1964, Northern Dancer was the first to win the Derby in two minutes flat. The great Secretariat, fondly known as Big Red, is still the only horse to run the Derby in less than two minutes-although only fractions of a second less. Ridden by jockey Ron Turcotte, Secretariat then went on to win the Triple Crown, which means that he also won the Belmont Stakes (run in June at Belmont Park, near New York City) and the Preakness (run in late May at the Pimlico Race Course near Baltimore). Only a horse that has won all three races in a single year, as Secretariat did in 1973, qualifies as a Triple Crown winner.", "Al Unser, Sr. won the 1987 race, and became the first race winner to have his likeness added to the first base of the trophy. Unser also became the first winner to have likenesses on the body of the trophy (1970, 1971, 1978) as well as the base (1987). The layout and lettering of the base mimicked that of the trophy body. The driver's name was enscripted in one single line, followed by the year on the next line, and the race average speed below on the third line.", "In 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long “Centennial Era” to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911). [35] As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker “93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes”. [36] It is the first time since 1980 that the “Sweepstakes” title has been used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the “2009 Indianapolis 500”. Since the race was not held during the United States’ participation in the two World Wars (1917–18, 1942–45), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during theCentennial Era were curtailed.", "Although Hill had concentrated on F1 he also maintained a presence in sports car racing throughout his career (including two runs in the Rover-BRM gas turbine car at Le Mans). As his F1 career drew to a close he became part of the Matra sports car team, taking a victory in the 1972 24 Hours of Le Mans with Henri Pescarolo. This victory completed the so-called Triple Crown of motorsport which is alternatively defined as winning either:", "American Pharoah won the 2015 race, becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years. The crowd that year was limited for the first time, to 90,000. His time of 2:26.65 was the sixth fastest in Belmont Stakes history, and the second fastest time for a Triple Crown winner. ", "As interest in auto racing grew, so did the trophy size. In 1909 Tiffany designed the eight-foot Wheeler-Schebler Trophy. Commissioned by the Wheeler and Schebler Companies of Indianapolis, the trophy was awarded annually to the driver of the Indianapolis 500 who led the race at the 400-mile mark. The trophy was retired in the 1930s after car owner Harry Hartz won the trophy three consecutive times. Today Tiffany creates the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup, awarded annually to the winning driver and owner of the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Series race", "It’s was a great renewal of the Arlington Million meeting, writes Paul Haigh, but the future of US horseracing does not look so rosy", "It was the O’Brien clan that won this race last year with Declaration of War, so certainly on form from what the market suggests in keeping their crown for another year. He has never ran at this track before, unlike Telescope, Mukhadram and The Grey Gatsby who have not only ran here but won at this track too, will that give a slight avantage to them?", "The Ardbraccan Estate in Navan in County Meath, near the east coast of Ireland, was built in the mid-1700s as a palace for the bishops of Meath. About 350 years later, American Charles Noell bought it. In 1992 Noell and computer specialist John Moores, one of Forbes magazine’s 400 richest people in America, co-founded JMI Equity, an investment firm specialising in software. In 2013, after the death of one of the principal owners of County Limerick farm Kilfrush Stud, Noell and Moores teamed up to buy the stud’s bloodstock, collecting more than 30 horses of various ages under their banner of Merriebelle Irish Farm. In 2013 Merriebelle in partnership with Dr. Ronan Lambe raced Pale Mimosa (IRE) (above) to victory in the group II Lonsdale Cup.", "RICK MEARS IS THE ONLY DRIVER WITH FOUR DIFFERENT LIKENESSES ON THE TROPHY. Unlike Mears (who last won", "Our Duke of Earle was the Lead Horse Grand National Driving Champion Grand Champion 10K (7.5 Miles)", "Tom Oliver raced the most Grand Nationals, participating in 18 races and winning three of these." ]

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[ "A group of men, including the most famous of the time -- Jim Thorpe -- and a man who would be involved in the game for more than six decades -- George Halas -- gathered at the Hupmobile showroom in Canton, Ohio to create what was first known as the American Professional Football Association (APFA), later renamed the National Football League in 1922. Thorpe was named the league's first president.", "In 1959, a 26-year-old Texan, frustrated by his unsuccessful attempts to gain a pro football franchise in the National Football League, embarked on an alternate course that was to drastically change the face of pro football forever. The young man was Lamar Hunt, who founded the American Football League that season and served as the league's first president when its eight new teams began play in 1960.", "In 1920, the American Professional Football Association, was founded, in a meeting at a Hupmobile car dealership in Canton, Ohio. Jim Thorpe was elected the league's first president. After several more meetings, the league's membership was formalized. The original teams were:[31][70]", "Two more cities were awarded AFL franchises later in the year. Ralph Wilson , who owned a minority interest in the NFL's Detroit Lions , announced he was placing a team in Buffalo, New York after he had been rejected by Miami. Buffalo was officially awarded a franchise on October 28. During a league meeting on November 22, a 10-man ownership group from Boston, Massachusetts (led by Billy Sullivan ) was awarded the AFL's eighth team. [9] On November 30, 1959, Joe Foss , a World War II Marine fighter ace and former governor of South Dakota, was named the AFL's first commissioner. Foss commissioned a friend of Harry Wismer's to develop the AFL's eagle-on-football logo. Hunt was elected President of the AFL on January 26, 1960.", "In 1941, the NFL named its first Commissioner, Elmer Layden. The new office replaced that of President. Layden held the job for five years, before being replaced by Pittsburgh Steelers co-owner Bert Bell in 1946.[83]", "On August 14, the first meeting of the new league was held in  Chicago . Charter memberships were issued to six original cities—Dallas, New York ,  Houston ,  Denver ,  Los Angeles  and  Minneapolis . The league was officially christened the American Football League on August 22.  Ralph Wilson  was extended the league’s  seventh franchise  on October 28 and  Billy Sullivan  became the league’s  eighth team 's owner on November 22. Minneapolis withdrew its franchise from the AFL in November after receiving an offer for a team in the NFL, [1]  and  Oakland, California  instead joined the AFL as the  Oakland Raiders .", "Art Modell resigned as president of the NFL, March 12. Milt Woodard resigned as president of the AFL, March 13. Lamar Hunt was elected president of the AFC and George Halas was elected president of the NFC, March 19.", "At this meeting, the league name was changed to the \"American Professional Football Association\" (APFA) which would carry as the league name for the first two seasons. In 1922, Chicago’s George Halas recommended the name change to the \"National Football League.\"", "The first known professional football league, known as the National Football League (not the same as the modern league) began play in 1902 when several baseball clubs formed football teams to play in the league, including the Philadelphia Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies. The Pirates' team the Pittsburgh Stars were awarded the league championship. However the Philadelphia Football Athletics and Philadelphia Football Phillies also claimed the title.[65] A five-team tournament, known as the World Series of Football was organized by Tom O'Rouke, the manager of Madison Square Garden. The event featured the first-ever indoor pro football games. The very first professional indoor game came on December 29, 1902, when the Syracuse Athletic Club defeated the \"New York team\" 5-0. Syracuse would go onto win the 1902 Series, while the Franklin Athletic Club won the Series in 1903. The World Series only lasted two seasons.[3][66]", "American football, in its early years, was an excessively violent game, plagued with several deaths and life-changing injuries every year. The violence became so drastic that President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to shut down the game in 1905, should rules not be changed to minimize this violence. Several rule changes were put into place that year, but the most enduring has been the introduction of the legal forward pass, which, like Camp's rule changes of the 1880s, fundamentally changed the nature of the sport. When it became legal to throw the ball forward, an entire new method of advancing the ball emerged. As a result, players became more specialized in their roles, as the different positions on the team required different skill sets. Thus, some players are primarily involved in running with the ball (the running back) while others specialize in throwing (the quarterback), catching (the wide receiver), or blocking (the offensive line). With the advent of free substitution rules in the 1940s and 1950s, teams could deploy separate offensive and defensive \"platoons\" which led to even greater specialization.", "The origin of professional football can be traced back to 1892, with William \"Pudge\" Heffelfinger's $500 contract to play in a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed. This league changed its name to the National Football League (NFL) two years later, and eventually became the major league of American football. Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the United States, professional football eventually became a national phenomenon. Football's increasing popularity is usually traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a contest that has been dubbed the \"Greatest Game Ever Played\". A rival league to the NFL, the American Football League (AFL), began play in 1960; the pressure it put on the senior league led to a merger between the two leagues and the creation of the Super Bowl, which has become the most watched television event in the United States on an annual basis.[4]Contents [hide]", "Postseason college games were known as \"bowl\" games, and AFL founder Lamar Hunt suggested that the new pro championship be called the \"Super Bowl.\" The term was officially introduced in 1969, along with roman numerals to designate the individual games. In 1970, the NFL and AFL merged into one league with two conferences, each with 13 teams. Since then, the Super Bowl has been a face-off between the winners of the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC) for the NFL championship and the coveted Vince Lombardi Trophy, named for the legendary Packers coach who guided his team to victory in the first two Super Bowls.", "Arthur B. Modell, the president of the Cleveland Browns, was elected president of the NFL, May 28.", "In the midst of moves to abolish the game of football (18 deaths had been reported during the 1905 season), Theodore Roosevelt personally encouraged reform in the sport. The result of Roosevelt's efforts to eliminate the violent nature of football in 1905 led to two milestone events in the game's history: the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States -- which is now known as the National Collegiate Athletic Association -- and the forward pass. Dangerous mass formations such as the wedge were also banned, and the distance necessary to attain a first down was extended from 5 to 10 yards.", "On September 3, 1895 the first wholly professional game was played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe Athletic Association and the Jeannette Athletic Club. Latrobe won the contest 12–0.[2][3] During this game, Latrobe's quarterback, John Brallier became the first player to openly admit to being paid to play football. He was paid $10 plus expenses to play.[63] In 1897, the Latrobe Athletic Association paid all of its players for the whole season, becoming the first fully professional football team. In 1898, William Chase Temple took over the team payments for the Duquesne Country and Athletic Club, a professional football team based in Pittsburgh from 1895 until 1900, becoming the first known individual football club owner.[64] A year later in 1899, the Morgan Athletic Club, on the South Side of Chicago, was founded. This team later became the Chicago Cardinals, and now is known as the Arizona Cardinals, making them the oldest continuously operating professional football team.[3]", "After watching his children play with a Super Ball, Lamar Hunt, founder of the American Football League, coined the term Super Bowl. In a July 25, 1966, letter to NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, Hunt wrote, \"I have kiddingly called it the 'Super Bowl,' which obviously can be improved upon.\" Although the leagues' owners decided on the name \"AFL-NFL Championship Game,\" the media immediately picked up on Hunt's \"Super Bowl\" name, which would become official beginning with the third annual game. ", "The rise of professional football was so fast that by the mid-1960s, it had surpassed baseball as Americans' favorite spectator sport in some surveys. When the NFL turned down Lamar Hunt 's request to purchase either an existing or expansion NFL franchise, he formed the rival American Football League (AFL), in 1960. He encouraged, wheedled, and cajoled seven other like-minded men to form this new league. The group of the eight founders of the AFL teams was referred to as the \"Foolish Club.\" One of them, fellow Texan Bud Adams of Houston, had likewise tried but failed to be granted an NFL franchise. Hunt's goal was to bring professional football to Texas and to acquire an NFL team for the Hunt family. The AFL filed an anti-trust lawsuit against the NFL in 1960, but this was dismissed in 1962.", "Modern professional football emerged after 1920, when clubs from four midwestern states met in Canton to standardize rules and form the American Professional Football Association—changed in 1922 to the National Football League. In a real sense, however, modern pro football did not arise until 1925, when George Halas's Chicago Bears signed University of Illinois star Harold \"Red\" Grange. The \"Galloping Ghost of the Gridiron,\" as christened by Grantland Rice, was the most famous of the 1920s college-football heroes, bursting on the national scene with a four-touchdown performance against Michigan—four runs of 45 yards or more, which were replayed to theater audiences nationwide. Working in tandem with promoter Charles Pyle, Grange defied the Victorian \"gentleman\" ideal that frowned upon college athletes capitalizing financially on their athletic talents. Grange endorsed everything from chocolate to clothing, and in the process, he galvanized public interest in the fledgling NFL—73,000 came to seem him play at New York's Polo Grounds on a barnstorming tour shortly after signing with the Bears.", "In 1921, several more teams joined the league, increasing the membership to 22 teams. Among the new additions were the Green Bay Packers, which now has the record for longest use of an unchanged team name. Also in 1921, A. E. Staley, the owner of the Decatur Staleys, sold the team to player-coach George Halas, who went on to become one of the most important figures in the first half century of the NFL. In 1921, Halas moved the team to Chicago, but retained the Staleys nickname. In 1922 the team was renamed the Chicago Bears.[72][73] The Staleys won the 1921 AFPA Championship, over the Buffalo All-Americans in an event later referred to as the \"Staley Swindle\".[74]", "The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League (AFL) in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season; the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is among the biggest club sporting events in the world and individual Super Bowl games account for many of the most watched television programs in American history, all occupying the Nielsen's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015. The NFL's executive officer is the commissioner, who has broad authority in governing the league.", "The televised championship game between the Baltimore Colts and New York Giants in 1958, decided in sudden death overtime, is widely recognized as the turning point in professional football’s embrace by a national audience. When Bell died in 1959, he was succeeded by the general manager of the Los Angeles Rams, Pete Rozelle , who became the most powerful and most effective commissioner in American professional sports. In addition to creating NFL Properties, which became a multibillion-dollar enterprise, Rozelle negotiated a series of contracts with the TV networks that grew from $4.65 million for the 1962 season to nearly $500 million per year when he retired in 1989, guaranteeing more than $17 million per club before a single fan bought a ticket. Most crucially, Rozelle persuaded Congress to continue granting the NFL exemptions from the Sherman Antitrust Act , allowing franchises to operate not as individual businesses but as a single entity, each club sharing equally in league-generated revenues. (In 2010 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the Sherman Act did indeed apply to the NFL; by that time, however, the league had already established itself as the most powerful and profitable professional sports organization in the country.) Under Rozelle, the value of franchises increased from about $1 million in 1960 to more than $100 million in 1989, and under the structure he put in place franchise values exceeded $500 million by the end of the 20th century.", "In the United States, gridiron-based variants of the game did not distinguish themselves from existing codes until 1871, when Harvard University began playing a variation known as the \"Boston Game.\" This allowed a player to pick up the ball and run with it if he were chased and it quickly spread, with innovations added by Yale University student Walter Camp. The oldest existing non-university semiprofessional football club is the Watertown Red & Black, which was founded in 1896. The Arizona Cardinals, formed in Chicago in 1899, are the oldest club currently in the National Football League, although they relocated to St. Louis in 1960 and then to Arizona in 1988. The Green Bay Packers, founded in 1919, are the oldest NFL club still in their original city.", "As early as 1900, there was talk about forming a professional football league. In 1902, the first National Football League made its debut. It wasn’t a league in as much as it was a group of teams, three to be exact: Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Stars and Philadelphia Athletics.", "On January 15, 1967, the first-ever World Championship Game between the champions of the two separate professional football leagues, the AFL-NFL Championship Game (retroactively referred to as Super Bowl I ), was played in Los Angeles. After a close first half, the NFL champion Green Bay Packers overwhelmed the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs, 35–10. The loss reinforced for many the notion that the AFL was an inferior league. Packers head coach Vince Lombardi stated after the game, \"I do not think they are as good as the top teams in the National Football League.\" [25]", "Over time, professional play became increasingly common, and with it came rising salaries and unpredictable player movement, as well as the illegal payment of college players who were still in school. The National Football League (NFL), a group of professional teams that was originally established in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, aimed to solve these problems. This new league's stated goals included an end to bidding wars over players, prevention of the use of college players, and abolition of the practice of paying players to leave another team. By 1922, the NFL had established itself as the premier professional football league. ", "The Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the premier association of professional American football. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970.", "In those early days of college football, the rules often changed from game to game depending on what the opposing teams agreed to. Some teams played with 15 men on the field; others with 11. In 1876, the Intercollegiate Football Association was created to establish standardized rules of play. Yale player Walter Camp attended that first Association meeting. In 1880, it was Camp who created the line of scrimmage and the quarterback position. Because of these and other game-shaping innovations, Camp is known as the Father of American Football.", "He began to scout other cities. His first interest was New Orleans, but the city’s only large stadium was still segregated. Coincidentally, Kansas City mayor H. Roe Bartle had on his agenda to bring a pro football team to his city just as he had brought the Major League Athletics from Philadelphia years earlier.", "The first ever AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, later to be known as Super Bowl I, was played on January 15, 1967 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California.", "In 1919, several team owners decided to start a national professional football association. They had a meeting which decided that teams wouldn’t steal each other’s players. However, a salary base could not be agreed upon and no further action was taken. It would take another year before those conversations would finally come to fruition.", "* September 3 – The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club (Latrobe wins 12–0).", "September 3 – The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club (Latrobe wins 12–0)." ]

