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[ "7/2/1950, The Soviet Union officially recognised the Marxist regime of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam; the USA endorsed the French-backed regime of Emperor Bao Dai in South Vietnam. The two regimes had been at war since 1947.", "United States' involvement in Indochina widened during the Truman administration. On V-J Day 1945, Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France , but the U.S. announced its support of restoring French power . In 1950, Ho again declared Vietnamese independence, which was recognized by Communist China and the Soviet Union. Ho controlled a remote territory along the Chinese border, while France controlled the remainder. Truman's \"containment policy\" called for opposition to Communist expansion, and led the U.S. to continue to recognize French rule, support the French client government, and increase aid to Vietnam. However, a basic dispute emerged: the Americans wanted a strong and independent Vietnam, while the French cared little about containing China but instead wanted to suppress local nationalism and integrate Indochina into the French Union . [133]", "In January 1950, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam, based in Hanoi, as the legitimate government of Vietnam. The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French-backed State of Vietnam in Saigon, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, as the legitimate Vietnamese government.. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union. ", "Vietnam during World War 2 was controlled by Japan. After the war, Japan was forced out, and Vietnam was divided into 2 parts. Southern Vietnam was given to the French, and the North was controlled by Ho Chi Minh. Ho Chiwas more of a communist leader, and wanted to ally with Russia to create one Vietnam under Communist rule. The French attacked the port of Hai Phong, the life line of Northern Vietnam. The French were victorious and predicted thier win in the war and picked Bao Dai as ruler of Vietnam. Everyone did not recognize him as a ruler including the Soviets, they believed that Ho Chi should become ruler. America, Britain, and France were on Bao's side, and the U.S sent in money to support them in war. In 1953 France attacked Dien Bien Fu; however they were not victorious and forced to surrender in 1954.", "In February 1950, after the successful removal of the French border's blockade, Ho met with Stalin and Mao Zedong in Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible for backing the Viet Minh. Mao's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60,000–70,000 Viet Minh in the near future. The road to the outside world was open for Viet Minh forces to receive additional supplies which would allow them to escalate the fight against the French regime throughout Indochina. In 1954, after the crushing defeat of French Union forces at Battle of Dien Bien Phu, France was forced to give up its fight against the Viet Minh. The Viet Minh assassinated between 100,000 and 150,000 civilians during the war. ", "In January 1950, the communist nations, led by the People’s Republic of China (PRC), recognized the Viet Minh’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam as the government of Vietnam. Non-Communist nations recognized the French-backed State of Vietnam in Saigon led by former Emperor Bao Dai the following month. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Kremlin.", "January and February, 1950, were pivotal months. The French took the first concrete steps toward transferring public administration to Bao Dai's State of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh denied the legitimacy of the latter, proclaiming the DRV as the \"only legal governnent of the Vietnam people,\" and was formally recognized by Peking and Moscow. On 29 January 1950, the French National Assembly approved legislation granting autonomy to the State of Vietnam. On February 1, 1950, Secretary of State Acheson made the following public statement:", "The major world powers reached agreement on the terms of a ceasefire for Indochina. The war began in 1946 between nationalist forces of the Communist Viet Minh, under leader Ho Chi Minh, and France, the occupying colonial power after the Japanese lost control during World War II. The peace treaty called for independence for Vietnam and a 1956 election to unify the country. However, only France and Ho Chi Minh’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North) signed the document. The United States did not approve of the agreement; they instead backed Emperor Boa Dai and Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem’s government in South Vietnam and refused to allow the elections, knowing, in President Eisenhower’s words, that “Ho Chi Minh will win.” The result was the Second Indochina War, more commonly known as the Vietnam War.", "With the Allied victory in 1945, Japanese forces withdrew from Vietnam, leaving the French-educated Emperor Bao Dai in control of an independent Vietnam. Led by Vo Nguyen Giap, Viet Minh forces seized the northern city of Hanoi and declared a Democratic State of Vietnam (known commonly as North Vietnam) with Ho as president. Bao Dai abdicated in favor of the revolution, but French military troops gained control of southern Vietnam, including Saigon, and Chiang Kai-Shek’s Chinese forces moved into the north according to the terms of an Allied agreement. Ho began negotiations with the French in efforts to achieve a Chinese withdrawal as well as eventual French recognition of Vietnam’s independence and reunification of North and South Vietnam. But in October 1946, a French cruiser opened fire on the town of Haiphong after a clash between French and Vietnamese soldiers. Despite Ho’s best efforts to maintain peace, his more militant followers called for war, which broke out that December.", "As Dien Bien Phu fell, the great powers were meeting at Geneva to seek a settlement of the war. The result was a ceasefire and partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The North, to be known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), would be governed by Ho Chi Minh and his group, who since 1950 had emerged as unequivocal communists, dedicated not only to national independence but to socialist revolution. The South would be headed by Bao Dai, who had abdicated as emperor in 1945 but became nominal chief of state under the French in 1949. Hos victorious forces settled for partition presumably because the Geneva conference had also heralded elections in 1956, to establish government for a reunited Vietnam. As national heroes they were confident of winning such elections.", "In 1950, Mao Tse Tung successfully took over China. Mao’s government supported the principle of self-determination, and officially recognized the Ho Chi Minh government–the first country in the world to do so.", "(Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese Communist leader who was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 1945 – 1955 and the President from 1945 – 1969). He was a key figure in the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 as well as the People’s Army of Viet Cong (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.  He was also instrumental in leading the Viet Minh Independence Movement from 1941 onwards leading to the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam after the French were comprehensively defeated in 1954 in the battle of “Dien Bien Phu”).", "On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area. [50] In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam. [51] On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a \"free\" republic within the French Union , with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation. [52] [53] [54] The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city. [50] British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the hands of the French. [55] Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces, beginning the First Indochina War .", "Following the August Revolution (1945) organized by the Viet Minh, Ho became Chairman of the Provisional Government (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Although he convinced Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate, his government was not recognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned American President Harry S. Truman for support for Vietnamese independence, citing the Atlantic Charter, but Truman never responded. ", "Even with U.S. aid in the form of materiel and a Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), the French could not defeat the Viet Minh use of both guerrilla warfare and conventional attacks. Ending the Indochina War, the Geneva Accords of 1954 divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel with a three-mile Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The partition in effect created two nations: the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north with its capital at Hanoi, and the Republic of Vietnam in the south with its capital at Saigon. Vietnam's neighbors, Laos and", "Ho Chi Minh was able to persuade Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate on August 25, 1945. Bảo Đại was appointed \"supreme advisor\" to the new Vietminh-led government in Hanoi, which asserted independence on September 2. Deliberately borrowing from the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed on September 2: \"We hold the truth that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among them life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.\" ", " Ho Chi Minh], Foreign Languages Pub. House, 1988, p. 76. \"on May 19, 1941 Viet Minh Front officially made its appearance, and holding high the gold star red flag.\" The Viet Minh proclaimed it a \"national flag\" on August 17, 1945, at a meeting held in the village of Tân Trào in the North. When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II, the Viet Minh entered Hanoi and proclaimed the \"Democratic Republic of Vietnam\" on September 2. On September 5, DRV President Ho Chi Minh signed a decree adopting the Vietminh flag. French troops returned in October and restored colonial rule in the South. The National Assembly voted unanimously to adopt the flag on March 2, 1946.Phút Tán Nguyẽn, [http://books.google.com.vn/books?id", "In September, 1945, Ho Chi Minh announced the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Unknown to the Vietminh Franklin D. Roosevelt , Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin had already decided what would happen to post-war Vietnam at a summit-meeting at Potsdam . They had agreed that the country would be divided into two, the northern half under the control of the Chinese and the southern half under the British.", "He led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the Communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at the battle of Điện Biên Phủ. He officially stepped down from power in 1965 due to health problems, but remained a highly visible figurehead and inspiration for those Vietnamese fighting for his cause—a united, communist Vietnam—until his death. After the war, Saigon, the former capital of the Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City.", "Vietnam (and neighboring Laos and Cambodia) became a major battleground in the Cold War as early as 1946, when the French reestablished control and drive out the Communists under Ho Chi Minh . The Communists gained a secure base to the north in 1949 when China became Communist. The French military efforts were ineffective and, after the fall of the major outpost at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, a new leftwing French government came to terms with the Communists at the Geneva Conference in 1954, and pulled out. Ho and the Communists took over the northern provinces, North Vietnam , while an anti-Communist government under the Catholic Diem family took over the Republic of Vietnam , or South Vietnam. Communist guerrilla attacks threatened to destabilize South Vietnam,", "Only after it became clear that the Agreements were going to be ratified and that the international community was going to rally behind Bao Dai, did Ho request diplomatic recognition from Peking and Moscow. They responded promptly. The Cold War had now officially entered the Vietminh-French dispute. The significant aid that followed as a show of support for Bao Dai helped make the Vietnamese somewhat cynical about US protestations of its commitment to national self-determination and political freedom.", "Ho declares himself president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and pursues American recognition but is repeatedly ignored by President Harry Truman.", "Indochina was still another Cold War battlefield. France had controlled Vietnam since the middle of the 19th century, only to be supplanted by Japan during the Second World War. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh, a Vietnamese communist, sought to liberate his nation from colonial rule and took the American War for Independence as his model. After the Allies defeated the Japanese in 1945, they still had to deal with Ho Chi Minh.", "Democratic Republic of Vietnam was diplomatically isolated by many Western states, and many other anti-communist states worldwide throughout most of the North's history, as these states only extended recognition to the anti-communist government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam however, was recognized by almost all Communist countries, such as the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, China, North Korea, and Cuba, and received aid from these nations. Several non-aligned countries also recognized North Vietnam, mostly, similar to India, according North Vietnam de facto rather than de jure (formal) recognition. ", "Discussions on the Vietnam issue started at the conference just as France suffered its worst military defeat of the war, when Vietnamese forces captured the French base at Dien Bien Phu. In July 1954, the Geneva Agreements were signed. As part of the agreement, the French agreed to withdraw their troops from northern Vietnam. Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel, pending elections within two years to choose a president and reunite the country. During that two-year period, no foreign troops could enter Vietnam. Ho reluctantly signed off on the agreement though he believed that it cheated him out of the spoils of his victory. The non-communist puppet government set up by the French in southern Vietnam refused to sign, but without French support this was of little concern at the time. The United States also refused to sign, but did commit itself to abide by the agreement. Privately, U.S. officials felt that the Geneva Agreements, if allowed to be put into action, were a disaster. They were convinced that national elections in Vietnam would result in an overwhelming victory for Ho, the man who had defeated the French colonialists. The U.S. government scrambled to develop a policy that would, at the least, save southern Vietnam from the communists. Within a year, the United States had helped establish a new anti-communist government in South Vietnam and began giving it financial and military assistance, the first fateful steps toward even greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam.", "When Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh felt emboldened enough to proclaim the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. French forces seized southern Vietnam and opened talks with the Vietnamese communists. These talks collapsed in 1946, and French warships bombarded the northern Vietnamese city of Haiphong, killing thousands.", "1945 - In January, with the Second World War drawing to a close, Ho travels to southern China to meet with US and Free French forces stationed there. However, his attempts to negotiate official recognition of the Vietnamese independence movement meet with little success.", "On the day of surrender of Japan, Hồ Chí Minh declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam.", "establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Điện Biên Phủ. He lost political power in 1955—when he was replaced as Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam—but remained the highly visible figurehead of North Vietnam—through the Presidency—until his death. ", "When the Japanese war effort finally collapsed in august 1945, the Vietminh were eagerly triumphant, and ready to declare Vietnam independent. They marched peacefully into Hanoi to form a government. Ho Chi Minh formed a government in Hanoi, carefully mixing in representatives of multiple nationalist groups, so that the cause would be a representative and unified front, and not narrowly sectarian. In the south, however, his followers began purging rival nationalist groups.", "In May 1961, U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the \"Winston Churchill of Asia.\". Asked why he had made the comment, Johnson replied, \"Diệm's the only boy we got out there.\" Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists.", "    Communism's spread to Vietnam changed little. In 1946, Ho Chi Minh was confronted with the choice of acceding to the return of French forces to the northern half of Vietnam, which was then occupied by Nationalist Chinese troops (for the purpose of receiving the surrender of Japanese troops), or letting the Chinese stay on without a firm departure date. Ho chose the return of French colonialism rather than letting the Chinese stick around. \"It is better to sniff French dung for awhile,\" he said, \"than to eat China's all our life.\"" ]

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[ "United States presidential election of 1900, American presidential election held on November 6, 1900, in which Republican incumbent Pres. William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , winning 292 electoral votes to Bryan’s 155.", "November 6 – U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley is reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan", "The United States presidential election of 1900 was the 29th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1900. The election was a re-match of the 1896 race between Republican candidate and incumbent President William McKinley and his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. The Republican Convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate, since Vice-President Garret Hobart had died from heart failure in 1899. The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish–American War for control of the Philippines helped McKinley to score a decisive victory, while Bryan's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support.", "The United States presidential election of 1908 was held on November 3, 1908. Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt, honoring a promise not to seek a third term, persuaded the Republican Party to nominate William Howard Taft, his close friend and Secretary of War, to become his successor. Having badly lost the 1904 election with a conservative candidate, the Democratic Party turned to two-time nominee William Jennings Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896 and 1900 by Republican William McKinley. Despite his two previous defeats, Bryan remained extremely popular among the more liberal and populist elements of the Democratic Party. Despite running a vigorous campaign against the nation's business elite, Bryan suffered the worst loss in his three presidential campaigns, and Taft won by a comfortable margin.", "In 1900 the Republicans nominated President William McKinley. Since Vice President Garret A. Hobart had died in office, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York received the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic candidates were William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska for president and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for vice president.", "The 1900 election was a rematch between President McKinley and former Congressman William Jennings Bryan. William McKinley was the 25th United States President. He was not a man of great vision, but was an astute politican and reflected America at the turn of the century. The McKinley presidency was a turning point for America. Under McKinley the Nation gained its first overseas possessions. Presidents from even before the Civil War had been advocating American expansion into the Cariibean with a variety of motives, some related to slavery. This occurred during the McKinley presidency, but more importantly America acuqired extensive Pacific possessions. This made America a major Pacific power and would provide the eventual basis for the resisting the agressive expansion of the Japanese militarists within only a few decades. McKinley is a president often overlooked by historians, in part because of the formidable stature of his sucessor. Mckinnley is, however, the first 20th century president--not only in the chronological sence, but in the fact that he created a great realignment in American politics. Beginning with Mc Kinnely the Republicans, with the exception of the Wilson Administration, dominated the Federal Government until Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.", "William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States. In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. In general, McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in Buffalo, New York, in September 1901.", "The election of 1900 was the first United States election to feature a socialist candidate. The Socialist Labor Party of America found itself divided over the trade union policy as adopted at the 1896 National Convention, and by the brutal manner in which the party regulars maintained their influence. Many would leave and join with the fast-growing Social Democratic Party of America. At their party convention in Indianapolis, Indiana, Eugene V. Debs was nominated unanimously as the Socialist candidate for the presidency, the first of his many runs, and Job Harriman was nominated as his running mate.", "In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president. Elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Re-elected handily in a rematch against Bryan in 1900, according to historical writer Eric Rauchway, \"it looked as if the McKinley Administration would continue peaceably unbroken for another four years, a government devoted to prosperity\".", "The Republican political machine in New York threw their considerable support behind the returning war hero, helping Roosevelt defeat a popular Democratic candidate to win the governorship. Once elected, Roosevelt displayed his characteristic independence and unwillingness to buckle to the pressure of party bosses. In 1900, the leading New York Republican Thomas C. Platt conspired with national party boss Mark Hanna to get Roosevelt named as McKinley’s running mate, in order to keep him from running for a second term in the governor’s office. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously for McKinley, traveling by train for more than 21,000 miles to speak in 24 states, and McKinley and Roosevelt won in a landslide over Democrats William Jennings Bryan and Adlai E. Stevenson.", "*Secretary of War Elihu Root announced in Milwaukee that he would not accept the nomination to be William McKinley's running mate in 1900. The spot became available after the death, in 1899, of Vice President Garret A. Hobart. ", "The 1920 Democratic National Convention chose Roosevelt by acclamation as the [65] with its presidential candidate, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Although his nomination surprised most people, Roosevelt was considered as bringing balance to the ticket as a moderate, a Wilsonian, and a prohibitionist with a famous name. [66] [8] :215–216 Roosevelt had just turned thirty-eight, four years younger than Theodore had been when he received the same nomination from his party. The Cox-Roosevelt ticket was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding in the presidential election by a wide margin. [67] Roosevelt returned to New York to practice law and joined the newly organized New York Civitan Club. [68]", "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 - March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. Harrison, a Republican, was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, Grover Cleveland. His presidential administration is most remembered for its economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act, and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time---\"Billion Dollar Congress He also saw the admittance of six states into the Union. Thomas Brackett Reed, (October 18, 1839 - December 7, 1902), occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U.S. Representative from Maine, (Republican). During his time as Speaker, Reed assiduously and dramatically increased the power of the Speaker over the House.", "The Democratic Convention was held at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri during the week of July 4. William Jennings Bryan was still wildy popular within the Democratic Party. Bryan had little opposition for the nomination. Spanish-American War hero Admiral George Dewey did lunch a campaign, but dropped out before the Convntion (May 1900). He told a reporter that he thought the President's job would be an easy one because the president simply followed Congressional instructions and enforce the law. The only important opposition at the Convention was offered by Richard Croker of New York's Tammany Hall. The Convention easily nominated Bryan despite his descisive loss to McKinnely in 1896. The Convention chose Illinois politican and former vice-president Adlai E. Stevenson as the vice-presidential candidate. The major issue considered by the Convention was whether to continue supporting the silver plank that Bryan had made such an issue in 1896. As America had recovered from the Depression of 1893 and enjoying a return of prosperity, there was much less enthisiam for it.", "In 1900, McKinley again faced William Jennings Bryan, who ran on an anti-imperialism platform, and was reelected with a greater margin of victory than he obtained four years earlier. The outcome reflected the American public’s satisfaction with the outcome of the Spanish-American War and the country’s economic prosperity. After his second inauguration in March 1901, McKinley embarked on a tour of western states, where he was greeted by cheering crowds. The tour ended in Buffalo, New York , where he gave a speech on September 5 in front of 50,000 people at the Pan-American Exposition.", "The conflict proved to be the defining issue of the election. McKinley—who was renominated by the Republicans at their national convention in Philadelphia in June 1900—continued to emphasize an expansionist foreign policy, arguing that the anti-American rebellion occurring in the Philippines had to be quelled and that American dominion there had to be “supreme.” He employed typical empire-building logic in justifying continued military intervention in the Philippine archipelago, claiming that the United States had a moral and religious obligation to “civilize and Christianize” its residents. His position was enhanced by the selection as his running mate of then New York governor Theodore Roosevelt , who won all but one vote on the first ballot. ( Garret Hobart , vice president during McKinley’s first term, had died in office the previous year.) Roosevelt had made his name during the war by leading a charge of Rough Riders that took Kettle Hill (frequently referred to as San Juan Hill, which was nearby) in Cuba; he had returned home a national hero. His rise to the nomination was assisted by New York’s political bosses, who were unhappy with his gubernatorial reform efforts—particularly in regard to patronage—and sought to rid themselves of his meddlesome influence.", "By the time the 1900 Election rolled around, it was evident that it was going to be a rematch of 1896. Bryan was still the Democratic nominee. McKinley had to find a new running mate. Garret Hobart, his Vice President, had passed away in 1899.", "Marshall had his name entered as a candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination at the Democratic National Convention. He made arrangements with Thomas Taggart to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid, but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation. Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M. Cox as president and Franklin Delano Roosevelt as vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. On their election, Marshall sent a note to Coolidge in which he offered him his \"sincere condolences\" for his misfortune in being elected vice president.", "William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as Governor of New York and United States Senator. A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a dominant figure in the Republican Party in its formative years. Although regarded as the leading contender for the party's presidential nomination in 1860, he was defeated by Abraham Lincoln.", "1896 election Cleveland's agrarian and silverite enemies gained control of the Democratic party in 1896, repudiated his administration and the gold standard, and nominated William Jennings Bryan on a Silver Platform.[199][200] Cleveland silently supported the Gold Democrats' third-party ticket that promised to defend the gold standard, limit government, and oppose high tariffs, but declined to accept their nomination for a third term.[201] The party won only 100,000 votes in the general election, and William McKinley, the Republican nominee, triumphed easily over Bryan.[202] Agrarians would later nominate Bryan again in 1900, but in 1904 the conservatives, with Cleveland's support, regained control of the Democratic Party and nominated Alton B. Parker.[203]", "Theodore Roosevelt, who succeeded to the presidency on the death of William McKinley in 1901, ardently hoped to be nominated and elected \"in his own right.\" The death of Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, whom the big business interests of the country would have preferred, made possible the president's nomination by acclamation when the Republican convention met in Chicago on 21 June. Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana was chosen for the vice presidency. The Democrats, meeting at Saint Louis on 6 July, pointedly turned their backs upon \"Bryanism\" by omitting from their platform all reference to the money question. They nominated for president Alton B. Parker, a conservative New York judge, who at once pledged himself to maintain the gold standard, and for vice president, Henry Gassaway Davis, a wealthy West Virginia octogenarian. Business leaders, more afraid of the Democratic party than of Roosevelt, contributed so heavily to the Republican campaign chest that Parker rashly charged \"black-mail.\" He claimed that the Republican party had forced corporations to contribute funds to the campaign, and in return the government pledged to suppress evidence it had against them. Roosevelt, indignantly denying the charge, won by a landslide that reclaimed Missouri from the Solid South and gave him 336 electoral votes to Parker's 140 and a popular plurality of 2,544,238. Prohibitionist, Populist, Socialist, and Socialist Labor candidates received only negligible support.", "Because he had not secured the Republican nomination, Roosevelt was forced to create the Progressive Party (or \"Bull Moose\") ticket, splitting the Republican vote in the 1912 election. Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat, was elected, although many historians argue that Wilson would have won anyway, because the Republican factions would not support each other. Taft won the mere eight electoral votes of Utah and Vermont, making his the single worst defeat in American history for an incumbent President seeking reelection; he finished not even second, but third, behind both Wilson and Roosevelt.", "This campaign is especially notable because it resulted in the famous disputed presidential election. The leading aspirant for the Republican nomination was James G. Blaine of Maine. His name was presented to the national convention at Cincinnati by Robert G. Ingersoll in a striking speech in which he dubbed Blaine \"the Plumed Knight.\" Among the other candidates were Benjamin H. Bristow of Kentucky, Roscoe Conkling of New York, Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, and Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio. For six ballots Blaine led the field, but his involvement in a scandal brought to light a few weeks before the Republican convention caused a stampede to Hayes on the seventh ballot, resulting in his nomination. William A. Wheeler of New York was named as his running mate. The platform endorsed the Resumption Act and eulogized the Republican party for its work during the Civil War and Reconstruction.", "Presidents elected to the office despite losing the popular vote: 4(John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W Bush – in 2000)", "The National Party held its second (and last) national convention in the Carnegie Lyceum in New York City, with around 100 delegates present. The convention nominated Senator Donelson Caffery of Louisiana for president and Archibald M. Howe, an attorney from Boston, Massachusetts, for vice president. However Donelson, being a staunch Democrat, refused the nomination, and Howe removed himself soon after. Edward Waldo Emerson was hurriedly nominated in Donelson's place, but would only appear on the ballot in his native Massachusetts.", "The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates. Incumbent President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of the conservative wing of the party. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the \"Bull Moose Party\"). It nominated Roosevelt and ran candidates for other offices in major states. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was nominated on the 46th ballot of a contentious convention, thanks to the support of William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate who still had a large and loyal following in 1912.", "US politician, who, in 1884, was a Republican presidential candidate against incumbent Garfield. He was defeated after a bitter campaign in which his slogan directed against his opponent of ‘Rum, Romanism and Rebellion’ was his undoing.", "For McKinley's opponent, Bryan, the campaign was a disappointing one after the exhilaration of 1896. Deprived of the silver issue by the return of prosperity, he persisted in calling for bimetallism and the inclusion of a silver plank in the Democratic platform. Yet it was imperialism that he hoped to make the paramount issue of the campaign. \"History furnishes no example of turpitude baser than ours,\" Bryan warned, \"if we now substitute our yoke for the Spanish yoke.\" Despite his eloquence, he was unable to persuade voters that American control over the former Spanish colonies remained a live issue after ratification of the Treaty of Paris. The upshot of a lackluster campaign was that McKinley increased his popular vote of 1896 by more than 100,000, and he captured 21 more electoral votes than he had won in 1896.", "Defeated by the Whigs in 1840 for reelection, he was an unsuccessful candidate for President on the Free Soil ticket in 1848. He died in 1862.", "* Democratic candidate in 1896 * Famous for his \"you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold\" speech * Lost the election * Against the American entry into WWI", "This is the most recent election in which the incumbent president was defeated in two elections in a row. The only other time this happened was in 1892.", "Who was the President of the USA at the end of the 19th and into the 20th Centuries?" ]

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[ "Joseph Kasavubu, (born 1910?, Tshela, Belgian Congo [now Democratic Republic of the Congo]—died March 24, 1969, Boma ), statesman and first president of the independent Congo republic from 1960 to 1965, who shortly after independence in 1960 ousted the Congo’s first premier, Patrice Lumumba , after the breakdown of order in the country.", "Belgian exploration and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s. It was first led by Sir Henry Morton Stanley, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King Leopold II of Belgium. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant slave raiding, mainly from Arab–Swahili slave traders such as the infamous Tippu Tip, who was well known to Stanley. Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony. In a succession of negotiations, Leopold, professing humanitarian objectives in his capacity as chairman of the front organization Association Internationale Africaine, actually played one European rival against another. ", "The area known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria. Portuguese navigator Diego Cao was the first European known to have visited the area (in 1482), and English journalist Henry Morton Stanley later explored much of the region in the mid to late 19th century. The area was officially colonized in 1885 as a personal possession of Belgian King Leopold II as the Congo Free State. In 1907, administration shifted to the Belgian Government, which renamed the country the Belgian Congo. Following a series of riots and unrest, the Belgian Congo gained its independence on June 30, 1960. Parliamentary elections in 1960 produced Patrice Lumumba as prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president of the renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "Patrice Émery Lumumba (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese independence leader and the first democratically elected leader of the Congo as prime minister. As founder and leader of the mainstream Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party, Lumumba played an important role in campaigning for independence from Belgium.", "In the Congo, Leopold II is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State , a private project undertaken by the King. The extraction of rubber and ivory in the Congo during this period relied on forced labour and resulted in the massacre and mutilation of millions of Congolese. President Kasa-Vubu altered his prepared speech to exclude ending remarks of praise for King Baudouin. Prime Minister Lumumba was not due to give a speech; according to some reports this was a deliberate exclusion. However, he rose and gave a speech which extolled the independence struggle \"of tears, fire and blood\". He attacked the Belgian Congo's \"regime of injustice, oppression and exploitation\". [12] Some media reported that Lumumba ended his speech by ad-libbing to Baudoin: \"Nous ne sommes plus vos macaques \" (We are no longer your monkeys)-- [13] [14] [15] —a reference to a common slur Belgians used against Africans. However, this is not found in the text of his speech and may be apocryphal.", "Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium, frustrated by his nation's lack of international power and prestige, tried to persuade the government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopold's creating a colony on his own account. With support from a number of Western countries, who viewed Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers on the Continent, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885.", "In 1831 the Belgians elected Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as their king, LEOPOLD I, and in 1839, Belgium was recognized by King William as an independent state. Leopold I was succeeded by his son LEOPOLD II in 1865, who acquired the Congo for Belgium, and in 1909, ALBERT I, nephew of Leopold II, became king. In 1914 Belgium was occupied by German troops; at the end of the war Belgium was granted German territories in the Eupen-Malmedy district.", "Once the Kongo kingdom, Belgium's King Leopold II claimed most of the Congo basin in 1876 - the most brutal of all European colonial experiments. Belgium took over the country in 1908, after international outcry, as the Belgian Congo. Independence was achieved in 1960 under the name Congo-Kinshasa. The country was renamed Zaire in 1971 and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (or DRC) in 1997.", "At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 the Congo was attributed solely to Leopold II of Belgium , who named the territory the Congo Free State . King Leopold had been the principal shareholder in the Belgian trading company which established trading stations on the lower Congo between 1879 and 1884. [23] Power was finally transferred to Belgium in 1908 under considerable international pressure following numerous reports of gross misconduct and abuse to native labourers.", "The king of Belgium, Léopold II, started to explore the possibilities of gaining control of the Congo Basin region. In 1876 Léopold was instrumental in organizing the International African Association and the International Association of the Congo with the stated purpose of promoting exploration and colonization. The Association financed an expedition by Henry Morton Stanley, an American journalist to travel to the upper reaches of the Congo River. Stanley was not only given the assignment of exploring the Congo but to negotiate treaties with the African chieftains he met on the way. These treaties not provided for trade but also for political association. Léopold hoped to tie the independent kingdoms together into some political unit.", "* Belgians in the Congo: The Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) was declared independent of Belgium on June 30, with Joseph Kasavubu as President and Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister.", "The tragedy of the Katangese politics is that Katanga between 1961 an 1963 had become a political football game. Too many outsiders, many of them newly independent African states like Ghana, with no real knowledge of the country or its problems, where involved in deciding its future, for that reason that had nothing whatever to do with the DRC. Even the Belgians themselves had done much to force Patrice Lumumba on the DRC as its first prime minister – Lumumba, an ex-postal clerk who had to be taken out of prison, where he was serving a sentence for petty theft, in order to attend the very conference in Brussels which then brought him to power! And why? Because the Belgian government wanted a unitary state so that Belgium could perpetuate its control of the DRC, and Lumumba was the only politician whose manifesto would have permitted that policy.", "Germany's invasion of Belgium in 1914 set off World War I. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) gave the areas of Eupen, Malmédy, and Moresnet to Belgium. Leopold III succeeded Albert, king during World War I, in 1934. In World War II, Belgium was overwhelmed by Nazi Germany, and Leopold III was held prisoner. When he returned at the government’s invitation in 1950 after a narrowly favorable referendum, riots broke out in several cities. He abdicated on July 16, 1951, and his son, Baudouin, became king. Because of growing opposition to Belgian rule in its African colonies, Belgium granted independence to the Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1960 and to Ruanda-Urundi (now the nations of Rwanda and Burundi) in 1962.", "The structure of the government organization decreed by the Belgians involved there being a figurehead president but with most of the executive power residing in the prime ministership. The presidency was given by the Belgians to Joseph Kasavubu, a mature politician with an ethnic base of power, the Kongo people of region near the coast including the capital. Lumumba's power base was not ethnic but was concentrated in Stanleyville (Kisangani). Kasavubu was not a figurehead type of politician. Lumumba was not someone who inspired confidence for his caution and judgment.", "The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During World War I, an initial stand-off between the Force Publique and the German colonial army in German East Africa (Tanganyika) turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the East African Campaign. The Force Publique gained a notable victory when it marched into Tabora in September 1916, under the command of General Charles Tombeur after heavy fighting.", "Yielding to international pressure, in 1908 the Belgian parliament annexed the CFS as the Belgian Congo, effectively removing Leopold from power. Just prior to releasing sovereignty over the CFS, Leopold destroyed all evidence of his activities in the CFS, including the archives of its Departments of Finance and the Interior. The Belgian parliament refused to hold any formal commission of inquiry into the human rights abuses that had occurred in the CFS. Over the next few decades, inhumane practices in the Belgian Congo continued and a huge number of Congolese remained enslaved. By 1959, Belgium power began to erode due to a series of riots in Leopoldville (today Kinshasa). The Congo was emancipated from Belgium on June 30, 1960, and the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo was established.", "The Belgian Congo (, ) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).", "The Congo in 1961 was effectively divided into four polities. There were two ostensible national governments, one in Leopoldville (Kinshasa) and one in Stanleyville (Kisangani). There were two secessionists states, one in Kitanga under the leadership of Möise Tshombe and another in Kasai. The one in Kasai under the leadership of Albert Kalonji had the unusual name of the Independent Mining State of South Kasai. Below is a map showing the territories of these four states labeled with the name of its principal political leader.", "In 1955, when demands for independence were mounting throughout Africa, Antoine van Bilsen, a Belgian professor, published a \"30-Year Plan\" for granting the Congo increased self-government. The plan was accepted enthusiastically by most Belgians, who assumed that Belgian rule in the Congo would continue for a long period. Events proved otherwise.", "An early leader in the Congo’s independence movement, Kasavubu during the late 1940s held important offices in Congolese cultural societies and alumni associations that were actually political organizations operating in defiance of Belgian authorities. As a member of the powerful Bakongo (or Kongo), one of the largest ethnic groups in the country, Kasavubu in the 1950s sought an independent Congo with a federal structure that would ensure a certain measure of Bakongo autonomy .", "Tshombe became involved in politics and founded the Conakat political party which advocated an independent but federal Congo. In January, 1960, he was one of the leaders summoned to Brussels to .plan an independent Congo Republic. Patrice Lumumba, one of the most important leaders in Leopoldville, now known as Kinshash, was released from jail to attend this conference.", "One of Leopold's long-term preoccupations was increasing the international standing and influence of his country. Throughout much of his early reign, Leopold hoped to regain the territories which had been ceded to the Netherlands in 1839, particularly Luxembourg, which he viewed as an integral piece of Belgian territory. [43] He also pushed for the implementation of conscription and reforms to the military, many of which would only be realized after his death. From the 1870s, he tried to persuade several Belgian prime ministers to support the creation of an overseas colony in the Far East or Africa to increase Belgian wealth and political influence. [44] After being repeatedly turned down, he launched a personal venture to colonize the Congo river basin in central Africa, without the backing or support of the Belgian state. [44] Some of the vast personal wealth he accumulated from the colony was spent on construction of grandiose public buildings across Belgium, earning him the nickname \"Builder King\" (roi batisseur). [45]", "Faced with increasing instability, the Belgians held a \" Roundtable Conference \" in Brussels for the leaders of the different Congolese parties. The MNC demanded that Lumumba should be released from prison so he could attend. The Belgians agreed to independence but tried to negotiate for a transitional period of three to four years. The Congolese insisted that independence be granted immediately and the most that they would concede was a few months.", "Who was King Leopold II and what did he have to do with Congo? | eNotes", "* Belgian Congo – Belgian colony from 1908 until 1960, when the it became independent as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During the First World War an initial stand-off between the Force Publique and the German colonial army in German East-Africa (Tanganyika) turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian invasion of German colonial territory. The Force Publique gained a notable victory when it marched into Tabora in September 1916. After the war, Belgium was rewarded for the participation of the Force Publique in the East African campaign with a League of Nations mandate over the formerly German colony of Ruanda-Urundi. During the Second World War, the Belgian Congo was a crucial source of income for the Belgian government in exile in London. The Force Publique again participated in the Allied campaigns in Africa. The Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia. [13]", "The immense Belgian Congo was one of the richest colonies in Africa. After bloody riots in 1959, the Belgian Government quickly yielded to demands for independence in 1960.", "Fought for the independence of the Congo against the Belgian, and was elected as Prime Minister. His government was overthrown by a coup, he was imprisoned and executed by a firing squad. He opposed colonial powers in the Congo and believed in the freedom of the Congolese people. ", "The colonial administration implemented a variety of economic reforms that focused on the improvement of infrastructure: railways, ports, roads, mines, plantations and industrial areas. The Congolese people, however, lacked political power and faced legal discrimination. All colonial policies were decided in Brussels and Léopoldville. The Belgian Colony-secretary and Governor-general, neither of whom was elected by the Congolese people, wielded absolute power. ", "Independence for Congo followed a strange course of events unlike anything else in the rest of Africa. The Belgian Congo was huge and underdeveloped. After the war, new cultural organisations like ABAKO, Association des Bakongo and the Lulua-Freres, emerged in the 1950's.", "In 1955 he became the president of a regional union of Congolese government employees. He then became active in the Congo branch of the Belgian Liberal Party. That political activity secured him an invitation to visit Belgium for a study tour.", "Albert Luthuli was a South African teacher and politician. Lutuli was elected president of the African National Congress (ANC), at the time an umbrella organisation that led opposition to the white minority government in South Africa. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the non-violent struggle against apartheid. He was the first African, and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas, to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. [WIKIPEDIA]" ]

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[ "In elections held in October 1981, Andreas Papandreou's PASOK party swept to power with 48 percent of the vote, easily defeating Rallis and the ND. Papandreou became Greece's first socialist prime minister. Once in power, however, Papandreou did not carry out the threats he had made as an opposition leader to withdraw Greece from NATO and the EC. Although his anti-American rhetoric proved popular with Greeks who blamed the United States for its support of the junta, the government agreed to allow U.S. military bases to remain in Greece.", "At that year's elections, PASOK received only 13.5% of the vote, but in 1977 it polled 25%, and Papandreou became Leader of the Opposition. At the 1981 elections, PASOK won a landslide victory over the conservative New Democracy Party, and Papandreou became Greece's first socialist Prime Minister.", "The apparent stability of the partnership has an obvious appeal to a country where everything else appears to be falling apart. Comparing Tsipras with Andreas Papandreou, another Left-leaning, charismatic leader who wooed the Greek electorate in 1981 to become the country’s first socialist prime minister, Emmanouela Seiradaki of the Greek Reporter has written: “While Papandreou had been a restless womaniser with a string of marriages and divorces, who had an illegitimate child and countless mistresses, Alexis Tspiras has stayed faithful to his high-school sweetheart”.", "The October 1981 elections gave the PASOK party 48 percent of the vote; thus, Papandreou became Greece's first socialist prime minister. Papandreou's campaign platform included a heavy dose of anti-Americanism; many Greeks blamed the United States for supporting the junta. Once in power, however, Papandreou did not carry out his threats to withdraw Greece from NATO and the Common Market. In March 1985 Papandreou secured the election of his chosen candidate, Christos Sartzetakis, to replace Karamanlis as president.", "On January 1, 1981, Greece became the 10th member of the European Community (now the European Union). In parliamentary elections held on October 18, 1981, Greece elected its first socialist government when the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), led by Andreas Papandreou, won 172 of 300 seats. On March 29, 1985, after Prime Minister Papandreou declined to support President Karamanlis for a second term, Supreme Court Justice Christos Sartzetakis was elected president by the Greek parliament.", "In 1959, Papandreou, his wife, Margaret, and their four children arrived in Athens. Papandreou had secured Guggenheim and Fulbright Fellowships to study the Greek economy for one year. It was, in fact, to be the end of his academic career. After a brief transition, he became a member of the Center Union, a party led by his father, George Papandreou. In 1967, after a series of dramatic events, a group of junior military officers seized control of the country, and the Greeks became subject to a ruthless military dictatorship. The younger Papandreou was arrested and imprisoned. After a nine-month [End Page 110] detainment, he was granted amnesty and was allowed to leave the country. From abroad, he led a resistance movement against the colonels. In 1974, after the junta collapsed, Papandreou returned to Greece and established PASOK (The Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement). In 1981, he won the national elections and became the first socialist prime minister of Greece. Thereafter, he dominated Greek politics until his death in 1996. During those sixteen years he initiated numerous policies but became known mostly as a fervid critic of the West and a notorious antagonist of the United States.", "A new constitution was adopted in 1975, which restored a number of civil liberties and created the Greek presidency. The New Democracy party stayed in power until 1981. Under their leadership Greece became the tenth member of the EU in January 1981. That same year Greece elected its first socialist government headed by the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), which was led by Andreas Papandreou.", "During the 1880s and 1890s, transportation, education, and social services rapidly improved. Then in 1897 a revolt against the Turks in Crete led to war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire and to eventual self-governance for Crete. A revolt by the Military League in 1909 prompted the appointment of Eleuthérios Venizélos as Prime Minister of Greece. Between 1910 and 1933 Venizélos enacted major financial reforms.", "PASOK has dominated Greek political life since the 1980s. However, in 1990 the New Democracy party gained control of the parliament but collapsed in 1993 when several party members broke off and formed their own political party, Political Spring, and new elections were held after the collapse of the government. PASOK won elections in 1996 and 2000, and under Prime Minister Constantine Simitis's leadership, the economy has been revived and relations between Greece and Turkey have improved. Perhaps one of Simitis's greatest achievements is securing Greece's entry into the European Monetary Union in January 2001.", "The resulting Goudi coup on 15 August 1909 marked a watershed in modern Greek history: as the military conspirators were inexperienced in politics, they asked Venizelos, who had impeccable liberal credentials, to come to Greece as their political adviser. Venizelos quickly established himself as a powerful political figure, and his allies won the August 1910 elections. Venizelos became Prime Minister in October 1910, ushering a period of 25 years where his personality would dominate Greek politics.", "Alexis Tsipras, whose Syriza party won the Greek general election for the first time in its history, is to become the country's first radical left-wing prime minister, and the youngest in over 150 years.", "In elections held in November, Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy (ND) party secured a clear victory and he retained his position. A subsequent referendum resulted in an unambiguous vote against the restoration of the monarchy, and in June 1975 the parliament approved a republican constitution. The constitution gave extensive powers to the president, although in practice these were not used. That month parliament elected Konstantinos Tsatsos, a Karamanlis ally, to a five-year term as president. In the elections of 1977, Andreas Papandreou's radical Panhellenic Socialist Movement (known by its Greek acronym, PASOK) emerged as the principal opposition party with a 25 percent share of the vote. In May 1980 Karamanlis was elected president and relinquished his post as prime minister to a less charismatic ND member, Georgios Rallis. As president, Karamanlis achieved one of his long-standing objectives when he helped secure agreement for Greece to enter the European Community (EC; subsequently the European Union, or EU) in 1981.", "The Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic (, Pro̱thypourgós ti̱s Elli̱nikí̱s Di̱mokratías), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister of Greece (, Pro̱thypourgós ti̱s Elládas), is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Alexis Tsipras, who took office on 21 September 2015.", "Politically, Greece is expected to remain stable under Prime Minister Constantine Simitis, ensuring the continuation of his economic platform, although there is some resistance to his privatization policies. Improving ties with its EU neighbors will be at the forefront of his political agenda, as well as fostering better relations with Turkey, Greece's longtime adversary. Throughout 1999 and 2000, the 2 countries made significant progress toward enhancing peaceful relations in the wake of Turkey's candidacy for admission to the EU.", "* A triumvirate was established to head the Theriso revolt of 1905 in autonomous Crete, consisting of Eleftherios Venizelos (later Prime Minister of Greece) in charge of organisational matters, Konstantinos Foumis in charge of finances and Konstantinos Manos, the former mayor of Chania, in charge of military affairs.", "On 26 January 2015, Tsipras and Independent Greeks (ANEL) leader Panos Kammenos agreed to form a coalition government of SYRIZA and ANEL, with Tsipras becoming Prime Minister of Greece and Greek-Australian economist Yanis Varoufakis appointed Minister of Finance and Panos Kammenos appointed Minister of Defence. In July 2015, Yanis Varoufakis was replaced by Euclid Tsakalotos as Minister of Finance.", "The defeat of the Communists in the Greek Civil War did not lead to a national healing. Royalist and republican rivalries resurfaced in the Greek press and within Greek political parties. The reign of Paul I (1947-1964) witnessed an attempt to bring economic stability to Greece with the imposition of prime ministers and political parties that were pro-Western and more rightist in political affiliation. Greek newspapers urged greater freedom of expression, which the military and the central government in Athens were not always willing to tolerate. Greece's only radio and television stations were government owned and expressed the opinions of the party in power.", "Tsatsos, Konstantinos (Dimitriou) (b. July 1, 1899, Athens, Greece - d. Oct. 8, 1987, Athens), president of Greece (1975-80). Following the German occupation of his country, he escaped to the Middle East. After serving as adviser to the government-in-exile, he served after World War II as minister of hygiene and social welfare (1945), the interior (1945), justice (1945, 1967), aviation (1945), press and information (1945), religious affairs and education (1949), the presidency of the government (1956-58, 1958-61), social welfare (1962-63), and culture and science (1974). He was a close associate of Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis and continued to hold ministerial office until the coup of 1967 precipitated the installation of a military dictatorship. Tsatsos was an active opponent of the regime, and when it was overthrown in 1974, he helped to draft the country's new constitution. In 1975 parliament elected him as chief of state. He was succeeded as president by Karamanlis in 1980 and devoted his retirement to writing and scholarly work.", "Greek voters have returned Alexis Tsipras, the former prime minister and leader of the left-wing Syriza party, to power with a strong election victory.", "In Greece centrism has its roots to centrist politician and founder of Agricultural and Labour Party, Alexandros Papanastasiou. In 1961 Georgios Papandreou created along with other political leaders the coalition party of Centre Union. Five parties were merged: Liberal Party, Progressive Agricultural Democratic Union, National Progressive Center Union, Popular Social Party into one, with strong centrist agenda opposed equally to right wing party of National Radical Union and left wing party of United Democratic Left. The Centre Union Party was the last Venizelist party to hold power in Greece. The party nominally continued to exist until 1977 (after the Junta it was known as the Center Union - New Forces), when its successor Union of the Democratic Centre (EDIK) party was created.", "In 1974, a referendum voted 69%–31% to confirm the deposition of King Constantine II. A democratic republican constitution came into force. Another previously exiled politician, Andreas Papandreou, also returned and founded the socialist Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) party, which won the 1981 election and dominated Greek politics for almost two decades. ", "Papandreou had made an impressive comeback. The 1990s were different from the 1980s. Within PASOK, a group of technocrats was challenging the ailing leader to resign and let somebody else run Greece. They argued that valuable time had been lost with experimentation that hindered the country from converging with its European partners. Among them, the current leader of PASOK and prime minister, Simitis, enjoyed respect and credibility.", "Tzannetakis, Tzannis (Petrou) (b. Sept. 13, 1927, Gytheio, Greece - d. April 1, 2010, Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1989). He served as a navy officer but resigned on April 22, 1967, one day after a military coup that established a dictatorship. In 1969-71 he was imprisoned. After the political changeover of 1974 he joined the New Democracy party and was continuously elected MP from 1977. He was minister of public works (1980-81), tourism (1989, 1989-90), defense (1989-90), and culture (1990-91) and minister of state (1991-92). He was prime minister, foreign minister, and minister of tourism in the coalition government of New Democracy and Coalition of the Left in July-October 1989. In 1990-93 he was vice-premier in the government of Konstantinos Mitsotakis. He was also a member of the Political Council and the Electoral Planning Committee of New Democracy.", ", 1951–, Greek political leader, premier of Greece (2012–15), b. Athens, grad. Amherst (1974), Harvard (M.B.A., 1976). He was first elected to parliament in 1977 as a member of the conservative New Democracy (ND) party.", "Until recently Leandros participated in Greek politics. Under the magnificent name of Vassiliki von Ruffin (her real first name and the surname from her second marriage) she has served as deputy mayor of Piraeus as a representative of the  Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) .", "Venizelos, Sophocles, Former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Leader of the Elliniki Dimokratiki Aristera", "The Syriza coalition originally comprised a broad array of thirteen groups and independent politicians, including social democrats, democratic socialists, left-wing patriots, feminists, anti-capitalists, centrists, and environmentalist groups; as well as Marxist–Leninists, Maoists, Trotskyists, Eurocommunists, Luxemburgists, and Eurosceptics. Additionally, despite its secular ideology, many members are Christians who are mainly opposed to the privileges of the state-sponsored Orthodox Church of Greece. From 2013 the coalition became a unitary party, although it retained its name with the addition of \"United Social Front\".", "To Yiorgos Karambelias, a well known figure of the Greek extra-parliamentary left who was later to play a prominent role in developments within FEA (Ομοσπονδία Οικολόγων Εναλλακτικών/Federation of Ecologists Alternatives), the coming of PASOK to power was viewed as an overall victory for the left:", ", 1878–1952, Greek general and politician. He was instrumental in the overthrow (1922) of King Constantine I and initially supported the republic (1924). In June, 1925, he seized power, and in Jan.", ", 1879–1936, Greek general and statesman. He fought in the Balkan Wars and at Salonica in World War I. Entering politics in the turbulent postwar years, he served (1924–25) as minister of war and of the interior in the republican government.", "Born: 28 May (Old Style)/10 June (New Style) 1921 at Villa \"Mon Repos\", near Corfu town, (Isle of) Corfu, Greece", "Parallels with the newly elected Spanish popular front republican government of 1936 or the Chilean government of Salvadore Allende in 1970 are not fanciful. The commitments of these two earlier governments to radically redistribute wealth and power, to nationalise the banks and secure a new deal for workers and peasants are not dissimilar to the radical commitments of Syriza to end the debt burden and poverty of a beleaguered people resulting from the harsh conditions of the bailout, to build a ‘bottom-up’ social transformation, and to end corruption and tax avoidance of the corporate and political elites." ]

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[ "During and after World War II, and again upon his death in 1958, Pope Pius XII was praised by secular and Jewish leaders for his efforts to save Jews from the Nazi-induced Holocaust. During the last forty years, however, many people, including some Catholics, have accused the Pope of “silence” and even of criminal negligence, saying he could have said and done much more to lessen the genocide that claimed millions of Jews.", "Pius XII (Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 1876-1958) was pope from 1939 to 1958 and thus guided the Church through the very difficult years of World War II. A skillful diplomat, he opposed communism and while the Vatican was neutral during the war, condemned race-based killings and aided Italian Jews. But some sectors of the media and popular culture have accused him of silence and inaction in the face of the mass slaughter of Jews.", "A real danger to the papacy existed during World War II. Some believed that the Germans would take the pope and his chief aides north. Throughout this period, Pope Paul VI organized extensive relief work and directed the care of political refugees and prisoners of war.", "Pope Pius XII (), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958. Before his election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany (1917–1929), and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany, with which most historians believe the Vatican sought to protect the Church in Germany while Adolf Hitler sought the destruction of \"political Catholicism\". A pre-war critic of Nazism, Pius XII lobbied world leaders to avoid war and, as Pope at the outbreak of war, issued Summi Pontificatus, expressing dismay at the invasion of Poland, reiterating Church teaching against racial persecution and calling for love, compassion and charity to prevail over war. ", "On 22 December 1944, during World War II, Pope Pius XII named him to be the new Apostolic Nuncio to recently liberated France. In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of bishops who had collaborated with the German occupying power.", "Pope Pius XII (1939 - 1958) internationalized the Catholic Church after World War II. He also witnessed one of the largest persecution of Christians in Church history", "During the Second World War, the Lateran and its related buildings were used under Pope Pius XII as a safe haven from the Nazis and Italian Fascists for numbers of Jews and other refugees. Among those who found shelter there were Meuccio Ruini, Alcide De Gasperi, Pietro Nenni and others. The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and the sixty orphan refugees they cared for were ordered to leave their convent on the Via Carlo Emanuele. The Sisters of Maria Bambina, who staffed the kitchen at the Pontifical Major Roman Seminary at the Lateran offered a wing of their convent. The grounds also housed Italian soldiers. ", "The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe with its 15 million displaced persons and refugees, an internal internationalization of the Roman Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclicals, Evangelii Praecones [75] increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. [76] [77] He internationalized the College of Cardinals by eliminating the 1000 year old Italian majority and appointed cardinals from Asia, South America and Australia. In Western Africa [78] Southern Africa [79] British Eastern Africa, Finland, Burma and French Africa Pope Pius establishd independent dioceses in 1955.", "The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe with its 15 million displaced persons and refugees, an internal internationalization of the Roman Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclical Evangelii praecones increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. He internationalized the College of Cardinals by eliminating the Italian majority and appointed cardinals from Asia, South America and Australia. In Western Africa Southern Africa British Eastern Africa, Finland, Burma and French Africa Pope Pius established independent dioceses in 1955.", "ww2dbaseWhen the European War was about to begin in 1939, Pope Pius XII attempted to mediate between the powers to maintain peace. He informed Mussolini via Jesuit Father Tacchi Venturi of this intention, and received Mussolini's agreement to proceed. Next, Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione reached out to Vatican representatives Valerio Valeri in France, Filippo Cortesi in Poland, Cesare Orsenigo in Germany, and William Godfrey in Britain. The discussions resulted in the recommendation for Poland to accept a German annexation of Danzig, to which Poland refused, thus accomplishing nearly nothing.", "After violations of the 1933 Reichskonkordat between the Church and Nazi Germany, Pope Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge which publicly condemned the Nazis' persecution of the Church and their ideology of neopaganism and racial superiority. The Church condemned the 1939 invasion of Poland that started World War II and other subsequent wartime Nazi invasions. Thousands of Catholic priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned and murdered throughout the countries occupied by the Nazis, including Saints Maximilian Kolbe and Edith Stein. While Pope Pius XII has been credited with helping to save hundreds of thousands of Jews in the Holocaust, the Church has also been accused of encouraging centuries of antisemitism and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities. ", "September 17:   Pope Pius XII (1939-1958) asked General Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Mark Clark not to stand in the way of his, attempts to create a new majority Catholic country from Austria to parts of Germany (including Bavaria, and Saxony) and was to be led by Archduke Otto, heir to the Hapsburg throne in Austria.  During the war there were various proposals to create a Danube confederation which was to include Austria, southern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary.  The Pope said, \"Are you guys going to mess with this or would you want to let it go?\"  The two generals are seen as a threat to the Popes political ambitions.  This is the Pope who failed to speak out over the Holocaust, who facilitated the Nazi criminals in escaping their war crimes and now wants to profit from the bounty of war.", "May 7:   War ends in Europe, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) is dead.  Pope Pius XII (1939-1958), the man who remained silent concerning the extermination of six million Jews, now finds a voice to speak of the Soviet confiscation's, deportations, rapes, disease, deprivation and deliberate starvation.  It is a scene of horror that the Vatican reported from every country under Soviet occupation.  The Russian's retaliated by claiming the Pope is a supporter and protector of Hitler (1889-1945) and the Nazis and of Mussolini and the Fascists.  This is the Russian claim that history would prove true, despite repeated denials by the Church.  Many Catholics are beginning to believe the Roman Church leaders are less than holy people.  For the next forty-five years priests, monks, bishops and popes throughout Italy and France had a distorted perception of truth and justice.  They frustrated the authorities that attempted to bring war criminals to justice by sheltering these criminals in monasteries and abbeys.  Archbishop Albert Decourtray, of Lyon head, of the French Catholic Church, admitted to the guilt of the Roman Church whom he called rightists, opposing any liberalization in the Church.", "American records confirm that Pope Pius XII (1939-1968) attempted to divert his lack of denouncing the Nazis atrocities toward the Russians atrocities. Pope Pius said  that \"he felt reports of Nazi atrocities had been exaggerated\".  He also said \"he would condemn the Allies if they carried out a threat to bomb Rome\". His critics claim he was a Germanophile and was anti-Semetic before becoming Pope in 1939.  This is noteworthy as the Americans must have considered bombing the evil Vatican.  The Pope, however, is more concerned about Vatican treasures than millions of lives.", "In March 1998 John Paul issued \"We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah,\" or Holocaust—a papal apology for the Catholic Church's failure to act against Nazi atrocities during World War II. He also continued his travels despite the increased effects of Parkinson's disease. He was the first modern pope to enter a synagogue or to visit an Islamic country.", "On January 17, 2010, the Pope paid his first visit to the main synagogue of Rome , Longotevere Cenci . The president of Rome's Jewish community, Riccardo Pacifici, criticized Pope Pius XII for his silence during the Holocaust in remarks before the Pope spoke. Afterward, Pope Benedict said the Vatican had worked quietly to save Jews.", "Pius XII (1939-1958) deplored the Allies demand at Casablanca in January 1943 for the unconditional surrender of Germany.  It is noteworthy the Pius XII was the nuncio to the German Republic in 1920 and established the concordat with nazi Germany in 1933.  Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) an Austrian, occupied Rome September 1943.  This pope is still criticized for not speaking out against cynically planned world domination and genocide by Germany.", "When in 1940, the Nazi Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop led the only senior Nazi delegation permitted an audience with Pius XII and asked why the Pope had sided with the Allies, Pius replied with a list of recent Nazi atrocities and religious persecutions committed against Christians and Jews, in Germany, and in Poland, leading the New York Times to headline its report \"Jews Rights Defended\" and write of \"burning words he spoke to Herr Ribbentrop about religious persecution\". During the meeting, Ribbentrop suggested an overall settlement between the Vatican and the Reich government in exchange for Pius XII instructing the German bishops to refrain from political criticism of the German government, but no agreement was reached. ", "Following the Nazi/Soviet invasion of Poland, Pius XII's Summi Pontificatus called for the sympathy of the whole world towards Poland, where \"the blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants\" was being spilled. Pius never publicly condemned the Nazi massacre of 1,800,000–1,900,000 Poles, overwhelmingly Roman Catholic (including 2,935 members of the Catholic clergy), In late 1942, Pius XII advised German and Hungarian bishops to speak out against the massacres on the Eastern Front. In his 1942 Christmas Eve message, he expressed concern for \"those hundreds of thousands, who ... sometimes only by reason of their nationality or race, are marked down for death or progressive extinction. On 7 April 1943, Msgr. Tardini, one of Pius XII's closest advisors, advised Pius XII that it would be politically advantageous after the war to take steps to help Slovak Jews. ", "Eugenio Pacelli was Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1958. He failed to condemn the Nazi Holocaust. Pacelli worked as a canon lawyer before he was ordained bishop and dispatched to Germany.", "Later, after the war was over, Pius XII received a large delegation of Roman Jews in the Vatican, and ordered that the Imperial Steps be opened for them to enter by. These steps were usually reserved for crowned Heads of State. The Pope received them in the Sistine Chapel and, seeing that his Jewish visitors felt uncomfortable in that place, he came down from his throne and warmly welcomed them, telling them to feel completely at home, saying, “I am only the Vicar of Christ, but you are His very kith and kin.” Such was his great love for the Jewish people, augmented by his knowledge of their terrible sufferings.", "In 1942, Pius XII delivered a Christmas message over Vatican Radio, which voiced concern for the victims of the Nazis' genocidal policies. From May 1942, the Nazis had commenced their industrialized slaughter of the Jews of Europe - the Final Solution. Gypsies and others were also marked for extermination. The Pope addressed the racial persecutions in the following terms:", "Po e Pius XI died in March 1939. His successor as war breaks out in Europe is Eugenio Pacelli, now Pius XII. Few Popes will be the subject of as much contro-versy as he.", "Pope Pius XII behaved toward the Nazi cause with what could be interpreted as moral indifference. He failed to excommunicate Hitler or Nazi Catholics, though later he excommunicated Italian Communists.", "Pope Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on April 16, 1927) is Pope Emeritus of the Catholic Church, having served as Pope from 2005 to 2013.", "In World War II, he was appointed apostolic nuncio to France, and his efforts to save Jewish refugees and concentration-camp prisoners are well documented. In 1958, he was elected pope.", "Author Mark Riebling’s book, “Church of Spies: The Pope’s Secret War against Hitler,” contends that the pontiff was indeed a skilled man who used his role to help German plotters attempt to kill Hitler. The book even suggests that his initiatives came at the cost of his legacy and reputation, a point of wide controversy for historians.", "Following the German/Soviet invasion of Poland, the Pope's first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and rejected antisemitism, quoting scripture singling out the \"principle of equality\"—with specific reference to Jews: \"there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision\" and direct affirmation of the Jewish Revelation on Sinai. The forgetting of solidarity \"imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men\" was called \"pernicious error\". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer \"compassion and help\" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants. ", "Following the Nazi occupation of Italy, the Pope ordered Rome's Catholic institutions to open themselves to the Jews, sheltering 4715 of the 5715 listed for deportation by the Nazis in 150 Catholic institutions. 477 Jews were sheltered in the Vatican itself. As German round-ups continued in Northern Italy, the Pope opened his summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, to take in thousands of Jews and authorized institutions across the north to do the same.", "Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the Church and the Catholic Centre Party . He sent his vice chancellor Franz von Papen , a Catholic nobleman and former member of the Centre Party, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat. [71] On behalf of Cardinal Pacelli, his long-time associate Prelate Ludwig Kaas , the out-going chairman of the Centre Party, negotiated first drafts of the terms with Papen. [72] The concordat was finally signed, by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany, on 20 July and ratified on September 10, 1933. [73]", "The December 23, 1940 issue of Time magazine contains an interesting article about Christians living in Germany, both Catholic and Protestant, who opposed and suffered under the Nazis. On page 38, it claims that by late 1940 over 200,000 Christians were prisoners in Nazi concentration camps, with some estimates as high as 800,000. On page 40, it reports on the Archbishop of Munich, Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber, who led the Catholic opposition in Germany against the Nazis. In an Advent 1933 sermon, he preached: \"Let us not forget that we were saved not by German blood but by the blood of Christ!\" in response to Nazi racism. In 1934 the Cardinal \"narrowly missed a Nazi bullet\", while in 1938 a Nazi mob broke the windows in his residence. Even though he was over seventy and in poor health, he still led the Catholic German resistance against Hitler.", "Guerre Mondiale [Records and Documents of the Holy See Relating to the Second World War], edited by" ]

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[ "The Republican insider was Richard Nixon of California, relatively young but experienced as the nation's Vice-President for 8 years under Dwight Eisenhower. The Democratic newcomer was John F. Kennedy, senator from Massachusetts, who at the age of 43 could become the youngest person ever to be elected President. Regardless of the outcome, the United States would for the first time have a leader born in the 20th century.", "The vice presidents have hailed from 21 states. More than half of them have come from just five states, New York (11), Indiana (5), Massachusetts (4), Kentucky (3), and Texas (3). Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office. The youngest person to become Vice President was John C. Breckinridge at 36 years of age, while the oldest was Alben W. Barkley at 71 years of age.", "Buchanan’s vice president was John Breckinridge (1821-1875), a U.S. congressman from Kentucky . Breckinridge was 35 when elected, making him the youngest vice president in U.S. history.", "After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 and Motor Torpedo Boat PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific , Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat . Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election . He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, [3] [4] the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt ), and the first president to have been born in the 20th Century. [5] Kennedy is the only Catholic and the first Irish American president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize . [6] Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the building of the Berlin Wall , the Space Race , the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War .", "After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was elected subsequently to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. Presidential Election. At age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt, who was 42 when he became president after the assassination of William McKinley). Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. To date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize (for his biography Profiles in Courage).", "The reputation of the Republican Party in New York State was restored, and Sen Platt and the Republican machine, unhappy with much of Roosevelt’s legislative program and political appointments, preempted a second gubernatorial term by joining with western Republicans and others in nominating Roosevelt in 1900 as vice president to Pres William McKinley, who was running for reelection. The McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won in a landslide, and Roosevelt was sworn in as vice president on 4 Mar 1901. Following McKinley’s assassination in Buffalo,Roosevelt became president on 14 Sept 1901. At 42 he was the youngest president in US history.", "The youngest president was Teddy Roosevelt who became president at age 42 when McKinley (1843-1901) was assassinated. JFK was the youngest president elected at the age of 43.[10]", "Roosevelt knew that malaria was an even bigger enemy than the Spanish. He quickly got his men sent back to the United States. Roosevelt came back and was elected governor of New York later in the year. Two years later, Roosevelt was elected Vice-President alongside McKinley. And on September 13, 1901, McKinley died from his gunshot wound seven days earlier. At age 42, Roosevelt was now the youngest President in American history. In the words of Ohio Senator Mark Hanna, a conservative Republican, “that damned cowboy is in the White House.”", "He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president.", "Nov 8, 1960-John F. Kennedy elected president, youngest man to be elected POTUS & the first Catholic. Theodore Roosevelt youngest POTUS.", "Lyndon Baines Johnson ( August 27 , 1908 – January 22 , 1973 ), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician . After serving a long career in U.S. legislatures, Johnson became the Vice President of the United States of America under John F. Kennedy , from 1961 to 1963. A Democrat , Johnson became the 36th U.S. president , from 1963 to 1969, after Kennedy's assassination .", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after serving as the 37th Vice President of the United States under President John F. Kennedy, from 1961 to 1963. Johnson was a Democrat from Texas, who served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two as Senate Majority Whip.", "Theodore H. White 's 1961 book about that election campaign, The Making of the President 1960, was not only a national best-seller but is also often used as a supplementary text in high school and college courses in U.S. government and history. When he was elected, he became the youngest person to be elected president ( Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest to be president, but he first came to office by succeeding William McKinley when the latter was assassinated).", "1901 – Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States at age 42, the youngest person ever to do so, eight days after William McKinley was fatally wounded in Buffalo, New York.", "Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911January 13, 1978) was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson, from 1965 to 1969. Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978. Read Less", "James S. Sherman, a member of the Republican Party , took office as the 27th Vice President of the United States on March 4, 1909 at age 53. Sherman served as VP to President William H. Taft for 3 years through October 30, 1912. He was born in Utica, New York and received an education from Hamilton College.", "At the 1920 Republican Convention most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites.[69] Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses never considered him a serious candidate. After ten ballots, the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for President.[70] When the time came to select a Vice Presidential nominee, the party bosses had also made a decision on who they would nominate: Senator Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin.[71] A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for Vice President instead.[71] The suggestion caught on quickly, and Coolidge found himself unexpectedly nominated.[72]", "Hubert Humphrey, in full Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. (born May 27, 1911, Wallace, South Dakota , U.S.—died January 13, 1978, Waverly, Minnesota ), 38th vice president of the United States (1965–69) in the Democratic administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson and presidential candidate of the Democratic Party in 1968. A liberal leader in the United States Senate (1949–65; 1971–78), he built his political base on a Democrat–Farmer-Labor coalition reminiscent of the Populist Movement .", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the U.S. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II. Bush is often referred to as \"George H. W. Bush\", \"Bush 41\", \"Bush the Elder\", \"Papa Bush\", or \"George Bush Sr.\" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who was the 43rd President of the United States. Prior to his son's presidency, he was known simply as George Bush or President Bush.", "John F. Kennedy was the youngest elected president, taking the office at the age of 43.", "Walter Frederick \"Fritz\" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977â81) under President Jimmy Carter, and as a United States Senator from Minnesota (1964â76). Read Less", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "William Jefferson Clinton is the forty-second President of the United States 1993-2001. At 46 he was the second youngest person elected to that office.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to serve as President of the United States. Four subsequent presidents were born before him (also in the 20th Century): Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Reagan.", "This man became the youngest President in United States history at the age of 42. He formed the \"Bull Moose\" party in 1912.", "Truman did not have a vice president in his first term. His running mate, and eventual vice president for the term that began January 20, 1949 , was Alben W. Barkley.", "Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election, chose Nixon to be his vice presidential running mate. Nixon served as vice president for eight years.", ", 1918–96, 39th Vice President of the United States (1969–73), b. Baltimore. Admitted to the bar in 1949, he entered politics as a Republican and was elected (1961) chief executive of Baltimore co.", "William Jefferson Clinton began his second term as president of the United States on January twentieth, nineteen ninety-seven. His inaugural speech would be the last by an American president in the twentieth century.", "He was the youngest president everelected, as well as the only Catholic totake office. He represented thedemocratic party with his \"New Frontier\"platform in the 1960 election. He was amajor contributor to the space programand to the civil rights movement. He wasassassinated on Nov. 22, 1963", "1945 - 1953 33rd President…Served in WWI and was Vice President for FDR. Called for the foundation of NATO." ]