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[ "Jockey Steve Cauthen rode Affirmed to a 1978 Kentucky Derby victory. Affirmed is the last racehorse to win the Triple Crown. Photo by Jerry Cooke/Sports Illustrated/Getty Images", "\"He was basically the best horse I ever rode, the most intelligent,\" said Steve Cauthen, who was 18 when he guided Affirmed to the Triple Crown. \"He was just a horse of tremendous courage. He loved to race. He was a great horse to ride.\"", "From left, Steve Cauthen, who rode Affirmed to the Triple Crown in 1978, Billy Turner, trainer of 1977 Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew, and Penny Chenery, the owner of 1973 Triple Crown winner Secretariat, all hope American Pharoah breaks the Triple Crown drought.", "Charismatic (karizumatikku; b. 1996) is a stallion Thoroughbred horse, and is known as one of the closest challengers to the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing since the last winner, Affirmed, accomplished the feat in 1978. He was trained by D. Wayne Lukas, and famously ridden in the Triple Crown races by Chris Antley. Today, he stands at stud at Iburi Stallion Station in Japan, operated by the Japan Bloodhorse Breeders Association.", "Jockey Steve Cauthen, who rode Affirmed in 1978, on hand to watch American Pharoah win Triple Crown", "After Secretariat in 1973, Affirmed and Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown in 1977 and 1978, respectively, but the feat has not been accomplished since.", "Steve Cauthen was born into the United States hotbed of thoroughbred racing , the state of Kentucky, and started his career as a teenager on the North American Circuit. He began competing in professional races at sixteen, booking his first winner within a week of his debut race, and shot to fame almost instantly. In his second season on the track, at seventeen, he was the winning-most jockey of the year with 487 victories. Consequently he was named the Associated Press Athlete Of The Year and Sportsman Of The Year in 1977. In the same year he was the highest earning jockey of the season, won the Eclipse Award in both the outstanding apprentice jockey and the outstanding jockey category and the Eclipse Award Of Merit. The following season, at eighteen, Cauthen achieved the nigh impossible on equine legend Affirmed - he won the US Triple Crown series 1978. Since Cauthen rode the triple winner, no other horse has won this prestigious cup.", "Secretariat smashed track records in the Kentucky Derby , Preakness and Belmont Stakes. Seattle Slew roared through the Triple Crown unbeaten, an unprecedented feat. Affirmed earned acclaim with three fierce victories over Alydar, winning by 1-1/2 lengths, then a neck, then a nose.", "Only one horse, Alydar, has placed (finished second) in all three races. He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths. His trainer John Vietch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse. In 1995, D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure (owner, jockey, or trainer) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses, Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont, Timber Country in the Preakness. Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races, adding his 1995 wins, having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone.", "After a well deserved rest, the new Triple Crown winner scored his eighth straight victory in the Jim Dandy Stakes, coming from behind on a wet track to catch the speedy Sensitive Prince in a powerful stretch drive. But Affirmed didn't extend his winning streak to nine as his connections had hoped. Although he was first under the wire in Saratoga's Travers Stakes, Affirmed was disqualified in a controversial ruling for bumping Alydar, so both Affirmed and Seattle Slew had technically lost their previous start when the two Triple Crown winners met in the Marlboro Cup. Seattle Slew won, and to the puzzlement of his connections Affirmed scarcely offered a challenge. The mystery was solved in the morning, when the vet discovered a throat infection. Affirmed seemed to have even less luck in challenging Seattle Slew than Alydar had experienced in the Triple Crown races. When the pair met for their second and final time in the Jockey Club Gold Cup, Affirmed's saddle slipped in the stretch after an exciting battle with Slew for the early lead. His only consolation was the fact that Seattle Slew didn't win the race either. His lack of condition took its toll in the two mile race, and despite Slew's game effort, Exceller nosed him out to become the only horse to conquer two Triple Crown winners.", "Exercise rider Willie Delgado hot walks Kentucky Derby and Preakness winner California Chrome after a workout Monday, June 2, 2014, in at Belmont Park in Elmont, N.Y. California Chrome will attempt to become the first Triple Crown winner since Affirmed in 1978 when he races in the 146th running of the Belmont Stakes on Saturday. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson) ORG XMIT: NYJJ106 ", "PHOTO: Affirmed outduels Alydar by a head to complete the Triple Crown in the Belmont in June 1978. It was Affirmed’s fourth straight win over Alydar. (Bob Coglianese)", "“It was going to be the race of the year, I thought, for both horses,” Veitch says. “Alydar came out of the Triple Crown better than he went in, and I had been questioning whether Affirmed was going to be as good in the Travers as he had been in the Triple Crown. That gave me a great deal of encouragement.”", "“After the Belmont, Affirmed was dead tired,” recalls Steve Cauthen, his celebrated rider in those races. “Since then I’ve heard that he had a low-grade chest or something, that Laz wasn’t telling me about, because he didn’t want me to lose any confidence going into the Belmont.”", "Alydar’s team had expected their chestnut colt to wear down Affirmed at the Belmont’s 12-furlong distance but were confounded that they had lost yet again. Instead, Alydar entered history as the only horse to finish second in each leg of the Triple Crown.", "Affirmed, one of the most famous horses in recent racing history, is best known for his great rivalry with Calumet Farm's Alydar which came to a climax in the 1978 American Classics. Affirmed narrowly beat his persistent shadow in all three races, becoming the most recent Triple Crown winner. Twice Horse of the Year and the winner of three Eclipse Awards, Affirmed seemed to be almost too pretty to run. The beautiful colt was a bright chestnut with a star and a stripe, and he possessed almost faultless conformation. The famous painter Richard Stone Reeves, known for his Horse of the Year portraits, honored Affirmed by stating that as far as conformation went, he was in a class with Buckpasser and Secretariat.", "To understand the significance of the 1978 Travers, and why the outcome was so unsatisfying for Veitch, one must rewind to that fateful afternoon at Belmont Park on June 10, 1978. Affirmed and Alydar had battled over two legs of the Triple Crown, the margin dwindling but Affirmed always on top. In the Belmont they staged one of the greatest races in history. Pitched together as if on side-by-side paths, the two sprinted the fastest second six furlongs in Belmont Stakes history, Near the eighth pole it looked like Alydar had finally hooked his nemesis, but Affirmed was only shifting gears.", "The two met one final time in the 1977 season, with both the Laurel Futurity and the two-year-old championship on the line. With Affirmed changing leads at least a dozen times, the two rivals battled down the homestretch with the third place horse another ten lengths back. Both horses displayed remarkable speed and courage, but in the end it was Affirmed who won by his handsome neck. He was named Champion Two Year Old Colt.", "Despite being beaten in the last three races of the season, once by disqualification, once by poor health, and once by tack failure, Affirmed was voted Horse of the Year To some, the official honor seemed hollow, since many people felt that the older champion was the better horse, having beaten the young Triple Crown winner twice. Others argued that Affirmed had valid excuses for both races, and had turned in a stronger season than his older rival.", "Triple test – Kentucky is the first leg in the Triple Crown, the other two legs being the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes. Only 11 horses have ever completed the treble, the most recent of which was Affirmed (pictured) in 1978.", "Like Vietch, only with two different horses, Bob Baffert also had second-place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown, both owned by Ahmed Zayat: in 2012, Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I'll Have Another, then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags. Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah.", "The longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid's failed Triple Crown attempt at the Belmont Stakes, and lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015. Starting in 1979, thirteen horses won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, but not the Belmont. Of those, Real Quiet came the closest to winning the Triple Crown, losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998. Charismatic led the Belmont Stakes in the final furlong in 1999, but fractured his left front leg in the final stretch and fell back to third. The seven most recent horses to win the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes but either lost or withdrew from the Belmont Stakes were War Emblem in 2002, Funny Cide in 2003, Smarty Jones in 2004, Big Brown in 2008, I'll Have Another in 2012, and California Chrome in 2014.", "Affirmed was given two months off following the Hollywood Gold Cup, then returned to New York. He added two more wins to his record, but was kept out of the Marlboro Cup when he was assigned 133 pounds, while the talented Spectacular Bid was given only 126. Barrera did allow his charge to go to post against the younger star in the Jockey Club Gold Cup, which was weight for age. Affirmed gave away five pounds, rather than seven, when he met the Kentucky Derby and Preakness winner.", "The 1948 racing season featured a dominant 3-year-old in Citation, who finished first in 19 of 20 starts and claimed the Triple Crown in impressive fashion. Citation tied Count Fleet's record time in the Belmont Stakes and allowed Arcaro to become the first jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown.", "Lanfranco \"Frankie\" Dettori, MBE (born 15 December 1970) is an Italian horse racing jockey in the United Kingdom. Dettori has been Champion Jockey on three occasions and has ridden the winners of more than 500 Group races. His most celebrated achievement was riding all seven winners on British Champions' Day at Ascot in 1996. He is the son of the jockey Gianfranco Dettori, who was a prolific winner in Italy. He has been described by Lester Piggott as the best jockey currently riding. ", "Secretariat an American Thoroughbred racehorse; in 1973, became the first U.S. Triple Crown champion in twenty-five years", "The Kentucky Kid, Steve Cauthen, and arguably one of the best trainers to have ever lived, Henry Cecil, first teamed up to win the Derby in 1985 when Slip Anchor routed a strong field by seven lengths - in doing so Cauthen became the first jockey to ride the winner of both the Kentucky and Epsom Derbies. Just two years later Cauthen and Cecil won the race again with the brilliant Reference Point.", "Jockey Frank Hayes died of a massive heart attack during a race at Belmont, New York, in 1923. His horse finished first despite this, making Hayes the only jockey to win a race posthumously.", "Calvin Borel is another of the great Louisiana Cajun riders and has been a regular on the Kentucky and mid-west circuit for over 25 years. Only recently has he come to light as a top Kentucky Derby jockey, with only 9 rides in it so far, but he is the only jockey to ever win 3 Derbies in a 4 year span and he finished 3rd in the year he didn't win. Best know for his ebullient celebrations after winning, his first Kentucky Derby win came in 2007 with Street Sense. He next won with huge longshot Mine That Bird in 2009 then came back to win again in 2010 with Super Saver. He still doesn't get as many big rides outside Kentucky, but watch out for him at Churchill Downs, especially if he gets on the rail!", "Eddie Arcaro rode in the Kentucky Derby 21 times, his last in 1961, and won with five of them. His Derby winners were: Lawrin (1938), Whirlaway (1941), Hoop Jr. (1945), Citation (1948), Hill Gail (1952). Arcaro is a member of the Racing Hall of Fame and his career spanned 30 years, from 1931 to 1961. He retired with a total of 24,092 mounts and 4,779 wins.", "Knighted in 2011. Cecil was champion Flat trainer 10 times during his heyday in the 1970s, 80s and early 90s. After enduring a spell in the wilderness, he hit the headlines again largely thanks to his training of Frankel, arguably the greatest ever racehorse.", "Angel Cordero Jr. rode in the Kentucky Derby 17 times from 1968 to 1991 and won three times. His Derby winners were: Cannonade (1974), Bold Forbes (1976), Spend a Buck (1985). Cordero is a member of the Racing Hall of Fame and rode from 1960 to 1992. Angel Cordero, Jr. Hall of Fame Bio" ]

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[ "The Minnesota Vikings have also lost all four Super Bowls they played in the 1970s. They at least had the decency of losing them intermittently.", "'While the 1970s were marked by dynastic football teams, five teams won Super Bowls. In the 1980s, that perception of complete domination by only a handful of teams actually went down somewhat; yet, only four teams won Super Bowls in the '81 to '90 Super Bowls. In particular the state of California had a great year: only four Super Bowls went to teams outside the Golden State. The Raiders, building on the successful '70s in which they won their first Super Bowl, won two more, one while still in Oakland (in '81) and the other (in '84) after moving to Los Angeles. But the team of the decade was no doubt the San Francisco 49ers, led by head coach (and offensive guru) Bill Walsh. The previous decade, the Steelers became the first team to win four Super Bowls in a ten-year span. The 49ers matched that, winning in '82, '85, '89 and '90. However, that's not to say there weren't some good football teams elsewhere in the country: The Denver Broncos, led by new head coach Dan Reeves and quarterback John Elway, went to three of four Super Bowls to close out the decade; however, they lost all of them (to three different teams). One of the teams they lost to, the Washington Redskins, also went to three Super Bowls in the '80s; the Redskins, however, fared far better, winning titles in '83 and '88.'", "The Pittsburgh Steelers have won the most Super Bowls with six championships (record 6–2), while both the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers have five wins each (Cowboys 5–3; 49ers 5–1). Dallas and Pittsburgh have the most Super Bowl appearances with eight, while the Buffalo Bills have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993. The New England Patriots , Denver Broncos and Minnesota Vikings have also lost a record four Super Bowls. Buffalo and Minnesota are both 0–4, Denver is 2–4 and New England is 3–4. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the 1966-67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972-73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974-75 and 1978-79 Pittsburgh Steelers (the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the 1988-89 San Francisco 49ers, the 1992-93 Dallas Cowboys, the 1997-98 Denver Broncos, and the 2003-04 New England Patriots. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII unseated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns and Lions had won NFL Championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "Three of the top five teams to lose in the Super Bowl played in the late 1960s. Out of these three, the best has to be the 1968 Baltimore Colts, a 13-1 team that was denied their Super Bowl title in one of the biggest upsets in all of sports history.", "After the AFL-NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.", "The Buffalo Bills are not the only team to be losers in four Super Bowls. The Vikings and the Denver Broncos also share that shame.", "The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games, as well as Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and XXVI. They also played in and lost the 1936, 1940, 1943, and 1945 Championship games, as well as Super Bowls VII and XVIII. They have made twenty-two postseason appearances, and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 17 losses. Only four teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins: the Pittsburgh Steelers (eight), Dallas Cowboys (eight), Denver Broncos (six), and New England Patriots (six); the Redskins' five appearances are tied with the San Francisco 49ers , Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , and Green Bay Packers . [2]", "After the NFL's Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL counterparts, though that perception changed when the AFL's New York Jets defeated the NFL's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game played before the merger. Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers , and Cleveland Browns ) would constitute the American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl.", "As of 2014, the Denver Broncos have lost more Super Bowls than any other NFL team. In February 2014, the Broncos lost Super Bowl XLV to the Seattle Seahawks by 35 points for their fifth loss and the NFL record for the most losses.", "The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL. They did not complete a winning season until 1973. In 1977, four years later, they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII. Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's more successful teams, having suffered only six losing records in 40 seasons. They have won eight AFC Championships (, , , , , , , ) and three Super Bowl championships ( (XXXII),  (XXXIII),  (50)); share the record for most Super Bowl appearances with the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots, and Pittsburgh Steelers; and have four players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Gary Zimmerman, and Shannon Sharpe.", "In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four super bowls ( IX , X , XIII , and XIV ) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll , the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , and Mike Webster , and their dominant \" Steel Curtain \" defense, led by \"Mean\" Joe Greene , L.C. Greenwood , Ernie Holmes , Mel Blount , Jack Ham , and Jack Lambert . The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's \"final pieces\" being part of the famous 1974 draft . The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers, led by Hall of Famers Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Mel Blount, Joe Greene, Jack Lambert and Jack Ham, again reached the playoffs in 1973, winning the Super Bowl the next two seasons. After missing another chance at the Super Bowl with playoff losses in 1976 and 1977, the Steelers won the Super Bowl again in 1978 and 1979, becoming the first team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls and the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice. With six consecutive AFC Central championships, eight straight years of playoff appearances, and four Super Bowl championships, the Steelers were affectionately dubbed as the \"Team of the Decade\" for the 1970s.", "The last team to lose in the Super Bowl one year and then win it the next was the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl V and Super Bowl VI. And even getting back to the Super Bowl after losing one is a tough proposition these days. The last team to do it was those infamous Buffalo Bills who went to four-straight Super Bowls in the early ’90s and won none.", "Compounding it for the above teams was the fact that, aside from the Bills in Super Bowl XXV, these teams completely came apart when they got to the Super Bowl and suffered horrendous, fandom-scarring defeats. Even more interesting, when the Vikings lost their 4th Super Bowl (32-14 in Super Bowl XI), the Broncos lost their 1st the following year (27-10 in Super Bowl XII). When the Broncos lost their 4th (55-10 in Super Bowl XXIV), the Bills lost their first in Super Bowl XXV, 20-19 in an absolute heartbreaker. Going by this pattern, the Chargers better watch out (they lost Super Bowl XXIX, a year after the Bills lost their 4th).", "In 1971 the Dallas Cowboys and the Baltimore Colts played one of the most exciting Super Bowls ever.  The game came down to the final play of the game, a field goal attempt, and the Baltimore Colts won 16-13.  It’s the only time the Super Bowl M.V.P. has come from then losing team.  Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley intercepted 2 passes and recovered a fumble to earn the honor.", "This was the first ever Super Bowl rematch (the Steelers had previously beaten the Cowboys, 21–17, in Super Bowl X), and both teams were attempting to be the first club to ever win a third Super Bowl. Dallas was also the defending Super Bowl XII champion, and finished the 1978 regular season with a 12-4 record, and posted playoff victories over the Atlanta Falcons and the Los Angeles Rams. Pittsburgh entered the game after posting a 14-2 regular season record and playoff wins over the Denver Broncos and the Houston Oilers.", "On January 26th, 1992 in the Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Marv Levy's Buffalo Bills lost 37-24 to the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl Twenty-Six. It was Joe Gibbs' turn to deliver Levy a loss. Jim Kelly was tormented by Tim Johnson, Charles Mann, Brad Edwards, Darrell Green and the rest of the Redskin defense, as he was intercepted 4 times. Thurman Thomas rushed for a season low 10 yards. Mark Rypien had 292 yards, throwing touchdowns to Gary Clark and Earnest Byner. Art Monk had 113 yards. Bruce Smith, Darryl Talley, and Cornelius Bennett couldn't break through the Hog's frontline as Washington dominated Super Bowl 26.", "In Super Bowl III, the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath (who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game) and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year, when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV.", "         o The New York Jets of the American Football League defeat the heavily favored Baltimore Colts of the National Football League 16-7 in Super Bowl III.", "Super Bowl VI (1972) – Dallas atoned for its loss the next season, shutting down the Miami Dolphins 24-3. MVP quarterback Roger Staubach had two touchdown passes.", "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Citing friction with the City of Baltimore and the local press, Rosenbloom traded the Colts franchise to Robert Irsay on July 13, 1972 and received the Los Angeles Rams in return. Under the new ownership, the Colts did not reach the postseason for three consecutive seasons after 1971, and after the 1972 season, starting quarterback and legend Johnny Unitas was traded to the San Diego Chargers. Following Unitas' departure, the Colts made the playoffs three consecutive seasons from 1975 to 1977, losing in the divisional round each time. The Colts 1977 playoff loss in double overtime against the Oakland Raiders was famous for the fact that it was the last playoff game for the Colts in Baltimore and is also known for the Ghost to the Post play. These consecutive championship teams featured 1976 NFL Most Valuable Player Bert Jones at quarterback and an outstanding defensive line, nicknamed the \"Sack Pack.\"", "1971 Super Bowl V Baltimore Colts-16, Dallas Cowboys-13 in Miami; Super Bowl MVP Chuck Howley, Dallas, Linebacker", "You know what they say about tryptophan. Dallas has five Super Bowls while annually playing Thanksgiving, but none since 1995. But the only other team to play on the day of thanks and go on to hoist the Lombardi Trophy was the 1973 Miami Dolphins, who beat Dallas 14-7 on Thanksgiving and then beat the Vikings in the Super Bowl.", "* On December 31, 1972, the Redskins defeat the Dallas Cowboys 26–3 in the NFC Championship Game to earn a trip to Super Bowl VII.", "The players drafted in the early '70s formed the base of an NFL dynasty, making the playoffs in eight seasons and becoming the only team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls in six years, as well as the first to win more than two. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins (1971–1979) against teams that would finish with a losing record that year.", "Following Super Bowl XXVIII the Jones-Johnson relationship became contentious, and on March 29, 1994, the dynamic duo agreed to part ways after five seasons and winning consecutive Super Bowls and NFC East titles. The following day Jones replaced Johnson with their former University of Arkansas assistant coach and longtime Oklahoma University head coach Barry Switzer, who had won four national championships and eight Big Eight titles during his sixteen-year tenure in Norman, Oklahoma. While the Cowboys finished the 1994 season 12–4 again and won the third of what turned out to be five consecutive NFC East titles, they unfortunately opened their third consecutive NFC title game against San Francisco with three consecutive turnovers that turned into a 21–0 Niners’ lead halfway through the first quarter at Candlestick Park to essentially prevent the Cowboys from a chance to become the first and only team to win three consecutive Super Bowl titles. In a valiant effort, the Cowboys lost that day to San Francisco, 38–28, but not before they had moved to the Niners 43-yard line with just more than five minutes left in the fourth quarter and were arguably a non-interference call (on Niners corner Deion Sanders) away inside the five-yard line from drawing to 38–35. That game essentially was for the Super Bowl title; San Francisco easily defeated San Diego, 49–26, for the Lombardi Trophy.", "In 1977, the Vikings again won the Central Division with a 9–5 record and advanced to their 4th NFC Championship Game in 5 years, but were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl Champion Cowboys, 23–6, at Texas Stadium.", "Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the merger in 1970: [73]", "Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970: ", "Though this list will feature teams that lost in the Super Bowl, a few teams deserve shout-outs for especially disappointing playoff losses.", "Here’s one final list in honor of those dominant teams that never had a chance to make Super Bowl history because unfortunate playoff stumbles knocked them out first. We give you the ten greatest teams that didn’t make the Super Bowl:" ]

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[ "By 1989 however, Americans had something to cheer about in the form of young Michael Chang, a native of Hoboken, NJ, who beat Lendl and Edberg to win the French Open -- a rare feat for an American tennis player. (His victory proved hard for McEnroe, who had never won on French clay, to swallow.) Chang's startling victory as an upstart, so reminiscent of McEnroe's sudden appearance on the pro tennis scene, showed that America would always be able to produce its fair share of tennis stars. (Pete Sampras would dominate men's tennis in the 1990s.) But whether there would ever be two rivals so unpredictable -- and so fun to watch -- as John McEnroe and Jimmy Connors, was something else entirely.", "Last Americans to reach French Open men's final (Tony Trabert last American winner, 1955) - John McEnroe (1984)-lost to Ivan Lendl - Vitas Gerulaitis (1980)-lost to Bjorn Borg - Brian Gottfried (1977)-lost to Guillermo Vilas Source: Men's International Professional Tennis Council, Sports Features Syndicate.", "The men’s game increasingly emphasized athleticism and power in the 1990s. Pete Sampras of the United States best epitomized this style of play, using devastating serves and ground strokes, along with exceptional agility, to claim a record-setting 14 Grand Slam titles; the record was later surpassed by Roger Federer of Switzerland. Players such as Patrick Rafter of Australia, Sweden’s Stefan Edberg, and Russian Yevgeny Kafelnikov also claimed their share of major titles during the decade, but Andre Agassi surfaced as Sampras’s primary rival. Agassi won singles titles at the Australian Open (1995, 2000–01, 2003), the French Open (1999), Wimbledon (1992), and the U.S. Open (1994, 1999) and finished the 1999 season as the top-ranked player on the tour. In the early 21st century, Federer emerged as one of the game’s dominant players. He won an unprecedented 17 men’s singles Grand Slam championships—seven Wimbledon titles (2003–07, 2009, and 2012), five U.S. Opens (2004–08), four Australian Opens (2004, 2006–07, and 2010), and one French Open (2009). One of Federer’s main rivals was Rafael Nadal of Spain. Although initially thought of as a clay-court specialist—he captured a record seven French Open titles (2005–08 and 2010–12)—Nadal also won at Wimbledon (2008 and 2010), the Australian Open (2009), and the U.S. Open (2010).", "American Jim Courier won consecutive titles in 1991 and 1992 before Spaniard Sergi Bruguera repeated the feat in 1993 and 1994. Gustavo Kuerten won three titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001. 2005 marked Rafael Nadal's first French Open; he won four consecutive titles from 2005 to 2008. Nadal was beaten in the round of 16 of the 2009 tournament by Robin Söderling who lost to Roger Federer in the final. Nadal regained the title in 2010, which he held until 2015, when he was knocked out by Novak Djokovic, who lost in the final to Stan Wawrinka.", "Agassi entered the history books in 1999 when he came back from two sets to love down to beat Andrei Medvedev in a five-set French Open final, becoming, at the time, only the fifth male player (joining Rod Laver, Fred Perry, Roy Emerson and Don Budge—these have since been joined by a sixth, Roger Federer, seventh, Rafael Nadal, and eighth, Novak Djokovic) to win all four Grand Slam singles titles during his career. Only Laver, Agassi, Federer, Nadal and Djokovic have achieved this feat during the open era. This win also made him the first (of only four, the second, third and fourth being Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic respectively) male player in history to have won all four Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts), a tribute to his adaptability, as the other four men won their Grand Slam titles on clay and grass courts. Agassi also became the only male player to win the Career Super Slam, consisting of all four Grand Slam tournaments plus an Olympic gold medal in singles and a Year-End Championship.", "When Andre Agassi won the French Open singles title in 1999, the victory gave him a career Golden Slam. He had already won Wimbledon (in 1992), the U.S. Open (in 1994), the Australian Open (in 1995) and an Olympic gold (in 1996). Agassi later added four more major championships to his legacy. Until Roger Federer won his French Open title, Agassi was the only men's player to win major titles on at least three different surfaces.", "Andre Kirk Agassi (; born April 29, 1970) is an American retired professional tennis player and former World No. 1, who was one of the game's most dominant players from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s. Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi had been called the greatest service returner in the history of the game. Described by the BBC upon his retirement as \"perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history\", Agassi compiled performances that, along with his unorthodox apparel and attitude, saw him cited as one of the most charismatic players in the history of the game. As a result, he is credited for helping to revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s. ", "By winning the 1999 French Open, Agassi completed a men's singles Career Grand Slam. He is the 5th of 8 male players in history (after Budge, Perry, Laver, Emerson and before Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic) to achieve this.", "Agassi followed his 1999 French Open victory by reaching the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Sampras in straight sets. He rebounded from his Wimbledon defeat by winning the US Open, beating Todd Martin in five sets (rallying from a two sets to one deficit) in the final. Overall during the year Agassi won 5 titles including two majors and the ATP Masters Series in Paris, where he beat Marat Safin. Agassi ended 1999 as the world no. 1, ending Sampras's record of six consecutive year-ending top rankings (1993–98). This was the only time Agassi ended the year at no. 1.", "Andre Agassi finally retired in 2006 at the age of 36, after enjoying one of the most successful Tennis careers in living memory. Agassi remains one of only five players in the history of the sport to have won all four Grand Slam titles. As for many players, the victory which alluded Agassi for the longest was the Men’s Singles title at the French Open. After making a dramatic comeback from a two set deficit, he finally claimed the title in 1999, by defeating Andrei Medvedev 1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4 in the Final of the tournament.", "3. Pete Sampras: The American's game was built for the grass courts of south-west London, and it brought him seven titles in all. Sampras won three trophies in a row from 1993-5, and then went on a streak of four trophies from 1997-2000. In beating Andre Agassi in the 1999 final, he played tennis that was pretty close to perfection. But Sampras was denied a successive fifth title, which would have allowed him to equal Bjorn Borg's record, when he was beaten in the fourth round of the 2001 tournament by a certain Roger Federer. Borg made a light-hearted phone-call to Federer after that, to thank him for keeping his record intact. The one true pity for Sampras was that he doesn't exactly have warm, gooey memories from his last appearance at the All England Club.", "In 1992, Sampras reached the quarterfinals of the French Open for the first of three consecutive years, made it to the Wimbledon semifinals, and was the runner-up at the US Open to Stefan Edberg. Sampras later stated that his loss in the US Open final that year was a \"wake-up call\" and that he needed to figure out how to become the world number 1. He also played doubles with John McEnroe on the US team that won the Davis Cup, duplicating the feat in 1995.", "Andre Agassi joined only four others when he won the French Open in 1999. Not as the champ at Roland Garros, but as then just the fifth men's star to capture a career Grand Slam (winning the Australian, French, and U.S. Opens along with Wimbledon). He won the match 1–6, 2–6, 6–4, 6–3, 6–4 over Andrei Medvedev in stunning fashion with a comeback for the ages.", "Won the year-end IBM/ATP Tour Championships, defeating Boris Becker, 4-6, 6-3, 7-5, 6-4. Finished year as the world's No. 1 player for the second straight year. Sampras was ranked No. 1 for the entire 1994 season - becoming the first player to hold that distinction since Ivan Lendl in 1987. The title in Frankfurt was his 10th of the season - the most in a single season on the ATP Tour since Ivan Lendl won 10 in 1989. He also reached the final of the Grand Slam Cup, losing to Magnus Larsson, but defeating Goran Ivanisevic in the semifinals 10-8 in the fifth set.", "Born in Florida in 1954, Chris Evert was drilled in the fundamentals of tennis at a young age by her father. She won the first of a record seven French Open titles in 1974 and took over the world's No. 1 ranking in 1975. Evert retired in 1989 with 18 Grand Slam singles titles and a record 90 percent career winning percentage. Elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1995, she later became a TV analyst.", "1995 -- Won career-high seven titles in a personal-best 11 finals, compiled a personal-best 73-9 match record and became 12th player in history of ATP Rankings to rank No. 1 on April 10... Ranked No. 1 until Nov. 5 (total of 30 weeks...Compiled a career-best 26-match winning streak during summer hard court circuit, winning titles in Washington, Montreal, Cincinnati and New Haven...The streak ended when he lost to Sampras in US Open final...The rivals met in three AMS finals during the year-Indian Wells (lost), Miami (won) and Montreal (won)...", "Safin started his professional career in 1997. In 1998, Safin consecutively defeated Andre Agassi and defending champion Gustavo Kuerten at the French Open. ", "Andre Agassi (1970–present). His father boxed for Iran in the 1948 and 1952 Olympics; his own Olympic exploits included the 1996 tennis gold. Born in Las Vegas, he reached the world’s #3 ranking at age 18 but was better known for his image than for his play. Perhaps the greatest returner and baseline player ever, Agassi won his first major on Wimbledon grass in 1992. Briefly married to Brooke Shields, he fell to #141 in the world in 1997, but after they divorced, Agassi rededicated himself to the game. In 1999 he won the French Open, becoming just the fifth man to complete the career Grand Slam. In all, Agassi has won eight major singles titles (five since 1999), and is now married to women’s great Steffi Graf.", "Sampras became the first professional to break Roy Emerson's pre-Open Era record of 12 Grand Slam singles titles and retired with 14 titles (seven Wimbledon, five US Open, two Australian Open), a record since overtaken by Roger Federer and equalled by Rafael Nadal. He also won seven elite indoor titles (five ATP World Tour Finals and two Grand Slam Cups) and still holds the ATP record of six year-end No. 1 rankings, achieved consecutively from 1993 through 1998.", "Petros \"Pete\" Sampras () (born August 12, 1971) is a retired American tennis player and former world No. 1 regarded as one of the greatest players in tennis history. He debuted on the professional tour in 1988 and finished his career at the 2002 US Open, which he won, defeating rival Andre Agassi in the final. He was particularly esteemed for his precise serve, earning the nickname \"Pistol Pete\".", "Agassi managed to reach three Grand Slam finals between 1990 and 1991 but lost each time (including a defeat at the hands of his rival Pete Sampras at the 1990 U.S. Open), leaving some to question whether he had the tenacity to win a big match. In 1992 he quieted his doubters when he triumphed over Goran Ivanisevic of Croatia at Wimbledon (he had ended his boycott of the tournament the previous year) to take his first Grand Slam title. In 1994, after being dropped by Bolletieri—who questioned Agassi’s dedication to the sport—and falling out of the top 30 in the rankings, he returned with a new coach, Brad Gilbert, and a new, more focused, game. He entered the 1994 U.S. Open unseeded; when he won there, it was the first time that an unseeded player had taken the tournament since 1966. Agassi, sporting a shaved head, claimed his third Grand Slam title in 1995 by beating Sampras in the Australian Open final in Agassi’s first participation in that event.", "John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player, often rated among the greatest of all time in the sport, especially for his touch on the volley. He won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title. He also won a record eight year-end championships, 19 Grand Prix Super Series titles, and finished his career with 77 ATP-listed singles titles and 72 in doubles.", "In the early-1990s, Borg attempted a comeback on the men's professional tennis tour. In doing so, he grew his hair out as it had been when he retired and returned to using a wooden racket; he had kept his hair cut and used modern graphite rackets in exhibitions he played during the later 1980s. Borg, however, failed to win a single match. He faced Jordi Arrese in his first match back, again at Monte Carlo but without practising or playing any exhibition matches, and fell in two sets. In his first nine matches, played in 1991 and 1992, Borg failed to win a single set. He fared slightly better in 1993, taking a set off his opponent in each of the three matches he played. He came closest to getting a win in what turned out to be his final tour match, falling to Alexander Volkov.", "American Michael Chang (left) stunned the tennis world in 1989 when he became the youngest male player ever to win a Grand Slam title at the age of 17 years and 110 days. The teenager beat Sweden's Stefan Edberg in five sets to make history in Paris", "Agassi had his greatest success at the majors in 1999, reaching the finals of three straight Grand Slams while winning the French Open and U.S. Open. At Roland Garros, he became the fifth man (and second American) to win all four Grand Slam titles in his career. He finished the year No. 1 for the first time in his career.", "In 1998, their rivalry began to truly develop. Rafter came back from a set down to defeat Sampras in the Cincinnati Masters final, a title that Sampras needed to win in order get the maximum ranking points to stay No. 1 ahead of Marcelo Ríos. During that match Rafter's serve was called out, but the umpire overruled the call to give Rafter the ace and the Cincinnati title. Sampras was uncharacteristically displeased, as he stood at the baseline for several seconds, making the victorious Rafter wait at the net, and then refused to shake the umpire's hand. Sampras, at the time winner of 11 Grand Slams, when asked about the difference between himself and Rafter, famously stated \"Ten grand slams\", that a controversial line-call cost him the match, and that a player had to come back and win another Grand Slam title in order to be considered great. Rafter went on to win the Canadian Masters as well, earning the third seed at the 1998 US Open.", "Agassi won his first Grand Slam at the 1992 Wimbledon Tournament. He beat Goran Ivanisevic in a five set final. He also helped the US win the Davis Cup Tournament.", "The native Californian’s first Grand Slam victory came in 1967 at the French Open. King went on to win Wimbledon and The US Open respectively, dominating the second half of the season.", "Won the Australian Open in 1995, which was his first time ever competing in it. It also marked his first and only victory over Pete Sampras in a Grand Slam singles final.", "With both Sampras and Agassi participating, the U.S. won the Davis Cup in 1995. Notable Sampras-Agassi matches of 1995 included the finals of the Australian Open, the Newsweek Champions Cup, the Lipton International Players Championships, the Canadian Open, and the US Open, with Sampras winning the Newsweek Champions Cup and the US Open.", "1998 was a repeat of the 1994 final; Sampras once again faced Ivanisevic in the finals. But this time, the Croatian wasn\"t willing to give up easily like he did four years back. The final score was 6-7, 7-6, 6-4, 3-6, 6-2. It was Sampras' third successive win over Ivanisevic at Wimbledon. ", "Has a \"career\" Grand Slam: the Australian (1995; 2000; 2001; 2003), Roland Garros (1999), Wimbledon (1992) and the U.S. Open (1994; 1999). As of September 2005, he is 8-7 in Grand Slam singles finals." ]

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[ "Trained by Clive Brittain, Bold Arrangement was the first British-trained horse to run in the Derby. Richards and Brittain prepped the Persian Bold colt for his Churchill Downs outing with a close third-place finish in the Blue Grass Stakes. He then finished second by 2 1/4 lengths to Ferdinand in Louisville, an effort that remains the closest a foreign invader has ever come to winning the Derby. Bold Arrangement also finished fifth to Skywalker in that year's Breeders' Cup Classic and 11th to Ferdinand in the following year's Classic, both times wearing Richards's distinctive yellow, black, and white silks.", "1917 - The first imported horse to win the Kentucky Derby was the English-bred colt, Omar Khayyam. He won $49,070 -- the top prize.", "The Kentucky Derby’s long history began in 1872, when Meriwether Lewis Clark, the grandson of William Clark – of the famed pair Lewis and Clark – traveled to Europe. While there, Clark attended the Epsom Derby in England, a well-known horse race run since 1780, and also fraternized with the French Jockey Club, a group that developed another popular horse race, the Grand Prix de Paris Longchamps. Clark was inspired by his travels and experiences, and, upon his return, was determined to create a spectacle horse racing event in the States. With the help of his uncle’s John & Henry Churchill, who gifted Clark the necessary land to develop a racetrack, and by formally organizing a group of local race fans to be named the Louisville Jockey Club, Clark and his new club raised funds to build a permanent racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky. On May 17th, 1875, the racetrack opened its gates and the Louisville Jockey Club sponsored the very first Kentucky Derby. A total of fifteen three-year-old Thoroughbred horses raced one and a half miles in front of a cheering crowd of approximately 10,000 spectators. Aristides was the first winner of the Kentucky Derby.", "The first Kentucky Derby was held on May 17, 1875, at the Louisville Jockey Club track (later renamed Churchill Downs). The Derby was originally shepherded by Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr., the grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and grandnephew of the city's founder George Rogers Clark. Horse racing had a strong tradition in Kentucky, whose Inner Bluegrass Region had been a center of breeding high-quality livestock throughout the 19th century. Ten thousand spectators watched the first Derby, which Aristides won. ", "The largest margin of victory for a Derby winner is eight lengths, which has been achieved four times, most recently by Assault in 1946. Ben Jones trained a record six Kentucky Derby winners, most of them for Calumet Farm, which won eight Kentucky Derbies between 1941 and 1968. The greatest upset in Derby history occurred in 1913, when Donerail won at odds of 91–1. The first filly to win the Kentucky Derby was Regret in 1915; Genuine Risk (1980) and Winning Colors (1988) are the only other fillies to have won.", "History set in stone – A statue of the first horse to win the derby, Aristides in 1875, now stands at Churchill Downs. African-Americans have played an integral role in the history of the race, with the first won by jockey Oliver Lewis and trainer Ansel Williamson, who was a freed slave.", "The track formally opened May 17, 1875 with four races scheduled. The winner of the first race was Bonaventure, however the winner of the day's featured race, the Kentucky Derby, was a three-year-old chestnut colt, Aristides. Owned by H.P. McGrath, Aristides was trained by and ridden by two African-Americans, Ansel Williamson and Oliver Lewis, respectively.", "The Belmont Stakes, first run in 1867, is the oldest of the Triple Crown events. It predates the Preakness Stakes (first run in 1873) by six years and the Kentucky Derby (first run in 1875) by eight. Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby, ran second in the 1875 Belmont behind winner Calvin.", "The Kentucky Kid, Steve Cauthen, and arguably one of the best trainers to have ever lived, Henry Cecil, first teamed up to win the Derby in 1985 when Slip Anchor routed a strong field by seven lengths - in doing so Cauthen became the first jockey to ride the winner of both the Kentucky and Epsom Derbies. Just two years later Cauthen and Cecil won the race again with the brilliant Reference Point.", "Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby, held in 1875; equestrian statue by Carl William …", "1932 – Despite the Great Depression, the Kentucky Derby race continues to take place and has much to celebrate. The race is internationally broadcast, reaching England’s British Broadcasting Company, and the winner, Burgoo King, is the first Kentucky Derby winner to be draped in a garland of red roses.", "The race, named after the Greek goddess Diana, dates from 1843 and was patterned after the English Oaks, first run in 1779. The original Oaks predated the first English Derby by a year, and every major horse-racing country now has its own version of the two classic races aimed at selecting the best 3-year-olds. But while fillies are eligible to run against the colts in the various Derby races, the Oaks are Ladies Only affairs.", "Horse racing in Kentucky is rich in history, dating back to 1789 when the first race course was laid out in Lexington. However, it was almost 100 years later, in 1875, that Churchill Downs officially opened and began its tradition as \"Home of the Kentucky Derby.\" The Founding of Churchill Downs began in 1872, when Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark traveled to England and France in 1872. Clark attended the Epsom Derby in England, which sparked his ambition to create a spectacle horse racing event in America. Upon his return to the states, Clark began the development of the racetrack, with intentions to showcase the Kentucky breeding industry that eventually became known as \"Churchill Downs.\"", "Organised racing at Epsom, on the Surrey Downs to the south of London, dates back to 1661. The foundations for the modern sport were laid in 1779 when Edward Smith Stanley, the 12th Earl of Derby, organised a race for himself and his friends to race their three-year-old fillies over one and a half miles. He named it the Oaks after his estate and the race was such a success that the following year, 1780, a new race was added for colts and fillies. The title of the new race was decided after the Earl of Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury flipped a coin – the Earl won and so began the inaugural running of the Derby, which was won by Sir Charles Bunbury's horse Diomed.", "Sir Gordon Richards first won the Derby riding Pinza in 1953 — at his 28th attempt. Frankie Dettori didn’t have to wait quite so long — his first win came on his 15th attempt riding Authorized in 2007.", "The Kentucky Derby is a horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 lb and fillies 121 lb. ", "The Kentucky Derby is the greatest and most glamorous horse race in America, run since 1875 in Louisville, Ky. Also known as the Run for the Roses because of the garland of roses draped on the winning horse, it is a one-and-one-quarter-mile race for three-year-old thoroughbreds and is the first race in the Triple Crown; the others are the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes. The site of the race is hallowed Churchill Downs, the track known for its twin spires, built in 1895.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg). The race is known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the US Triple Crown and is followed by the Preakness Stakes, then the Belmont Stakes. The horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup.", "Sir Henry Cecil’s filly Oh So Sharp, who went on to become the first horse since Meld in 1955 to win the fillies’ “Triple Crown” of the 1,000 Guineas , the Oaks and the St. Leger in 1985, made a winning debut at Nottingham Racecourse. In 1998, Oath, also trained by Sir Henry Cecil, won his first race at Nottingham en route to victory in the Derby the following season.", "(där`bē), English horse race, instituted (1780) by the 12th earl of Derby and held annually at Epsom Downs, near London. The race is open only to three-year-old colts and fillies that must be entered when yearlings. The original course is still used; it is one yard longer than one and one-half miles. Hundreds of thousands of spectators view the race each year. Other well-known races, notably the Kentucky Derby (dûr`bē), held each year since 1875 at Churchill Downs, Louisville, Ky., have been named for the English classic.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, staged yearly in Louisville, Kentucky. It has a history of over years and draws over 150,000 spectators every year.", "Winning trainer:-Name: Hills, Charles Born: September 29, 1978 Trains: Wetherdown House, Lambourn, Hungerford, Berkshire Background: son of legendary trainer Barry and half-brother to trainer John and jockeys Michael and Richard. Briefly worked for his father after leaving school before heading to Australia when 18 to work for Peter Hayes and Gai Waterhouse. Returned to Britain for a spell with James Fanshawe before becoming assistant to his father. Took over the licence following his father’s retirement in August, 2011. First Runner (and First Winner): Blaise Chorus, 32 for Slots Maiden Fillies’ Stakes, Kempton Park, August 22, 2011 (ridden by Michael Hills) First Group Winner: Ransom Note – Nayef Joel Stakes, Newmarket, 24/09/11. Royal Ascot Wins (2): Albany Stakes (2013 Kiyoshi), Jersey Stakes (2015 Dutch Connections) Irish Classic Wins (1): Irish 1,000 Guineas (2013 Just The Judge), Other Big Race Wins: Breeders Cup Juvenile Fillies’ Turf (2013 Chriselliam), EP Taylor Stakes (2014 Just The Judge), Fillies’ Mile (2013 Chriselliam), Gimcrack Stakes (2014 Muhaarar), Joel Stakes (2011 Ransom Note), Rockfel Stakes (2012 Just The Judge) Wins (2011-2014): 20; 55; 68; 68 Wins This Year: 24", "Iroquois, bred at Nashville's Belle Meade Plantation, was the first American winner of the English Derby in 1881. Such modern thoroughbreds as Secretariat trace their bloodlines to Iroquois.", "The Grand National at Aintree has been a British sporting institution since 1839, when a horse called Lottery won the first Grand National and Captain Becher parted company with his horse at a now famous brook.", "Derby, also called the Epsom Derby and the Derby Stakes, one of the five classic English horse races, along with the Saint Leger , the Oaks , the One Thousand Guineas , and the Two Thousand Guineas . With a field limited to three-year-old colts and fillies, the Derby is run on turf on the first Saturday in June over a 1 1/2-mile (about 2,400-metre) course at Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.", "Thoroughbred sires were increasingly crossed on grade mares of various types; one such example is the fourth Duke of Grafton's decision to send one of his well-bred thoroughbreds, Pioneer (1804, Whiskey - Prunella) to Wakefield Lodge to serve as a hunter sire for his mares, and those belonging to his tenants. The notion of matching these faster hunters against each other, without the fox, was irresistible.", "Frankie Dettori and Golden Horn lead the rest of the field up the hill on Epsom Downs to win the jockey's second Derby. Photograph: Leo Mason/ Leo Mason/Leo Mason/Corbis", "\"This is the first Derby horse I am riding which is suited for the race,\" explained the rider.", "The Derby Stakes, popularly known as The Derby, or as the Epsom Derby, and under its present sponsor as the Investec Derby, is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs in Surrey over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards (2,423 metres), and is scheduled for early June each year.", "Epsom — Frankie Dettori powered home favourite Golden Horn to win the Epsom Derby on Saturday.", "The horse was the easiest modern-day winner of the Epsom Derby. His five victories that season included the Irish Derby and Ascot's prestige King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.", "Runners and riders for the English Derby, a group one race for three-year-olds, to be run over one and a half miles (2.4 kms) at Epsom on Saturday (tabulate under latest form, horse, trainer, jockey):" ]