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[ "Rioting erupted in New York the night King was murdered with Harlem, the largest African-American neighborhood in Manhattan, erupting into sporadic violence and looting. Tensions simmered down after Mayor John Lindsay traveled into the heart of the area and stated that he regretted King’s wrongful death which led to the calming of residents although various businesses were still looted and set afire in Harlem and Brooklyn.", "In midtown Manhattan, Mayor John Lindsay was at the Alvin Theater, sitting through the first act of a new Broadway musical, The Education of H*y*m*a*n K*a*p*l*a*n, starring his friend Tom Bosley. Lindsay was a liberal Republican, one of the most liberal in national politics. It was he who, as deputy chair, had pushed the Kerner Riot Commission to blame “white racism” for the riots, and it was he who had urged its members to call for massive new federal spending efforts.", "In New York City, mayor John Lindsay traveled directly into Harlem, telling black residents that he regretted King's death and was working against poverty. He is credited for averting major riots in New York with this direct response, although minor disturbances still erupted in the city.", "To counter these developments, policy that was rooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s was implemented. In line with this Fixing Broken Windows philosophy, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984. In 1993, Mayor Rudy Giuliani took office and with Police Commissioner Howard Safir, the strategy was more widely deployed in New York under the rubrics of \"zero tolerance\" and \"quality of life\". Crime rates in the subway and city dropped. Giuliani's campaign credited the success to the zero tolerance policy. The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed. ", "The results were dramatic. In 1996, the New York Times reported that crime had plunged for the third straight year, the sharpest drop since the end of Prohibition. Since 1993, rape rates had dropped 17 percent, assault 27 percent, robbery 42 percent, and murder an astonishing 49 percent. Giuliani was on his way to becoming America's Mayor and Bratton was on the cover of Time. It was a remarkable public policy victory.", "Race and Politics in America's Cities / a production of Public Affairs Television, Inc. ; a presentation of Thirteen/WNET New York ; producers, Gail Ablow ... [et. al.] ; director, Wayne Palmer.  Hamilton, NJ : Films for the Humanities, c2008.  1 DVD videodisc (58 min.)  E185.615 .R334 2008 VideoDVD  : On the 40th anniversary of the landmark Kerner Commission Report on civil unrest, this edition of the Journal spotlights former Oklahoma Senator Fred Harris, one of the last living members of the original Commission, who discusses the root causes of the 1960s riots that rocked Newark, Detroit, and other U.S. cities. Harris reflects on his ongoing commitment to the cause of reducing racism and deep poverty in inner cities. Bill Moyers then interviews Newark, New Jersey, Mayor Cory Booker, a dynamic voice for urban reform who shares the lessons he has learned and his vision for a brighter future for his city.", "Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the September 9, 1997 Democratic primary. In the general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in the city compared to four years previously. ", "In his public statements during the riots, civil rights activist and Baptist minister Jesse Jackson sympathized with the anger experienced by African-Americans regarding the verdicts in the King trial, and pointed to certain root causes of the disturbances. Although he suggested that the violence was not justified, he repeatedly emphasized that the riots were an inevitable result of the continuing patterns of racism, police brutality and economic despair suffered by inner-city residents—a tinderbox of seething frustrations which was eventually set off by the verdicts. ", "In his public statements during the riots, civil rights activist and Baptist minister Jesse Jackson sympathized with the anger experienced by African-Americans regarding the verdicts in the King trial, and pointed to certain root causes of the disturbances. Although he suggested that the violence was not justified, he repeatedly emphasized that the riots were an inevitable result of the continuing patterns of racism, police brutality and economic despair suffered by inner-city residents — a tinderbox of seething frustrations which was eventually set off by the verdicts. [67] [68]", "The New York Police Department 's fatal shooting of Patrick Dorismond on March 15, 2000 inflamed Giuliani's already strained relations with the city's minority communities, [33] and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue. [33] By April, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who stated that his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more. [44] He gave priority to city duties over campaign activities. [37] Some Giuliani aides and national Republican figures concluded that his interest in the campaign was flagging, as although he was desirous of winning in political combat against a Clinton, he was by nature an executive personality and the prospect of serving as one of a hundred legislators was unappealing to him. [37]", "Former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani made a crackdown on vandalism a centerpiece of his anti-crime agenda in the 1990s, asserting that a strong campaign against nonviolent \"quality of life\" crimes such as vandalism would bring about a corresponding decrease in violent crime. According to FBI statistics, New York's crime rate plummeted during his tenure. ", "With the end of the \"crack wars\" in the mid-1990s and with the initiation of aggressive policing under mayors David Dinkins and subsequently Rudolph Giuliani, crime in Harlem plummeted. In 1981, 6,500 robberies were reported in Harlem. The number dropped to 4,800 in 1990, during David Dinkins' mayoralty. By 2000, only 1,700 robberies were reported, and by 2010, only 1,100 were reported. There have been similar changes in all categories of crimes tracked by the New York City Police Department. In the 32nd Precinct, which services Central Harlem above 127th Street, for example, between 1990 and 2013, the murder rate dropped 89.4%, the rape rate dropped 67.5%, the robbery rate dropped 74.2%, burglary dropped 93.4%, and the total number of crime complaints dropped 77.6%. ", "38. Who was the Mayor of New York at the time of the September 11th attacks in 2001?", "*2008 - Kwame Kilpatrick resigned his office as mayor effective September 19, 2008, after pleading guilty to two counts of obstruction of justice and no contest to one count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer. Kilpatrick was succeeded in office on an interim basis by City Council President Kenneth Cockrel, Jr..", "But in the year 2013, Crown Heights and the blackout of 1977 are ancient history. Anyone who remembers what an uninhabitable hellhole New York City was prior to Giuliani is either dead, living elsewhere or is otherwise outnumbered by the clueless Midwestern hipsters attracted by the city’s relative safety and prosperity. Gawker staffers screech about the “racism” of the NYPD’s now-dead stop-and-frisk policy, oblivious to the fact that it’s precisely those policies that kept New York from becoming a coastal Detroit. They whine about gentrification ruining “vibrant” minority neighborhoods (read: violent ghettos) despite the fact that without that gentrification, they’d still be stuck in their crappy little cul-de-sacs back in Wisconsin.", "Even with these measures, racial tensions increased. In addition, the civil rights measures championed by the President were seen as insufficient to minority Americans; to the majority, meanwhile, they posed a threat. Between 1964 and 1968, race riots shattered many American cities, with federal troops deployed in the Watts Riots in Los Angeles as well as in the Detroit and Washington, D.C., riots. In Memphis in the summer of 1968, Martin Luther King Jr., one of the leaders of the civil rights movement, was gunned down by a lone assassin. There were new civil disturbances in many cities, but some immediate good came from this tragedy: A bill outlawing racial discrimination in housing had been languishing in Congress, and King's murder renewed momentum for the measure. With Johnson determined to see it pass, Congress bowed to his will. The resulting law began to open up the suburbs to minority residents, though it would be several decades before segregated housing patterns would be noticeably dented.", "MARGARET KIMBERLEY, BLACK AGENDA REPORT - Giuliani, a former prosecutor, took office and immediately began treating New Yorkers, particularly black New Yorkers, like criminals. He specialized in pleasing white people by beating up black people. Under his leadership the police were unleashed and given the right to arrest for petty offenses and even to kill when they felt the urge to do so.", "Democratic presidential candidate, Bill Clinton , argued likewise that the violence resulted from the breakdown of economic opportunities and social institutions in the inner city. He also berated both major political parties for failing to address urban issues, especially the Republican Administration for its presiding over \"more than a decade of urban decay\" generated by their spending cuts. [69] He maintained that the King verdicts could not be avenged by the \"savage behavior\" of \"lawless vandals\". He also stated that people \"are looting because ... [t]hey do not share our values, and their children are growing up in a culture alien from ours, without family, without neighborhood, without church, without support.\" [69]", "Sony 148778711 keyboard Other riots followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971.", "In March 17, 2008, New York Lt. Gov. David Paterson was sworn in to become first African-American governor of New York. Thrust into power after Eliot Spitzer's prostitution scandal forced him to resign, Paterson, whose term has also been laced with personal scandal, continues to struggle to win over the Democratic Party and the citizens of New York. Paterson is pictured here with his wife, Michelle Paige Paterson, at the state Capitol building in Albany, N.Y.", "Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots , or in some cases police riots , in city streets. [75] Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. [76] In 1979, Jane Byrne , the city's first female mayor, was elected. She helped mitigate crime in the Cabrini-Green housing project and guide Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. [77]", "In April 1968 after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, rioting broke out in cities across the country from frustration and despair. These included Cleveland, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Chicago, New York City and Louisville, Kentucky. As in previous riots, most of the damage was done in black neighborhoods. In some cities, it has taken more than a quarter of a century for these areas to recover from the damage of the riots; in others, little recovery has been achieved.", "The riots began on August 11, 1965, in Watts, a suburb of Los Angeles, when Lee Minikus, a California Highway Patrol motorcycle officer, pulled over Marquette Frye, who Minikus believed was intoxicated because of his observed erratic driving. Frye failed to pass sobriety tests; including walking in a straight line and touching his nose, and was arrested soon after. Minikus refused to let Frye’s brother, Ronald, drive the car home, and radioed for it to be impounded. As events escalated, a crowd of onlookers steadily grew from dozens to hundreds.[1] The mob became violent, throwing rocks and other objects while shouting at the police officers. A struggle ensued shortly resulting in the arrest of Frye, Ronald, and their mother.", "For some liberals and civil rights advocates, the riots were a turning point. They increased an already-strong trend toward racial segregation and white flight in America's cities, strengthening racial barriers that looked as though they might weaken. The riots were political fodder for the Republican party, which used fears of black urban crime to garner support for \"law and order\", especially in the 1968 presidential campaign. The assassination and riots radicalized many, helping to fuel the Black Power movement.", "The Cincinnati riots were in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Tension in the Avondale neighborhood had already been high due to a lack of job opportunities for African-American men, and the assassination escalated that tension. ", "On April 29th, 1992, a jury acquitted two white police officers for charges of the videotaped beating black motorist Rodney King. As a result of this verdict, thousands of citizens rioted for six days. Mass amounts of looting, murder, arson and assault took place, resulting in over a billion dollars in total damage, and the loss of 53 lives.", "The imprisoned former mayor of Detroit complains in \"Surrendered! The Rise, Fall and Revelation of Kwame Kilpatrick\" about being persecuted by powerful forces, including Metro Detroit's Jewish community, prosecutors and judges who took part in legal proceedings that put him in prison for violations of probation in the text message scandal.", ";Philadelphia 1964 race riot: 28–30 August 1964, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, Allegations of police brutality sparked the Columbia Avenue race riots.", "Major riots in black neighborhoods caused a series of \"long hot summers.\" They started with a violent disturbance in the Harlem riots in 1964, and the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965, and extended to 1971. The momentum for the advancement of civil rights came to a sudden halt in the summer of 1965, with the riots in Watts. After 34 people were killed and $35 million in property was damaged, the public feared an expansion of the violence to other cities, and so the appetite for additional programs in LBJ's agenda was lost. ", "South Central LA, young blacks start a riot. Brick throwing, fires set, buildings destroyed, looting. Eleven days after the Voting Rights Act was passed. Summer of 1966, ~40 U.S. cities had similar riots. These started bc of violence against blacks", "When police shot an unarmed black teenager in Harlem in July 1964, tensions escalated out of control. Residents were frustrated with racial inequalities. Rioting broke out, and Bedford-Stuyvesant, a major black neighborhood in Brooklyn erupted next. That summer, rioting also broke out in Philadelphia, for similar reasons. The riots were on a much smaller scale than what would occur in 1965 and later.", "In August 1965 frustrations with high unemployment and poverty led to riots in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a primarily black neighborhood. For six days, rioters looted, firebombed, and sniped at police and National Guard troops. When the riots ended, 34 people were dead and hundreds were injured. In the summers of 1966 and 1967, urban riots occurred in the poorer neighborhoods of several Northern cities. The summer of 1967 saw 150 racial confrontations and 40 riots." ]

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[ "\"Sinatra Doctrine\" was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal affairs. The name alluded to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\"—the Soviet Union was allowing these nations to go their own way. This was a major break with the earlier Brezhnev Doctrine, under which the internal affairs of satellite states were tightly controlled by Moscow. This had been used to justify the invasions of Czechoslovakia in 1968 as well as of the non-Warsaw Pact nation of Afghanistan in 1979. By the late 1980s, structural flaws within the Soviet system, growing economic problems, the rise of anti-communist sentiment and the effects of the Afghan war made it increasingly impractical for the Soviet Union to impose its will on its neighbors.  (wikipedia.org.  Accessed on September 1, 2011.)", "The Sinatra Doctrine allowed East Bloc governments to be more autonomous and self-governing and gets its namesake for the Frank Sinatra classic “My Way.” The name for this policy was said by Foreign Ministry spokesman Gannadi Geraimov during an appearance on the American news show \"Good Morning America.\"", "\"Sinatra Doctrine\" was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact states to determine their own internal affairs. The name alluded to the song \"My Way\" popularized by Frank Sinatra—the Soviet Union was allowing these states to go their own way.", "Also during 1988, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet Union would abandon the Brezhnev Doctrine, and allow the Eastern bloc nations to freely determine their own internal affairs. Jokingly dubbed the \"Sinatra Doctrine\" by Gorbachev's Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov, this policy of non-intervention in the affairs of the other Warsaw Pact states proved to be the most momentous of Gorbachev's foreign policy reforms. In his 6 July 1989 speech arguing for a \"common European home\" before the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, Gorbachev declared: \"The social and political order in some countries changed in the past, and it can change in the future too, but this is entirely a matter for each people to decide. Any interference in the internal affairs, or any attempt to limit the sovereignty of another state, friend, ally, or another, would be inadmissible.\" A month earlier, on 4 June 1989, elections had taken place in Poland and the communist government had already been deposed.", "Also during 1988, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet Union would abandon the Brezhnev Doctrine , and allow the Eastern bloc nations to freely determine their own internal affairs. Jokingly dubbed the \" Sinatra Doctrine \" by Gorbachev's Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov , this policy of non-intervention in the affairs of the other Warsaw Pact states proved to be the most momentous of Gorbachev's foreign policy reforms. In his 6 July 1989 speech arguing for a \" common European home \" before the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, Gorbachev declared: \"The social and political order in some countries changed in the past, and it can change in the future too, but this is entirely a matter for each people to decide. Any interference in the internal affairs, or any attempt to limit the sovereignty of another state, friend, ally, or another, would be inadmissible.\" A month earlier, on 4 June 1989, elections had taken place in Poland and the communist government had already been deposed.", "On 25 October 1989, during his visit to Finland, Gorbachev officially repudiated the Brezhnev's doctrine and admitted that East European countries had right to make their own policies. The new approach to the existing East European satellites became common under the term Sinatra Doctrine, which was a reminiscence of the lyrics of the Sinatra's song \"I do it my way\". However, Gorbachev's attitude to the German reunification was radically negative both before 1989 and after the fall of the Berlin Wall.", "President Jimmy Carter (1977–81) came to office committed to a foreign policy that emphasized human rights. But in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, containment was again made a priority. The wording of the Carter Doctrine (1980) intentionally echoes that of the Truman Doctrine.", "On March 12, 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced as America's new foreign policy. On June 5, 1947, the Marshall Plan was announced. Both \"doctrines\" had originated in foundation studies subsidized by the CIA and were to be implemented under close CIA supervision.", "In the United States, Henry Kissinger has long epitomized the foreign policy establishment. He once told Hamilton Fish Armstrong, editor of the CFR journal Foreign Affairs, \"You invented me,\" and before serving as Richard Nixon's Secretary of State, he acted as chief foreign policy adviser to Nelson Rockefeller, whom he called \"the single most influential person in my life.\"", "Truman's decision to intervene in the Korean War represents a serious departure from previous U.S. foreign policy; after all, the notion that the country had a vital stake in the outcome of a war on the Asian mainland would never have been taken seriously before World War II. That the president acted as he did—and Americans (at least initially) supported that decision—reflects a new understanding of the role of the United States in world affairs. In 1947 the administration committed the country to a policy of \"containment,\" in which communism would be allowed to remain where it already existed, but the Soviet Union and its allies would not be allowed to gain control of any new areas deemed important to America's national security. But there was a moral dimension to this as well, which the president put forward in the so-called \"Truman Doctrine\" speech of 1947. In that speech Truman committed the country—at least on paper—to the defense of \"free peoples\" everywhere against communist aggression. Korea would be the first place where American troops would fight and die for that principle. (Containment and the Truman Doctrine are covered in the EDSITEment lesson plan \"The Strategy of Containment,\" lesson #2 in the curriculum unit entitled \"Origins of the Cold War\" .", "The USSR’s proposals formed the basis for a resolution presented to the UN General Assembly in December 1946: Principles Governing the General Regulation and Reduction of Armaments. The imperialist circles and major Western powers rejected the peace-loving proposals of the USSR, however. In 1947 the USA proclaimed the Truman Doctrine, which asserted the USA’s right to interfere, on behalf of reactionary forces and counterrevolution, in the affairs of all countries. The doctrine served the aims of expansion and aggression. The Marshall Plan, put forward at this time, was a means of using American economic aid to gain a preponderant influence in the states of Western Europe that had been devastated by the war, to halt the upsurge of the revolutionary movement in these countries through American intervention, and to isolate the people’s democracies from the USSR and bring them back within the capitalist fold. The USSR exposed the USA’s efforts, which were supported by Anglo-French imperialist circles, at depriving the European states of their sovereignty and making them dependent on American monopoly capital.", "Although he claimed no personal expertise on foreign matters, and although the opposition Republicans controlled Congress, Truman was able to win bipartisan support for both the Truman Doctrine, which formalized a policy of containment, and the Marshall Plan , which aimed to help rebuild postwar Europe. To get Congress to spend the vast sums necessary to restart the moribund European economy, Truman used an ideological argument, arguing forcefully that communism flourishes in economically deprived areas. His goal was to \"scare the hell out of Congress.\" As part of the U.S. Cold War strategy, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 and reorganized military forces by merging the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (later the Department of Defense) and creating the U.S. Air Force. The act also created the CIA and the National Security Council.", "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), an American politician of the Democratic Party. He served as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–45) and briefly as Vice President (1945) before he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was president during the final months of World War II, making the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman was elected in his own right in 1948. He presided over an uncertain domestic scene as America sought its path after the war and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.", "was an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman during 1949-1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. He likewise played a central role in the creation of many important institutions, including Lend Lease, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, together with the early organizations that later became the European Union and the World Trade Organization. His most famous decision was convincing the nation to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.", "Bess Truman provided reliable, informed and professional advice that gave the President confidence in his decisions to initiate monumental postwar foreign policy. Circumstances placed Harry Truman in the role of making some of the most momentous global decisions of the twentieth century. Truman declared to reporter Marianne Means in 1962, that he never made an important decision without first seeking the advice and reaction of his wife.", "Dr. Salla writes that Kissinger teamed up with Nelson Rockefeller during the Eisenhower administration to create the vast, clandestine corporate-military-scientific cabal that dominates ET relations and maintains UFO secrecy to this day. He said Kissinger's philosophy of \"realpolitik,\" or the amassing of national power in competition with other world powers, drives U.S. foreign policy.", "In 1945, Sen. Arthur K. Vandenberg, a leading Republican, and a CFR member, traveled around the country to drum up support for the creation of the United Nations. He was also instrumental in getting the Republican-controlled Congress to go along with Truman's CFR-controlled foreign policy. When the UN Conference met in San Francisco in 1945, there were 47 CFR members in the U. S. delegation, including Alger Hiss(a State Department official and communist spy, who in 1950 was convicted of perjury after denying he had passed secret documents to the Russians, and was sentenced to five years in prison), Harry Dexter White (a communist agent), Owen Lattimore (who was called by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, a \"conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy\"), Nelson Rockefeller, John Foster Dulles, Dean Acheson, Harold Stassen, Ralph Bunche, John J. McCloy, Adlai Stevenson, Philip Jessup, John Carter Vincent (identified as a \"security risk\"), Edward R. Stettinius (Secretary of State), Leo Pasvolsky, Joseph E. Johnson, Clark M. Eichelberger, and Thomas K. Finletter.", "Throughout his life Sinatra was a strong supporter of Jewish causes. He stepped forward in the early 1940s, when big names were needed to rouse America into saving Europe's remaining Jews, and he sang at an \"Action for Palestine\" rally (1947). He sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center; and he donated over $1 million to Jerusalem 's Hebrew University, which honored him by dedicating the Frank Sinatra International Student Center. As a result of his support for the Jewish State, his movies and records were banned in some Arab countries.", "Truman believed that Stalin wanted to spread the Communist influence throughout Europe. The Truman Doctrine, which became law in 1947, was aimed at protecting Greece and Turkey from Communist domination. Later, it also blocked Communist expansion anywhere in the world. Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to aid in the economic recovery of western Europe after World War II. In addition to providing financial aid to help war-torn Europe rebuild, The Marshall Plan made the United States a world power. He also initiated the establishment of the North American Treaty organization (NATO", "Although Truman did not have great success with his domestic programs, many of his reform proposals were later enacted into law. Thrust into office largely ignorant of foreign affairs, he acted decisively in erecting the machinery of \"containment\" against the threat of Communist expansion and committing the United States to a new internationalism. Some historians, however, have challenged the assumption of a Communist threat on which Truman's action were based. They argue that the cold war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union could have been averted by a more conciliatory attitude on the part of the Truman administration. Although Truman's policies remain a subject of controversy, he has become a popular figure largely because of his feisty personality and his come-from-behind victory in 1948.", "    The Truman Doctrine, a plan to help states going through a struggle for freedom against their oppressors, was instituted in 1948.  President Truman said, \"I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.\"  The Truman Doctrine instituted a policy of containment; Communism would be limited only to areas already under Soviet control, and Americans would resist Soviet expansion everywhere else.", "In 1970, the first sign of Sinatra's break from the Democratic Party came when he endorsed Ronald Reagan for a second term as Governor of California ; [44] [57] Sinatra, however, remained a registered Democrat and encouraged Reagan to become more moderate. [57] In July 1972, after a lifetime of supporting Democratic presidential candidates, Sinatra announced he would support Republican U.S. President Richard Nixon for re-election in the 1972 presidential election . His switch to the Republican Party was now official; [57] he even told his daughter Tina, who had actively campaigned for Nixon's Democratic opponent George McGovern , [57] \"the older you get, the more conservative you get.\" [57] Sinatra said he agreed with the Republican Party on most positions, except that of abortion. [56]", "The plan’s aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe’s balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections. [70] The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery. [71] One month later, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the National Security Council (NSC). These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War. [72]", "The plan’s aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe’s balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections. [70]  The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery. [71]  One month later, Truman signed the  National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified  Department of Defense , the  Central Intelligence Agency  (CIA), and the  National Security Council  (NSC). These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War. [72]", "By March 18 Colonel Donovan was home to report upon the dangers to shipping, the importance of northwest Africa to the United States, the use of psychological and political warfare, and upon a central intelligence committee which he saw taking form in London under the exigencies of war. At Roosevelt's direction he talked with Secretaries Stimson and Knox and Attorney General Jackson about his concept of an intelligence agency with the accompanying forces of propaganda and subversion. They recommended it to the President. The result was Donovan's proposal on June 10, 1941, that there should be a \"service of strategic information.\" Strategy without information, he said, was helpless. Information collected for no strategic purpose was futile.", "\"It is one of the least understood realities of modem history that many of America's most prominent political and financial figures - then as now - have been willing to sacrifice the best interests of the United States in order to further their goal of creating a one-world government. The strategy has remained unchanged since the formation of Cecil Rhodes' society and its offspring, the Round Table Groups. It is to merge the English-speaking nations into a single political entity, while at the same time creating similar groupings for other geopolitical regions. After this is accomplished, all of these groupings are to be amalgamated into a global government, the so-called Parliament of Man.\"", "On a deeper level, Sinatra's career and public image touched many aspects of American cultural life. For millions, his ascent from humble Italian-American roots in Hoboken, N.J., was a symbol of ethnic achievement. And more than most entertainers, he used his influence to support political candidates. His change of allegiance from pro-Roosevelt Democrat in the 1940's to pro-Reagan Republican in the 1980's paralleled a seismic shift in American politics.", "The leading advocate for a forceful response to Law 80 was Robert Komer, an NSC member responsible for the Middle East. 63 Immediately following Law 80, Komer expressed considerable frustration with the State Department’s traditional “hands-off” approach to Iraq, and began advocating that the United States “do something.” In this, Komer enjoyed the support of National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, Komer’s immediate superior and a key behind-the-scenes policymaker in the Kennedy administration. 64", "On Jan. 8, 1918, he announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for a peace settlement. They were more than peace terms; they were terms for a better world. He followed this speech with his famous \"self-determination\" speech on February 11 in which he said: \"National aspirations must be respected; people may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self determination' is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action. . . . \"", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving \"the final destruction of Nazi tyranny\". Signing the Atlantic Charter, and thereby joining the \"United Nations\" was the way a nation joined the Allies, and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945.", "Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, which established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and the democratic European nations that had not fallen under Soviet control following World War II. The strategic (and historical) importance of this treaty, which Truman successfully guided through the Senate in 1949, is hard to overstate. It served as a check against Soviet expansion in Europe, and sent a clear message to Communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals. The United States,  Great Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland and Canada were the original treaty signatories; Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in 1952.", "Now, while still pursing the method -- the method of realizing our over-all strategic concept, I come to the crux of what I have traveled here to say. Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organization will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States of America. Ladies and gentlemen, this is no time for generality, and I will venture to the precise. Fraternal association requires not only the growing friendship and mutual understanding between our two vast but kindred systems of society, but the continuance of the intimate relations between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers, the similarity of weapons and manuals of instructions, and to the interchange of officers and cadets at technical colleges. It should carry with it the continuance of the present facilities for mutual security by the joint use of all Naval and Air Force bases in the possession of either country all over the world." ]

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[ "George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India, and the first Head of the Commonwealth.", "George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor) (14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was the third British monarch using the name Windsor. He belonged to the House of Windsor (the name his father had given to his branch of the German House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), and reigned from 11 December 1936 until his death. As well as being King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British dominions beyond the seas, George VI was the last Emperor of India (until 1947) and the last King of Ireland (until 1949).", "George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.", "In 1948 the public was advised that King George VI had a form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) called Buerger's Disease, after which the King severely reduced his public appearances. Certain nerves to his legs were also severed in order to free him of some pain in standing. [3]", "In the spring of 1949, George VI lay in bed in Buckingham Palace following an operation to cut a nerve at the base of his spine. The procedure was designed to counteract the arteriosclerosis he suffered as a result of too much stress, and too many cigarettes.", "George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George), 1895–1952, king of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1936–52), second son of George V; successor of his elder brother, Edward VIII . He attended the royal naval colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth and served in World War I. Later he served in the Royal Air Force. He studied at Cambridge for a time after the war, was created duke of York in 1920, and married (1923) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. They had two daughters: Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II ) and Princess Margaret . When Edward VIII abdicated on Dec. 11, 1936, George became king. He and his consort were crowned on May 12, 1937. They made a state visit to France in July, 1938, and an unprecedented royal voyage to Canada and the United States in 1939. During World War II the king worked to keep up British morale by visiting bombed areas, inspecting war plants, and touring theaters of war action. In 1947 the royal family made a state visit and tour of South Africa. A tour of Australia and New Zealand, scheduled for 1949, was postponed indefinitely because of the king's illness at the end of 1948. Like his father, George was held in deep affection by his people. He was succeeded by Elizabeth II.", "King George VI died in his sleep February 6, 1952, emaciated by cancer. The healthful effects of the operation had lasted a greviously short time, and the king died during his daughter’s tour in Africa.", "Vaclav Havel who became Czech Republic's first elected president dies aged 75 | Daily Mail Online", "George VI served as king of the United Kingdom during World War II and was an important symbolic leader. He was succeeded by Queen Elizabeth II, in 1952.", "There is a famous line which summed them up, when the Queen was asked whether the two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, should be evacuated to Canada as invasion seemed imminent, and the Blitz worsened. She replied \"The children will not leave without their mother, their mother will not leave without the King, and the King will never leave\". The pressure of the role, and its inevitable need to adapt with dignity to a new order at home and abroad after the war took its toll on the health of the shy and withdrawn man. His death followed a long illness from lung cancer but came unexpectedly. It can be seen from this footage that, whatever he was like as a monarch and an individual, the shock and the grief at his death, was genuine among his fanily and the people of Britain.", "George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood. George Henry Hubert Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, KBE AM (7 February 1923 – 11 July 2011), styled The Hon. Gerald Lascelles. George VI of the United Kingdom. George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Elizabeth II. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Anne, Princess Royal. Anne, Princess Royal KG KT GCVO QSO GCL [2][3] (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950) is the second child and only daughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.", "George VI succeeded the throne unexpectedly after the abdication of his brother, King Edward VIII. He was king during the Second World War.", "George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.", "George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War (1914–1918) until his death in 1936.", "At London's Westminster Abbey, George VI and his consort, Lady Elizabeth, are crowned king and queen of the United Kingdom as part of a coronation ceremony that dates back more than a millennium.  George, who studied at Dartmouth Naval College and served in World War I , ascended to the throne after his elder brother, King Edward VIII, abdicated on December 11, 1936. Edward, who was the first English monarch to voluntarily relinquish the English throne, agreed to give up his title in the face of widespread criticism of his desire to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American divorcee.  In 1939, King George became the first British monarch to visit America and Canada. During World War II , he worked to keep up British morale by visiting bombed areas and touring war zones. George and Elizabeth also remained in bomb-damaged Buckingham Palace during the war, shunning the relative safety of the countryside, and George made a series of important morale-boosting radio broadcasts, for which he overcame a speech impediment.  After the war, the royal family visited South Africa, but a planned tour of Australia and New Zealand had to be postponed indefinitely when the king fell ill in 1949. Despite his illness, he continued to perform state duties until his death in 1952. He was succeeded by his first-born daughter, who was crowned Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953.", "\"George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 1910 through World War I (1914–1918) until his death in 1936. He was the first British monarch of the House of Windsor, which he created from the British branch of the German House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.\"", "George V of the United Kingdom. George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death.", "Some historians have remarked that, because of this, one could view the reign of King George VI as one of the most disastrous in British royal history. Certainly no other monarch had lost so much territory and so many subjects so quickly. Yet, no one would think of attributing this to George VI himself, the last British King-Emperor. He had acted, from start to finish, as a proper constitutional monarch, doing his duty, taking advice and accepting the wishes of his peoples. Today, many people would probably be put off by him. He was a stickler for details, a man who did things ‘by the book’ and beneath his calm exterior he had a fiery temper. However, his public image was always one of solid dignity, inspiring resolve and cool courageousness. He was exactly the right monarch at the right time for the English-speaking world. However, his health, which had never been robust, suffered a great deal from the stress of the war, the abrupt way the Crown was thrust on his head and the rapid changes in the aftermath of the conflict. He had also long been a heavy smoker and that took its toll as well. Still, despite his declining health he still appeared whenever possible, saw Churchill return to power and even corrected the famous statesmen on the constitutionality of his proposal for a deputy PM.", "George VI became King of Britain upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in December, 1936. He was known for his devout religious faith, for working closely with Prime Minister Winston Churchill through World War II and for his role in helping transform the British Empire into the more loosely associated Commonwealth of Nations in the post-war years. A veteran of the British Navy and Royal Air Force, he made regular visits to the troops on several battlefronts, including France and North Africa. Recognizing the heavy toll war took on civilians, George VI regularly visited bombed portions of London and established the George Cross and George Medal to honor civilians who had displayed bravery during war time.", "Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later the Duke of Windsor ; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India , from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December 1936.", "UK 1952 England King George V1 Buried Friday, 15th February, 1952 : More than a million people gathered in London today to mourn the death of George VI, he was buried in St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle.", "The offspring of their father King George VI's siblings then follow. There are more than 60 living people descended from his father King George V, who died in 1936.", "Edward VIII was born at White Lodge, Richmond upon Thames on 23 June 1894. Edward was the eldest son of George V and Queen Mary. He was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, and Emperor of India from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December 1936, after which he was Prince Edward and then Duke of Windsor until his death on 28 May 1972. During World War II he was the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bahamas after spending a great deal of time in Bermuda. He was known to his family and close friends, by his last Christian name, David.", "A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria by both of his parents and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II , he is one of the last surviving heads of state from World War II , [4] [5] [6] [7] the others being Simeon II of Bulgaria [8] and former King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia .", "George’s relationship with his eldest son and heir Edward, Prince of Wales (known as David in the family, the future King Edward VIII) was strained. The king was disappointed in his son’s failure to settle down and appalled by his affairs with married women. However, he was fond of his second son Prince Albert (known as Bertie in the family, the future King George VI). In 1935, King George V prophetically said of his eldest son, “After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months”, and of Prince Albert and his elder daughter Elizabeth, “I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne.”", "King George II reigned after Constantine I was forced to abdicate in 1922. He was ousted in 1924 when a plebiscite abolished the monarchy, but was restored to the throne in 1935- when another plebiscite brought it back. In 1941, he took his government into exile because of the Nazi attack, but was restored to the throne in 1946. He and Queen Elizabeth, who divorced in 1935, did not have children. He died in 1947, and was succeeded by his brother Paul I.", "Prince Andrew was a cousin of King George V, in whose reign these events transpired. The old king remembered his Russian cousin’s horrible execution and was determined not to make the same mistake again by abandoning family. George V’s forces saved not only a cousin but the family of Mountbatten’s sister Alice.", "Lord Mountbatten, a cousin to Queen Elizabeth II and former Viceroy of India, was a powerful British statesman and naval officer. On August 27, 1979, he was assassinated by the IRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) while on his fishing boat, Shadow V.", "As a great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria, through both of his parents, Michael is a third cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, King Harald V of Norway, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden and Queen Elizabeth II. He is the last surviving monarch or other head of state from the Interwar period, and the oldest of only three surviving heads of state from the Second World War, the others being the former King Simeon II of Bulgaria and Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet.", "Sir Edward Richard George Heath, (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005), often known as Ted Heath, was a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975.", "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark; June 10, 1921) is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II.", "Louis Mountbatten (1900-1979) was one of the last of Britain's great war heroes. After his assassination by the IRA in 1979, the world joined Britain and India in mourning the loss of one of the most celebrated military men of the twentieth century." ]

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[ "Oliver North testifying before the Iran-Contra Committee. [Source: Bettmann / Corbis]Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North testifies before the joint House-Senate Iran-Contra investigative committee. During the course of his testimony, he says he does not know if President Reagan had any knowledge of the diversion of funds from Iranian arms sales to the Nicaraguan Contras (see December 6, 1985 and April 4, 1986 ). North also testifies that William Casey, the recently deceased CIA director (see May 6, 1987 ), knew of and approved the diversion of funds to the Contras. North admits that the Iranian arms sales were initially designed to help facilitate the release of the American hostages being held by Hezbollah.", "During the trial, North testified that on November 21, 22, or 24, he witnessed Poindexter destroy what may have been the only signed copy of a presidential covert-action finding that sought to authorize CIA participation in the November 1985 Hawk missile shipment to Iran. U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese admitted on November 25 that profits from weapons sales to Iran were made available to assist the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. On the same day, John Poindexter resigned, and President Reagan fired Oliver North. Poindexter was replaced by Frank Carlucci on December 2, 1986. ", "In his exposé Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987, journalist Bob Woodward chronicles the role of the CIA in facilitating the transfer of funds from the Iran arms sales to the Nicaraguan Contras spearheaded by Oliver North. According to Woodward, then Director of the CIA, William J. Casey, admitted to him February 1987 that he was aware of the diversion of funds to the contras. The controversial admission occurred while Casey was hospitalized for a stroke, and, according to his wife, was unable to communicate. On May 6, 1987, William Casey died the day after Congress began its public hearings on Iran–Contra. Independent Counsel, Lawrence Walsh later wrote: \"Independent Counsel obtained no documentary evidence showing Casey knew about or approved the diversion. The only direct testimony linking Casey to early knowledge of the diversion came from [Oliver] North.\" ", "The National Security Council’s Oliver North persuades former CIA officer Felix Rodriguez to help him divert funds and weapons to the Nicaraguan Contras (see December 6, 1985 and April 4, 1986 ). Rodriguez agrees to set up the servicing of CIA transport planes and other aircraft at the Ilopango Air Base in San Salvador, El Salvador. Rodriguez works out of Ilopango, helping the Salvadoran Air Force in its own counter-insurgency activities. Rodriguez was placed at Ilopango by Donald Gregg, a former CIA agent who now serves as the foreign policy adviser to Vice President Bush (see March 17, 1983 ). While in El Salvador, Rodriguez uses the alias “Max Gomez.”", "John Poindexter - who found a niche deep in the U.S. government's post-9/11 security bureaucracy as head of the Pentagon's Total Information Awareness program (formally disbanded by Congress in 2003), was Oliver North's superior during the Iran-Contra period and personally approved or directed many of his activities. His assertion that he never told President Reagan about the diversion of Iranian funds to the Contras ensured Reagan would not face impeachment.", "National Security Council (NSC) officer Oliver North has become far more outspoken among government officials about his illegal funding of the Nicaraguan Contras (see May 16, 1986 ). During a meeting of his Restricted Interagency Group (RIG—see Late 1985 and After ), CIA official Alan Fiers, a member of the group, is discomfited at North’s straightforward listing of the many activities that he is causing to be conducted on behalf of the Contras, everything from supplying aircraft to paying salaries. Fiers is even less sanguine about North’s frank revelations about using illegally solicited private funding for the Contras (see May 16, 1986 ). North goes down the list, asking if each activity should be continued or terminated, and, according to Fiers, making it very clear that he can cause his Contra support program (which he now calls PRODEM, or “Project Democracy”) to respond as he directs. North also begins arranging, through Assistant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams, for $2 million in stopgap funding for the project. North will confirm the $2 million in an e-mail to NSC Director John Poindexter. North will conduct similar meetings in August and September 1986, at least one of which will include Assistant Defense Secretary Richard Armitage (see July 22, 1987 ) and other Defense Department officials (see November 13, 1990 ).", "Arms Deals: In addition to seeking alternative funding, North and others sought to provide the contras with arms and supplies. Oliver North worked with Richard Secord - a retired Air Force General, and Albert Hakim an Iranian businessmen to supply the Contras with arms. In November 1984 the three solidified their first agreement and by the end of the following summer over $11 million in arms were given to the Contras via private funds.", "Another major news story of the decade was the Iran-Contra scandal and its subsequent hearings. Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North was a major player in secret transactions relating to the overthrow of the socialist government of Nicaragua while secretly financing the operation by selling arms to Iran.  The televised hearings, where North admitted his guilt, made him an unlikely national hero.", "You may remember hearing the name Felix Rodriguez again during the Iran-Contra affair. He was the CIA agent who received the first phone call telling him that one of their planes had crashed in Nicaragua. As soon as Rodriguez heard that the plane crashed, he called his long-time CIA supervisor, George Bush. While being question by Congress, Bush denied being the supervisor of the CIA's gun and drug running operations, but investigators obtained copies of Oliver North's diary, which documents Bush's role as the CIA supervisor of the Iran-Contra supply network.", "Count Five: Obstruction of Congress in August 1986, charging that in a presentation to HPSCI members and staff, North falsely denied press accounts that he: (1) had given military advice to the contras; (2) had knowledge of specific military actions conducted by the contras; (3) had contact with retired Maj. Gen. John K. Singlaub within the previous 20 months; (4) raised funds in support of the contras; (5) advised and guided Robert W. Owen with respect to the contras; and (6) had frequent contact with Owen.", "The republican administration in the United States led by president Ronald Reagan saw the Contras as a convenient tool for removing the Sandinistas from power in Nicaragua. However, Congress and the American people did not share this view and the administration found that they were increasingly restricted in the ways that they could arm and finance the Contra forces. Eventually, what is known as the Iran-Contra scandal was made public, bringing much disrepute to the Reagan administration. A curious cast of players that included the government of Iran, Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, cocaine traffickers, and Colonel Oliver North concocted a complex scheme in which American weapons were sold to Iran and the funds, as well as additional funds from drug trafficking, were routed to the Contras.", "1987 – Lt. Col. Oliver North told the Iran-Contra committees that the late CIA director William J. Casey had embraced a fund created by arms sales to Iran because it could be used for secret operations other than supplying the Contras.", "Inexorably Rodriguez was drawn into Oliver North's resupply network to the Nicaraguan Contras, which used funds diverted from secret arms sales to Iran. Also inexorably he wound up testifying before Congressional committees when the lid blew off and exposed the ring of former military and agency brass who had charged more bucks for the bang. On the stand Rodriguez denied briefing Bush on the weapons smuggling, and indignantly rejected accusations that he had solicited millions in drug money to finance the Contras.", "The CIA ran the Contra war in Nicaragua as a covert operation until this year when Congress cut off funds. The Reagan administration transferred the operation to Lt. Col. Oliver North, a member of the White House National Security staff.", "During the second half of 1983, the CIA helped the Contras to conduct air strikes on Sandino airport near Managua in addition to other targets. The CIA used its own assets to implement some of the covert actions in Nicaragua, including destroying several fuel tanks. The CIA also placed mines in Nicaraguan harbors on January 7, 1984 and February 29, 1984, damaging several ships. The Contras initially took credit for the mining, but it was later revealed by The Wall Street Journal that the mines were placed by the CIA. Furthermore, The Wall Street Journal disclosed that Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North , a U.S. Marine who worked on the National Security Council staff at the Reagan White House, had knowledge of and encouraged such actions. Oliver North would become an integral figure in the Iran-Contra Affair.", "In July 1987, North was summoned to testify before televised hearings of a joint congressional committee that was formed to investigate Iran–Contra. During the hearings, North admitted that he had lied to Congress previously, for which and other actions he was later charged. He defended his actions by stating that he believed in the goal of aiding the Contras, whom he saw as freedom fighters, against the Sandinistas and said that he viewed the Iran–Contra scheme as a \"neat idea.\" North admitted shredding government documents related to his Contra and Iranian activities, at William Casey's suggestion, when the Iran–Contra scandal became public. He also testified that Robert McFarlane had asked him to alter official records to delete references to direct assistance to the Contras and that he had helped. ", "\"Bush has denied being in the contra loop, but investigators recently obtained copies of Oliver North's diary, which documents Bush's role as a CIA supervisor of the contra-supply network. Aiding the contras was president Reagan's major anti-Communist thrust. In l988 Bush told Congress he knew nothing about the illegal supply flights until late November l986, yet North's diary shows Bush at the first planning meeting Aug. 6, l985.", "1988 - Indictments were issued for Lt. Colonel Oliver North, Vice Admiral John Poindexter of the National Security Council, and two others for their involvement in the Iran-Contra affair.", "With Congress blocking further contra aid, the Reagan administration sought to arrange funding and military supplies by means of third countries and private sources. Between 1984 and 1986, $34 million from third countries and $2.7 million from private sources were raised this way. The secret contra assistance was run by the National Security Council, with officer Lt. Col. Oliver North in charge. With the third-party funds, North created an organization called \"The Enterprise\" which served as the secret arm of the NSC staff and had its own airplanes, pilots, airfield, ship, operatives and secret Swiss bank accounts. It also received assistance from personnel from other government agencies, especially from CIA personnel in Central America. This operation functioned, however, without any of the accountability required of U.S. government activities. The Enterprise's efforts culminated in the Iran–Contra Affair of 1986–1987, which facilitated contra funding through the proceeds of arms sales to Iran.", "The \"Enterprise.\" Direct and indirect support for the Contras continued in spite of the Boland Amendment, coordinated by Oliver North through a complex network he termed the \"Enterprise.\" North's agents solicited money and arms for the Contras from three primary sources: (1) countries dependent on U.S. support, including South Africa , Brunei, Saudi Arabia , South Korea, and Israel; (2) wealthy Americans sympathetic to President Reagan's policies; and (3) weapons sales to Iran. The Reagan administration was secretly selling arms to Iran (in probable violation of the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, according to independent counsel Walsh); North's organization diverted money from these sales to the Contras. The Contras also raised money by allegedly selling large quantities of crack cocaine in the United States with CIA complicity. All these activities violated the Boland Amendment's ban on aid to military activities in Nicaragua, as well as other laws.", "Allegations were made, most notably by the Kerry subcommittee, that North and other senior officials created a privatized Contra network that attracted drug traffickers looking for cover for their operations, then turned a blind eye to repeated reports of drug smuggling related to the Contras, and actively worked with known drug smugglers such as Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega to assist the Contras. Journalist Gary Webb asserted in his journalistic series and book Dark Alliance, that North developed the idea of using drug money to support the resistance movement. ", "North's most publicized assignment at NSC was to aid in negotiations for the Contras, a fighting force that was attempting to prevent a Communist regime, the Sandinistas, from taking power in Nicaragua. That led to his highly-publicized involvement in what came to be known as the Iran-Contra affair. North was the point man in a complicated trade-off that involved the sale of arms to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in Lebanon, then diverting the funds from those sales to aid the Contras in their fight to overthrow the Sandinista government.", "Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943 in San Antonio, Texas) is an American best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. Currently, he is an American conservative political commentator, host of \"War Stories with Oliver North\" on Fox News Channel, and a New York Times best-selling author. His latest book, American Heroes, offers a first-hand account of his extensive coverage of U.S. military units engaged in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines. He is a 1968 graduate of the United States Naval Academy and was a career officer in the Marine Corps, retiring at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel after twenty years of service. North was at the center of national attention during the Iran-Contra Affair, during which he was a key Reagan administration official involved in the ...", "Following the hearings, Special Prosecutor Walsh continued his investigation. On March 11, 1988, Poindexter's predecessor as national security advisor, Robert McFarlane, pleaded guilty to criminal charges of withholding information from Congress on secret aid to the contras. A year later McFarlane was fined $20,000 and given two years' probation. On March 16, 1988, a federal grand jury indicted North, Poindexter, and two other persons on a number of charges including conspiracy to defraud the U.S. government. The trials were delayed by legal maneuvering that in part involved questions of releasing secret information.", "1989  - Disposition / Oliver North - July 5th, 1989: \"Former National Security Council aide Oliver North received a $150,000 fine and a suspended prison term for his part in Iran-Contra. The convictions were later overturned. \"", "So when various administration officials like Oliver North met with General Noriega, did they know that he was involved in narcotics trafficking?", "1987 – Lt. Col. Oliver North became a daytime TV star as the Iran-Contra hearings were televised throughout the U.S.", "American Eugene Hasenfus was captured by Sandinista soldiers after the weapons plane he was flying in was shot down over southern Nicaragua. An airplane named Fat Lady was shot down over Nicaragua with a load of arms destined for the Contras. Documents found on board the aircraft and seized by the Sandinistas included logs linking the plane with Area 51, the nation's top-secret nuclear-weapons facility at the Nevada Test Site. The doomed aircraft was co-piloted by Wallace Blaine \"Buzz\" Sawyer, a native of western Arkansas, who died in the crash. The admissions of the surviving crew member, Eugene Hasenfus, began a public unraveling of the Iran-Contra episode.", "In November 1986, as the sale of weapons was made public, North was dismissed by President Ronald Reagan. On February 11, 1987, the FBI detected an attack on North's family from the Peoples Committee for Libyan Students, a sleeper cell for the Islamic Jihad, with an order to kill North. His family was moved to Camp Lejeune in North Carolina and lived with federal agents until North retired from the Marine Corps the following year. ", "Independent Counsel viewed the prosecution or cooperation of North as the key to the secrets behind the Iran/contra affair. When North refused to enter into plea negotiations leading to a cooperation agreement, it left no alternative but to proceed with prosecution, even though it presented unusual difficulties.", "Eugene Hasenfus was just one of a number of veterans from Laos who answered the call in Central America. When his plane was shot down over Nicaragua in October 1986, an Air America handbook turned up in the wreckage. Hasenfus had operated out of the Illopango Airbase in El Salvador, headquarters for the White House Contra resupply network. His commander there had been a veteran of another old CIA network. Felix Rodriguez, a Cuban American, had been sent down from Miami.", "Reeder accompanied his partner, John Nichols, in 1981 to a weapons demonstration attended by Contra leaders Eden Pastora and Raul Arana, both of whom were interested in buying military equipment from Nichols. \"Among the equipment were night vision goggles ... and light machine guns,\" according to the book, Inside Job: The Looting of America's Savings and Loans. \"Nichols ... had a plan in the early 1980s to build a munitions plant on the Cabezon Indian Reservation near Palm Springs, California, in partnership with Wackenhut, the Florida security firm." ]

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[ "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As the 34th vice president , he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt , who died less than three months after he began his fourth term.", "Harry S. Truman ( May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972 ) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953). As vice president, he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt , who died less than three months after he began his fourth term.", "Harry S. Truman ( May 8 , 1884 – December 26 , 1972 ) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), an American politician of the Democratic Party . He served as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–45) and briefly as Vice President (1945) before he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt . He was president during the final months of World War II , making the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Truman was elected in his own right in 1948 . He presided over an uncertain domestic scene as America sought its path after the war, and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War .", "Harry S Truman  (April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953) took over after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt . He made one of the hardest decisions in American History by deciding to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He presided over the end of World War II and set precedents for leadership during the beginning of the Cold War . More »", "Harry S. Truman became the 33rd President of the United States after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's sudden death in 1945. He was Roosevelt's vice president for just 82 days.", "Johnson, who died two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, was the second former President to die within the span of two months at the time of his death. Former President Harry S. Truman, whose death made Johnson the only living former President, died less than a month before Johnson did, on December 26, 1972. Johnson's death left the United States with no living former presidents; he and Truman had been the only two since Dwight Eisenhower's death in 1969.", "Seventy years ago this week, on April 12, 1945, while he was sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, Georgia, President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke what were probably his last words—“I have a terrific headache”—and fainted. He died two hours later, of a cerebral hemorrhage. After F.D.R.’s Vice-President, Harry S. Truman, a former senator from Missouri, got the news at the Capitol, the Secret Service rushed him to the White House, where he was sworn in by Chief Justice Harlan Stone. “I felt as though the moon and the stars and all the planets fell on me last night when I got the news,” Truman told reporters the next day. “I have the most terribly responsible job any man ever had.”", "Harry S. Truman, ascended to be the 33rd President of the United States upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He went on to win the 1948 election for President against Thomas Dewey and was famously photographed after winning with a huge smile and a copy of the Chicago Tribune where the banner headline read, \"DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN\".", "Phrases such as the \"The buck stops here\" and \"If you can't stand the heat, you better get out of the kitchen\" were popularized by US President Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972), the thirty-third President of the United States (1945-1953). As vice-president, Truman succeeded the popular Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died less than three months into his fourth term.", "Like his most admired presidential hero, Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921), Harry Truman (1884–1972) spent two terms in the White House, and became far better known for his handling of war situations than for his progressive and protective post-war domestic policy efforts. Truman became the thirty-third president of the United States quite suddenly, on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt (1933–1945) died; Truman was thrust from vice president to president during the last days of World War II (1939–1945), at one of the most critical moments in U.S. history.", "* Harry S. Truman, became president in 1945 when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office, elected in 1948, did not seek reelection in 1952.", "In the United States, President Harry Truman, who celebrated his 61st birthday that same day, dedicated the victory to his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died less than a month earlier, on 12th April.", "Harry S Truman became U.S. President when President Roosevelt died in 1945. He was responsible for dropping the atomic bombs on Japan and ending World War II. Truman initiated the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the war.", "Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) served as vice president for 82 days before the unexpected death of Roosevelt. He authorized the use of two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Truman had been vice president for 82 days when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. That afternoon, Truman presided over the Senate as usual. He had just adjourned the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in House Speaker Sam Rayburn's office when he received an urgent message to go immediately to the White House. Truman assumed that President Roosevelt wanted to meet with him, but Eleanor Roosevelt informed him that her husband had died after suffering a massive cerebral hemorrhage. Truman's first concern was for Mrs. Roosevelt. He asked if there was anything that he could do for her, to which she replied, \"Is there anything we can do for you? You are the one in trouble now!\"", "Harry Truman was thrust into the presidency by Franklin D. Roosevelt’s death in 1945. Approaching the 1948 presidential election, he seemed to stand a slim chance of retaining the White House. Despite his effective leadership at the end of World War II and sound vision in the confused postwar world, many voters still viewed Truman as an ineffectual shadow of his four-term predecessor. He also antagonized Southern Democrats with his civil rights initiatives. Most were sure that Dewey would take the White House.", "the 33rd President of the United States of America (1945–1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health", "The increasingly unpopular war in Korea dragged on, and the Truman administration was beset with a series of corruption scandals. He eventually decided not to run for re-election. Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic candidate in the 1952 presidential election, attempted to distance himself from the President as much as possible. The election was won by the Republican candidate, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose administration ramped up the pressure on the Chinese in Korea with conventional bombing and renewed threats of using nuclear weapons. Coupled with a more favorable international political climate in the wake of the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, this led the Chinese and North Koreans to agree to terms. The belief that the threat of nuclear weapons played an important part in the outcome would lead to their threatened use against China on a number of occasions during the 1950s.", "     Key Biscayne, Fla., Dec. 26 -- Following is the text of a proclamation by President Nixon on the death of former President Harry S. Truman:", "“Truman”— Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953).", "In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension to each former president, and it is likely that Truman's financial status played a role in the law's enactment. The one other living former president at the time, Herbert Hoover , also took the pension, even though he did not need the money; reportedly, he did so to avoid embarrassing Truman. [161] Hoover may have been remembering an old favor: Shortly after becoming President, Truman had invited Hoover to the White House for an informal chat about conditions in Europe. This was Hoover's first visit to the White House since leaving office, as the Roosevelt administration had shunned Hoover. The two remained good friends for the remainder of their lives. [162]", "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) remained the President of U.S.A from 1945 to 1953. He was the 33rd President of U.S.A. and also one of the oldest Presidents of country because he was 61 years old when he entered in the White House as a President. He is considered as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents because he reconstructed the econmy of U.S.A after the destruction of World War 2.", "President Roosevelt had died in April 1945, on the eve of victory. The new President, Harry S. Truman, and his advisers tried to resist the political pressures for hasty demobilization. Truman wanted to retain a postwar Army of 1.5 million, a Navy of 600,000, and an Air Force of 400,000. But neither Congress nor the American public was willing to sustain such a force. Within five months of V-J Day, 8.5 million servicemen and women had been mustered out, and in June of the following year only two full Army divisions were available for deployment in an emergency. By 1947 the Army numbered a mere 700,000-sixth in size among the armies of the world.", "Figure 3: Harry S. Truman– president from 1945-1953 whose administration saw the final months of WWII and the start of the Cold War as well as marked a turning point in US foreign policy in which it renounced isolationism for good. Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Helped found the United Nations and issued the Truman Doctrine to contain Communism as well as got the $13 billion Marshall Plan enacted to rebuild Western Europe. Oversaw the Berlin Airlift, the creation of NATO, and most of the Korean War. On the domestic front, he successfully guided the American through the post-war economic challenges as well as submitted first comprehensive civil rights legislation and issued Executive Orders to start racial integration in the military and federal agencies. His 1948 election upset to win a full term as president has often been invoked by later ‘underdog’ presidential candidates. Popular and scholarly assessments of his presidency initially were unfavorable but became more positive over time following his retirement from politics. However, his firing of Douglas MacArthur during the Korean War did attract considerable controversy even though it was the right decision.", "TRUMAN, 33D PRESIDENT IS DEAD; SERVED IN TIME OF FIRST A-BOMB, MARSHALL PLAN, NATO AND KOREA", "Truman's popularity sank during his second term, due largely to accusations of corruption, charges that the administration was \"soft on communism,\" and the stalemated Korean War. Unsurprisingly, Truman chose not to run in 1952. The Democratic Party's candidate, Governor Adlai Stevenson, lost to war hero and Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the fall election.", "When MacArthur violated the principle of civilian control of the military by attempting to orchestrate public support for bombing China and permitting an invasion of the mainland by Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist Chinese forces, Truman charged him with insubordination and relieved him of his duties, replacing him with General Matthew Ridgeway. The Cold War stakes were high, but the government's effort to fight a limited war caused frustration among many Americans who could not understand the need for restraint. Truman's popularity plunged to a 24-percent approval rating, the lowest of any president since pollsters began to measure presidential popularity.", "The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused Truman advocates to claim vindication for Truman’s decisions in the postwar period. According to Truman biographer Robert Dallek, “His contribution to victory in the cold war without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or near-great president.” [209] The 1992 publication of David McCollough ‘s favorable biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman as a highly regarded Chief Executive. [209] According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman presidency,", "While inexperienced in foreign affairs, Truman had closely followed the allied progress of the war. George Lenczowski notes \"despite the contrast between his relatively modest background and the international glamour of his aristocratic predecessor, [Truman] had the courage and resolution to reverse the policy that appeared to him naive and dangerous,\" which was \"in contrast to the immediate, often ad hoc moves and solutions dictated by the demands of the war.\" With the end of the war, the priority of allied unity was replaced with a new challenge, the nature of the relationship between the two emerging superpowers.", "MARSHALL SHULMAN, Assistant to the Secretary of State: Harry Truman was a vindication of the democratic idea of leadership. Here is a man out of the heartland of America, an ordinary guy, not a high powered intellectual, but a man of common sense and a man of personal decency.", "Although Truman did not have great success with his domestic programs, many of his reform proposals were later enacted into law. Thrust into office largely ignorant of foreign affairs, he acted decisively in erecting the machinery of \"containment\" against the threat of Communist expansion and committing the United States to a new internationalism. Some historians, however, have challenged the assumption of a Communist threat on which Truman's action were based. They argue that the cold war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union could have been averted by a more conciliatory attitude on the part of the Truman administration. Although Truman's policies remain a subject of controversy, he has become a popular figure largely because of his feisty personality and his come-from-behind victory in 1948.", "GENERAL EDWIN SIMMONS, Marine Corps Historian: The men were so dissimilar. Here was this imperious figure, very much different than the midwestern common man, who was Truman." ]

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[ "Woodrow Wilson�s triumph in the Democratic convention of 1912 was not assured, but in the end owed much to former nominee William Jennings Bryan . The main challenge in the campaign came from Theodore Roosevelt , the Bull Moose candidate, who trumpeted his progressive message as the �New Nationalism.\" Woodrow Wilson responded with a vigorous campaign of his own and dubbed his more restrained form of progressivism as the �New Freedom.\" Both reform candidates recognized that the main issue of the day was the relationship between big business and government. Wilson�s whopping electoral victory was somewhat misleading; he received only about 42 percent of the popular vote, but that was sufficient to become the first Democratic president in 20 years.", "Clinton is reelected president with 49 percent of the popular vote and 379 electoral votes. Bob Dole finishes second with 41 percent, and Independent Ross Perot finishes third with eight percent. Clinton and FDR become the only Democratic presidents in the 20th century to win reelection.", "..... Click the link for more information.  and Reform party candidate Ross Perot, and became the first Democratic president since Franklin Roosevelt Roosevelt, Franklin Delano", "Although Clinton received roughly 3.1 million more votes than Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis had four years earlier, due to the higher turnout the Democrats recorded a 2.6 percentage point decrease in their share of the popular vote compared to 1988. Clinton's share of the popular vote was the second lowest for any winning candidate in the 20th century after Woodrow Wilson in 1912 (41.8%). President Bush's 37.5% was the lowest percentage total for a sitting president seeking re-election since William Howard Taft, also in 1912 (23.2%). The 1912 election was also a three way race (between Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and Theodore Roosevelt).", "From 1968 until 2004, only two Democrats were elected President, both native Southerners - Jimmy Carter of Georgia and Bill Clinton of Arkansas. Not until 2008 did a Northern Democrat, Barack Obama of Illinois, win a presidential election.", "The election year was tumultuous; it was marked by the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., subsequent race riots across the nation, the assassination of Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses. Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had won a landslide victory for the Democratic Party four years earlier, declined to seek election amid growing discontent over the Vietnam War and his worse-than-expected showing in the New Hampshire primary. The 1968 Democratic National Convention was a scene of violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters as the Democrats split into multiple factions.", "The Democrats, who had elected only one president since 1896, knew they had a great chance at victory, and thus competition for the party's nomination was fierce. When FDR emerged victorious, he flew by plane to Chicago to accept the nomination in person, the first candidate ever to do so. In the closing words of his acceptance speech , Roosevelt promised \"a new deal to the American people,\" without specifying exactly what that \"new deal\" would be.", "Dr. Thomas Woodrow Wilson ( December 28 , 1856 - February 3 , 1924 ) was the 28th ( 1913 - 1921 ) President of the United States . He was the second Democrat to serve two consecutive terms in the White House after Andrew Jackson .", "3 -- Since 1900, the number of Democratic second-term presidents whose party also controlled Congress. They are Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson.", "At the Democratic National Convention of 1924, Franklin Roosevelt finally made a return to the political stage. He was given the honor of placing Alfred Smith as the nominee for President of the United States. In his nomination speech, he referred to Smith as \"The Happy Warrior.\" Franklin's delivery was masterful, and the speech gathered the Democrats behind Smith, who upon securing the nomination, strong-armed Roosevelt into running for Governor of New York. Smith had hoped that Roosevelt's appeal to the Protestants of rural New York would help him to carry the state in the election.", "President Woodrow Wilson asked Ford to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate from Michigan in 1918. Although the nation was at war, Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed League of Nations. [14]", "Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ( 27 October 1858 – 6 January 1919 ), also known as T.R. or Teddy, was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "As the Progressive candidate for President, La Follette became leader of the first formal prominent alliance in American political history between members of organized labor and farm groups, and of these with Socialists and independent radicals. Even the American Federation of Labor, although weakened by a precipitous decline in membership since the First World War, gave La Follette mild backing and so officially supported a presidential candidate for the first time. The Progressive vice-presidential candidate was Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana, only one of many Democrats who abandoned the chaos of their own party for La Follette's, and found there an idealism and dedication unparalleled within any of the other major political organizations of the 1920s. Wheeler explained his defection in his autobiography: \"When the Democratic party goes to Wall Street for a candidate, I must refuse to go with it.\" The Senator added special strength to the ticket, for he had played a major role in bringing to justice Attorney General Harry Daugherty. Moreover, his selection made it plain that the Progressives would seek votes from both major parties.", "John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the twenty-ninth Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "President Woodrow Wilson asked Ford to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate from Michigan in 1918. Although the nation was at war, Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed League of Nations.", "In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair shake under his policies. As an outdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage, Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power, and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.", "He was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives, and ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of New York City in 1905 and 1909 and for Governor of New York in 1906. Politically he was on the left wing of the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class. He controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many papers—but he did it in sensational fashion. After 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a leading supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932-34, but then broke with FDR and became his most prominent enemy on the right. His peak circulation reached 20 million readers a day in the mid 1930s, but he was a bad money manager and was so deeply in debt that most of his assets had to be liquidated in the late 1930s; but he kept his newspapers and magazines.", "In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. As an outdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage, Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "This man was the only president to serve non-consecutive terms and is the first president to live into the 20th century.", "In the U.S. presidential election of 1928, Hoover ran as the Republican Party’s nominee. Promising to bring continued peace and prosperity to the nation, he carried 40 states and defeated Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith (1873-1944), the governor of New York , by a record margin of 444-87 electoral votes. “I have no fears for the future of our country,” Hoover declared in his inaugural address. “It is bright with hope.”", "Woodrow Wilson, a leader of the Progressive Movement, was the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921). After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to \"make the world safe for democracy.\"", "Theodore Teddy Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 â January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901â1909).", "Once his defeat as the GOP nominee was probable, Roosevelt announced that he would \"accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end, win or lose\". At the same time, Roosevelt prophetically said, \"My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive\". After two weeks at the GOP convention, Roosevelt asked his followers to leave the hall, and they moved to the Auditorium Theatre. Then Roosevelt, along with key allies such as Pinchot and Albert Beveridge, created the Progressive Party, structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level. It was popularly known as the \"Bull Moose Party\", after Roosevelt told reporters, \"I'm as fit as a bull moose\". At the convention Roosevelt cried out, \"We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord.\"", "Roosevelt served as president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners from 1895 to 1897, as assistant secretary of the navy from 1897 to 1898, and as governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. A propagandist of geopolitical ideas, he demanded the construction of a large navy. He promoted the outbreak of the Spanish-American War of 1898. In January 1901, Roosevelt became vice-president of the USA, and in September 1901, after President W. McKinley was assassinated, he became president. Elected to another term in 1904, he served from 1905 to 1909. Reacting to an upsurge in the labor movement, the spread of socialist ideas, and the growth of the democratic antimonopoly movement, Roosevelt proposed a bourgeois reformist program calling for government regulation of monopolies and the broadening of social legislation. The antitrust laws passed under his administration were demagogic and lacking in practical significance.", "Theodore Roosevelt Rides a Moose?. Theodore Roosevelt served as President of the United States from 1901-1909.", "1900: Birth of Adlai Ewing Stevenson, US statesman and UN ambassador. His strong liberal views were once labelled red by Senator McCarthy during the anti-communist witch-hunts.", "* Democratic candidate in 1896 * Famous for his \"you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold\" speech * Lost the election * Against the American entry into WWI", "William Jennings Bryan: He was a populist progressive of the early twentieth century, a frequent candidate for the Presidency, a Christian fundamentalist, and a white supremacist. ", "U.S Democratic president during WWI, Famous for 14 points and his proposal for a league of nations", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Who is the only U.S. President in the 20th century not to appoint a chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court?" ]