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[ "Éric Navet (born 9 May 1959) is a French equestrian and Olympic medalist. He was born in Bayeux. He won a bronze medal in show jumping at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.", "During the early 1990s, world-class French horseman Eric Navet earned many titles and medals aboard his distinguished mount Quito de Baussy. The talented duo participated five times in the most prestigious events the equestrian world has to offer: the World Equestrian Games, the Olympic Games and the European Championships, earning an impressive six medals. But the history of their partnership — and how it came to be — is equally impressive.", "Alain Navait, the father of former world champion Eric Navet (left) from France, died at the age of 91. Alain Navet himself also was an international show jumping rider in ancient times. He just missed out the Olympic Games of Tokyo due to a collarbone fracture. In the breeding Alain Navet was even more influential. His son Eric Navet won the World Championship in Stockholm 1990 on the homebred stallion Quito de Baussy.", "His professional accolades include seven French National titles and selection for the French Olympic show jumping team in 1984, 1992 and 2004. With Quito de Baussy, Eric earned double Gold medals for individual and team in the 1990 World Equestrian Games in Stockholm, Sweden, a team Bronze medal at the 1992 Olympic games in Barcelona, Spain, and was the European Champion in 1991. He earned a team Bronze medal in 1993 at the European Championships and in 1994 he received a team Silver medal at the World Equestrian Games in The Hague, Netherlands. In 1998 he won a team Silver medal at the World Equestrian Games in Rome, Italy, with his mount Atout d’Isigny and in 2002 he earned team Gold and individual Silver medals at the World Equestrian Games in Jerez, Spain, with Dollar du Murier. These are just a few in a long list of successes recorded against his name.", "By 1990 Navratilova had won the women’s singles championships of the French Open twice (1982, 1984), the Australian Open three times (1981, 1983, 1985), the U.S. Open four times (1983, 1984, 1986, 1987), and Wimbledon a record nine times (1978, 1979, 1982–87, 1990). In 1987, along with her singles championship, she won both the women’s doubles and the mixed doubles to become the first triple-crown champion at the U.S. Open since 1970. On winning her 158th title in 1992 in Chicago, Navratilova had accumulated more championships than any other player, male or female, in the history of tennis. She retired from singles play after the 1994 season, having won 167 titles in all.", "Men's: Boxing (2008), Cycling, Ice Hockey, Basketball, Lacrosse (1995), Rugby (1967), Soccer, Ultimate Frisbee, Volleyball, Water polo (1993), Triathlon (2005)", "Court Philippe Chatrier was built in 1928 as Roland Garros's centerpiece and remains its principal venue, seating 14,840 spectators (reduced from 15,166 in 2010 to accommodate new press boxes). The stadium was known simply as \"Court Central\" until 1998, when it was renamed for the long-time president of the Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT) who helped restore tennis as a Summer Olympics sport in 1988. The four main spectator grandstands are named for les Quatre Mousquetaires (\"Four Musketeers\") – Jacques \"Toto\" Brugnon, Jean Borotra (the \"Bouncing Basque\"), Henri Cochet (the \"Magician\"), and René Lacoste (the \"Crocodile\") – who dominated men's tennis in the 1920s and '30s.", "P.S. Final between Cuba and Italy in 1990 World Championships is still my favourite volleyball match. Mr. Despaigne was an amazing player, wasn't he?", "Taylor's first title came in the Canadian Open in 1988 and after reaching the quarter finals of the British Open and the semi finals of the Winmau World Masters in 1989 he had qualified for the World Championships for the first time in 1990. Although he had achieved some success in Open events, he went into the 1990 World Championship as a 125–1 unseeded outsider. He beat number six seed Russell Stewart 3–1 in the first round, Dennis Hickling 3–0 in the second round, Ronnie Sharp 4–2 in the quarter finals and Cliff Lazarenko 5–0 to reach the final, where he met his mentor, Bristow. Bristow had been suffering with dartitis since 1986 but had recovered his world number one ranking to be the top seed in the event. After sharing the first two sets, Taylor beat Bristow 6–1 in sets to claim his first world title. For the rest of 1990, Taylor dominated the Open events taking the titles in Isle of Man, Finland, North America, Denmark plus the British Pentathlon, British Masters, Europe Cup and the game's second major tournament at the time, the Winmau World Masters .", "Edson Arantes do Nascimento ([ˈɛtsõ (w)ɐˈɾɐ̃tʃiz du nɐsiˈmẽtu]; born 23 October 1940),known as Pelé ([pe̞ˈlɛ]), is a retired Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward. He is widely regarded as the greatest player of all time. In 1999, he was voted World Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS). The same year, France Football asked their former Ballon d'Or winners to choose the Football Player of the Century; they selected Pelé. In 1999, Pelé was elected Athlete of the Century by the IOC, and Time named him in their list of 100 most influential people of the 20th century. In 2013 he received the FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur in recognition of his career and achievements as a global icon of football.", "      With an astounding eight wins in parallel slalom, including a victory shared with teammate Nicholas Huet at the World Cup finals held on March 18 in Livigno, Italy, Matthieu Bozzetto of France claimed the men's overall World Cup championship. Stefan Kaltschütz of Austria, the 1999 GS champion, defended his number one ranking with four podium finishes during the eight-event season.", "Eric Navet also won the first class, the Prix Hippopotamus with Watco, he was 2nd in the Prix Quai des Marques; 3rd in the Prix Conseil Général du Val-d’Oise and 5th in the Prix Kaufman & Broad.", "2005 : Eric Navet riding Gentleman Platière (who also won the Grand Prix) and Bernard Schotsmans riding Upsilon d’Ocquier won the puissance class.", "Lance Edward Armstrong (born September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. He is the 1993 Elite Men's Road Race World Champion, and he had won the Tour de France seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005, but was stripped of his Tour de France victories in 2012 after a protracted doping scandal.", "Olivier CHEVALLIER - Le Castellet - 6 April 1980 (pic here and here ). Popular rider who was killed in the Moto Journal 200 race on the Paul Ricard circuiat the \"Verrerie\" bend. Olivier Chevallier (born February 6, 1949 in Vend�me) was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from France. His best year was in 1977 when he finished in sixth place in the 350cc world championship. His only Grand Prix victory came at the 1976 350cc Yugoslavian Grand Prix at Opatija. Chevallier raced motorcycles designed and built by his brother Alain Chevallier.", "Eric Boyer was a professional cyclist from 1985 to 1995. Some of his successive leaders include Laurent Fignon from 1985 to 1988 and Greg Lemond of 1989-1994 Greg Lemond, with whom he won the Tour de France in 1990.", "Titles: Lineal champion 1990-92; WBC, WBA, IBF titlist 1990-92, WBA/IBF titlist 93-94, WBA titlist 1996-99, WBA titlist 2000-01", "However, during the 1990s, the European players once again dominated the world game with Jan-Ove Waldner, Jorgen Persson and Jean-Philippe Gatien becoming World Champions in 1989, 1991 and 1993, and Jan-Ove Waldner winning his second title in 1997.", "That win was, to date, Davis' last world title, though he continued to compete and win tournaments well into the 1990s. He was replaced as world number one by Stephen Hendry at the end of the 1990-91 season. For the most part he has retained his place in the top 16, and reached the world semi-finals in 1990, 1991 and 1994. Among others he won four of his eight Irish Masters titles, the European Open and the Mercantile Credit Classic during the decade.", "1994 – Sergi Bruguera wins his second straight French Open men’s singles title, defeating unseeded countryman Alberto Berasategui 6-3, 7-5, 2-6, 6-1 in the men’s singles final.", "In 1990 Spanish bank Banesto took over as the main sponsor of the team from Reynolds. Delgado was the team leader for the Tour de France while Miguel Indurain and Julián Gorospe were the leaders for the week long stage races. When Gorospe took the lead in that year's Vuelta, the team went behind him in a bid to win the race. However Gorospe lost the leader's jersey and Delgado took over the leadership but could not regain the time that Italian Marco Giovannetti had gained and ended the race second overall behind Giovannetti. Over the following years, Indurain rose to become a dominator of stage races winning five editions of the Tour de France and two editions of the Giro d'Italia. Delgado was the team leader for the Vuelta. The team also achieved success with Jean-François Bernard who won the 1992 edition of Paris–Nice with the team. The team won the Vuelta again in 1998 with Abraham Olano. During this time Alex Zülle joined the team and finished the 1999 Tour de France second overall while legendary climber José María Jiménez performed in the Vuelta a España. The team became known as iBanesto.com in the final years of the sponsorship of the Banesto bank.", "Stronger than the sepia days of Jean Borotra, Jacques Brugnon, Henri Cochet, and Rene Lacoste. Stronger than John McEnroe, Jimmy Connors and Bjorn Borg in the 1980s. Stronger than Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi in the 1990s. Across all the eras, wooden, graphite and titanium.", "1989: Bursts onto the senior scene with wins at both the World and European Cup after winning the World Student Games. He also won the Grand prix final, finishing 2 nd overall to Said Ouita.", "Athletes who have won multiple titles at the two most important competitions, the Olympic Games and the World Championships:", "They have dominated the sport for many years, lately by a lad called Nikolay Krasnikov. He won the world championship eight consecutive times between 2005-2012. Eight times, quite an accomplishment. Mr. Krashnikov retired at the end of the 2011-2012 season at age 27. The 2013 world champion title went once again to Russia.", "*6 wins: Michael Johnson (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999.", "Athletes: Emil Zatopek, Dick Quax, Kip Keino, Alberto Juantorena, Sonia Lannaman, Dwight Stones, Dick Fosbury, Kris Akabusi", "At the 2000 WAC held in Muret ,France.  Most of the top 10 finishers would be on the French team in CAP 232's.  Eric Vazeille wins the Aresti Cup, and the French team won the Nesterov Cup.  The Women's champion was Catherine Maunoury, but the women’s team trophy is won by the Russians.", "*3 wins: Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1987 & 1995", "John Parrott, 1991 world champion: \"I thought he was going to keep playing. He was the ultimate competitor. He went on to be six-time world champion and he was an inspiration to me growing up. He was always the benchmark, if your game was in good shape and gave him a game, you did well.\"", "Andre won the Men’s Singles Gold Medal at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta beating Sergi Bruguera of Spain in the final. He also defended his titles in Cincinnati and Key Biscayne Masters Series events.", "The 1998 WAC was held in Trencin, Slovakia, and was split by the French and the Russians.  It was Patrick Paris in his CAP 232 that won the Aresti Trophy.  The Nesterov Cup was won by the Russian team again.  Svetlana Kapanina won the Royal Aero Club Trophy as the top female finisher, and the Russian women’s team also won.  The winner of the 4 Minute Free was Dominique Roland of France in another CAP 232." ]

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[ "The Brooklyn Dodgers won baseball’s World Series by defeating the New York Yankees four games to three. This was the Dodgers’ first-ever world championship.", "baseball: Cincinnati Reds [World Series: 1970], SL Cardinals, Boston Red Sox [World Series: 1975], Milwaukee Brewers, Cleveland Indians, Pittsburgh Pirates", "During this seven-year period, only three teams won the World Series: the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974, Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976, and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978. This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession. This period was book-ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in 1971 and 1979.", "** New York Yankees won their 6th World Series championship, the 1st World Series Championship, under the leadership of rookie player Joe DiMaggio.", "The 1957 Milwaukee Braves were the first baseball team to win the World Series after being relocated.", "baseball: pitcher: LA Dodgers [World Series: 1974, 1977, 1978], Texas Rangers [all-star: 1986], Chicago White Sox, Florida Marlins", "Notes: The Toronto Blue Jays became the first team from outside the United States to capture the World Series. ... Blue Jays catcher Pat Borders was named World Series MVP. ... Four of the six games were decided by one run.", "The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season, appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921, and became frequent participants thereafter. Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964, the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships, winning 20. The team's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964, when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years, helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics (after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954–1955 offseason) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees (until ended by new Athletics' owner Charles O. Finley). During that span, the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948, 1954, and 1959, winning ten. From 1949 to 1953, the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row; from 1936–1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row. There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series: 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics, and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees.", "baseball: pitcher: Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox [all-star: 1968], LA Dodgers [World Series: 1977, 1978/all-star: 1978], NY Yankees [all-star: 1979, 1980/World Series: 1981], California Angels, Oakland Athletics", "The New York Yankees won the World Series in 1977 and 1978 after losing in 1976.", "* In 1975, the Red Sox won the pennant and met the dynastic Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. The Red Sox won Game 6 on a famous walk-off home run by catcher Carlton Fisk, setting the stage for the deciding Game 7. Boston took a quick 3–0 lead, but the Reds tied the game. In the top of the ninth, the Reds brought in the go-ahead run on a Joe Morgan single that scored Ken Griffey, Sr., winning what is regarded as one of the greatest World Series ever played.", "New blood had also been injected into the team on the field. The core of the team was now the infield, composed of Steve Garvey (1B), Davey Lopes (2B), Bill Russell (SS), and Ron Cey (3B). These four remained in the starting lineup together from 1973 to 1981, longer than any other infield foursome in baseball history. The pitching staff remained strong, anchored by Don Sutton and Tommy John . The Dodgers won NL West titles in both 1977 and 1978 , both times defeating the Philadelphia Phillies to advance to the World Series, only to be defeated both times by the Yankees . In 1980 , they swept 3 games from the Houston Astros to finish the regular season in a tie, but lost to the Astros in the tie-breaking playoff.", "#The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss, winning the championship in their first five appearances—1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, and 1918—before losing in the next series they played, in 1946. The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Cleveland Indians (in 1920 and 1948), the Toronto Blue Jays (in 1992 and 1993), and the Miami Marlins (in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins). The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series.", "* October 21 – The Cincinnati Reds sweep the New York Yankees in four games to win the 1976 World Series.", "2002 is the first time two Wild Card teams meet in the World Series. It features the greatest comeback in Series history by a team facing elimination, when the Angels erase a 5-0 deficit with 8 outs remaining, to win Game 6 (6-5) and then go on to win Game 7 (4-1). There is considerable controversy regarding Glaus' selection as Series MVP; despite being on the losing team, Barry Bonds was by most accounts the biggest star of the Series, hitting .471 for the Series with 4 homers, 6 RBI, and a mind-boggling 13 walks, vs Glaus' 7 runs, 8 RBI, 3 homers and a .385 average. Thus Bobby Richardson of the 1960 Yankees remains the only Series MVP in a losing cause. This will be the last World Series (through 2005 ) in which the home team wins the deciding game of a series.", "In , little known George \"Sparky\" Anderson was hired as manager, and the Reds embarked upon a decade of excellence, with a team that came to be known as \"The Big Red Machine\". Playing at Crosley Field until June 30, 1970, when the Reds moved into brand-new Riverfront Stadium, a 52,000 seat multi-purpose venue on the shores of the Ohio River, the Reds began the 1970s with a bang by winning 70 of their first 100 games. Johnny Bench, Tony Pérez, Pete Rose, Lee May and Bobby Tolan were the early Red Machine offensive leaders; Gary Nolan, Jim Merritt, Wayne Simpson and Jim McGlothlin led a pitching staff which also contained veterans Tony Cloninger and Clay Carroll and youngsters Pedro Borbón and Don Gullett. The Reds breezed through the 1970 season, winning the NL West and captured the NL pennant by sweeping the Pittsburgh Pirates in three games. By the time the club got to the World Series, however, the Reds pitching staff had run out of gas and the veteran Baltimore Orioles beat the Reds in five games.", "On the field, the 1970s saw some of the longest standing records fall and the rise of two powerhouse dynasties. In Oakland, the Swinging A's were overpowering, winning the Series in '72 , '73 and '74 , and five straight division titles. The strained relationships between teammates, who included Catfish Hunter , Vida Blue and Reggie Jackson , gave the lie to the need for \"chemistry\" between players. (This A's dynasty also single-handedly reintroduced the mustache into baseball). The National League, on the other hand, belonged to the Big Red Machine in Cincinnati, where Sparky Anderson 's team, which included Pete Rose as well as Hall of Famers Tony Perez, Johnny Bench and Joe Morgan , succeeded the A's run in 1975 .", "The Reds won the NL West in baseball's first ever strike-shortened season and defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in an exciting five-game playoff series. They then faced the Oakland Athletics in the World Series. Six of the seven games were won by one run. With powerful slugger Reggie Jackson sidelined due to an injury incurred during Oakland's playoff series, Ohio native Gene Tenace got a chance to play in the series, delivering four home runs that tied the World Series record for homers, propelling Oakland to a dramatic seven-game series win. This was one of the few World Series in which no starting pitcher for either side pitched a complete game.", "2001 - The Arizona Diamondbacks won their first World Series. They beat the New York Yankees 3-2 in game 7.", "The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31, 1993, and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement. Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed, but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one. On August 12, 1994, the players went on strike. After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks, Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14. The World Series was not played for the first time in 90 years. The Montreal Expos, now the Washington Nationals, were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage, with a record of 74–40 (since their founding in 1969, the Expos have never played in a World Series.)", "Bernie Carbo's Biggest Hit -- It remains as the greatest World Series game ever played. Baseball's two finest teams, both loaded with talent, locked horns for the 1975 Fall Classic: the Boston Red Sox vs. the Cincinnati Reds. Never has a World Series game encompassed everything baseball can be: dramatic defense, clutch hitting and extra inning heroics.", "After the disastrous season (the only season of the 1970s during which the Reds finished with a losing record) the Reds reloaded by trading veterans Jimmy Stewart, May, and Tommy Helms for Joe Morgan, César Gerónimo, Jack Billingham, Ed Armbrister, and Denis Menke. Meanwhile, Dave Concepción blossomed at shortstop. 1971 was also the year a key component of the future world championships was acquired in George Foster from the San Francisco Giants in a trade for shortstop Frank Duffy.", "1974 - Oakland A's beat LA Dodgers, 4 games to 1 in 71st World Series makes A's only team other than Yanks to win 3 straight series", "1977 : New York Yankees (AL) defeat Los Angeles Dodgers (NL), 4 games to 2. MVP: Reggie Jackson , New York", "The late 60s and the 70s were a tumultuous time for the Sox, as they struggled to win games and attract fans. Allyn and Bud Selig agreed to a handshake deal that would give Selig control of the club and move them to Milwaukee; however, this was blocked by the American League. Selig instead bought the Seattle Pilots and moved them to Milwaukee, putting enormous pressure on the American League to place a team in Seattle. A plan was in place for the Sox to move to Seattle and for Charlie Finley to move his Oakland A's to Chicago. However, Chicago had a renewed interest in the Sox after the 1972 season, and the American League instead added the expansion Seattle Mariners. The 1972 White Sox were one of the lone successful season of this era, as Dick Allen wound up winning the American League MVP award. Some have said that Dick Allen is responsible for saving the White Sox in Chicago. Bill Veeck returned as owner of the Sox in 1975, and despite not having much money, they managed to win 90 games in 1977, a team known as the South Side Hitmen.", "1974 : Oakland Athletics (AL) defeat Los Angeles Dodgers (NL), 4 games to 1. MVP: Rollie Fingers , Oakland", "1968 - Detroit Tigers beat St Louis Cards, 4 games to 3 in 65th World Series", "The 1916 club won the National League pennant and finally played in its first true World Series with the help of the amazing Casey Stengel. Although the Dodgers (or Robins) fell to the Boston Red Sox in the 1916 World Series, Stengel was the team's leading hitter with a .364 mark and right-handed pitcher Jeff Pfeffer won 25 games that season for the 94-60 club.", "The team won its first of three consecutive AL titles, as well as the 1977 World Series and 1978 World Series, and (as had been the case throughout his playing days) Berra's reputation as a lucky charm was reinforced. (Casey Stengel once said of his catcher, \"He'd fall in a sewer and come up with a gold watch\").", "The 1927 team is considered one of the most talented teams to ever take the field and backed it up with their accomplishments.  They went 110-44 in the regular season, winning the pennant by 19 games.  They then went on to sweep the Pirates in the World Series.", "What was the only team to win two World Series in the 1980's?*The Los Angeles Dodgers", "When Joe Carter hit a walk-off home run to win the 1993 World Series, for what team was he playing?" ]

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[ "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. They are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Originally named the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). In 1963, the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name. They joined the NFL during the AFL-NFL Merger of 1970. The team is legally and corporately registered as Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, Incorporated and according to Forbes is valued at just under $1 billion. [1]", "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). In 1963, the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name. The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970. The team is valued at just under $1 billion.", "Hunt agreed to relocate the franchise to Kansas City on May 22, 1963 and on May 26 the team was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs. [5] [7] [8] Hunt and head coach Hank Stram initially planned on retaining the Texans name, but a fan contest determined the new \"Chiefs\" name in honor of Mayor Bartle's nickname that he acquired in his professional role as Scout Executive of the St. Joseph and Kansas City Boy Scout Councils and founder of the Scouting Society, Tribe of the Mic-O-Say. [5] [8] [9] A total of 4,866 entries were received with 1,020 different names being suggested, including a total of 42 entrants who selected \"Chiefs.\" [9] The two names that received the most popular votes were \"Mules\" and \"Royals.\" [9]", "In 1963, the Texans became the second AFL team to relocate. Lamar Hunt felt that despite winning the league championship in 1962, the Texans could not succeed financially competing in the same market as the Dallas Cowboys , which entered the NFL as an expansion franchise in 1960. After meetings with New Orleans, Atlanta and Miami, Hunt announced on May 22 that the Texans' new home would be Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas City mayor Harold Roe Bartle (nicknamed \"Chief\") was instrumental in his city's success in attracting the team. Partly to honor Bartle, the franchise officially became the Kansas City Chiefs on May 26. [22]", "Before they became the Kansas City Chiefs in 1963, the franchise was located in Dallas and was named the Texans.", "Kansas City Chiefs, American professional gridiron football team that is based in Kansas City , Missouri , and plays in the American Football Conference (AFC) of the National Football League (NFL). As a member of the now-defunct American Football League (AFL), the franchise won three league championships (1962, 1966, and 1969) and Super Bowl IV.", "Although the Texans fared well in Dallas, Hunt decided that, for the good of the league, it would be best to move his franchise to Kansas City in 1963. There the team was renamed the Chiefs and it continued to enjoy the success the team had experienced in Dallas. The Chiefs won a second AFL title in 1966 and was the first team to represent the AFL in Super Bowl competition.", "The state of Texas on the team's helmet was replaced by an arrowhead design originally sketched by Lamar Hunt on a napkin. Hunt's inspiration for the interlocking \"KC\" design was the \"SF\" inside of an oval on the San Francisco 49ers helmets. Unlike the 49ers' logo, Kansas City’s overlapping initials appear inside a white arrowhead instead of an oval and are surrounded by a thin black outline. From 1960 to 1973, the Chiefs had grey facemask bars on their helmets, but changed to white bars in 1974, making them one of the first teams in the NFL to use a non-gray facemask.", "The Chiefs' first mascot was Warpaint, a nickname given to several different breeds of pinto horse. Warpaint served as the team's mascot from 1963 to 1988. [4] [87] [88] The first Warpaint (born in 1955, died in 1992) was ridden bareback by rider Bob Johnson, who wore a full Native American headdress. [4] [87] Warpaint circled the field at the beginning of each Chiefs home game and performed victory laps following each Chiefs touchdown. [4] [87] On September 20, 2009 a new Warpaint horse was unveiled at the Chiefs' home opener against the Oakland Raiders. [89]", "The newly renamed Chiefs returned to the middle of the AFL West standings until 1966. That season they again won 11 games and captured the AFL title. The Chiefs were then a part of one of the most historic moments in gridiron football history when they faced off against the Green Bay Packers in the first annual AFL-NFL World Championship Game (which would later be renamed the “Super Bowl” by Hunt), which they lost 35–10. In 1969 the Chiefs featured the league’s leading defense—which starred future Hall of Famers Willie Lanier , Bobby Bell, and Buck Buchanan—and they once again won an AFL championship and earned a berth into the Super Bowl. At the Super Bowl the Chiefs defeated the Minnesota Vikings in what was the final game ever played by an AFL franchise, as the two leagues merged in 1970. Kansas City made another play-off appearance in 1971 but then entered a period that saw the team post losing records in nine of the 14 seasons between 1972 and 1985 and miss the postseason in each of those years.", "When the franchise was based in Dallas, the team conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, New Mexico. [5] They moved camp to Southern Methodist University, owner Lamar Hunt's alma mater, for 1961 and continued to practice there until 1965. [5] From 1966 to 1971, the Chiefs practiced in Swope Park in Kansas City, [94] and from 1972 to 1991 held camp at William Jewell College in Clay County, Missouri–where Lamar Hunt had extensive business dealings including Worlds of Fun, Oceans of Fun and SubTropolis. [22]", "On December 19, 1988, owner Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team's new president, general manager, and chief executive officer. Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz two weeks after taking over and hired Marty Schottenheimer as the club's seventh head coach. [18] In the 1988 and 1989 NFL Drafts , the Chiefs selected both defensive end Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas , respectively. [18] [22] The defense that Thomas and Smith anchored in their seven seasons together was a big reason why the Chiefs reached the postseason in six straight years. [23]", "The foundation for the club’s formidable offensive line of the 1990s gathered two key ingredients when center  Tim Grunhard  and guard Dave Szott  were acquired in the  1990 NFL Draft . Construction began on the club’s indoor practice facility at the Truman Sports Complex, giving the Chiefs an 80-yard indoor field and weight room facilities upon its completion. Former defensive tackle Buck Buchanan was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 4. In the pre-season, The Chiefs made their initial overseas appearance, losing a 19-3  American Bowl  decision against the  Los Angeles Rams  at  Olympic Stadium  in  Berlin ,  Germany . Schottenheimer’s club got out of the starting gate quickly, winning three of their first four games. The club then struggled, splitting its next six contests. [7]", "While the previous off-season saw the Chiefs stockpile several key free agents, a number of familiar faces departed following the 1993 season, most notably cornerbacks Albert Lewis and Kevin Ross, as well as placekicker Nick Lowery. Quarterback Steve Bono was acquired in a trade with San Francisco on May 2 to serve as Joe Montana's backup, a job he previously held when both were with the 49ers. A grass playing field was installed at Arrowhead Stadium, replacing the previous AstroTurf surface. The club made its second American Bowl appearance in the pre-season, meeting Minnesota in Tokyo, Japan.", "The Chiefs started the season at 3-0. A crowd of 43,885 attended the Chiefs home opener against the defending AFL Champion  Buffalo Bills  on October 2, the largest ever to witness a sports event in Kansas City at the time. The Chiefs dropped a 29-14 decision to the Bills, but after the contest, Chiefs coach Hank Stram and Buffalo head coach  Joe Collier  negotiated a trade in the middle of the field. Kansas City received placekicker  Mike Mercer  for a fifth-round pick. Chiefs quarterback  Len Dawson  led the league in passing, while Otis Taylor  became the first 1,000-yard receiver in franchise history, registering 1,297 yards. The Chiefs finished three games in front of Oakland to claim an AFL Western Conference title with an 11-2-1 record, setting the stage for the franchise’s second trip to the  AFL Championship Game . [2]", "Following their championship win, the NFL-AFL merger placed the Chiefs in the newly-created AFC West division with the Chargers, Raiders, and Broncos. The team traded running back Mike Garrett to San Diego in  1970  and replaced him in the lineup with  Ed Podolak . Despite a 44-24 win against  Baltimore  on September 28 in just the second-ever telecast of  ABC ’s  Monday Night Football package, the Chiefs owned a 3-3-1 record at the season’s midpoint. The Chiefs and the  Raiders  tied a game at 17-17 on November 1 following a controversial play from Oakland. The Chiefs were ahead 17-14 when Len Dawson apparently sealed the win, running for a first down which would have allowed Kansas City to run out the clock. While on the ground, Dawson was speared by Raiders defensive end  Ben Davidson  in an infamous incident that cost the Chiefs a victory and further inflamed the already heated Chiefs-Raiders rivalry. [5] Wide receiver Otis Taylor retaliated and a bench-clearing brawl ensued. Offsetting penalties were called, nullifying Dawson’s first down. The Chiefs were forced to punt and Raiders kicker  George Blanda  booted a game-tying field with eight seconds remaining. That tie ultimately cost the Chiefs the opportunity to split the AFC West division title with Oakland as Kansas City finished the year with a 7-5-2 record, while the Raiders went 8-4-2 and reached the conference championship. [5]", "In 2007, the Kansas City Chiefs honored Lamar Hunt and the AFL with a special patch. [61] It features the AFL's logo from the 1960s with Hunt's \"LH\" initials inside the football. [61] In 2008, the patch became permanently affixed to the left chest of both Kansas City's home and away jerseys. [61]", "Joe Montana announced his retirement from football after 16 years in the NFL on April 18 and Steve Bono was promoted to the starting job. Immediately, so-called media experts predicted much gloom and doom for the 1995 Chiefs under Bono, leading Schottenheimer to quip during training camp that his club had been picked \"sixth in a five-team division.\" Led by Bono, who merited a Pro Bowl berth, Kansas City posted an NFL-best 13-3 record with unblemished 8-0 marks in the AFC West and at Arrowhead. The Chiefs led the NFL in rushing offense (138.9 ypg), scoring defense (15.1 ppg) and turnover ratio (+12). A 24-3 win at Arizona on October 1 featured a surreal, 76-yard TD run on a bootleg by Bono as the Chiefs initiated a seven-game winning streak, the franchise's longest since 1969. In a Monday Night Football classic against San Diego on October 9, wide receiver Tamarick Vanover returned a punt for an 86-yard TD to provide the winning points in a 29-23 victory, the team's third straight home win in overtime.", "For the 1965 season, the Chiefs were once again caught in the middle of the AFL and NFL's bidding wars for college talent. Kansas City made running back Gale Sayers from the University of Kansas their first-round draft pick, but Sayers eventually signed with the Bears for less money. Running back Mack Lee Hill suffered torn ligaments in his right knee in the second to last regular season game of the year at Buffalo on December 12. Following what was expected to be a routine surgery on December 14 at Menorah Hospital in Kansas City, Hill died from what was termed \"a sudden and massive embolism.\" Hunt called Hill's death \"the worst shock possible.\" Beginning the following year, the club annually bestowed the Mack Lee Hill Award on its top rookie or first-year performer in Hill's honor. Just days after Hill's unexpected death, the mourning Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos on December 19 to finish the year with a 7-5-2 record.", "A longtime nemesis with Seattle, “Plan B” free agent quarterback  Dave Krieg  was signed as the club’s starter on March 19. A melancholy off-season awaited the Chiefs, who mourned the passing of Player Personnel Director  Whitey Dovell  on May 22 and Hall of Fame defensive tackle Buck Buchanan on July 16. Both Dovell and Buchanan lost courageous battles with cancer. Six-time Pro Bowl safety Deron Cherry announced his retirement in July after registering 50 interceptions in 11 seasons with the franchise. The Chiefs retired the jerseys of former players Buck Buchanan (#86), Willie Lanier (#63) and Jan Stenerud (#3) in a ceremony prior to a pre-season contest against Buffalo. [7]", "The Chiefs have won three AFL championships, in 1962, 1966, and 1969 and became the second AFL team (after the New York Jets) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game, when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV. The team's victory on January 11, 1970, remains the club's last championship game victory and appearance to date, and occurred in the final such competition prior to the leagues' merger coming into full effect. The Chiefs were also the second team, after the Green Bay Packers, to appear in more than one Super Bowl (and the first AFL team to do so) and the first to appear in the championship game in two different decades. In the 2015 AFC Wild-Card playoff game, held at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas on January 9, 2016, the Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30–0 to earn their first NFL playoff win in 23 seasons, dating back to the 1993–94 NFL playoffs. The Chiefs' Wild-Card playoff victory ended what was at the time the third-longest drought in the NFL, and it also ended an NFL record eight-game playoff losing streak. ", "In 1964, the Chiefs began the year with a 2-1 mark before dropping three consecutive games as several of the team's best players, including E.J. Holub, Fred Arbanas and Johnny Robinson missed numerous games with injuries. Arbanas missed the final two games of the year after undergoing surgery to his left eye, in which he suffered almost total loss of vision. Running back Mack Lee Hill, who signed with the club as a rookie free agent and received a mere $300 signing bonus, entered the starting lineup and earned a spot in the AFL All-Star Game. The club rounded out the season with two consecutive wins to close the season at 7-7, finishing second in the AFL Western Conference behind the San Diego Chargers. An average of just 18,126 fans attended each home game at Municipal Stadium, prompting discussion at the AFL owners’ meeting about the Chiefs future in Kansas City.", "1963: The defending AFL Champions got ready for their first season in Kansas City with one of the strongest drafts ever. Buck Buchanan, Ed Budde and Bobby Bell, became starters right away and would play a combined 526 games with the Chiefs. However, another rookie Stone Johnson would never make it to his rookie season, after sustaining a serious spinal cord injury, which would lead to his untimely death. The Chiefs would go on to retire his number 33 in his honor. The heavy hearted Chiefs started their first season in Kansas City win with a 59-7 victory over the Broncos in Denver, but managed just one win and two ties in its next nine games on their way to a disappointing 5-7-2 record.", "1972 : The Chiefs had allot to be proud of heading into the 1972 season, as owner and founder Lamar Hunt became the first AFL figure to gain entry into the NFL Hall of Fame. The Chiefs also could be proud of their new home Arrowhead Stadium, which was the most state-of-the-art stadium in the NFL, and with its luxury boxes was years ahead of its time. On September 17th the Chiefs hosted the Miami Dolphins in the first game at the new stadium. However, the result was no different than the final game at Municipal Stadium as the Dolphins emerged with a 20-10 victory, on their way to an undefeated season. The Chiefs would go on to finish with an 8-6 record, missing out on the playoffs.", "1965: The Chiefs made Kansas star Gale Sayers their first-round draft pick, but lost him in a bidding war with the Chicago Bears. However, the Chiefs were able to nab wide receiver Otis Taylor from Prairie View. Tragedy also hit the Chiefs again when Running Back Mack Lee Hill died on the operating table after relatively routine knee surgery late in the season. The Chiefs would go on to finish with a 7-5-2 record losing three games by a Field Goal or less.", "In Schottenheimer's tenure as head coach, (1989–1998), the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender, featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg, Christian Okoye, Stephone Paige and Barry Word, a strong defense, anchored by Thomas, Smith, Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry, and on special teams, Nick Lowery, most accurate kicker in NFL History. The team recorded a 101–58–1 record, and clinched seven playoff berths. The Chiefs' 1993 season was the franchise's most successful in 22 years. With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen—two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs—the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL. The 11–5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills. The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30–13. The Chiefs' victory on January 14, 1994, against the Oilers remained the franchise's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30–0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9, 2016.", "1964: The Chiefs struggled to a 7-7 record as many of the team's best players, including E.J. Holub, Fred Arbanas and Johnny Robinson, missed several games with injuries. An average of just 18,126 fans attended each home game, prompting discussion at the AFL owners' meeting about the Chiefs future in Kansas City.", "In select games for the 2009 season, the Chiefs, as well as the other founding teams of the American Football League, wore \"throwback\" uniforms to celebrate the AFL's 50th anniversary. ", "The Chiefs also had a strong defense, with All-AFL players Jerry Mays and Buck Buchanan anchoring their line. Linebacker Bobby Bell, who was also named to the All-AFL team, was great at run stopping and pass coverage. The strongest part of their defense, though, was their secondary, led by All-AFL safeties Johnny Robinson and Bobby Hunt, who each recorded 10 interceptions, and defensive back Fred Williamson, who recorded four. Their head coach was Hank Stram. ", "While the club's sparkling new facility at Arrowhead Stadium was drawing rave reviews, the Chiefs roster was beginning to show its age in 1974. The result was the team's first losing season in 11 years as the club was unable to string together consecutive victories during the year, a first in franchise history. Most of the team's starters were advancing in age: Len Dawson was 39, Jim Tyrer was 35, Bobby Bell, Buck Buchanan, and Ed Budde were 34, Dave Hill was 33 and Otis Taylor was 32.", "1980: In a then-controversial move, the Chiefs released Stenerude, the club's all-time leading scorer, in favor of journeyman Nick Lowery, who had been cut 11 times by eight different teams.  After a 0-4 start the Chiefs defense comes age with Defensive End Art Still, Linebacker Garry Spani, and Saftey Gary Barbaro and Cornerback Gary Green playing major roles to lead the Chiefs to an 8-8 record.", "During its time participating in professional football, the Chiefs have amassed several different players and coaches, as well as other people that are associated with the team, that have made it a great NFL competitor." ]

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[ "Super Bowl 3 marks one of the biggest upsets in football history. In Miami, Florida on January 12th, 1969 Weeb Ewbank's New York Jets beat Don Shula's Baltimore Colts for the AFL's first Super Bowl victory. Everyone remembers Joe Namath's \"Guaranteed Victory\" over the heavily favored Colts. Namath followed through, taking home MVP honors. Running backs Matt Snell and Tom Matte each rushed for over 100 yards for there respective teams. Johnny Unitas came off the bench after starter Earl Morrall was intercepted thrice, but it wasn't enough, as the Jets won 16-7.", "There are a total of eight Super Bowl MVPs that are still active. They include: Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Eli Manning, Santonio Holmes, Drew Brees, Aaron Rodgers, Joe Flacco and Malcolm Smith. There is a chance that that number expands this year unless Brady has a big game in this year’s Super Bowl.", "The NFL's Green Bay Packers dominated winning the Super Bowl for the few years.  Then, the New York Jets and their infamous star quarterback, Joe Namath aka \"Broadway Joe\" for his celebrity status, won Super Bowl III, proving that the NFL and AFL could compete equally and increasing it's popularity even more.", "After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \"I'm going to Disney World!\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. ", "Drew Brees was named Super Bowl MVP for tying a Super Bowl record by completing 32 of 39 passes, with 288 passing yards and two touchdowns. After the game, Brees said, \"Four years ago, who ever thought this would be happening when 85 percent of the city was under water? Most people left not knowing if New Orleans would ever come back, or if the organization would ever come back. We just all looked at one another and said, 'We are going to rebuild together. We are going to lean on each other.' This is the culmination in all that belief.\" ", "Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw, who was named Super Bowl MVP, completed 17 out of 30 passes for Super Bowl records of 318 passing yards and 4 touchdown passes. His 75-yard touchdown pass in the second quarter also tied Johnny Unitas in Super Bowl V for the longest pass in a Super Bowl. The Cowboys were able to stay close, only trailing 21-17 at the end of the third quarter, but Pittsburgh scored two touchdowns in a span of 19 seconds in the fourth period. Dallas also could not overcome turnovers, drops, and a controversial penalty during the second half. The Cowboys were eventually able to score two touchdowns in the final minutes of the game, but still ended up being the first defending champion to lose in the Super Bowl, and to date the only losing Super Bowl team to score 30 points or more.", "As you can see, the quarterback position has been named Super Bowl MVP almost four times as many as any other position. It is the only in which there are any players that have been named the MVP more than once. Bart Starr (1967, 1968), Terry Bradshaw (1979, 1980) Joe Montana (1982, 1985, 1990) Tom Brady (2002, 2004) and Eli Manning (2008, 2012) are the only players to win the award more than once. Montana is a three time winner which is an NFL record. Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw are the only players to win the award in back to back years.", "Don Maynard, who hurt his hamstring catching the winning TD in the AFL title game, ran a deep route on the second series, but Namath overthrew the wide-open receiver. The Colts, unaware of the injury, double- and triple-teamed Maynard the rest of the way, freeing George Sauer for eight catches for 133 yards. Snell had 121 yards on 30 carries. Namath went 17-for-28 for 206 yards, still the only QB to win Super Bowl MVP without throwing a touchdown pass.", "Super Bowl XIX (1985) – Three years after winning his first Super Bowl MVP award, Joe Montana was at it again as he led the 49ers to a 38-16 victory over Miami. This time, \"Joe Cool\" threw for 331 yards and three touchdowns.", "Joe Montana is the only player to have won the Super Bowl MVP three times (1982, 1985, 1990). There have been four others win the awards twice. They are Bart Starr (1967, 1967), Terry Bradshaw (1979, 1980), Tom Brady (2002, 2004) and Eli Manning (2008, 2012). Harvey Martin and Randy White of the Dallas Cowboys were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, which was the only time that has happened in the history of the big game.", "Super Bowl 1 MVP: Bart Starr, Green Bay quarterback (16/23, 250 yards, 2 TDs, 1 INT)", "When Jets QB \"Broadway\" Joe Namath casually rebutted a cocky Baltimore Colts fan by guaranteeing a win over the heavily favored opponents, his assurance put a sensational charge into Super Bowl III. But it's the image of Namath holding a solitary we're-number-one finger in the air as he ran off into the tunnel following his team's improbable 16-7 victory that drives otherwise long-suffering Jets fans into sweet reveries.", "Undaunted, Jets quarterback Joe Namath made an appearance three days before the Super Bowl at the Miami Touchdown Club and brashly guaranteed a victory. His team backed up his words by controlling most of the game, and built a 16-0 lead through the fourth quarter off of a touchdown run by Matt Snell and three field goals by Jim Turner. Colts quarterback Earl Morrall threw three interceptions before being replaced by Johnny Unitas, who then led Baltimore to its only touchdown during the last few minutes of the game. Namath, who completed 17 out of 28 passes for 206 yards, was named the Super Bowl's Most Valuable Player, despite not throwing a touchdown pass in the game or any passes at all in the fourth quarter.", "Super Bowl XIII (1979) – The Steelers and the Cowboys met for a Super Bowl rematch in 1979, and this game ended the same way as the one three years earlier -- with a Pittsburgh victory. This time, however, it was Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw who won MVP, throwing for 318 yards and four touchdowns as Pittsburgh edged Dallas 35-31.", "Jets quarterback Joe Namath drops back to pass against the Baltimore Colts during Super Bowl III at the Orange Bowl on Jan. 12, 1969. Namath completed 17 of 28 passes for 206 yards in New York’s 16-7 victory.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "The Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Kansas City Chiefs, New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks, St. Louis Rams and Tampa Bay Buccaneers all have one Super Bowl MVP. The Cowboys list does include White and Martin as two separate winners despite them being co-MVPs in 1978.", "Former Redskins quarterback Doug Williams, MVP in Super Bowl XXII, commemorating the twentieth anniversary of becoming the first African American quarterback to lead a team to victory in the Super Bowl, took part in the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony after the game. ", "Brady owns three Pete Rozelle Awards as Super Bowl MVP (XXXVI, XXXVIII and XLIX) and is just the second player in Super Bowl history to earn three MVP awards, joining Pro Football Hall of Famer Joe Montana (3).", "Super Bowl XI (1977) – Oakland Raiders wide receiver Fred Biletnikoff caught four passes for 79 yards to win MVP honors in Super Bowl XI. The Raiders won 32-14 over Minnesota, knocking the Vikings to 0-4 in Super Bowls.", "The post-game presentation saw Bart Starr, the MVP of Super Bowls I and II, take the Vince Lombardi Trophy to the podium, whence it was presented to Steelers owner Dan Rooney.", "Former NFL Player Doug Williams Became The First Black Quarterback In Super Bowl History To Earn The MVP Title", "The next year, he passed the Jets to the AFL's Eastern Division title. In the championship game against the Oakland Raiders, whom the Jets lost to in the Heidi game six weeks earlier, Namath threw three touchdown passes despite icy winds in New York. His six-yard touchdown pass to Don Maynard in the fourth quarter overcame a 23-20 deficit, giving the Jets a 27-23 victory and a berth in Super Bowl III.", "Iconic Item : Hall of Famer Joe Namath performed the coin toss in Super Bowl XLVIII while wearing a mink coat, which he was infamous for wearing on the sidelines during his playing days.", "New England Adam Vinatieri gave New England its second NFL championship in three seasons with a 41-yard field goal with 4 seconds left for a thrilling 32-29 victory over the Carolina Panthers. Tom Brady, who led New England on its winning drive, was 32-of-48 for 354 yards and three touchdowns, was voted the game's MVP for the second time in three seasons.", "Joe Namath's Guaranteed Victory, Super Bowl III | 50 Greatest Super Bowl Moments | Rolling Stone", "Terry Bradshaw, the game's most valuable player for the second straight year, set two passing records as the Steelers became the first team to win four Super Bowls. Bradshaw brought the Steelers from behind twice in the second half. The second time when he lofted a 73-yard scoring pass to John Stallworth to put the Steelers in front to stay 24-19.", "Joseph Clifford \"Joe\" Montana, Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed Joe Cool and The Comeback Kid, is a retired American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. After winning a college national championship at Notre Dame, Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons. Traded before the 1993 season, he spent his final two years in the league with the Kansas City Chiefs. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started and won four Super Bowls and was the first player ever to have been named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player three times. He also holds Super Bowl career records for most passes without an interception (122 in 4 games) and the all-time highest quarterback rating of 127.8. Montana was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000, his first year of eligibility. ", "After the jump, we pose alternative MVP winners from Super Bowl I through Super Bowl XLIII.", "Pro Football Hall of Famer: Green Bay Packers quarterback: Super Bowl I, II [Most Valuable Player in both bowl games]; coach: Green Bay Packers", "Roethlisberger finished the game having completed just 9 of 21 passes for 123 yards and having also thrown two interceptions; his 22.6 quarterback rating was the lowest ever by a Super Bowl winning quarterback. He also rushed for 25 yards and a touchdown. He became the second youngest quarterback to start in a Super Bowl and the youngest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at 23 years, 11 months.", "So here these two quarterbacks were in 2005—one was the former No. 1 overall pick who was the son of a former NFL quarterback, who had always been destined for greatness. He had lived up to his billing, becoming a multiple-time MVP award winner at the age of 28. The other was the late-round draft selection with zero hype coming out of college, who became America's ultimate winner, notching three Lombardi Trophy in the span of four years." ]