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[ "President Nixon announces that Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, the chief North Vietnamese negotiator, have initialled a peace agreement in Paris “to end the war and bring peace with honor in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.”", "The agreement called for the withdrawal of all U.S. personnel and an exchange of prisoners of war. Within South Vietnam, a cease-fire was declared (to be overseen by a multi-national, 1,160-man International Control Commission force) and both ARVN and PAVN/NLF forces would remain in control of the areas they then occupied, effectively partitioning South Vietnam. Both sides pledged to work toward a compromise political solution, possibly resulting in a coalition government. To maximize the area under their control, both sides in South Vietnam almost immediately engaged in land-grabbing military operations, which turned into flashpoints. The signing of the Accords was the main motivation for the awarding of the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize to Henry Kissinger and to leading North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho. A separate cease-fire had been installed in Laos in February. Five days before the signing of the agreement in Paris, President Lyndon Johnson, whose presidency had been tainted with the Vietnam issue, died.", "After the defeat of the French, Vietnam was divided. The USA supported a government in South Vietnam which the Communists in the north regarded as an American puppet government. When the United States decided to negotiate after 1968, Le Duc Tho was appointed North Vietnam's chief negotiator, confronting Henry Kissinger.", "Under the Paris Peace Accords , between North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Lê Ðức Thọ and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, and reluctantly signed by South Vietnamese president Thieu , U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were exchanged. North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying communist troops in the South, but only to the extent of replacing expended materiel. Later that year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ, but the Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying that a true peace did not yet exist.", "   * August 4 - Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.", "* August 4 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.", "He was the main negotiator for the North Vietnamese party during negotiations of a cease fire with America. Him and Kissinger developed the Paris Peace accords in Jan 23, 1973. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize of 1973 along with Kissinger for his actions but did not accept it. He also led military operations against South Vietnam afterwards including the last offensive to take South Vietnam, which fell in 55 days on April 29, 1975. ", "Nevertheless, the negotiations for a ceasefire and peace in Vietnam, initiated in Paris in 1969, only suffered minor interruptions. Finally, on January 23 of this year the United States negotiator Henry Kissinger and the North Vietnam negotiator Le Duc Tho arrived at a ceasefire agreement, which they were able to sign on January 27.", "Henry Kissinger was put in charge of peace talks and In October, 1972, he came close to agreeing to a formula to end the war. The plan was that US troops would withdraw from Vietnam in exchange for a cease-fire and the return of 566 American prisoners held in Hanoi. It was also agreed that the governments in North and South Vietnam would remain in power until new elections could be arranged to unite the whole country.", "Hanoi's delegate Le Duc Tho cheers to the crowd while leaving the International Conference Center in Paris on January 23, 1973, after meeting with presidential adviser Henry Kissinger, center. Le Duc Tho and Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973.", "Cease-fire Signed in Paris:     A cease-fire agreement that, in the words of Richard Nixon, \"brings peace with honor in Vietnam and Southeast Asia,\" is signed in Paris by Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho. The agreement is to go into effect on January 28.", "In 1973, Kissinger and Le Duc Tho were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, \"intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces,\" while serving as the United States Secretary of State. Unlike Tho. who refused it because Vietnam was still at war, Kissinger accepted it.", "Kissinger and Tho had been conducting secret negotiations since 1969. After the South Vietnamese had blunted the massive North Vietnamese invasion launched in the spring of 1972, Kissinger and the North Vietnamese had finally made some progress on reaching a negotiated end to the war. However, a recalcitrant South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu had inserted several demands into to the negotiations that caused the North Vietnamese negotiators to walk out of the talks with Kissinger on December 13.", "Image:USVietPeace.JPG|Richard H. Springman, U.S. Army, wearing a peace symbol necklace, speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer, 18 February 1973, after the Paris Peace Accords", "October 8, 1972 - The long-standing diplomatic stalemate between Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho finally ends as both sides agree to major concessions. The U.S. will allow North Vietnamese troops already in South Vietnam to remain there, while North Vietnam drops its demand for the removal of South Vietnam's President Thieu and the dissolution of his government.", "Peace talks between representatives from United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam and the NLF had been taking place in Paris since January, 1969. By 1972, Richard Nixon , like Lyndon B. Johnson before him, had been gradually convinced that a victory in Vietnam was unobtainable.", "1972 – In Saigon, Henry Kissinger and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu meet to discuss a proposed cease-fire that had been worked out between Americans and North Vietnamese in Paris.", "When peace talks resumed in Paris on January 8, 1973, an accord was reached swiftly. The peace agreement was formally signed on January 27, 1973. It closely resembled what had been agreed to back in October of the previous year. Kissinger later justified the accord by saying, \"We believed that those who opposed the war in Vietnam would be satisfied with our withdrawal, and those who favored an honorable ending would be satisfied if the United States would not destroy an ally.\"", "The debates and the peace talks over ending the Vietnam War met with constant resistance, rejection and stalemates until early January 1973, when the Nixon administration was finally able to convince the Thieu -Ku regime that the U.S. would not abandon the South Vietnamese if they were to sign onto the peace accord. Likewise, Hanoi convinced the leaders of the NLF that all of the political prisoners being held in the south would be released following their signing of the agreement. ", "In 1973, Kissinger received the Nobel Peace Prize for the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, \" intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces,\" while serving as the United States Secretary of State.", "1972 – President Nixon agrees to the resumption of peace talks in Paris ‘on the assumption that the North Vietnamese are prepared to negotiate in a constructive and serious way.’ Talks will begin again on 13 July.", "December 13, 1972 - In Paris, peace negotiations between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho collapse after Kissinger presents a list of 69 changes demanded by President Thieu.", "Worn down by the  communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence  and handed a watershed defeat by communist  Viet Minh  rebels at the 1954  Battle of Điện Biên Phủ , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in  Vietnam . In the  Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed, leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam  and a pro-Western administration in  South Vietnam  at the  17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower’s United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam’s pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it. [16]", "January 27, 1973 - The Paris Peace Accords are signed by the U.S., North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the Viet Cong. Under the terms, the U.S. agrees to immediately halt all military activities and withdraw all remaining military personnel within 60 days. The North Vietnamese agree to an immediate cease-fire and the release of all American POWs within 60 days. An estimated 150,000 North Vietnamese soldiers presently in South Vietnam are allowed to remain. Vietnam is still divided. South Vietnam is considered to be one country with two governments, one led by President Thieu, the other led by Viet Cong, pending future reconciliation.", "1973 - Secret peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam resumed near Paris, France.", "On 27 January 1973 all parties sign the 'Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam', the so-called 'Paris Accords'. The agreement is essentially the same as the one sabotaged by Nixon and Kissinger in 1968. It provides for a cease-fire and the full withdrawal of US forces from Vietnam. By the end of March 1973 all the US combat troops have been withdrawn.", "In April 1954, Zhou traveled to Switzerland to attended the Geneva Conference, convened to settle the ongoing Franco-Vietnamese War. His patience and shrewdness were credited with assisting the major powers involved (the Soviets, French, Americans, and North Vietnamese) to iron out the agreement ending the conflict. According to the negotiated peace, French Indochina was to be partitioned into Laos, Cambodia, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Elections were agreed to be called within two years to create a coalition government in a united Vietnam, and the Vietminh agreed to end their guerilla activities in South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. ", "Negotiations between France and the Viet Minh started in Geneva in April 1954 at the Geneva Conference, during which time the French Union and the Viet Minh were fighting a battle at Điện Biên Phủ. In France, Pierre Mendès France, opponent of the war since 1950, had been invested as Prime Minister on June 17, 1954, on a promise to put an end to the war, reaching a ceasefire in four months:", "Geneva Accords of 1954: On 27 April 1954, the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France. Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw, they mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed. South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords. France did withdraw, turning the north over to the Communists while the Bảo Đại regime, with American support, kept control of the South.", "Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, signed in Paris and entered into force January 17, 1973.", "Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, signed in Paris and entered into force January 17, 1973.", "A significant result of this trip was an agreement to establish a Joint Economic Commission to develop economic relations between the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. This Commission began its work in Paris on March 15, 1973. Its agenda includes not only economic assistance but the whole range of economic matters. And it could become not only a technical group but a forum for a more constructive dialogue between our two nations." ]

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[ "Franklin Roosevelt was first elected to the presidency in 1932 in the midst of the Depression. He was re-elected in 1936 and, in 1940, became the first U.S. president to be elected to a third term. The United States entered World War II the next year, and President Roosevelt went on to win an unprecedented fourth term in 1944. He died on April 12, 1945, and Harry Truman assumed the office of president.", "Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected president of the United States for a record third time, handily defeating his Republican challenger, Thomas Dewey, the governor of New York, and becoming the first and only president in history to win a fourth term in office.", "On this day in 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who first took office in 1933 as America's 32nd president, is nominated for an unprecedented third term. Roosevelt, a Democrat, would eventually be elected to a record four terms in office, the only U.S. president to serve more than two terms.", "The only president to serve more than two terms was Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1940 he won the election for his third term. Four years later in 1944, he ran again. He became the only president to be elected to a fourth term. However, he was president for only a year into his fourth term before he suffered from a cerebral hemorrhage and passed away.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term. His Vice President, John Nance Garner, along with Postmaster General James Farley, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention, saying he would run only if drafted, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt, 72 for Farley, and 61 for Garner; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace, and Farley resigned as postmaster general. In the 1940 general election, while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate (Alfred Landon) had in 1936, Roosevelt still won decisively, taking 38 of 48 states. His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent, while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term. Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term, and the only one to exceed eight years in office.", "The 22nd Amendment was passed in Congress in 1947, immediately following Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt served three full terms and part of a fourth before his death; he was the first and only president to serve more than two terms.", "On July 18, 1940, Roosevelt was nominated for a third presidential term at the Democratic Party convention in Chicago. The president received some criticism for running again because there was an unwritten rule in American politics that no U.S. president should serve more than two terms. Thecustom dated back to the country’s first president, George Washington, who in 1796 declined to run for a third term in office. Nevertheless, Roosevelt believed it was his duty to continue serving and lead his country through the mounting crisis in Europe, where Hitler’s Nazi Germany was on the rise. The president went on to defeat Republican Wendell Wilkie in the general election, and his third term in office was dominated by America’s involvement in World War II.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), often referred to as FDR, was the 32nd ( 1933 - 1945) President of the United States. He was elected to an unprecedented four terms of office - the only U.S. president elected more than twice, and part of the reason the United States Constitution was amended to limit presidents to 2 full terms (8 years). His main contributions were the instituting of major economic and social assistance programs in response to the Great Depression, leading the country through a successful involvement in World War II, and the formation of the United Nations. ", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times – in 1884, 1888, and 1892 – and was one of the three Democrats (with Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson) to serve as president during the era of Republican political domination dating from 1861 to 1933. He is the only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.", "On this day in 1944, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth term in office. FDR remains the only president to have served more than two terms.", "George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents—John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison, and George W. Bush—lost the popular vote but assumed office; Bush was subsequently re-elected with a popular majority. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African descent. ", "Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon William McKinley's assassination and was himself elected in 1904 to a full term, serving from 1901 to 1909. He sought to be elected to a non-consecutive third term in the election of 1912, but lost to Woodrow Wilson. McKinley's death came only six months into his second term, and while election in 1912 would not have constituted a third elected term, Roosevelt could have otherwise served eleven and a half years, just short of three full terms. Woodrow Wilson himself tried for nomination to a third term in 1920 by deadlocking the convention; he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury, his son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo, the front-runner. Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked. Wilson, however, was too unpopular even within his own party at the time, and James M. Cox was nominated. He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year. ", "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first and only American president to break Washington's tradition successfully. He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\".", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). He was the winner of the popular vote for President three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the Presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912. Cleveland's admirers praise him for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. As a leader of the Bourbon Democrats, he opposed imperialism, taxes, subsidies and inflationary policies, but as a reformer he also worked against corruption, patronage, and bossism.", "Third United American Republic: The United States of America: A Perpetual Union was founded by 13 States on March 1st, 1781, with the enactment of the first U.S. Constitution, the  Articles of Confederation , and governed through the  United States  in Congress Assembled .   Samuel Huntington  and  George Washington  served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief; ", "February 4 1783 England proclaimed the formal end to the hostilities with the United States. 1787 Shays's Rebellion, an uprising of Massachusetts farmers, was defeated. 1789 George Washington and John Adams were elected the president and vice president of the United States. 1861 Delegates from six southern states met at Montgomery, Ala., to form the Confederate States of America. 1902 Charles Lindbergh was born. 1913 Rosa Parks was born. 1921 Betty Friedan was born. 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference. 1948 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) gained independence from the United Kingdom. 1969 The Palestine National Congress appointed Yasir Arafat head of the Palestine Liberation Organization. 1974 Patricia Hearst, granddaughter of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army. 1976 Benjamin Britten, British composer, died. 2003 The country of Yugoslavia disappeared, to be replaced by the loose federation of Serbia and Montenegro. 2004 The Massachu ...", "February 4, 1789, George Washington was elected to serve as the first U.S. president by a unanimous vote in the first electoral college.", "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the last president born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but its resolution left unsettled many questions following the presidential line of succession in regard to Constitution until the passage of the 25th Amendment in 1967. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, who was the 23rd President from 1889 to 1893.", "1892 --- 1st (and only) US President to win election to nonconsecutive terms. He defeated Benjamin Harrison.", "After one tie vote in the Electoral College and 35 indecisive ballot votes in the House of Representatives, Vice President Thomas Jefferson is elected the third president of the United States over his running mate, Aaron Burr. The confusing election, which ended just 15 days before a new president was to be inaugurated, exposed major problems in the presidential electoral process set forth by the framers of the U.S. Constitution.", "He also was the only President that was elected to four terms, but he died in the last term. It is because of him that an amendment to the constitution was created that allowed Presidents to serve only two terms.", "11: President Roosevelt announces that he will run for an unprecedented fourth term as U.S. President.", "1. Who was the only president to serve more than two terms? 2. Who was the oldest elected president? 3. Who was the first president to live in the White House?", "US Presidents who died on July 4th: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in 1826, James Monroe died in 1831.", "The first President unified the new nation and shaped the chief executive's duties. He refused to run for a third term. ", "On March 4, 1869, Grant was sworn in as the eighteenth President of the United States by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase. His presidency began with a break from tradition, as Johnson did not attend Grant's inauguration at the Capitol or ride with him as he departed the White House for the last time. In his inaugural address, Grant urged the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment and said he would approach Reconstruction \"calmly, without prejudice, hate or sectional pride.\" Grant recommended the \"proper treatment\" of Native Americans be studied; advocating their civilization and eventual citizenship. Grant took an unconventional approach to choosing his cabinet, declining to consult with the Senate and keeping his choices secret until he submitted them for confirmation. In his effort to create national harmony, Grant purposely avoided choosing Republican Party leaders. Grant appointed his wartime comrade John A. Rawlins as Secretary of War and Hamilton Fish, a conservative New York statesman, as Secretary of State. Sherman earned promotion to Commanding General, but his relationship with Grant became strained when the President took Rawlins's side when the Secretary of War sought to limit Sherman's authority. Grant initially granted Sherman command over War Department bureau chiefs, but rescinded it when Rawlins and Congress complained. Rawlins died in office a few months later, and Grant appointed William W. Belknap as his replacement.", "1830: Birth of Chester (Alan) Arthur, 21st US President (1881-5) who took over after the assassination of President Garfield.", "The first Democratic president since the Civil War, Cleveland appointed Southerners to a number of posts. For the most part, he believed in a \"hands off\" presidency, avoiding involvement in proposed legislation, but quickly rejecting congressional actions he disapproved of. In fact, Cleveland vetoed more legislation than any president before him, gaining him the nickname \"Old Veto.\" During his first term in office, Cleveland married 21-year old Francis Folsom. Twenty-eight years his junior, the young and beautiful First Lady became very popular with the public.", "He was an American politician and the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.", "Originally, an electoral college chose the president indirectly, but a 1962 amendment to the constitution established the popular election of the president by runoff voting. A subsequent constitutional amendment in 2000 reduced the president's term of office from seven to five years.", "When did he die? Monroe was the third president so far to die on July 4th.", "Pledged to serve only one term, he accomplished all these objectives in just four years. By linking acquisition of new lands in Oregon (with no slavery) and Texas (with slavery), he hoped to satisfy both North and South." ]

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[ "1971 Dean Acheson, American statesman, American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War.[1] Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and played a central role in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (b. 1893)", "Dean Gooderham Acheson (pronounced; April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and was a key player in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.", "Dean Acheson was U.S. secretary of state under President Harry Truman and a major architect of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. He helped formulate an active role for the United States in the postwar world, reversing early isolationist policies. During a period as undersecretary of state to George C. Marshall, Acheson helped develop a policy of containment toward communism and to secure aid for Turkey and Greece against Communist-back insurgents in 1947. Acheson also helped to draft the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe. As secretary of state, he supported the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Relative to Asia, he helped distance the United States from the Chinese Nationalist regime on Taiwan, while rejecting recognition of the Communists regime on the mainland.", "In President Harry Truman' s Administration, were CFR members : Dean Acheson (Secretary of State), Robert Lovett (Secretary of State, and later Secretary of Defense), W. Averill Harriman (Marshall Plan Administrator), John McCloy (High Commissioner to Germany) , George Kennan( State Department advisor) , Charles Bohlen(State Department advisor).", "After Marshall's return to the U.S. in early 1947, Truman appointed Marshall Secretary of State. He became the spokesman for the State Department's ambitious plans to rebuild Europe. On June 5, 1947 in a speech at Harvard University, he outlined the American proposal. The European Recovery Program, as it was formally known, became known as the Marshall Plan. Clark Clifford had suggested to Truman that the plan be called the Truman Plan, but Truman immediately dismissed that idea and insisted that it be called the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan would help Europe quickly rebuild and modernize its economy along American lines. The Soviet Union forbade its satellites to participate.", "Truman's unyielding policy made it possible for George Marshall, in charge of economic affairs in the State Department, and George Kennan, supervising policy planning, to carry through Congress the epochal Marshall Plan for the transfer of massive economic aid from the free nations of the West to beleaguered countries in Europe and Asia. The presidential campaign of 1948 came as the Marshall Plan gathered widespread support from democratic governments in Europe, South America, Africa, and elsewhere.", "Concurring with the view of Clay, the Joint Chiefs of Staff declared that the \"complete revival of German industry, particularly coal mining\" was now of \"primary importance\" to American security. [16] In January 1947, Truman appointed General George Marshall as Secretary of State; in July 1947 he scrapped JCS 1067 [17] and supplanted it with JCS 1779, which decreed that an orderly and prosperous Europe required the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany. [16]", "The Marshall Plan was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.  The initiative was named for Secretary of state George Marshall and was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kenna", "By March 1947, the insurgency in Turkey and the civil war in Greece were becoming so tense that the White House began to fear losing either or both to the communists. Secretary of State George Marshall had said that \" Truman Plan \" aid was for humanitarian reasons and clearly could not be used towards violent ends. Nonetheless, President Truman urgently warned that the U.S. had to provide financial, political, and military aid to Greece and Turkey to fight Communism, and he proposed that the United States should \"support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.\" He sent to Congress a proposal for up to $400 millions for the Greek and Turkish military to suppress Communism internally. Marshall's deputy, Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson convinced Congress that a Soviet threat to American security had to be countered immediately. Most importantly, Acheson persuade Republican Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg who repudiated his earlier isolationist past and shepherded the necessary legislation through a Republican-controlled Congress. The policy became known as the Truman Doctrine .", "It was the Truman Administration's State Department that McCarthy accused of harboring 205 (or 57 or 81) \"known Communists\". Truman's Secretary of Defense, George Catlett Marshall, was the target of some of McCarthy's most vitriolic rhetoric. Marshall had been Army Chief of Staff during World War II and was also Truman's former Secretary of State. Marshall was a highly respected General and statesman, remembered today as the architect of victory and peace, the latter based on the Marshall Plan for post-war reconstruction of Europe, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. McCarthy made a lengthy speech on Marshall, later published in 1951 as a book titled America's Retreat From Victory: The Story of George Catlett Marshall. Marshall had been involved in American foreign policy with China, and McCarthy charged that Marshall was directly responsible for the loss of China to Communism. In the speech McCarthy also implied that Marshall was guilty of treason; ", "In January 1947, Truman appointed retired General George Marshall as Secretary of State. In July 1947 Marshall scrapped Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 implemented as part of the Morgenthau Plan under the personal supervision of Roosevelt's treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., which had decreed \"take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy.\" Thereafter, JCS 1067 was supplanted by JCS 1779, stating that \"an orderly and prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.\" The restrictions placed on German heavy industry production were partly ameliorated; permitted steel production levels were raised from 25% of pre-war capacity to a new limit placed at 50% of pre-war capacity. ", "The Marshall Plan, christened after the then-United States (US) Secretary of State Mr George Marshall, was a reconstruction program implemented by the US during 1948-1952 for the countries of Western Europe.", "5. The Marshall Plan was the large-scale economic program from 1947 to 1951. The plan was for the United States to help rebuild and create a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe. The initiative was named after Secretary of State, George Marshall, and was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan. Marshall spoke of urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947.", "Containment also called for extensive economic aid to assist the recovery of war-torn Western Europe. With many of the region's nations economically and politically unstable, the United States feared that local communist parties, directed by Moscow, would capitalize on their wartime record of resistance to the Nazis and come to power. Something needed to be done, Secretary of State George Marshall noted, for \"the patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate.\" Marshall was formerly the highest ranking officer in the U.S. armed forces and credited as the chief organizer of the American military victory in World War II. In mid-1947 Marshall asked troubled European nations to draw up a program \"directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.\" The Soviets participated in the first planning meeting, then departed rather than share economic data on their resources and problems, and submit to Western controls on the expenditure of the aid. The remaining 16 nations hammered out a request that finally came to $17 thousand million for a four-year period. In early 1948 Congress voted to assist European economic recovery, dubbed the \"Marshall Plan,\" and generally regarded as one of the most successful U.S. foreign policy initiatives in history.", "The war concluded with the surrender and occupation of Germany and Japan. It left behind millions of displaced persons and prisoners of war , and resulted in many new international boundaries. The economies of Europe, China and Japan were largely destroyed as a result of the war. In 1947, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall devised the \"European Recovery Program\", better known as the Marshall Plan . Effective from 1948 to 1952, it allocated 13 billion dollars for the reconstruction of Western Europe. To prevent (or at least minimize) future conflicts, the allied nations, led by the United States , formed the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945. One of the first actions of the United Nations was the creation of the State of Israel , partly in response to the Holocaust.", "June 1947: U.S. Secretary of State Gen. George C. Marshall announces the Marshall Plan, a comprehensive program to help rebuild postwar Europe.", "1947 - U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall gave a speech at Harvard University in which he outlined the Marshall Plan.", "was an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman during 1949-1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. He likewise played a central role in the creation of many important institutions, including Lend Lease, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, together with the early organizations that later became the European Union and the World Trade Organization. His most famous decision was convincing the nation to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.", "Marshall, George C. - American soldier, diplomat and politician. He served as Secretary of State from 1947-1949 and organized the European Recovery Plan most often referred to as the \"Marshall Plan\" for which he received the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize. ", "The Marshall Plan was passed into law by President Truman in April 1948 under the formal name of the \"European Recovery Program\". The Marshall Plan was to apply to all the areas of Europe that had been ravaged by war regardless of whether the recipient had been an Ally or member of the Axis. Stalin rejected the plan therefore ensuring that East Germany, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia and other countries then under post-war Soviet occupation or influence were excluded.", "On March 12, 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced as America's new foreign policy. On June 5, 1947, the Marshall Plan was announced. Both \"doctrines\" had originated in foundation studies subsidized by the CIA and were to be implemented under close CIA supervision.", "Truman followed up this initiative with the Marshall Plan of 1947. This plan aided the restoration of Western Europe by providing massive amounts of financial aid to rebuild the European infrastructure. In 1949 Truman encouraged the acceptance of the north atlantic treaty organization (NATO), by which the United States and European nations not under Communist rule pledged mutual protection against aggression.", "On March 17, 1948, President Harry S. Truman addressed European security and condemned the Soviet Union before a hastily convened Joint Session of Congress. Attempting to contain spreading Soviet influence in Eastern Bloc, Truman asked Congress to restore a peacetime military draft and to swiftly pass the Economic Cooperation Act, the name given to the Marshall Plan. Of the Soviet Union Truman said, \"The situation in the world today is not primarily the result of the natural difficulties which follow a great war. It is chiefly due to the fact that one nation has not only refused to cooperate in the establishment of a just and honorable peace but—even worse—has actively sought to prevent it.\" ", "WALTER LAFEBER, Historian: Truman would later say that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were two halves of the same walnut. The Truman Doctrine was the military and political commitment. The Marshall Plan was the 13 billion finally in economic commitment to rebuild what Truman called the \"free peoples of the world\".", "In the aftermath of the war, the Truman administration had to contend with deteriorating U.S.-Soviet relations and the start of the Cold War (1946-1991). The president adopted a policy of containment toward Soviet expansion and the spread of communism. In 1947, he introduced the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey in an effort to protect them from communist aggression. That same year, Truman also instituted the Marshall Plan , which gave billions of dollars in aid to help stimulate economic recovery in European nations. (The president defended the plan by stating that communism would thrive in economically depressed regions.) In 1948, Truman initiated an airlift of food and other supplies to the Western-held sectors of Berlin, Germany, that were blockaded by the Soviets. He also recognized the new state of Israel.", "Moreover, in that time the world witnessed the beginning of Cold War. The United States, applying the denominated Truman Doctrine to curb the expansion of communism and of the Soviet Union, launched the Marshall Plan to alleviate the difficulties of European countries. It was to foster economic development in a destroyed Europe with the political objective of impeding the extension of the communism.", "Churchill was party to treaties that would redraw post-Second World War European and Asian boundaries. These were discussed as early as 1943. At the Second Quebec Conference in 1944 he drafted and, together with Roosevelt, signed a less-harsh version of the original Morgenthau Plan, in which they pledged to convert Germany after its unconditional surrender \"into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character.\" Proposals for European boundaries and settlements were officially agreed to by President Harry S. Truman, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at Potsdam. Churchill's strong relationship with Harry Truman was also of great significance to both countries. While he clearly regretted the loss of his close friend and counterpart Roosevelt, Churchill was enormously supportive of Truman in his first days in office, calling him, \"the type of leader the world needs when it needs him most.\" ", "Name the U. S. Secretary of State who developed a plan for economic recovery in Europe after WWII:", "U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. 8 vols. Washington: GPO, 1971-73.The key published American documents for any study of the Marshall Plan. See especially volumes 2 and 3 for this year.", "The Potsdam Conference took place from July to August of 1945. In attendance were President Harry S. Truman, replacing President Roosevelt as a result of Roosevelt's death, British Prime Minister Attlee of the Labour party, who represented Britain after Churchill's Conservative Party's defeat in Britain, and Joseph Stalin. The Conference provided for German disarmament, demilitarization, and denazification. Poland was shifted to the west to reward the Soviet Union and to punish Germany, and as a result there was a massive post-war migration.", "In addition to his military success, Marshall is primarily remembered as the driving force behind the Marshall Plan, which provided billions in aid to post war Europe to restart the economies of the destroyed countries. In recent years, the cooperation required between former European adversaries as part of the Marshall Plan has been recognized as one of the earliest factors that led to formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, and eventually the European Union. ", "The reflections of a noted academic economist and State Department official about the Marshall Plan and its implementation." ]

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[ "American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.", "NARRATOR: The new United States Senator from Missouri was 50 years old -- and had never been to Washington for more than a few days.", "Joseph Robinette \"Joe\" Biden Jr. (; born November 20, 1942) is the 47th and current Vice President of the United States, having been jointly elected twice with President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party, Biden represented Delaware as a United States Senator from 1973 until becoming Vice President in 2009.", "A Republican senator from Massachusetts who was severly beaten by NC Rep Brooks. He was very opposed to slavery and called the Kansas Nebraska Act an \"attack on Kansas\"", "From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war (Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856). After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). Four years later, however, voter turnout surged and the city finally flipped to the Democrats. Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote in 1936. The city has remained loyally Democratic in every presidential election since. It is now one of the most Democratic in the country; in 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote.", "Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He was a U.S. representative, a U.S. senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln. Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the \"Little Giant\" because he was short in physical stature, but a forceful and dominant figure in politics. (His height is given in various sources as being in the range of five feet to five feet, four inches; five feet four is reported most often.) ", "The percentage of registered voters in Indiana who participate in elections has generally exceeded the national average by a wide margin. The evenness of strength between the two major political parties during much of its history made Indiana a swing state, eagerly courted by Democrats and Republicans alike. However, by the 21st century, Indiana had become one of the safest Republican states in the nation, seen as one of the most conservative states outside of the Deep South. In 1967, Democrat Richard Hatcher became one of the nation's first African Americans to serve as head of a major city when he was elected mayor of Gary. In 1988, Indiana native son J. Danforth Quayle, then a US senator, was elected vice president of the United States on the Republican ticket with George H. W. Bush.", "Both of Utah's U.S. Senators, Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee, are Republican. Three more Republicans, Rob Bishop, Chris Stewart, and Jason Chaffetz, as well as one member of the Democratic Party, Jim Matheson, represent Utah in the United States House of Representatives. After Jon Huntsman, Jr., resigned to serve as U.S. Ambassador to China, Gary Herbert was sworn in as governor on August 11, 2009. Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special election in 2010, defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote. He won election to a full four-year term in 2012, defeating Democratic Businessman Peter Cooke with 68% of the vote.", "Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011–2013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5).", "Both of Utah's U.S. Senators, Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee, are Republican. Four more Republicans, Rob Bishop, Chris Stewart, Jason Chaffetz, and Mia Love, represent Utah in the United States House of Representatives. After Jon Huntsman, Jr., resigned to serve as U.S. Ambassador to China, Gary Herbert was sworn in as governor on August 11, 2009. Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special election in 2010, defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote. He won election to a full four-year term in 2012, defeating Democratic Businessman Peter Cooke with 68% of the vote.", "* James G. Blaine, U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time Secretary of State and nominee for president in 1884, developed Bright's disease and died in 1893. ", "\"In the history of our country, no one man has done more for one state than Ted Stevens. His commitment to the people of Alaska and his nation spanned decades, and he left a lasting mark on both.\" said Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican from Kentucky.", "Thomas Francis Bayard , Sr. [46] [47] , desc. of Augustine Herman , an American lawyer who served three terms as U.S. Senator from Delaware, and as U.S. Secretary of State, and U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.", "In 1988 Council members persuaded Senator Lowell Weicker, a liberal Republican Senator from National Council member Sandra Parrino’s home state of Connecticut, to introduce the Americans with Disabilities Act. Recognizing that any hope of passage depended upon securing Democratic sponsors, Weicker suggested that the advocates also approach Tom Harkin, a liberal Democrat from Iowa with definite presidential aspirations, to serve as a co-sponsor. Both Weicker and Harkin had personal reasons to be sympathetic to the legislation. Weicker was the father of a child with Down syndrome; Harkin’s brother was deaf.", "Clarence William \"Bill\" Nelson (born September 29, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from the state of Florida. A member of the Democratic Party, he is a former U.S. Representative and former Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner of Florida. He is a leader in air and space policy, and in 1986, he became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space.", "The farewell speech by Senator Conrad Burns caught my attention, largely because he has served in that capacity in my adopted state, Montana, for the past 18 years. I've only lived here for ten of those years, but these were enough to make me very happy that he was recently defeated by Democrat Jon Tester.", "Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.", "Henry Martin \"Scoop\" Jackson of Everett began the first of his six terms in the Senate. Reelected five more times, Jackson died in office on September 1, 1983. Jackson was Washington state's first native‑born U.S. senator and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1972 and 1976.", "Hey old timer, remember the 70s? This rabble-rouser was in the U.S. Senate for two terms but lost his seat in 1980 during the Reagan sweep. Pronounced \"Gra-vell\", not \"Grav-l\". Excellent Halo player. [3] , was ADAMANTLY opposed to the war in Iraq, and would bring the troops home immediately. That's not the main reason he was running though, which was to promote a constitutional amendment to allow national initiatives and referendums. Beloved by Dadaists for his surreal campaign YouTube videos (including one of him , without saying a word, throwing a large rock into a lake and watching the ripples.)", "As Eugene Louis Vidal, he was born to a political family; his maternal grandfather, Thomas Pryor Gore, served as United States senator from Oklahoma (1907–21 and 1931–37). As Gore Vidal, he was a Democratic Party politician who twice sought elected office; first to the United States House of Representatives (New York State, 1960), then to the U.S. Senate (California, 1982). ", "Congressman Steve Scalise proudly serves his colleagues as House Majority Whip and represents the First Congressional District of Louisiana, which stretches from the culturally distinct New Orleans suburbs to the vibrant bayous and wetlands abundant in natural resources. During the 113th Congress, he served as chairman for the Republican Study Committee, the conservative House caucus.", "* Nathan Macias (born 1960), former member of the Texas House of Representatives from Comal County; retired Lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force", "In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell.", "From 2003 to 2013, a sliver of southwestern Nashville was located in the 7th District, represented by Republican Marsha Blackburn. This area was roughly coextensive with the portion of Nashville she'd represented in the state senate from 1998 to 2002. However, the 5th regained all of Nashville after the 2010 census.", "In 2012, Dan Boren (D-OK-2) retired from Congress, therefore making the seat vacant. This district, which covers most of Little Dixie, is the Democrats' best region of the state, and has been represented by a Democrat for a dozen years. Republican Markwayne Mullin won the election, making the state's congressional delegation entirely Republican.", "Democratic Party paramilitary militias and groups such as the Red Shirts and the Knights of the White Camelia terrorized African American Republicans and suppressed voting. The Democrats regained political control of the state in 1877. The legislature passed statutes to establish segregation and a new constitution that effectively disfranchised most blacks, Native Americans and many poor whites by changes to electoral and voter registration rules. [52] The state refused for years to build human capital by fully educating all its citizens. In addition, the reliance on agriculture grew increasingly costly as the state suffered loss of crops due to the devastation of the boll weevil in the early 20th century, devastating floods in 1912–1913 and 1927, collapse of cotton prices after 1920, and drought in 1930. [50]", "* Paul Sadler (born 1955), former state representative, Democrat U.S. Senate nominee in 2012, lost to Republican Ted Cruz", "Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act. He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction concept to conventional weapons; and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending. On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008. ", "Democrats are excited about their chances with growing urban concentrations of voters with advanced degrees -- historically a friendly group to Dems. Republicans are not relying solely on dispersed rural voters, but have made inroads in urban areas as well -- a must if they are to stay competitive given the state's changing political balance. In 2010, the GOP took over the state legislature for the first time since 1870 -- a sign they can compete even as the state becomes more urban and less white.", "On January 3, 2015, with the death of Edward Brooke, Glenn became the oldest former United States senator still living. Glenn is the 60th person to hold this distinction.", "Other elected constitutional offices include the Secretary of State, Attorney General, Auditor of Public Accounts, State Treasurer and Commissioner of Agriculture. Currently, Democrat Alison Lundergan Grimes serves as the Secretary of State. The commonwealth's chief prosecutor, law enforcement officer, and law officer is the Attorney General, currently Democrat Andy Beshear. The Auditor of Public Accounts is Republican Mike Harmon. Republican Allison Ball is the current Treasurer. Republican Ryan Quarles is the current Commissioner of Agriculture.", "The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt. Governor Anthony Brown on November 4, 2014. " ]

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[ "United States presidential election of 1932, American presidential election held on Nov. 8, 1932, in which Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Pres. Herbert Hoover . The 1932 election was the first held during the Great Depression , and it represented a dramatic shift in the political alignment of the country. Republicans had dominated the presidency for almost the entire period from 1860, save two terms each won by Grover Cleveland and by Woodrow Wilson (who benefited from a split in the Republican Party in 1912). And even in 1928 Hoover had crushed Democrat Alfred E. Smith , winning 444 electoral votes to Smith’s 87. Roosevelt’s victory would be the first of five successive Democratic presidential wins.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. With the bouncy popular song \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" as his campaign theme, FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depth of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit, reflecting his victory over paralytic illness to become the longest serving president in U.S. history. He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight.", "Roosevelt was born January 30, 1882, in Hyde Park, New York, and went on to serve as a New York state senator from 1911 to 1913, assistant secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1920 and governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. In 1932, he defeated incumbent Herbert Hoover to be elected president for the first time. During his first term, Roosevelt enacted his New Deal social programs, which were aimed at lifting America out of the Great Depression. In 1936, he won his second term in office by defeating Kansas governor Alf Landon in a landslide.", "During the term of the Republican President Hoover, the American economy had suffered a major setback known as the Great Depression. This was the primary cause that was said to have led to the landslide victory of Hoover's opponent, the Democrat candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt defeated the Republican candidate Herbert Hoover by a margin of 17.76% in the 1932 Presidential Elections. During the election, the American voters were faced with a tough choice. On one side was Hoover, with his apparently unsuccessful policies which, during his term in office, seemed to have accomplished little for the better. Then, on the other side, was Roosevelt, with his loosely defined and proposed 'New Deal' program. In his campaigns, Roosevelt promised to provide aid to farmers, implement government monitoring of private economic power, and introduce a balanced budget. While Roosevelt appeared confident with his words, Hoover remained grim and stern throughout the campaign. In the end, Roosevelt won the elections by receiving 57.3% of the votes in his favor, while Hoover received only 39.6% of the American popular votes.", "In 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt successfully defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover to win the presidency of the United States. Having been energized by his personal victory over his polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. In his first hundred days in office, which began March 4, 1933, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief (government jobs for the unemployed), recovery (economic growth), and reform (through regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation). He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936. The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, and blocked almost all proposals for major liberal legislation (except the minimum wage, which did pass). When the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business. Along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security.", "Following his reelection as governor in 1930, Roosevelt began to campaign for the presidency. While the economic depression damaged Hoover and the Republicans, Roosevelt's bold efforts to combat it in New York enhanced his reputation. In Chicago in 1932, Roosevelt won the nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for president. He broke with tradition and flew to Chicago to accept the nomination in person. He then campaigned energetically calling for government intervention in the economy to provide relief, recovery, and reform. His activist approach and personal charm helped to defeat Hoover in November 1932 by seven million votes.", "Was U.S. President from 1933-1945, first elected in 1932, defeating sitting President Herbert Hoover , and then re-elected in 1936 over Kansas Governor Alf Landon by the greatest electoral college landslide until Lyndon Johnson 's victory over Barry Goldwater in 1964. Breaking with the \"No Third Term\" tradition established by George Washington, he ran in 1940, beating Wendell Willkie , and again in 1944, beating Republican Party stalwart Thomas E. Dewey in his first presidential bid. (Dewey later lost to Roosevelt's successor as President, New- and Fair-Dealer Harry S. Truman , in the spectacular upset of 1948.).", "Summarize the issues of the election of 1932. Explain how Roosevelt was able to win by a landslide while previous Democrats had been defeated by Republicans by equally large margins in previous elections.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected president in a landslide over Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt receives 22.8 million popular votes to Hoover's 15.75 million.", "President Roosevelt ran for re-election in nineteen thirty-six. He defeated the Republican candidate Alfred Landon by one of the largest majorities in the nation's history.", "1936 – President Roosevelt, the 32nd president, was re-elected for second term in a landslide over Republican challenger Alfred M. “Alf” Landon. Landon ran on a “wrong-headed” economic program. Roosevelt received 60.8% of the popular vote and an astounding 98.5% of the Electoral College defeating Republican Alfred Landon, the governor of Kansas. In terms of winning the largest percentage of electoral votes, the presidential election of 1936 was the biggest landslide of the 20th century.", "In the end, FDR defeated Dewey by more than three and a half million votes, winning a 333-vote margin in the Electoral College. [19] Franklin Delano Roosevelt would be dead by April, but the election’s ramifications reverberate into the twenty-first century. Roosevelt’s deception about his health was one factor moving the political culture to a place where candidates would be forced to disclose intimate details of their lives. Wartime presidents, FDR’s victory suggested, had an electoral advantage while running for re-election—so long as their leadership seemed to be paying dividends. His fourth-term win also resulted in the amendment that has barred presidents from winning more than two elections—perhaps depriving Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton of third terms. Last, Roosevelt’s victory, and Truman’s ascension, helped ensure that the New Deal would continue to define Americans’ relationship with their government—that with his re-election Roosevelt’s vision of humanizing the industrial economy had become an accepted aspect of Americans’ lives, so vital to the country’s future that even FDR’s 1944 opponent vowed to “keep” it.", "November 8th – The American presidential election sees Franklyn Delano Roosevelt square off against incumbent Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt garners 472 electoral votes and wins 42 of the 48 states.", "The two-term tradition had been an unwritten rule since George Washington declined to run for a third term in 1796, and both Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt were attacked for trying to obtain a third non-consecutive term. FDR systematically undercut prominent Democrats who were angling for the nomination, including two cabinet members, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and James Farley, Roosevelt's campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, Postmaster General and Democratic Party chairman. Roosevelt moved the convention to Chicago where he had strong support from the city machine (which controlled the auditorium sound system). At the convention the opposition was poorly organized but Farley had packed the galleries. Roosevelt sent a message saying that he would not run, unless he was drafted, and that the delegates were free to vote for anyone. The delegates were stunned; then the loud speaker screamed \"WE WANT ROOSEVELT...THE WORLD WANTS ROOSEVELT!\" The delegates went wild and Roosevelt was nominated by 946 to 147. The new vice president was Henry A. Wallace, the liberal intellectual who was Secretary of Agriculture. [35]", "The Democrats won the election in a landslide. Roosevelt received 22,809,638 popular votes to the president’s 15,758,901 and took the electoral college by 472 votes to 59. The voters’ rejection of Hoover and his party extended to both houses of Congress, which the Democrats now controlled.", "With the economic troubles came another profound political change. During the national elections of 1932, worried and angry Americans elected with 22,809,638 votes a confident sounding New York Governor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, to be President of the United States. When in the White House, he began searching for the best minds of his generation. Eventually, in 1934, he found one to be his new Public Printer and to face with him the \"Years of Challenge\" which lay ahead.", "As early as 1937, FDR warned the American public about the dangers posed by hard-line regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan, though he stopped short of suggesting America should abandon its isolationist policy. After World War II broke out in September 1939, however, Roosevelt called a special session of Congress in order to revise the country’s existing neutrality acts and allow Britain and France to purchase American arms on a “cash-and-carry” basis. Germany captured France by the end of June 1940, and Roosevelt persuaded Congress to provide more support for Britain, now left to combat the Nazi menace on its own. Despite the two-term tradition for presidents in place since the time of George Washington , Roosevelt decided to run for reelection again in 1940; he defeated Wendell L. Wilkie by nearly 5 million votes.", "Determined to overcome the opposition of conservative Democrats in Congress (mostly from the South), Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries, actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform. His targets denounced Roosevelt for trying to take over the Democratic party and to win reelection, using the argument that they were independent. Roosevelt failed badly, managing to defeat only one target, a conservative Democrat from New York City. ", "The Republican convention nominated TR by acclamation. Thereafter, Roosevelt campaigned furiously for the Republican presidential candidate, William McKinley, matching his Democratic opponents, William Jennings Bryan and Adlai E. Stevenson, move for move. Roosevelt traveled more than 21,000 miles on a special campaign train, making hundreds of speeches, and more than three million people saw him in person. He spoke in 567 cities in twenty-four states. \"Tis Tiddy alone that's running,\" observed Mr. Dooley (a press columnist who used an exaggerated Irish accent to make political observations) \"an' he ain't a runnin', he's gallopin'.\" The Republican ticket overwhelmed the Democrats, racking up an 861,757 vote plurality, the largest Republican victory in years. McKinley won the popular vote of 7.2 million (292 Electoral College votes) to Bryan's 6.3 million (155 Electoral College votes). McKinley won his bid for reelection over Bryan by an even larger margin than he had garnered in 1896.", "Roosevelt did not publicly ask for a third term but when his name was placed on the ballot, he was quickly renominated. The Republican nominee was Wendell Willkie who had been a Democrat but switched parties in protest to the Tennessee Valley Authority. War was raging in Europe. While FDR pledged to keep America out of war, Willkie was in favor of a draft and wanted to stop Hitler. He also focused on FDR's right to a third term. Roosevelt won with 449 out of 531 electoral votes.", "Roosevelt won 57% of the vote and carried all but six states. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932-36 elections a realigning election that created a new majority coalition for the Democrats, made up of organized labor, blacks, and ethnic Americans such as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans and Jews. This transformed American politics and starting what is called the \"New Deal Party System\" or (by political scientists) the Fifth Party System . [90]", "TR wins the presidential election, trouncing Democratic candidate Alton B. Parker, 336 electoral votes to 140. With the exception of Maryland, Roosevelt wins every state north of Washington, D.C., including all Midwestern and Western states; Parker sweeps the South and Texas. In the Senate, the Republicans maintain their 57 to 33 advantage, while in the House, they gain 43 seats, for a 250-136 majority. Roosevelt vows to not seek another presidential term in order to deflect Democratic charges that he would remain in office for life. November 08, 1904", "In his campaign for an unprecedented fourth term in office, Roosevelt faced Republican Thomas E. Dewey, a former federal prosecutor and Manhattan District Attorney. Dewey had been born in Michigan, but made his home north of New York City, in a rural part of Dutchess County. In fact, he lived less than 30 miles from the Roosevelt family home at Hyde Park. This marks the last time that both major-party candidates for president lived in the same state, though it actually had happened three times before, in 1860, 1904 and 1920. Roosevelt and Dewey also shared another bond; both had served as governors of New York, with Dewey elected 10 years after Roosevelt had left the office to assume the presidency.", "In 1936, the Republican Party nominated Alfred M. Landon, the relatively liberal governor of Kansas, to oppose Roosevelt. Despite all the complaints leveled at the New Deal, Roosevelt won an even more decisive victory than in 1932. He took 60 percent of the population and carried all states except Maine and Vermont. In this election, a broad new coalition aligned with the Democratic Party emerged, consisting of labor, most farmers, immigrants and urban ethnic groups from East and Southern Europe, African Americans and the South. The Republican Party received the support of business as well as middle-class members of small towns and suburbs. This political alliance, with some variation and shifting, remained intact for several decades.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, his own pronunciation, or; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.", "Dewey lost the election on November 7, 1944 to President Roosevelt. However, he polled 45.9% of the popular vote compared to Roosevelt's 53.4%, a stronger showing against FDR than any previous Republican opponent. However, Dewey received slightly fewer votes (22 million to FDR's 25 million) in total than Willkie did four years before. In the Electoral College, Roosevelt defeated Dewey by a margin of 432 to 99.", "The Democratic Party's nominee in 1904 was Alton Brooks Parker. Roosevelt won 56% of the popular vote, and Parker received 38%; Roosevelt also won the Electoral College vote, 336 to 140. Before his inauguration ceremony, Roosevelt declared that he would not serve another term.", "In 1904 Mr. Roosevelt was elected president, with Charles W. Fairbanks as vice-president. The Democratic candidates were Judge Alton B. Parker and Henry G. Davis. During his second term President Roosevelt was thwarted by the Senate in his endeavours to regulate railway rates and to advance the cause of arbitration . A prosperity almost unparalleled marked the beginning of the year 1907; at its close business was greatly depressed. In October a panic swept banks and trust companies into the hands of receivers. Relief did not come till the beginning of 1908. The subject of the Federal control of corporations was very fully discussed in the president's message of 3 Dec., 1907. He recommended the enactment of more stringent laws on this subject. On 16 June, 1908; at Chicago , the Republican National Nominating Convention selected as its candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency William H. Taft and James S. Sherman. Bryan and Kern were the Democratic nominees. In the November elections the Republicans were successful. (See articles on the various states of the Union and the Catholic dioceses . See also AMERICA ; PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA ; BEDINI ; BUREAU OF CATHOLIC INDIAN MISSIONS ; AMERICAN INDIANS ; KNOWNOTHINGISM ; LEGATE ; CATHOLIC INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES ; STATISTICS OF RELIGIONS .)", "   With an eye on bigger prizes, TR declined to be nominated for another term in the New York state legislature. He wanted was to be a delegate at large to the Republican Convention of 1884. He got what he wanted. Roosevelt was for Edmunds of Vermont for President. He disliked the powerful Jimmy Blaine from Maine, and even tried to stop Blaine’s nomination.", "Results: Roosevelt won with 54% of the popular vote, a smaller margin than in 1932 and 1936", "In the greatest upset in presidential election history, Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman defeats his Republican challenger, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, by just over two million popular votes. In the days preceding the vote, political analysts and polls were so behind Dewey that on election night, long before all the votes were counted, the Chicago Tribune published an early edition with the banner headline “DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN.”", "As in 1884, the election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana. But unlike that year, when Cleveland had triumphed in all four, in 1888 he won only two, losing his home state of New York by 14,373 votes., The Republicans won Indiana, largely as the result of a fraudulent voting practice known as Blocks of Five. Republican victory in that state, where Cleveland lost by just 2,348 votes, was sufficient to propel Harrison to victory, despite his loss of the nationwide popular vote. Cleveland continued his duties diligently until the end of the term and began to look forward to return to private life. " ]

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[ "This week the President made his decision. He ordered work on the H-bomb to go ahead. Harry Truman's announcement had in it no sabre-rattling swagger, only the reluctant awareness of a duty that had to be done. He knew that he was authorizing construction of the deadliest weapon ever known to man.", "1950-The development of the hydrogen fusion bomb (H-bomb) was ordered by U.S. President Truman. The codename of \"Super\" for the project reflected the far greater power of this thermonuclear device over the earlier fission bombs used to end WW II.", "In the Wagon. After Stevenson's first proposal, Harry S. Truman, who gave the order in 1950 for the U.S. to start H-bomb development, commented that \"our power to guard the peace would be weakened\" if tests were halted. Last week, in the political wilds of northwestern Pennsylvania, Truman was asked if he had come to agree with Stevenson. The old Democrat swallowed hard. \"I'm in the same wagon,\" he said. \"I can't be anywhere else.\"", "** United States President Harry S. Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb, in response to the detonation of the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb in 1949. ", "July 21 – WWII: President Harry S. Truman approves the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.[4]", "February 24, 1950The Joint Chiefs of Staff requests President Truman to approve all out development of hydrogen bombs and the means for their production and delivery.", "In the end, President Truman made the final decision, looking for a proper response to the first Soviet atomic bomb test in 1949. On January 31, 1950, Truman announced a crash program to develop the hydrogen (fusion) bomb. At this point, however, the exact mechanism was still not known: the classical hydrogen bomb, whereby the heat of the fission bomb would be used to ignite the fusion material, seemed highly unworkable. However, an insight by Los Alamos mathematician Stanislaw Ulam showed that the fission bomb and the fusion fuel could be in separate parts of the bomb, and that radiation of the fission bomb could first work in a way to compress the fusion material before igniting it.", "Several European scientists who had fled Nazi persecution in Europe felt it was their duty to alert the U.S. government to this new danger. In August 1939, the Hungarian émigré physicist Leo Szilard convinced Albert Einstein to write President Franklin D. Roosevelt and urge increased government support for research on the element most likely to support a chain reaction, uranium. By early 1940, government funding had commenced on a variety of related subjects, and in 1941 a series of studies confirmed the potential that uranium research held to create a usable weapon before the end of the war. In January 1942—only weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor—Roosevelt gave the go-ahead to proceed with a full-scale effort to develop the atomic bomb.", "In the United States there had been urgent secret discussion of a new and vastly powerful 'super-bomb', but apparently the first President Truman heard of it was early in October 1949. Some of the Los Alamos scientists feared that the USSR might already be working on a hydrogen bomb and one of them, the arch-hawk, Edward Teller, urged the rapid development of a weapon with an explosive force equivalent to 16 million tons of TNT, 800 times as much as the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. Senator Brien McMahon, chairman of the joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee, began pressing the president for a crash programme. Truman complained that he was 'being blitzed into the thing by the military establishment', but he seems to have had little real doubt about what his decision would have to be.", "Others joined in, urging the building of the H-bomb: Elder Statesman Bernard Baruch, Republican Senator John Bricker, Eleanor Roosevelt, Senator Tom Connally.", "Finally Truman turned to a special committee of the National Security Council for advice. It consisted of Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson, and Lilienthal. Acheson and Johnson both agreed that the U.S. had no alternative but to proceed as rapidly as possible to develop an H-bomb. As political pressure mounted in January in favor of the H-bomb, Lilienthal knew he had been defeated. The Special Committee of the NSC recommended that the AEC investigate the feasibility of a hydrogen bomb. And on January, 31, 1950, Truman publicly announced his decision. \"I have directed the Atomic Energy Commission,\" he said, \"to continue its work on all forms of atomic weapons, including the so-called hydrogen or superbomb.\"", "In 1938 many people feared that Hitler would build an atomic bomb after word spread that German scientist had split the uranium atom (fission). However, one of Hitlers mistakes was his persecution of Jewish scientists. This persecution resulted in numerous scientists seeking asylum in the United States. One such scientist was Albert Einstein. Einstein, abandoning his belief in pacifism, urged then president Franklin Roosevelt to develop an atomic bomb before Hitler did. Eventually Roosevelt agreed and the United States attempt at building the atomic bomb was codenamed The Manhattan Project.", "March 10, 1950After seeking advice from the Special Committee of the NSC, Truman approves the Joint Chiefs of Staff's request to develop hydrogen bombs. Construction of the reactors for producing tritium thought to be necessary for thermonuclear fuel commenced soon after.", "On January 18th a long article about the new weapon appeared in the New York Times. On January 29th Senator Tom Connally, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said he thought the US should proceed with the hydrogen bomb, to help to keep peace in the world like the atomic bomb before it. Senator McMahon issued a statement next day that the matter of the hydrogen bomb was 'under continuous investigation and consideration'. On January 31st Truman announced that, in accordance with his responsibility to see that the country was able to defend itself against any possible aggressor, he had directed the Atomic Energy Commission 'to continue with its work on all forms of atomic energy weapons, including the so-called hydrogen or super-bomb'.", "The decision to employ atomic weapons against Japan remains a controversial chapter in American history. Even before the new President Harry S. Truman finalized his decision to use the bombs, members of the President’s inner circle grappled with the specifics of the decision to drop the new weapon. Their concerns revolved around a cluster of related issues: whether the use of the technology was necessary to defeat an already crippled Japan; whether a similar outcome could be effected without using the bomb against civilian targets; whether the detonation of a second bomb days after the first, before Japan had time to formulate its response, was justified; and what effect the demonstration of the bomb’s devastating power would have on postwar diplomacy, particularly on America’s uneasy wartime alliance with the Soviet Union.", "* July 21 – WWII: President Harry S. Truman approves the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.", "Before the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, very few civilian or military leaders knew of the weapon's existence, including most of the U.S. Congress. As vice president, Harry S. Truman was likewise unaware of the bomb's existence, and was informed only after he assumed the presidency on April 12, 1945 -- a scant four months before he authorized its use against Japan.", "President Franklin Roosevelt approved atomic research efforts in the US. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC]", "1884: Birth of Harry S Truman, 33rd President of the US who took over on Roosevelts death (1945) and gave the orders for the atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan bringing the Second World War to an end.", "In August 1939, concerned that Germany might have its own project to develop fission-based weapons, Albert Einstein signed a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him of the threat. Roosevelt responded by setting up the Uranium Committee under Lyman James Briggs but, with little initial funding ($6,000), progress was slow. It was not until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December, 1941, that the U.S. decided to commit the necessary resources. ", "Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from 1945 until 1953. Truman took office after the death of Roosevelt. President Truman ordered the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . After the war he oversaw postwar recovery efforts.", "However President Truman (left) decided that the national interest was paramount and that America needed the German scientists to work on America�s behalf. In fairness to Truman, he expressly ordered that anyone found to \"have been a member of the Nazi party and more than a nominal participant in its activities, or an active supporter of Nazism or militarism\" must be excluded from the operation.", "As World War II loomed after 1938, with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , FDR gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China and Great Britain, while remaining officially neutral. His goal was to make America the \" Arsenal of Democracy \" which would supply munitions to the Allies . In March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to the countries fighting against Nazi Germany with England, Scotland, and Wales. With very strong national support, he made war on Japan and Germany after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, calling it a \" date which will live in infamy \". He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the Allied war effort. As an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented an overall war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first atom bomb . In 1942 Roosevelt ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians. Unemployment dropped to 2%, relief programs largely ended, and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to new jobs in war centers, and 16 million men and 300,000 women were drafted or volunteered for military service.", "On 5 April 1951, the Joint Chiefs of Staff drafted orders for MacArthur authorizing attacks on Manchuria and the Shantung Peninsula if the Chinese launched airstrikes against his forces originating from there. The next day Truman met with the chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Gordon Dean, and arranged for the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs to military control. Dean was apprehensive about delegating the decision on how they should be used to MacArthur, who lacked expert technical knowledge of the weapons and their effects. The Joint Chiefs were not entirely comfortable about giving them to MacArthur either, for fear that he might prematurely carry out his orders. Instead, they decided that the nuclear strike force would report to the Strategic Air Command.", "On June 12, 1940, Vannevar Bush spoke to Roosevelt about organizing the National Defense Research Council (NDRC) which gave nuclear fission an articulate lobby within the executive branch. In late June, the committee was renamed the MAUD committee.", "Truman had mentioned an unspecified \"powerful new weapon\" to Stalin during the conference. Towards the end of the conference, Japan was given an ultimatum to surrender (in the name of the United States, Great Britain and China) or meet \"prompt and utter destruction\", which did not mention the new bomb. Prime minister Kantarō Suzuki did not respond (mokusatsu, which was interpreted as a declaration that the Empire of Japan should ignore the ultimatum). Therefore, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The justification was that both cities were legitimate military targets, to end the war swiftly, and preserve American lives. However, to some the timing has suggested that Truman did not want Stalin involved in the terms of Japan's surrender. It is important to note that Truman delayed the Potsdam Conference in order to be sure of the functionality of this \"powerful new weapon.\" Notably, when Truman informed Stalin of the atomic bomb, he did not explicitly mention its atomic nature, just vaguely saying that the United States “had a new weapon of unusual destructive force”; Stalin, though, had full knowledge of the atomic bomb's development due to Soviet spy networks inside the Manhattan Project, and told Truman at the conference to \"make good use of this new addition to the Allied arsenal\". ", "Became president of the United States in the final year of World War II. He played a major role in the war's outcome by making the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan.", "1941 — President Franklin D. Roosevelt makes his now famous declaration that December 7 will be \"a date which will live in infamy\" as the U.S. declares war on Japan.", "1942 – Major General Eugene Reybold of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authorizes the construction of facilities that would house the \"Development of Substitute Materials\" project, better known as the Manhattan Project. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project", "The President accepted the S-1 Committee's recommendations. The effort to construct the weapon was turned over to the War Department, which assigned the task to the Army Corps of Engineers. In September 1942, the Corps of Engineers established the Manhattan Engineer District to oversee the development of a nuclear weapon. This effort was code-named the \"Manhattan Project\" (12).", "Top Army Air Force commanders may not have wanted to take responsibility for the first use of nuclear weapons on urban targets and sought formal authorization from Chief of Staff Marshall who was then in Potsdam. [55] On 22 July Marshall asked Deputy Chief of Staff Thomas Handy to prepare a draft; General Groves wrote one which went to Potsdam for Marshall’s approval. Colonel John Stone, an assistant to commanding General of the Army Air Forces Henry H. “Hap” Arnold, had just returned from Potsdam and updated his boss on the plans as they had developed. On 25 July Marshall informed Handy that Secretary of War Stimson had approved the text; that same day, Handy signed off on a directive which ordered the use of atomic weapons on Japan, with the first weapon assigned to one of four possible targets—Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki. “Additional bombs will be delivery on the [targets] as soon as made ready by the project staff.”", "proposed stepping up the production of atomic weapons. He also advocated seeking a way of creating international controls of nuclear weapons while at the same time officially announcing that the U.S was refraining from developing a hydrogen bomb." ]