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[ "In 1950 Walcott won his first four matches of the year, only to lose to Rex Layne on November 24. He also lost his first rematch with Charles on March 7, 1951. But on July 18, 1951, Walcott made boxing history when he knocked out Charles in the seventh round to become the oldest boxer ever to win the world heavyweight title. In 1952, Walcott fought a series of exhibition bouts with Jackie Burke before squaring off against Charles once again on June 5. Walcott successfully defended his title, winning a fifteen-round decision over Charles. Just over three months later, however, Rocky Marciano knocked out Walcott in the 13th round to take the heavyweight title. In a rematch with Marciano on May 15, 1953, Walcott was knocked out in the first round. Just after his second defeat by Marciano, Walcott announced his retirement from boxing.", "Boxer, born in Benoit, Michigan, USA. His actual date of birth is uncertain (by his own account), but he was still the oldest man to hold a world title; he also reigned longer than any light-heavyweight champion - nine years, one month. He was 39 (or 36) when he beat Joey Maxim for the light-heavyweight title in 1952. He had 228 professional bouts and won 194, knocking out a record 141 opponents. …", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956. Marciano is the only person to hold the heavyweight title and go untied and undefeated throughout his career. Marciano defended his title six times, against Jersey Joe Walcott , Roland La Starza , Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell , and Archie Moore . He has been ranked by many boxing historians as one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time.", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer who held the world heavyweight title from September 23, 1952 to April 27, 1956. Marciano went undefeated in his career and defended his title six times, against Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell, and Archie Moore. Known for his relentless style, stamina, and an iron chin, Marciano has been ranked by many boxing historians as one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time. His knockout percentage of 87.75 is one of the highest in heavyweight history.", "In 1952 Norvel Lee of the USA team won Gold and the trophy at Helsinki. He never turned pro. He was from Bethesda, MD, and died at age 67. In 1956 Richard McTaggart of Great Britain won Gold at Melbourne and also never turned pro. He is 77 and from Scotland. In 1960 when Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali won a Gold Medal in the 175 division he was outvoted by Nino Benvenuti of Italy who won Gold in the welterweight division at Rome. He would go onto win the WBC/WBA light middleweight and middleweight titles as a pro posting an 82-7-1 (35) record. He is 73.", "Boxing at the 1952 Olympics was held at the Messuhalli in Helsinki, which also hosted gymnastics and wrestling events. The Soviet Union entered the 1952 Olympics for the first time, but did not win any of the classes, although they did win two silver and four bronze medals. The tournament was dominated by the American boxers, who won five classes. One went to [Floyd Patterson] in the middleweight class, who would later become world professional heavyweight champion. Patterson would lose that title in a match against Sweden’s [Ingemar Johansson], although Patterson would regain the title in a re-match one year later. Johansson also “medalled” in Helsinki, losing in the final of the heavyweight class to American [Ed Sanders]. Sanders turned professional after a short stint in the Navy, but in his ninth professional bout, he tragically died from injuries sustained during the fight.", "On March 7, 1951, he and Charles fought for a second time and once again Charles won a 15 round decision to retain his world title. But on July 18, he joined a handful of boxers who claimed the world title in their fifth try, when he knocked out Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh , to finally become world's heavyweight champion, at the relatively old age of 37. [1] This made him the oldest man ever to win the world heavyweight crown (a distinction he would hold until George Foreman won the title at age 45 in 1994).", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post- Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests. [1] [2] Louis’s championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, 26 championship fights during his reign; the 27th, against Ezzard Charles , was a challenge to Charles’ heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis’ reign. All in all, Joe was victorious in 25 successful title defenses, a record for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization, [3] and was ranked #1 on The Ring ‘s list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.", "1951 - After trying four times without success, �Jersey� Joe Walcott became the world heavyweight boxing champ by knocking out Ezzard Charles (whose real name was actually Charles Ezzard) in Pittsburgh, PA. Walcott became the oldest heavyweight titlist to the time (age 37).", "Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American 2-time world heavyweight boxing champion. At 21, Patterson was then the youngest man to win the world heavyweight championship and, later, the first to regain it. He had a record of 55 wins 8 losses and 1 draw, with 40 wins by knockout. He won the gold medal at the 1952 Olympic Games as an amateur middleweight.", "On March 7 of 1951 , he and Charles fought once again, and Charles retained the world title with a 15 round decision. But on July 18 , he joined a handful of boxers who claimed the world title in their fifth try, when he knocked out Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh , to finally become world's heavyweight champion, at the relatively old age of 37. This made him the oldest man ever to win the world heavyweight crown (a distinction he would hold until George Foreman won the title in 1995).", "On March 7, 1951, he and Charles fought for a second time and again Charles won a 15 round decision to retain his world title. But on July 18, he joined a handful of boxers who claimed the world title in their fifth try, when he knocked out Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, to finally become world's heavyweight champion, at the relatively old age of 37. This made him the oldest man ever to win the world heavyweight crown (a distinction he would hold until George Foreman won the title at age 45 in 1994).", "Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer, generally considered among the greatest heavyweights in the sport's history. Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Ali remains the only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion; he won the title in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Between February 25, 1964 and September 19, 1964 Muhammad Ali reigned as the Undisputed Heavyweight Boxing Champion.Notable wins:Sonny Liston, George Foreman,Joe Frazier 2x.", "in 1956. He ranks among boxing's greats, along with such notables as Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis (whom he defeated the year before becoming world champion), and Jack Dempsey .", "This professional boxer was the Heavyweight Champion of the World from 1952-1956. Also known as \"The Brockton Blockbuster,\" Marciano won the Golden Gloves titled when he was only an amateur.", "Maxim, Joey American boxer who was the world light heavyweight champion from 1950 to 1952. On Jan. 24, 1950, Maxim knocked out heavily favoured Englishman Freddie Mills in London to win the world light heavyweight title. In one of the most memorable boxing matches...", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer. Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified. Ali would go on to become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion. Nicknamed \"The Greatest,\" Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were three with rival Joe Frazier, which are considered among the greatest in boxing history, and one with George Foreman, where he finally regained his stripped titles seven years later. Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as \"floating like a butterfly, stinging like a bee\", and employing techniques such as the Ali Shuffle and the rope-a-dope. Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports and through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete in the world. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would \"trash talk\" opponents, often with rhymes.", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), best known as Joe Louis, was an American professional boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1937 to 1949, and is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the \"Brown Bomber\". Louis' championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 26 championship fights; a 27th fight, against Ezzard Charles, was a challenge to Charles' heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis' reign. Louis was victorious in 25 title defenses, a world record second only to Julio César Chávez with 27. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization, ", "Amateur international boxer. Clubs: Terenure and British Railways. In 1962 he became only the 2nd amateur boxer to win 9 Irish National Senior Championship titles (equal with Gerry O' Colmain's record, later passed in 1990 by Jim O'Sullivan), and he achieved them at 4 different weights(more than the other 2 record holders) He won 2 titles at featherweight, in 1952(he had earlier in the year won the Irish junior championship at this weight) and in 1953, one at lightweight in 1954, another one at light-welterweight in 1955, while at welterweight he won 5 titles, in 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, and 1962. Regarded as too young in 1952 to compete in the Helsinki Olympics, he did compete twice in the Olympic Games, in Melbourne in 1956 and in Rome in 1960, beaten in his first bout both times.", "(1949–  ) boxer; born in Marshall, Texas. Coming from a broken home, he joined the Job Corps (1965–67) while training and boxing as an amateur. He won the gold medal as a heavyweight at the 1968 Olympics, then turned professional in 1969. He held the world heavyweight championship (1973–74) until he was defeated by a resurgent Muhammad Ali in Zaire, Africa. He became an ordained minister in 1977 and devoted his money and energies to community work among poor African-Americans in Texas. Needing more money for his projects, he made a comeback as a heavyweight (1987) that was noted less for his being a serious threat and more for his becoming everyone's favorite boxer. In 1994 he knocked out Michael Moorer in a fight sanctioned by two of the three main boxing organizations to become the oldest heavyweight champion in history.", "In the post-Jack Dempsey era, boxing’s popularity waned significantly. The man responsible for carrying the torch for the sport throughout the late 1930s and all of the 1940s was Joe Louis. He acquired his first taste of championship gold in 1937 against James Braddock, and held on to it for a little more than a decade. He also holds the record for most title defenses (25), a figure that has yet to come even close to being matched. Louis’s era of dominance came to an end against Ezzard Charles in 1950, although he continued fighting until another loss to Rocky Marciano in 1951. He retired with a record of 66 wins and 3 losses, and he died of cardiac arrest in 1981.", "Walcott should stand alone, a 71-year-old testimonial to fortitude. He was the man who would not quit until he won the heavyweight title. He was the oldest fighter to win the title when, at the age of 37 and on his fifth try, he knocked out Charles, a great boxer who had beaten him twice previously, with one cracking left hook in the seventh round July 18, 1951. As he had promised himself, he thereupon paid back the welfare money.", "After a troubled childhood, Foreman took up boxing and was a gold medalist at the 1968 Olympics. He won the world heavyweight title with a second-round knockout of then-undefeated Joe Frazier in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1973. He made two successful title defenses before losing to Muhammad Ali in \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" in October 1974. He was unable to secure another title shot, and retired following a loss to Jimmy Young in 1977. Following what he referred to as a religious epiphany, Foreman became an ordained Christian minister. Ten years later, he announced a comeback and, in November 1994, at age 45, he regained a portion of the heavyweight championship by knocking out 27-year-old Michael Moorer to win the WBA and IBF titles. Foreman remains the oldest heavyweight champion in history, and the second oldest in any weight class after Bernard Hopkins. He retired in 1997 at the age of 48, with a final record of 76 wins 5 losses and 68 knockouts.", "A gold medalist at the 1968 Olympics , Foreman won the World Heavyweight title with a second round knockout of then-undefeated Joe Frazier in Kingston, Jamaica in 1973. He made two successful title defenses before losing to Muhammad Ali in \" The Rumble in the Jungle \" in 1974. He fought on but was unable to secure another title shot and retired following a loss to Jimmy Young in 1977 and became an ordained Christian minister. Ten years later Foreman announced a comeback, and in November 1994, at age 45, he regained the Heavyweight Championship by knocking out Michael Moorer . He remains the oldest Heavyweight Champion in history. He retired in 1997 at the age of 48, with a final record of 76–5, including 68 knockouts.", "On this day in 1994, George Foreman, age 45, becomes boxing’s oldest heavyweight champion when he defeats 26-year-old Michael Moorer in the 10th round of their WBA fight in Las Vegas. More than 12,000 spectators at the MGM Grand Hotel watched Foreman dethrone Moorer, who went into the fight with a 35-0 record. Foreman dedicated his upset win to “all my buddies in the nursing home and all the guys in jail.”", "Joseph Louis Barrow, better known as Joe Louis, was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time.", "(William Joseph Frazier), 1944–2011, African-American boxer, b. Beaufort, S.C. Known for a brawling style and devastating left hook, \"Smokin' Joe\" won Olympic gold in 1964 and turned professional the next year. In 1970 he became the undisputed heavyweight champion after knocking out Jimmy Ellis. The following year he defeated Muhammad Ali Ali, Muhammad", "It was George’s 66th birthday on Saturday. Joe passed away in 2011 but would have turned 71 today. It is a full four decades since they were in their prime and yet boxing still waits for two more of their kind to grace the ring together and remind us how special the heavyweight division can be.", "2/ Who in 1960, became the first boxer in history to regain the world heavyweight title?", "Amateur International welterweight boxer. Club:Clonmel. He was the first boxer to win four successive Irish National Senior Championships at welterweight, winning in 1949,1950,1951 and 1952. He respresnted Ireland at the Helsinki Olympic Games in 1952.", "A 25-year career! World champion in the welterweight division between 1946 and 1951 and then middleweight champion in 1951, and from 1955 to 1958. 174 victories in 199 fights.", "At the age of 49 he won the WBF heavyweight championship. He retired in 1999 with a final record of 69-13-1, including 41 wins by knockout." ]

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[ "Becker might have opened the glory of German tennis, but Steffi Graf would be the undisputed superstar of all tennis. She won the 1988 Golden Grand Slam (all four Slam titles and the Olympic gold medal) and dominated with 13 Slams from 1990-1996. Her 22 Grand Slam titles and 377 weeks at No. 1 are Open Era records, balanced with at least four titles on each of the four venues. Her big forehand and consistent slice backhand were the tools to her elegant style and nearly impeccable legacy.", "Stefanie Maria \"Steffi\" Graf (born 14 June 1969, in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany) is a former World No. 1 German tennis player. In total, Graf won 22 Grand Slam singles titles, second among male and female players only to Margaret Court's 24. Her 22 singles titles mark the record for most Grand Slam wins by a tennis player (male or female) since introduction of the Open Era in 1968. In 1988, she became the first and only tennis player (male or female) to achieve the Calendar Year Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year. She is the only player, male or female, to win 5 consecutive grand slams (1988 Australian Open to 1989 Australian Open) and 7 grand slams out of 8 in 2 calender years (1988 Australian Open to 1989 US Open, except 1989 French open) Graf was ranked World No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for a record 377 total weeks—the longest period for which any player, male or female, has held the number-one ranking since the WTA and the Association of Tennis Professionals began issuing rankings. She also holds the open era record for finishing as the year-end World No. 1 the most times, having done so on eight occasions.[4] She won 107 singles titles, which ranks her third on the WTA's all-time list after Martina Navratilova (167 titles) and Chris Evert (157 titles).", "It returned as a demonstration sport in 1968 and again in 1984 and it then regained full Olympic status in 1988 when Steffi Graf (Germany) completed a unique Golden Slam of winning all four Grand Slam singles titles AND the Olympic title all in the same year. Serena Williams (USA), Andre Agassi (USA) and Rafael Nadal (Spain) are the only three other players to have won all five titles, but not in the same year.", "1988 - Steffi Graf becomes the second woman in the Open Era, after Margaret Court , to complete a calendar year Grand Slam - and makes it a 'Golden Grand Slam' by winning the Olympic title in Seoul.", "Graf is the only player to ever win the Golden Slam. She won all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic Gold Medal in Seoul in 1988. Her accomplishment is even more impressive considering that she is the only women’s player to accomplish that goal on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard court).", "Steffi Graf - The Only Tennis Player to Win a Golden Slam in 1988 | STEVE G TENNIS", "The United States has won 13 Olympic gold medals in men's and women's tennis, more than any other nation since tennis was reinstated as an Olympic sport in 1988. The closest nations all have two: Russia, Germany/West Germany, Switzerland and Chile. The U.S. team once again hopes to compete for medals across all five disciplines with a roster featuring 22-time Grand Slam singles champion and four-time Olympic gold medalist Serena Williams, and seven-time Grand Slam singles champion and four-time Olympic gold medalist Venus Williams. ", "Germany's Steffi Graf is the first and only tennis player (male or female) to ever complete a Golden Slam. That means, she won all four Grand Slam titles, as well as the gold medal in singles at the Olympic Games, in the same calendar year.", "Steffi Graf is a former World No. 1 German tennis player. She is at no 2 in the list of Top 10 Grand Slam Champions Women’s Singles. She won 22 Grand Slam singles titles, second among male and female players only to Margaret Court’s 24. Her 22 singles titles mark the record for most Major wins by a tennis player since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968. She is the only player to win at least 4 singles titles at each Grand Slam. In 1988, she became the first and only tennis player to achieve the Calendar Year Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year.Graf is regarded by many to be the greatest female tennis player of all time. She was ranked World No. 1 by the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) for a record 377 total weeks—the longest period for which any player, male or female.", "The balance of power in men’s tennis shifted back to Europe in the 1980s. Borg inspired a new wave of players in Sweden . A sophisticated junior-development system created a group of Swedish players—led by 1982, 1985, and 1988 French Open champion Mats Wilander. Another European country with a long tennis tradition that reached new heights in the 1980s was Czechoslovakia . One of the foremost players and coaches in Europe in the 1920s and ’30s was the Czech Karel Kozeluh. Czechoslovakia produced men’s Wimbledon champions Jaroslav Drobny in 1954 and Jan Kodeš in 1973. Among the players to come out of Czechoslovakia’s player-development system and become dominant in the 1970s and ’80s were Martina Navratilova , who became a U.S. citizen; Hana Mandlikova, who became an Australian citizen in 1987; and Ivan Lendl, who took up residence in the United States. The European tennis boom of the 1980s also swept through West Germany , which produced Boris Becker , who won the Wimbledon singles in 1985 at age 17 (the youngest man and first unseeded player to do so), and Steffi Graf , who in 1987 ended Navratilova’s five-year reign as the top-ranked woman in tennis and in 1988 won the Grand Slam, becoming the first woman to do so since Margaret Court in 1970.", "Only four players had won the coveted calendar Grand Slam of Majors - the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open - in the same year. But none of them, not Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, Don Budge, or Rod Laver, had ever won an Olympic gold medal as well. Admittedly, given the absence of tennis from the Olympic games between 1924 and 1988, they did not have a chance. But that did not detract from the 19-year-old German’s achievement.", "Graf’s ascent to greatness was produced at a slow burn, then turned red hot. She captured her first major championship at the French Open in 1987, defeating Navratilova 6-4, 4-6, 8-6. In 1988 and 1989, Graf was the most dominant player in the world, winning seven of the eight majors contested (she lost in the 1989 French Open final) and by the end of the 1990 season won eight of 12 major titles in a three-year stretch, was a finalist in three majors and a semifinalist at Wimbledon. Her cumulative record placed her in rarified space: She was 78-4 in major tournament play those three years. In winning the 1988 Grand Slam and Olympic Gold medal, Graf dispatched Chris Evert at the Australian (6-1, 7-6), Natasha Zvereva at the French (6-0, 6-0), Navratilova at Wimbledon (5-7, 6-2, 6-1), Gabriela Sabatini at the US Open (6-3, 3-6, 6-1), and Sabatini at the 1988 Games in Seoul (6-3, 6-3). Graf made a bid to capture back-to-back Olympic Gold Medals at the 1992 Barcelona Games, but was defeated by upstart Jennifer Capriati.", "Perhaps Graf’s greatest accomplishments came in 1988 when the German won a career golden slam, winning all four majors in 1988 plus the Olympic Gold Medal in Seoul.", "A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam. Serena Williams is the only player to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in both singles and doubles. ", "      Katarina Witt ( Witt, Katarina ) of East Germany, dominating women's singles in a manner that had not been seen since Henie, won Olympic gold medals at both the 1984 ( Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ) and 1988 ( Calgary , Alberta ) Winter Games. American Scott Hamilton ( Hamilton, Scott ) (see Sidebar: Scott Hamilton: Training for Olympic Gold) won four world championships (1981–84) as well as an Olympic gold medal in 1984. Earlier, American brothers Hayes and David Jenkins ( Jenkins, Hayes Alan ) had won successive Olympic gold medals at the 1956 and 1960 Games. Brian Boitano ( Boitano, Brian ) continued the American Olympic dominance by winning the gold medal in 1988.", "Pete Sampras, Jim Courier and Andre Agassi led the second great wave of Grand Slam success from 1989-2003, which included 28 Grand Slam and three Davis Cup titles. It was the most successful tennis generation of the Open era and the standard for the future.", "Stefan Bengt Edberg (; born 19 January 1966) is a Swedish former world no. 1 professional tennis player (in both singles and doubles). A major proponent of the serve-and-volley style of tennis, he won six Grand Slam singles titles and three Grand Slam men's doubles titles between 1985 and 1996. He also won the Masters Grand Prix and was a part of the Swedish Davis Cup-winning-team four times. In addition he won four Masters Series titles, four Championship Series titles and the unofficial Olympic tournament 1984, was ranked in the singles top 10 for ten successive years, 9 years in the top 5, and is considered one of the greatest players of his era. Edberg began coaching Roger Federer in January 2014. ", "Steffi Graf - German tennis legend who was ranked world number one for a record 378 weeks – just one of her many achievements. Won a gold medal at Seoul Olympics", "Andre Agassi (USA) 1986-2006: Held No. 1 for 101 weeks. Won 8 Grand Slams. One of four people to achieve the singles Career Golden Slam. Played until 36, holding the record for the oldest player ranked No. 1 (at 33). Known earlier in his career for his wild power off the ground, which gradually changed to a more measured, steady baseline attack in his later years. Also known earlier for his wacky outfits and long blonde wig and later for his Bald of Awesome . Married to Steffi Graf.", "Andre Agassi was grit personified. The way he dominated hard courts in the 1990s was unprecedented. Known as ‘The Punisher’ in his playing days, Agassi is widely regarded as one of the greatest all-round players the game has seen. His first major success came in the form of the Masters Cup (now the ATP Tour Finals) in 1990 and kick-started his legendary rivalry with fellow American Pete Sampras. He won the Wimbledon crown in 1992, followed by the US Open in 1994 and Australian Open in 1995. The wins, followed by a good clay court season catapulted him to the World No. 1 ranking. Agassi won the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics before injuries took toll and his form deserted him. However, he made a stupendous comeback winning five more Grand Slams- the French Open and US Open in 1999, and the Australian Open in 2000, 2001 and 2003; with his last Grand Slam coming at the age of 32.", "• Won the Olympic gold medal and was an integral part of the United States' sweep of Spain in the Fed Cup finals.", "Andre Agassi (1970–present). His father boxed for Iran in the 1948 and 1952 Olympics; his own Olympic exploits included the 1996 tennis gold. Born in Las Vegas, he reached the world’s #3 ranking at age 18 but was better known for his image than for his play. Perhaps the greatest returner and baseline player ever, Agassi won his first major on Wimbledon grass in 1992. Briefly married to Brooke Shields, he fell to #141 in the world in 1997, but after they divorced, Agassi rededicated himself to the game. In 1999 he won the French Open, becoming just the fifth man to complete the career Grand Slam. In all, Agassi has won eight major singles titles (five since 1999), and is now married to women’s great Steffi Graf.", "After his Wimbledon win, Agassi had several more Grand Slam victories in the early 1990s. He took the top spot at the U.S. Open in 1994. He was victorious at the Australian Open in 1995, which helped him climb to the top of rankings that year. Clearly at the top of his game, Agassi won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, Georgia. Off the court, charismatic Agassi's personal life became a popular topic in the tabloids. He was romantically linked to singer Barbra Streisand before marrying actress Brooke Shields in 1997.", "THE SEOUL OLYMPICS - TENNIS - Graf Adds Gold to Her Grand '88 Record - NYTimes.com", "At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Williams became only the second player to win Olympic gold medals in both singles and doubles at the same Olympic Games, after Helen Wills Moody in 1924. Serena Williams has since joined these 2 women in completing this feat when she won gold in the Singles and Doubles at 2012 London Olympics.", "Who is the only tennis player to have won each of the four grand slam events at least four times?", "Winning the four majors in consecutive tournaments but not in the same year is known as a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam, while winning all four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam. Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in a one calendar year is known as a \"Golden Grand Slam\" or more commonly the \"Golden Slam\". Also, winning the Year-End Championship (known as ATP World Tour Finals for men's singles and doubles disciplines, and WTA Tour Championships for both women's disciplines) in the same period is known as a \"Super Slam\". Together, all four Majors in all three disciplines (singles, doubles, and mixed doubles) are called a \"boxed set\" of Grand Slam titles. No male or female player has won all twelve events in one calendar year, although a \"career boxed set\" has been achieved by three female players during their careers.", "5. In 1988, the Australian Open moved from the grass courts at Kooyong to a new Rebound Ace hardcourt venue called Flinders Park (now Melbourne Park). Who is the only person to have won Australian Open singles titles at both venues?", "The heavy-swinging righty from Sochi also had four career Grand Slam doubles titles and an Olympic gold medal in singles at the Sydney games in 2000.", "Known For: Winning the Olympic gold medal in the super heavyweight class in Seoul in 1988.", "  Winner of gold medals in the 100 meter and 200 meter sprint events in the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics", "  Winner of gold medal in the 4x100 meter relay event at the 1988 Seoul Olympics" ]