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[ "\"...William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when elected, the oldest president elected until Ronald Reagan in 1980, and last President to be born before the United States Declaration of Independence. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but that crisis ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment...\"", "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 -- April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but its resolution settled many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until 20th-century passage of the 25th Amendment. He was grandfather to Benjamin Harrison, who became the 23rd President of the United States.", "\"...William Henry Harrison was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. The oldest President elected until Ronald Reagan in 1980, Harrison had served 30 days in office, still the shortest tenure in United States presidential history, before his death in April 1841. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment.", "The 68-year-old Harrison was sworn into office on March 4, 1841. He was the oldest U.S. president until Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) was elected in 1980 at age 69. Harrison gave a lengthy inaugural address–the longest in history–and opted not to wear a coat or hat, despite the inclement weather. Four weeks later he was dead from pneumonia. Harrison was succeeded by his vice president, John Tyler, who earned the nickname “His Accidency.”", "Of the 43 elected to the presidency, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president (while still president himself) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933, and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972, but outlived him by only 27 days. On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction, not by his death, but due to the nation electing a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt lost this distinction when William Taft was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 50) and a former president (at age 51), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest to acquire this distinction (at age 90).", "The longest-lived president was Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years and 165 days. Ronald Reagan was the second longest-lived, 45 days short of Ford. The oldest living president, George H. W. Bush, will tie Reagan if he lives to October 10, 2017, and tie Ford if he lives to November 24, 2017. The second-oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, will tie Reagan if he lives to January 29, 2018, and tie Ford if he lives to March 15, 2018. The four longest-lived presidents (Ford, Reagan, Bush and Carter) all held the office since 1974. The shortest-lived president was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated at the age of 46 years and 177 days. The shortest-lived president to die a natural death was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years and 225 days.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 — June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989 . He was the sixteenth from the Republican Party, serving between Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush . Reagan is well-known for moving the country to the right politically, socially, and economically, accidentally causing the biggest World War III scare since 1962 (in the 1983 Able Archer Crisis), and his successful diplomatic initiative to negotiate a peaceful end to the Cold War by working together with Mikhail Gorbachev . He also was the last President to be in office during a war in which the United States officially declared itself to be neutral: namely the Falklands Conflict between the United Kingdom and Argentina.", "Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911 and passed away on June 5, 2004. He served as President from 1981-1989. His running mate and Vice President for both of his four-year terms was George Herbert Walker Bush, who succeeded Reagan and served as America's 41st President. Reagan defeated the 39th President, Jimmy Carter, in 1980, and former Vice President Walter Mondale in 1984.", "On November 12, 2006, upon surpassing Ronald Reagan's lifespan, Ford released his last public statement:Ford's age at the time of his death was 93 years and 165 days, making him the longest-lived U.S. President, his lifespan being 45 days longer than Ronald Reagan's. He was the third-longest-lived Vice President, falling short only of John Nance Garner, 98, and Levi P. Morton, 96. Ford also had the third-longest post-presidency (29 years and 11 months) after Jimmy Carter ( and counting) and Herbert Hoover (31 years and 7 months)", "Answer: Ronald Reagan became the oldest president when he was elected in 1980 at the age of 69. He survived an assassination attempt . When he finished his second term in office he was 77 years old.", "Trump will supplant the previous oldest president, Ronald Reagan, who was 69 years, 11 months and 14 days old when he was first sworn in on January 20, 1981.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).[1]", "After the funeral, the Reagan entourage was flown back to the Ronald W. Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California, where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred. At the time of his death, Reagan was the longest-lived president in U.S. history, having lived 93 years and 120 days (2 years, 8 months, and 23 days longer than John Adams, whose record he surpassed). He is now the second longest-lived president, just 45 days fewer than Gerald Ford. He was the first United States president to die in the 21st century, and his was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973.", "After the funeral, the Reagan entourage was flown back to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California, where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred. [309] At the time of his death, Reagan was the longest-lived president in U.S. history, having lived 93 years and 120 days (2 years, 8 months, and 23 days longer than John Adams , whose record he surpassed). He is now the second longest-lived president, just 45 days fewer than Gerald Ford . He was the first United States president to die in the 21st century, and his was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973.", "That was also the defence of his own advancing years which Ronald Reagan, the oldest ever US president so far, famously mounted in his second presidential debate with Walter Mondale in 1984. Asked if he was not already too old to carry on doing such a demanding job, Reagan replied: \"I will not make age an issue in this campaign. I am not going to exploit for political purposes my opponent's youth and inexperience.\" At the time, it was an unanswerable riposte, but by the end of his second term of office, Reagan was in fact visibly ageing, and there were already rumours that he was suffering from the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.", "William Henry Harrison, an American military officer and politician, was the ninth President of the United States (1841), the oldest President to be elected at the time. On his 32nd day, he became the first to die in office, serving the shortest tenure in U.S. Presidential history.", "The sixth U.S. president to die in office. All presidents to have died in office since the first (William Henry Harrison in 1841) were elected 20 years apart: Harrison in 1840, Abraham Lincoln in 1860, James Garfield in 1880, McKinley in 1900, Warren G. Harding in 1920, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, and John F. Kennedy in 1960. Ronald Reagan (elected 1980) was the victim of an assassin's bullet in 1981, but he survived and broke the 120-year curse that had plagued the U.S. Presidency.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan, the fortieth United States President (1981-1989) was the oldest man to serve as Chief Executive. He was sixty-nine years old at the time of his election. The first movie actor to be elected President, he became known as \"The Great Communicator\" for his oratory skills.", "After the funeral, the Reagan entourage was flown back to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California, where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred.[262] He is the second longest-lived president in U.S. history, having lived 93 years and 120 days, just 45 days fewer than Gerald Ford. He was the first United States president to die in the 21st century, and his was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973.", "At the time of his death he was the longest-living President of the United States, at age 93 years and 120 days. This record was broken by former President Gerald Ford on Monday, November 12, 2006. Their age difference, in days alone, was only 45 days. Reagan's lifetime lasted 34,088 days, and Ford's lasted 34,133 days.", "Reagan suffered a fall at his Bel Air home on January 13, 2001, resulting in a broken hip.[248] The fracture was repaired the following day[249] and the 89 year old Reagan returned home later that week, although he faced difficult physical therapy at home.[250] On February 6, 2001, Reagan reached the age of 90, becoming the third former president to do so (the other two being John Adams and Herbert Hoover, with Gerald Ford later reaching 90).[251] Reagan's public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease, and as a result, his family decided that he would live in quiet isolation. Nancy Reagan told CNN's Larry King in 2001 that very few visitors were allowed to see her husband because she felt that \"Ronnie would want people to remember him as he was.\"[252] Since his diagnosis and death, Mrs. Reagan has become a stem-cell research advocate, urging Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research, something President Bush opposed. Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.[253] President Barack Obama reversed federal opposition to funding embryonic stem cell research in 2009.[254] [edit] Death Ronald Reagan's casket, on a horse-drawn caisson, being pulled down Constitution Avenue to the Capitol Main article: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan", "President Reagan was the oldest president in history; he was just shy of his 78th birthday on leaving office.", "2004 - Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan died at his home in Los Angeles, CA. He was 93 years old and had suffered from Alzheimer�s disease since at least late 1994. Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980. Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office -- and the Democratic ticket out (Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter).", "Reagan suffered a fall at his Bel Air home on January 13, 2001, resulting in a broken hip. [255] The fracture was repaired the following day [256] and the 89 year old Reagan returned home later that week, although he faced difficult physical therapy at home. [257] On February 6, 2001, Reagan reached the age of 90, becoming the third former president to do so (the other two being John Adams and Herbert Hoover , with Gerald Ford later reaching 90). [258] Reagan's public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease, and as a result, his family decided that he would live in quiet isolation. Nancy Reagan told CNN's Larry King in 2001 that very few visitors were allowed to see her husband because she felt that \"Ronnie would want people to remember him as he was.\" [259] Since her husband's diagnosis and death, Mrs. Reagan has become a stem-cell research advocate, urging Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research, something President Bush opposed. Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's. [260]", "Ronald Reagan - Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981-1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967-1975). Born in Illinois, Reagan moved to Los Angeles in the 1930s. In July 1989, the Reagans took a trip to Mexico, where Reagan was thrown off a horse and taken to a hospital for tests. The Reagans returned to the U.S. and visited the Mayo Clinic where they were told President Reagan had a head concussion and a subdural hematoma, and was subsequently operated on. Doctors believe that is what hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease, an incurable neurological disorder which ultimately causes brain cells to die, and something Reagan was diagnosed with in 1994.", "Kentucky-born Alben W. Barkley was the oldest United States Vice President when he assumed office in 1949. He was 71 years old.", "From B-List actor to the Governor of California in 1967, 56-year-old Ronald Reagan wasted no time putting his philosophy of life to work. He was elected to two terms, then after leaving the Governor's office in 1975, he would become the 40th President of the United States six years later at age 70.", "His crypt lies at United First Parish Church (also known as the Church of the Presidents) in Quincy. Originally, he was buried in Hancock Cemetery , across the road from the Church. Until his record was broken by Ronald Reagan in 2001, he was the nation's longest-living President (90 years, 247 days) maintaining that record for 175 years.", "She was the first former First Lady to die in the 21st century. She was also the third longest living First Lady, after Bess Truman, who lived to be 97 and Nancy Reagan, who surpassed her by 43 days.", "31st U.S. President [1929-1933]; married to Lou Henry [two sons]; first U.S. President born west of the Mississippi River; first to have a telephone at his desk; died Oct 20, 1964", "So where’s the cutoff? Which president was the oldest at the time of his inauguration? Read on to find out.", "After his return to private citizenship in 1989, Reagan continued to be a popular and active public figure. Shortly after his retirement, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was opened in Simi Valley, California. By the mid-1990s Reagan had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, an ultimately fatal degeneration of the central nervous system. He and Nancy publicized his condition in an attempt to create greater public awareness and to gain support for research into treatment. As his condition deteriorated, Reagan gradually withdrew from public appearances." ]

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[ "James Danforth \"Dan\" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 44th Vice President of the United States, serving during the term of President George H. W. Bush (1989–93). He was also a U.S. Representative (1977–81) and U.S. Senator (1981–89) from the state of Indiana.", "The Republican National Convention was held there in 1988, nominating then-Vice President George H.W. Bush for President and U.S. Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as Vice President.", "Since incumbent President Reagan was unable to run for reelection as per the Twenty-second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, after already having served two full terms, his vice president was the next best choice. Reagan threw his support behind his vice president, who campaigned on continuing Reagan's policies and promising to not add any new taxes. Bush was elected without opposition at the Republican National Convention, choosing Dan Quayle, a senator from Indiana, to be his vice presidential nominee.", "After two terms as vice president under Reagan, Bush became the Republican presidential nominee in 1988. With running mate Dan Quayle (1947-), a U.S. senator from Indiana , Bush defeated Democratic challenger Governor Michael Dukakis (1933-) of Massachusetts and his running mate Lloyd Bentsen (1921-2006). Bush captured 426 electoral votes and more than 53 percent of the popular vote, to Dukakis’ 111 electoral votes and more than 45 percent of the popular vote.", "The Republican National Convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, in August 1988. After Bush clinched the nomination, he began to consider his choice for vice president. Eventually, he selected Dan Quayle, the junior senator from Indiana. Bush was attracted to Quayle because of his youth and his conservative credentials. He was more conservative than Bush, and some advisers thought that he would appeal to the conservative base of the party as well as to women voters. However, Quayle became a controversial choice and a problematic running mate because many considered him too young and inexperienced to be vice president.", "It was no surprise that the nomination for President was given to Ronald Reagan`s vice-president for eight years, George H.W. Bush . Much more surprising was Bush`s choice of the little known senator from Indiana, Dan Quayle, to be his running mate. At the convention, Ronald Reagan gave a rousing and well-received speech.", "Although Vice President George Bush faced some opposition in the primaries from Senator Robert Dole of Kansas in 1988, he won the Republican nomination by acclamation. He chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. The Democrats nominated Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts, for president and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for vice president. Dukakis had faced strong competition in the primaries, including the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart of Colorado. Hart withdrew from the race following revelations about an extramarital affair, and party regulars and political pundits perceived Jackson, a liberal and an African-American, as unlikely to win the general election.", "* October 5 – In Omaha, Nebraska, in the only vice presidential debate of the 1988 U.S. presidential election, the Republican vice presidential nominee, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, insists he has as much experience in government as John F. Kennedy did when he sought the presidency in 1960. His Democratic opponent, Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas, replies, \"Senator, I knew Jack Kennedy. I served with Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy.\" The audience response to Sen. Bentsen's remark is overwhelmingly positive.", "In 1980, at age 33, Quayle became the youngest person ever elected to the Senate from the state of Indiana, defeating three-term incumbent Democrat Birch Bayh by 54%-to-46%. Making Indiana political history again, Quayle was reelected to the Senate in 1986 with the largest margin ever achieved to that date by a candidate in a statewide Indiana race, easily defeating his Democratic opponent, Jill Long with 61%. His 1986 victory was notable because several other Republican Senators elected in 1980 were not returned to office. In 1986, Quayle was criticized for championing the cause of Daniel Anthony Manion, a candidate for a federal appellate judgeship, who was in law school one year above Quayle. The American Bar Association had evaluated him as \"qualified\", its lowest passing grade. Manion was nominated for U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit by President Ronald Reagan on February 21, 1986, and confirmed by the Senate on June 26, 1986. As of 2012, Manion continues to serve on the Seventh Circuit.", "In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Republican Party nominee for the presidency, chose Quayle as his vice presidential running mate. The Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen.", "The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties. Ronald Reagan , the incumbent President, was vacating the position after serving the maximum two terms allowed by the Twenty-second Amendment. Reagan's Vice President, George H. W. Bush, won the Republican nomination, while the Democrats nominated Joe Biden, a Senator from Delaware. Bush attempted to capitalized on Reagan's popularity while Biden criticized Bush for \"losing touch with real Americans\", and capitalizing on Biden's perceived connection to middle class and poor Americans.", "Quayle was born in Indianapolis and spent most of his childhood living in Arizona. He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J.D. from Indiana University School of Law – Indianapolis in 1974. He practiced law in Huntington, Indiana, with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976, aged 29. In 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate.", "During a news conference in his hometown of Huntington, Indiana, Republican vice-presidential nominee Dan Quayle defended his service in the National Guard during the Vietnam War.", "Dan Quayle is widely considered to have been one of the most active Vice Presidents in history. In his constitutional role as Vice President, Dan Quayle served as president of the United States Senate. On February 9, 1989, President Bush named Dan Quayle head of the Council of Competitiveness, which worked to ensure US international competitiveness in the 21st century. He made official visits to 47 countries, was chairman of the National Space Council, and served as President Bush's point man on Capitol Hill. As a leader in causes from legal system reform to deregulation to the renewal of basic American values, Dan Quayle developed a large national following and became one of the most admired Americans of his time.", "18. In 1988, George H.W. Bush briefly considered naming Clint Eastwood as his running mate. Instead he chose Dan Quayle.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 , 1924 ) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89). A Republican , he previously served as a congressman , an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence . He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II . He is married to Barbara Bush , and is the father of George W. Bush .", "The vice presidential debate of 1988 is memorable because it featured one of the most decisive one-liners in American political history. When George Bush picked Dan Quayle as his vice presidential running mate, many questioned whether Quayle was fit for the job. The rap on Quayle was that he was an intellectual lightweight who preferred golfing to hard work. During the vice presidential debate, Quayle, who even slightly resembled former president and senator, John Kennedy, tried to defend his limited service and record by noting: “I have as much experience in the Congress as Jack Kennedy did when he sought the presidency.”", "George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton Massachusetts. He served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Bush’s parents Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush moved the family to Greenwich, Connecticut when he was a young boy. Though his family was wealthy, the children were raised to be modest, engage in public service, and be charitable according to the Miller Center. In his teens, Bush left home to attend Phillips Academy Andover boarding school in Massachusetts, where he was an active sportsman and student leader. After graduating from the academy on his 18th birthday he enlisted on the same day to the United States Navy .", "In a February 2010 interview with Megyn Kelly of Fox News, Quayle announced that his son, Ben Quayle, would be a candidate for the U.S. Congress, running for a seat representing Arizona's 3rd congressional district. Ben Quayle won the election. In his first bid for re-election, due to redistricting, he faced off against fellow Republican Congressman David Schweikert in a primary and narrowly lost.", "With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his house in Houston and bought his grandfather's estate in Kennebunkport , Maine, known as \"Walker's Point\". [29] At the Republican Convention, however, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.", "With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his house in Houston and bought his grandfather's estate in Kennebunkport, Maine, known as \"Walker's Point\". At the Republican Convention, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.", "Biography of Dan Quayle - US Vice President of US: Facts, Education, The Life and Passion", "1988 – Vice President George Bush was nominated for president at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans.", "George H. W. Bush (1924-) was the first serving vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren.[11]", "In April 1999, Quayle announced his candidacy for the 2000 Republican presidential nomination, attacking front-runner George W. Bush by saying \"we do not want another candidate who needs on-the-job training\". In the first contest among the Republican candidates, the Ames Straw Poll of August 1999, he finished 8th. He withdrew from the race the following month and supported Bush.", "Quayle seemed at times rattled and at other times uncertain or evasive as he tried to handle the questions. Delegates to the convention generally blamed television and newspapers for the focus on Quayle's problems, but Bush's staff said they thought Quayle had mishandled the questions about his military record, leaving questions dangling. Although Republicans were trailing by up to 15 points in public opinion polls taken before the convention, they received a significant boost that put them in the lead, which they did not relinquish for the rest of the campaign. Quayle participated in the vice-presidential debate of October 1988, alongside Democratic candidate Lloyd Bentsen. When the subject of the debate turned to Quayle's relatively limited experience in public life, he compared the length of his congressional service with that of former President John F. Kennedy. Bentsen's response — \"Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy\" — subsequently become a part of the political lexicon. On January 20, 1989 he took the oath of office as the 44th Vice President of the United States at age 41.", "Upon President Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford assumed the presidency and on August 20 he nominated Rockefeller to be the next Vice President of the United States. In considering potential nominees, Rockefeller was one of three primary candidates. The other two were then-United States Ambassador to NATO Donald Rumsfeld, whom Ford eventually chose as his Chief of Staff, and then-Republican National Committee Chairman George Bush, who would eventually become Vice President in his own right.", "Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He attended Yale, then the University of Wyoming, where he earned a BA and an MA in Political Science. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he later served as the White House Chief of Staff, from 1975 to 1977. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Wyoming's At-large congressional district from 1979 to 1989; he was reelected five times, briefly serving as House Minority Whip in 1989. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the Presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term from 1989 to 1993. During his time in the Department of Defense, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions. Out of office during the Clinton administration, Cheney was the Chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.", "John McCain (b. August 29, 1936, in Panama Canal Zone, Panama) is a Republican member of the U.S. Senate from the state of Arizona . McCain was first elected to the Senate in 1986.", "Bush vs Dukakis The 1988 Presidential Election On November 8, 1988, Republican Presidential candidate Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected as the forty-first", "Tompkins, Daniel D. - Vice President of the United States, his bust is in the Senate wing of the U.S. Capitol.", "The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All were pledged to and voted for George W. Bush and Dick Cheney: " ]

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[ "On October 11, 1986, halfway between Moscow and Washington, D.C., the leaders of the world’s two superpowers met at the stark and picturesque Hofdi House in Reykjavik, Iceland.  Secretary General Mikhail Gorbachev had proposed the meeting to President Ronald Reagan less than thirty days before. The expectations for the summit at Reykjavik were low.", "A series of meetings held during August and September 1986 culminated in a summit between United States President Ronald Reagan and the General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev in Reykjavík, Iceland, on 11 October 1986. To the surprise of both men's advisers, the two agreed in principle to removing INF systems from Europe and to equal global limits of 100 INF missile warheads.", "Then the pace of events began to accelerate. High-level discussions took place in 1986, capped by the confusion caused by the October 1986 summit between Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Reykjavik, Iceland.", "a meeting between US president Ronald Reagan and Secretary-General of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev in Iceland on October 11–12, 1986", "The plan for Star Wars may have been absurd, but it had real consequences during negotiations with the Soviets. Reagan believed in the Star Wars plan so much that he refused to make concessions about it, even though its capabilities were entirely theoretical. Reagan's October 1986 meeting with Gorbachev in Iceland failed because Reagan wouldn't confine research into the program to the laboratory.", "In 1985, the parliament unanimously voted to declare Iceland a nuclear-free zone, banning any deployment of nuclear weapons. Reykjavík was the scene of the October 1986 summit meeting between US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev on arms control and nuclear disarmament.", "Reagan and Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev hold a summit meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the first such meeting between U.S and Soviet heads of state since 1979. November 19, 1985 - November 21, 1985", "The second summit took place the following year, in 1986 on October 11, in Reykjavík, Iceland. The meeting was held to pursue discussions about scaling back their intermediate-range ballistic missile arsenals in Europe. The talks came close to achieving an overall breakthrough on nuclear arms control, but ended in failure due to Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative and Gorbachev's proposed cancellation of it. Nonetheless, cooperation continued to increase and, where it failed, Gorbachev reduced some strategic arms unilaterally.", "Ronald Reagan recognized the change in the direction of the Soviet leadership with Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet leader to pursue substantial arms agreements. [178] Gorbachev agreed to meet Reagan in four summit conferences around the world: the first in Geneva, Switzerland , the second in Reykjavík, Iceland , the third held in Washington, D.C., along with the fourth summit in Moscow, Russia . [179] Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of Communism. [180]", "President Reagan met Gorbachev for the first time on Nov. 19, 1985, the first day of their celebrated summit in Geneva.", "For the first time since the beginning of the Cold War, a Soviet leader approached the United States to seriously discuss a possible peace. This initiative took the Reagan administration completely by surprise, but Reagan quickly responded in kind. Numerous summits between top Soviet and American officials were held during Reagan's second term. Eventually, even Gorbechev and President Reagan themselves sat together in both Washington and Moscow on a number of occasions to hammer out agreements. Many concessions were made on both sides: in 1987 Gorbechev agreed to withdraw most of its nuclear arsenal and troops from the Soviet-controlled states in Eastern Europe and to withdraw from Afghanistan while Reagan eventually abandoned his Star Wars plans and agreed to reduce the number of American nuclear weapons. Gorbechev initiated so many reforms that within three or four years after Reagan left office, the Soviet Union collapsed and disintegrated into individual states, effectively ending the Cold War.", "The Malta Summit comprised a meeting between U.S. President George H. W. Bush and U.S.S.R. leader Mikhail Gorbachev , taking place between December 2-3 1989, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall . It was their second meeting following a meeting that included then President Ronald Reagan, in New York in December 1988. During the summit, Bush and Gorbachev would declare an end to the Cold War , although whether it was truly such is a matter of debate. News reports of the time referred to the Malta Summit as the most important since 1945, when British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed on a post-war plan for Europe at Yalta .", "When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by the Soviets. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. \"No,\" he replied, \"I was talking about another time, another era.\" At Gorbachev's request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at the Moscow State University. In his autobiography, An American Life, Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted and his warm feelings for Gorbachev. In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, the Cold War was officially declared over at a Malta Summit on December 3, 1989 and two years later, the Soviet Union collapsed.", "Arrival of General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR for his first meeting with President Reagan for the Geneva Summit at Fleur D’Eau in Switzerland, November 19, 1985. (Ronald Reagan Presidential Library)", "When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by the Soviets. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. \"No,\" he replied, \"I was talking about another time, another era.\" [215] At Gorbachev's request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at the Moscow State University . [216] In his autobiography, An American Life , Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted and his warm feelings for Gorbachev. [217] The Berlin Wall was torn down beginning in 1989 and two years later the Soviet Union collapsed.", "*1985 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.", "During his second term, Reagan forged a diplomatic relationship with the reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-), who became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985. In 1987, the Americans and Soviets signed a historic agreement to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. That same year, Reagan spoke at Germany’s Berlin Wall , a symbol of communism, and famously challenged Gorbachev to tear it down. Twenty-nine months later, Gorbachev allowed the people of Berlin to dismantle the wall. After leaving the White House, Reagan returned to Germany in September 1990—just weeks before Germany was officially reunified–and took several symbolic swings with a hammer at a remaining chunk of the wall.", "1987 - Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev set foot on American soil for the first time. He had come to the U.S. for a Washington summit with U.S. President Reagan .", "In 1989, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Bush met with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in a conference on the Mediterranean island of Malta. The administration had been under intense pressure to meet with the Soviets, [55] but not all initially found the Malta summit to be a step in the right direction; General Brent Scowcroft , among others, was apprehensive about the meeting, saying that it might be \"premature\" due to concerns where, according to Dr. Condoleezza Rice , \"expectations [would be] set that something was going to happen, where the Soviets might grandstand and force [the US] into agreements that would ultimately not be good for the United States\". [55] But European leaders, including François Mitterrand and Margaret Thatcher , encouraged Bush to meet with Gorbachev, [55] something that he did December 2 and 3, 1989. [56] Though no agreements were signed, the meeting was viewed largely as being an important one; when asked about nuclear war, Gorbachev responded, \"I assured the President of the United States that the Soviet Union would never start a hot war against the United States of America. And we would like our relations to develop in such a way that they would open greater possibilities for cooperation.... This is just the beginning. We are just at the very beginning of our road, long road to a long-lasting, peaceful period\". [57] The meeting was received as a very important step to the end of the Cold War. [58]", "1987/06/12 29 - In a speech in Berlin, President Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"tear down this wall\" and open Eastern Europe to political and", "During a shipboard summit meeting near Valletta, Malta, in December 1989, Presidents Bush and Gorbachev set a series of priorities to guide preparations for the next summit. They agreed to seek an accelerated conclusion to nuclear and conventional arms agreements, and discussed economic and commercial relations and regional conflicts. President Bush offered ideas for technical cooperation, and proposed negotiating a trade agreement that would lift the Jackson-Vanik restriction on most-favored-nation status for the Soviet Union, provided the Soviet Government enacted a new law on emigration. They announced that a full summit would take place in the United States in June 1990.", "1990 — President George H. W. Bush announces a planned summit in Washington D.C. with Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev.", "President of the US from 1981-1989. He initiated the SDI or Star Wars program that eventually bankrupted the USSR and led to the fall of communism.", "- November1985, Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. met for the first time to hold talks on international diplomatic relations and the arms race.", "Reagan's Star Wars | Cold War: A Brief History | History of the Atomic Age | atomicarchive.com", "1987/12/08 13 - Reagan and Gorbachev sign INF treaty, the first arms-control agreement to reduce the superpowers' nuclear weapons.", "1987/12/08 12 - Reagan and Gorbachev sign INF treaty, the first arms-control agreement to reduce the superpowers' nuclear weapons.", "1983 – The Cold War: During a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida, U.S. President Ronald Reagan described the Soviet Union as an \"evil empire\".", "Reagan visits the Soviet Union for the first time. May 29, 1988 - June 01, 1988", "In 1980 Robert Heinlein was a member of the Citizens Advisory Council on National Space Policy, chaired by Ted Kennedy . Heinlein contributed to the Council contribution to the Reagan \"Star Wars\" speech of Spring 1983.", "88. ^ Remarks on the Upcoming Summit With President Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, April 5, 1990.", "1988-11-16 President Reagan and the First Lady participate in the official state arrival ceremony, meetings and a state dinner with Margaret Thatcher" ]

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[ "On this day in 1984, Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale chose Rep. Geraldine Ferraro (D-New York) to be his running mate.", "Answer: In 1984, Walter Mondale, Democratic nominee for president, selected Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate, and his choice was confirmed by the Democratic National Convention.", "United States presidential election of 1984, American presidential election held on November 6, 1984, in which Republican Ronald Reagan was elected to a second term, defeating Democrat Walter Mondale , a former U.S. vice president. Reagan won 49 states en route to amassing 525 electoral votes to Mondale’s 13—one of the biggest landslides in U.S. election history. The election was also notable for being the first time a major party had a woman on its ticket— Geraldine Ferraro , Mondale’s running mate.", "In 1984, Mondale was nominated as the Democratic nominee for President, and chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate. The two campaigned in favor of a nuclear freeze, a reduction in the federal budget deficit, and the Equal Rights Amendment, but were defeated easily by the immensely popular incumbent President Ronald Reagan , winning only Minnesota and the District of Columbia.", "Bentsen was on Walter Mondale's short list of seven or eight possible vice presidential candidates in 1984 and was the only southerner and one of three white males considered. In the end, Mondale chose New York U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate.", "Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale , made history by choosing a woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro . She and Bush squared off in a single televised Vice Presidential debate . [38] Serving as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro represented a \" blue-collar \" district in Queens, New York; this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a disadvantage. However, the Reagan-Bush ticket won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Early into his second term as Vice President, Bush and his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a committee had been established and over two million dollars raised for Bush. [27]", "In a This Day in History video, learn that on July 12, 1984, the democratic presidential candidate, Walter Mondale made a radical announcement: a woman, Geraldine Ferraro, would be his vice presidential running mate. Ferraro became the first woman vice presidential candidate to run on a major ticket and women around the country rallied at the prospect of a woman Vice President, while critics attacked Ferraro's husband. Unfortunately, Mondale was no match for sitting President Ronald Reagan.", "The 1984 Democratic presidential nominee, former Vice President and U.S. Sen. Walter Mondale of Minnesota, announced he had chosen his vice presidential running mate on July 12, 1984. She was U.S. Rep. Geraldine Ferraro of New York. The announcement came four days before that year's party convention.", "Mondale made history by choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate, making her the first woman ever on a major-party presidential ticket. Mondale made history in a different way on Election Day, winning only 13 electoral votes to Reagan's 525.", "ST. PAUL, July 12 - Walter F. Mondale today named Representative Geraldine A. Ferraro of Queens as his running mate, the first woman selected to run for Vice President on a major party ticket. Mr. Mondale, the probable Democratic Presidential nominee, announced his historic step before an ebullient crowd at the State Capitol. He introduced Mrs. Ferraro by saying: ''I looked for the best Vice President and I found her in Gerry Ferraro.'' ''This is an exciting choice,'' he said, with Mrs. Ferraro by his side.", "Mondale had wanted to choose Governor of New York Mario Cuomo as his running mate, but Cuomo declined and recommended Ferraro, his protégée. The nominee would likely have named Governor of Massachusetts Michael Dukakis as his running mate had he made a \"safe\" choice\". Others preferred Senator Lloyd Bentsen because he would appeal to more conservative Southern voters. Nomination rival Gary Hart stated before Ferraro's selection that he would accept an invitation to run with Mondale; Hart's supporters claimed he would do better than Mondale against President Reagan, an argument undercut by a June 1984 Gallup poll that showed both men nine points behind the president.", "In 1984, former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale, seen as an underdog, selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. Ferraro became the only Italian American to be a major-party national nominee in addition to being the first woman. The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded, as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband's finances and wealth and her Congressional disclosure statements. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush.", "Minnesota is famous as a breeding ground for presidential candidates. Governor Harold Stassen contended seriously for the Republican nomination in 1948 and again in 1952. Vice President Hubert Humphrey was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1968, losing by a narrow margin to Richard Nixon . During the same year, US Senator Eugene McCarthy unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination on an antiwar platform; his surprising showings in the early primaries against the incumbent, Lyndon B. Johnson, helped persuade Johnson to withdraw his candidacy. Eight years later, McCarthy ran for the presidency as an independent, drawing 35,490 votes in Minnesota (1.8% of the total votes cast) and 756,631 votes (0.9%) nationwide. Walter Mondale, successor to Hubert Humphrey's seat when Humphrey became Johnson's vice president in 1964, was chosen in 1976 by Jimmy Carter as his vice-presidential running mate; he again ran with Carter in 1980, when the two lost their bid for reelection. In the 1984 election, Minnesota was the only state to favor the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Minnesotans gave the Republican Party a majority in the state's House of Representatives for the first time since 1970, but the Democrats retained control of the state Senate.", "In 1964, Walter Mondale replaced Hubert Humphrey as a U.S. Senator, and held the post until 1976, when Democratic presidential candidate Jimmy Carter selected him as his running-mate in his successful bid for the Presidency.", "The 1984 race is very interesting because it essentially ended at the convention. After his loss Mondale was more frank than many losing nominees have been, and admitted in a 1987 interview that he knew at the convention that he was going down to an epic defeat. But at San Francisco, for really the only time in the campaign, he had the spotlight to himself. His one card to play–not to beat Reagan, but to get himself in the history books–was to nominate a woman for Vice-President, the first time in U.S. history this has happened. He chose Geraldine Ferraro, Congresswoman from New York. The headlines and cable news shows–in their infancy in 1984–crowed and bubbled about this historic pick for several days as Democrats went home from Frisco. After that, Mondale began sliding down the hill and he didn’t stop until he hit bottom.", "The Democratic Party decided to choose a new candidate, after the enormous failure of Walter Mondale in the election of 1984. The party knew they needed a strong, centrist candidate who could unify the party. Many candidates were considered, including Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senators Al Gore and Joe Biden. Mondale's main opponent during the 1984 primary season, Senator Gary Hart, was an early frontrunner until he dropped out of the race. Finally, Governor Michael Dukakis took the lead in six of Super Tuesday's contests.", "The United States presidential election of 1984 was the 50th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1984. The contest was between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate, and former Vice President Walter Mondale, the Democratic candidate.", "United States presidential election, 1984: Ronald Reagan defeats Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% popular vote victory in 1972. . Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral college; Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota by a mere 3,761 vote margin and the District of Columbia.", "Walter Frederick Mondale (1928 - ) 42nd Vice-President of the United States (1977 - 1981). U.S. Senator from Minnesota from 1964 to 1976 and the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in 1984. Born in Ceylon, MN (297)", "Mondale selected Ferraro to be his Vice-Presidential candidate on , 1984. She stated, \"I am absolutely thrilled.\" The Mondale campaign hoped that her selection would change a campaign in which he was well behind; in addition to attracting women, they hoped she could attract ethnic Democrats in the Northeast U.S. who had abandoned their party for Reagan in 1980. Her personality, variously described as blunt, feisty, spirited, and somewhat saucy, was also viewed as an asset. In turn, Mondale accepted the risk that came with her inexperience. ", "Walter Frederick \"Fritz\" Mondale is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977â1981) under President Jimmy Carter, and as a United States Senator from Minnesota (1964â1976). He was the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in the United States presidential election of 1984. Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, and graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1951. He then served in the U.S.…  Read More", "Walter Frederick \"Fritz\" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977â81) under President Jimmy Carter, and as a United States Senator from Minnesota (1964â76). Read Less", "MONDALE, Walter Frederick, a Senator from Minnesota and Vice President of the United States; born in Ceylon, Martin County, Minn., January 5, 1928; attended the Heron Lake and Elmore, Minn., public schools; attended Macalester College in St. Paul, Minn.; graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1951; served in the United States Army 1951-1953; graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School 1956; admitted to the Minnesota bar in 1956 and commenced practice in Minneapolis; appointed and elected attorney general of Minnesota in 1960 and reelected in 1962; member of the Presidents Consumer Advisory Council 1960-1964; appointed on December 30, 1964, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hubert H. Humphrey for the term ending January 3, 1967; elected in 1966 for the term commencing January 3, 1967; reelected in 1972 and served from December 30, 1964, until his resignation December 30, 1976; chairman, Select Committee on Equal Education Opportunity (Ninety-first and Ninety-second Congresses); elected Vice President of the United States on the Democratic ticket with President Jimmy Carter on November 2, 1976; inaugurated January 20, 1977, and served until January 20, 1981; unsuccessful Democratic candidate for reelection; unsuccessful Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1984; Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Japan, 1993-1996; special envoy to Indonesia (1998); unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2002; is a resident of Minneapolis, Minn.", "Reagan's opponent in the 1984 presidential election was former Vice President Walter Mondale. With questions about Reagan's age, and a weak performance in the first presidential debate, his ability to perform the duties of president for another term was questioned. His apparent confused and forgetful behavior was evident to his supporters; they had previously known him clever and witty. Rumors began to circulate that he had Alzheimer's disease. Reagan rebounded in the second debate, and confronted questions about his age, quipping, \"I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience,\" which generated applause and laughter, even from Mondale himself. ", "In the 1980 campaign , Mondale played an even larger role than he had four years before. The hostage crisis in Iran  had made the president a virtual hostage in the White House, leaving the vice president and first lady to do most of the campaigning. Carter survived a challenge by Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy in the primaries, but this civil war had left the party deeply divided. Mondale faced a tough assignment in uniting party liberals behind the incumbent. In the end, Carter received only tepid support from labor, women, and other groups, spelling disaster against Ronald Reagan , who had no such trouble with his conservative base.", "Mondale, a former attorney general and U.S. senator from Minnesota who served as vice president under Jimmy Carter , made the announcement that he had chosen her during a news conference held at the state capitol.", "Although Walter Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984, he did not do so in a way that strengthened his prospects for winning the general election. Mondale clinched the nomination in June, a mere 5 months away from the election. Now that the stage has been set for the Mondale-Reagan race, the two campaigns will now be examined.", "After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (1986–93). President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993; he retired in 1996. In 2002, Mondale ran for his old Senate seat, agreeing to be the last-minute replacement for Democratic Senator Paul Wellstone, who had been killed in a plane crash during the final two weeks of his re-election campaign. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race. He then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a part-time teaching position at the University of Minnesota's Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs. ", "Mondale was the son of Theodore Sigvaard Mondale, a Methodist minister, and Claribel Cowan. He was an early activist in Minnesota’s Democratic–Farmer-Labor Party and worked on the U.S. Senate campaign of Hubert H. Humphrey in 1948. Graduating from the University of Minnesota law school in 1956, Mondale served as state attorney general from 1960 until his appointment in 1964 to fill Humphrey’s unexpired Senate term when Humphrey won election as vice president under Lyndon B. Johnson .", "In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a nuclear freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes, and a reduction of U.S. public debt. … Read More", "People we lost in 2014 – Joan Mondale , the wife of former Vice President Walter Mondale, died on February 3, according to a statement from the family's church.", "* Former Vice President Walter Mondale, seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, is endorsed by the National Organization of Women, the first endorsment of a presidential candidate in the group's history." ]

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[ "Ronald Reagan's last feature film appearance before his retiring from the screen was in director Don Siegel's post-noir crime thriller The Killers (1964) in which he played 'heavy' or bad-guy crime boss Jack Browning - the first time he had ever played a villain. Two years later, he would be elected governor of California.", "Although Reagan called Kings Row the film that \"made me a star\", [30]  he was unable to capitalize on his success because he was ordered to active duty with the U.S. Army at San Francisco two months after its release, and never regained \"star\" status in motion pictures. [30]  In the post-war era, after being separated from almost four years of World War II stateside service with the 1st Motion Picture Unit in December 1945, Reagan co-starred in such films as,  The Voice of the Turtle ,  John Loves Mary ,  The Hasty Heart ,  Bedtime for Bonzo ,  Cattle Queen of Montana ,  Tennessee's Partner ,  Hellcats of the Navy  and  The Killers  (his final film and the only one in which he played a villain) in a 1964 remake. [31]  Throughout his film career, his mother often answered much of his fan mail. [32]", "Although Reagan called Kings Row the film that \"made me a star\", [30] he was unable to capitalize on his success because he was ordered to active duty with the U.S. Army at San Francisco two months after its release, and never regained \"star\" status in motion pictures. [30] In the post-war era, after being separated from almost four years of World War II stateside service with the 1st Motion Picture Unit in December 1945, Reagan co-starred in such films as, The Voice of the Turtle , John Loves Mary , The Hasty Heart , Bedtime for Bonzo , Cattle Queen of Montana , Tennessee's Partner , Hellcats of the Navy and The Killers (his final film and the only one in which he played a villain) in a 1964 remake. [31] Throughout his film career, his mother often answered much of his fan mail. [32]", "4. The future president’s last movie role was in the 1964 release, The Killers. Based on an Ernest Hemingway story, it was Reagan’s only role as a villain in a film, and it was the first made-for-TV movie. However, The Killers was considered too violent for TV, and released to movie theaters instead.", "Ronald Reagan, the former 40th President of the US (1981-1989), the oldest man ever elected President, and former Hollywood film and TV actor, known for such films as Knute Rockne, All American (1940) , Kings Row (1942) and Bedtime for Bonzo (1951), died on June 5, 2004 at the age of 93, due to complications from Alzheimer's disease.", "Nancy Reagan made 12 films in all but ended her acting career shortly after marriage. The Reagans were married, without family present, on March 4, 1952, and their first child, Patti, was born that October. Although Reagan had decided not to work after becoming a mother, her husband's career had stalled and they needed an income. She made her four last films between 1953 and 1958, among them Hellcats of the Navy, a 1957 film that features Nancy and Ronald Reagan as costars. After their second child, Ronald, Junior, was born in 1958, Reagan retired from the movies for good.", "Not every movie in Ronald Reagan's career was KING'S ROW; KNUTE ROCKNE; THE HASTY HEART; THE VOICE OF THE TURTLE; or SANTA-FE TRAIL. Some were worthy films where his roles were not too memorable or central: BOY MEETS GIRL (starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, and Ralph Bellamy); DARK VICTORY (with Bette Davis, Humphrey Bogart, Geraldine Fitzgerald, and George Brent); and LOUISE (with Spring Byington, Charles Coburn, and Edmund Gwenn).", "Ronald Reagan, a former President of the Screen Actor's Guild (from 1947-1952) and governor of California, became the first movie-star President of the US (the 40th) in 1981. His conservative reign and hard-edged approach toward the Soviet Union was reflected in Hollywood's many action-adventure films of the decade with aggressive, macho stars (Rocky, Rambo, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chuck Norris, Steven Seagal, Clint Eastwood and others) - even his futuristic anti-missile defense system co-opted the name of Lucas' 70s film Star Wars (1977).", "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( / ˈ r ɒ n əl d ˈ w ɪ l s ən ˈ r eɪ ɡ ən / ; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975), and was a radio, film and television actor.", "In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film Brother Rat with actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre , [35] and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California . [36] Together they had two children, Maureen (1941–2001) and Christine (born June 26, 1947; died June 27, 1947), and adopted a third, Michael (born 1945). [37] Following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions, Wyman filed for divorce in 1948, [38] citing a distraction due to her husband's SAG union duties; the divorce was finalized in 1949. [21] making him the only U.S. president to have been divorced. [39]", "In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film Brother Rat with actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre , [42] and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California . [43] Together they had two children, Maureen (1941–2001) and Christine (June 26, 1947 – June 27, 1947), and adopted a third, Michael (born 1945). [44] Following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions, Wyman filed for divorce in 1948, [45] citing a distraction due to her husband's Screen Actors Guild union duties; the divorce was finalized in 1949. [28] He is the only US president to have been divorced. [46]", "In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film  Brother Rat  with actress  Jane Wyman  (1917–2007). They were engaged at the  Chicago Theatre , [47]  and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church  in  Glendale , California. [48]  Together they had two biological children,  Maureen  (1941–2001) and Christine (who was born in 1947 but only lived one day), and adopted a third,  Michael  (born 1945). [49]  Following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions, Wyman filed for divorce in 1948, [50]  citing a distraction due to her husband's Screen Actors Guild union duties; the divorce was finalized in 1949. [24]  He is the only US president to have been divorced. [51]", "For Bonzo [1951]), Ronald Reagan’s greatest role was as America’s tough, intractable 40th president during the height of the cold war (1981-1989). “Who’s vice president?” asked Back To The Future’s shock-haired savant Doc Brown (Christopher Lloyd) from 1955. “Jerry Lewis?” But Reagan wasn’t the only no-nonsense actor trading star power for political power. Clint Eastwood became mayor of Carmel, California, in 1986; Arnold Schwarzenegger ended up governor of the state, and most of the cast of Predator (1987) followed his lead. Reagan’s hard-nosed patriotism bled back out onto the big-screen, too, mobilising the monosyllabic one-manarmies played by Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone and Chuck Norris. Like Reagan, ’80s action heroes had to be strong and certain, no matter whether they could act or not. It’s no accident that Arnie’s best role was as The Terminator (in 1984), a literal killing machine, or that Stallone’s nonsensically titled Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985), refought Vietnam and won. Reaganite “entertainment tells us to forget our troubles and get happy” says writer Andrew Britton, and it did so spectacularly. “Which do you really remember: the Falklands War, or E.T.?” asked Melissa Mathison, although she did have a vested interest in the latter, having scripted it. Fight club: bruce Willis in Die Hard, (right) the Goonies go treasure hunting", "On February 6, 1911, Ronald Wilson Reagan was born to Nelle and John Reagan in Tampico, Illinois. He attended high school in nearby Dixon and then worked his way through Eureka College. There, he studied economics and sociology, played on the football team, and acted in school plays. Upon graduation, he became a radio sports announcer. A screen test in 1937 won him a contract in Hollywood. During the next two decades he appeared in 53 films.", "In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film Brother Rat with actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre, and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California. Together they had two biological children, Maureen (1941–2001) and Christine (who was born in 1947 but only lived one day), and adopted a third, Michael (born 1945). After arguments about Reagan's political ambitions, Wyman filed for divorce in 1948, citing a distraction due to her husband's Screen Actors Guild union duties; the divorce was finalized in 1949. He is the only US president to have been divorced. Reagan and Wyman continued to be friends until his death, with Wyman voting for Reagan in both of his runs and, upon his death, saying \"America has lost a great president and a great, kind, and gentle man.\" ", "Ronald Wilson Reagan, the fortieth United States President (1981-1989) was the oldest man to serve as Chief Executive. He was sixty-nine years old at the time of his election. The first movie actor to be elected President, he became known as \"The Great Communicator\" for his oratory skills.", "After leaving office in 1989, the Reagans purchased a home in Bel Air, Los Angeles in addition to the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara. They regularly attendedBel Air Presbyterian Church and occasionally made appearances on behalf of the Republican Party; Reagan delivered a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention. Previously on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. At the dedication ceremonies, five presidents were in attendance, as well as six first ladies, marking the first time five presidents were gathered in the same location. Reagan continued publicly to speak in favor of a line-item veto; the Brady Bill; a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget; and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits anyone from serving more than two terms as president. In 1992 Reagan established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the newly formed Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation.[260] His final public speech was on February 3, 1994 during a tribute to him in Washington, D.C., and his last major public appearance was at the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994.", "After the war, Reagan resumes his acting career, which continues for 20 years. Reagan makes 53 motion pictures and one television movie during his career.", "Ronald Reagan , the Hollywood actor who became one of the most popular presidents of the 20th century and transformed the political landscape of an era with his vision of conservative government, died Saturday at his home in the Bel-Air neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was 93.His wife, Nancy, his...", "1989 - Former president Ronald Reagan was inducted into the Cowboy Hall of Fame in recognition of his role as George Armstrong Custer in The Santa Fe Trail (1940) and as host of TV�s Death Valley Days (1965-1966).", "Reagan left the White House in 1989, when his vice president, George H.W. Bush, was elected to the presidency. In 1994, Reagan announced that he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which he struggled with until his death in 2004. [2]", "A free-associative line connects Bremer to John Hinckley Jr. through “Taxi Driver.” Hinckley shot President Ronald Reagan in 1981 to impress actress Jodie Foster, who starred in “Taxi Driver.” A copy of Bremer’s diary was found among Hinckley’s possessions.", "Leaving office in 1989, Reagan held an approval rating of sixty-eight percent, matching those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and later Bill Clinton, as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era. While having planned an active post-presidency, in 1994 Reagan disclosed his diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease earlier that year, appearing publicly for the last time at the funeral of Richard Nixon; he died ten years later in 2004 at the age of 93. An icon among Republicans, he ranks favorably in public and critical opinion of U.S. Presidents, and his tenure constituted a realignment toward conservative policies in the United States.", "Certainly the most famous performer-turned-politician in history, actor Reagan became the POTUS in 1981 after serving as the governor of California. Prior to his political career, Reagan had a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers Studios where he worked on numerous films; he also served in the U.S. Army Air Force’s Motion Picture Unit, and was president of the Screen Actors Guild for seven terms between 1947 and 1960!     ", "Ronald Reagan divorced another actress, Jane Wyman, in 1948. They had a daughter, Maureen, and adopted a son, Michael.", "Ronald Reagan served the Screen Actors Guild in the two capacities of: member of board of directors, and president.", "After his return to private citizenship in 1989, Reagan continued to be a popular and active public figure. Shortly after his retirement, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was opened in Simi Valley, California. By the mid-1990s Reagan had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, an ultimately fatal degeneration of the central nervous system. He and Nancy publicized his condition in an attempt to create greater public awareness and to gain support for research into treatment. As his condition deteriorated, Reagan gradually withdrew from public appearances.", "On March 30, 1981, Reagan, along with his press secretary James Brady and two others, were shot by a would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr., outside of the Hilton Washington hotel. Missing Reagan's heart by less than one inch,[94] the bullet instead pierced his left lung.[94] He began coughing up blood in the limousine and was rushed to George Washington University Hospital, where it was determined that his lung had collapsed;[94] he underwent emergency surgery to remove the bullet.[95] In the operating room, Reagan joked to the surgeons, \"I hope you're all Republicans!\"[96] Though they were not, Joseph Giordano (a Democrat) replied, \"Today, Mr. President, we're all Republicans.\"", "1981 – Trying to impress actress Jodie Foster, obsessed fan John Hinckley, Jr. shot and wounded U.S. President Ronald Reagan and three others outside the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C.", "In addition to his film appearances as Reagan, he \"was a fixture\" at special events for the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. Koch also appeared with other presidential impersonators at public events and private parties. He made television appearances and commercials in his Reagan role, including billboards posted in Europe. He made $1,000 per day for an appearance in film being made in Hong Kong.", "Wood recalls that famous friends would drop by or ring up. Ronald Reagan, an old boyfriend when they made films together in the Fifties, rang up when he was president.", "[on former President Ronald Reagan ] Yes, I liked him very much. When he was a former president of the Screen Actors Guild, I don't think he had the vast support that a lot of other presidents have had. So I don't know why that is, it's just the nature of things." ]

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[ "Unlike recent presidents from Nixon to Carter, whose national security advisers had often overshadowed the cabinet in formulating foreign policy, Reagan appointed prominent men to be secretary of state and secretary of defense and left the White House position to a series of little-known figures whose influence at first rarely matched those of the cabinet ministers. His first secretary of state, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., a man of high self-regard and little patience with politics, resigned after less than a year, complaining that the administration was not following a consistent diplomatic course. His replacement, former secretary of commerce George P. Shultz, served for the remainder of Reagan's term and usually, although not always, dominated the formulation of policy. Shultz's task was complicated by his long-running feud with Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger, who—despite his unwavering and un-critical support of ever rising defense budgets—was extremely reluctant to endorse any deployment of American troops in situations that carried any element of risk. Over time, the intensity of their disagreements worked to enhance the position of the national security adviser, whose office became increasingly influential as the years passed.", "* Elizabeth Dole is nominated by President Ronald Reagan as Secretary of Transportation, the first woman destined for his Cabinet.", "Reagan was sworn in as president for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private ceremony at the White House. Because January 20 fell on a Sunday, a public celebration was not held but took place in the Capitol rotunda the following day. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C.; due to poor weather, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol. In the coming weeks he shook up his staff somewhat, moving White House Chief of Staff James Baker to Secretary of the Treasury and naming Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, a former Merrill Lynch officer, Chief of Staff. ", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). Born in Tampico, Illinois , Reagan moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1930s, where he was an actor , president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), and a spokesman for General Electric (GE). His start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party , he switched to the Republican Party in 1962, at the age of 51. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater 's presidential candidacy in 1964 , he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970 . He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976 , but won both the nomination and election in 1980 .", "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( 6 February 1911 – 5 June 2004 ) was an American politician and actor, who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. He was the husband of Jane Wyman (1940–1948) and Nancy Davis (married in 1952).", "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and the nominee of the Democratic Party for President of the United States in the 2016 election. She served as the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, the junior United States Senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States during the presidency of Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001, and First Lady of Arkansas during his governorship from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1992.", "In 1981, Jeane Kirkpatrick became the first female U.S. ambassador to the United Nations after being appointed by President Ronald Reagan. Four years later, the lifelong Democrat changed parties to the GOP. She considered seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1988, but backed out later, saying she would accept the Number 2 slot if she was asked. She died in 2006. (Diana Walker / Time & Life Pictures via Getty Image) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Upon assuming office, Ford inherited the Cabinet Nixon selected during his tenure in office. Over the course of Ford's relatively brief administration, only Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William Simon remained. Ford appointed William Coleman as Secretary of Transportation , the second African American to serve in a presidential Cabinet (after Robert Clifton Weaver ) and the first appointed in a Republican administration. [26]", "Thomas Jefferson served as the first Secretary of State from March 22, 1790, to December 31, 1793. Jefferson brought remarkable talents to a long career guiding U.S. foreign affairs. He successfully balanced the country’s relatively weak geopolitical position and his fear of expansive federal powers with his desire for U.S. territorial and commercial expansion.", "1789 – Thomas Jefferson is appointed the first United States Secretary of State, John Jay is appointed the first Chief Justice of the United States, Samuel Osgood is appointed the first United States Postmaster General, and Edmund Randolph is appointed the first United States Attorney General.", "Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Born in Harlem as the son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the first of two consecutive black office-holders to serve as U.S. Secretary of State.", "David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 - December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Rusk is the joint-second-longest serving U.S. Secretary of State of all time, behind only Cordell Hull and tied with William H. Seward.", "����� She started her political career as a staff member for the National Security Council and served as chief legislative assistant to Senator Edmund Muskie. Albright was also named director of the Women in Foreign Service Program at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. President Bill Clinton surprised many people by appointing her U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations in 1993. As U.S. Ambassador to the UN, Madeleine Albright became a member of Presidentďż˝s Cabinet. In January 1997 she was unanimously approved by the U.S. Senate as the Secretary of State. She became the first woman to hold this office and also the highest-ranking woman in", "Madeleine Albright became the first female Secretary of State in 1997 after having served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Her appointment, at the time, gave her the distinction of being the highest ranking women in US political history.", "August 19, 1946: William Jefferson “Bill” Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III) is an American politician who served from 1993 to 2001 as the 42nd President of the United States. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. Before becoming president, he was the Governor of Arkansas for five terms, serving from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1992. He was also the state’s Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and who was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons earned law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating.", "Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office.", "Clinton appointed a number of women and minorities to key government posts, including Janet Reno (1938-), who became the first female U.S. attorney general in 1993, and Madeleine Albright (1937-) , who was sworn in as the first female U.S. secretary of state in 1997. He appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933-) to the Supreme Court in 1993. She was the second female justice in the court’s history. Clinton’s other Supreme Court nominee, Stephen Breyer (1938-), joined the court in 1994.On the foreign policy front, the Clinton administration helped bring about the 1994 reinstatement of Haiti’s democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1953-). In 1995, the administration brokered the Dayton Accords, which ended the war in Bosnia.", "Madeleine Korbelová Albright was the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State. She was nominated by U.S. President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99–0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997. Albright currently serves as a Professor of International Relations at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a PhD from Columbia University and numerous honorary degrees. In May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Barack Obama. Secretary Albright also serves as a Director on the Board of the Council on Foreign Relations. Albright is fluent in English, French, Russian, and Czech; she speaks and reads Polish and Serbo-Croatian as well.", "President Clinton announced the foreign policy team for his second term, including Madeleine Albright as the first female secretary of state, Sen. William Cohen of Maine, a Republican, as defense secretary and Anthony Lake as CIA director.", "Colin L. Powell was appointed Secretary of State by George W. Bush on January 20, 2001, after being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. He served for four years, leaving the position on January 26, 2005. He was the first African-American to serve as Secretary of State.", "On February 11, 1993, Janet Reno was nominated for the post. Clinton had known of her since her days with the groundbreaking Miami Drug Court, where as state attorney she had worked with public defender and Clinton brother-in-law Hugh Rodham, but otherwise although qualified for the job had no federal experience and was relatively obscure. Reno was 54 years old, had never married and had no children, and, as Clinton later wrote, \"Public service was her life.\" Without the chance of a nanny problem, and with her mowing her own lawn reducing the chances for an immigrant problem, Reno was the perfect choice after the Baird and Wood failures. In addition, Reno's down-to-earth image contrasted with the wealthy corporate lawyer Baird and the socially prominent Wood. (Reno would instead face something often experienced by unmarried woman of her age, speculation about her sexual orientation. )", "* Madeleine Albright (spent her teen years in Denver; graduated from the Kent Denver School in Cherry Hills Village) – U.S. Secretary of State during the presidency of Bill Clinton", "Reagan ordered the bombing of military targets in Libya in 1986 in retaliation for its role in international terrorism. His policy of reflagging (flying the U.S. flag on) Kuwaiti oil tankers and providing them with a U.S. naval escort in the Persian Gulf led to clashes with Iran in 1987. The president's greatest diplomatic achievement was the 1987 treaty with the Soviet Union banning intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), approved by the Senate in 1988.", "After the war in the Gulf, Powell was considered for the vice-presidency or even the presidency, but he resisted suggestions that he should run for America's highest office. However, when George W. Bush was elected president in 2000, Powell did not decline Bush's request that the retired general take on the position of Secretary of State. So, when the Bush administration took office in January of 2001, Powell became the first African American Secretary of State in U.S. history.", "When New York's long-serving U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the Senate election of 2000. Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999. She became the first first lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office. Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and matters related to his failing marriage became public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race. ", "WASHINGTON — For months, the Beltway parlor game about who will succeed Hillary Rodham Clinton as secretary of state has revolved around two names: Susan E. Rice , the American ambassador to the United Nations, and Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts.", "In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration. She was initially quite reluctant, but on November 20, she told Obama she would accept the position. On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State. Clinton said she did not want to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a \"difficult and exciting adventure\". As part of the nomination and in order to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the William J. Clinton Foundation and Clinton Global Initiative. ", "Bill Clinton is an American politician from Arkansas who served as the 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001). He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby-boomer generation President.", "Bill Clinton is an American politician from Arkansas who served as the 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001). He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby-boomer generation President. ", "U.S. President Bill Clinton, first lady and Senator-elect Hillary Rodham Clinton and their daughter Chelsea pose with Vietnam President Tran Duc Luong and his wife Nguyen Thi Vinh (L) before meetings in the Presidential Palace in Hanoi November 17, 2000. Behind Clinton is a statue of former Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh. Clinton is the first serving U.S. president to visit Vietnam since the late Richard Nixon's visit in 1969./Larry Downing (Reuters)", "Who was the first woman to serve as Secretary of State? - FAQs - About Us", "Albright was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the U.N., she had a rocky relationship with the U.N. Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, whom she criticized as \"disengaged\" and \"neglect[ful]\" of genocide in Rwanda.Albright, 2003, p. 207. Albright wrote:My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States and the international community to act sooner to halt these crimes. " ]

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[ "1918 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for peace upon the end of World War I.", "1918 — At the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson announces his Fourteen Points peace plan.", "On 8th January 1918, Woodrow Wilson announced his famous 14 Points for a peace settlement. On 11 November 1918, the war came to an end with surrender of the German forces. At the same time, the Germans put forth their proposal for peace. This occurred during the US Congressional elections and Woodrow Wilson asked the people to support his policies by electing the Democrats. However, the Democrats lost and the Republicans gained control of the Congress. This did not stop Wilson from attending the peace conference held at Paris and he tried to defend his 14 Points program. The peace conference went on for a week and the English, Italians and French were determined to have their way. The peace agreement did have many of the points suggested by Woodrow Wilson and he was also instrumental in getting the nations to agree to form the League of Nations.", "On 8 January 1918, the President of the United States Woodrow Wilson issued a statement which became known as the Fourteen Points, calling for a diplomatic end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of Central Power forces from the occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines and the formation of a League of Nations to afford \"mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike\".", "In an address before a joint meeting of Congress, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson discusses the aims of the United States in World War I and outlines his “14 Points” for achieving a lasting peace in Europe. The peace proposal called for unselfish peace terms from the victorious Allies, the restoration of territories conquered during the war, the right to national self-determination, and the establishment of a postwar world body to resolve future conflict. The speech was translated and distributed to the soldiers and citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary and contributed significantly to their agreeing to an armistice in November 1918.", "On January 8 1918 President Wilson, in an address to the U.S. Congress, outlined a fourteen point Peace Programme that called for such things as:-", "Even before the war ended, President Wilson offered a plan for world peace, the Fourteen Points. The plan, announced to Congress on January 8, 1918, would abolish secret diplomacy, guarantee freedom of the seas, remove international trade barriers wherever possible, reduce arms, and consider the interests of colonized peoples. Eight more points addressed changes to specific boundaries based on the principle of self-determination, or the right of nations to shape their own destinies. Finally, Wilson�s points called for a League of Nations to arbitrate disputes between nations and usher in an epoch of peace. High hopes for the Fourteen Points prevailed at the time of the armistice but faded by June 1919, when emissaries of the Big Four (the United States, France, Britain, and Italy) gathered at Versailles to determine the conditions of peace.", "On Jan. 8, 1918, he announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for a peace settlement. They were more than peace terms; they were terms for a better world. He followed this speech with his famous \"self-determination\" speech on February 11 in which he said: \"National aspirations must be respected; people may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self determination' is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action. . . . \"", "Less than a year after having committed American troops to the First World War, however, Wilson's thoughts began to turn to the postwar order, and he enunciated his views on this topic in the famous Fourteen Points Address of January 1918. Wilson laid out his vision for a cleaner, more open, and ultimately more peaceful international system in this speech, and with Germany's collapse in November, Wilson eagerly steamed to France to insure that his program found inclusion in the instrument of peace to be drafted at Versailles. Despite a raucous welcome on the continent, however, Wilson was unable to override the desire of Britain, France, and Italy to punish Germany, and he was compelled to surrender thirteen of his points in exchange for realization of the one that he held most dear -- the League of Nations .", "In front of the U.S. Congress on January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson enumerated the last of his Fourteen Points , calling for a \"general association of nations�formed on the basis of covenants designed to create mutual guarantees of the political independence and territorial integrity of States, large and small equally.\" Many of Wilson's previous points would require regulation or enforcement, and thus he distilled the wartime thinking of many diplomats and intellectuals, on both sides of the Atlantic, into a call for a new type of standing international organization dedicated to fostering international cooperation, providing security for its members, and ensuring a lasting peace. With Europe's population exhausted by four years of total war, and with many in the United States supportive of the idea that a new organization would be able to solve the international disputes that had led to war in 1914, Wilson's articulation of a League of Nations was wildly popular. However, it proved exceptionally difficult to create, and Wilson left office never having convinced the United States to join it.", "There had been strong non-interventionist sentiment before and after the United States entered the war in April 1917, and many Americans were eager to extricate themselves from European affairs as rapidly as possible.[ citation needed ] The United States took a more conciliatory view toward the issue of German reparations. American Leaders wanted to ensure the success of future trading opportunities and favourably collect on the European debt, and hoped to avoid future wars.[ citation needed ] Before the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson , along with other American officials including Edward Mandell House , put forward his Fourteen Points which he presented in a speech at the Paris Peace Conference .", "Wilson's Fourteen Points were democratic, liberal, enlightened, and progressive - a new type of treaty designed to make peace forever secure. The key aspects of his propositions were to disallow secret treaties in the future, allow freedom of the seas, provide for arms reduction, allow the self-determination of nations, and to establish the League of Nations, which Wilson saw as a key instrument to prevent future war.", "President Woodrow Wilson had contacted the Germans on November 5, 1918 and agreed to an Armistice based on his Fourteen Points; an armistice based on Wilson's Fourteen Points had first been proposed by the German Kaiser in October 1918. These points had been included in a speech given by Wilson on January 8, 1918. At that time, Russia was negotiating with the Germans to opt out of the war since Russia had now become the Soviet Union after the Communist Revolution of November 1917. Wilson had called for both sides in World War I to state their war aims, but neither side was willing to do this because of secret agreements which they did not want to be revealed. One of Wilson's Fourteen Points was that secret treaties would be banned in the future, but this point was not included in the Treaty of Versailles.", "Before the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson, along with other American officials including Edward Mandell House, put forward his Fourteen Points which he presented in a speech at the Paris Peace Conference.", "Before the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points , which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion. Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy, encouraging self-determination, promoting free trade, creating appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace. He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmaneuvered by Britain and France, He brought along top intellectuals as advisors, but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts partisan and risked political defeat at home. [32]", "Wilson intended the Fourteen Points as a means toward ending the war and achieving an equitable peace for all the nations. He spent six months in Paris for the Peace Conference (making him the first U.S. president to travel to Europe while in office). He worked tirelessly to promote his plan. The charter of the proposed League of Nations was incorporated into the conference's Treaty of Versailles.[citation needed]", "There had been strong non-interventionist sentiment before and after the U.S. entered the war in April 1917, and many Americans were eager to extricate themselves from European affairs as rapidly as possible.[ citation needed ] The U.S. took a more conciliatory view toward the issue of German reparations. Before the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson —along with other American officials including Edward M. House —put forward his Fourteen Points , which he presented in a speech at the Paris Peace Conference . The U.S. also wished to continue trading with Germany, and therefore wished to avoid crippling Germany economically.[ citation needed ]", "The nation's interest in world peace had already been expressed through participation in the Hague Conferences , and when World War I burst upon Europe, Wilson made efforts to keep the United States neutral; in 1916 he was reelected on a peace platform. However, American sympathies and interests were actively with the Allies (especially with Great Britain and France), and although Britain and Germany both violated American neutral rights on the seas, German submarine attacks constituted the more dramatic provocation. On Apr. 6, 1917, the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies and provided crucial manpower and supplies for the Allied victory. Wilson's Fourteen Points to insure peace and democracy captured the popular imagination of Europe and were a factor in Germany's decision to seek an armistice; however, at the Paris Peace Conference after the war, Wilson was thwarted from fully implementing his program.", "President Woodrow Wilson delivered his Fourteen Points speech to Congress, articulating the ideas that would form the backbone of American foreign policy as the nation inched toward superpower status in the early 20th century. Wilson advocated equal trade conditions, arms reduction and national sovereignty for former colonies of Europe’s weakening empires and urged the establishment of an international governing body of united nations affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.", "Wilson offered a more comprehensive description of the country’s war goals in his Fourteen Points speech to Congress on January 8, 1918. The Fourteen Points envisioned a world dominated by democracy, free trade, disarmament, and self-determination; sought to resolve territorial disputes in Europe; and proposed a league of nations to mediate international crises. Wilson explicitly linked the spread of democracy with the expansion of capitalism, a position that gained new urgency when the Communists prevailed in the 1917 Russian Revolution and began confiscating private property amid promises to redistribute wealth to peasants and workers. The United States and the new Soviet Union would continue to debate throughout the twentieth century whether spreading democracy meant increasing political rights and free trade or reallocating wealth.", "Wilson initiated a secret series of studies named The Inquiry, primarily focused on Europe, and carried out by a group in New York which included geographers, historians and political scientists; the group was directed by Col. House. The studies culminated in a speech by Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918, wherein he articulated America's long term war objectives. It was the clearest expression of intention made by any of the belligerent nations. The speech, known as the Fourteen Points, was authored mainly by Walter Lippmann and projected Wilson's progressive domestic policies into the international arena. The first six dealt with diplomacy, freedom of the seas and settlement of colonial claims. Then territorial issues were addressed and the final point, the establishment of an association of nations to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all nations—a League of Nations. The address was translated into many languages for global dissemination. ", "Wilson intended the Fourteen Points as a means toward ending the war and achieving an equitable peace for all the nations. He worked tirelessly to promote his plan at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The charter of the proposed League of Nations was incorporated into the conference's Treaty of Versailles , but most of the other Fourteen Points fell by the wayside.", "General Jan Christiaan Smuts, the leader from South Africa who had confronted Gandhi, had published a pamphlet, The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion, calling for a strong and active League, which would not only prevent wars but also be a living and working organ of peaceful civilization. It must have general control of international affairs involving commerce, communications, and social, industrial, and labor relations. Smuts proposed the mandate system by which powerful nations would be assigned to oversee temporarily the former colonies of Germany and the non-Turkish portions of the former Ottoman empire that needed assistance. Wilson and Colonel House, the American members of the committee, managed to get together with the British delegates Smuts and Lord Cecil, who also had his own draft, to hammer out what was called Wilson's second draft, which was revised into an Anglo-American version. Although the French and Italians submitted drafts, this version was accepted as the basis for discussion. Working every night, the committee of fourteen members turned out its Draft Agreement after eleven days. Wilson announced that a living thing had been born.", "formulation of a peace program, presented at the end of World War I by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in an address before both houses of Congress on Jan. 8, 1918.", "Click here to read Wilson's views on the 1914 Tampico Incident.  Click here and here to read Wilson's ultimatums to the German government on the subject of the Lusitania.  Click here , here and here to read Wilson's ultimatum's to Germany on the subject of the U-boat war.  Click here to read Wilson's speech urging \"peace without victory\" in 1917.  Click here to read Wilson urge the American people to \"do their bit\" following the declaration of war with Germany.  Click here and here to read Wilson's views of the armistice agreement of 11 November 1918.  Click here to read Wilson's opening address at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919.", "1918. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson arrives in France to take part in World War I peace negotiations and to promote his plan for a League of Nations, an international organization for resolving conflicts between nations.", "The \"Big 4\" of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 were (left to right) Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States.", "Wilson decided to attend the Peace Conference in France with a select group of experts, such as geographers, ethnologists, and economists, whom he told, \"Tell me what is right, and I'll fight for it.\"14 Unfortunately he did not invite anyone to attend from the Senate, which later was to cause irreconcilable problems. In Europe, Wilson was enthusiastically greeted by thousands of cheering people almost as a messiah. After arriving in France in December, he visited England and said that never before in the history of the world had there been such a keen international consciousness. On the same day in Manchester he spoke of America's desire for peace in the world, not merely a balance of power or peace in Europe. At Rome on January 3, 1919 President Wilson explained how military force is unable to hold people together, that only friendship and good will can bind nations together.", "On January 22, 1917, Wilson dramatically delivered the first formal presidential address to the Senate since the days of George Washington. He laid bare his soaring vision for peace and the future. He called for “peace without victory” based on core American principles: self-determination, freedom of the seas, and an open world with no entangling alliances. The centerpiece of such a world would be a league of nations that could enforce the peace, a demand initially advanced by groups within America’s peace movement such as the Woman’s Peace Party.", "Wilson made a plea for postwar world peace in May 1916; his speech recited the right of every nation to its sovereignty, territorial integrity and freedom from aggression. \"So sincerely do we believe these things\", Wilson said, \"that I am sure that I speak the mind and wish of the people of America when I say that the United States is willing to become a partner in any feasible association of nations formed in order to realize these objectives\". At home the speech was seen as a turning point in policy. In Europe the words were received by the British and the French without comment. His harshest European critics rightly thought the speech reflected indifference on Wilson's part; indeed, Wilson never wavered from a belief that the war was the result of corrupt European power politics. ", "In the aftermath of the First World War, Woodrow Wilson tried to push a comprehensive and enlightened peace plan.", "Which of the following was a major goal of President Wilson at the Versailles peace talks at the end of World War I?" ]