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[ "Here's another wee google, just for your good self...Although this charismatic boxer was born Walker Smith Jr., he is best remembered as \"Sugar\" Ray Robinson. Born on May 3, 1921 in Ailey, Georgia, his parents moved the family to New York when Sugar", "Gainford also ran bootleg boxing matches, which would later lead to the introduction of Sugar Ray Robinson. Although he was not allowed to box initially, Smith Jr. was allowed to follow Gainford around simply to take in the sport. One particular night, Gainford was short a fighter and Smith Jr. volunteered to fill his place. Unfortunately, an Amateur Athletic Union identity card was necessary in order to signify Amateur status. Gainford, however, had a card from his friend Ray Robinson, and allowed Smith Jr. to use it, thus Smith Jr. would become the 1940 Golden Gloves lightweight champion under that name. Subsequently told that his style was \"sweet as sugar,\" Walker Smith, Jr. became known as \"Sugar\" Ray Robinson.", "1989 Sugar Ray Robinson [Walker Smith Jr] world welterweight champion (1946-51)/5-time middleweight champion, dies of Alzheimers at 67", "Robinson's amateur record is usually listed as 85-0 with 69 knockouts, 40 in the first round. However, he lost to Billy Graham and Patsy Pesca under his given name, Walker Smith Jr.", "For sociological impact, Robinson was perhaps America's most significant athlete. He made history in 1947 by becoming the first African-American to play in the major leagues in the 20th century, becoming a pioneer for a generation of African-Americans in major pro sports after World War II.", "Colorfully described as a tiger in the field and a lion at bat, the right-handed-hitting Robinson crowded the plate and dared opposing hurlers to dust him off—a challenge they frequently accepted. He was an excellent bunter, good at the sacrifice and always a threat to lay one down for a hit. Not known as a home-run hitter, he displayed line-drive power to all fields, had a good eye for the strike zone, and rarely struck out. For his entire big-league career, he drew 740 walks and struck out only 291 times—an extremely impressive ratio.", "Robinson remained an unofficial spokesman for African-Americans and a relentless crusader for civil rights. He became embroiled in politics. Though a strong supporter of Martin Luther King and the NAACP, he endorsed Richard Nixon over John F. Kennedy for president in 1960 because he felt Kennedy had not made it \"his business to know colored people.\" Reportedly it was an action that he later came to regret.", "Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca-Cola advertising . His promotional suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and plastering the city of Atlanta with publicity banners and streetcar signs.[[|[48]]]", "“Smokey Robinson was like God in our eyes,” Paul McCartney once said. The melodic and lyrical genius behind Motown’s greatest hits is the most influential and innovative R&B tunesmith of all time. Robinson was an elegant, delicate singer and poetic writer whose songs brought new levels of nuance to the Top 40. The son of a truck driver raised in what he called “the suave part of the slums,” Robinson had his first hit in 1960 with the Miracles’ “Shop Around” and went onto pen the Temptations’ “My Girl” and “Get Ready,” Mary Wells’ “My Guy,” the Marvelettes’ “Don’t Mess With Bill,” Marvin Gaye’s “Ain’t That Peculiar” and many more.", "Difficult as it is to believe now, baseball was a whites-only sport as late as 1945. Robinson was the man who broke that barrier. His life, even to that point, was marked by both athletic brilliance and his refusal to be segregated. Established at the Brooklyn Dodgers, Robinson faced ongoing harassment from the crowd and other players, but he proved he was no token: his exceptional hitting and base-running made him a hero, helped the Dodgers win a World Series and thrust open the door for other black athletes.", "Robinson was a key cog in the Brooklyn Dodgers' World Series championship team of 1955, and he went on to have a Hall of Fame career.  ", "A newspaper account of the prosecution case likened it to \"a pigeon shooting match in which District Attorney Moody kept flinging up the birds and defying his antagonist to hit them, while the ex-Governor (defense attorney Robinson) constantly fired and often, but by no mean always, wounded or brought them down.  Robinson's performance impressed reporters, with one writing that the ex-Governor \"is certainly without equal in New York City as a cross-examiner.\"  Robinson seemed any to \"turn more or less to his own account\" nearly every government witness, according to one trial account. ", "Smokey Robinson is a famous American singer and songwriter, who had a successful career both as part of the group “The Miracles” and as a solo artist. He was born as William  Robinson, Jr. on February 19, 1940 to a poor family in Detroit. His mother died when he was very young so he was raised by his elder sister and her husband. He was an intelligent and active child who excelled academically and also played sports. However, from a very young age his real passion had been music. In high school he formed the band called the Five Chimes.", "In her childhood, Smith sang on street corners before joining a touring black minstrel show as a dancer. Also in the show was Ma Rainey and before long the young newcomer was also singing the blues. By 1920 Smith was headlining a touring show and was well on the way to becoming the finest singer of the blues the USA would ever hear. On the night of September 26, 1937, after appearing at a juke joint in Sunflower County, Mississippi, Smith and her fiance Richard Morgan were driving to Memphis from where they would embark for New York, when their car was struck head-on by a truck. Morgan suffered only minor injuries but Smith's right arm was nearly severed and she was bleeding profusely. Though it has never been proven conclusively, legend has it that Smith was denied treatment from several \"whites only\" hospitals in the Delta before arriving at a \"colored's only\" hospital in Clarksdale, Mississippi. But by the time she arrived it was too late for she had died from loss of blood. Most blues historians affirm this account of Smith's death to be accurate, though some state that she actually died at the scene of the crash or shortly thereafter.", "Robinson died at Mount Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles of bladder cancer in 1973. Services were held at Temple Israel in Los Angeles where Charlton Heston delivered the eulogy.Beck, Robert. The Edward G. Robinson Encyclopedia, McFarland (2002) Over 1,500 friends of Robinson attended, with another crowd of 500 people outside. His body was then flown to New York where it was entombed in a crypt in the family mausoleum at Beth-El Cemetery in Brooklyn. ", "Peter Robinson is a prolific mystery thriller write who lives in Canada, but writes about characters in his homeland of England. Although the author of several short stories, novels, poems, and essays, Robinson is best known for his Inspector Alan Banks series. This creative string of novels has been adapted into several riveting television shows, and has been translated into over fifteen (15) different languages.", "A Rhodes Scholar from Vancouver who bowled probing offspin for Oxford University in 1947 and 1948 - Trevor Bailey was among his six victims in the '47 Varsity Match - Robinson later captained a strong Canadian team that held its own with the counties on a tour of England in 1954. He later became a diplomat, wrote a biography of the Canadian prime minister John Diefenbaker, and a family history entitled This Family Robinson.", "The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. ", "Author Peter Robinson even won the award by the Crime Writers Association. He was credited for giving the most pleasure to his readers with the series of Inspector Banks novels, which were getting gritty, dark and popular with every release. Inspector Alan Banks, the protagonist are the maverick, as they used to be in traditional times. Alan Banks is a genuine detective who is passionate towards solving cases. His objective to hunt the criminals and do justice by solving crime cases take him on tough journeys. He is not afraid of taking dark and dangerous paths for solving the crimes and doing justice. Inspector Alan Banks remain one of the most popular characters on a mission, which ultimately benefits humanity by bringing an end to crime. Even though based in Eastvale, people can easily relate to the novels and the settings of crime scenes.", "Peter Robinson is the critically acclaimed New York Times and London Sunday Times best-selling author of the Inspector Alan Banks series, as well as a winner of the 2001 Anthony and 2001 Ellis Awards. Close to Home traverses the difficult landscapes of a painful past, and an uncertain future for Inspector Banks. Two 15-year-old boys are lost, and the circumstances of their disappearances seem oddly parallel save one detail. The first boy disappeared and was presumed dead 35 years ago.", "4.  Would a jury in the present day South have convicted Tom Robinson? Defend your answer. Suggested Response: It is unlikely. Juries in the South are now integrated. They more accurately represent the entire community, including black people. For an example of how integrated juries affect verdicts, see the Learning Guide to \"Ghosts of Mississippi\" . In that case, a Civil Rights worker, Medger Evers, was murdered in 1963. Courageous prosecutors tried to convict the assassin twice in the early 1960s in front of all white juries. Each time the jurors could not reach a unanimous verdict. It was not until some 36 years later, after Mississippi started allowing black people on juries, that the assassin was again prosecuted and an integrated jury convicted him.", "One of the world's most popular and acclaimed writers, Peter Robinson is the bestselling, award-winning author of the Inspector Banks series; he has also written two short-story collections and three standalone novels, which combined have sold mor...", "Walker was greatly influenced by Zora Neale Hurston, and \"almost single handedly rescued Zora Neale Hurston from obscurity.”\"Walker, Alice.\" Columbia Guide to Contemporary African American Fiction. Columbia University Press, 2005. Literary Reference Center. Indian Hills Library, Oakland, NJ. She called attention to Hurston's works, and made revived her popularity that had risen during the Harlem Renaissance. Walker was so moved by Hurston that she went to her blank tombstone and wrote \"Southern Genius\" on it Alma S. Freeman, \"Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker: A Spiritual Kinship.\" Sage 2.1 (Spring 1985), rpt. in Deborah A. Schmitt (ed.), Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 103. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Indian Hills Library, Oakland, NJ.", "Although William Heath Robinson was a prolific artist, his work is rarely shown and is under-represented in public collections.", "His book, Travels in the interior districts of Africa, was a success because it detailed what he observed, what he survived, and the people he encountered. His honest descriptions set a standard for future travel writers to follow. This gave Europeans a glimpse of what Africa was really like. Park introduced them to a vast, unexplored continent. After Park's death public and political interest in Africa began to increase. He had proved that Africa could be explored. Perhaps the most lasting effect of Park's travels, though, was their influence on European governments.", "His book Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa was a success because it detailed what he observed, what he survived, and the people he encountered. His honest descriptions set a standard for future travel writers to follow. This gave Europeans a glimpse of what Africa was really like. Park introduced them to a vast, unexplored continent. After his death public and political interest in Africa began to increase. He had proved that Africa could be explored. Perhaps the most lasting effect of Park's travels, though, was their influence on European governments.", "A biography of the proper Charlestonian who wrote of the Gullahs of Catfish Row and inspired a Gershwin masterpiece", "As a young man Heyward was immersed in the Gullah culture of his city. Especially through his mother, a performer and interpreter of Gullah life in folktale and song, he discovered the gateway into the fascinating world he would immortalize in the characters of Porgy, Bess, Maria, and other denizens of Charleston's Catfish Row. In this full-dress biography Heyward is seen for the first time as a southerner who overcame social restrictions to perceive humanity beyond the class and color lines. Drawing on nearly fifty years of private papers and on previously untapped personal correspondence, this book places Heyward in the social and cultural framework of his time and marks the power and empathy of his extraordinary achievement.", "Unappreciated by most Americans during her life, many of Zora Neale Hurston’s books are among the best-selling novels. Her most famous novel is semi-autobiographical, detailing life in the all-black town of Eatonville, Florida.", "Devilish imagery was commonplace in the blues, and Robert Johnson made use of this in songs like “Me and the Devil Blues” and “Hellhound on my Trail”, but it’s his recording of “ Crossroad Blues ” that is most identified with the legend, though the lyrics don’t specifically reference it. Multiple cities in the south lay claim to being home of the location where the transaction occurred, and two of them—Clarksdale and Memphis—have even erected tourist attractions in the supposed spots to commemorate the event.", "With Hervey Allen (1889–1949), DuBose Heyward co-founded the Poetry Society of South Carolina. Heyward published his first poetry collection, “Jasbo Brown and Other Poems,” and penned the novel “Mamba's Daughters,” the novella “Star-Spangled Virgin,” and the children's book “The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes.” With Allen, Heyward jointly published “Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country.”", "In 1934, local community leader George Washington Lee authored Beale Street: Where the Blues Began; the first book by a black author to be advertised in the Book-of-the-Month Club News. " ]

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[ "Maurice Greene (born July 23, 1974) is an American former track and field sprinter who specialized in the 100 meters and 200 meters. He is a former 100 m world record holder with a time of 9.79 seconds. During the height of his career (1997–2004) he won four Olympic medals and was a five-time World Champion. This included three golds at the 1999 World Championships, a feat which had previously only been done by Carl Lewis and Michael Johnson and has since been equaled by three others.", "Some years ago, Greene provoked comments - and raised more than a few eyebrows - when he got a tattoo that read \"G.O.A.T.\"  When asked then about its meaning, Greene explained that the ink abbreviation stood for \"Greatest Of All Time.\"  It is undoubtedly true that Carl Lewis, Usain Bolt, and their followers may take issue with the sprinter's controversial claim.  But a fair assessment of Greene's decorated career of sprint accomplishments - especially in light of his agile adaptation to new roles in the world of track & field - might nonetheless support the notion that Maurice Greene is becoming a \"Grand Oracle About Track.\"  ", "It is often difficult for sprint legends to look at current dash performers and offer an honest, unbiased evaluation.  But Greene doesn't hesitate in suggesting where Usain Bolt fits in the constellation of track & field's greatest sprinters.  \"He has to be at the top,\" the sprint legend states without equivocation.  \"In this sport - a sport that I've done - and I've done a lot of great things - you have to say Usain is at the top.\"  Explaining further, the former Olympic and world champion offers, \"He has surpassed everything that anybody did before him.  I don't know a good argument why not to put him at the top.\"  Greene takes time to reflect upon the oft-pursued championship level sprint triple:  victories in the 100m, the 200m, and the 4x100 relay.  It is a championship hat trick Greene accomplished once - at the '99 Seville world championships.  Usain Bolt has captured these triple wins - the Bolt Slam - four times.  But for an inattentive false start in Daegu, Bolt would have turned the trick five times.  Asked to speculate how long Bolt's unmatched championship record might last, Maurice Greene flashes that trademark smile and - with a laugh - blurts, \"Until somebody comes down from Mars!\"", "* The world record in this event is held by American sprinter Maurice Greene with a time of 6.39 seconds.", "A Greene mentor – Gay counts America's retired sprinter Maurice Greene as both a hero and a mentor. The former Olympic 100m champion's advice and support \"really means a lot to me,\" says Gay.", "      In Edmonton, Alta., American runner Maurice Greene wins the world championship 100-m sprint for the third consecutive time with a time of 9.82 sec; on the following day American sprinter Marion Jones loses her first 100-m race since 1997 to Zhanna Pintusevich-Block of Ukraine, and on August 8 Ethiopian runner Haile Gebrselassie, who had won every 10,000-m event that he had entered since 1993, finishes behind Charles Kamathi of Kenya.", "Chambers is the current European record holder in the 60 m with 6.42 s and is the third fastest sprinter in the history of the event after Andre Cason and Maurice Greene. Chambers shares the British and European records for the 4×100 metres relay with Gardener, Darren Campbell and Marlon Devonish with their 37.73 s finish at the 1999 Seville World Championships. It is also the fastest time recorded by a team outside of the IAAF's North, Central American and Caribbean region. ", "In 1999 he set the 100 m world record at 9.79 s (+0.1 m/s wind), beating Donovan Bailey's standing world record of 9.84 s (+0.7 m/s wind), and lowering the world record by the largest margin since the advent of electronic timing. Greene also matched Bailey's 50 m indoor world record time, but the run was never ratified. He also set the 60 m indoor world record twice. His 60 m indoor record is currently at 6.39 s. Both records still stand. In addition, Maurice Greene is the only sprinter to hold the 60 m and 100 m world records at the same time.", "Tyson Gay said he made a misjudgment in when he decided to slow up in his preliminary round race of the 100m at the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials. The decision nearly cost him a spot in the quarterfinals. But Gay took no chances in the next round, blazing his way to victory in his heat in 9.77 seconds. That time broke Maurice Greene's American record of 9.79 set in Athens in 1999 as well as Greene's Olympic Trials record set in 2004, 9.91. It also makes Gay the third-fastest man with the fourth-fastest time of all time.", "a career which spanned a decade, Greene collected a substantial amount of championship hardware:  4 Olympic medals, including 2 golds [100m and 4x100] from Sydney '00; and 5 golds in world championship competition, including Bolt Slam golds [100m, 200m, and 4x100] in Seville '99.  The former world record holder at 100m [9.79], Greene still holds the indoor WR's for 50m [5.56] and 60m [6.39].  No doubt about it.  When the chips were on the table, it was a safe bet that Maurice Greene would come up big.", "Maurice Greene followed up with golds in the 100m and 4x100m sprints at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.", "From an early age, Maurice Greene showed ability on the track. In 1993, Greene achieved an amazing three years in a row of winning the double of 100 metres and 200 metres at the Kansas High School State meeting.", "Not only does it describe his demeanor on the field, but the nickname became his name. His name isn't simply Joe Green, it's Mean Joe Greene and everyone I've ever known refers to him by the latter. Sure, Broadway and Crazy Legs are worthy, but only Mean Joe Greene's nickname is inherent.", "Usain St. Leo Bolt, OJ, CD (; born 21 August 1986), is a Jamaican sprinter. Regarded as the fastest person ever timed, he is the first man to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time measurements became mandatory in 1977. Along with his teammates, he also set the world record in the 4×100 metres relay. He is the reigning Olympic champion in these three events, and the first man at the modern Olympic Games to win six gold medals in sprinting, and an eleven-time World champion. He was the first in the modern Olympics era to achieve the \"double double\" of winning 100 m and 200 m titles at consecutive games (2008 and 2012), and topped this through the first \"double triple\" (including 4×100 m relays). ", "Bailey's time of 9.84 in Atlanta was the 100m world record from 1996 until 1999, when it was broken by Greene. The time also stood as the Commonwealth record from 1996 until 2005, when it was broken by Asafa Powell, and is the current Canadian record (shared with Bruny Surin since 1999). His Olympic record was broken by Usain Bolt at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "Greene, who twice set the world indoor 60m record (6.39) and holds the American 50m record (5.56) indoors; set the American 100m record (9.79) in Athens nine years ago.", "The following season would be his breakthrough. At the World Championships in Athens, Greene won the 100 m title. This marked the beginning of Greene's dominance in the 100 m. He successfully defended his title in 1999 and 2001 and captured the Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Olympics. He was also successful at the 200 m. At the 1999 World Championships, he also won the 200 m title, the first to win both sprint events at a World Championships. However, he did not run the 200 m at the 2000 Olympics after an injury at the US trials.", "In 2002, Greene lost his 100 m world record to fellow American Tim Montgomery, who beat his time by 0.01 (9.78 s +2.0 m/s), while Greene himself was injured and watched the race from the stands; Montgomery has since been found guilty of using performance-enhancing drugs, and his record has been retroactively rescinded. The record was broken legitimately by Asafa Powell in 2005 with a time of 9.77 s (+1.6 m/s wind).", "Only Bailey (9.84) and Leroy Burrell of Philadelphia (9.85 in 1994) had run a legal 100 meters faster than Greene's previous best of 9.86. Ben Johnson of Canada ran 9.83 in 1987 and 9.79 in the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but when his post-race drug test in the Olympics disclosed traces of a banned anabolic steroid, international officials threw both records out.", "Wayde Van Niekerk (born 15 July 1992) is a South African track and field sprinter who competes in the 200 metres and 400 metres. He holds personal bests of 19.94[1] seconds and 43.48 seconds for the distances, respectively. He has held South African records for both but currently he only holds the record for the 400m event. He's the first athlete ever to run 100 metres under 10 seconds, 200 metres under 20 seconds and 400m under 44 seconds. Van Niekerk was the silver medallist in the 400 m at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and took bronze in the 4×400 metres relay at the 2013 Summer Universiade. He also represented South Africa at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics. At the latter event he took the gold medal in the 400 and is the reigning world champion.", "Michael Duane Johnson (born September 13, 1967) is a retired American sprinter. He won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals. Johnson currently holds the world and Olympic records in the 400 m. He formerly held the world and Olympic record in the 200 m, and the world record in the indoor 400 m. He also currently holds the world's best time at the 300 m. His 200 m time of 19.32 at the 1996 Summer Olympics stood as the record for more than 12 years until it was broken by Usain Bolt in 2008. Johnson is generally considered one of the greatest and most consistent sprinters in the history of track and field. ", "sprinter and hurdler who won 4 gold medals in the 1948 London Olympics. In the post-war years she set or equalled 12 world records in events as diverse as the long jump, the high jump, sprint and hurdling events and the Pentathlon. In 1999 the IAAF voted her the greatest female athlete of the 20th century.", "Considered one of the greatest and most consistent sprinters in the history of track and field, Michael Johnson holds the world and Olympic records in the 400 m.", "Dai Greene stormed to 400m hurdles victory in last year’s World Championships and is a major medal hope here. The 26-year-old is aiming to become the first Welshman since 1964 to win an athletics gold. However, Britain’s athletics captain faces stiff competition from Puerto Rican Javier Culson.", "Jim Hines' October 1968 Olympic gold medal run was the fastest recorded fully electronic 100 metre race to that time, at 9.95. Track and Field News has compiled an unofficial list of automatically timed records starting with the 1964 Olympics and Bob Hayes' gold medal performance there. Those marks are included in the progression.", "Lalonde Gordon, HBM is a male track and field sprinter from Trinidad and Tobago who specialises in the 400 metres. He won the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics with a personal best of 44.52 seconds. He is the second fastest 400 m runner from his country after Ian Morris. He took a second Olympic bronze with the 4 × 400 metres relay team in London, setting a national record in the process. He was also part of the Trinidad and Tobago relay teams that won bronze 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, silver at the 2011 CAC Championships, and bronze at the 2010 CAC Games.", "Schult holds the longest-standing record in track and field. His launch landed 243 feet away in 1986. He represented East Germany. (Getty Images)", "Dai Greene will be a gold medal contender in the 400 metres hurdles at the World Championships in Daegu. Photograph: John Giles/PA", "In winning the gold medal in the men's 400m hurdles at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, Andre Phillips picked the best possible time to notch his only career win over his idol and fellow National Track & Field Hall of Famer Edwin Moses. Phillips, who won the 1985 World Cup, the 1985 USA Outdoor title and was the 1981 NCAA 400m hurdles champion, was nine times ranked top ten in the world by Track & Field News, and ranked #1 globally in 1985, 1986 and 1988. He was world ranked #3 in the 110m hurdles in 1985.", "Going the distance: World 400m hurdle champion Dai Green and defending Olympic 400m champion Christine Ohuruogu (R) will be looking to win in front of their home crowd at the Olympic Stadium", "Mary Decker, the outstanding female middle-distance runner of her generation, had hoped to run both the 1500 and 3,000 metres at the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984 but withdrew from the 1500 because the events overlapped. So her Olympic hopes were pinned on the longer race, in which her rivals included Zola Budd, the diminutive South African controversially granted British citizenship earlier in the year.", "The green jersey is a term used in road bicycle racing and Grand Tour stage races in particular. The green jersey is a distinctive racing jersey worn by the leader in a subsidiary competition. " ]