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[ "The United States has hosted eight times of Olympic Games, four times each for the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. The U.S. hosted its first Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri. The last U.S.-hosted summer Olympics were held in Atlanta in 1996, preceded by Los Angeles in 1984 and 1932 and by St. Louis in 1904. The most recent winter Olympics in the U.S. were held in Salt Lake City, Utah in 2002. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), is the umbrella organization for the Olympics. The U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC), the National Olympic Committee for the U.S., is responsible for the training, competition opportunities and welfare of American athletes.", "Terrorism affected the last two Olympic Games held in the United States. During the Summer Olympics in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, a bomb was detonated at the Centennial Olympic Park, which killed two and injured 111 others. The bomb was set by Eric Rudolph, an American domestic terrorist, who is currently serving a life sentence for the bombing. The 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, took place just five months after the September 11 attacks, which meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for an Olympic Games. The opening ceremonies of the Games featured symbols of the day's events. They included the flag that flew at Ground Zero, NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing \"God Bless America\", and honor guards of NYPD and FDNY members. The events of that day have made security at the Olympic Games an increasing concern for Olympic planners. ", "A Brief Description of the Twenty-sixth Olympiad: The Twenty-sixth Summer Games were held from 19 th July to 4 th August in the year 1996 in Atlanta , the capital city of state of Georgia in United States. This Olympics is informally known as the Centennial Olympics . The Games were officially opened by President Bill Clinton . The athletes uttered Olympic oath led by Teresa Edwards. Judges took Olympic oath led by Hobie Billingsley . In the stadium, the Olympic Flame was lit by Muhammad Ali.", "The 1996 Summer Olympics of Atlanta, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially known as the Centennial Olympics, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.", "The rich prize of hosting the Olympics resulted in a pattern of lavish gift-giving and providing favors to IOC members that cost the six cities competing for the games in excess of $100 million. After the selection of Atlanta in September 1990, rumors circulated that the city had used excessive gifts, or in some instances, bribes, to influence IOC voting, but no evidence came to light until documents were released as part of a 1999 congressional investigation into Olympic bidding in the wake of a scandal in Salt Lake City, Utah. This pattern of attempting to influence IOC members appears to have been the norm among all the competing cities at the time.", "On 19 February 2013, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) sent letters to the mayors of 35 American cities to gauge their interest in hosting the 2024 Olympics. Some of the cities included were Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., Indianapolis, Austin, San Antonio, Houston, Dallas, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, New Orleans, Pittsburgh, Jacksonville, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Sacramento, Seattle, Charlotte, Portland, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Detroit, Columbus, Nashville, Rochester, and Denver. ", "On 10 June 2014, the USOC met in Boston to confirm the shortlist of cities drawn up for the 2024 Olympics. On 13 June 2014, the USOC announced its shortlist for potential host cities: Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington. On 26 September 2014, The U.S. Olympic Committee received near-unanimous support from the country's sports federations in a poll asking whether they would support a bid for the 2024 Olympics. Forty of the 47 national governing bodies took part in the poll and all 40 answered positively to the question. On 1 December 2014 all four shortlisted cities Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington met the final deadline to submit their bid proposals prior to the USOC Board Meeting held on 16 December 2014 in Redwood City, California. During the closed door meeting each of the four cities were given two hours to present their city's bids. Following the final presentation, the USOC announced that the United States would bid to host the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, but did not announce which city would bid. On 8 January 2015, the USOC selected Boston to be the candidate city from the United States but on 27 July 2015 Boston's bid was withdrawn and the USOC bid process was reopened. On 1 September 2015 the USOC announced that Los Angeles was chosen for the United States bid for the 2024 Summer Games. ", "The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XIXes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002, were a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated in February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City, United States. Approximately 2,400 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games, and the 2002 Winter Olympics are the most recent games to be held in the United States.", "Eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics, with Great Britain 2012 being the most recent. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996), more than any other nation, and Great Britain has hosted three Summer Olympics (1908, 1948, and 2012), all in London. Three cities have hosted two Summer Olympics: Los Angeles (1932 and 1984), Paris (1900 and 1924), and Athens (1896 and 2004).", "The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other nation. The United Kingdom hosted the 2012 Olympic games, its third Summer Olympic Games, in its capital London, making London the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union and Sweden. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro will host the first Summer Games in South America. Three cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games: Los Angeles, Paris and Athens. Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912 and the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are usually listed as jointly hosting. Events at the Summer Olympics have also been held in Hong Kong and the Netherlands, with the equestrian events at the 2008 Summer Olympics being held in Sha Tin and Kwu Tung, Hong Kong and two sailing races at the 1920 Summer Olympics being held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo, Japan will be the host city, hosting for the second time, the first being the 1964 Summer Games.", "Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne, Switzerland, after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics, to Atlanta, United States. It was to be the second time Athens would host the games, following the inaugural event of 1896. After an unsuccessful bid in 1990, the 1997 bid was radically improved, including an appeal to Greece's Olympic history. In the last round of voting, Athens defeated Rome with 66 votes to 41. Prior to this round, the cities of Buenos Aires, Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition, having received fewer votes.", "It had timing, as it would have been the first American city to host the Summer Games since Atlanta in 1996 and the first Olympics of any kind since Salt Lake City hosted the winter version in 2002 (since World War Two ended, America had never gone more than 20 years without hosting the Olympics).", "The winter Olympic Games were held in Squaw Valley, USA, and the summer Olympic Games were held in Rome, Italy", "While a record 140 nations did show up, the level of competition was hardly what it might have been had the Soviets and East Germans made the trip. As a result, the United States won a record 83 gold medals in the most lopsided Summer Games since St. Louis 80 years before.", "The United States has hosted the most number of Summer and Winter Olympics. London is the city that will have hosted the most number of Games when the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony takes place. Russia will host the Winter Games for the first time in 2014. [82] The United States has won the most Summer Olympic medals and the Soviet Union the most Winter medals. Australia ranks tenth on the list of medal winning countries overall. [83]", "The Games were held in Sydney, Australia. Countries competing at the 2000 Summer Olympics included the United States, Japan, Australia, China, Italy, New Zealand, Cuba and Canada. The United States won the gold medal for the second time.", "Other candidate cities for the 1998 Olympics were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; and Salt Lake City, United States. The host city selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 15 June 1991, at the 97th IOC session. Nagano prevailed over Salt Lake City by just 4 votes. In June 1995, Salt Lake was chosen as the host of the following 2002 Winter Olympics.", "• The Summer Olympic Games take place in Los Angeles, with the United States topping the medals' table.", "In this Thursday, July 21, 2016 photo, the Olympic rings from the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta stands against the downtown skyline in Atlanta. Twenty years after the Olympics were held in Atlanta, some remnants of that improbable summer remain a highly visible part of the city's landscape, while others quickly faded away. (AP Photo/David Goldman)", "In this Thursday, July 21, 2016 photo, the Olympic rings and torch from the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta stand near the formerly named Centennial Olympic Stadium, now Turner Field, home of the Atlanta Braves baseball team in Atlanta. Twenty years after the Olympics were held in Atlanta, some remnants of that improbable summer remain a highly visible part of the city's landscape, while others quickly faded away. (AP Photo/David Goldman)", "XIX Olympic Winter Games Held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States | World History Project", "The Summer Olympic Games are always held in a leap year. This year, they take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "* June 16 – The IOC selects Salt Lake City to host the 2002 Winter Olympics.", "Athens was chosen as the host city during the 106th IOC Session held in Lausanne in 05 September 1997, after surprisingly losing the bid to organize the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta nearly seven years before, on 18 September 1990, during the 96th IOC Session in Tokyo. Athens, under the direction of Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, pursued another bid, this time for the right to organize the 2004 games. The success of Athens in securing the 2004 Games were based largely on first, the Athens bids' appeal to Olympic history and the emphasis that it placed on the pivotal role that Greece and Athens played in the promotion of the Olympic Movement, and second, the apparent failure of Atlanta in successfully staging the symbolically significant Centennial Olympic Games in 1996.", "The 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney, Australia, known as the “Games of the New Millennium”.", "The 2002 Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City and the surrounding Wasatch Mountain communities, where the Olympic Legacy thrives today.", "The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Beijing, China, from August 8 to August 24, 2008.", "In the first four Olympics, competitions were not held in pools, but, rather, in open water (1896– the Mediterranean Sea, 1900– the Seine river, 1904– an artificial lake, 1906– the Mediterranean Sea). The 1904 Olympics freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of the usual 100 metres. A 100-metre pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sat in the center of the main stadium's track and field oval. The 1912 Olympics, held in the Stockholm harbour, marked the beginning of electronic timing.", "Events in the stadium were dominated by the United States. The U.S. team was composed entirely of college students who arrived only the day before the competition, having traveled by ship to France, then by train to Greece. They won 11 gold medals; Greece came second with 10.", "The National Aquatics Center, also known as the \"Water Cube,\" was the Olympics venue for swimming events. David Gray/Reuters /Landov hide caption", "The first four Olympics were not held in pools, but in open water (1896 – The Mediterranean, 1900 – The Seine River, 1904 – an artificial lake, 1906 – The Mediterranean). The 1904 Olympics' freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of the usual 100 meters. A 100-meter pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sat in the center of the main stadium's track and field oval. The 1912 Olympics, held in the Stockholm harbor, marked the beginning of electronic timing.", "The United States has won more medals (2,189) at the Summer Games than any other country." ]

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[ "The making of Nigel Benn the fighter came after his first defeat to Michael Watson. He went 'back to basics'. I seem to recall that Benn spent the day of the fight with Watson having his hair done though I could be wrong. In any event, he himself admitted later that he was too mixed up with the showbusiness/hype side of boxing and needed to start again. His redemption came at the Fifth Street Gym in Miami where American boxers gave him severe workouts and sparring sessions. Benn fights in the US for a period and beats tough unflattering pros like Jorge Amparo, Jose Quinones and Sanderline Williams. His feats registered in the UK but there was not the hype there was pre-Watson.", "Every fight he would go in to knock the other guy out that was his only strategy. His career through the professional ranks was nothing short of spectacular, with 22 straight knockouts in just over 2 years. Benn tasted his first defeat when he fought underrated Michael Watson, the boxer with understated power and a close peek a boo style defence. Benn tired looking for his 23rd knockout win and Watson stopped him in 6 rounds.", "His first defence came in August 1990 against former WBC champion Iran Barkley, whom he floored three times and stopped on the three-knockdown rule at the end of the first round. Benn returned to the UK and met British rival Chris Eubank. They fought in Birmingham on 18 November 1990. Benn lost his title to Eubank when the referee stopped the fight in the ninth round.", "Barbadian British, Benn comes from a sporting family that includes a famous cousin in the football world, Paul Ince, who would often accompany Benn to the ring for his UK fights. Benn had a record of 41 wins and 1 loss as an amateur boxer, with the loss being against Rod Douglas, whom Benn later defeated.", "Boxing success followed as an amateur and a pro, but there was no fairtytale element to Benn's career. He lost his Commonwealth title to Michael Watson in 1989, lost to his bitter rival Eubank in 1990, and was then denied what he felt should have been his redemptive moment when their rematch was scored a draw in 1993.", "It all came crashing down when he was “ rope-a-doped ” brilliantly by fellow Brit Michael Watson and having punched himself out, was knocked out himself. “I had some friends who disappeared to hang out with Michael,” says Benn, who sat alone in the change room after the fight. “I didn’t want to leave the house and decided to go to America.” The experience was an epiphany and defeat can be instructive. “I’d been lying to myself about how good I was.”", "A contract dispute led to Benn being “thrown to the wolves” against Don King’s undefeated American Gerald “Mini Mike Tyson” McClellan for the seventh defence of his WBC super middleweight title in 1995. It was a violent, brutal fight , the British Bulldog versus the American Pitbull, and Benn was bludgeoned near unconscious and out of the ring in the first round before getting himself back into the contest, roared on by a partisan crowd. McClellan eventually retired on one knee in the 10th round, dehydrated, confused and blinking.", "The first round was vicious. McClellan knocked Benn from pillar to post and at one point sent him crashing through the ropes on to a table occupied by my ITV colleague Gary Newbon.", "There followed the fateful fight with McClellan before two defeats to Steve Collins convinced Benn the game was up. \"When I fought Steve I knew I was kind of gone,\" says Benn, \"but I still bet £100,000 I'd beat him, because I wanted to convince myself.\"", "The posters hanging off the cinder blocks surrounding the ring are old-school – Thomas Hearns, Mike Tyson, Roberto Duran, Sugar Ray Leonard, Muhammad Ali, Sonny Liston. It is a surreal yet suitable habitat for a boxing blue blood, Nigel Benn, nicknamed the Dark Destroyer and at his peak one of England’s most recognisable sporting heroes. Benn’s record as an amateur boxer was 41-1 before he turned professional in 1987. Over a nine-year career he won two world titles, at middleweight and super middleweight, and finished with a professional career record of 42-5-1 with 35 knockouts.", "Benn seems genuinely awe-struck when I remind him how big his two bouts with Eubank were. \"We had 18.5m watching the second fight on terrestrial TV,\" he recalls, \"47,000 people at Old Trafford. Wow. Crazy. Unbelievable. Thank you Chris...\" That Benn lost the first match and drew the second seems almost incidental now. As Benn puts it: \"You can't get better than that.\" British boxing never has and probably never will.", "Eubank himself was even more dismissive of Watson at that point, although to be fair he had been dismissive of Benn also, a man he then went onto defeat.  Chris had decreed that only Herol Graham, ‘a master, a genius’, had the skills to beat him, Michael Nunn also, at a push.", "At 22-0 (22 KOs), Benn defended his Commonwealth title against Michael Watson in a heavily hyped bout in May 1989 at Finsbury Park, London. The fight even appeared on national television in the US. Throwing virtually nothing but hooks, Benn repeatedly failed to get through Watson's tight guard, and gradually tired whilst being stunned numerous times himself.", "Nigel Benn was for me the most exciting, charismatic boxer I have ever seen. Totally mesmirising in the ring. The 1980s and 90s saw him become a two time world champion at different weights and I would state that anyone who saw his encounters against the likes of Doug Dewitt, Michael Watson, Chris Eubank, Iran Barkley, Henry Wharton, and, of course, Gerald McClellan, would never forget them. His life outside the ring mirrored the excitement within it.", "Benn v Eubank in November 1990. Eubank stopped Benn in the ninth round. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Getty Images", "CLIVE BERNATH ANSWERS: I disagree, Neil. Steve Collins was at the end of his career when he fought Benn and Eubank. I believe a peek Collins had the style to beat them both.", "As a fighter that was really it for Benn. It wasn't the same; he wasn't the same. The two losses to Steve Collins are but a postscript to an outstanding career. I think the reason the British public warmed to Benn and loved him was because there was always excitement and nervous anticipation whenever he fought. He was the type of fighter who had dynamite in his hands and could knock out his opponent and dazzle like a Sugar Ray Leonard or Thomas Hearns while at the same time he could always be knocked out (I suppose like a Thomas Hearns). You always sensed that he could go down though you always hoped he wouldn't. There were times in fights when he was caught and he stood there stunned like a rabbit in headlights and you just wanted him to move move move. He gave everything in the ring and didn't duck an opponent and that endeared him to many. Can you imagine Eubank taking on the McClellan fight fight when the 'G-Man' was at his peak. Or fight Iran Barkley in the US as Benn did and won? I don't think so.", "Thulani “Sugar Boy” Malinga would take Benn’s title away, and the Dark Destroyer’s career ended after two failed world title shots against Steve Collins.  Benn retired with a career record of 42-5-1 (35 KO’s).", "BEN COHEN ANSWERS: You make some good points Ollie, but I don’t agree about Collins. I think he had underrated skills. He wasn’t pretty to watch, but he could put his punches together well, and was actually quite good at controlling the tempo of a fight. If you watch his fights against Eubank, Collins out hustled him, which was not an easy thing to do despite his advanced age. I think Nigel Benn was an awesome force in boxing, but would come unstuck against guys he could not hurt. Collins was one of them, and would have beaten Benn any time they fought. I agree that Toney and Jones were better than all of them though. Too fast, and too skilled.", "Benn went 41-1 in an impressive amateur career before turning professional in 1987.  Benn blazed a trail in his early career firing his way to 22 consecutive KO wins.", "2011 - ITV - FIGHT OF THEIR LIVES - THE STORY OF NIGEL BENN & GERALD MCCLELLAN", "PAUL UPHAM ANSWERS: At their absolute peaks, I have Eubank and Collins at the top. Collins’ fitness and workrate beat Eubank twice. Chris just couldn’t keep the same pace when they fought, although he fought well in spurts. I thought Benn beat Eubank in their rematch. Nigel landed the cleaner, harder punches. Eubank took a lot of punishment in the later fights in his career and I think this hurt him against Collins.", "Nigel Benn moved up to super middleweight and became WBC champion. The pair agreed to meet in a WBC/WBO unification rematch. In 1993 the rivals would engage in another contest named 'Judgement Day', and watched by millions, fought thrillingly to a draw.", "His first round defeats have been against Klaasen, van Gerwen, Wright, Part and Terry Jenkins (twice). In each of the last 3 years the player who has knocked Cullen out in the first round has gone on to at least reach the semi-final.", "Marco Fu started playing snooker when he was nine years old and turned professional when he was 20 years old in 1998. His rookie year, he reached the final of the Grand Prix, beating Ronnie \"The Rocket\" O'Sullivan and then Peter Ebdon.", "I was more of a Nigel Benn fan. I liked his no-nonsense attitude. He seemed like a normal lad off the streets who really liked to fight, who'd fight anyone and would always give his all in that fight. They were both great fighters but I think I'll just have to side with Benn for his attitude inside and outside the ring.", "The beginning of the end came in 1990 at the World Cup. After Northern Ireland had lost to Canada, a drunken Higgins threatened to have Dennis Taylor shot. At the World Championship the same year, he punched a press officer, Colin Randle, in the stomach after a defeat by Steve James, in the process ripping the head off his so-called lucky mascot, Antrim the leprechaun.", "Graeme Dott beat Peter Ebdon 18–14 in the 2006 final. The match finished at 00:52 am, the latest finish in the final. This was the first Championship sponsored by a betting company after the banning of tobacco sponsorship. Dott won £200,000 for his victory with the 32 Crucible players getting at least £9,600, both significant reductions on the 2003 prize money. In the last round of the qualifying competition Robert Milkins had the first 147 break made during qualifying for the championship. Despite his maximum, Milkins lost to Mark Selby.", "A portrait of former World Champion Benn after his workout. Photograph: Matthew Abbott for the Guardian", "Steve Elkington wins a sudden-death playoff to collect his first major at the PGA Championship. Colin Montgomerie loses, the second year in succession he had lost a playoff in a major (a record he shares with Ben Hogan, Arnold Palmer and Tom Watson).", "Hendry made a strong start to the 1999/2000 season by winning two of the first three tournaments, including the British Open, where he made the fifth 147 break of his career and the first maximum in a ranking final. However, he was surprisingly defeated in the first round of the 2000 World Championship by debutant Stuart Bingham. By Hendry's high standards the 2000/01 season was a disappointment, as he failed to win a ranking event for the first time since the 1988/1989 season and reached only one final. Still he won the European Open the next season and came close to an eighth World Championship. Having eliminated defending champion O'Sullivan in the semi-finals (17–13), he lost narrowly to Ebdon in the final (17–18).", "Along with the highs there were a few lows. His manager Darryl McKerrow was killed in a hunting accident during the mid 80’s and he was fined £10,000 and banned for two ranking tournaments in 1988 after failing a drug test." ]

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[ "Thanks to the fame of the muscular movie stars Johnny Weissmuller note  and Arnold Schwarzenegger muscular foreigners will sometimes be born in Austria.", "Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" and the \"Styrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career and more recently \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\" – one of his best-known movie roles).", "Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" and the \"Styrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career and more recently \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\" � one of his best-known movie roles).", "      Moviemaking in Austria has tended to concentrate on highbrow or controversial themes. The German-language motion picture industry has not been able to keep pace with Hollywood imports, and foreign films and television shows outnumber Austrian or German productions. A number of 20th-century Austrian actors began their careers in Austria and later found success in Hollywood, including Paul Henreid ( Henreid, Paul ), Oscar Homolka ( Homolka, Oscar ), Hedy Lamarr ( Lamarr, Hedy ), and Maximilian Schell. Also born in Austria were the directors Erich von Stroheim ( Stroheim, Erich von ) and Otto Preminger ( Preminger, Otto ). Arnold Schwarzenegger ( Schwarzenegger, Arnold ), the Austrian-born bodybuilder, actor , and politician , is admired for his films and other accomplishments in the United States.", "A generation ago, the documentary Pumping Iron put bodybuilding on the map of popular culture and launched Arnold Schwarzenegger to stardom. This quasi-sequel, following half a dozen competitors for the Mr Olympia championship, gives a sense of where the sport is at today. Though it's not especially sophisticated as cinema, the subject matter still holds a surprising fascination.", "Schwarzeneggerâs nickname in his bodybuilding days was âThe Austrian Oakâ or âStyrian Oakâ due to his large build and the story of him performing chin ups from the limb of an Oak tree on the banks of the river Thalersee, the lake of his hometown in Austria", "Johnny Weissmuller (born Peter Johann Weißmüller; [2] June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was an American competition swimmer and actor best known for playing Tarzan in films of the 1930s and 1940s and for having one of the best competitive swimming records of the 20th century. Weissmuller was one of the world's fastest swimmers in the 1920s, winning five Olympic gold medals for swimming and one bronze medal for water polo. He won fifty-two U.S. National Championships, set more than fifty world records, both in freestyle and backstroke, [3] and was purportedly undefeated in official competition for the entirety of his competitive career. After retiring from competitions, he became the sixth actor to portray Edgar Rice Burroughs 's ape man, Tarzan, a role he played in twelve motion pictures. Dozens of other actors have also played Tarzan, but Weissmuller is by far the best known. His character's distinctive Tarzan yell is still often used in films.", "The film Pumping Iron (1977), featured the build up to the 1975 Mr. Olympia, in Pretoria South Africa and helped launch the acting careers of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou Ferrigno, both finalists in the contest.", "A silver medalist for the United States weightlifting team at the 1948 Olympic Games, Toshiyuki Sakata might have adopted the name Harold, but any James Bond fan is more familiar with him as Oddjob.", "Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized. In 1991, Schwarzenegger purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role due to his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain.", "Christoph Waltz (born 4 October 1956) is an Austrian-German actor. He is best known for his works with American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino , receiving acclaim for portraying SS-Standartenführer Hans Landa in Inglourious Basterds (2009) and bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz in Django Unchained (2012). For each performance, he won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Additionally, he received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his portrayal of Landa.", "Johnny Weissmuller (June 2, 1904 � January 20, 1984). He was an Austro-Hungarian-born American swimmer and actor best known for playing Tarzan in movies. Weissmuller was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s, winning five Olympic gold medals in swimming and one bronze medal in water polo. He won fifty-two US National Championships and set sixty-seven world records. After his swimming career, he became the sixth actor to portray Edgar Rice Burroughs's ape man Tarzan in films, a role he played in twelve motion pictures. Dozens of other actors have also played Tarzan, but Weissmuller is by far the best known. His character's distinctive, ululating Tarzan yell is still often used in films.", "On June 23, 2016, reports emerged that Malick's next film will be titled Radegund, and will depict the life of Austria’s Franz Jägerstätter, a conscientious objector during World War II who was put to death at the age of 36 for undermining military actions, and was later declared a martyr and beatified by the Catholic Church. Set to play Jägerstätter is August Diehl.", ", (July 1, 1920 – July 29, 1982) was an American Olympic weightlifter, professional wrestler, and film actor. He won a silver medal for the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London in weightlifting. He was also an actor, with his most famous role as the villain Oddjob in the James Bond film Goldfinger.", "* Arnold Schwarzenegger, former bodybuilding champion, actor and former governor of California. Born and raised in the farming village Thal, 2 km from Graz. In 2005, the Graz football stadium named after Schwarzenegger was renamed Stadion Graz-Liebenau after controversy over the use of the death penalty in California; now it is called the UPC-Arena.", "Arnold Schwarzenegger Growing up in a small, isolated village in Austria, he turned to bodybuilding as his ticket to a better life. Prior to that he served a mandatory one year in the Austrian military (beginning in 1965). After conquering the world as arguably the greatest bodybuilder who ever lived, he went to America to make his name in motion pictures  Hampered by his impossible name and thick accent, success eluded him for many years. It wasn't until he found the tailor-made role of Conan that he truly came into his own as a performer. A succession of over-the-top action films made him an international box office star.By alternating violent action films with lighter, comedic fare, he has solidified his position as one of the most popular - if not the most popular - movie stars in the world. After his long, and successful movie career, he ran in the California recall.   ", "Toshiyuki \"Harold\" Sakata (July 1, 1920 – July 29, 1982 ) was an American Olympic weightlifter, professional wrestler , and film actor of Japanese descent who is most famous for his role as the villain Oddjob in the James Bond film Goldfinger.", "After being commissioned by the 1936 Olympic Committee to create a feature film of the Berlin Olympics, Riefenstahl shot a documentary that celebrates the human body by combining the poetry of bodies in motion with close-ups of athletes in the heat of competition. Includes the marathon, men's diving, and American track star Jesse Owen's sprint races at the 1936 Olympic games. The production tends to glorify the young male body and, some say, expresses the Nazi attitude toward athletic prowess. Includes the lighting of the torch at the stadium and Adolf Hitler looking on in amazement as Jesse Owens wins an unprecedented four Gold Medals. Written by Fiona Kelleghan <fkelleghan@aol.com>", "Within this nebula shone a star who defined the era and remains to this day a singular example in bodybuilding Arnold Schwarzenegger.", "Mike Mazurki (December 25, 1907 – December 9, 1990) was an Austrian-born American actor and professional wrestler who appeared in over 100 movies. His towering 6′ 5″ presence and intimidating face usually got him roles playing tough guys, thugs, strong men, and gangsters.", "Dolph Lundgren received acclaim for his performance as Ivan Drago. He won the Marshall Trophy for Best Actor at the Napierville Cinema Festival. Rocky IV also won Germany's Golden Screen Award.", "Lamarr's American film debut was in Algiers (1938), opposite Charles Boyer. The film created a \"national sensation,\" says Shearer. She was billed as an unknown, but well-publicized Austrian actress, which created anticipation in audiences. Mayer hoped she would become another Greta Garbo or Marlene Dietrich. According to one viewer, when her face first appeared on the screen, \"everyone gasped...Lamarr's beauty literally took one's breath away.\"", "Johann Peter Weißmüller was an Austro-Hungarian-born American swimmer and actor. Weissmuller was one of the world’s best swimmers in the 1920s, winning five Olympic gold medals and one bronze medal. He won fifty-two US National Championships and set sixty-seven world records. After his swimming career, he became the sixth actor to portray Tarzan in films, a role he played in twelve motion pictures. Dozens of other actors have also played Tarzan, but Weissmuller is by far the best known. His character’s distinctive, ululating Tarzan yell is still often used in films.", "Peter Lorre (born László Löwenstein; 26 June 1904 – 23 March 1964) was an Austro-Hungarian-American actor. In Austria, he began his stage career in Vienna before moving to Germany where he had his breakthrough, first on the stage, then in film in Berlin in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Lorre caused an international sensation in the German film M (1931), in which he portrayed a serial killer who preys on little girls.", "Johnny Weissmuller (b. 2 June 1904, Szabadfalu, Hungary, now Timisoara, Romania d.20 January 1984, Acapulco, Mexico)- 5 time Olympic gold medalist for swimming and the most famous on-screen Tarzan.", "This world-famous athlete and actor was born in Thal, Austria in 1947, and by the age of 20 was dominating the sport of competitive bodybuilding, becoming the youngest person ever to win the Mr. Universe title.", "The 21st Annual Academy Awards recognized Ivan Jandl with the Juvenile Award honoring him for \"the outstanding juvenile performance of 1948, as 'Karel Malik' in \"The Search\". Born in Czechoslovakia, and beginning his relatively brief film career in 1948 at the age of eleven, Jandl was the first foreign child actor to be honored with the Juvenile Oscar. Unable to travel to the United States to attend the ceremony, Jandl's statuette was instead presented to him in his native Prague. ", "Roland Kickinger age 47 Roland Kickinger is an Austrian-born American bodybuilder and actor from Vienna. Standing 6-feet-4-inches-tall and weighing from 250-300 pounds, he has appeared in numerous bodybuilding competitions,", "Won a silver medal in light-heavyweight weight-lifting at the 1948 summer Olympics. He pursued a successful career as a professional wrestler before moving into acting.", "Hong Kong born Chinese American Actress JuJu Chan graduated from NYU Tisch (School of Film/TV), was coined as the next Michelle Yeoh and Female Bruce Lee by the Hong Kong Media, she is the only female actress in Hong Kong who has mastered the nunchucks, including double nunchucks. She is also a Muay Thai (Thai Boxing) 46KG Champion in Hong Kong, and a Taekwon-Do Black Belt international championship medalist.", "Won a silver medal in light-heavyweight weight-lifting at the 1948 summer Olympics. He pursued a success career as a professional wrestler before moving in to acting.", "In another corridor on the left is a series of photos taken in rapid succession showing Rolf Milser of the Federal Republic of Germany (what was West Germany), winning the Clean and Jerk at the 1978 World Championships in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania." ]

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[ "Arthur's retirement from tennis in no way meant slowing down. He took on many new tasks: writing for Time Magazine, the Washington Post and Tennis Magazine; commentating for ABC Sports; and continuing his activism against the South African Apartheid regime. That same year, in fact, he was appointed captain of the U.S. Davis Cup team. Under his leadership—including members such as John McEnroe, Peter Fleming and Jimmy Connors over his period as captain—the U.S. won the Davis Cup in 1981 and 1982. In 1981 he also served as national chairman of the American Heart Association.", "More than any other player in his era, McEnroe was responsible for reviving U.S. interest in the Davis Cup, which had been shunned by Jimmy Connors and other leading U.S. players, and had not seen a top U.S. player regularly compete since Arthur Ashe (Connors' refusal to play Davis Cup in lieu of lucrative exhibitions became a source of enmity between him and Ashe). In 1978, McEnroe won two singles rubbers in the final as the U.S. captured the cup for the first time since 1972, beating the United Kingdom in the final. McEnroe continued to be a mainstay of U.S. Davis Cup teams for the next 14 years and was part of U.S. winning teams in 1978,1979, 1981, 1982, and 1992. He set numerous U.S. Davis Cup records, including years played (12), ties (30), singles wins (41), and total wins in singles and doubles (59). He played both singles and doubles in 13 series, and he and Peter Fleming won 14 of 15 Davis Cup doubles matches together.", "More than any other player in his era, McEnroe was responsible for reviving U.S. interest in the Davis Cup, which had been shunned by Jimmy Connors and other leading U.S. players, and had not seen a top U.S. player regularly compete since Arthur Ashe (Connors' refusal to play Davis Cup in lieu of lucrative exhibitions became a source of enmity between him and Ashe). When asked if he was available for an upcoming Davis Cup fixture, McEnroe's reply was that he is always available to play for his country. In 1978, McEnroe won two singles rubbers in the final as the U.S. captured the cup for the first time since 1972, beating the United Kingdom in the final. McEnroe continued to be a mainstay of U.S. Davis Cup teams for the next 14 years and was part of U.S. winning teams in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, and 1992. He set numerous U.S. Davis Cup records, including years played (12), ties (30), singles wins (41), and total wins in singles and doubles (59). He played both singles and doubles in 13 series, and he and Peter Fleming won 14 of 15 Davis Cup doubles matches together.", "One of the roles of the captain has always been to select who plays in each group of matches and to decide the playing order. While the contest involved 36 holes matches it was usual for the captain to be one of the players. The USA only had two non-playing captains in this period: Walter Hagen in 1937 and Ben Hogan in 1949 while Great Britain had non-playing captains in 1933, 1949, 1951 and 1953. With the change to 18 hole matches and the extension to three days it became more difficult to combine the roles of captain and player and Arnold Palmer in 1963 was the last playing captain. The captains have always been professional golfers and the only captain who has never played in the Ryder Cup is J.H. Taylor, the 1933 British captain.", "In an e-mail to the AITA, the members of the Davis Cup team had complained about Paes and his attitude towards the team members.ῠ The AITA, meanwhile, has decided to appoint Davis Cupper S.P. Misra and member of the Indian team that went into the Challenge Round in 1966, as the non-playing captain for the tie. Bopanna failed to make it to the team as the selection committee chose Paes, Bhupathi, Somdev Devvarman and Amritraj to represent India for the forthcoming tie to be held on red clay in Bucuresti, Romania, from September 19 to 21.", "Following the fiery Connors as the dominant player was the relatively cool Björn Borg , who led Sweden to its first triumph in the Davis Cup in 1975. Practically unbeatable on slow clay, he won the French Open six times between 1974 and 1981 and remarkably adapted his game to fast grass, adding a sledgehammer serve and underspin approach shot, to win Wimbledon five years running , 1976–80. No player had done that since the champion had to play through the draw, starting in 1922. The American John McEnroe ended Borg’s Wimbledon reign in 1981 and beat him in the 1980–81 U.S. Open finals. Between 1979 and 1984 McEnroe, a torrid-tempered left-hander of exquisite athleticism and racket control, won Wimbledon three times, the U.S. Open four times, the Masters three times, and the WCT Championship four times.", "Eighteen months later, at 19, he climaxed a Davis Cup-record winning streak of 19 singles by lifting Sweden to the 1975 Cup for the first time in a 3-2 final-round victory over Czechoslovakia. His Cup singles streak of 33 was intact at his retirement, still a record. Although Lew Hoad and Ken Rosewall were a few months younger in 1953 when they won the Davis Cup for Australia, both were beaten during the final round. But Borg won both his singles in straight sets, over Jiri Hrebec and the clincher over Jan Kodes, after teaming with Ove Bengtson for the doubles win. Borg's Davis Cup debut at 16 in 1972, as one of the youngest ever in that competition, was phenomenal: A five-set win over seasoned pro Onny Parun of New Zealand. Borg was also the youngest winner of the oldest professional championship, the U.S. Pro, whose singles he took in 1974 at 18 over Tom Okker (and, subsequently, 1975 and 1976). Aaron Krickstein, 16, lowered that record in 1984.", "*6 h 15 Davis Cup 1980, Americas Zone Final: José Luis Clerc def. John McEnroe 6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 13–11 (before tiebreak era).", "McEnroe was ranked in the World Top 10 in singles for nine years, finishing No. 1 four consecutive years (1981-1984) and spent 170 weeks atop the rankings. He was the top-ranked doubles player for five consecutive years (1979-1983). He played Davis Cup for 12 years, helping the Americans win the Cup five times (1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1992). For his dedication to Davis Cup play, McEnroe was awarded the Davis Cup Commitment Award by the International Tennis Federation in 2013.", "John Donald (\"Don\" or \"Donnie\") Budge (June 13, 1915 – January 26, 2000) was an American tennis champion who was a World No. 1 player for five years, first as an amateur and then as a professional. He is most famous as the first player, male or female, and only American male to win in a single year the four tournaments that comprise the Grand Slam of tennis and second male player to win all four Grand Slams in his career after Fred Perry, and is still the youngest to achieve that feat. He won 10 majors, of which six were Grand Slams (consecutively, male record) and four Pro Slams, the latter achieved on three different surfaces. Budge was considered to have the best backhand in the history of tennis, at least until the emergence of Ken Rosewall in the 1950s and 1960s.", "1984 was McEnroe's best year on the tennis tour, as he compiled an 82–3 record and won a career-high 13 singles tournaments, including Wimbledon and the US Open. He also was on the winning US World Team Cup and runner-up Davis Cup teams. The only male who has come close to matching McEnroe's 1984 win-loss record since then was Roger Federer in 2005. Federer was 81–3 before losing his last match of the year to David Nalbandian in five sets.", "1981 - McEnroe becomes the first player to win three straight US men’s singles titles since Bill Tilden won six straight titles from 1920 to 1925. McEnroe defeats Bjorn Borg in the final 4-6, 6-2, 6-4, 6-3 and practically sends Borg into retirement, as the Swede never again plays another Grand Slam tournament.", "When he won his male record sixth French title in 1981, with another record, his 28th straight match win, over Ivan Lendl, it seemed that Borg, then 25, would surely surpass Roy Emerson's male record of 12 major singles titles (subsequently surpassed by Pete Sampras,14 and Roger Federer, 15). Borg had 11. But he would not win another, remaining tied with Laver. His left-handed nemesis, McEnroe, followed up on Wimbledon by beating Borg in a second successive U.S. Open final to take over the No. 1 ranking that the Swede had held in 1979 and 1980. That defeat, 4-6, 6-2, 6-4,6-3, effectively ended Borg's career. He won only two more matches, reaching the quarters of Monte Carlo in 1982.", "At the 1981 Canada Cup, the United States, with seven players from their 1980 Olympic team, again faced the Soviet Union. The Soviets took the opening round encounter 4–1 in Edmonton. At the 1982 World Championship in Finland, with Mike Ramsey, Mark Johnson, Buzz Schneider, and John Harrington, the Americans again met the Soviets, but once again the U.S. lost, 8–4.", "Sampras was also a member of two Davis Cup-winning teams. He teamed with John McEnroe to give the US a doubles point in 1992. In 1995, he almost singlehandedly led the United States to victory. He won both of his singles matches and teamed with Todd Martin to earn the doubles point.", "Nicklaus represented the United States against Great Britain and Ireland on winning Walker Cup teams in both 1959 and 1961, decisively winning both of his matches in each contest. On the 1959 trip to Britain, he also made his only attempt at the British Amateur, the world's oldest international amateur event, at Royal St George's Golf Club, reaching the quarterfinal round (top 8). He was also a member of the victorious 1960 U.S. Eisenhower Trophy team, winning the unofficial individual title by 13 shots over teammate Deane Beman with a four-round score of 269, a record which still stands; this score was 18 shots lower than Ben Hogan's earlier U.S. Open aggregate of 287 at the same site (which had, however, been scored under much tougher conditions). Nicklaus was named the world's top amateur golfer by Golf Digest magazine for three straight years, 1959–1961.", "Borg retained his French Open title in 1975, beating Guillermo Vilas in the final in straight sets. Borg then reached the Wimbledon quarterfinals, where he lost to eventual champion Ashe. Borg did not lose another match at Wimbledon until 1981. Borg won two singles and one doubles rubber in the 1975 Davis Cup final, as Sweden beat Czechoslovakia 3–2. With these singles wins, Borg had won 19 consecutive Davis Cup singles rubbers since 1973. That was already a record at the time. However, Borg never lost another Davis Cup singles rubber, and, by the end of his career, he had stretched that winning streak to 33—a Davis Cup record that still stands.", "Fleming also played on three American Davis Cup winning teams (1979, 1981 and 1982), and helped the US win the World Team Cup twice (1984 and 1985). Fleming reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1984. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 8 in 1980, the year in which he reached the quarter-finals at the Wimbledon championships. Over the course of his career Fleming won three top-level singles titles and sixty doubles titles. Prior to turning professional, Fleming played tennis for the University of California, Los Angeles (after transferring from the University of Michigan), and won the National Collegiate Athletic Association doubles title in 1976.", "In 1973 he returned, 11 years later, to the Davis Cup to perform another brilliant demonstration. He defeated in singles to Jiri Hrebec, Jan Kodes, Stan Smith and Tom Gorman – to the latter in a dramatic match of five sets – to give Australia its twenty third Davis Cup, the fifth in his particular track record.", "McEnroe became the U.S. Davis Cup captain in September 1999. His team barely escaped defeat in their first two outings in 2000, beating Zimbabwe and the Czech Republic in tight 3–2 encounters. They were then defeated 5–0 by Spain in the semifinals. McEnroe resigned in November 2000 after 14 months as captain, citing frustration with the Davis Cup schedule and format as two of his primary reasons. His brother Patrick took over the job.", "The balance of power in men’s tennis shifted back to Europe in the 1980s. Borg inspired a new wave of players in Sweden . A sophisticated junior-development system created a group of Swedish players—led by 1982, 1985, and 1988 French Open champion Mats Wilander. Another European country with a long tennis tradition that reached new heights in the 1980s was Czechoslovakia . One of the foremost players and coaches in Europe in the 1920s and ’30s was the Czech Karel Kozeluh. Czechoslovakia produced men’s Wimbledon champions Jaroslav Drobny in 1954 and Jan Kodeš in 1973. Among the players to come out of Czechoslovakia’s player-development system and become dominant in the 1970s and ’80s were Martina Navratilova , who became a U.S. citizen; Hana Mandlikova, who became an Australian citizen in 1987; and Ivan Lendl, who took up residence in the United States. The European tennis boom of the 1980s also swept through West Germany , which produced Boris Becker , who won the Wimbledon singles in 1985 at age 17 (the youngest man and first unseeded player to do so), and Steffi Graf , who in 1987 ended Navratilova’s five-year reign as the top-ranked woman in tennis and in 1988 won the Grand Slam, becoming the first woman to do so since Margaret Court in 1970.", "In 1981 Borg lost his Wimbledon title to John McEnroe. A month later McEnroe beat him again in the US Open. Borg didn’t bother staying for the award ceremony. He went straight from the court to the airport and flew out of New York, announcing his retirement a few days later.", "*Presidents Cup (International Team): 1994, 1996, 1998 (winners), 2000, 2003 (tie), 2013 (non-playing captain), 2015 (non-playing captain)", "*Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1963, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977 (non-playing captain)", "*Ryder Cup: 1947 (winners, playing captain), 1949 (winners, non-playing captain), 1951 (winners), 1967 (winners, non-playing captain)", "Two months later, he lost the US Open finals to McEnroe once again, and Borg decided to call it quits. He was only 25 then. Although he played a couple of tournaments later, 1981 US Open was his last Grand Slam final. He confirmed the retirement reports in 1983, blaming lack of motivation for his decision. The rules were getting stricter and Borg found it hard to give his 100 percent to his profession. He also wanted to enjoy a life outside tennis.", "served as captain of the Indian Davis Cup for much of the late 1970s and 1980s, helping India reach the finals in 1974 and 1987.", "On 17th March 2010 Lloyd resigned as Great Britains Davis Cup team coach after the humiliating defeat to Lithuania a week earlier. <reference/s> \"Lloyd resigns as GB Davis Cup captain\"", "In 2005, Croatia became the 12th nation -- and first unseeded team -- to win the Davis Cup by defeating Slovak Republic 3-2 in the World Group Final. Two years later, the U.S. claimed a record 32nd Davis Cup after topping Russia in the final round ending a 12-year gap between Davis Cup successes, the longest in the nation's history.", "^ Ruth, Jeffrey (August 13, 2013). \"Ranking the 10 Greatest American Men's Tennis Players in History\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 19, 2014.", "Since it was first staged in 1881, there have only been six years when an American player has not appeared in either the men's or women's singles final. Two of those six have been the last two years.", "*1981 Sun City Classic (South Africa), PGA Grand Slam of Golf (United States – unofficial event)" ]

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[ "The World Bowls Tour Singles Championships taking place at Potters, Great Yarmouth, saw the newly crowned 'Young Player of the Year' 19 year old Connor Cinato, of Kingsthorpe BC Indoor Section, take on one of the biggest challenges of his relatively short bowling career on Tuesday, 12th January, 2016. His opponent was the highly successful former World Champion, Andy Thomson, and what a match it turned out to be.", "Defending world indoor bowls champion Andy Thomson has hit out at the sport’s new ‘Shot Clock’, which will be in action at the Fred Olsen Cruise Lines World Championships for the first time at Potters Leisure Resort next week.", "Thomson’s tournament career spanned over four decades and he was a trail blazer for Australian golf. He set the precedent for other Australian golfers, dominating on the golf world stage with tournament wins throughout Australasia, Europe and the United States.", "Hyperactive kid and outsider, Thompson channelled his energies and breathtaking talents to become one of the most brilliant all-round athletes. The decathlete’s world records and multiple European, world and Olympic medals tell only half the story of this charismatic performer. His duels with arch-rival Jurgen Hingsen lit up many major meets of the 1980s and the event has rarely received such prominence before or after.", "It took former world champion Andy Thomson to deliver \"the greatest bowl I've ever played\" to clinch a dramatic victory over twice champions Billy Jackson and David Gourlay in Sunday's final of the Potters Holidays World Pairs Championship in Norfolk.", "World champion squash player, Great Britain and England international Angela Smith , was born in the city and was largely responsible for the ladies' game going open. She is regarded as one of the most famous players of British squash. [10] Wicket-keeper Bob Taylor , who played for Derbyshire and England was born and still lives in the area. He represented England 58 times and still holds the world record for the most number of dismissals in the first class game (1649). In golf, Trenthams' David Lynn , the golfer, (born 1973) was the KLM Open Champion of 2004. [10]", "<p>World tennis No 1 becomes first person to win award three times, with triathlete Alistair Brownlee second and equestrian Nick Skelton third</p><p>Andy Murray capped a glorious year, in which he lifted the Wimbledon title, stormed to Olympic gold and became the first British tennis player to reach No 1 in the world, by winning Sports Personality of the Year for a record third time.</p><p>Murray, a massive 1-7 on favourite with bookmakers beforehand, beat the gold medal-winning triathlete Alistair Brownlee into second place, with 58-year-old showjumper <a draggable=\"true\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/19/veteran-showjumper-nick-skelton-olympic-gold-big-time\">Nick Skelton</a>, who became the oldest British gold medallist since 1908 in Rio, in third.</p> <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016\">Continue reading...</a>", "Mark Anthony Selby (born 19 June 1983) is an English professional snooker player from Leicester. He is the reigning World Snooker Champion.Selby joined the main professional snooker tour in 1999 at the age of 16, having played on the UK Challenge Tour in 1998. In 2007, he was runner-up to John Higgins at the World Snooker Championship. After winning three Masters titles in 2008, 2010, and 2013, the UK Championship in 2012, and the World Championship in 2014, he became the ninth player to win all of snooker's Triple Crown events at least once. His other ranking titles include the Welsh Open in 2008 and the Shanghai Masters in 2011. Known as a tough competitor, Selby is also a prolific break-builder and has compiled more than 350 century breaks in his professional career. His nickname, \"The Jester from Leicester\", was given to him by snooker compere Richard Beare.Selby is also a pool player, and is the 2006 WEPF World Eight-ball Champion.", "Jahangir Khan, (born December 10, 1963, in Karachi, Pakistan) (sometimes spelled \"Jehangir Khan\") is a former World No. 1 professional squash player from Pakistan, who is considered by many to be the greatest player in the history of the game. During his career he won the World Open six times and the British Open a record ten times. Between 1981 and 1986, he was unbeaten in competitive play for five years. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively. This was not only the longest winning streak in squash history, but also one of the longest unbeaten runs by any athlete in top-level professional sports. He retired as a player in 1993, and has served as President of the World Squash Federation since 2002.", "The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award is the main award of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony, which takes place each December. The winner is the sportsperson, judged by a public vote, to have achieved the most that year. The recipient must either be British or reside and play a significant amount of their sport in the United Kingdom. The winner is selected by a public-vote from a pre-determined shortlist. The most recent award winner is tennis player Andy Murray, who won in 2015.", "Phil Taylor has won the World Championship a record 16 times, winning the championship in both the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) and British Darts Organisation (BDO). Two-time PDC World Champion Adrian Lewis and two-time BDO World Champion Ted Hankey are also from the Stoke area. Other well-known players from or based in Stoke include Chris Mason, Andy Hamilton and Ian White.", "Adrian Lewis retained his PDC World Darts title with a 7-3 victory in the final at Alexandra Palace. The 26-year-old saw Andy Hamilton,his fellow thrower from Stoke, to land the £200,000 first prize and trophy.", "* July 10 – Peter Thomson becomes the first Australian to win the British Open Golf Championship.", "Saw-winner, good sport Literally at the ‘cutting edge’ of a right rural sport, timbersports world champion, David McDonald plays by the numbers, as JON RAWLINSON discovered.", "World Bowls Tour chief Richard Maddieson insists the idea was a success when pioneered at the Scottish Open in November, the added tension making the game more exciting for spectators and – more importantly – TV audiences. But Thomson, who was made an MBE in the New Year’s Honours list for services to sport, believes it is a bad move – and has data to back up his case.", "He continued to impress, winning the first of six Masters titles and moving up to third in the rankings by the end of the following year before things really took off in the 1989/1990 season. During this he won no fewer than seven titles, including the UK Championship, his second Masters and most importantly of all his first world title in Sheffield. In beating Jimmy White 18-12 that April he became the youngest ever world champion, a record that still stands today, and became Scotland’s first world champion since Walter Donaldson in 1950.", "Thomson won 26 times on the European circuit that preceded formation of the European Tour, and 34 times in Australia and New Zealand. More »", "The match eventually finished at 12:50am (GMT) and with Lewis required to give a drug test upon its completion, he stated he only got 4 hours sleep after going to bed at 5am. However, Lewis managed to never trail against Hamilton and was a double 12 away from hitting a nine-darter in the final for the second successive year. Lewis clinched victory with his third attempt at the match winning double and said afterwards he believed he could win 10 World Championship titles.", "During the first World Challenge Cup in 1979 Davis acted as England's captain (the team was completed by John Spencer and Graham Miles ). He won his first seven frames, which meant that he was instrumental in England's 8–7 victories over Northern Ireland and the Rest of the World. England were however defeated 14–3 in the final by Wales, whose team included the then-current world champion and his predecessor. [44]", "Yarnold is also the World Cup champion and team-mate Shelley Rudman the reigning world champion. Rudman's Olympic silver medal at Turin in 2006 and Alex Coomber's breakthrough bronze in 2002 add to the medal haul, plus world championship and World Cup titles for Kristan Bromley in the men's event.", "Lewis became the third player, after Eric Bristow and Raymond van Barneveld, to successfully defend their first World Championship title in the 2012 PDC World Championship, by beating Andy Hamilton 7–3 in the Final. ", "Then came the big match of the round, Graeme Stoddart against Gayl King. King started well taking a 1-0 lead against Stoddart who then recovered to win 3-1 and then called for a championship to be held for women only and one for men only. (A BDO women's one takes place whilst at the Lakeside during the Worlds week.) Rod Harrington then kicked off his campaign to reach a second final at the Circus with a 3-1 win over 1988 champion Bob Anderson.", "Adrian Lewis emphatically retained his World Championship title with a 7-3 win over Andy Hamilton in the final.", "Overseas World Champions: Three players. John Part was the first player from outside the UK to win the PDC World Championship with his 2003 title, followed by Raymond van Barneveld in 2007 and Michael van Gerwen in 2014. Part was also the first overseas player to win the BDO title, doing so in 1994", "*Colin Jackson (GBR), two World Championship victories, 1993 and 1999 (also won Olympic Silver in 1988)", "*Robert Allenby (10, 17); Stephen Ames (17); Stuart Appleby (10); Chad Campbell (10, 17); K. J. Choi (10, 17); Ben Curtis (10, 17); Ken Duke (10); Sergio García (10, 11, 17); Ryuji Imada (10); Anthony Kim (10, 17); Justin Leonard (10, 17); Hunter Mahan (10, 17); Kenny Perry (10, 12, 13, 17); Steve Stricker (10, 17); Kevin Sutherland (10); Boo Weekley; Mike Weir (10, 17)", "After playing in the BDO for twenty years, winning four World Championships, Van Barneveld announced his move from the BDO to the PDC on 15 February 2006. He cited his reasons as wanting a greater challenge, and regularly playing against players like Phil Taylor. He had an incredible first year in the PDC, having started from scratch in the rankings. Within twelve months he had reached World number two and became World Champion.", "The European Championships in July 2011 saw Adrian Lewis once again write himself into the record books by producing a 9-dart finish during his match against the much fancied Raymond Van Barneveld. Lewis would go on to make the final, where he eventually came unstuck against champion Phil Taylor.", "Furthermore, until 2003 the reigning individual world champion qualified directly for the final and only had to defend their title in that one match against three challengers. Since 2007, the reigning champion \"only\" qualifies directly for the tournament, but has to play through all four rounds to retain the title.", "*3 wins: Cathy Freeman (AUS) - Olympic Champion in 2000, World Champion in 1997 and 1999", "Seem to say this every year but Andy Murray is probably greatest UK sportsman there's been. Might be underrated, actually.", "Jelle practicing with Mervyn King? I can't wait for the World Championship s! Jelle has a tough game vs Jamie Caven." ]

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[ "This British Open was also one of significant comings and goings: The 1995 British Open was the first played by Tiger Woods , and the last played by Arnold Palmer . Woods,still an amateur, made the cut, but finished well back, shooting 74-71-72-78--295. Palmer missed the cut with rounds of 83 and 75, but at least the man who revitalized this championship in the early 1960s got to have his farewell at St. Andrews.", "Which fellow American said with Arnold Palmer that his 1995 British Open would be his last?*Jack Nicklaus", "After capturing the first two legs of the modern Grand Slam in 1960, Arnold Palmer was convinced by friend and business manager Mark McCormack that he needed to enter—and win—the British Open, which happened to be at St. Andrews that year. So low was the prize money, so arduous the travel, and so archaic the qualifying procedures that few Americans ever ventured there. Palmer didn’t win that year, finishing second by one stroke to Australia’s Kel Nagle, but he reinvigorated the tournament, elevating it back to major status. Palmer won it the next year, and again in 1962. He never would triumph at St. Andrews, but established the classic farewell gesture when he posed on the Swilcan Bridge in 1995, ending his British Open career with a missed cut on rounds of 83-75.", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is an American professional golfer. By winning a total of 18 career major championships while producing 19 second place and 9 third place finishes in major events on the PGA Tour over a span of 25 years, he is widely regarded as the most accomplished professional golfer of all time. [1] Nicklaus did not play that many tournaments because he wanted to focus on the Majors, but is still second on the PGA-tournament winning list, with 73 victories.", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed “The Golden Bear”, is a retired American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the greatest professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second-place and 9 third-place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list behind Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (79).", "Arnold Daniel Palmer is an American professional golfer, who is generally regarded as one of the greatest players in men's professional golf history. He has won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour, dating back to 1955. Nicknamed \"The King\", he is one of golf's most popular stars and its most important trailblazer, because he was the first superstar of the sport's television age, which began in the 1950s. Palmer's social impact on behalf of golf was perhaps unrivaled among fellow professionals; Palmer's humble background and plain-spoken popularity helped change the perception of golf as an elite, upper-class pastime to a more democratic sport accessible to middle and working classes. Palmer is part of \"The Big Three\" in golf, along with Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player, who are widely credited with popularizing and commercializing the sport around the world. Palmer won the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998, and in 1974 was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame. ", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is an American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the most accomplished professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second place and 9 third place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list.", "The Men's British Open has similarly been dominated by relatively few players: F.D. Amr Bey (Egypt) in the 1930s; Mahmoud Karim (Egypt) in the 1940s; brothers Hashim Khan and Azam Khan (Pakistan) in the 1950s and 1960s; Jonah Barrington (Great Britain and Ireland) and Geoff Hunt (Australia) in the 1960s and 1970s; Jahangir Khan (Pakistan) in the 1980s; Jansher Khan (Pakistan) in the 1990s, and recently, Jonathon Power (1998); Peter Nicol (1999), David Palmer (2002, 2006), and Thierry Lincou (2004). Amr Shabana is the most successful player after above have retired (2003,2005,2007,2009), and a younger Egyptian Ramy Ashourn (2008), and the first Englishman can the champions after Peter Nicol, who is the double world open champions-Nick Matthew (2010,2011)", "      The one major championship to have eluded Palmer during his career was the PGA, which in 1995 returned to the Riviera Country Club in Los Angeles. It produced another play-off, this time between Steve Elkington of Australia and Scotland's Colin Montgomerie. Elkington scored a final-round 64, but Montgomerie birdied the last three holes for a 65 and a matching 17-under-par total of 267. Unlike the Daly-Rocca play-off, Elkington and Montgomerie went into sudden death, and at the first hole Elkington, fifth in the Masters and sixth in the British Open, made a 7.6-m birdie putt, while Montgomerie, also seeking his first major, missed from 6.1 m.", "SYDNEY (AP) – Kel Nagle, a former British Open winner, U.S. Open runner-up and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame, has died. He was 94.", "The Royal St George's Golf Club located in Sandwich, Kent, England is one of the premier golf clubs in the United Kingdom, and one of the courses on The Open Championship rotation. It has hosted 13 Open championships since 1894, when it became the first club outside Scotland to host the championship. Past champions include Darren Clarke, Ben Curtis, Greg Norman, Sandy Lyle, Bill Rogers, Bobby Locke, Reg Whitcombe, Henry Cotton, Walter Hagen (on two different occasions), Harry Vardon (on two different occasions), Jack White and John Henry Taylor. It has also hosted The Amateur Championship on 13 occasions.", "Arnold Palmer , winner of the 1961 and 1962 British Opens, played this major for the second-to-last time.", "The Claret Jug was won the following year by another South African, Gary Player, one of professional golf's \"Big Three\" who took the sport to new heights of popularity during the 1960s. Player, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus each captured the British Open two times each by 1970, with both Nicklaus and Player winning one more time in the 1970s.", "In 1993 at Royal St George's Golf Club in England, Stewart's fourth round of 63 tied the record for the lowest individual round in The Open Championship. He is one of ten players, to date, who hold the record for shooting a 63 at the British Open. In 1995, Stewart gained his first U.S. PGA Tour win in four years by winning the Shell Houston Open in a playoff over Scott Hoch, who lost a six-shot lead with seven holes to play. Hoch collapsed on the back-nine with three bogeys and a double-bogey on the 17th when his tee shot found water. Stewart won the playoff on the first extra hole. ", "• Became the sixth to win the U.S. Open and British Open in the same year, following Bobby Jones (1926, '30), Gene Sarazen (1932), Ben Hogan (1953), Lee Trevino (1971) and Tom Watson (1982)", "He won his first amateur event in 1990 and turned pro in 1993 after winning the British Youth Championship. He reached the summit of golf in November 2010 when he became world number one, ending Tiger Woods’ five-year at the top of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Palmer's exploits in the UK inspired a young Jack Nicklaus to compete at the Open Championship. The 18-time major champion is pictured here at St. Andrews' Old Course in 1978, when he would win his third and final Claret Jug. Both Nicklaus, dubbed the \"Golden Bear,\" and Arnold \"The King\" Palmer would exploit their on-course success with profitable clothing businesses off it.", "With 20 major championship wins to his name, the man who came to be known as the \"Golden Bear\" is acknowledged as the most successful golfer in history. It took a while for the public to embrace this bear, however, as he displaced the charismatic Arnold Palmer as the world's top player in the 1960s. Lost his natural chubbiness in the 1970s and 1980s but retained his phenomenal drive and concentration, winning his last US Open in 1986, 24 years after his first.", "David Robert Duval (born November 9, 1971) is an American professional golfer and former World No. 1 Golfer who competed on the PGA Tour. Duval, originally from Jacksonville Florida, received his PGA Tour card in 1995, earning it after becoming two-time ACC Player of the Year, 1993 National Player of the Year, and playing two years on the Nike Tour (where he won twice). Duval won 13 PGA Tour tournaments between 1997 and 2001. He won his sole major title at The Open Championship in 2001. After that point, due to injuries and medical conditions, his win record dropped dramatically culminating in the loss of his tour card in 2011. After his professional golf career slowed, he became an analyst and commentator.", "1985 - Sandy Lyle became the first British golfer in 16 years to win the British Open golf title. Tony Jacklin was the previous winner from Great Britain (1969).", "Sir Nick Faldo, Justin Rose, Rickie Fowler: Faldo, who won the 1990 Open at St. Andrews, plays with England's highest-ranked player. Fowler is among this week's favorites after winning the Scottish Open on Sunday; Fowler finished T14 at the 2010 Open at St. Andrews despite a first-round 79. Tee times: 2:45 p.m. on Thursday; 9:44 a.m. on Friday.", "^ Ferguson, Doug. \"Westwood of England Now Considered Best Player to Never Win a Major\". PGA of America. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 December 2013.", "Britain had been without a home winner of the Open Championship for 18 years. The flamboyant Max Faulkner had been the last British player to win the title at Royal Portrush in 1951. Twenty five year old Englishman Tony Jacklin was the bright new face of the British game. Jacklin came from humble roots in Scunthorpe. After developing his game at Scunthorpe and Holme Hall Golf Clubs, and as an assistant pro at Potters Bar, Jacklin then honed his skills on the highly competitive American circuit, gaining his first US victory at Jacksonville in 1968. Prior to that in 1967, he had won his first professional tournament ‘The Pringle’, an event which, coincidentally, was held at Royal Lytham. Clearly, this earlier success at Royal Lytham was a sign not only of great things to come for Jacklin, but also of his particular familiarity and indeed affinity with the challenges of our links.", "Results and prize money from the 1995 British Open, played at The Old Course at St. Andrews in St. Andrews, Scotland (a-amateur; p-won playoff):", "Brian Viner Interviews: On the 20th anniversary of one of golf's greatest victories, the first British winner of the Masters recalls the unforgettable shot from a fairway bunker on the final hole that changed his life and began a four-year domination of Augusta by his fellow countrymen", "golf: champ: Masters [1949, 1952, 1954; British Open [1946]; PGA [1942, 1949, 1951]; died May 23, 2002", "Cotton went on to win the Open twice more, once in 1937 and once in 1948, remaining the only Brit to win the tournament until 1989. Between 1947 and 1953 Cotton was the captain of the Ryder Cup team before his retirement in the mid fifties. Whilst being remembered for his numerous successes, Cotton is also famed for his flamboyant lifestyle and during his career he spent a large amount of time campaigning for better treatment of professional golfers, once remarking that ‘the best is always good enough for me.’", "Stewart was a golfing traditionalist who once said: \"In the United States all we do is play the ball in the air.\" He gained an affection for links golf, becoming a popular figure in Ireland after playing on Irish courses to warm up for The Open Championship. After he died in 1999, Waterville Golf Links in County Kerry, Ireland, commissioned a bronze statue of Stewart to pay tribute to him and his affiliation with Waterville. ", "Golfer, born in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, EC England, UK. He won the 1969 Open at Royal Lytham (the first British winner for 18 years), and in 1970 won the US Open at Hazeltine, MN (the first British winner for 50 years). He turned professional in 1962, and won the Jacksonville Open in 1968, the first Briton to win on the US Tour. A former Ryder Cup player (196780), he was appointed non-pl…", "Results from the 1985 British Open golf tournament played on the par-71 Royal St. George's Golf Club in Sandwich, Kent, England (a-amateur):", "The 1985 British Open was the last one with a double cut - one cut after the second round, another cut following the third round. In ensuing years, the tournament used only a single cut after the second round.", "* Only player to post a top-10 finish in at least one major championship in five different decades." ]

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[ "* Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia, but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States. She became a US citizen in 1981. ", "Martina Navratilova, (born October 18, 1956, Prague , Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), Czech-born American tennis player, who dominated women’s tennis in the late 1970s and the ’80s.", "Martina became a one-name celebrity, like Michael and Reggie, like Magic and O.J. She defected in 1975, became a U.S. citizen six years later, and dominated tennis in the 1980s the way Bill Tilden did in the 1920s.", "Navratilova played in her first tennis tournament at eight years of age. A left-handed player who ranked number one in Czechoslovakia from 1972 to 1975, she won international notice when she led her team to victory in the 1975 Federation Cup . In that year she went into exile in the United States; she became a U.S. citizen in 1981.", "* Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia, but she competed as an American because she sought asylum in the United States, which made her have to relinquish her Czechoslovakian citizenship, so after the US Open in 1975 she competed as an American.", "Martina Navratilova (Czech Republic/USA) 1974-1994, 1999-2006: Held No. 1 for 332 weeks. Won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 Grand Slam women's doubles titles (an all-time record), and 10 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. Completed the Career Boxed Set and achieved the Triple Crown once. She is the only man or woman to have won 8 different tournaments at least 7 times and won a record 9 Wimbledon titles. She also had an extraordinarily long-lived career, finishing in the top 10 singles rankings for 20 straight years and winning her last Grand Slam title (mixed doubles at the 2006 US Open) at 49 years of age. Originally from Czechoslovakia, she asked for political asylum in the US in 1975, was stripped of her Czech citizenship (later restored by the Czech Republic), and became a US citizen in 1981. She also came out as a lesbian in 1981 and has been an activist for gay rights, filing a lawsuit in 1992 against Amendment 2 (a Colorado ballot proposition designed to deny legal protections to gays and lesbians that was later overturned in Romer v. Evans).", "Martina Navratilova (; born Martina Šubertová; October 18, 1956) is a retired Czech and American tennis player and coach. In 2005, Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.", "Meanwhile, Navratilova also had more earthly loves, such as an affair with author Rita Mae Brown. In July 1981, soon after being granted U.S. citizenship, she took the bold step of telling the truth when asked about her sexual preferences. Navratilova said she was bisexual.", "“I don’t think I would take a vacation at Flushing Meadows,” Martina Navratilova told the press at the U.S. Open with a laugh. 1981 had been a year of change and tumult for the newly minted American citizen, but she was in a good mood at the moment. She had just beaten her longtime rival Chris Evert, the tournament’s top seed and the world’s No. 1 player, in a classic three-set semifinal. Now Navratilova would get a chance to play her first U.S. Open final, in front of 18,000 of her adopted countrymen.", "Martina Navritilova is the most accomplished tennis player of all time. However, from 1990-2012, Navritilova would have only her win at the 1990 Wimbledon. She also won the US Open Doubles titles in 1990, the Wimbledon Mixed Doubles titles in 1993, 1995 and 2003, the Australian Open Mixed Doubles title in 2003 and the US Open Mixed Doubles title in 2006.  ", "Few female athletes can match the enduring legacy of the women who left Czechoslovakia to become an American citizen and go on to claim a still-record 167 titles on the WTA Tour. The domination of the left-hander with the all-court game was unparalleled in the early to mid-1980s, at one point reaching 11 straight Grand Slam finals she entered. Her longevity was equally remarkable, as demonstrated by the fact she finished in the top 10 every year between 1974 and 1994. Indeed. Her last Grand Slam win came in 2006 at the age of 50, when winning the mixed doubles at the U.S. Open. That success meant that, in addition to her 18 Grand Slam singles titles, she also won 41 Grand Slam doubles titles.", "Martina Navratilova (born Martina Å ubertová October 18, 1956) is a retired Czech and American tennis player and coach. Read Less", "Navratilova has devoted some of her time off of the tennis court to writing. Her autobiography Martina chronicles her life from growing up in the former Czechoslovakia to her defection to the United States and subsequent rise to greatness and reveals much about trials and triumphs she has experienced along the way. Her mystery novels The Total Zone and Breaking Point were released in 1994 and 1996", "1975: 18-year-old Martina Navratilova, a tennis player, defected from Czechoslovakia to the West and sought political asylum in the States.", "Martina Navratilova is a tennis legend. Born and raised in Communist Czechoslovakia, she defected to the United States at 18 years old, leaving her family behind in order to pursue her career without the bounds of the government's restrictions on when and where she was allowed to play. Once in the States, Navratilova was faced with the media's negative reaction to her outspoken, confident nature, as well as the complexities of being a gay woman, which meant losing sponsorships.", "While Navratilova had never hidden her own sexuality, she feared the repercussions of it for the tour, and for herself. At her citizenship hearing in California, she had told the INS agent conducting her interview that she was “bisexual” and been relieved when nothing had made of the revelation. On July 20, 1981, Navratilova learned that her application for citizenship had been approved. Ten days later, she opened the New York Daily News to see an article entitled, “Martina Fears Avon’s Call If She Talks,” by Steve Goldstein. Months earlier, Navratilova had spoken with Goldstein about her sexual relationship with American writer Rita Mae Brown. Navratilova had asked him not to go public with it in light of the publicity surrounding the King-Barnett suit. But Goldstein’s paper didn’t want to wait any longer. In the article, Navratilova was quoted saying, “If I come out and start talking, women’s tennis is going to be hurt. I have heard that if I come out—if one more top player talks about this—then Avon will pull out as a sponsor.” The following year, Avon pulled out.", "Martina Navratilova is an influential global athlete and cultural figure whose dominance and longevity both on and off the court is truly record breaking. Born in Prague in 1956, Navratilova is arguably the most successful tennis player ever to set foot on the court. She is the only player in history to win Grand Slam titles in four different decades, including a curtain-closing US Open victory in mixed-doubles at age 49. Navratilova’s resume is highlighted by 59 Grand Slam titles, a record nine Wimbledon singles championships, and an unrivalled 344 tournament victories.", "Two years later, she defected. After losing to Evert in the semifinals of the 1975 U.S. Open in Queens, the 18-year-old Navratilova crossed the East River to the offices of the Immigration and Naturalizations Service in Manhattan. Within a month, she received her green card.", "Navratilova was the ITA World Champion and WTA Player of the Year from 1982-86. She won six straight Wimbledon titles between 1982-87 and also captured four US Open titles in that timespan. ", "Since the Open era began in 1968 (and statistics were carefully recorded), no player -- male or female -- has won more tournaments than Navratilova's 167 or more matches than her 1,438 (against just 212 defeats). She was ranked No. 1 for 331 weeks, second only to Steffi Graf's 373 since rankings began in 1975. Her earnings of $20,344,061, was a record until surpassed by Graf in 1998.", "When Martina Navratilova won the U.S. Open for the first of four times in 1983, she added her name to the impressive list of players with career Grand Slams. Navratilova retired with a 1,442-219 singles record, 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 Grand Slam men's doubles titles and 10 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles.", "In 1982 the International Tennis Federation (ITF) broadened the definition of the Grand Slam as meaning any four consecutive major victories, including the ones spanning two calendar years. [9] As defined in the constitution of the ITF: \"The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia, France, the United States of America and Wimbledon. Players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam\". [10] As this definition differs from the original definition of the Grand Slam as restricted to a single calendar year, there has been some controversy towards this redefinition in the tennis world. [11] [12] Subsequently, the ITF has distanced itself from the 1982 decision, reverting to the traditional calendar-year definition (when Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open to become the reigning champion of all four women's singles, the ITF awarded her $1 million Grand Slam bonus in recognition of her achievement. [9] However subsequently, the ITF abandoned recognizing non-calendar year grand slams.", "In 1986, Martina was warmly welcomed back by her countrymen when she returned to Czechoslovakia to play in the Federation Cup. The fans roared Nav-ROT-ee-lo-va, the way they pronounce it there. She helped the U.S. win the Cup.", "MARTINA NAVRATILOVA: Well, it wasn’t exactly a decision to do it. I just—I always thought I would say so one day. I never felt I had anything to hide. I never felt being gay was anything to be ashamed of, so I never felt apologetic. I didn’t have issues with it, didn’t grow up with any religion, so I didn’t have any religious, you know, issues to deal with as far as homosexuality is concerned. So, I accepted it very easily. For me, it wasn’t that big a deal. But still, to make it public to the whole world is a different story. I really couldn’t come out until after I got my citizenship, because it was a disclaim—back then, it could have been a disqualifier. I could have been denied my U.S. citizenship because I was gay. So I didn’t—I stayed quiet.", "Monica Seles (, ,, born December 2, 1973) is a former Yugoslav world no. 1 professional tennis player and a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. An ethnic Hungarian, she was born and raised in Novi Sad, SFR Yugoslavia. She became a naturalized American citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007. She won nine Grand Slam singles titles, eight of them while a citizen of Yugoslavia and the final as a citizen of United States of America. In 1990, Seles became the youngest-ever French Open champion at the age of 16. She went on to win eight Grand Slam singles titles before her 20th birthday and was the year-end World No. 1 in 1991 and 1992. However, on April 30, 1993, she was the victim of an on-court attack, when a man stabbed her in the back with a 9 in long knife; Seles did not return to tennis for over two years. Though she enjoyed some success after rejoining the tour in 1995, including a fourth Australian Open title in 1996, she was unable to consistently reproduce her best form. She played her last professional match at the 2003 French Open, but did not officially retire until February 2008.", "America's Martina Navratilova started her career as a Czech, while Britain's own Greg Rusedski was once a Canadian.", "By winning the 1983 US Open title, Navratilova completed the Career Grand Slam. She became only the seventh female player in history to achieve this. Read Less", "Her accomplishment was declared a \"Grand Slam\" by Philippe Chatrier, president of the International Tennis Federation, although some tennis observers countered that it was not a true slam because the titles had not been won in a single calendar year. Navratilova extended her major singles tournament winning streak to a record-equalling six following wins at Wimbledon and the US Open. Navratilova's victory meant she became the first player to win majors on clay, grass and hard court on the same year. Read Less", "1983 Event - 97th U.S. Womens Tennis: M Navratilova beats Chris Evert L Mills (61 63)", "Although her personal life is interesting, there are other persons who are defectors from Czechoslovakia and others who overcame obesity and others who are bisexual. What makes Navratilova a famous person is her ability to play tennis consistently with the best in the world. She holds the racket in her left hand and plays aggressively. \"The pattern of attack is a vital factor in Martina's supremacy,\" Shirley Brasher wrote in Weekend Magazine of Canada.\" She gives her opponents no time to find their own rhythm, no time to play at a safe speed. Instead, she rushes them and pushes them around the court, hitting out for the lines and blanketing the next with her reach, power and speed.\"", "Navratilova entered Australian singles draw just 10 times, winning the 1981 title over Evert (6-7, 6-4, 7-5) and in 1985 (6-2, 4-6, 6-2). Raised on clay courts, Navratilova won the 1982 French over pigtailed Andrea Jaeger (7-6, 6-1) and in 1984 over Evert (6-3, 6-1). She was a four-time finalist in Paris.", "* Monica Seles won her first three titles as a Yugoslavian, but the last one was won as an American after gaining citizenship." ]

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[ "Mildred Didrikson Zaharias—better known by the nickname “Babe”—was born on June 26, 1911, in Port Arthur, Texas. A gifted athlete from a young age, she became one of history’s first female sports stars by mastering everything from basketball and track and field to softball, tennis and even bowling. She also broke records as a golfer, winning an unprecedented 82 amateur and professional tournaments before her untimely death at age 45. Explore 10 fascinating facts about the multi-sport titan that the Associated Press once named the “Woman Athlete of the Half Century.”", "Mildred Didrikson also known as Babe Zaharias was one of the best American athletes of all time.", "Babe Didrikson Mildred Ella \"Babe\" Didrikson Zaharias, better known as Babe Didrikson was one of America’s most notable female athletes from the 1930s-1940s, specifically in golf and track and field. Babe challenged the models of femininity through her manly physique and character, and determination to play sports in a time when female athletes were unacceptable and disregarded. According to biography.com, Babe was always competitive and interested in playing sports when growing up, especially the boys’ sports. In fact, her nickname became “Babe” after she hit five home runs in one baseball game. She was one of the most versatile female athletes. Besides playing baseball she also excelled at basketball, track and field, and golf. She was an All-American forward in basketball, a 2-time Olympic gold medalist in track and field, and a champion golfer. Babe’s strength and confidence were qualities that females didn’t commonly express during her time, especially when playing these male", "American Athlete. Born Mildred Ella Didrickson in Port Arthur, Texas, she achieved outstanding success in golf, basketball, and track and field. By 1931, she gained world status in leading her team the Golden Cyclones to an AAU Basketball Championship. As an All-American, she won two gold medals and one silver medal for track and field in the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. In 1935, she began to play golf, the sport by which she would become the most famous for. She went on to become America's first... [Read More] (Bio by: John \"J-Cat\" Griffith )", "In the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, Mildred (Babe) Didrikson won gold medals and broke her own world records in both the javelin and the 80-meter hurdles.", "Didrikson’s first taste of national celebrity came in 1932, when she took part in the U.S. women’s track and field championships as the lone member of the Employers Casualty team. While the other teams each fielded a dozen or more athletes, Babe singlehandedly competed in eight events ranging from the hurdles and the broad jump to the shot put and the discus throw, often finishing one heat and then immediately rushing to the starting line of another. Despite the obvious disadvantages of being a “one-girl track team,” she won five events and amassed enough points to claim the championship. Journalists hailed the victory as one of the greatest accomplishments in amateur sports history. “Implausible is the adjective that best befits the Babe,” wrote the New York Times. “As far as sports are concerned, she had the golden touch of Midas.”", "The IOC decided in 1930 to continue its experiment with women's sports in the Olympics. Because of this decision, Babe Didrikson of the United States became the most celebrated athlete of the 1932 games in Los Angeles. She won the 80-meter hurdles race and the javelin event, establishing new world records in both events, and finished second in the high jump event.", "Though often lauded in the press, Didrikson also faced jabs from reporters who believed women had no place in athletics. “It would be much better if she and her ilk stayed at home, got themselves prettied up and waited for the phone to ring,” one sports columnist wrote in the New York World-Telegram. Other reporters demeaned her for being unladylike or claimed that she only excelled at sports because she couldn’t attract attention from men. A few even suggested that she might be a man in disguise. Didrikson was reportedly hurt by the sexism she encountered, but she usually responded with cool confidence and humor. When once asked how she managed to produce monster 260-yard tee shots in golf, she replied, “I just loosen my girdle and let the ball have it.”", "With her finely etched features and sad, all-knowing eyes, Mildred excelled in equal measure at playing eccentric spinster aunts, understanding wives and mothers, her slight frame belying a powerful, intense presence. In Elia Kazan's Baby Doll , she enacted the relatively small part of simple-minded, perpetually timorous Aunt Rose Comfort with such conviction, that she garnered her second Academy Award nomination (losing to Dorothy Malone for Written on the Wind ). She then appeared as a compassionate teacher (her first real-life profession) in Peyton Place , as the exemplary Sister Margharita in The Nun's Story , and, against type, as Gig Young 's glacial and avaricious mother in The Story on Page One . In this, Mildred demonstrated her versatility in a chilling portrayal of motherly domination and ostensible virtue turned to vice.", "Greta Garbo, born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson (; 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990), was a Swedish film actress and an international star and icon during the 1920s and 1930s. Garbo was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an honorary one in 1954 for her \"luminous and unforgettable screen performances.\" In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on their list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema, after Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, and Ingrid Bergman.", "Greta Lovisa Gustafsson (18 September 1905 -- 15 April 1990), better known as Greta Garbo, was a noted Swedish actress and recluse.", "Ingrid Bergman (August 29, 1915 - August 29, 1982) was a Swedish three-time Academy Award-winning and two-time Emmy Award-winning actress. She also won the Tony Award for Best Actress in the first Tony Award ceremony in 1947. She is ranked as the fourth greatest female star of American cinema of all time by the American Film Institute.", "Greta Garbo (1905-1990), born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, was a four-time Oscar-nominated actress who became an international star and Hollywood icon who rose to fame during the silent film and classic film eras. Garbo is considered one of the greatest actresses of all time. A one-time model, she started her acting career in her native Sweden, appearing in \"The Saga of Gosta Berling\" (1925). Hollywood film executive Louis B. Mayer was enamored by her magnetism and invited her to appear in \"Torrent\" (1925), her first silent film. An acclaimed performance in \"Flesh and the Devil\" (1926) catapulted her to international star status and paved the way for one of her most famous roles in \"Anna Christie\" (1930), for which she received her first Academy Award nomination. Another nomination came that same year following her appearance in \"Romance.\" In 1932 she was part of an all-star cast in \"Grand Hotel\" and uttered the oft-quoted line, \"I want to be alone.\" She offered what were perhaps the best performances of her career as \"Marguerite Gautier\" in \"Camille\" (1932) and as the title character in \"Anna Karenina\" (1935). After a role in \"Two-Face Woman\" (1941), Greta Garbo abruptly retired after only films. Refusing all other offers for nearly the next 50 years, she lived the last years of her life in absolute seclusion in a self-imposed exile.", "1902 - Mildred Fish-Harnack (Mildred Elizabeth Fish; d. 1943), American-German literary historian, journalist, lecturer, translator, and German Resistance fighter, born. With her husband Arvid Harnack, she was sympathetic to Communism and the Soviet Union, visiting the country in 1932 and later helped constitute a discussion group of anti-Nazi sympathisers that, in 1939, came into contact with a similar group around Luftwaffe staff officer Harro Schulze-Boysen. The resulting Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group, together with other Soviet networks in Germany, would later be identified by the Gestapo as the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra), was involved in passing intelligence to the NKVD. Fish-Harnack even passed information about the forthcoming Operation Barbarossa to the Soviets.", "The Swedish-born writer was the first woman to win the award. The Nobel committee described her work as lofty, vivid and spiritual, mostly known for her children's books.", "There are now three generations that have never heard of her. Say her name to anyone under 40, and they won’t know that she was the first teen phenom of modern times—that in 1928, months before Shirley Temple was even born, this dimpled imp of 15 was already a child star on the world’s stage. She was called “the Nasturtium of the North,” “the Ice Queen of Norway,” “the White Swan,” and, less flatteringly, “Little Miss Moneybags.” Her surname rhymes with “penny,” so perhaps it’s no surprise that she counted every last one. When she died, in 1969, her holdings were estimated at more than $47 million. Indeed, the word that really fit this bundle of cutting-edge charisma would not be coined until the 1960s, when Andy Warhol packed star wattage and have-it-all hunger into three syllables: “superstar.” Sonja Henie was the first.", "Regarded as one of the greatest and most inscrutable movie stars ever produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and the Hollywood studio system, Swedish-American actress Greta Garbo appeared in only 27 American movies, yet she remains one of the most popular and recognizable Hollywood stars. Garbo received a 1954 Honorary Oscar \"for her unforgettable screen performances\" and in 1999 was ranked as the fifth greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute.", "The Brown family at first attempted to mitigate or correct the legend of “Molly,” but eventually withdrew from the public and refused to speak with writers, reporters, or historians. Only recently have they agreed to cooperate with the efforts of a historian, Kristen Iversen, and allowed access to letters, scrapbooks, photographs, and many personal effects of Margaret Tobin Brown that had previously been unavailable. The first full-length biography of Margaret Tobin Brown was published in June, 1999.", "One of Hollywood's most enigmatic stars, Greta Garbo was born Greta Lovisa Gustafson on September 8, 1905, in Stockholm, Sweden. To her parents, Karl and Anna, who already had two children, Greta came as a surprise arrival, further straining the family's already tight finances.", "Of Norwegian and Swedish ancestry, Peggy Lee was born Norma Deloris Egstrom in Jamestown, North Dakota, a farm town on the Great Plains, on May 26, 1920. She was the seventh of eight children born to Marvin Egstrom, a station agent for the Midland Continental Railroad, and Mrs. Egstrom, who died when the child was four years old. Encouraged by the recognition she had received for her singing with the high school glee club, the church choir, and semi-professional college bands, Norma headed for Hollywood after she graduated from high school in 1938. With her she took $18 in cash and a railroad pass she had borrowed from her father. Although she got a brief singing engagement at the Jade Room, a supper club on Hollywood Boulevard, she made little impression on the film capital, and she was reduced to working as a waitress and as a carnival spieler at a Balboa midway.", "True to her legend and nine years after her death, Harriet Brown's ashes have been buried far from prying eyes. Ms Brown, who started life as Greta Gustafsson and changed her name to Garbo when she moved to Hollywood, was laid to rest almost, but not quite, alone, in a Stockholm cemetery in two ceremonial days which ended yesterday.", "* Sigrid Undset lived in Lillehammer at her home \"Bjerkebæk\" from 1919 through 1940. She brought her children with her for a short rest, planning on returning to Oslo but chose to remain in Lillehammer. She wrote her most famous works there: the three-volume Kristin Lavransdatter, the six-volume Sverkholt tales, and the four-volume Olav Audunssønn. In 1940, because she had expressed strong anti-Nazi sentiments since the early 1930s, she fled Lillehammer before the invading German army reached the town. She returned to Lillehammer after the war and died there in 1949. She is buried at the cemetery in Mesnali, a nearby village.", "Bremer, Fredrika, a highly popular Swedish novelist, born in Finland; “The Neighbours,” “The President's Daughter,” and “Strife and Peace,” are perhaps her best stories; has been called the Jane Austen of Sweden.", "Many Garbo writers over the decades � misspelled the family surname. When Greta signed a standard player's contract with Svensk Filmindustri on July, 1923. She changed her last name from Gustafsson (two �s�) to Gustafson (one �s�). This was the more contemporary spelling of her last name.", "Sweden has had seven Nobel Prize winners in Literature, including Selma Lagerlöf, who was the first woman to win the prize in 1909. Her birthplace at Mårbacka is a national shrine.k", "On November 20th, will be the 152nd anniversary of the birth of Sweden's beloved writer Selma Lagerlöf. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909, Selma Lagerlöf has always been one of Sweden's favorites writers.", "Sweden has many authors of worldwide recognition including August Strindberg, Astrid Lindgren, and Nobel Prize winners Selma Lagerlöf and Harry Martinson. In total seven Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded to Swedes. The nation's most well-known artists are painters such as Carl Larsson and Anders Zorn, and the sculptors Tobias Sergel and Carl Milles.", "Growing up with the stories of Hans Christian Anderson in her native Denmark, Else Holmelund Minarik, as a young girl of 4, moved with her family to New York in 1924.", "*Hans J. Wollstein Strangers in Hollywood, The History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II (Metuchen, N.J., & London, 1994)", "I just found out that her (Astrid Lindgren, that is) most famous book, translated into English, is called Pippi Longstockings.", "Arguably, the success of the Mankell and Larsson books isn't really to do with Sweden at all. The themes and characters have a universality of appeal. These are stories as much about the personal lives of their characters as the crimes they are ostensibly investigating. In The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo, the detective is a rebellious young woman who dresses like a punk. In Wallander, it's a dysfunctional middle-aged man. Both have a crusading quality about them. For all the stresses in their domestic lives, they're relentless when pursuing a new case.", "In Sweden, the connection to The Man Who Knew Too Much led to the movie being called Tjejen som visste för mycket (\"The girl who knew too much\"). After that, the Swedish editions of several movies starring Goldie Hawn were given titles starting with \"Tjejen som...\" (\"The girl who...\") as a kind of trademark, e.g. Private Benjamin: Tjejen som gjorde lumpen (\"The girl who joined the army\") and Overboard: Tjejen som föll överbord (\"The girl who fell overboard\")." ]

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[ "In the 100, Lewis was beaten to the finish line by Ben Johnson, who ran a remarkable 9.79 seconds. But the steroid-using Canadian was stripped of the gold medal for failing a drug test, and Lewis was moved up to first. His 9.92 seconds was listed as the world record.", "Ten days into the Games, Canadian Ben Johnson beat defending champion Carl Lewis in the 100-meter dash with a world record time of 9.79. Two days later, however, Johnson was stripped of his gold medal and sent packing by the IOC when his post-race drug test indicated steroid use.", "Then came the season of 1991. Carl Lewis and Leroy Burrell dominated all the sprinting events. In the races before the World Championships in Japan, Burrell broke Carl Lewis’s record as he finished 100 m in 9.90s but in the World Championships, Carl paid him back by breaking the record of 9.90s in 9.86s.", "In 1987 Carl Lewis went on to win gold at the World Championships. Sadly Carl's father passed away from cancer during the year, and to honor him Carl Lewis had the Olympic gold medal for the 100 meter race he had won in 1984 buried with his father. The loss of his father made Lewis even more determined to win gold again in the upcoming 1988 Olympics in Seoul. Carl Lewis also had a heated rivalry with fellow track star Ben Johnson and both press and fans were anxious to see the outcome of the 100 meter run. The sprint soon became one of the most hyped events of the season. At the end of the race, Ben Johnson emerged out as the winner with 9.79 s, a new world record while Lewis set a new American record with a clocking of 9.92 s  finishing second. However, three days later, Johnson tested positive for steroids and Lewis was awarded the gold medal, along with the new Olympic record.", "At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Christie won the 100 m silver behind Carl Lewis after Ben Johnson, who set a world record in 9.79 seconds, was disqualified following a positive drug test for anabolic steroids, but later withdrew his participation to avoid the publication of his drug test. Christie's time was 9.97 seconds, a new European record by 0.03 seconds and only the second time anyone had ever broken the ten-second barrier and not won the race.", "Usain Bolt was the second athlete after Carl Lewis (1984, 1988) to retain the men's 100m championship. His winning time of 9.63 seconds broke his own Olympic record set in 2008 and was the second fastest time ever behind his own world record. Yohan Blake finished second in 9.75 seconds. Blake's time was the fastest ever not to win a gold medal. Former world record holder and 2004 Olympic champion Justin Gatlin won the bronze medal in 9.79 seconds. The race set a number of records, including: the first time that the top 3 finished under 9.80 seconds; the first time that the top 5 finished in under 9.90 seconds; the first time that the four fastest men in 100m history all competed; and 7 of the 8 men ran in under 10 seconds, with only Asafa Powell finished in (11.99) after an injury 60 meters into the race. Apart from Powell, each runner's time was the fastest-ever for his respective placing. Blake, Gatlin, Gay, and Bailey all ran times that would have won at least silver in any previous Olympic final. ", "Carl Lewis entered the 1984 Los Angeles Games as one of the most decorated track and field athletes in the world, and pulled out all stops in finishing with four gold medals. Lewis, an African-American, was determined to match his hero Jesse Owens and succeeded in doing so - easily winning the 100m (in 9.9 seconds), 200m (a US sweep), 4x100m relay (setting a new world record) and long jump (he only took two jumps out of his allotted six) to earn a place in history alongside his lifelong idol.", "Lewis and fellow American Leroy Burrell traded the record back and forth over the next six years, with Burrell reaching 9.85 in 1994. Canada's Donovan Bailey ran 9.84 in the 1996 Olympic final, and then Maurice Greene lowered the mark to 9.79 in 1999. Greene was the last American to hold the mark – and keep it – before the Jamaican surge in the 21st century. Americans Tim Montgomery and Justin Gatlin both had world marks rescinded due to doping infractions. From Lippincott’s 1912 record, until 2005, Americans owned or shared the men’s 100-meter world record for all but about nine years and three months, within a 93-year span.", "A subsequent honour would follow: Lewis eventually was credited with the 100 m world record for the 9.92 s he ran in Seoul. Though Ben Johnson's 9.79 s time was never ratified as a world record, the 9.83 s he ran the year before was. However, in the fallout to the steroid scandal, an inquiry was called in Canada wherein Johnson admitted under oath to long-time steroid use. The IAAF subsequently stripped Johnson of his record and gold medal from the World Championships, and Lewis was deemed to be the world record holder for his 1988 Olympic performance. The IAAF also declared that Lewis had also, therefore, twice tied the \"true\" world record (9.93 s) for his 1987 World Championship performance, and again at the 1988 Zürich meet where he defeated Johnson. However, those times were never ratified as records. From January 1, 1990, Lewis was the world record holder in the 100 m. The record did not last long, as fellow American and University of Houston teammate Leroy Burrell ran 9.90 s on June 14, 1991 to break Lewis's mark. Lewis also lost his ranking as number one sprinter in 1989 and 1990 though still remaining undefeated in the long jump.", "In the men's 100m – where Mark Lewis-Francis won silver for Britain in Barcelona – the message was stark. Despite Lewis-Francis, the 200m silver medallist Christian Malcolm and the Olympic 4x100m gold medallist Marlon Devonish all running in the heats, not one made Friday's final. Even if they had, it seemed unlikely that they would cross the line anywhere near Tyson Gay of the United States, who blew away the field to run the fastest time in the world this year of 9.78sec. Only Asafa Powell has ever run faster in Britain - when he equalled his then world record mark of 9.77sec in Gateshead four years ago – which remains the fastest 100m ever recorded on British soil.", "* Carl Lewis's time of 9.92 seconds in the 1988 Olympic final was initially second to Ben Johnson's 9.79, but Johnson was disqualified soon after due to a failed drug test.", "Lewis won four gold medals in 1984 (the 100m, 200m, 4 x 100m relay and long jump, thereby replicating the feat of Jesse Owens in 1936), two in 1988 (the 100m and long jump), two in 1992 (the 4 x 100m relay and long jump) and one in 1996 (the long jump). He finished second in the 1988 100m final, but was subsequently promoted to first when Ben Johnson was infamously disqualified after failing a dope test.", "Carl Lewis (US) is considered by many to be the greatest sprinter of all time (at least, before Michael Johnson and Bolt came along). Lewis won 10 Olympic medals, of which nine were gold, and dominated the world of track and field throughout the 1980s.", "Boldon said he and the former 100-metre record-holder Maurice Greene, who are both 5-9, used to finish their races in 45 or 46 strides. Tyson Gay and Powell, Bolt’s top current competition, are at about 45. Lewis required between 43 and 44 at his fastest.", "Years, then decades passed as challengers, including the great Carl Lewis, fell short of his record. Finally, in 1991 at the world track and field championships in Tokyo, Mike Powell leaped 8.95 meters–29’4½”–to surpass Beamon.", "Lewis is an assistant under Leroy Burrell at the University of Houston, his alma mater. Remember, Lewis beat Burrell in the 1991 World Championships 100m, taking back the 100m world record from Burrell.", "The 100 m final at the 1988 Olympics was one of the most-hyped sports stories of the year; its dramatic outcome would rank as one of the most infamous sports stories of the century. Johnson won in 9.79 s, a new world record, while Lewis set a new American record with 9.92 s. Three days later, Johnson tested positive for steroids, his medal was taken away and Lewis was awarded gold and credited with a new Olympic record.", "The 1991 World Championships in Tokyo were quite incredible -- in both the 100 meters and long jump. Lewis won one and lost the other. In the 100, six runners broke 10 seconds, with Lewis leading the pack after a mighty finish. \"He passed us like we were standing still,\" said runner-up Leroy Burrell.", "Frederick Carlton \"Carl\" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is a retired American track and field athlete who won 10 Olympic medals including 9 gold, and 10 World Championships medals, of which 8 were gold, in a career that spanned from 1979 when he first achieved a world ranking to 1996 when he last won an Olympic title and subsequently retired. Lewis is now an actor and has appeared in a number of films.", "The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since electronic timing became mandatory in 1977. The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s. The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the US, at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988. ", "Frederick Carlton “Carl” Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American former track and field athlete and United Nations Goodwill Ambassador, who won 10 Olympic medals including 9 gold, and 10 World Championships medals, including 8 gold. His career spanned from 1979 when he first achieved a world ranking to 1996 when he last won an Olympic title and subsequently retired. Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of films.", "* German Armin Hary won the 100 metres in an Olympic record time of 10.2 seconds.", "Carl Lewis won his third of his four straight gold medals in the long jump and anchored the 4x100 relay to a world record 37.40 seconds with perhaps the most explosive 100 meters of his brilliant career.", "Carl is one of the greatest athletes the world has ever seen. He is known for his world records in running as well as his records in the long jump. He started participating in long jump events when he was just 13 years old. He received the James E. Sullivan Award for the best athlete in 1981 and in the World Championships in 1983, he made his mark by winning in the 100m sprint, long jump and the 4 x 100m relay events. Carl Lewis then went on to become the indisputable champion in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Carl went on to repeat his spectacular performance of 1983 in Rome in 1987, and then in the 1988 Seoul Olympics he went on to win 4 more golds. As a result of his outstanding performances he was named Athlete of the Continue Reading »", "Carl Lewis is one of the greatest athletes in the world. He is known for his world records in running as well as his records in the long jump. Carl Lewis was born in Birmingham though he was actually brought up in Willingboro, New Jersey.", "Lewis received the James E. Sullivan Award for the best athlete in 1981 and in the World Championships in 1983, he made his mark by winning in the 100m, long jump and the 4 x 100m relay events. Carl Lewis then went on to become the undisputable champion in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.", "Carl Lewis Wins 100m, Relay and Long Jump Gold - Los Angeles 1984 Olympics - YouTube", "*Carl Lewis (USA) jumped 8.91 (+3.0) and 8.83 (+2.3) on 30 August 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo, Japan.", "Larry Lewis ran the 100 yard dash in 17.9 seconds in 1969, there by setting a new world's record for runners in the 100 years or older class. He was 101.", "On this day in 1996, track and field legend Carl Lewis wins his fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal in the long jump. It was the ninth and final Olympic gold of his storied career.", "Larry Lewis ran the 100-yard dash in 17.8 seconds in 1969, thereby setting a new world's record for runners in the 100-years-or-older class. He was 101.", "12. Which of the following events did Carl Lewis not win a gold medal for at the 1984 Olympics? Long Jump, 400m or 100m relay?" ]

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[ "She won the first of her 19 Grand Slam singles titles as a pigtailed 17-year-old in 1923 at the national championships in Forest Hills, N.Y. Bothered by back pain and a disinclination to turn professional, she retired from tennis altogether in 1938 after winning a record eighth Wimbledon title at age 32. That record remained until 1990, when Martina Navratilova captured her ninth singles championship at Wimbledon.", "1990 - The tour's prize purse increases to $23 million with new sponsor Kraft General Foods, and concludes the season at Madison Square Garden, in New York, with the first-ever $1 million tournament in women's sports. Navratilova wins a record ninth Wimbledon singles title.", "It was in 1990 that she won her ninth and last singles title, beating Helen Wills Moody's record of eight and taking her win-loss record at Wimbledon to a remarkable 99-9. Two of those losses had come in the previous two finals against Steffi Graf. The German beat the six-time defending champion 5-7 6-2 6-1 in 1988 to win her first title at the All England Club and complete the third part of her Golden Slam.", "Most Wimbledon Women's Singles Titles - The most Wimbledon singles tennis titles won by a woman is nine, won by Martina Navratilova(USA) from 1978–79, 1982–87, and 1990.", "American great Pete Sampras dominated the title in the 90s winning the mens singles crown a total of seven times between 1993 and 2000, only Richard Krajicek stopped him from winning a Wimbledon record eight straight titles. In recent years, the mens singles game has been all about Roger Federer who has won the last four Wimbledon mens singles championships and the Swiss star shows no signs of slowing down his dominance of the mens game.", "Among the most successful players on grass in the Open Era have been Pete Sampras, Steffi Graf, Martina Navratilova, Björn Borg, Roger Federer, Venus Williams, Serena Williams and Billie Jean King. All have won at least five Wimbledon singles championships; Navratilova won nine, while Sampras, Graf, Serena Williams and Federer each won seven. Other players who have been relatively successful at Wimbledon are Boris Becker, John McEnroe, Stefan Edberg and Chris Evert.", "A huge challenge for Kvitova at 40-30, but Hawk-Eye shows Azarenka's effort landed plumb on the baseline and it's deuce. Kvitova then rifles another double-handed backhand down the line. Advantage. And game. Martina Navratilova, the last left-hander to win Wimbledon in 1990, offers her applause from the crowd. Martina's sitting next to Richard Branson bizarrely. A crucial hold for Azarenka coming up.", "In 1988, Edberg reached the first of three consecutive finals at Wimbledon, but lost his ranking as Sweden's number one player when Mats Wilander had his best year by winning the Australian, French and US Opens in 1988, becoming the world's number one ranked player. In all three of his consecutive Wimbledon finals, he played German Boris Becker in what became one of Wimbledon's greatest rivalries. Edberg won their first encounter in a four-set match spread over two days because of rain delays. A year later, Becker won in straight sets. The closest of their matches came in the 1990 final, when Edberg won in five sets after being down a break in the fifth set.", "Navratilova won her first Wimbledon singles crown in 1978 at the age of 21. She won her eighth in 1987, tying the record set by Helen Wills Moody in 1938. Navratilova lost in the final to Steffi Graf in 1988 and 1989, and she was running out of time to capture that elusive ninth crown.", "According to Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail [54] and the computer rankings of the Women's Tennis Association , only seven women have won the Wimbledon singles title since 1921, but never reached the World No. 1 ranking . In 2011, Petra Kvitová won the tournament and later reached a career high of World No. 2. (Since Wimbledon's \"Open Era\" (1968), only five of the 17 winners haven't reached WTA World No. 1 .) These are, in chronological order: Kathleen McKane Godfree , Cilly Aussem , Karen Hantze Susman , Ann Haydon Jones , Virginia Wade , Conchita Martínez , Jana Novotná , and Petra Kvitová .", "Wimbledon: Ken Rosewall, Hana Mandlíková, Ivan Lendl, Monica Seles, Guillermo Vilas, Mats Wilander and Justine Henin", "Several other players have claimed the coveted title more than once – Rod Laver, John Newcombe, the wayward Jimmy Connors and the decorous Stefan Edberg have lifted the ornate silver cup to the heavens on two occasions, whilst German, Boris Becker, the belligerent John McEnroe and Chris Evert have claimed the singles crown thrice. Venus Williams has also claimed the Rosewater Dish on five occasions.", "John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player, often rated among the greatest of all time in the sport, especially for his touch on the volley. He won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title. He also won a record eight year-end championships, 19 Grand Prix Super Series titles, and finished his career with 77 ATP-listed singles titles and 72 in doubles.", "Pete Sampras held near complete domination over the men’s game during the 1990’s. He won 12 Grand Slam titles. Andre Agassi’s five was the second highest amount. The 12 titles tied Roy Emerson’s record for slams in a career. He won two more titles in the 2000’s to set the record for 14. It was broken by Roger Federer at Wimbledon in 2009.", "His next great achievement came in April of 1993, when he attained the World Number One ranking for the first time. He was to stay there for a record 286 weeks. Later that year, Sampras won the first of seven Wimbledon titles, beating Jim Courier in the final. Over the subsequent seven years Sampras lost only one match at SW19, to Richard Krajicek in the quarterfinals in 1996. His final Wimbledon victory in 2000, in which he defeated Patrick Rafter in a classic final in almost total darkness on Centre Court, enabled him to break Roy Emerson's previous record of 12 Grand Slam titles.", "Another Wimbledon legend is Pete Sampras, who won seven titles in eight tournaments between 1993 and 2000 - here he is throwing his shirt into the crowd after beating Croatia's Goran Ivanisevic in the 1998 final. Amazingly, the American's seven titles didn't stay as a record for long, with Roger Federer also winning seven titles in the last decade", "By 1990 Navratilova had won the women’s singles championships of the French Open twice (1982, 1984), the Australian Open three times (1981, 1983, 1985), the U.S. Open four times (1983, 1984, 1986, 1987), and Wimbledon a record nine times (1978, 1979, 1982–87, 1990). In 1987, along with her singles championship, she won both the women’s doubles and the mixed doubles to become the first triple-crown champion at the U.S. Open since 1970. On winning her 158th title in 1992 in Chicago, Navratilova had accumulated more championships than any other player, male or female, in the history of tennis. She retired from singles play after the 1994 season, having won 167 titles in all.", "2. PETE SAMPRAS: In a tremendous display of longevity, Pistol Pete won the first of his 14 slams at only 19 and last at 32, both in New York. Sampras rode his clutch serve and killer forehand to an unmatched seven Wimbledon crowns plus five US Open titles and two Australian Open triumphs, owned the top ranking for a record 286 weeks in total – one more week than Federer – and finished top dog for an unrivalled six consecutive years from 1993 to `98. He lost only four grand slam finals out of 18 and eclipses Federer for several big records. Alas, the American cannot be considered the greatest because of his dismal claycourt record. Sampras never made one final at Roland Garros, only ever reached the last four once in 12 attempts and averaged less than two wins a visit to the French capital. Sadly for Sampras, about 80 of his trophies and other priceless memorabilia were stolen this year – but he stopped the search for the Musketeers’ Cup long before that.", "1990 Event - 104th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: S Edberg beats B Becker (62 62 36 36 64)", "Sampras was always at his most comfortable on the lawns of Wimbledon. He often referred to Centre Court as his \"Cathedral\". He won his first Wimbledon title in 1993 and would dominate Centre Court for the duration of the 1990s, losing out only to Dutchman Richard Krajicek in the 1996 semi-finals. Fans who flocked to Wimbledon to see Sampras play became even more excited when he was pitched against Agassi. Yet his success was not restricted to Wimbledon alone; from 1993-8 Sampras was ranked as the World Number One on the basis of his success in a variety of Championships.", "In the 1990 World Championship, Davis was denied an eighth consecutive appearance in the final by Jimmy White, who won their semi-final 16–14. Davis was replaced as world number one by Stephen Hendry at the end of the 1989/90 season. He was ranked number 2 for the 1990/1991, 1991/1992, 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 seasons. He reached the semi-finals of the World Championships in 1991 and 1994. He also won the Irish Masters in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994, the Classic and the Asian Open in 1992, the European Open in 1993, and consecutive Welsh Open titles in 1994 and 1995. His successful defence of his Welsh Open title in 1995 was to be his last ranking title.", "Richard Krajicek was the only player to beat Pete Sampras in men’s singles at Wimbledon between 1993-2000. He won 7-5 7-6 6-4 in the 1996 quarter-finals. RICHARD KRAJICEK", "July 4, 1982 96th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: J Connors beats J McEnroe (36 63 67 76 64)", "Frederick John \"Fred\" Perry (18 May 1909 – 2 February 1995) was a championship-winning English tennis and table tennis player and former World No. 1 who won 10 Majors including eight Grand Slams and two Pro Slams single titles, as well as six Major doubles titles. Perry won three consecutive Wimbledon Championships from 1934 to 1936 and was World Amateur number one tennis player during those three years. Prior to Andy Murray in 2013, Perry was the last British player to win the men's Wimbledon championship, in 1936, and the last British player to win a men's singles Grand Slam title until Andy Murray won the 2012 US Open.", "During his career he won two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles, Wimbledon in 1987 and the Australian Open in 1991, with tennis partner Jo Durie as well as one singles title and three men's doubles titles. After retiring from the professional circuit, he served as the captain of Britain's Davis Cup team from 2004 to 2006. ", "Rodney George \"Rod\" Laver (born 9 August 1938) is an Australian former tennis player widely regarded as one of the greatest in tennis history. He was the No. 1 ranked professional from 1964 to 1970, spanning four years before and three years after the start of the Open Era. He also was the No. 1 amateur in 1961–62 according to Lance Tingay.", "Born on 9 August 1938, Rod Laver is an Australian player, who entered the arena of Wimbledon champions as a junior, at the tender age of 17, in 1956. He won titles at the Wimbledon four times and finished as the runner up twice. During the heydays, he was in dominant form. Laver managed to grab Australian and French titles and showed some scintillating performances at Wimbledon. He is remembered as the sole male player during the open era to have won a calendar year Grand Slam.", "Won the Australian Open (1988-1990, 1994), French Open (1987, 1988, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999), Wimbledon (1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996), US Open (1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996).", "John McEnroe (USA) 1978-1992: Held No. 1 for 170 weeks. Won 7 Grand Slam singles titles and 10 doubles. He was a devastating serve and volleyer, but is best remembered for his notorious temper , frequent misconduct and especially the Catch Phrase \"You cannot be serious!\"note  You can't be serious, man. You canNOT BE SERIOUS. That ball was ON THE LINE. CHALK FLEW UP. It was CLEARLY IN. How can you POSSIBLY CALL THAT OUT? He's walking over, EVERYONE knows it's in, in the WHOLE STADIUM and YOU CALL IT OUT? You guys are the absolute PITS of the world. . He is the only player in the Open Era to be disqualified from a Grand Slam for Unsportsmanlike Conduct; the 1980 Australian Open, where one of his offences was staring at a line judge . Naturally he was quite a divisive figure, but is now more widely loved for his personality and continued passion for the sport. Regularly commentates on Grand Slam tournaments and is known to be creepily accurate in his predictions.", "The list of male winners and runner-ups of Wimbledon Open tennis championship during 1989-1980 is as follow:", "1990 Event - 1st time since 1966 that all 8 grand slam tennis champs are different", "Mark spent 10 years as a professional player and competed at Wimbledon from 1988-1998.  His best Grand Slam performance was reaching the 1997 Wimbledon third round and he also appeared at 1994-95 US Open and 1995 Australian Open." ]

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[ "Per Wikipedia – The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival and is widely considered the most prestigious horse race in the world. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg).[1] The race is known in the United States as “The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports” or “The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports” for its approximate duration, and is also called “The Run for the Roses” for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and is followed by the Preakness Stakes then the Belmont Stakes. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders’ Cup, for more information see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "The Kentucky Derby ( /ˈdɜrbi/) is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg). The race is known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and is followed by the Preakness Stakes then the Belmont Stakes. The horse must win all three to win the Triple Crown. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup.[citation needed] For more information, see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "The Kentucky Derby is the most famous horse race in the United States. It's always run on the first Saturday in May and is often called \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Run for the Roses.\" The race takes place at Churchill Downs Racetrack from Louisville, Kentucky and features the top three-year-old horses in the world.", "The Kentucky Derby is the most famous horse race and is held the first Saturday of May every year at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. It is often referred to as the \"most exciting two minutes in sports\".", "One of the top sporting events in the United States, the horse race known as the Kentucky Derby has been held at Churchill Downs racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky, since 1875. It was originally modeled on England's Epsom Derby, and the stylish clothes and parties associated with the race represent a deliberate attempt to recreate the social atmosphere of the English derby. The Kentucky Derby is unquestionably the most important social event of the year in Louisville, as evidenced by the more than 10,000 parties held there during Derby week.", "Formal racing first began in North America in 1665 with the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, a section of what is now known as the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York. Belmont Park is now part of the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred race course in the world. The traditional high point of US horse racing is the Kentucky Derby, held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky at the Churchill Downs race track.", "The Kentucky Derby is a race for three year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. It is widely considered the most prestigious horse race in the world. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. The race is known as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. ", "KENTUCK Everyone, whether they are horse racing fans or not, knows about the Kentucky Derby in Louisville to see “the fastest two minutes in sports.” America's Greatest Race Churchill Downs, the world's most legendary racetrack, has conducted thoroughbred racing and presented America's greatest race, the Kentucky Derby, continuously since 1875. The Kentucky Derby, presented by YUM! Brands, is a top rank, Grade I stakes race for 3 year old Thoroughbred horses. The race distance is one and one-quarter miles long, and it is run on the dirt racetrack at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.", "The Kentucky Derby is one of the most famed horse races in the world. Aptly named \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, the race is a Grade I stakes race like no other. Visitors flock to Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky on the first Saturday in May to watch thoroughbred horses compete along 1 and ¼ miles of racetrack. Mint Juleps and elegant hats line the raceway as fans enjoy themselves and stay cool on race day. The race is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, followed by the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes.", "Known as “The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports” for its approximate time length, the Kentucky Derby is the first leg of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Horse Racing in the United States. It typically draws around 155,000 screaming fans. Every year, fans and celebrities descend on Louisville to take part of the spectacle at Churchill Downs. The Kentucky Derby is one of the crown jewels of the mystical (and maddening) Triple Crown which includes the Belmont Stakes located at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York and the Preakness Stakes which is located at Pimlico Race Track in Baltimore, Maryland.", "FILE - In this May 4, 1957 file photo, Iron Liege, right, edges out Gallant Man at the finish line to win the Kentucky Derby horse race at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/File)", "The Kentucky Derby is a horse race held annually in Louisville on the first Saturday in May. The Valhalla Golf Club has hosted several editions of the PGA Championship, Senior PGA Championship and Ryder Cup since the 1990s.", "The field races through turn one during the 141st running of the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs. Photo: Chris Graythen", "Churchill Downs Racetrack | Home of the Kentucky Derby | Thoroughbred horse racing in Louisville, Kentucky | | Churchill Downs Racetrack | Home of the Kentucky Derby", "1875: The first Kentucky Derby was run for three-year-olds at Churchhill Downs track, Louisville, Kentucky, and has been run on the first Saturday in May ever since.", "The Kentucky Derby was first run in 1875, the year that Churchill Downs was built in Louisville by Colonel M. Lewis Clark. The 1¼-mile race, also known as the \"Run For The Roses,\" has emerged to become one of the most recognizable horse races in the world, and is now the longest continuously held sporting event in the country.", "Horse racing in Kentucky is rich in history, dating back to 1789 when the first race course was laid out in Lexington. However, it was almost 100 years later, in 1875, that Churchill Downs officially opened and began its tradition as \"Home of the Kentucky Derby.\" The Founding of Churchill Downs began in 1872, when Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark traveled to England and France in 1872. Clark attended the Epsom Derby in England, which sparked his ambition to create a spectacle horse racing event in America. Upon his return to the states, Clark began the development of the racetrack, with intentions to showcase the Kentucky breeding industry that eventually became known as \"Churchill Downs.\"", "The Preakness Stakes is held on the third Saturday in May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a Grade I race run over 9.5 furlongs on dirt and makes up the second leg of the Triple Crown. This race invariably attracts the winner of the Kentucky Derby and creates enormous public interest with only the Kentucky Derby attracting a bigger audience.", "Horse racing in Kentucky  is rich in history, dating back to 1789 when the first race course was laid out in Lexington. However, it was almost 100 years later, in 1875, that Churchill Downs officially opened and began its tradition as \"Home of the Kentucky Derby.\"", "The entrance to Churchhill Downs, the site of the annual Kentucky Derby, as seen in 2008. Photo by Wikimedia user Jainrajat11", "The Derby Stakes, popularly known as The Derby, is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards (2,423 metres), on the first Saturday of June each year. ", "20 horses compete in the Kentucky Derby, which is a larger field size than most horse races; where on average 8 horses race against one another. The 20 horses racing in the Kentucky Derby must first travel along the Road to the Kentucky Derby, which is a series of 35 races taking place at tracks across the country and the world. Points are awarded to the top 4 horses that finish in each of those 35 races, and the 20 horses with the most points earn a spot in the starting gate in the Kentucky Derby race. The Kentucky Derby winning purse is $2 million.", "The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1½ miles (2.4 km), the same distance as the Epsom Derby. In 1896, the distance was changed to its current 1¼ miles (2 km). On May 17, 1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby. Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer, Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby. Later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes.", "The Derby Stakes, known as The Investec Derby or The Derby and internationally as the Epsom Derby, is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain which is open to three-year-old Thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs over a distance of 1 mile, 4 furlongs and 10 yards (2,423 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in early June. It is Britain's richest horse race, and the most prestigious of the country's five Classics. It is sometimes referred to as the Blue Riband of the turf.", "Churchill Downs is located in south Louisville west of Churchill park at interstate 65. Churchill Downs usually seats 50,000 however, crowds during the derby sometimes exceed 150,000 as additional seating areas are opened to accommodate the event. New to the event in 2014 is a new high-definition screen which will sit on the backstretch the outside of the track and face the grandstand and infield. Officials claim it will be the largest high-definition video screen ever constructed.", "The Kentucky Derby, the most famous horse race in the United States, is also known as the Run for the Roses because of the blanket of roses placed on the neck of the winning horse. Traditionally held on the first Saturday in May, the Derby marks the first of the three races that make up the Triple Crown. The average attendance for this event draws a crowd of 150,000. Run continuously since 1875, this year marks the 140th running of the Kentucky Derby.", "Belmont Park is a major Thoroughbred horse-racing facility located in Elmont in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island adjoining New York City. It first opened on May 4, 1905. It is typically open for racing throughout May and June and into late July, and again from late September through late October. It is world famous as the home of the Belmont Stakes, known as the \"Test of the Champion\", the third leg of the Triple Crown.", "Jockey Chris Antley, on the right, aboard Kentucky Derby winner Charismatic, crosses the finish line with his finger pointing number one to second place finisher Menifee and jockey Pat Day at the 1999 Kentucky Derby. Photo by Michelle Wilkins/AFP/Getty Images", "The field races down the front stretch during the 2013 Kentucky Derby. Photo by Andy Lyons/Getty Images", "The fastest time ever run in the Kentucky Derby was set in 1973 when Secretariat clocked-in at 1:59:40. The most wins achieved by a single jockey is five, and jockeys Eddie Arcaro and Bill Hartack are tied for the record. Ben A. Jones holds the record for most wins by a trainer, and Calumet Farm holds the record for most wins by an owner.", "From the starting gate to American Pharoah's triumphant finish, here are the highlights of the 141st Kentucky Derby in pictures.  Photo: Morry Gash" ]

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[ "Olympic gold medals The decathlon has been part of the Olympic programme since 1912. Decathlete champions from the USA, seen as athletic supermen, have been recruited into the movies, from Jim Thorpe appearing as an extra in Westerns, to Glen Morris’s single appearance as Tarzan in the 1930s. Bob Matthias, 1948 champion, and at 17 years old the youngest winner of a men’s track-and-field gold in Olympic history, acted with Jayne Mansfield in It Happened in Athens.", "At age 19, Hanyu became the second-youngest Olympic men's figure skating champion. American Dick Button was 18 in 1948 when he won the first of his two gold medals.", "17: The age at which Bob Mathias became the decathlon champion at the 1948 London Games, thereby making him the youngest ever male gold medallist in an Olympic athletics event.", "Mathias, Bob American athlete, the youngest to win a gold medal in the decathlon in Olympic competition. After his victory in 1948 at age 17, he returned to win a second Olympic gold medal in 1952. Afflicted with anemia in boyhood, Mathias developed strength by engaging...", "� Henley was again the rowing venue for the London Olympics, and the Cal-Berkeley eight harvested gold for the third time. The U.S. also won the coxed-four, while Britain was victorious in the coxless-pair and the double. Joe Angyal, the first great U.S. club lightweight, who dominated his class over 15 years, won 22 national titles (in the days before junior and senior classes, and with WWII interrupting his prime years), made the 1948 Olympic team in the double, setting a precedent for such subsequent \"mighty mite\" U.S. Olympians as Tony Brooks, Chuck Hewitt, Bill Belden and Larry Klecatsky. The first exhibition of rowing art and memorabilia was held at The Drill Hall in Henley in conjunction with the Games, leading to an appeal for a permanent rowing museum.", "WINNeR Thomas Burke (uSA) frank Jarvis (uSA) Archie Hahn (uSA) Reginald walker (RSA) Ralph Craig (uSA) Charles Paddock (uSA) Harold Abrahams (Britain) Percy williams (Canada) eddie Tolan (uSA) Jesse Owens (uSA) Harrison Dillard (uSA) lindy Remigino (uSA) Bobby-Joe morrow (uSA) Armin Hary (Germany) Bob Hayes (uSA) James Hines (uSA) Valeriy Borzov (Soviet union) H Crawford (Trinidad & Tobago) Allen wells (Great Britain) Carl lewis (uSA) Carl lewis (uSA) linford Christie (Great Britain) Donovan Bailey (Canada) maurice Greene (uSA) Justin Gatlin (uSA) usain Bolt (Jamaica) usain Bolt (Jamaica)", "Jesse Owens won four gold medals in the sprint and long jump events. His German competitor Luz Long offered Owens advice after he almost failed to qualify in the long jump and was posthumously awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship. Mack Robinson, brother to Jackie Robinson, won the 200-meter sprint silver medal behind Owens by 0.4 seconds. Although he did not win a medal, future American war hero Louis Zamperini, lagging behind in the 5,000-meter final, made up ground by clocking a 56-second final lap. This effort caught the attention of Adolf Hitler who personally commended Zamperini on his speed. In one of the most dramatic 800-meter races in history, American John Woodruff won gold after slowing to jogging speed in the middle of the final in order to free himself from being boxed in. Glenn Edgar Morris, a farm boy from Colorado, won Gold in the Decathlon. Rower Jack Beresford won his fifth Olympic medal in the sport, and his third gold medal. The U.S. eight-man rowing team from the University of Washington won the gold medal, coming from behind to defeat the Germans and Italians with Adolf Hitler in attendance.", "      Dick Button ( Button, Dick ) was the first great American male star of the 20th century. Now regarded as the “voice of figure skating,” he won five world titles (from 1948 through 1952) and two Olympic gold medals (1948 and 1952) along with seven U.S. national championships (from 1947 through 1953). Button also completed a double axel at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, the first skater to land such a jump in competition. While Button's success paved the way for the emergence of more multirevolution jumps in figure skating, other male skaters developed different aspects of the sport. Karl Schäfer ( Schäfer, Karl ), for example, introduced new elements into spinning by creating a “blur spin,” or scratch spin, where the skater rapidly spins on one foot in an upright position.", "The Stockholm games are best remembered for the feats of the young Native American Jim Thorpe. He won the pentathlon and the very next day, while most of his competitors were recovering, Thorpe went out and competed in the decathlon, easily winning the gold medal. A year after his accomplishments, it was revealed that Thorpe had received $60 a month playing baseball . This went against the Olympic amateur code and Thorpe was asked to return his gold medals. The IOC belatedly returned the medals 30 years after his death.", "Skating First US Men's Olympic Gold Medal - Imagine being the first person to ever land a double-axel jump at the most important figure skating competition in the world. That is exactly how Dick Button won the first U.S. Men’s Olympic gold medal for figure skating. With excitement in his eyes, he went up to accept his gold medal. Little did he know, that would not be the last time he would accept a gold medal. Button is the winner of seven consecutive U.S. championships. Dick Button was born on July 18, 1929, in Englewood, New Jersey. When he was young, his mother wanted him to play piano and his father wanted him to play ice hockey....   [tags: dick button, winter olympics, skating]", "Berlin, 1936: Winning the women's springboard title in Berlin at the age of 13 years, nine months, California's Marjorie Gestring became the youngest person in summer Games history to win individual gold. However, because World War II caused the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Games, the youngest champion remained a one-time champion. Gestring tried to qualify as a 25-year-old in 1948, but failed to make the American team.", "The next Olympics came to North America for the first time. However, fewer athletes participated than in 1928, as the journey to Lake Placid, New York was a long and expensive one for most competitors, and there was little money for sports in the midst of the Great Depression . On top of that, these games too were marred by warm weather, which eventually made it necessary to extend them for two more days. The Games opened on February 4 and closed on February 15. Eddie Eagan, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920, won the gold in the men's bobsled event during these games to become the first and so far only Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics.", "Jones, an All-American, was the last surviving member of the Wildcats' \"Fabulous Five\" that won the 1948 national championship and went on to claim Olympic gold that year with the U.S. team. He returned with three teammates under Hall of Fame coach Adolph Rupp to repeat as titlists in 1949.", "This article has been revised to reflect the following correction: An obituary on Monday about the Italian fencer Edoardo Mangiarotti erroneously attributed a distinction to him. It was the American diver Marjorie Gestring -- not Mr. Mangiarotti -- who was the youngest person to win a gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. (Ms. Gestring, who won a gold medal in three-meter springboard diving at those Games, was 13 years 9 months old at the time -- about three and a half years younger than Mr. Mangiarotti.)", "2-Bob Mathias (USA) - Became the youngest man to win an athletics gold medal, winning the decathlon aged 17.", "Helsinki, Finland in 1952, saw five golds return “across the pond”, middleweight, Floyd Patterson announcing his own particular presence on the world boxing stage with a gold medal. Patterson has his own particular piece of professional boxing history in that he remains the youngest ever undisputed professional world heavyweight champion and he was a mere seventeen and-a -half years old when he won his gold medal. A little more on the late great Floyd, later on.", "Melbourne in 1956 saw two American golds and one silver medal. Middleweight Jose Torres gained silver losing out to the legendary Hungarian master, Laszlo Papp on points in their Olympic final. Torres went on to win WBC and WBA light-heavyweight crowns in the paid ranks. One of the gold medals went to heavyweight, Pete Rademacher who knocked out the Soviet Union’s, Lev Mukhin in the opening round. Later in his first professional contest, Rademacher met Floyd Patterson for the latter’s heavyweight crown. Although flooring Floyd “of the brittle chin” in the second round, Pete was knocked out in the sixth round. What a strange mix two Olympic champions, one then a world professional heavyweight champion and the other the then reigning Olympic heavyweight champion, once more “only in America” as they say!!", "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, a Democrat, the U.S. successfully concluded World War II ; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, the start of the Cold War .", "1936 - Jesse Owens won his fourth gold medal at the Berlin Olympics. He was the first American to win four medals in one Olympics.", "Billy Kidd, part Abenaki from Vermont, became the first American male to medal in alpine skiing in the Olympics, taking silver at age 20 in the slalom in the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, Austria. Six years later at the 1970 World Championships, Kidd won the gold medal in the combined event and took the bronze medal in the slalom.", "Three-time world heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali is considered one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. It was his victory in the 1960 Olympics in the heavyweight division that made 18-year-old, then known as Cassius Clay, an international star.", "figure skater: 2-time Olympic Gold Medalist [1948, 1952]; first to land a double axel [1948 Olympics]; Sullivan Award [1949]; sportscaster", "Muhammad Ali was born Cassius Marcellus Clay in Louisville, Kentucky on 17 January 1942. He took up boxing at the age of 12 and went on to win light-heavyweight gold at the 1960 Olympics in Rome.", "1996 Summer Olympics: Muhammad Ali, the boxer who, then still under the name Cassius Clay, won Olympic gold in 1960.", "42: The age of Great Britain's Frederick Humphreys when he became, in 1920, the oldest person to win an Olympic gold medal in tug of war, which formed part of the athletics programme between 1900 and 1920 . Humphreys was 42 years and 204 days old when he claimed a second gold medal to add to the one that he gained in London 1908.", "An 85-pound Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. is shown posing at 12 years old, prior to his amateur ring debut in 1954. He won a gold medal in the light-heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympic Games in Rome as a member of the U.S. Olympic boxing team.", "Won a silver medal in light-heavyweight weight-lifting at the 1948 summer Olympics. He pursued a successful career as a professional wrestler before moving into acting.", "*Won the Middleweight Gold Medal for the United States at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada. Results were:", "1996: Lights the torch at the Atlanta Olympics despite the debilitating effects of Parkinson's disease. Is returned the gold medal he threw away in 1960.", "Results from the 1948 U.S. Open golf tournament played at the par-71 Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades, California (a-amateur):", "Which famous sportsman was presented with a gold medal during the 1996 Olympics, to replace the one he threw away in the 1960s?", "At age eighteen which future Heavyweight World Champion was disqualified for passivity at the Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics?" ]