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[ "Having lost to Leon Spinks earlier in the year, Muhammad Ali beats him to win the heavyweight boxing title and becomes the first ever boxer to regain the championship twice.", "In 1999, he faced Lennox Lewis in a split draw, but was defeated in a rematch eight months later. The following year, he won a unanimous decision over John Ruiz for the vacant WBA heavyweight championship, becoming the first boxer to win a version of the heavyweight title four times.[2] Holyfield would lose a rematch with Ruiz seven months later and would face him for the third time in a draw.", "On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, age 22, defeats champion Sonny Liston in a technical knockout to win the world heavyweight boxing crown. The highly anticipated match took place in Miami Beach, Florida. Clay, who later became known to the world as Muhammad Ali, went on to become the first fighter to capture the heavyweight title three times.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942) is a retired American boxer and three-time World Heavyweight Champion , who is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time. As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. After turning professional, he went on to become the first boxer to win the lineal heavyweight championship three times.", "After defending his heavyweight title six times--including a third fight with Joe Frazier--Ali lost it to Leon Spinks on 15 February 1978 in a split decision. He regained the WBA title from Spinks seven months later in a unanimous decision, becoming the first boxer to win the heavyweight championship three times. In 1979 Ali announced his retirement, at that point having lost only three times in 59 fights, but he returned to fight World Boxing Council champion Larry Holmes in 1980 and Trevor Berbick of Canada in 1981, losing both.  Ali then retired permanently.", "There was a rematch, on May 15 , 1953 , in Chicago , but the second time around, Marciano retained the belt by a knockout in the first round, when Walcott attempted to become the first man in history to regain the world's Heavyweight crown. Walcott retired after this bout, remaining retired for the rest of his life.", "Ali began to employ a new style of boxing, one that he called his \"rope-a-dope.\" He would let his opponents wear themselves down while he rested, often against the ropes; then he would lash out in the later rounds. During his ensuing reign Ali successfully defended his title ten more times. Ali held the championship until he was defeated by Leon Spinks on February 16, 1978, in a bout held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Seven months later, on September 15, 1978, Ali regained the heavyweight title by defeating Spinks in a bout held at New Orleans. Ali thus became the first boxer in history to win the heavyweight championship three times. At the end of his boxing career he was slowed by a neurological condition related to Parkinson's disease. His last fight, the 61st, took place in 1981.", "On this day in 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans to win the world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so. Following his victory, Ali retired from boxing, only to make a brief comeback two years later. Ali, who once claimed he could “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,” left the sport permanently in 1981.", "(WBF) World Heavyweight Boxing Champion, Australian Heavyweight Champion - Fought Muhammad Ali for the world title twice!", "Floating like a butterfly to the top of the sporting lists. He was the first man to win the world heavyweight boxing title three times, but it was the manner of his achievement which made an unrivalled public impact. Yet he defied opinion to embrace the Moslem faith at the height of his prowess, and missed four years through suspension after refusing to fight in Vietnam. Reclaiming his title in 1973 by outfoxing the mighty George Foreman confirmed his own estimation that he was \"the greatest\".", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer who held the world heavyweight title from September 23, 1952 to April 27, 1956. Marciano went undefeated in his career and defended his title six times, against Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell, and Archie Moore.", "1951 Ezzard Charles beats Jersey Joe Walcott in 15 for 2nd time to win National Boxing Association world heavyweight title", "In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks in the first 91 seconds of the fight. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. Tyson lost his titles to 42-to-1 underdog James \"Buster\" Douglas on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan, by a knockout in round 10. Tyson continued in his quest to regain the titles, defeating Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991. Tyson was then scheduled to take on the undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield but pulled out due to injury.", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 -- August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956. Marciano is the only champion to hold the heavyweight title and go untied and undefeated throughout his career. Marciano defended his title six times.", "After losing his title to Leon Spinks in February 1978, Ali defeated him in a September rematch, becoming the first boxer to win the heavyweight championship three times. Following a brief retirement, he returned to the ring to face Larry Holmes in 1980, but was overmatched against the younger champion. Following one final loss in 1981, to Trevor Berbick, the boxing great retired from the sport.", "Without question, Muhammad Ali transformed the world of sports. Winning the heavyweight title three times — beginning with his shocking upset of Sonny Liston in 1964, which made him the youngest boxer to unseat an incumbent heavyweight champion — Ali is considered, alongside Joe Louis and Sugar Ray Robinson, one of the best boxers ever to enter a ring. Though his pugilistic style was unorthodox and an affront to boxing purists at the time, his dazzling combination of speed and power revolutionized the sport, and most boxing observers have now come to agree with Ali's longtime boast that he was \"The Greatest of All Time.\"", "On March 7, 1951, he and Charles fought for a second time and again Charles won a 15 round decision to retain his world title. But on July 18, he joined a handful of boxers who claimed the world title in their fifth try, when he knocked out Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, to finally become world's heavyweight champion, at the relatively old age of 37. This made him the oldest man ever to win the world heavyweight crown (a distinction he would hold until George Foreman won the title at age 45 in 1994).", "Joseph William \"Smokin' Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was a world heavyweight boxing champion, active mostly in the 1960s and 1970s. Frazier is considered one of the greatest heavyweights of all time, but he is perhaps most famous for his trilogy of fights with Muhammad Ali, the first of which, won by Frazier in a unanimous decision, has often been called one of boxing's greatest bouts. Frazier was known for a relentless pursuit of opponents, quickly cutting off angles of escape using a chugging locomotion reminiscent of a train's advance up a hill. The contrast with Ali's dancing, non-linear style could not have been greater.", "George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American former professional boxer. Nicknamed \"Big George\", in his boxing career he was a two-time world heavyweight champion and an Olympic gold medalist. Outside the sport he went on to become an ordained minister, author and entrepreneur.", "A picture taken September 30 1974 in Kinshasa of the fight opposing former world heavyweight boxing champion the American Muhammad Ali (R) and his compatriot and titleholder George Foreman (L). Ali won and got back his title. (AFP/Getty Images)", "In 1967, while America was at war in Vietnam, Ali refused for religious reasons to join the Army. As a result, he was convicted of draft dodging, stripped of his title and banned from boxing for three years. In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed his conviction and Ali reclaimed the heavyweight crown on January 28, 1974, at the “Rumble in the Jungle” in Zaire against champion George Foreman.", "James “Buster” Douglas (born April 7, 1960) is a former undisputed world heavyweight boxing champion who scored a stunning upset when he knocked out previously undefeated champion Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990 in Tokyo, Japan. At the time, Tyson was considered to be the best boxer in the world and one of the most feared heavyweight champions in history due to his utter domination of the division. The Mirage Casino in Las Vegas, the only Las Vegas casino to make odds on the fight, had Douglas as a 42 to 1 underdog for the fight.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer and Olympic and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.", "He was the undisputed heavyweight champion from 1987 to 1990. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "1. Who was the 1st Olympic heavyweight boxing champion to be professional champion of the world?", "His boxing career was put on hold until 1970 when he was allowed to box again and it was not until 1974 he regained his title for the third time by defeating champion George Foreman in their bout in Kinshasa, Zaire \"The Rumble In The Jungle,\". He held and defended his title until 1978 when he lost it to Leon Spinks.", "As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. After turning professional, he went on to become the first boxer to win the lineal heavyweight championship three times.", "Throughout his professional career, Lewis suffered two losses, both of which he avenged in rematches, both by knockout. Lewis won the heavyweight championship three times and was the fifth man to reclaim the lineal championship.", "First combatant, male or female, to win world titles in both boxing and mixed martial arts.", "* This was the first time in history that two British-born boxers fought each other for a World heavyweight title.", "He later lost twice to Ali on close decisions. He is in the boxing hall of fame", "He was a particularly good boxer and may even have been tempted to compete for the world championship." ]

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[ "Peter Nichol became the first Brit in 25 years to win the British Open in which sport?*Squash", "Peter Nicol, MBE (born 5 April 1973), is a former professional squash player from Scotland, who represented first Scotland and then England in international squash. In 1998, while still competing for Scotland, he became the first player from the UK to hold the World No. 1 ranking. During his career, he won one World Open title, two British Open titles, and four Commonwealth Games Gold Medals. He is widely considered to be one of the most outstanding international squash players of his time. He was born in Inverurie, Aberdeenshire.", "Squash world champion. Nicol was born in Inverurie , son of the Scottish national squash team coach. By 1992, the left-handed player had entered the world rankings and within three years was in the top five. He reached No. 1 by 1998, and in the same year became the first Briton for 25 years to win the British Open and went on to take the gold medal for Scotland in the Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). In recognition of his achievements, Nicol was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours list (1999).", "The Claret Jug was won the following year by another South African, Gary Player, one of professional golf's \"Big Three\" who took the sport to new heights of popularity during the 1960s. Player, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus each captured the British Open two times each by 1970, with both Nicklaus and Player winning one more time in the 1970s.", "As world No1, Nicol was top seed for the 1998 British Open for the first time.  He cruised through to the final without dropping a game, then triumphantly beat Jansher in the final.  Nicol achieved this historic success on his 25th birthday, trouncing Pakistan�s six-times defending champion in straight games in front of a packed auditorium at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham to become the first Briton for 25 years to win the prestigious British Open title. ", "Van Barneveld then started a very successful run with a 13-5 final victory over Colin Lloyd in the final of the International Darts League for his 11th BDO Grand Slam tournament. He won his first major PDC title in June by beating Barrie Bates in the final of the UK Open at the Reebok Stadium, Bolton. Earlier in the day, he beat Taylor in the quarter-finals, accomplishing one of his dreams which he announced after switching to the PDC. Van Barneveld beat Taylor again just weeks later in the semi-finals of the 2006 Las Vegas Desert Classic. He lost 6-3 to Canadian John Part in the final the following day.", "      Golf prides itself on being a sport for all ages, and around the world in 1998 the proof was there for everyone to see. American Mark O'Meara, age 41, became the oldest player ever to win two of the game's four major championships (the Masters , U.S. Open, British Open, and the U.S. Professional Golfers' Association of America [PGA] championship) in the same year; 58-year-old Jack Nicklaus shone again on the big stage; 53-year-old Hale Irwin set record winnings for a single tour; a 17-year-old amateur finished fourth in the British Open; and two 20-year-olds (a first-year professional and an amateur) fought out a play-off for the U.S. Women's Open championship.", "1988: Seve Ballesteros of Spain holds the Claret Jug aloft after winning the British Open at the Royal Lytham Golf Club in Lancashire, England. \\ Mandatory Credit: David Cannon/Allsport", "Golf is very popular and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually. The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare .Pádraig Harrington became the first Irishman since Fred Daly in 1947 to win the British Open at Carnoustie in July 2007. He successfully defended his title in July 2008 before going on to win the PGA Championship in August. Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland. Three golfers from Northern Ireland have been particularly successful. In 2010, Graeme McDowell became the first Irish golfer to win the U.S. Open, and the first European to win that tournament since 1970. Rory McIlroy, at the age of 22, won the 2011 U.S. Open, while Darren Clarke's latest victory was the 2011 Open Championship at Royal St. George's. In August 2012, McIlroy won his 2nd major championship by winning the USPGA Championship by a record margin of 8 shots.", "And from 1979-1988, Lyle was one of the top players in the game, on both sides of the Atlantic. He won the 1985 British Open , becoming the first Briton to win that title since 1969; he became the first European golfer to win the PGA Tour's Players Championship in 1987; and when he won the 1988 Masters he was the first British golfer to win that major.", "1994: Seve Ballesteros of Spain checks the line of his putt during the British Open on the Ailsa Course at Turnberry Golf Club in Scotland. \\ Mandatory Credit: Stephen Munday/Allsport", "Golf is very popular and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually. The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare. Pádraig Harrington became the first Irishman since Fred Daly in 1947 to win the British Open at Carnoustie in July 2007. He successfully defended his title in July 2008 before going on to win the PGA Championship in August. Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland. Three golfers from Northern Ireland have been particularly successful. In 2010, Graeme McDowell became the first Irish golfer to win the U.S. Open, and the first European to win that tournament since 1970. Rory McIlroy, at the age of 22, won the 2011 U.S. Open, while Darren Clarke's latest victory was the 2011 Open Championship at Royal St. George's. In August 2012, McIlroy won his 2nd major championship by winning the USPGA Championship by a record margin of 8 shots.", "Sixteen years later at Royal St George’s in 1985, Jacklin remained the last Brit to win the nation’s most beloved golf event. Lyle started the day three shots back behind Langer and David Graham. But a wonderful rally on the back nine, including a 45-foot birdie putt on No. 14, carried him to a two-shot win over Payne Stewart. Britain was jubilant.", "Peter Ebdon is an English professional snooker player, turned professional in 1991. He is the former World Champion and UK Champion. Ebdon is well known for his highly focused, conscientiously slow and determined style of play. He has compiled 308 century breaks during his career, and his highest break to date is 147. He won the World Snooker Championship in 2002, defeating Stephen Hendry 18-17, and was runner-up in the 1996 and 2006 events. The 43-year-old has gathered £3 million in career prize money. He is ranked 23rd in the current Snooker World Rankings, and his highest ranking to date is 3rd in 1996-97 and 2002-03.", "As a sign of golf becoming a more global sport, the Australian claimed the only major championship of a long career at the age of 39. What made it more shocking was the fact he'd never finished in the top 10 of any major previously and that he held off Arnold Palmer to claim the claret jug. He would go on to win two times on the PGA Tour, finish runner-up at the 1965 U.S. Open and be inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2007.", "News in Brief BARHAM BAGS SOUTHERN PRO CHAMPIONSHIP Benn Barham reeled off three sub-par rounds of 68, 64 and 65 for a three round 19-under par total to win the PGA Southern Professionals Championship supported by Samsung at King’s Hill Golf Club in Kent. The Pedham Place-based professional finished three shots ahead of defending champion Rob Gowers (South Winchester) and Craig Cowper (Surrey Downs). Barham’s stunning performance meant he lifted both the magnificent trophy and collected a £3,000 cheque – the biggest of the season on the PGA South region schedule.", "The British Open includes an impressive array of past winners, too. Hasim, Azam, Jahangir and Jansher Khan won 27 times between 1951 and 1994 while the likes of Geoff Hunt and Peter Nicol (twice) strove to add the title to their career hauls.", "Hugh John Baiocchi (born 17 August 1946) is a South African professional golfer who has won more than 20 professional tournaments around the world. Ian Michael Baker-Finch (born 24 October 1960) is an Australian professional golfer, who is best known for winning The Open Championship in 1991.", "Three years later was the first Briton ever to earn the Masters title, his seven-iron recovery from a fairway bunker on the final hole - and jig of joy after his birdie putt - still vivid memories as he beat Mark Calcavecchia by one. It was the start of four successive British victories at Augusta National, Nick Faldo winning the following two years and then Ian Woosnam in 1991. Open debut came aged 16 in 1974 and at Royal Birkdale will be making his 42nd appearance. ", "Nicol - playing under the Scottish flag before he switched allegiance to England in 2001 - finally ended a 16-year run by the Khan dynasty when he beat Jansher in 1998. This year British interest will be led by world No 5 Nick Matthew, who made history in 2006 by becoming England’s first home-grown winner of the title for 67 years.", "1987: 23-year-old British golfer Laura Davis won the US Womens Open, the first Briton ever to win.", "British Open – Roberto de Vicenzo shooting a 10 under (278) and beating defending champ and runner up Jack Nicklaus by 2 strokes", "Harry Vardon holds the record for the most Open Championship victories, winning six times during his career. The oldest winner of the Open Championship is Tom Morris, Sr. (or Old Tom Morris) who was old when he won in 1867. His son, Tom Morris, Jr., is the youngest winner of the championship, he was old when he won the 1868 Open Championship. He also won the most consecutive times with four victories (1868–72). Greg Norman holds the record for the lowest score over 72 holes, winning the Open Championship in 267 strokes in 1993. Henrik Stenson holds the distinction of being the most strokes under par for 72 holes, he was 20 strokes under par (−20) when he won in 2016.", "As the 1985 British Open got under way, it had been 16 years since any Briton won the Open Championship. Sandy Lyle put an end to that streak.", "Many of the greatest players such as Fred Couples, Ernie Els, Sir Nick Faldo, Retief Goosen, Padraig Harrington, Rory McIlroy, Colin Montgomerie, Louis Oosthuizen and Vijay Singh have played in the Championship, Amateurs have included entertainment stars such as Michael Douglas, Samuel L Jackson, Morgan Freeman, Hugh Grant and Jamie Dornan. They have shared the fairways with sporting greats like Sir Steve Redgrave, Sir Bobby Charlton, Sir Ian Botham, Boris Becker, Ruud Gullit and Michael Phelps.", "Over the course of his career, Bobby Jones won four U.S. Opens, five U.S. Amateurs, three British Opens and one British Amateur. His total of 15 major tournaments wasn’t surpassed until Jack Nicklaus won his 16th major in 1980.", "A 50–1 outsider at the start of the tournament, Stuart Bingham defeated Robbie Williams 10–7 in the first round, Graeme Dott 13–5 in the second round, Ronnie O'Sullivan 13–9 in the quarter-finals, Judd Trump 17–16 in the semi-finals, and Shaun Murphy 18–15 in the final to win the first world title of his 20-year professional career. At the age of 38, Bingham became the oldest player to win the title since Ray Reardon in 1978. ", "Tony Jacklin becomes the first home player to win the British Open for 18 years, with a two-shot victory over Bob Charles at Royal Lytham.", "Having narrowly missed out on a few occasions previously, 1982 was finally to be the year which saw him add the UK Championship to his CV as he defeated old rival Alex Higgins 16-15 in what was a superb final. During the next few seasons he also managed to add the 1984 Malaysian Masters, 1984 Singapore Masters, 1985 Hong Kong Masters, and the 1986 Belgian Classic tournaments to his CV as he continued to excel in the non-ranking events.", "— Paul Lawrie becomes the first player since 1963, when the qualifying system was introduced, to win The Open Championship after successfully making it through final Qualifying. In all he played 112 holes at Downfield and Carnoustie to become the first Scot to win on home soil since Tommy Armour in 1931", "Stuart Bingham won the 2015 Championship defeating Ronnie O'Sullivan 13–9 in the quarter-finals, Judd Trump 17–16 in the semi-finals, and Shaun Murphy 18–15 in the final to win the first world title of his 20-year professional career. At the age of 38, Bingham became the oldest player to win the title since Ray Reardon in 1978. The tournament set a new record for the most century breaks made at the Crucible, with 86.", "Massaro won the British Open in 2013. She was the first English woman to do so in 22 years." ]

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