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[ "The USA is now the only country to win three Women’s World Cup and the country to score the most goals (five) in a WWC Final – no other team has scored more than two. ", "The biggest two field hockey tournaments are the Olympic Games tournament, and the Hockey World Cup, which is also held every 4 years. Apart from this, there is the Champions Trophy held each year for the six top-ranked teams. Field hockey has also been played at the Commonwealth Games since 1998. Amongst the men, India lead in Olympic competition, having won 8 golds (6 successive in row). Amongst the women, Australia and Netherlands have 3 Olympic golds while Netherlands has clinched the World Cup 6 times. The Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament and Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Hockey Tournament is for the junior team but both tournaments are held annually in Malaysia, is becoming a prominent field hockey tournament where teams from around the world participate to win the cup.", "By the early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA. Discussions started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of women's field hockey to the Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, The Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics.", "In international competition Dutch national teams and athletes are dominant in several fields of sport. The Netherlands women's field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history. The Netherlands baseball team have won the European championship 20 times out of 32 events. Dutch K-1 kickboxers have won the K-1 World Grand Prix 15 times out of 19 tournaments.", "In international competitions, the national teams of six countries (The \" Big Six \") predominate: Canada , Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , Sweden and the United States . Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in men's competition at the Olympics, only six medals were not awarded to one of those countries. In the annual Ice Hockey World Championships , 177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. Teams outside the \"Big Six\" have won only five medals in either competition since 1953: [3] [4] All 12 Women's Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women's Championships medals have been awarded to one of these six countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been won by either the Canadian national team or the United States national team . [5] [6]", "In international competitions, the national teams of six countries (The “ Big Six “) predominate: Canada , Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , Sweden and the United States . Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in men’s competition at the Olympics, only six medals were not awarded to one of those countries. In the annual Ice Hockey World Championships , 177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. Teams outside the “Big Six” have won only five medals in either competition since 1953: [3] [4] All 12 Women’s Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women’s Championships medals have been awarded to one of these six countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been won by either the Canadian national team or the United States national team . [5] [6]", "Netherlands, Australia and Argentina are the most successful national teams among women. The Netherlands was the predominant women's team before field hockey was added to Olympic events. In the early 1990s, Australia emerged as the strongest women's country although retirement of a number of players weakened the team. Argentina improved its play on the 2000s, heading IFH rankings in 2003, 2010 and 2013. Other prominent women's teams are China, South Korea, Germany and South Africa.", "In the women's game, Australia has provided stiffer competition, having won 6 of 14 games against the USA at senior world championships, including one draw. The USA has won 6 of the 8 senior women's, and 2 of the 3 under-19 women's tournaments to date, with the other world championships won by Australia.", "Widely regarded as the greatest female player of all time, the slim Aymar can also lay claim to be the sport's finest dribbler. La Maga- The Magician - has won the FIH Player of the Year Award eight times and is front page news in Argentina, thanks to Argentina's two World Cup wins in 2002 and 2010.", "Telegraph Sport canvassed hockey journalists from Australia, England and Pakistan for their definitive list of the top 10 men and women of all time. The results were totted up and - with the 2014 World Cup in The Hague being a men's and women's event - a combined list was drawn up. It is important to note that some journalists declined to take part on the grounds of fairness in compiling such a list, while others factored in that the game has transgressed hugely from an amateur one to the highly professional model today.", "2009-The 2009 Women's World Cup was played in Prague, Czech Republic, won by the United States, and the 2013 World Cup was played in Oshawa, Canada, again won by the United States.The 2009 Women's World Cup was competed for by 16 nations.", "Australia holds the record for the most world cup victories, having been crowned world champs on ten different occasions. They also hold the record for most consecutive World Cup titles, winning it three times in a row on two separate occasions.", "Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing 350 percent in the last 10 years. [47] In 2011, Canada has 85,827 women players, [48] United States has 65,609, [49] Finland 4,760, [50] Sweden 3,075 [51] and Switzerland 1,172. [52] While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women's Hockey League , Western Women's Hockey League , Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League , and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. By the end of 2011 there had been thirteen IIHF World Women's Championships . [53]", "Women- Five of the six teams originally expected to compete in the inaugural women's Olympic field hockey tournament boycotted the Moscow Games. As a result, Zimbabwe, a last-minute replacement subsidized by the Soviet Union and International Olympic Committee, emerged as the surprise winner. Czechoslovakia was second and the Soviets third.", "Since the initial women’s world championships in 1990, there have been fifteen tournaments. [63] Women’s hockey has been played at the Olympics since 1998. [65] The 2006 Winter Olympic final between Canada and Sweden marked the only time the women’s world championship or Olympic final did not involve both Canada and the United States.", "Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing 350 percent in the last 10 years. In 2011, Canada had 85,827 women players, United States had 65,609, Finland 4,760, Sweden 3,075 and Switzerland 1,172. While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women's Hockey League, Western Women's Hockey League, National Women's Hockey League, Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League, and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. The IIHF holds a IIHF World Women's Championship tournament annually except in Olympic years. ", "Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women’s sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing by 400 percent in the 10 years through 2005. [57] In 2011, Canada had 85,827 women players, [58] United States had 65,609, [59] Finland 4,760, [60] Sweden 3,075 [61] and Switzerland 1,172. [62] While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women’s Hockey League , Western Women’s Hockey League , National Women’s Hockey League , Mid-Atlantic Women’s Hockey League , and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. The IIHF holds a IIHF World Women’s Championship tournament annually except in Olympic years. [63]", "In the semi-finals of the women’s competition Australia beat the USA 33-0 and Canada dominated against China, winning 38-10. In the men’s, France got the better of Fiji, winning 34-12, while Argentina beat Kenya 19-12.", "Twenty-four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals. To date, Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup, with four titles from six appearances in the final. The Netherlands have also been successful, with three titles from six appearances in the final.", "United States- they defeated Japan to win the women football World Cup at Vancouver recently. Carli Llyod became the first woman to score a hat trick in the world Cup final. US also became the first team to win the World Cup three times-1991, 1999 and 2015.", "The 2010 Hockey World Cup was held in India from February 28 to March 13 at New Delhi 's Dhyan Chand National Stadium. Australia defeated Germany in 2-1 in the final, to win their second World Cup title. And in the 2014, the Hockey World Cup is hosted in Netherlands, with the name \"Rabobank Hockey World Cup The Hague 2014\". Next World Cup Hockey will be in India.", "Women's ice hockey was added as a medal sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan . The United States won gold, Canada won silver and Finland won bronze. [55]", "The Australia national squad won the 2005 Women's Lacrosse World Cup . The 2009 Women's World Cup was played in Prague, Czech Republic , won by the United States, and the 2013 World Cup was played in Oshawa, Canada, again won by the United States. [39]", "Field hockey in India is administered by Hockey India . The Indian national hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and have, as of 2016, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the sport’s most successful team in the Olympics.", "Field hockey in India  is administered by  Hockey India . The  Indian national hockey team  won the 1975  Hockey World Cup  and have, as of 2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the sport’s most successful team in the Olympics.", "Internationally, the game is commonly played in British girls' independent schools, and while only a minor sport in Australia, it is played to a very high standard at the elite level, where its national squad won the 2005 Women's Lacrosse World Cup. The next Women's World Cup will be played in 2009 hosted by Prague, Czech Republic.[39]", "Internationally, the game is commonly played in British girls' independent schools , and while only a minor sport in Australia , it is played to a very high standard at the elite level, where its national squad won the 2005 Women's Lacrosse World Cup . The next Women's World Cup will be played in 2009 hosted by Prague, Czech Republic . [39]", "The governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men's field hockey has been played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924, while women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.", "The governing body is the 116-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men’s field hockey has been played at each summer Olympic Games since 1908 (except 1912 and 1924), while women’s field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.", "Hockey, or \"Field Hockey\" as it is also known, is now played in every continent with many nations competing in the three major competitions - The Olympic Games, The World Cup and The Champion's Trophy.", "The Hockey World Cup is an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament was started in 1971. It is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics.", "The 2010 Women's Hockey World Cup, 2004 and 2012 Champions Trophy and the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Final were played in this city." ]

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[ "In the Men’s singles draw, two players have reigned supreme in the open era (1968 onwards). American ace Pete Sampras claimed seven Wimbledon titles between 1981 and 1989 and Swiss maestro Roger Federer equalled that feat from 2003 to 2012. Four Australian men have won the tournament in the open era; Rod Laver and John Newcombe both went back-to-back in 1968-69 and 1970-71 respectively, while Pat Cash (1987) and Lleyton Hewitt (2002) have also managed victories. Other greats in men’s singles that have won the tournament include Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe and Boris Becker.", "Agassi is also the last American male to win the French Open, with the victory coming in 1999. And in 2000, Pete Sampras was the last to win Wimbledon.", "Borg won the fourth most Grand Slam singles titles (11) of all time, behind Pete Sampras (14), Roy Emerson (12), and recently, Roger Federer (12). Among his other achievements are a record 89.8 Grand Slam match winning percentage (141-16) and a male open era record 41 winning percentage for Grand Slam tournaments played (11 of 27). The French Open - Wimbledon double he achieved three times consecutively was called by Wimbledon officials \"the most difficult double in tennis\" and \"a feat considered impossible among today's players.\" No player has managed to achieve this double since – and indeed Andre Agassi is the only male player since Borg to win both the French Open and Wimbledon men's singles titles over the course of his career. Both Federer and Rafael Nadal came very close to winning the French Open-Wimbledon double by twice reaching the final of the French and Wimbledon (2006/2007), with the former winning Wimbledon and the latter winning the French.", "TOP FOUR SEEDS TITLE HOLDERS – The last time a player seeded outside of the Top 4 won the Wimbledon title was in 2001 when No. 125th-ranked Goran Ivanisevic took advantage of a wild card opportunity to defeat Patrick Rafter in a five-set Monday final. This is the longest current stretch of Top 4 titles of any Grand Slam tournament. Since 2002, when No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt won the title, four other players have won the Wimbledon crown – Federer (seven times), Djokovic (three times), Nadal (twice) and Andy Murray (once).  In fact, only seven players in the Open Era (since 1968) not seeded among the Top 4 have won the title.", "* During the Open Era, only Borg (1978–81 French Open and 1976–80 Wimbledon), Sampras (1997–2000 Wimbledon), Federer (2003–07 Wimbledon and 2004–08 US Open), and Rafael Nadal (2005–08 French Open and 2010–2014 French Open) have won at least one Grand Slam tournament four consecutive times.", "Laver was the most recent male grand-slammer even by this more relaxed definition until 2013, when the Bryan brothers won Wimbledon while holding the other majors. But Laver still is the most recent single male grand-slammer. Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde reached the final of the 1997 French Open holding all the other three titles, but lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek; in singles, Roger Federer in 2006 and 2007 and Novak Djokovic in 2011 repeated this, both ultimately losing the Paris final to Rafael Nadal. Nadal himself was prevented from achieving this feat by his own countryman David Ferrer , who defeated him in the quarterfinal of the Australian Open 2011, with Nadal previously having won the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open in 2010.", "Roger Federer was the defending champion, but Berdych knocked him out in the quarterfinals en route to his final appearance. This was the first time since 2002 that Federer did not make the Wimbledon men's singles final, and the second successive Grand Slam tournament that Federer was defeated at the quarterfinal stage, having previously been on a record run of 23 successive Grand Slam semifinals (of which he won all but three). This was also the first time since 2003, when Mark Philippoussis lost to Roger Federer, that a player other than Nadal, Federer, or Andy Roddick played in the Wimbledon final.", "The closest contemporary to equalling this record is Nadal, who has won both the French and Wimbledon in 2010.  Now, he just needs to do it three more times––each.", "American Jim Courier won consecutive titles in 1991 and 1992 before Spaniard Sergi Bruguera repeated the feat in 1993 and 1994. Gustavo Kuerten won three titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001. 2005 marked Rafael Nadal's first French Open; he won four consecutive titles from 2005 to 2008. Nadal was beaten in the round of 16 of the 2009 tournament by Robin Söderling who lost to Roger Federer in the final. Nadal regained the title in 2010, which he held until 2015, when he was knocked out by Novak Djokovic, who lost in the final to Stan Wawrinka.", "Federer is the only male player in the open era to reach five consecutive French Open semifinals (2005–09). In the history of tennis, René Lacoste (1925–29), Henri Cochet (1926–30), and Eric Sturgess (1947–52) are the only male players to have done this, with Sturgess holding the all-time record of six.", "14.05 Final stat before proceedings get under way. The last time the No 3 seed won Wimbledon was 1990 (Edberg). The last time the No 4 seed won was in 2003 (a certain Mr Federer).", "1. ROGER FEDERER: The Swiss master ended all arguments when he completed the career grand slam at the 2009 French Open. The once-in-a-lifetime talent owns a mountain of mind-boggling records – including 16 major trophies and 237 consecutive weeks as world No.1. He is the only man ever to contest all four grand slam finals in three different years and is the only player in history to win two different grand slam events for five consecutive years (Wimbledon 2003-07 and US Open 2004-08). Few could have imagined the mighty career ahead when, as a 19-year-old, Federer broke the Wimbledon domination of seven-times champion Sampras in 2001. At his most dominant, the freakish Federer reached 10 consecutive grand slam finals and a surely never-to-be-repeated 18 out of 19 (from 2005 to 2010), 22 in total and an almost incomprehensible 23 successive grand slam semi-finals and won 22 tour finals on the trot. If not for Nadal, the 29-year-old probably would have collected four more titles in Paris and three of his six other major final defeats were in five sets. In total, Federer has accounted for a dozen different rivals in grand slam finals. His crazy stats aside, the 29-year-old has achieved all he has with unrivalled on-court elegance, wielding his racquet like a stylish wand in a manner that may never be seen again. In truth, he could probably beat most social players with a frying pan. The undisputed tennis king.", "Rafael Nadal has a fourth straight Roland Garros title within his sight, which would place him in a tie for second for most French men’s singles titles with France’s Henri Cochet. The French Musketeer won at Roland Garros in 1926, 1928, 1930 and 1932 and is considered by some as the greatest French player of all-time. Nadal stands tied with Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, Rene Lacoste and Gustavo Kuerten with three men’s singles titles. (Bjorn Borg, with six titles won, stands as the top dog in men’s singles in Paris.) Bud Collins, in his upcoming book THE BUD COLLINS HISTORY OF TENNIS ( order here for special 39 percent off discount ), profiles Cochet – Nadal’s marked man.", "Borg was a multi-faceted machine who could transition his game to any surface. He won back-to-back French Open and Wimbledon titles three straight times. Rafael Nadal has done that feat only once. He currently holds the record for most French Open titles won, with six, but that record could fall in the near future.", "Nadal, on the other hand, had just won the French Open for the fourth time in a row and was trying to achieve the rare French Open-Wimbledon double. This feat was known to be extremely difficult because it required the player to make the switch from a slow clay surface to a fast grass surface and be the best on both surfaces within the space of a month. In the Open Era of tennis, only two men had previously achieved this feat: Rod Laver and Björn Borg. Since this showdown match, Roger Federer has completed the Roland-Garros/Wimbledon double in 2009 and Rafael Nadal achieved the feat for a second time in 2010.", "As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 20 of their matches have been in tournament finals, including an all-time record 8 Grand Slam tournament finals. [186] From 2006 to 2008, they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final, and also met in the title match of the 2009 Australian Open and the 2011 French Open. [186] Nadal won six of the eight, losing the first two Wimbledon finals. Three of these matches were five set-matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), and the 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts. [64] [187] [188] [189]", "Nadal then played Federer in the final of Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the most anticipated match of their rivalry . [60] [61] Nadal entered the final on a 23-match winning streak, including his first career grass-court title at the Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in London prior to Wimbledon. Federer had won his record fifth grass-court title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle , and then reached the Wimbledon final without losing a set. Unlike their previous two Wimbledon finals, though, Federer was not the prohibitive favorite, and many analysts picked Nadal to win. [61] [62] They played the longest (in terms of time on court, not in terms of numbers of games) final in Wimbledon history, and because of rain delays, Nadal won the fifth set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match was widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon final ever, with some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history. [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]", "After losing in the French Open finals each of the previous three years, Roger Federer finally won the title in 2009. Not only was it his 14th major title, tying him with Pete Sampras for the all-time record, but it also gave Federer a career Grand Slam. In addition to winning the Australian Open four times (2004, 2006, 2007, 2010), the French Open once (2009), Wimbledon six times (2003-2007, 2009) and the U.S. Open five times (2004-2008), Federer reached at least the semifinals of 23 consecutive Grand Slam semifinals.", "12. Federer (2006–09 French Open, 2003–09 Wimbledon, 2004–09 US Open) is the only male player in tennis history to reach at least four consecutive finals at three different Grand Slam tournaments.", "Entering the tournament, four-time champion Rafael Nadal was unbeaten in French Open singles matches, having won every match and tournament since his debut in 2005. His victory against Russian Teymuraz Gabashvili in the second round on May 27 was his 30th consecutive win, breaking the record for the longest French Open winning streak by a man or woman, held by Chris Evert, who won 29 consecutive matches. Nadal extended the record to 31 consecutive matches by beating Lleyton Hewitt on May 29.", "Rafael Nadal of Spain defeated Novak Djokovic of Serbia in the final of the US Open 2013 to win his 13th Grand Slam. Nadal captured four straight French Open Singles tides from 2005 to 2008. Nadal's 2012 French Open tied him with Chris Evert with seven French Open titles. His title triumph at the French Open 2013 made him the winner of the highest number of titles (8) in a single Grand Slam event. He is also the first, and only player to date, to win three consecutive Grand Slam Tournaments on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard court) in the year 2010. At the Beijing Olympics 2008, Nadal defeated Roger Federer to win the Gold. He pulled out of London Olympics 2012 due to a knee injury.", "Rafael Nadal (Spain) 2001-present: Has held No. 1 for 141 weeks, and also holds the record for the most weeks at No. 2 . He has won 14 Grand Slams. One of only four people to achieve a singles Career Golden Slam, which entails winning all four Grand Slam championships and the Olympic gold medal. Known as the \"King of Clay\", he has won a record nine French Open championships and lost only one match there from 2005 to 2014. He also has an Olympic gold medal in men's doubles with Marc Lopez.", "Roger Federer won the finals against Robin Söderling to finally win the French Open tournament for the first time in his career, after he was beaten in three previous finals by Nadal. With this win, he completed his career Grand Slam, titles in all four Grand Slam tournaments in his career. He became the third male player in the Open era (after Rod Laver and Andre Agassi, and later Nadal) and sixth male player in tennis history overall to accomplish the feat.", "* Lost to the eventual winners in both the 2005 Australian and French Open semi-finals but retained his Wimbledon and U.S. Open crowns. The U.S. Open triumph marked his 23rd successive win in a final while his run of 35 consecutive hard court wins surpassed the professional era mark twice achieved by Pete Sampras.", "Andre Agassi finally retired in 2006 at the age of 36, after enjoying one of the most successful Tennis careers in living memory. Agassi remains one of only five players in the history of the sport to have won all four Grand Slam titles. As for many players, the victory which alluded Agassi for the longest was the Men’s Singles title at the French Open. After making a dramatic comeback from a two set deficit, he finally claimed the title in 1999, by defeating Andrei Medvedev 1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4 in the Final of the tournament.", "Career Significance: It was his seventh French Open title, tying him with Roger Federer and Pete Sampras for most wins at one Grand Slam event and leaving him as the most decorated French Open winner ever (Bjorn Borg has six titles). It was his 11th Grand Slam in total, trailing only Federer, Sampras, and Roy Emerson for most Grand Slam titles . ", "The 2015 French Open will be the 114th edition of the annual outdoor clay court Grand Slam Tournament. The reigning champions of the event are Rafael Nadal on the men’s side and Maria Sharapova on the ladies’ side.", "Accomplishing a feat not seen in Paris for more than 20 years, Rafael Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it. On his 19th birthday, Nadal beat Roger Federer in the semis, 6-3, 4-6, 6-4, 6-4, then earned the right to hoist the trophy with a 6-7 (6), 6-3, 6-1, 7-5 victory over Mariano Puerta. Winning his first Grand Slam title helped boost Nadal's world ranking to No. 3.", "Nadal and Federer's first encounter for the year resulted in a five-set epic—lasting 4 hours and 23 minutes—with Nadal prevailing, 7–5, 3–6, 7–6(3), 3–6, 6–2 for his sixth Grand Slam title and his first on hard courts. Nadal is the first Spaniard in history to win the Australian Open and the fourth male tennis player — after Jimmy Connors, Mats Wilander and Andre Agassi — to win Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces. Later in 2009, Roger Federer would become the fifth player to accomplish this feat upon winning his 14th grand slam title at the 2009 French Open.", "In the modern era Roger Federer holds the record with five consecutive titles from 2004-2008. Pete Sampras is the youngest male to win the U.S. Open at age 19 years and one month.  ", "At the 2015 French Open, Djokovic finally defeated nine-time champion and five-time consecutive defending champion at Roland Garros, thus ending Nadal's 39-match win streak at the French Open. He became only the second man in history to have defeated Nadal at the tournament (after Robin Soderling in 2009), and the first to do so in straight sets. ", "The only Grand Slam singles title Edberg never won was the French Open. He reached the French Open final in 1989 but lost in five sets to 17-year-old Michael Chang, who became the youngest ever male winner of a Grand Slam singles title." ]

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[ "Willie Anderson, Bobby Jones, Ben Hogan and Jack Nicklaus hold the record for the most U.S. Open victories, with four victories each. Hale Irwin is the oldest winner of the U.S. Open at 45 years and 15 days in 1990. The youngest winner of the U.S. Open is John McDermott at 19 years, 10 months and 14 days in 1911.", "Hale Irwin was 45 when he became the oldest US Open champion by winning at Medinah in 1990, the same year Mickelson made his US Open debut. Mickelson does not see Father Time taking his chance to win a US Open just yet.", "Golfer Jack Nicklaus at age 46 becomes the oldest man ever to win the U.S. Open.", "1986/--/-- 10 - Golfer Jack Nicklaus at age 46 becomes the oldest man ever to win the U.S. Open.", "1986/--/-- 11 - Golfer Jack Nicklaus at age 46 becomes the oldest man ever to win the U.S. Open.", "\"Old Tom\" Morris, after whom the 18th hole at St Andrews is now named, won his fourth title at Prestwick when he was 46 years 99 days old, the oldest winner of the Open. Morris's 13-stroke victory in 1862 was the largest winning margin in any Major until Tiger Woods won the 2000 US Open by 15.", "The popular Argentine Roberto de Vicenzo finished third in the Opens of 1948 and 1949, and second in 1950, but despite four more top-10 finishes, his chance seemed to have gone by 1967, when he was 44. But he played consistent golf at Hoylake, taking the lead after a third-round 67 and finishing with a par 70 for a two-shot lead over Jack Nicklaus: only Old Tom Morris (46 in 1867) has won the Open at a more advanced age. The following spring De Vicenzo might have won the Masters too, but signed for the wrong score and finished a stroke behind the winner.", "Kenny Perry was poised to become the oldest Masters champion at 48 until Angel Cabrera beat him in a playoff. Phil Mickelson, reeling from his wife being diagnosed with breast cancer, was on the verge of finally winning the U.S. Open until Lucas Glover outplayed him over the final few holes. And just last month, 59-year-old Tom Watson was an 8-foot par putt away from winning the British Open, then lost in a playoff to Stewart Cink.", "Seven-time Major champion Sam Snead was the first post-war winner of the event in 1946, while Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Arnold Palmer, Tom Watson, Seve Ballesteros, Sir Nick Faldo, Greg Norman and Tiger Woods are just some of golf’s greatest names who have lifted the Claret Jug on multiple occasions. Norman holds the record for the lowest score over 72 holes – 267 strokes in 1993 – whilst Woods’ aggregate winning score of 19 under par in 2000 is the lowest by any player in the history of The Open.", "Kenny Perry was poised to become the oldest Masters champion at 48 until Angel Cabrera beat him in a playoff. Phil Mickelson , reeling from news that his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer, was on the verge of finally winning the U.S. Open until Lucas Glover outplayed him over the final few holes. And just last month, 59-year-old Tom Watson was an 8-foot par putt away from winning the British Open, then lost in a playoff to Stewart Cink .", "• Became the sixth to win the Masters and U.S. Open in the same year, following Craig Wood (1941), Ben Hogan (1951, '53), Arnold Palmer (1960) and Jack Nicklaus (1972)", "In 2009, 59-year-old Tom Watson turned in one of the most remarkable performances ever seen at The Open. Leading the tournament through 71 holes and needing just a par on the last hole to become the oldest ever winner of a major championship, Watson bogeyed, setting up a four-hole playoff, which he would lose to Stewart Cink.", "In 1948 alone, Ben Hogan won 10 tournaments, including the U.S. Open at Riviera Country Club, a course known as \"Hogan's Alley\" because of his success there. His 8-under par score in the 1948 U.S. Open set a tournament record that was matched only by Jack Nicklaus in 1980, Hale Irwin in 1990, and Lee Janzen in 1993. It was not broken until Tiger Woods shot 12-under par in the tournament in 2000 (Jim Furyk also shot 8-under par in the 2003 U.S. Open, and Rory McIlroy set the current U.S. Open record with 16-under par in 2011).", "Although he made his reputation at The Masters — and made the tournament what it is today — it was the 1960 U.S. Open that truly captured the King at the peak of his powers. The leaderboard on that final day included a chubby 20-year-old amateur named Jack Nicklaus. It included a legend — the Hawk, Ben Hogan. The third member of this historic trio lit a cigarette, stalked to the tee of the 318-yard, par-4 first hole at Cherry Hills and drove the green on his way to a historic final-round 65, erasing a seven-stroke deficit for the greatest comeback in Open history.", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is a retired American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the greatest professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second-place and 9 third-place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list behind Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (79).", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed “The Golden Bear”, is a retired American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the greatest professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second-place and 9 third-place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list behind Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (79).", "2011 OPEN - Northern Ireland's Darren Clarke became the oldest winner of the Open Championship since 1967 with a brilliant final round at Royal St George's. Clarke, then 42, took a one-shot lead into the last day and repelled the challenge of American pair Phil Mickelson and Dustin Johnson with a closing 70 in tough conditions. His five-under-par total left him three clear of Mickelson.", "The 1920s: Jim Barnes One of the original big hitters on Tour, “Long Jim,” was known both for his unusual height (6’4” made you a freak in 1910) and his prodigious driving distance. Barnes used a lanky frame and long, muscular arms to crank drives past the likes of Walter Hagen and Harry Vardon on his way to four major championships and 21 Tour wins. His nine-stroke margin of victory in the 1921 U.S. Open (President Warren G. Harding is presenting him with this trophy in this photo) was a record that held up until Tiger’s win at Pebble Beach in 2000.", "Nicklaus Рlovingly known as The Golden Bear – completed the career grand slam in 1966, when he won the Open Championship at Muirfield , making him, at the ripe young age of 26, the youngest man to do so at the time. A winner of a record 6 Masters tournaments Nicklaus chalked up three of those titles throughout the 60ֳ and another two in the 70ֳ before his career took a downward turn. He would however make a stunning return to the top of the standings in 1986, when he became Рand still remains Рthe oldest man to win the tournament, at the age of 46. He also holds the record for the greatest number of Major tournament victories with 17 in total.", "Although dominated by American golfers initially, South African legend Gary Player broke the international drought by winning the U.S. Masters title in 1961. Prior to that time, American giant Arnold Palmer, had made the course and title his own.", "Medinah's Course No. 3 has hosted multiple major championships. The U.S. Open has been held at the course three times: 1949 (won by Cary Middlecoff), 1975 (Lou Graham), and 1990 (Hale Irwin). Tiger Woods has won both PGA Championships held at the course (1999 and 2006). Gary Player won the U.S. Senior Open in 1988.", "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is an American professional golfer. By winning a total of 18 career major championships while producing 19 second place and 9 third place finishes in major events on the PGA Tour over a span of 25 years, he is widely regarded as the most accomplished professional golfer of all time. Nicklaus did not play that many tournaments because he wanted to focus on the Majors, but is still second on the PGA-tournament winning list, with 73 victories.", "Kramer won the U.S. Open Championship in 1946-1947, defeating Tom Brown and Frank Parker, respectively. He was runner up on the grass in New York in 1943 to Joseph Hunt. During World War II, Kramer continued playing while serving in the United States Coast Guard.", "The 1950s was a challenging decade, with the passing of the Hagen, Sarazen, Snead and Hogan eras. After Snead's 1951 triumph, 19 different Champions were crowned from 1952-1970.", "* Oldest player to win a PGA Tour event: age 52 years, 10 months, 8 days at the 1965 Greater Greensboro Open", "Needless to say, Player’s attention to detail with regards to his fitness was of great benefit to him during his playing career and since he gave up the tour. He won his first major in 1959 and by 1965 his victory in the U.S. Open gave him a “Grand Slam,” victories in the four major tournaments. He was the third person to do so and is still the only non-American to have completed this feat. He won his last major in 1978, his ninth and eventually won nine more majors on the senior circuit. In 1998, at the age of 62, he became the oldest player to make the cut at the Masters. In 2015, Player played the entire year and scored below his age of 80 in every round.", "*2008: Exemption for previous Open champions restricted to those aged 60 or under (with transitional arrangement for those born between 1942 and 1948)", "golf: champ: Masters [1949, 1952, 1954; British Open [1946]; PGA [1942, 1949, 1951]; died May 23, 2002", "Player won a second PGA Championship in 1972, and two more Masters titles in 1974 and 1978. He became the first and only man to win Open Championships in three different decades when he added victories in 1968 and 1974 to his 1959 title. That 1978 Masters title was his final major victory on the PGA Tour, and he won it despite being seven back at the start of the final round. But, at age 42, Player birdied seven of the final 10 and won the tournament by one stroke.", "• Oldest player to win, make a cut and shoot his age in PGA Tour history", "The golfing legend is also still as physically active as ever. In fact, right after our interview he headed to the gym for a workout that would exhaust even the most strapping 20-year-old. “At the age of 80, I still push 400 pounds with my legs in the leg press. This afternoon, I will do 1,000 sit-ups, crunches and planks, and I still put the treadmill on at max,” says Player matter-of-factly, continuing, “I have a zest for life.” He credits his healthy lifestyle and love of weight training for his success in golf. In particular, he says his intense exercise regimen gave him the edge in winning the Senior Grand Slam, which he considers the highlight of his professional career. “I was able to win the Senior Grand Slam for a very particular reason: because I worked out and started weight training in golf in 1953. I was called a nut and [told] that I’d never be able to last doing weight training, and the fact that I was so fit, when I became a senior at the age of 50, I was almost as fit as I was when I was 35, which not everybody else can say. And that’s the reason I went on to win it. So, I was being rewarded for my hard work.”", "He was known for shooting his age throughout his 70s. He died at 79 in 1938. Who would have guessed his reign as Olympic golf champion would last another 78 years?" ]

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[ "Hubert Green won the 1985 PGA Championship , overtaking 36-hole leader Lee Trevino in the third round when Trevino shot 75 to Green's 70. That gave Green a 3-stroke lead beginning the final round.", "At the 1985 PGA Championship, Green won his second major title, two strokes ahead of defending champion Lee Trevino. It was Green's 19th and final victory on the PGA Tour.", "His play slacked off in the 1980s, but his final victory was a big one: the 1985 PGA Championship , where Green edged Lee Trevino .", "The 1977 U.S. Open was the 77th U.S. Open, held June 16–19 at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Hubert Green won the first of his two major titles, one stroke ahead of runner-up Lou Graham, the 1975 champion.", "Hubert Green, 10 behind Nicklaus, was the only other player to break par. \"I won the tournament I played. They were playing in something else,\" he said.", "(Eligible but not competing: Jack Burke, Jr., Dow Finsterwald, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Al Geiberger, Wayne Grady, David Graham, Hubert Green, Don January, John Mahaffey, Larry Nelson, Bobby Nichols, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Nick Price, Jeff Sluman, Dave Stockton, Hal Sutton, Lee Trevino, Lanny Wadkins)", "The one that got away was the 1978 Masters , where Green reached the final hole about 30 minutes after Gary Player had finished a round of 64. Player had a 1-shot lead over Green, who hit a good drive and then a great approach to within three feet of the cup. It looked like there would be a playoff. But Green had to back away from the putt when he overheard radio announcer Jim Kelly say something. When Green took the stroke, he pushed it a little to the right and the 3-footer slid by. Green missed the playoff and Player won the Masters.", "He also had a chance to win the 1978 Masters. Green led by three shots going into the final round, but Gary Player closed with a 64 and Green missed a 3-foot putt on the final hole to force a playoff.", "Notable Notes: Hubert Green held a one-stroke lead entering the final round. But after making birdies on holes 12 and 14, Green was informed that a death threat had been made against him by phone, the caller saying he was going to shoot Green on the course. Was it a serious threat? It was taken seriously, anyway: police walked along with Green, and Green walked apart from his fellow competitors. How did Green react? He birdied the two holes immediately after being informed of the threat and won by a stroke.", "The PGA Championship (often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside of the United States) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers Association of America. It is one of the four major championships in professional golf, and it is the golf season's final major, played in mid-August on the third weekend prior to Labor Day weekend. (It was rescheduled for 2016 to late July to accommodate golf's return to the Olympics). It is an official money event on the PGA Tour, European Tour, and Japan Golf Tour, with a purse of $10 million for the 97th edition in 2015.", "Gary Player DMS, OIG (born 1 November 1935) is a retired South African professional golfer, widely regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of golf. Over his career, Player accumulated nine major championships on the regular tour and six Champions Tour major championship victories, as well as three Senior British Open Championships on the European Senior Tour. At the age of 29, Player won the 1965 U.S. Open and became the only non-American to win all four majors, known as the career Grand Slam. Player became only the third golfer in history to win the Career Grand Slam, following Ben Hogan and Gene Sarazen, and only Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods have performed the feat since. Player has won 165 tournaments on six continents over six decades and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974. ", "Woods won his second U.S. Open and eighth major championship at Bethpage Black in New York, defeating his rival Phil Mickelson by three strokes. His attempt for a third consecutive major championship came up short at the Open Championship, tying for fourth place at 1 over. Woods erased a five-stroke deficit in the final round at the PGA Championship but finished in second at 9 under, one stroke behind Rich Beem.", "During this period, no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman. In 1987, Norman lost a sudden-death playoff to Larry Mize. Mize holed out a remarkable 45-yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters. In 1996, Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63, and had a six-stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round. Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots (for his third Masters championship). Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes, and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead, he badly pushed his 4-iron approach to 18 and missed his par putt for bogey.", "The following April, Watson competed in the 2010 Masters Tournament. Watson shot an opening-round 67, one shot off the first-round lead held by fellow Champions Tour player Fred Couples. Watson subsequently posted rounds of 74, 73, and 73. His 72-hole, one-under par total of 287 gave Watson a share of eighteenth place. Watson thus became only the second player in history, after Sam Snead, to post a top-20 finish in at least one major championship in five different decades. Watson holds the record for the longest time span between first and last playoffs on the PGA Tour. That time span is 34 years, 6 days. Watson won the 1975 Open Championship in an 18-hole playoff and 34 years later lost a playoff for the 2009 Open Championship.", "1 — Adam Scott, The Masters (2013), Geoff Ogilvy, US Open (2006), Steve Elkington, US PGA (1995), Ian Baker-Finch, British Open (1991), Wayne Grady, US PGA (1990), Kel Nagle, British Open (1960), Jim Ferrier, US PGA (1947)", "• Became the sixth to win the U.S. Open and British Open in the same year, following Bobby Jones (1926, '30), Gene Sarazen (1932), Ben Hogan (1953), Lee Trevino (1971) and Tom Watson (1982)", "In 1995 the Open became part of the PGA Tour’s official schedule. American John Daly won that year after a play-off with Italy’s Costantino Rocca, beginning another period of American supremacy at the Open in which 10 of the next 13 winners hailed from the United States, including Tiger Woods , who won three championships (2000, 2005–06). Subsequent years saw a number of victories by golfers for whom the Open was their first major tournament triumph, including Paul Lawrie in 1999, David Duval in 2001, Ben Curtis in 2003, and Padraig Harrington in 2007.", "Player conquers America NEW MASTER: Gary Player is helped into his US Masters green jacket by Arnold Palmer. Between 1961, when he won the first of three Masters, and 1965 Player won all three of the majors in America: the Masters in 1961, the PGA in 1962 and the US Open in 1965, which completed his Grand Slam. The Masters victory of 1961 came on a Monday after the final round on Sunday had been washed out. Player held off the challenges of Palmer and amateur Charles Coe. It came down to the last hole where Player was in a greenside bunker. He got out brilliantly and sunk the putt for a four-round score of 280, winning by one shot. He went on to win the US Open of â&#x20AC;&#x2122;65 at the Bellerive Country Club in St Louis, Missouri, defeating Kel Nagle in an 18-hole playoff. It was the first time since 1927 that a non-American had prevailed in the tournament. Photo by Augusta National Archive â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Getty Images", "* The PGA Championship is won by Larry Nelson at the Atlanta Athletic Club in Duluth, Georgia.", "Europe win the Ryder Cup on American soil for the first time, and rub salt into the wounds by defeating an American team captained by Jack Nicklaus, at the Muirfield Village course which Nicklaus designed. The result provides final confirmation of the recent swing in global dominance away from the American players; at the end of 1987, only one of the world's top six ( Curtis Strange , in 5th) is American, while four ( Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , Sandy Lyle and Ian Woosnam ) are European, while the world number one remains Greg Norman .", "PGA Championship – Bobby Nichols with a (271) beating both Nicklaus and Palmer by 3 strokes, played at Columbus Country Club in Columbus, OH", "Theodore Ernest \"Ernie\" Els (; born 17 October 1969) is a South African professional golfer. A former World No. 1, he is known as \"The Big Easy\" due to his imposing physical stature (he stands ) along with his fluid golf swing. Among his 71 career victories are four major championships: the U.S. Open in 1994 at Oakmont and in 1997 at Congressional, and The Open Championship in 2002 at Muirfield and in 2012 at Royal Lytham & St Annes. He is one of six golfers to twice win both the U.S. Open and The Open Championship.", "Gary Player wins the U.S. Open championship after a playoff with Australian Kel Nagle , to complete a career \"Grand Slam\" of the four major professional titles. He becomes only the third player ( Gene Sarazen and Ben Hogan were the first two) to accomplish the feat.", "It would take five years into the event's existence before an American-born PGAer claimed the PGA Championship trophy, when Walter Hagen defeated Barnes in the final matchup to win the 1921 event at Inwood Country Club in Far Rockaway, N.Y. The tournament's dominating presence along with Gene Sarazen during the 1920s, Hagen captured four straight PGA titles from 1924 to 1927. Sarazen became the youngest winner at the age of 20 in 1922 and then repeated as champion the following year by defeating Hagen in a memorable final that was not decided until the 38th hole -- the first time in PGA history that extra holes were needed in the finale.", "p. 200 (April 10, 1968). The golfers being referred to here are Arnold Palmer , Sam Snead , and Ben Hogan .", "      The Ryder Cup was held in September at the Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Mich. For the first time since 1981, Europe did not have a major champion in its lineup, but it rose to the occasion, and the Americans were sent to their worst-ever defeat, a crushing 181/2–91/2 margin. Captain Hal Sutton paired Woods and Mickelson, his two highest-ranked players, for the opening fourballs and foursomes, but they lost both games, and the experiment was abandoned. Mickelson, who had controversially changed equipment just before the match, was then dropped, but the Europeans, led superbly by Bernhard Langer of Germany, refused to slacken the grip they had established. Top scorers were Spain's Sergio García and England's Lee Westwood with 41/2 points out of 5, but all 12 players for Europe contributed at least one point. The U.S. had won only 3 of the last 10 Ryder Cup matches.", "^ Ferguson, Doug. \"Westwood of England Now Considered Best Player to Never Win a Major\". PGA of America. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 December 2013.", "Lee Trevino (1939-present) Nicknamed \"Supermex\" for his Mexican-American heritage, Trevino came from a poor Dallas family and served in the Marines, but came from nowhere to win the 1968 U.S. Open. He won six majors: the U.S. Open, the British Open, and the PGA Championship twice each, his second PGA in 1984 at age 44. That last win was most impressive because it came after the 1975 Western Open, where Trevino was struck by lightning on the golf course.", "John Daly reacts on the 72nd hole during the US PGA Championship held at the Crooked Stick Golf Club in Indiana, 11th August 1991.", "In golf, a green jacket is awarded to the winner of which tournament? A. US Masters", "Through 2011, exemptions existed for leading money winners on the PGA, European, Japanese, and Australasian tours, as well as winners of multiple PGA Tour events in the year before the U.S. Open. These categories were eliminated in favor of inviting the top 60 on the OWGR at both relevant dates. Starting with the 2012 championship, an exemption was added for the winner of the current year's BMW PGA Championship, the European Tour's equivalent of The Players Championship. ", "Bobby Locke defended his 1949 title in Troon’s second hosting of the Open, the first champion to do so. A South African with a flair for putting, the greens in 1950 were well-suited to his skill-set. Locke mailed a Christmas card to Troon every year after this win with the same words: “Best wishes for this year and the future. Still the best greens in the world.”" ]

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[ "Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton, 1st Baronet, KCVO (10 May 1848 – 2 October 1931) was a Scotsman of Ulster-Scots parentage who was a self-made man, merchant, and yachtsman. He created the Lipton tea brand and was the most persistent challenger in the history of the America's Cup.[1]", "My father was in the jewelry business and in 1944 bought a cup at an estate auction. Our family home had a porch where all the kids congregated. We threw our crayons, playing cards, and the usual junk into the cup. After my parents died I took the cup with me as an afterthought, and have had it ever since. I recently did research and found that William Eley made the cup in 1784, and it was given to a J.L. Tuck, whom I have not traced. I was told by one auction house that they would put it in their \"special\" sale and would expect it to go for as much as $10,000.", "No challenge to race for the Cup was issued until British railway tycoon James Lloyd Ashbury 's topsail schooner Cambria (188 tons, 1868 design) beat the Yankee schooner Sappho (274.4 tons, 1867 design) in the Solent in 1868. [7] This success encouraged the Royal Thames Yacht Club in believing that the Cup could be brought back home, and officially placed the first challenge in 1870. Ashbury entered Cambria in the NYYC Queen's Cup race in New York City on 8 August against a fleet of seventeen schooners, with time allowed based on their tonnage . The Cambria only placed eighth, behind the aging America (178.6 tons, 1851) in fourth place and Franklin Osgood's Magic (92.2 tons, 1857) [8] in the fleet's lead. [9]", "The large amount of calculation involved in this system led to the invention of a specialized mechanical calculating machine known as a totalisator, “automatic totalisator” or “tote board”, invented by the Australian engineer, George Alfred Julius. The first was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse, Auckland, New Zealand in 1913, and they came into widespread use at race courses throughout the world. The U.S. introduction was in 1927, which led to the opening of the suburban Arlington Racetrack in Arlington Park, near Chicago and Sportsman’s Pack in Cicero, Illinois, in 1932.In 2010, LIL manager launched the first parimutuel betting website, friendbet.", "The Stanley Cup was the creation of Sir Frederick Arthur Stanley, lord of Preston and the 16th earl of Derby. Stanley was of noble birth, the son of a three-time prime minister of England. He served in Canada’s House of Commons from 1865 until he was named governor general of Canada in 1888. Stanley became an ice hockey fan after watching an 1889 game at the Montreal Winter Carnival. Stanley’s family, sons and daughters alike, also became enraptured with the game that had taken Montreal’s sporting public by storm since its introduction in 1875. In honor of the new sport, Lord Stanley then donated a lavish trophy to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The trophy, originally called the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, was first presented in 1893 to the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) team, champions of the Amateur Hockey Association. Stanley had intended for the cup to be presented to the winner of a challenge series, or tournament, so in 1894 it was given to the Montreal AAA team upon their defeat of the Ottawa Generals in the championship round of a tournament specifically created to award the Cup as Lord Stanley had intended.", "Originally the brainchild of Timeform founder Phil Bull, this race was introduced in 1961 to provide a worthwhile opportunity for high-class two year olds bred to stay. Then known as the Timeform Gold Cup, subsequent change of sponsorship meant it was run as the Observer Gold Cup between 1965-1975 and the William Hill Futurity from 1976-1988; adopting its present title in 1989. It is run over the one mile round course at Doncaster, a flat galloping track which makes it a tough test for a juvenile, especially as the race is often contested on soft ground.", "Selective breeding has a long history. In Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868), Charles Darwin illustrated the power of choosing a particular characteristic and then breeding from animals and their offspring that best manifested this characteristic. Darwin observed that “it was formerly ordered that the comb of the Spanish cock should be upright, and in four or five years all good birds had upright combs” (p. 198). Darwin commented: “Few persons, except breeders, are aware of the systematic care taken in selecting animals, and of the necessity of having a clear and almost prophetic vision into futurity” (p. 195).", "Frederick Standish, member of the Victorian Turf Club and steward on the day of the first Cup, was credited with forming the idea to hold a horse race and calling it the \"Melbourne Cup\".", "Soon afterwards, Lord Stanley purchased a decorative punch bowl , made in Sheffield, England , and sold by London silversmith G.R. Collis and Company (now Boodle and Dunthorne Jewellers), for ten guineas , equal to ten and a half pounds sterling, $48.67 USD or about US$1,150 in 2010 dollars. [3] [9] He had the words \"Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup\" engraved on one side of the outside rim, and \"From Stanley of Preston\" on the other side.", "In 1937, Joseph Friedman was at his brother’s soda shop. To his surprise, his young girl was struggling to enjoy her beverage through a straight paper straw. So he started thinking of a way to help her out. Friedman put in a screw into the straw, and wrapped floss around it to create a ribbed texture. When he took the screw out, the straw naturally bent over the rim of the glass and his daughter was able to drink her milkshake with ease. He patented his idea in 1937 and started his own company to produce the straw. The rights to the flexible straw were eventually sold to the Maryland Cup Corporation, which now sells about 500 million of them every year.", "Although endorsed by some, this version of events is not considered authoritative by many who consider it implausible. One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design, but, while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years, he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and did not emigrate to the United States until 1919. Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod, but to a Victorian hooped dress . [50]", "capitalist: director of NY Central Railroad; sportsman: first owner to sail his sailboat in America�s Cup competition [winners: Enterprise: 1930, 1934; Ranger: 1937]; invented game of contract bridge [1925]; son of Cornelius Vanderbilt; died in 1970", "The Cup is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer, one of several off-the-shelf trophies crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co. Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight.", "“Rugby is a game for the mentally deficient… That is why it was invented by the British. Who else but an Englishman could invent an oval ball?” – Peter Pook", "As like a result of his marriage to Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery acquired Mentmore Towers and Mentmore stud near Leighton Buzzard that had been built by Mayer Amschel de Rothschild. Rosebery built another stable and stud near Mentmore Towers at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, called Crafton Stud.Rosebery’s horses won at least one of each of the five English Classic Races. Among the most famous were Ladas who won the 1894 Epsom Derby, Sir Visto who did it again in 1895, and Cicero in 1905.Rosebery developed too a keen in interest in association football and was an early patron of the sport in Scotland. In 1882 he donated a trophy, the Rosebery Charity Cup, to be competed for by clubs under the jurisdiction of the East of Scotland FA. The competition lasted over 60 years and raised thousands of pounds for charities in the Edinburgh area.", "O. P. Smith, invented the revolutionary mechanical lure that could travel around a circular track that made dog racing possible. His research into forcing the dogs round a track hit on the idea of getting them to chase a rabbit. His experiments included dragging a stuffed one around a track behind a motorcycle. He is considered the \"Father\" of American greyhound racing.", "By the end of the 18th century, the English Classic races had been established. These are the St. Leger Stakes, founded in 1776, the Epsom Oaks, founded in 1779, and the Epsom Derby in 1780. Later, the 2,000 Guineas Stakes and the 1,000 Guineas Stakes were founded in 1809 and 1814. The 1,000 Guineas and the Oaks are restricted to fillies, but the others are open to racehorses of either sex aged three years. The distances of these races, ranging from 1 mi (1.6 km) to 1.75 mi (2.82 km), led to a change in breeding practices, as breeders concentrated on producing horses that could race at a younger age than in the past and that had more speed. In the early 18th century, the emphasis had been on longer races, up to 4 mi (6.4 km), that were run in multiple heats. The older style of race favored older horses, but with the change in distances, younger horses became preferred.", "Benjamin Franklin invented a radically new arrangement of the glasses in 1761 after seeing water-filled wine glasses played by Edmund Delaval at Cambridge in England in May of 1761. Franklin worked with London glassblower Charles James to build one, and it had its world premiere in early 1762, played by Marianne Davies.", "Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton, 1st Baronet, KCVO (10 May 1848 – 2 October 1931) was a Scotsman of Ulster-Scots parentage who was a self-made man, merchant, and yachtsman. He created the Lipton tea brand and was the most persistent challenger in the history of the America's Cup.", "The emergence of Harry Payne Whitney on the American polo scene cannot be underestimated. It was his understanding of the strengths of the British and the weaknesses of the American team that sent him on his mission to reclaim the Westchester Cup. In 1905 Whitney began purchasing the top polo mounts that could be found, regardless of price. Not only was he assembling horses in the United States, but in England as well. In fact, so thorough was his assembling of this top team of horses that top English internationalists Buckmaster and Freake couldn't resist the money being offered for their top mounts, and in selling them to Whitney's agents, found themselves short of horses to defend the international cup.", "The 1910 Melbourne Cup was won by Comedy King, the first foreign bred horse to do so. Subsequent foreign bred horses to win Cup were Backwood 1924; Phar Lap 1930; Wotan 1936 Belldale Ball 1980; At Talaq 1986; Kingston Rule 1990; Vintage Crop 1993; Jeune 1994; Media Puzzle 2002; Makybe Diva 2003, 2004, 2005; Americain 2010 and Dunaden 2011.", "Charles Alcock (of Harrow School) of the Wanderers was elected to the committee of the FA in 1866, becoming its first full-time secretary and treasurer in 1870. He masterminded the creation of the Football Association Cup—the longest-running association football competition in the world—in 1871. Fifteen participating clubs subscribed to purchase a trophy. The very first Cup Final was held at The Oval on 16 March 1872, fought between the Wanderers and the Royal Engineers (RE), watched by 2,000 spectators.", "The winner of this first Melbourne Cup race was a 16.3 hand bay stallion by the name of Archer in a time of 3.52.00, ridden by John Cutts, trained by Etienne de Mestre, and leased (and consequently raced in his own name) by de Mestre. As a lessee de Mestre \"owned\" and was fully responsible for Archer during the lease. Archer was leased from the \"Exeter Farm\" of Jembaicumbene near Braidwood, New South Wales. His owners were Thomas John \"Tom\" Roberts (a good school-friend of de Mestre's), Rowland H. Hassall (Roberts' brother-in-law), and Edmund Molyneux Royds and William Edward Royds (Roberts' nephews). ", "Charles Alcock (of Harrow School) of the Wanderers was elected to the committee of the FA in 1866, becoming its first full-time secretary and treasurer in 1870. He masterminded the creation of the Football Association Cup —the longest-running association football competition in the world—in 1871. Fifteen participating clubs subscribed to purchase a trophy. The very first Cup Final was held at The Oval on 16 March 1872, fought between the Wanderers and the Royal Engineers (RE), watched by 2,000 spectators.", "The Belmont Stakes trophy is a solid silver bowl and cover made by Tiffany & Co. It is 18 inches tall, 15 inches across and 14 inches at the base. Atop the cover is a silver figure of 1869 Belmont winner Fenian. The bowl is supported by three horses – Herod, Eclipse and Matchem – who represent the respective superior grandsons of the three Foundation Sires of thoroughbreds: the Byerly Turk, the Darley Arabian and the Godolphin Barb. Of these, the lineage Eclipse is predominant in the modern Thoroughbred.", "Bíró was not the first inventor to conceive the use of a rolling ball in socket mechanism for an ink writing utensil. By the latter part of the 19th century, a few designs for this type of utensil would be developed and even patent-protected by their inventors. Although none of these became truly commercially successful, they’re all important stepping stones towards what would eventually become one of the most purchased and utilized products ever created.", "The popularity of dog and pet keeping generated animal fancy. Dog fanciers showed enthusiasm for owning pets, breeding dogs, and showing dogs in various shows. The first dog show took place on 28 June 1859 in Newcastle and focused mostly on sporting and hunting dogs. However, pet owners produced an eagerness to demonstrate their pets as well as have an outlet to compete. Thus, pet animals gradually were included within dog shows. The first large show, which would host one thousand entries, took place in Chelsea in 1863. The Kennel Club was created in 1873 to ensure fairness and organization within dog shows. The development of the Stud Book by the Kennel Club defined policies, presented a national registry system of purebred dogs, and essentially institutionalized dog shows. ", "Although science has been unable to come up with any breeding system that guarantees the birth of a champion, breeders over the centuries have produced an increasingly higher percentage of Thoroughbreds who are successful on the racetrack by following two basic principles. The first is that Thoroughbreds with superior racing ability are more likely to produce offspring with superior racing ability. The second is that horses with certain pedigrees are more likely to pass along their racing ability to their offspring.", "In May 1887, a noteworthy event in the history of the Holstein breed in America took place. It was the Madison Square Garden dairy cattle show where the four leading dairy breeds - Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey, and Holstein-Friesian - met for the first time to see which was the greatest producer of milk and butter. Prizes of $200 were offered for both 24-hour milk production as well as butter production.", "After the America’s Cup events in 1903 started to produce some unusual construction ideas for yachts, the Universal Rule was added to the mandatory Deed of Gift racing clauses. The Universal Rule added requirements for shipbuilders to achieve an overall length and specific water displacements while outfitting their vessels for yacht racing events. Then, the America’s Cup ships were to be divided into classes to ensure a brand of fairness as newly discovered technologies began to change the nature of yachting.", "In the world's major Thoroughbred racing countries, breeding of racehorses is a huge industry providing over a million jobs worldwide. While the attention of horseracing fans and the media is focused almost exclusively on the horse's performance on the racetrack or for male horses, possibly its success as a sire, little publicity is given to the brood mares. Such is the case of La Troienne, one of the most important mares of the 20th century to whom many of the greatest Thoroughbred champions, and dams of champions can be traced.", "First run in 1861, the Melbourne Cup was a cup in name only, with prizes including a gold watch and cash purse. The first official trophy cup was awarded in 1865. The 1865 trophy was sold by its owner, who reportedly found it unattractive. It was rebranded and presented as the Flemington Hunt Club Cup." ]

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[ "'While the 1970s were marked by dynastic football teams, five teams won Super Bowls. In the 1980s, that perception of complete domination by only a handful of teams actually went down somewhat; yet, only four teams won Super Bowls in the '81 to '90 Super Bowls. In particular the state of California had a great year: only four Super Bowls went to teams outside the Golden State. The Raiders, building on the successful '70s in which they won their first Super Bowl, won two more, one while still in Oakland (in '81) and the other (in '84) after moving to Los Angeles. But the team of the decade was no doubt the San Francisco 49ers, led by head coach (and offensive guru) Bill Walsh. The previous decade, the Steelers became the first team to win four Super Bowls in a ten-year span. The 49ers matched that, winning in '82, '85, '89 and '90. However, that's not to say there weren't some good football teams elsewhere in the country: The Denver Broncos, led by new head coach Dan Reeves and quarterback John Elway, went to three of four Super Bowls to close out the decade; however, they lost all of them (to three different teams). One of the teams they lost to, the Washington Redskins, also went to three Super Bowls in the '80s; the Redskins, however, fared far better, winning titles in '83 and '88.'", "Led by John Hannah , considered one of the greatest offensive linemen in NFL history, future Hall of Fame cornerback Mike Haynes, and quarterback Steve Grogan, the Patriots experienced sporadic success in the 1970s and ’80s. They advanced to their first Super Bowl in 1986 but lost to a dominant Chicago Bears team, 46–10. Eleven years would pass before the Patriots would return to the Super Bowl, this time under the direction of coach Bill Parcells and led by quarterback Drew Bledsoe . New England lost Super Bowl XXXI to the Green Bay Packers , but their postseason appearance marked the beginning of three straight years of play-off football for the team, then a franchise record.", "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The Eagles have won three NFL championships and played in two Super Bowl games; these were in 1980 (losing 27–10 to the Oakland Raiders) and in 2004 (losing 24–21 to the New England Patriots). As of 2016, the Eagles are the only team in the NFC East never to have won a Super Bowl championship.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each; and both the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowls championships. Thirteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Ten teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have lost a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row, and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans ) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the Super Bowl's creation, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger, but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV.", "The Rams would remain competitive in the 1980s but wouldn't reach another Super Bowl until their victory in Super Bowl XXXIV in January 2000, after the team had moved to St. Louis before the 1995 season. The closest the Los Angeles Rams would get to getting back to another Super Bowl was in 1985, when they advanced to the NFC title game before falling to the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears, and in 1989; reaching the NFC Championship before losing to division rival and defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco. Wendell Tyler eventually won a Super Bowl as a featured back for the San Francisco 49ers in 1984. The last link of the 1979 team was Jackie Slater, who remained on the team until 1995, the club's first season in St. Louis. He set an NFL record by playing 20 seasons with one team, yet Super Bowl XIV would remain his lone trip to the Big Game.", "The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL. They did not complete a winning season until 1973. In 1977, four years later, they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII. Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's more successful teams, having suffered only six losing records in 40 seasons. They have won eight AFC Championships (, , , , , , , ) and three Super Bowl championships ( (XXXII),  (XXXIII),  (50)); share the record for most Super Bowl appearances with the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots, and Pittsburgh Steelers; and have four players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Gary Zimmerman, and Shannon Sharpe.", "This was the first ever Super Bowl rematch (the Steelers had previously beaten the Cowboys, 21–17, in Super Bowl X), and both teams were attempting to be the first club to ever win a third Super Bowl. Dallas was also the defending Super Bowl XII champion, and finished the 1978 regular season with a 12-4 record, and posted playoff victories over the Atlanta Falcons and the Los Angeles Rams. Pittsburgh entered the game after posting a 14-2 regular season record and playoff wins over the Denver Broncos and the Houston Oilers.", "The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and tight end Brent Jones. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.", "Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13 year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win 10 out of 13 Super Bowls. In the years between 2001 and 2011, three teams – the Patriots, Steelers, and Colts – accounted for ten of the AFC Super Bowl appearances, with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card team—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They lost in the first round both times. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. During the 1990 season, the Patriots went 1–15. They changed ownership three times, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri, but sold the team two years later to current owner Robert Kraft in 1994.", "The Patriots took the second quickest lead in Super Bowl history after linebacker Larry McGrew recovered a fumble from Walter Payton at the Chicago 19-yard line on the second play of the game. (Jim McMahon took responsibility for this fumble after the game, saying he had called the wrong play.) This set up Tony Franklin 's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter after 3 incomplete passes by Tony Eason . \"I looked up at the message board,\" said Chicago linebacker Mike Singletary , \"and it said that 15 of the 19 teams that scored first won the game. I thought, yeah, but none of those 15 had ever played the Bears.\" [6] Chicago struck back with a 7 play, 59-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard pass completion from Jim McMahon to wide receiver Willie Gault , to set up a field goal from Kevin Butler , tying the score 3-3.", "The Colts have been a member club of the NFL since their founding in 1953 in Baltimore, Maryland. The Colts were one of three NFL teams to join the teams of the American Football League (AFL) to form the AFC following the 1970 merger. While in Baltimore, the team advanced to the playoffs 10 times and won three NFL Championship games: in 1958, 1959, and 1968. The Colts played in two Super Bowl games while it was based in Baltimore, losing to the New York Jets in Super Bowl III, while defeating the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V. The Colts relocated to Indianapolis in 1984 and have since appeared in the playoffs 16 times, won two conference championships, and won one Super Bowl, defeating the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI.", "Hands down, the 2007 New England Patriots are the greatest NFL team to lose in a Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl X featured a contrast of styles between the Steelers and the Cowboys, which were, at the time, the two most popular teams in the league. Pittsburgh, who dominated teams with their \"Steel Curtain\" defense and running game, finished the regular season with a league best 12–2 record and defeated the Baltimore Colts and the Oakland Raiders in the playoffs. The Cowboys, with their offense and \"flex\" defense, became the first NFC wild-card team to advance to the Super Bowl after posting a 10-4 regular season record and postseason victories over the Minnesota Vikings and the Los Angeles Rams.", "Maybe they were meant to win the first one. Buffalo lost Super Bowl XXV by a score of 20-19 to the New York Giants after kicker Scott Norwood failed on a 47-yard field goal attempt with four seconds remaining. It was the first of only two do-or-die field goal misses in an NFL Championship game. It never got any better than that moment for Buffalo in the Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl 30 was played on January 28th, 1996 at Tempe, Arizona's Sun Devil Stadium. Barry Switzer's Dallas Cowboys beat Bill Cowher's Pittsburgh Steelers, 27-17. Larry Brown's two interceptions led to two Dallas touchdowns and a Pete Rozelle MVP Trophy for Brown. Chris Boniol hit 2 field goals. Emmitt Smith ran for two scores. Troy Aikman hit Michael Irvin on his lone touchdown pass. With 4:15 left in the game Neil Odonnell threw his second pick to Brown ending Pittsburgh's comeback hopes. Lavon Kirkland, Chad Brown, Kevin Greene and Greg Lloyd led the Steeler defense. Brock Marion, Deion Sanders, Charles Haley, Leon Lett, and Darren Woodson all played great for Dallas' defense.", "1984 was a rebuilding year. Brian Sipe defected to the upstart USFL after the 1983 season, and Paul McDonald was named the starting quarterback. Mike Pruitt missed much of the season and later ended up with the Buffalo Bills . Coach Sam Rutigliano lost his job after a 1–7 start as Marty Schottenheimer took over. The Browns coasted to a 5–11 record.", "While the Cowboys had winning seasons in each of the next two years, they did not capture their first of what turned out to be eight National Football Conference championships until 1970, the year of the NFL-AFL merger. But they still could not get over the hump in Super Bowl V and lost 16–13 to the Baltimore Colts on a last-second field goal. Thus, the local media pegged the Cowboys as “Next Year’s Champions,” seemingly always having to wait until next year. The wait, though, was not long. The Cowboys won the NFC once again in 1971 and went on to win Super Bowl VI for their first world championship, decisively beating the Miami Dolphins, 24–3, behind the play of quarterback Roger Staubach, the game’s Most Valuable Player.", "The biggest Super Bowl blowout of all-time belongs to the San Francisco 49ers. Facing the (literally) defenseless Broncos on January 28, 1990, the Niners were 12-point favorites. However, once the game started they just completely ran amok. Joe Montana, who was the NFL MVP in 1989, also earned Super Bowl MVP honors by throwing for 297 yards and a ridiculous five touchdowns while finishing with a 75.9 completion percentage.", "After 9–7 and 10–6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively, the Giants compiled a 14–2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense. As of 2015, this is the Giants' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16-game seasons in 1978. After clinching the top seed in the NFC, the Giants defeated the 49ers 49–3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17–0 in the NFC championship game, advancing to their first Super Bowl, Super Bowl XXI, against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88% completion percentage, they defeated the Broncos 39–20, to win their first championship since 1956. In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor, the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells, tight end Mark Bavaro, running back Joe Morris, and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson.", "The second half of the decade was dominated by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who won four times in six seasons: Super Bowls IX, X, XII and XIV. Led by the \"Steel Curtain\" defense and quarterback Terry Bradshaw, the Steelers appeared in six AFC championship games during the 1970s, making the playoffs in eight consecutive years. The squad became the first (and only) team to win back-to-back Super Bowls on two different occasions.", "On January 26, 1986, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Chicago Bears score a Super Bowl record number of points to defeat the New England Patriots, 46-10, and win their first championship since 1963.", "Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers (3) - Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh, and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas.", "*Having been down 10 points in the first quarter, the Saints tied a record for the biggest comeback win in Super Bowl history, set in Super Bowl XXII when the Washington Redskins faced a 10-point first quarter deficit of their own.", "** The New York Jets upset the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III, 16-7. Joe Namath is the MVP of the game.", "Elway and the Broncos earned their second title in Super Bowl XXXIII, handily beating the Atlanta Falcons. In a rare NFC win, the St. Louis Rams took the title in Super Bowl XXXIV, but that was followed by a drubbing by the Baltimore Ravens of the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV.", "Super Bowl XXX (1996) – Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown is pushed out of bounds after one of his two interceptions in Super Bowl XXX. Brown's MVP efforts helped the Cowboys beat Pittsburgh 27-17 for their third championship in four years.", "* Atlanta Falcons (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIII. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.", "The 1985 team is also remembered for recording the song \"The Super Bowl Shuffle\", which reached number forty-one on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for a Grammy Award. The music video for the song depicts the team rapping that they are \"not here to start no trouble\" but instead \"just here to do the Super Bowl Shuffle\". The team took a risk by recording and releasing the song before the playoffs had even begun, but were able to avoid embarrassment by going on to win Super Bowl XX by a then-record margin of 46–10. That game was one of the most watched television events in history according to the Nielsen ratings system; the game had a rating of 48.3, ranking it 7th in all-time television history. ", "In the 1980s, the team drafted LB Lawrence Taylor who would go on to become one of the game’s greatest defensive forces. Other notable players are Frank Gifford, Eli Manning , Y.A. Tittle, Harry Carson, Mel Hein, Fran Tarkenton, Roosevelt Brown and Phil Simms.", "Super Bowl XX was the 20th championship game of the modern National Football League (NFL). The game was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana following the 1985 regular season ." ]

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[ "Prior to Sea The Stars in 2010, the brilliant Nashwan was the last horse to complete the 2,000 Guineas, Derby double, whilst was the legendary Nijinsky was the last to win the English Triple Crown (2,000 Guineas, Derby, St Ledger).", "The highlight of the racing year at Doncaster is undoubtedly the St. Leger Festival , which takes place in September each year and culminates in the oldest Classic, the St. Leger. Together with the 2,000 Guineas and the Derby, the St. Leger forms the so-called “Triple Crown”, last won by Nijinsky, ridden by Lester Piggott, in 1970.", "Since Nijinsky, only Nashwan (1989), Sea the Stars (2009), and Camelot (2012) have won both the Guineas and the Derby. Between Reference Point in 1987 and Camelot in 2012, no Derby winner (not even the potential Triple Crown winners Nashwan and Sea the Stars) even entered the St. Leger. This reluctance to compete in the St. Leger is said to be because of the impact it would have on a horse's stud value in a market where speed is preferred to stamina.", "The Derby has produced a number of memorable winners during its long and illustrious history with none more legendary than Nijinsky won the race in 1970. The Vincent OBrien trained horse won the Derby on his way to becoming the last horse to win the famed Triple Crown with the 2000 Guineas and St Leger also on his bulging CV. Another notable name on the Derby roll of honour is that of Shergar who hit the headlines around the world following his brilliant success in the race. The Irish trained horse won the race by an astonishing 10 lengths in 1981 which is a record winning distance that remains in place to this day. That legend has grown since then of course after Shergar was kidnapped in 1983 by masked gunmen but regardless of that his Derby win was a stunning performance.", "With the 2000 Guineas and Epsom Derby it forms the third leg of the English Triple Crown, a title last won in 1970 by Nijinsky II. Doncaster is a wide, galloping track with a daunting 4 furlongs home straight, and this makes the race a real test of stamina.", "Nijinsky appeared to recover fully after being placed on a \"rich\" diet including raw eggs and Irish Stout, and was sent to Doncaster for the St. Leger in September. In the one mile and six furlongs race, he was attempting to become the first horse since Bahram 35 years earlier to complete the English Triple Crown. He started the 2/7 favourite and won comfortably, although his margin of victory over Meadowville was only one length. As of 2014, he is the last horse to accomplish the feat of sweeping the English Triple Crown: since 1970 only Reference Point (1987), Nashwan (1989), Sea The Stars (2009) and Camelot (2012) have won two of the three races, but Oh So Sharp won the filly's version of the Triple Crown in 1985.", "In 1970, a film was made about his racing career entitled A Horse Called Nijinsky. Narrated by Orson Welles, it was released in British cinemas and in 1988 released on VHS video.[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0430194/ A Horse Called Nijinsky (1970) - IMDb] The Nijinsky team also was voted the 1970 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Team Award. In a poll in 2000, readers of the UK newspaper The Sun voted Nijinsky their \"Horse of the Millennium.\" Among the more unusual tributes, a Cabernet Sauvignon wine and a variety of winter wheat have been named in Nijinsky's honour. Bronze statues of him stand at Ballydoyle and at The Curragh racecourse.[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/9544188/Aidan-OBrien-and-Camelot-ready-for-their-race-into-the-history-books-by-completing-Triple-Crown-with-St-Leger.html Aidan O'Brien and Camelot ready for their race into the history books by completing Triple Crown with St Leger - Telegraph][http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/271609/Nijinsky-statue-a-reminder-for-Camelot-trainer-Aidan-O-Brien Nijinsky statue a reminder for Camelot trainer Aidan O'Brien | Daily Star]", "The list of winners of the 2,000 Guineas reads like a who’s who of British horse racing, with some of the most famous horses having won the race over its 200 years. Nijinsky, ridden by Lester Piggott, was the 1970 winner of the 2,000 Guineas, and is perhaps best known for winning British Horse Racing’s Triple Crown – following up his win in the 2,000 Guineas with a famous victory in the Epsom Derby and then comfortably winning the St Leger.", "In the Horse Racing World in the UK, the Epsom Derby is one of the five British Classic Races, the others being the 1000 Guineas, 2000 Guineas, The Oaks and the St Leger and it is the second leg of the English Triple Crown preceded by the 2,000 Guineas and followed by the St. Leger.", "Three days later Vincent O’Brien would saddle Nijinsky to win the Epsom Derby, en route to becoming the only post-war winner of the Triple Crown. John Lawrence – later Lord Oaksey – paid Arkle this masterly tribute.", "Looking back on his fantastic record at Epsom, there are two Derby winners that stand out. As far as the general racing public are concerned, Nijinsky, in 1970, would be Piggott's most popular winner. Trained by Vincent O'Brien (now 91, and Epsom's guest of honour this year), the colt went on to complete the Triple Crown by winning the St Leger.", "Nijinsky's opposition in the Derby at Epsom was stronger and he started at odds of 11/8. His rivals were headed by the French-trained colt Gyr. The veteran French trainer Etienne Pollet had delayed his retirement for a year to guide Gyr, a son of his champion Sea-Bird, through his three-year-old season. Nijinsky was held up by Piggott as usual before moving forward in the straight by which time Gyr was in front and moving clear. Two furlongs from the finish Piggott was forced to use his whip on Nijinsky. The favourite responded immediately, catching Gyr in a few strides and then pulling ahead to win by two and a half lengths. The winning time of 2:34.68 was the fastest Epsom Derby since 1936. Piggott claimed that he was \"always cantering\" while Bill Williamson, who rode Gyr said that \"Nijinsky was just too good.\" ", "St Leger Day is the highlight of the Festival, featuring top-class races: the Champagne Stakes and ultra-competitive Portland Handicap sprint. The showpiece race; the St Leger, is the last of the 5 most prestigious Classic races in the UK Flat racing calendar and final leg of the British ‘Triple Crown’, last won in 1970 by Nijinsky. With a record £600,000 prize-fund the race attracts the best horses, with a glittering roll of honour including some of the most acclaimed horses in history.", "With so many accolades, the one that stands out was his record in the Epsom Derby. Lester Piggott won seven more Epsom Derby winners titles following his second win in 1957, winning the race in three consecutive decades. One of his most memorable wins came in 1970 when he teamed up with one of the greatest ever thoroughbred racehorses, Nijinsky, to win the Epsom Derby.", "at Ballydoyle, County Tipperary, Ireland. One of the top horses of this century this colt became in 1970 the first British Triple Crovm winner since Bahram. Nijinsky won four races as a two-year-old in Ireland before coming toBritain to run in the Dewhurst Stakes at Newmarket when he was ridden by Lester Piggott, who was to be associated with most of his later triumphs.", "Nijinsky, a bay horse with a white star and three white feet, was bred at E. P. Taylor's Windfields Farm in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. He was from the second crop of foals sired by Northern Dancer, the winner of the 1964 Kentucky Derby who went on to become one of the most influential sires of the 20th century. His dam, Flaming Page, by Bull Page, was a highly successful racemare, winning the 1962 Queen's Plate. At stud, she produced only two other foals, but one of these was Fleur, who produced the 1977 Epsom Derby winner The Minstrel. Nijinsky was a big, powerful horse standing high, resembling his dam rather than his sire in stature. ", "An attack of ringworm after that victory left Nijinsky inactive for a significant period. Despite that, Nijinsky captured the St. Leger Stakes upon his return to complete the Triple Crown, the first to do so since Bahram accomplished the feat 35 years earlier.", "9 .. The number of Epsom Derby winners kicked home by Lester. After Never Say Die in 1954 he won on Crepello (1957), St Paddy (1960), Sir Ivor (1968), Nijinsky (1970), Roberto (1972), Empery (1976), The Minstrel (1977) and Teenoso (1983).", "The Derby was named after the 12th Earl of Derby and run over a mile until 1784 when it was extended to a mile and a half when Tattenham Corner was introduced. The Derby has been won by many great champions including West Australian (1853), Ormonde (1886), Bahram (1935) and Nijinksy (1970) - four of the 15 horses who won the race en route to winning the Triple Crown.", "Sceptre won thirteen of her twenty-one starts, including four classic races in 1902. Indeed, only one of the classic races the Derby eluded her. In three of these races Herbert Randall rode her. These included the 2000 Guineas (first run in 1809), which was a distance of one mile for three-year-old colts and fillies at Rowley Mile Racecourse, Newmarket; the 1000 Guineas (first run in [End Page 74] 1814) over one mile at Newmarket for three-year-old fillies; the Oaks (first run in 1779) over one mile four furlongs at Epsom Downs, Surrey for three-year-old fillies and the St Leger (first run in 1776), over one mile six furlongs 127 yards for three-year-old colts and fillies at Doncaster, Yorkshire. In this race Francis Hardy was her jockey. The St Leger is the oldest of the classic races and was named after Lt General Anthony St Leger, of the St Leger family from Doneraile in North Cork. St Leger moved to Yorkshire where, in 1761, he married Margaret Wombwell the co-heiress of the Wombwell estate. He later purchased the Park Hill Estate near Doncaster. 12 He died in Dublin on 19 April 1786 and is buried in St Anne’s Church, Dawson Street. 13", "Although Nijinski was born in Canada, he was shipped to Ireland for training at such an early age that the British racing public happily accepted him as one of their own. Seemingly intent on making his name from the very start, Nijinsky began to built his reputation as a splendid race horse from an early age; and succeeded in becoming the champion two-year-old of both England and Ireland in 1969. The next year, as soon as he had reached racing maturity, Nijinski proceeded to win the 2,000 Guineas Stakes at the Epsom Derby and the Irish Derby . Off to a flying start he continued his winning streak, taking first place at the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, and the Doncaster St. Leger Stakes - which made him the first horse in 35 years to complete a winning English Triple Crown. Nijinsky has been the subject of a documentary narrated by Orson Wells, and was voted 'Horse of the Millennium' posthumously in a 2000 poll of The Sun.", "During his standout career, Nijinsky blazed a trail like no other horse before him. He was the first horse to win the coveted English Triple Crown in 35 years, after capturing the Epsom Derby, St. Leger Stakes and the Two Thousand Guineas in 1970. That same year, Nijinsky was honored as Europe's Horse of the Year. He also shattered the European Earnings record after winning $677,177, Nijinsky was later syndicated for a world record sum of $5.4 million.", "The following horses won the 2000 Guineas and Derby but were beaten in the St Leger:", "It's not unusual for horses that run the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket to run the Irish 2000 Guineas later in the month. In recent times horses such as Don't Forget Me, Tirol, Rodrigo De Triano and Rock Of Gibraltar have all completed doubles, winning both of the 2000 Guineas races. 2007 saw another double with Cockney Rebel winning the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket and the 2007 Irish 2000 Guineas .", "During August, 1970, Nijinsky contracted an attack of the skin disease, ringworm, but recovered in time to win his third classic, the St. Leger. He suffered the first defeat of his career when in a sensational finish he was beaten by French Derby winner Sassafras in the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe.", "14. In horse racing which race is missing from the Triple Crown?-The Epsom Derby, The Saint Leger and …?", "The Epsom Derby is the regarded as the top 3 year old race for colts in the World run over the Epsom Downs over the 1 mile 4 furlong distance. The best form guide for the race is the 2000 Guineas even though it is a race run over half a mile less in distance. Every top trainer sets out his top colts to try and peak for this race and for this reason many find it difficult to attain the same standard over the remainder of the flat season. This race tends to be won by a fancied runner as most punters latch onto the market moves of the big trainers in the weeks running up to the race and they are usually proved right.", "In 2000, British racing aficionados voted Nijinsky as their Horse of the Millenium. It was a tremendous honor considering that so many great horses have made their mark on the British horse racing scene over the last century. But the 2000 poll conducted by the Sun newspaper spoke loud and clear -- Nijinsky was the horse the people loved the most.", "In the 1979-2015 period, horses who contested all three races, losing the Kentucky Derby but winning the Preakness and the Belmont were Risen Star in 1988, Hansel in 1991, Tabasco Cat in 1994, Point Given in 2001, and Afleet Alex in 2005. In 1984, Swale and in 1995, Thunder Gulch ran all three races, winning the Derby and the Belmont, but not the Preakness.", "He was sent to stud in Kentucky and went on to become a leading sire. Nijinsky died in 1992, aged 25.", "The 2000 Guineas Stakes is run at Newmarket Racecourse in late April to early May. It is a flat race over one mile, perfectly suited for Newmarket's infamous Rowley Mile track. The 2000 Guineas was the last of the three Triple Crown races to come into existence, with its inaugural running taking place in 1809.", "In the United States, the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, commonly known as the Triple Crown, is a title awarded to a three-year-old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a Triple Crown winner." ]

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[ "The Brooklyn Dodgers won baseball’s World Series by defeating the New York Yankees four games to three. This was the Dodgers’ first-ever world championship.", "In 1969, the American League expanded when the Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots, were admitted to the league prompting the expansion of the post-season for the first time since the creation of the World Series. The Pilots stayed just one season in Seattle before moving and becoming the Milwaukee Brewers in 1970. The National League also added two teams in 1969, the Montreal Expos and San Diego Padres. By 1969, at the end of the 1960s the New York Mets won the World Series in only the 8th year of the team's existence.", "Ralph Terry returned to the mound in the bottom of the ninth. The first batter to face him was Bill Mazeroski. With a count of one ball and no strikes, the Pirates’ second baseman smashed a historic long drive over the left field wall, ending the contest and crowning the Pirates as World Series champions. As the Pirates erupted, the Yankees stood across the field in stunned disbelief. The improbable champions were outscored, outhit, and outplayed, but had managed to pull out a victory anyhow. Years later, Mickey Mantle was quoted[citation needed] as saying that losing the 1960 series was the biggest disappointment of his career, the only loss, amateur or professional, he cried actual tears over. For Bill Mazeroski, by contrast, it was the highlight.", "baseball: SL Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds [World Series: 1961/all-star: 1961], Houston Colt .45�s, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox", "The 1957 Milwaukee Braves were the first baseball team to win the World Series after being relocated.", "baseball: Pittsburgh Pirates, SL Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago White Sox, Cincinnati Reds [World Series: 1961], Houston Astros", "The Reds had winning teams during the rest of the 1960s, but did not produce any championships. They won 98 games in 1962, paced by Purkey's 23, but finished third. In 1964, they lost the pennant by one game to the Cardinals after having taken first place when the Phillies collapsed in September. Their beloved manager Fred Hutchinson died of cancer just weeks after the end of the 1964 season. The failure of the Reds to win the 1964 pennant led to owner Bill DeWitt's selling off key components of the team, in anticipation of relocating the franchise. In response to DeWitt's threatened move, the women of Cincinnati banded together to form the Rosie Reds to urge DeWitt to keep the franchise in Cincinnati. The Rosie Reds are still in existence, and are currently the oldest fan club in Major League Baseball. After the 1965 season he executed what may be the most lopsided trade in baseball history, sending former Most Valuable Player Frank Robinson to the Baltimore Orioles for pitchers Milt Pappas and Jack Baldschun, and outfielder Dick Simpson. Robinson went on to win the MVP and triple crown in the American league for 1966, and lead Baltimore to its first ever World Series title in a sweep of the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Reds did not recover from this trade until the rise of the \"Big Red Machine\" of the 1970s.", "Major League Baseball celebrated the 100th anniversary of the World Series in 2003. In the first-ever World Series that year, the Boston Pilgrims (now known as the Red Sox) defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates, 5 games to 3. The Series was originally a best-of-nine format.", "baseball: LA Dodgers [NL Rookie of the Year: 1965/World Series: 1965, 1966/all-star: 1966]; manager: Seattle Mariners, Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Brewers", "#The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss, winning the championship in their first five appearances—1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, and 1918—before losing in the next series they played, in 1946. The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Cleveland Indians (in 1920 and 1948), the Toronto Blue Jays (in 1992 and 1993), and the Miami Marlins (in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins). The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series.", "The Reds captured the 1961 National League pennant, holding off the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants, only to be defeated by the perennially powerful New York Yankees in the World Series.", "#12 expansion teams have now contested at least one Series. Until 2015, all World Series matchups featured at least one of the 16 teams established by 1903. As of the end of the 2014 edition, expansion teams were 9–12 in the World Series, with three teams (the New York Mets, Toronto Blue Jays and Miami Marlins) each winning two. The Kansas City Royals, the then-Anaheim Angels and the Arizona Diamondbacks had each won one Series by the end of the 2014 season. With the New York Mets defeating the Chicago Cubs in a four-game sweep in the 2015 National League Championship Series, the 2015 World Series was guaranteed to be the first ever World Series matchup in which both teams were expansion teams, where the Mets (whose first season occurred in 1962) faced off against the Kansas City Royals (whose first season occurred in 1969). ", "After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers for Los Angeles and the Giants for San Francisco, New York was a one-team town for the first time since professional play began. In 1962, the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new team, the New York Mets who played at the Giants' former home, the Polo Grounds, for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing, Queens. The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series, their tenth in the past sixteen years, defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games. It would be the Yankees' last championship until 1977.", "In 1975 , the Red Sox won the pennant and met the dynastic Cincinnati Reds in the World Series . The Red Sox won Game 6 on a famous walk-off home run by catcher Carlton Fisk , setting the stage for the deciding Game 7. Boston took a quick 3-0 lead, but the Reds tied the game. In the top of the ninth, the Reds brought in the go-ahead run on a Joe Morgan single that scored Ken Griffey, Sr. , winning what is regarded as one of the greatest World Series ever played.", "In 1962, the New York Mets filled the void in New York baseball that resulted from the moves of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants to the West Coast. Seven years later, the Miracle Mets brought back World Series excitement to New York. [ read more... ]", "The Dodgers then faced the Chicago White Sox in their fifth World Series of the 1950s. Using timely hitting and outstanding pitching, the Dodgers brought their first championship to Los Angeles and beat the Sox in six games. Larry Sherry was impressive, winning two games and saving two, earning MVP honors. Charlie Neal and Chuck Essegian had two home runs apiece.", "From 1951–1967, the White Sox had their longest period of sustained success, scoring a winning record for 17 straight seasons. Known as the \"Go-Go White Sox\" for their tendency to focus on speed and getting on base versus power hitting, they featured stars such as Minnie Miñoso, Nellie Fox, Luis Aparicio, Billy Pierce, and Sherm Lollar. From 1957–1965, the Sox were managed by Al Lopez. The Sox finished in the upper half of the American League in eight of his nine seasons, including six years in the top two of the league. In 1959, the White Sox ended the New York Yankees dominance over the American League, and won their first pennant since the ill-fated 1919 campaign. Despite winning game one of the 1959 World Series 11-0, they fell to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games. ", "1967 - St Louis Cards beat Boston Red Sox, 4 games to 3 in 64th World Series as Lou Brock steals a record 7 bases in 1 World Series", "The Chicago Cubs: The Woobie of Major League Baseball. They were infamous for not having won the World Series since 1908 and not having even reached it since 1945. Superstitious Cubs fans claimed that the team's lack of postseason success was the result of the \"Curse of the Billy Goat\" (don't ask). They had a couple of agonizingly close calls (1984, 2003, and 2015). Then, in 2016, they finally won another World Series title, defeating the Cleveland Indians, who is now the current \"cursed\" team. They play in Wrigley Field, the oldest park in the National League (active since 1914), and possibly the most well-known and loved Major League stadium. It's famous for countless quirks such as ivy-covered outfield walls, fans sitting on nearby rooftops to watch the game, and the fact that night games were not allowed there until 1988. They are also well known for now-deceased broadcaster Harry Caray, known for his 7th inning renditions of \"Take Me Out To The Ballgame\" as well as his unique approach to color commentary.", "Behind Tim Lincecum, the Giants wrapped up the World Series with a 3-1 Game 5 win for their first world championship in San Francisco and the first for the Giants franchise since 1954. Édgar Rentería was named World Series Most Valuable Player. ", "Although the pitching was the mainstay of the team in the 1960s, the Dodgers did produce some outstanding hitters. Tommy Davis won two consecutive batting titles in 1962 and 1963 and had a lifetime .304 average with the Dodgers. The other Davis -- outfielder Willie Davis -- enjoyed 14 seasons with the Dodgers. The all-time leader in many offensive categories, Willie Davis posted a club-record 31-game hitting streak in 1969. From 1960-64, 6-foot-7 slugger Frank Howard provided the Dodgers with 121 home runs, including 31 in 1962.", "The Dodgers moved to Los Angeles after the 1957 season and promptly won their second World Series in 1959. That was the only World Series from 1955 to 1964 in which the Yankees didn't represent the American League, so when the Dodgers returned to the Fall Classic in 1963, their old nemesis was there waiting for them.", "The New York Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers to take the World Series in game 7. It’s the sixth time the Dodgers have entered the series, only to lose it. Brooklyn second baseman Jackie Robinson, summed it up” “They didn’t miss Joe DiMaggio. It was that Mantle, that Mickey Mantle killed us. If it hadn’t been for him, I think this would have been a very different series.”", "1963 : Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) defeat New York Yankees (AL), 4 games to 0. MVP: Sandy Koufax , Los Angeles", "The Athletics baseball franchise played in the city from 1955, after moving from Philadelphia; to 1967 when the team relocated to Oakland, California. The city's current Major League Baseball franchise, the Royals, started play in 1969, and are the only major league sports franchise in Kansas City that has neither relocated nor changed its name. The Royals were the first American League expansion team to reach the playoffs, in 1976, to reach the World Series in 1980, and to win the World Series in 1985. The Royals returned to the World Series in 2014 and won in 2015.", "1964 - St Louis Cardinals beat NY Yankees, 4 games to 3 in 61st World Series", "1968 - Detroit Tigers beat St Louis Cards, 4 games to 3 in 65th World Series", "The following year, after a repeat pennant, they would go on to win their first World Series title in 1907. They returned the following year to win their second (and last) World Series becoming the first team in baseball to win back to back World Series Titles.", "Supp 1 Which baseball team has recently won the World Series for the first time since 1908?", "1959 – First world series (World Series #56) game played west of St Louis (in LA).", "1959 - The first World Series to be played west of St. Louis began in Los Angeles, CA.", "How high did baseball players' salaries get in the '60s, and who was the highest-paid player of that decade?" ]

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[ "1998- Lindsay Davenport was the first American-born woman to win the U.S. Open since Chris Evert won the last of her six singles titles in 1982.", "• Won first career Grand Slam singles title at the U.S. Open, defeating top-ranked Martina Hingis 6-3, 7-5. It was her fourth hardcourt title in five tourneys played during the summer. She did not drop a set in the tournament and became the first American-born woman since Chris Evert in 1982 to win the U.S. Open and only the fourth American-born player to win in the Open Era.", "Of the 80 matches in the Chris Evert-Martina Navratilova rivalry, Navratilova's 4-6, 6-4, 6-4 victory in the 1984 US Open may have been the most compelling.", "Christine Marie Evert (born December 21, 1954) is a former World No. 1 woman tennis player from the United States. During her career, she won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, including a record 7 at the French Open. She also won 3 Grand Slam doubles titles. Evert's career win-loss record in singles matches of 1,309-146 (.900) is the best of any professional player in tennis history. In tennis writer Steve Flink's book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, he named Evert as the third best female player of the 20th century, after Steffi Graf and Martina Navratilova. Chris evert has never lost in the 1st round of any grand slam, her earliest exits being the 3rd round. Height 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Weight 125 lb (57 kg) Turned Pro 1972 Retired 1989 Tennis career Evert beg...", "Samantha Stosur of Australia outplayed three-time champion Serena Williams of USA in straight sets to win the US Open women's single's crown in New York on September 11, 2011. Stosur became the first Australian woman to take the US Open title since Margaret Court in 1973.", "Chris Evert grew up playing tennis with her father in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. When she was 15 years old she landed in the spotlight with a win over the top-ranked woman in tennis, Margaret Court . The next year she made it to the semi-finals of the U.S. Open; she lost to Billie Jean King , but Chrissie’s skill and maturity on the court made the tenacious teen a crowd favorite.", "** It was her eighteenth grand slam singles title tying the American record held by Evert and Martina Navratilova.", "Longevity of success is her final claim to the No. 2 spot on this list. During a 10-year span from 1975 to 1984, she reached the U.S. Open finals nine times. The only exception was 1981, when the top-seeded Evert lost to Martina Navratilova 7-5, 4-6, 6-4 in the semifinals.", "Chris Evert (34), Martina Navratilova (32) and Steffi Graf (31) are the only women to appear in more Grand Slam singles finals. Williams’ 84 percent win rate in finals is the best ever (minimum five titles).", "• Won her second consecutive US Open title, defeating Serena Williams in final, the first time sisters met in a Grand Slam final since Wimbledon in 1884 when Maud Watson d. Lilian Watson 6-8, 6-3, 6-3. The final was the first-ever “prime time” scheduled women’s singles final and earned a TV rating on CBS that was nearly double that of the Notre Dame-Nebraska college football game played at the same time on a competing network.", "Navratilova appeared in 24 major singles finals and in cumulative major competition won 306 times. When she defeated Chris Evert at the 1983 US Open, 6-1, 6-3, Navratilova became only the seventh female player in history to earn a Career Grand Slam. There were still 26 years remaining in her illustrious career. In 1980 she teamed with American Betsy Nagelsen to win the Australian Open doubles title, earning a Career Grand Slam in that category, one of only nine female players in history to record this feat. But she wasn’t done just yet. At the 2003 Australian, she partnered with Leander Paes of India to win the mixed doubles crown, and she became one of only four female players in history to win a Career Grand Slam in mixed doubles.", "Christine Marie \"Chris\" Evert is a former world #1 professional tennis player from the United States. She won 18 Grand Slam singles championships, including a record seven championships at the French Open and a record six championships at the U.S. Open. She was the year-ending World No. 1 singles player in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, and 1981.…  Read More", "It would be 43 years before another black woman won a Grand Slam championship: Serena Williams won her first of five U.S. Opens in 1999, not long after faxing a letter and list of questions to Gibson. Her sister Venus then won back-to-back titles at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open in 2000 and 2001.", "Stosur won the 2011 US Open, defeating Serena Williams in the final and becoming the first Australian woman since Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1980 to win a Grand Slam singles tournament. Stosur has won five other Grand Slam titles to date: the 2005 US Open and 2006 French Open in women's doubles; and the 2005 Australian Open, 2008 and 2014 Wimbledon Championships in mixed doubles.", "The main storyline of the 2015 US Open was Serena Williams's quest for the calendar-year Grand Slam. She made it to the semifinals and with her last two opponents being No. 43 Roberta Vinci, whom she had beaten in every one of their previous matches (always in straight sets), and No. 26 Flavia Pennetta waiting in the final, her making history looked all but set in stone. However, Vinci had other ideas against a visibly tense Serena in the semifinals and pulled off one of the biggest upsets ever in sports history to create one of the unlikeliest Grand Slam finals of all time.", "Wimbledon glory was under the flags of USA in another era by Billie Jean King and Chris Evert-Lloyd. Both were highlighted in the WTA tennis player ranking for several years. They met some resistance from the former world No. 1 in the tennis player ranking Evonne Goolagong-Cawley, who appeared in the finals of the Wimbledon in that era 4 times, but over all it was all USA in that era.", "Evert served notice that an extraordinary career was in the making when, as a 15-year-old, she defeated reigning U.S. Open champion Margaret Court at a tournament in North Carolina. Her talent was revealed to the rest of the tennis world at the 1971 U.S. Open, when she staged several impressive comebacks in the early rounds before falling to eventual champion Billie Jean King in the semifinals.", "Navratilova bulldozed and mowed down opponents in historical proportions. In 1984 she won a record 74 straight matches in a row, a streak that began in February at the US Indoor Championships and didn’t end until December at the Australian Open when Helena Sukova rallied from a set down to defeat Navratilova, 1-6, 6-3, 7-5, in the semifinals. She won 13 consecutive WTA singles titles that year, highlighting a career in which she won at least one WTA singles title 21 consecutive times (1974-1994). Navratilova’s dominating play led her to win 58 consecutive matches (1986-87), 54 (1983-84), and 41 (1982). ", "Christine Marie Evert was born on December 21, 1954, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to parents Jimmy and Colette Evert. A former competitive tennis player who became the head pro at Fort Lauderdale's Holiday Park facility, Jimmy taught the sport to all five of his children. Beginning at age 5, Chris Evert was drilled in the fundamentals of tennis on Holiday Park's clay courts, where she developed her famed two-handed backhand.", "* The 2001 US Open marked the first time in the open era, and only the second time in 117 years, that sisters met in a Grand Slam singles final (with Serena Williams).", "Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Althea Gibson (1927-2003) becomes the first black person to play in and win Wimbledon and the United States national tennis championship. She won both tournaments twice, in 1957 and 1958.", "In 56 Grand Slam appearances, only twice did Chris Evert fail to make it to at least the quarterfinals in the singles draw. She had at least two titles at each of the Grand Slam events when she retired in 1989, winning the French Open in 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985 and 1986, Wimbledon in 1974, 1976 and 1981, the U.S. Open in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1982 and the Australian Open in 1982 and 1984.", "Born in Florida in 1954, Chris Evert was drilled in the fundamentals of tennis at a young age by her father. She won the first of a record seven French Open titles in 1974 and took over the world's No. 1 ranking in 1975. Evert retired in 1989 with 18 Grand Slam singles titles and a record 90 percent career winning percentage. Elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1995, she later became a TV analyst.", "Gibson was born in South Carolina on August 25, 1927, and raised in Harlem. She started playing tennis in 1942 at the Cosmopolitan Tennis Club under the tutelage of Fred Johnson. In 1950, Gibson caused a sensation when she became the first black player to compete in the U.S. Open; she became the first black to play Wimbledon the following year.", "The American also won the Australian Open twice, Wimbledon three times and the U.S. Open six times. Her six U.S. Open titles is also a modern record Evert holds alone.", "Monica Seles has a Hungarian name as she was born to Hungarian parents, in former Yugoslavia. Seles was the World No. 1 professional tennis player in 1991 and 1992 before being forced from the sport when she was stabbed by a spectator at a match in 1993. She did return to the game two years later, but never achieved the same level of success.", "50. Who was the first female tennis player to win all 4 grand slam titles and an Olympic gold medal in the same year?", "ò By winning 1995 US Open, became the only woman of all time to win each of the four Grand Slam singles titles at least four times", "outstanding American tennis player who dominated the sport in the mid- and late 1970s and remained a major competitor into the late 1980s. She was noted for her consistency, precision, poise, and grace and for popularizing the two-handed backhand stroke. Evert, the daughter of a noted tennis player, early began taking tennis lessons from her father....", "26. Chris Evert: Known as the Ice Maiden for having icicles in her veins on court, the American won her first Wimbledon title in 1974.", "Finalist at the Australian Open in 1987 and 1988, semi-finalist at the US Open in 1984", "Finalist at the Australian Open 1987 and 1988 the semi-final of the US Open in 1984" ]

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[ "OTHER COURSES IN THE AREA: Stoke Park Club in Stoke Poges, where the golf scenes and a few others were filmed for the James Bond classic \"Goldfinger,\" is located outside London on the outskirts of Windsor and Eaton about 7 miles from Heathrow Airport.", "Stoke Poges was also used as the setting for the golf scenes in the 1964 James Bond movie Goldfinger, in which 007 had his famous match with Goldfinger. The film featured the scene whereby Harold Sakata, as Oddjob, spun his steel-rimmed bowler hat at Sean Connery. It missed 007 but beheaded a statue! The clubhouse was also featured in the later Bond movie, Tomorrow Never Dies.", "Likewise, the golf match between Bond and Goldfinger, supposedly at ‘Royal St George’s, Sandwich’ in Kent, uses Stoke Poges Golf Club, on the A332 a couple of miles north of Slough, Buckinghamshire . The clubhouse, in front of which Oddjob decapitates a statue with his lethal hat, is Stoke Park Club , Park Road, Stoke Poges. It's since been seen in Bridget Jones's Diary ; became the interior of the ‘Hamburg’ hotel in another Bond movie, Tomorrow Never Dies , is a major setting for Layer Cake , and even became a ‘Beverly Hills’ hotel for Bride and Prejudice.", "FOR INFO\\r\\nYou are missing the last digit on the fax number it should read \\r\\n01753-717181.\\r\\nIn 1964 the famous golf scene from the Bond movie 'Goldfinger'\\r\\n(Sean Connery & Odd Job) was filmed at the Club,\\r\\nIn 1997 the Bond film 'Tomorrow Never Dies' was filmed here.\\r\\nWe were voted golf Club of the Year in 1996.\\r\\nWe will be opening an additional 9 holes to recreate the 1908, \\r\\n27 hole course designed by Harry Shapland Colt.\\r\\nThe Clubhouse is over 50,000 sq.ft. and was built in 1795, it \\r\\nis a Grade I listed building\\r\\n\\r\\nYours \\r\\n\\r\\nC M King\\r\\nManaging Director - SPGC", "This luxurious Buckinghamshire country club has featured in some of Britain’s biggest films – from Bond toBridget Jones’s Diary . It’s on Stoke’s famous Championship golf course that Sean Connery’s 007 takes onGoldfinger in cinema’s most famous 18 holes.", "The third and eighteenth movies in the James Bond series of feature films, Goldfinger (1964) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), were filmed in and around the mansion and on our championship golf course.", "The pre-credits sequence used a church in Stoke Poges as a cemetery, while the helicopter scenes were filmed at the abandoned Beckton Gas Works in London. The gas works were also the location for some of Stanley Kubrick's 1987 film, Full Metal Jacket. Director John Glen got the idea for the remote-controlled helicopter after seeing a child playing with an RC car. Since flying a helicopter through a warehouse was thought to be too dangerous, the scene was shot using forced perspective. A smaller mock-up was built by Derek Meddings' team closer to the camera that the stunt pilot Marc Wolff flew behind and this made it seem as if the helicopter was entering the warehouse. The footage inside the building was shot on location, though with a life-sized helicopter model which stood over a rail. Stuntman Martin Grace stood as Bond when the agent is dangling outside the flying helicopter, while Roger Moore himself was used in the scenes inside the model. ", "* Key West served as the location for a number of scenes in the 1989 James Bond movie Licence to Kill.", "Royal St. George’s was Ian Fleming’s Golf Club. In Goldfinger it features as Royal St. Mark’s. The golf match between Bond and Goldfinger is one of the most memorable scenes in all the Bond books. It was written from the heart and occupies two whole chapters of Goldfinger stroke by stroke, hole by hole. Fleming describes it simply –", "Actor. Perhaps best known as James Bond, but more recent roles have included \"The Untouchables\", for which he won an Oscar and the \"Hunt for Red October\". Also an accomplished amateur golfer.", "Most of the rest is set in Britain. In London, Bond contemplates changing times and his own future while scrutinising Turner's The Fighting Temeraire during a rendezvous in the National Gallery with the new, young, computer-savvy Q (Ben Wishaw), who provides for his logistical needs. M, in mortal danger from Silva, recites Tennyson's \"Ulysses\" (\"To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield\") to give her strength for the fateful showdown with her relentless nemesis. This is staged in the bracing Highlands, ancient home of the Bond family (their 16th century mansion is called Skyfall). It's the sort of place where British sporting heroes such as Buchan's Richard Hannay and the protagonist of Geoffrey Household's Rogue Male would once repair to confront their enemies. To get there, Bond digs out the Aston Martin DB5 (first seen in Goldfinger ) and M jokes about not wanting to be ejected.", "Begins, The Golden Compass, and more recently, Kingsman: The Secret Service. He realized his childhood dream of working on a Bond film starting with digital effects on GoldenEye then ultimately becoming supervisor of visual effects and miniatures on Casino Royale and Skyfall.", "Goldeneye is the seventeenth film in the James Bond series. Set in Russia and Puerto Rico, it stars Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, Sean Bean as Alec Trevelyan, Izabella Scorupco as Natalya Simonova, Famke Janssen as Xenia Onatopp, Alan Cumming as Boris Grishenko and Robbie Coltrane as Valentine Zukovsky.", "Roger Spottiswoode (Air America) directed this film, the 18th chapter in the 35-year-old James Bond series (excluding Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again). James Bond (Pierce Brosnan) learns billionaire media mogul Elliot Carver (Jonathan Pryce) is manipulating world events via an exclusive flow of information through his satellite system reaching all corners of the planet. With a stealth battleship sinking a British naval vessel, Carver sees that the Chinese are blamed. Crashing Carver's party in Hamburg, Bond meets \"journalist\" Wai Lin (Michelle Yeoh), later revealed as a Chinese agent. In a brief tryst, Bond renews his past relationship with Carver's wife Paris (Teri Hatcher). Carver dispatches Stamper (Gotz Otto) and other goons to cancel Bond, who eludes attackers with some of his new gadgets. In Southeast Asia, after Bond and Wai Lin scuba dive into the sunken British ship, they are captured by Stamper, handcuffed, and taken to Saigon where they make a motorcycle escape. To thwart Carver's plans for WWIII, the two agents head for Carver's stealth ship where a cruise missile is aimed at Beijing. Principal photography began April 1, 1997 in the new Eon Productions studio facility at Frogmore, northwest of London, and on the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios. Locations included the UK, Hamburg, Southeast Asia, Mexico, and off the Florida coast. The trademark Bond pre-title sequence was filmed in the French Pyrenees snowfields, centered around one of the few high-altitude operational airfields in Europe.", "Sean Connery played the role of James Bond for the seventh time, marking his return to the character 12 years after Diamonds Are Forever. The film's title is a reference to Connery's reported declaration in 1971 that he would \"never again\" play that role. As Connery was 52 at the time of filming, the storyline features an aging Bond, who is brought back into action to investigate the theft of two nuclear weapons by SPECTRE. Filming locations included France, Spain, the Bahamas and Elstree Studios in England.", "Experience a unique bungee-jumping adventure just like James Bond. You will arrive at the Contra Dam, on which the memorable scene of the Bond-film Goldeneye was filmed, with Pierce Brosnan playing Bond. This dam, perhaps Europe's most famous film location, and also known as the Verzasca or Locarno dam, is located in the canton of Ticino, in southern Switzerland.", "Writing for the superb 007 web site \"From Sweden With Love\", Cinema Retro columnist Mark Cerulli pays a visit to one of the most memorable James Bond villains: Putter Smith, who portrayed half of the gay hit men team in the 1971 007 flick \"Diamonds Are Forever\", squaring off against Sean Connery. . Smith, an acclaimed jazz musician, reminisces in part one of this recent interview. Click here to read and to view a fascinating deleted scene from \"Diamonds Are Forever\". ", "The first sequence in the film after the credits is set at a chess tournament in Venice, Italy, and I love the look and feel of these early Bond films.  Ted Moore’s cinematography is once again rich and colorful, setting a very lush sense of style for the James Bond world.  This has got to be the most opulent setting for a chess tournament ever.  The winner of the tournament, Kronsteen (Vladek Sheybal), is summoned to the boat where Ernst Blofeld (glimpsed only in part and voiced by Anthony Dawson) is already discussing plans with Rosa Klebb (Lotte Lenya), the number three agent for SPECTRE.  His musings on the nature of Siamese Fighting Fish reveals his thinking about his own organization, and hints at the ego that will make him one of Bond’s greatest ongoing rivals.", "7th January 2012 - After the holiday break Judi Dench and the Bond 23 crew recreated the elaborate funeral scenes for the men who died in MI6's explosion. Shot at the Old Royal Navy College in Greenwich, only a small amount of this sequence was ever seen on film. It was also the site of Michael G. Wilson's brief cameo.", "Bond can be spotted taking his golf clubs to the hotel. He probably played at the Estoril Golf Course, less than 5 minutes drive (around 2 km) from the hotel.", "Bond is played by Roger Moore for the second time. Moore is relaxed and easy-going in his usual manner, but shows a bit of the old Connery toughness during a couple of martial arts fight sequences. His mission is simply to stay alive this time, having been targeted by world renowned hitman Francisco Scaramanga (chilling Christopher Lee). Moore decides that rather than waiting around to be shot, he will hunt for Scaramanga himself, and his search takes him to Beirut, Macao, Hong Kong and, finally, a privately owned Thai island. En route, he discovers that Scaramanga has bigger fish to fry than simply killing 007, as he also plans to use a powerful solar device to power-up a deadly laser gun that he has had built.", "Returning to Britain, Bond is briefed on Goldfinger's smuggling pipeline and arranges to meet him socially at his golf club. The pair play a high-stakes golf game with a recovered Nazi gold bar at stake. Oddjob acts as Goldfinger's golf caddy and assists him in cheating by surreptitiously placing a duplicate golf ball when Goldfinger loses his original in the rough. Bond outmanoeuvres Goldfinger and wins the game. Frustrated and highly suspicious of the agent's motivations, Goldfinger warns Bond to stay out of his affairs by having Oddjob demonstrate his razor-rimmed throwing hat on one of the club's marble statues. As they depart, Bond hands back the golf ball, which Oddjob promptly crushes with his bare hands.", "Filming began on 5 April 1971 with the desert near Las Vegas doubling for the South African scenes, followed by filming in the Great Basin Desert, Nevada in May for scenes in which Bond drives a moon buggy. On 7 June production moved to Pinewood Studios for filming at sets of the returning Ken Adams; his sets spread through four of Pinewood's stages. Filming also took place in London, Dover, Southampton, Amsterdam and the south of France; principal photography finished 13 August 1971.", "There are spots all over the globe whose association with 007 gives them a license to shill: Piz Gloria , once the secret lair of Blofeld in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, is now a restaurant which offers breathtaking views of the Swiss Alps, plus, a 007-themed buffet breakfast. The One and Only Ocean Club in the Bahamas is given ample screen time in Casino Royale, though staying in the actual villa 007 rented in Casino Royale costs $7,950 per night. ", "The pre-title sequence begins in Bilbao, Spain, featuring the Guggenheim Museum. After the opening scene, the film moves to London, showcasing the SIS Building and the Millennium Dome on the Thames. Following the title sequence, Eilean Donan castle in Scotland is used by MI6 as a location headquarters. Other locations include Baku, Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan Oil Rocks and Istanbul, Turkey, where Maiden's Tower is shown. ", "MI6 understands that in the scenes photographed here, Bond - Collins doubling Craig - is behind the wheel of M's personal car, a Jaguar XJL (not the XF as some media are reporting). The scenes were captured in Tower Hill where Craig was spotted filming a scene chasing a taxi whilst wielding his PPK.", "Sean Connery, Alison Doody, John Rhys-Davies, Michael Byrne, and Julian Glover all appear in the James Bond series. Steven Spielberg once said he would have liked to do a James Bond film.", "The golf game is the first action sequence set in Great Britain (previously only set-up scenes were in England)", "GoldenEye Resort is a celebrity magnet. Between its history as Ian Fleming's original estate, and its current ownership under Rock and Roll Hall-of-Famer Chris Blackwell, the resort is the kind of upscale, low-key oasis that the rich and famous flock to. Sometimes the big names are friends of Mr. Blackwell's (Bono, Melissa Ethridge, Mick Jagger) and other times they are paparazzi magnets looking to escape the limelight (Jay-Z and Beyonce, Johnny Depp). Throughout the grounds, guests can wander a garden filled with flora planted by celebrities, from a Royal Palm Tree planted by Bill and Hillary Clinton, to fittingly, a Julie Mango planted by Pierce Brosnan.", "* Sean Connery had a residence in Marbella from 1970 to 1998, where he was regularly seen playing golf when not filming. ", "The original Ian Fleming Villa at GoldenEye overlooks the Caribbean Sea in the quiet village of", "Besides Ian Fleming's villa there are three villas with a varied number of bedrooms, built in earthy tropical style. There is also a cliffside dining room and bar with access to the sea and Low Cay beach next door. As an Island Outpost, Goldeneye is stylish and hip, and has a delightful, tranquil air. It sees many stars musicians, models and film moguls witnessed by the trees they have planted in the gardens." ]

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[ "With victories in 122 consecutive races between 1977 and 1987, Edwin Moses dominated the 400-meter hurdles unlike any runner in any event over any era.", "Edwin Corley Moses (born 31 August 1955 ) is an American track and field athlete who won gold medals in the 400-meter hurdles at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics . Between 1977 and 1987, Moses won 107 consecutive finals (122 consecutive races) and set the world record in his event four times. In addition to his running, Moses was also an innovative reformer in the areas of Olympic eligibility and drug testing. In 2000, he was elected the first Chairman of the Laureus World Sports Academy, an international service organization of world class athletes.", "Edwin Corley Moses (born August 31, 1955) is an American former track and field athlete, who won gold medals in the 400 m hurdles at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics. Between 1977 and 1987, Moses won 107 consecutive finals (122 consecutive races) and set the world record in his event four times. In addition to his running, Moses was also an innovative reformer in the areas of Olympic eligibility and drug testing. In 2000, he was elected the first Chairman of the Laureus World Sports Academy, an international service organization of world-class athletes.", "14 ED MOSES - Supreme 400m hurdler. Dominated his event for a decade, setting up the greatest-ever winning streak by a track athlete, 122 successive 400m hurdles races between defeats by Harald Schmid in Berlin on August 26, 1977, and Danny Harris in Madrid on June 4 1987. Won Olympic gold in '76 and '84, missing", "By the time American Danny Harris beat Moses in Madrid on June 4 , 1987 , Moses had won 122 consecutive races, set the world record two more times, won three World Cup titles, won two World Championships, and earned his second Olympic gold medal in Los Angeles , where he was selected to take the Olympic Oath . After losing to Harris, he won 10 more races in a row, then finished third in the final 400-meter race of his career at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . As of June 2008, he still holds 26 of the 100 fastest times in this race.", " On the evening of August 5, about eight and a half hours after Benoit thrillingly won gold in the women's marathon, a global TV audience tuned in to L.A. '84 for an event that seemed as certain as the sun setting into the nearby Pacific: Edwin Moses winning a gold medal in the 400-meter hurdles. Moses's 104-race winning streak had begun in the late-1970s, after he'd won gold in Montreal. He owned his event, Moses explains, because he owned his lane.", "Four Straight nice, Seven is the record: Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s Cup win was his fourth straight at Talladega, breaking a tie with Buddy Baker for consecutive wins at the track, but it is not the first time a driver has gone four-fer at one track. Bill Elliott was the last driver to do it, winning four straight at Michigan International Speedway in 1985-86. The all-time record is seven straight, co-held by Richard Petty (Richmond, 1970-73) and Darrell Waltrip (Bristol, 1981-84).( The State )(4-7-2003)", "Horsepower gains and aerodynamic advances on Indy cars continued into the 1970s, when Unser's younger brother Al won consecutive \"500\" races in 1970 and 1971 and then claimed a third victory in 1978. A number of firsts were compiled in 1977, as A.J. Foyt became the race's first four-time winner, Tom Sneva was the first driver to be clocked at 200 mph at the speedway, and Janet Guthrie became the first woman driver to compete in the Indianapolis 500.", "Beginning in 1977 Thunderbird bodied racecars started running in NASCAR, starting a trend of luxury coupe type bodystyles (eventually the 1981 Imperial would also be seen racing) being used as a sheet metal source on the race track. Bobby Allison won 13 races with this car driving for owner Bud Moore in the 1977 through 1980 seasons even though the cars looked boxy and unaerodynamic. During the period 1981–1997, the downsized and aerodynamically clean Thunderbirds were successful in NASCAR stock car racing before they were replaced by Taurus-based bodies in 1998. The 1983-1988 bodied cars routinely broke the 200 mph barrier, in one case during a qualifying session set the record of the fastest lap in stock car history at 44.998 sec with an average speed of at Talladega Superspeedway, a record that still stands. Bill Elliott and Davey Allison, in particular, were successful with the cars, with Elliott winning the 1988 championship. Alan Kulwicki also won the championship in 1992 in a car nicknamed 'Underbird', due to his underdog status as a driver.", "Driver: 4, A.J. Foyt (1961, 1964, 1967, 1977), Al Unser (1970, 1971, 1978, 1987), Rick Mears (1979, 1984, 1988, 1991)", "The Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race on the open-wheel, or IndyCar, circuit and is contested annually on Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. First held in 1911, the Indy 500 is now known as the \"Greatest Spectacle In Racing,\" with the winner receiving the Borg-Warner Trophy. A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears have each won the Indianapolis 500 four times (the most among drivers in the event's history).", "Moses, Edwin American hurdler who dominated the 400-metre hurdles event for a decade, winning gold medals in the race at the 1976 and 1984 Olympic Games. Moses competed in cross-country, track, and gridiron football in high school and studied physics at Morehouse...", "Despite the Olympic boycott that kept him from competing in Moscow, Moses was the 1980 Track & Field News Athlete of the Year. A year later, he became the first recipient of USA Track & Field's Jesse Owens Award as outstanding U.S. track and field performer for 1981. He received the AAU's James E. Sullivan Award as outstanding amateur athlete in the United States in 1983. He was being named as ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1984. Moses also shared the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year with American gymnast Mary Lou Retton in 1984, the same year he took the Athlete's Oath for the 1984 Summer Olympics. In 1984 his hometown of Dayton renamed Miami Boulevard West and Sunrise Avenue \"Edwin C. Moses Boulevard\". In 1999, Moses ranked #47 on ESPN's SportCentury 50 Greatest Athletes.", "*1981: Richard Petty becomes the first seven-time winner, three wins more than the second highest multiple winner, Cale Yarborough. With wins in 1964, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1974, and 1979, Petty is the only driver to win in three different decades.", "In automobile endurance racing, three events have come to form a Triple Crown. They are considered three of the most challenging endurance races over the decades: the Rolex 24 at Daytona, 12 Hours of Sebring, and 24 Hours of Le Mans. Hans Herrmann was the first in 1970 to win the three races, and Timo Bernhard the most recent (2010). No driver has won the three events in the same year; Hurley Haywood and Al Holbert have won the three races at least twice each.", "He was a three-time Indy Car champion. He won the USAC award in 1970 and the CART titles in 1983 and 1985.", "Sad News: Jack McCoy: Jack McCoy , a two-time champion and the winningest driver in the NASCAR Camping World Series West, died Tuesday at the age of 68. McCoy � who won series championships in 1966 and 1973 � registered a record 54 series wins, along with a record 57 career poles in the series. A native of California�s Central Valley, McCoy was well known for the Dodge he drove, which was usually purple in color. He was among the inaugural inductees into the West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame in 2002 and was among a list of drivers named to the �NASCAR Camping World Series West All-Time Top-10,� compiled by NASCAR and NASCAR Insider in 2005. While McCoy�s overall racing career spanned from the late 1950s to the early 1990s, he focused primarily on the NASCAR Camping World Series West from 1962 to 1974. In addition to his two series championships, he finished as the runner-up in the final standings of the series on four occasions � 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1974. (NASCAR PR), McCoy ran in 20 Cup races from 1963-1974 with a top finish of 5th at Martinsville in Sept 1973.(4-16-2009)", "1986 brought eight more GTO wins and another manufacturers’ title. Scott Pruett won the drivers’ championship. The GT Endurance Championship also went to Ford.", "THE ’62 RUNNING WAS 302 ALL-AMERICAN — FOR THE LAST TIME. There have been drivers from other nations in every race from 1963 to the present. THE SECOND-PLACE 303 FINISHER IN THE CONTROVERSIAL ’63 RACE WAS A CLASSIC FORD-LOTUS COMBO. Jimmy Clark’s rear-engined ride nearly ended the roadster era that year.", "Al Unser, Sr. won the 1987 race, and became the first race winner to have his likeness added to the first base of the trophy. Unser also became the first winner to have likenesses on the body of the trophy (1970, 1971, 1978) as well as the base (1987). The layout and lettering of the base mimicked that of the trophy body. The driver's name was enscripted in one single line, followed by the year on the next line, and the race average speed below on the third line.", "Pat Day was the man of the hour in the mid-1980s. In 1983, he rode 169 winners in the spring meet and 54 in the fall meet. Five times he ran five winners in one day. The following year, he broke a 77-year- old record by riding seven winners in eight races in one day.", "*The driver with the most championship titles and race wins is A. J. Foyt. From 1959 to 1981 Foyt won 67 USAC championship races and seven USAC titles.", "Of the 32 drivers who have won the Driver’s Championship in it’s 65-year history, three were Australian, with Sir Jack Brabham winning the Championship in 1959, 1960 and 1966. Danny Hulme won in 1967, and Alan Jones in 1980 was the most recent Australian winner.", "Racing for Cooper, he won back-to-back titles in 1959 and 1960. In the former year, he edged Tony Brooks by four points. The next season, he won five of his eight starts and beat Bruce McLaren by nine points.", "The oldest winner is Al Unser Sr. He was 47 years and 360 days old when he won in 1987.", "In the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) RS series for compact sedans, Raleigh, North Carolina's \"Team Highball\", run by Amos Johnson and Bunny Johnson, was the AMC factory-backed team, with Amos Johnson, Whit Diggett, and later, Dennis Shaw driving. The torque of their 232 CID 6-cylinder Gremlins gave a big advantage on the faster tracks like the Daytona International Speedway, where they were often more than a match for the BMW 2002, Alfa Romeo GTV, Datsun 510, Ford Pinto, Mercury Capri, and Opel Manta. Johnson was the series 1973 co-champion, while independent driver George Alderman took the 1974 title. ", "In 1983 Unser became the first driver to race against his son, Al Jr., in the Indy 500, then went on to capture the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) championship series. Two years later, at the age of 46, he became the oldest ranking Indy car-CART champion after defeating Al Unser, Jr. by one point.", "Hackman competed in Sports Car Club of America races driving an open wheeled Formula Ford in the late seventies. In 1983, he drove a Dan Gurney Team Toyota in the 24 Hours of Daytona Endurance Race. He also won the Long Beach Grand Prix Celebrity Race.", "2 ) The last time a team started/finished 1-2 with the same drivers in the same order was back on April 7, 1957 at North Wilkesboro with DePaolo Engineering. Fireball Roberts won from the pole, while teammate Paul Goldsmith started second and finished second.", "Clark was a versatile driver who competed in sports cars, touring cars and in the Indianapolis 500, which he won in 1965. He was particularly associated with the Lotus marque.", "Janusz has sent me a list of all winning drivers of the Peace & Friendship Cup since 1973 - online now:", "The 300ZX was campaigned during 1984 and 1985 in showroom stock racing. The car scored a Trans Am win in 1986 at Lime Rock by Paul Newman for Bob Sharp Racing. This would be the only Trans Am win by a 300ZX." ]

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[ "In horse racing, a spring race is a shorter race that is less than a mile long. The six-furlong Breeders Cup Sprint, an event that happens during the Breeders Cup World Championships in North America every year, is one such race. This short race takes a little over a minute for horses to complete and is worth $2 million, making it one of the biggest events of the year for sprint horse racing enthusiasts.", "In maybe the toughest race on the Breeders' Cup card, the nod goes to NFL wide receiver Wes Welker's Undrafted, He won the Jaipur in New York at a comparable distance, turned in a big effort when fourth in a Group 1 race in Europe and nearly overcame a slow pace to win at Kentucky Downs. The outside posts usually do better in these down-the-hill races. Home Run Kitten is 2-for-2 at the distance and should give a good account of himself. No Nay Never might be as good as any turf sprinter in the world but could be a fish out of water at this tricky 6-1/2 furlong downhill distance. Why ride Frankie Dettori when Mike Smith is far more familiar with this course and distance?", "The course runs through 26.22 miles (42.195 km) of winding roads , following Route 135 , Route 16 , Route 30 and city streets into the center of Boston, where the official finish line is located at Copley Square , alongside the Boston Public Library . For this reason, the MBTA suspends service to the Copley Square stop for the day, and runs increased service to the area. The race runs through eight Massachusetts cities and towns: Hopkinton , Ashland , Framingham , Natick , Wellesley , Newton , Brookline , and Boston . [6]", "The race was moved to its current position in the calendar, the Saturday after Cheltenham, in 1991 with success going to the dual-Welsh National winner Bonanza Boy. The distance has varied between a minimum of four miles and a maximum of four and a half miles with the current distance set at four miles, one furlong and 110 yards.", "Also known as the “match sprint,” the sprint is a one-vs-one format with two riders starting at the same point on the track. While the race is for 750 metres, only the final 200 metres are timed. Early laps are usually raced at low speed, with riders sometimes coming to a complete stop as they battle one another for position, trying to force their opponent to the front. The first rider across the finish line wins.", "Sprint - A race that is run over five-sixteenths of a mile, or a shorter distance.", "This is a mass-start race. Qualifying tends to be over 15km, finals usually 30km or 40km. Intermediate sprints are held every ten laps, with five, three, two and one point on offer to the first four over the line.", "On rare occasions, there have been situations in which a Nationwide Series race became rained out, and was re-scheduled for the day of the Sprint Cup race. This occurred the weekend of the 2007 Winn-Dixie 250 and Pepsi 400 at Daytona, and the 2010 spring weekend at Talladega, with the Aaron's 312 happening after the Aaron's 499. In the later case, the resulting distance was over 851 miles distance traveled, as both races were extended by green-white-checkered finishes.", "Bumper races are not particularly riveting events, as the pace is slow and the horses not yet skilled enough. However, it is nigh impossible to correctly determine the winner of a bumper race, making it a well-loved challenge for punters. The classical bumper is run over a sprint distance of 13 - 20 furlongs.", "Speed. Looks set for champion sprint honours having won the July Cup and Sprint Cup, but with a career at stud looming, a Group 1 success over seven furlongs would add to his considerable appeal. His clash with Goldikova over the intermediate distance of seven furlongs looks certain to be one of the highlights of Arc weekend", "Today triathlons have three common distances: the sprint distance which consists of 1/4 - to 1/2-mile swim, 8- to 15-mile cycling and a 3-mile or 5-kilometer run. The Olympic or international distance is a 1,500-meter swim, 40-kilometer cycling and a 10-kilometer run. The long distance includes the 1/2 Ironman (1.2-mile swim, 56-mile cycling and 13.1-mile run) and the full Ironman (2.4-mile swim, 112-mile cycling and 26.2-mile run). There are several variations of the distances, but these are the most frequently used.", "Today, the route of the race follows two trails. In odd years the southern one is used and in even years they run on the northern one. Both however, have the same starting point and diverge approximately 444 miles (715 km) from there. They join each other again about 441 miles (710 km) from Nome, giving them the same ending point as well. The development of two trails was done in order to reduce the impact that the race and its fans has on the towns along its length.", "Race distance must be from a minimum of 90 km to a maximum of 110 km.", "The Sprint Race used the grid determined in sessions one and two of the previous day's qualifying session, and was held in the early afternoon. The race began from a rolling start, and its duration was a maximum of 24 minutes plus one additional lap. Additionally, each team had to make one mandatory pit stop between laps four and eight. Drivers were permitted four uses of PowerBoost during the Sprint Race.", "On race day, the track was fast, and the weather was warm and sunny. Secretariat broke well on the rail and Sham rushed up beside him. The two ran the first quarter in a quick :23 and the next quarter in a swift :22, completing the fastest opening half mile in the history of the race and opening ten lengths on the rest of the field. After the six-furlong mark, Sham began to tire, ultimately finishing last. Secretariat continued the fast pace and opened up a larger and larger margin on the field. His time for the mile was 1:34, over a second faster than the next fastest Belmont mile fraction in history, set by his sire Bold Ruler, who had eventually tired and finished third. Secretariat, however, did not falter. Turcotte said, \"This horse really paced himself. He is smart: I think he knew he was going miles, I never pushed him.\" CBS Television announcer Chic Anderson described the horse's pace in a famous commentary: ", "Richard Rowe's race ended early when Door Latch exited at the first fence while Corbiere fell at the fourth. Last Suspect was always well to the rear before being pulled up at the eighteenth fence but both West Tip and Mr Snugfit were well in contention in a leading group of eight crossing the Melling Road towards the second last fence. West Tip had cruised up into second place at that point behind the 66/1 outsider, Young Driver with Classified, The Tsarevich and Sommelier the other challengers with Mr Snugfit having dropped back to eighth. West Tip moved upsides Young Driver after jumping the final fence and always looked comfortable on the run in despite only defeating the outsider by two lengths. [10]", "Throwaway set a fair pace to Sceptre, with Maximum 11 last, till fairly in the line for home, when Sceptre slightly headed Throwaway, and Zinfandel took close order with him. Throwaway, however, stayed on, and won cleverly at the finish by a length; three parts of a length divided second and third. Time – 4 mins. 33 2–5 secs. 7", "The high point of US horse racing has traditionally been the Kentucky Derby which, together with the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes, form the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for three-year-olds. However, in recent years the Breeders' Cup races, held at the end of the year, have been challenging the Triple Crown events, held early in the year, as determiners of the three-year-old Champion. The Breeders' Cup is held at a different track every year; the most recent edition (2006) was held at Churchill Downs. It also has an important effect on the selection of other annual Champions. The corresponding Standardbred event is the Breeders' Crown. There are also a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters.", "In the stretch, Secretariat opened a lead of almost of a mile on the rest of the field. At the finish, he won by 31 lengths, breaking the margin-of-victory record set by Triple Crown winner Count Fleet in 1943 of 25 lengths, and ran the fastest miles on dirt in history, 2:24 flat, breaking the stakes record by more than two seconds. Secretariat's record still stands. If the Beyer Speed Figure calculation had been developed during that time, Andrew Beyer calculated that Secretariat would have earned a figure of 139, the highest he has ever assigned. Bettors holding 5,427 winning parimutuel tickets on Secretariat never redeemed them, presumably keeping them as souvenirs (and because the tickets would have paid only $2.20 on a $2 bet). ", "Usually races over much shorter distances. Took well to the fences in December (over 2m 5f).", "BUMPER: A National Hunt flat race over a distance of 13 - 20 furlongs. NB: 8 furlongs = 1 mile.", "Ten days later in the Hopeful Stakes, Secretariat made a \"dazzling\" move, passing eight horses within mile to take the lead then drawing off to win by five lengths. His time of 1:16 for furlongs was only of a second off the track record.Woolfe, p. 51 Returning to Belmont Park on September 16, he won the Belmont Futurity by a length and a half after starting his move on the turn. He then ran in the Champagne Stakes at Belmont as the 7–10 favorite. As had become his custom, he started slowly and then made a big move around the turn, blowing past his rivals to win by two lengths. However, following an inquiry by the racecourse stewards, Secretariat was disqualified and placed second for bearing in and interfering with Stop the Music, who was declared the winner. ", "The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as \"Indy Car Racing\". The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500.", "QUALIFIER: A race in which a horse must go a mile below an established time standard to prove itself capable of competing in pari-mutuel races.", "The David Pipe runner had established a three length lead as the runners headed over the open-ditch; Oscar Whisky still help-up in rear.� There were no problems as the field jumped the fourth; they then headed around the top turn to jump the cross-fence, the leader�s advantage reduced.� Fox Appeal hit the top of it.� AP McCoy�s mount kept close tabs on Western Warhorse as the leading duo drew a few lengths clear of the remainder entering the home straight.�", "The Timico Cheltenham Gold Cup is the most valuable non-handicap chase in Britain. The total prize money for the 2016 running will be a record £575,000.", "The RSA Chase is a race that particularly attracts hurdlers with stamina. Last year’s running of the Neptune Investment Novices Hurdle was notable for the dominant performance of Peddlers Cross for Donald McCain Jnr. This chase has grown into one of the highlights of Ladies Day in its own right over the past couple of years, considered by many to be almost an equal of the Queen Mother Chase. It can often be an indicator of Gold Cup pedigree, with Denman romping home in 2007, before upsetting Kauto Star in the 2008 Gold Cup.", "Lord Windermere, right, and On His Own, centre, get close on the run-in during a dramatic finish in the Cheltenham Gold Cup on Friday. Photograph: Tom Jenkins for the Guardian", "Last year's RSA Chase winner, Cooldine (fifth) showed further signs of a revival with a solid effort here. He didnt quite seem to stay the trip on this ground, the same being true of the sixth, Calgary Bay.", "Which would mean an unprecedented two grey winners in a row, following Neptune Collonges last year. The previous grey winner before him was all the way back in 1961 and there have only been three in more than 170 years of the National. This year's slow boats in grey coats:", "Tammys Hill ridden by Mr J Smyth (left) en route to victory in the CGA Foxhunter Steeple Chase Challenge Cup. Photograph: Tim Ireland/PA", "The grey Neptune Collonges, ridden by Daryl Jacob, clears The Chair on their way to victory in The John Smith's Grand National Steeple Chase. Photograph: Alex Livesey/Getty Images" ]

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[ "The most successful franchise of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP wide receiver Jerry Rice , and tight end Brent Jones . Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears , who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka , colorful quarterback Jim McMahon , and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton and won Super Bowl XX in dominating fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII and XXII and the Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV . As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).", "The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice , and tight end Brent Jones . Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.", "The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and tight end Brent Jones. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.", "In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those of the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades, including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI .", "The grand finale of the \"team of the 1980s\" culminated in one of the most dominant Super Bowls ever played and the greatest championship in the storied history of the San Francisco 49ers.", "Most Super Bowl titles: 6 - Pittsburgh Steelers , followed by the  Dallas Cowboys  &   San Francisco 49ers  with 5 wins each", "The Denver Broncos have won two Super Bowl games. There are three NFL teams with four losses. The Washington Redskins have a Super Bowl record of four losses and three wins. The Minnesota Vikings and the Buffalo Bills have each lost four games and have no wins. The team with the most Super Bowl wins is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six wins. They have two losses.", "Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s, the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s. During this decade, the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997. From 1992 to 1996, the Cowboys won their division championship each year. In this same period, the Buffalo Bills had made their mark reaching the Super Bowl for a record four consecutive years, only to lose all four. After Super Bowl championships by division rivals New York (1990) and Washington (1991), the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls (XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX) led by quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Emmitt Smith, and wide receiver Michael Irvin. All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame. The Cowboys' streak was interrupted by the 49ers, who won their league-leading fifth title overall with Super Bowl XXIX in dominating fashion under Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young, Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders; however, the Cowboys' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Deion Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the San Francisco 49ers. The NFC's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who, under quarterback Brett Favre, won Super Bowl XXXI, their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s.", "'That string of three Cowboy Super Bowl victories was interrupted by the 49ers win in 1995. What made that victory notable was that Joe Montana, star QB and leader of the San Fran teams that had won four Super Bowls in the '80s, had been traded in 1993 after missing most of '91 and '92 with injuries. His backup, Steve Young, would lead them to the '95 Super Bowl title, and end up a Hall-of-Famer himself. Another Hall-of-Fame QB, John Elway, won his only two Super Bowls in the final two years of his career as the Broncos won in '98 and '99, with Elway retiring just after being named Super Bowl MVP.'", "In addition, the Super Bowl victory cemented San Francisco's label of being the \"team of the 1980s.\"  One Super Bowl victory means you were good that year. Two means you had a great stretch. Three means you were a dynasty.", "Here is a list of all the winners of the Super Bowl since Green Bay won the first in 1967. The Pittsburgh Steelers have won the most Super Bowls with six wins from eight appearances.", "The second half of the decade was dominated by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who won four times in six seasons: Super Bowls IX, X, XII and XIV. Led by the \"Steel Curtain\" defense and quarterback Terry Bradshaw, the Steelers appeared in six AFC championship games during the 1970s, making the playoffs in eight consecutive years. The squad became the first (and only) team to win back-to-back Super Bowls on two different occasions.", "Who owns the most trophies? If the New England Patriots win Sunday’s Super Bowl XLIX, they still won’t rank at the top of the winners’ list. That honor goes to the Pittsburgh Steelers, who have captured six Super Bowl championships, followed by the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with five each. The Patriots have thus far won the Vince Lombardi Trophy three times, while the Seattle Seahawks’ win last year is the franchise’s only championship. However, if they win this Sunday, the Seahawks will join the elite group of seven Super Bowl champions with two consecutive wins each: the Packers, the Miami Dolphins, the Steelers, the 49ers, the Cowboys, the Denver Broncos and, yes, the Patriots.", "The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record, racking up the league's top offense, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49–15 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record, thanks to having the league's top defense, and despite the struggles of starting quarterback Peyton Manning; they defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 20–18 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "The Steelers became just the third team to win the Super Bowl despite not playing a single home game in the playoffs. The Green Bay Packers, who won Super Bowl I, and the Kansas City Chiefs, who won Super Bowl IV, also accomplished the feat. The Steelers, however, had to win four games to accomplish the feat, while the Chiefs won three and Packers won only two games.", "To date, it is the fourth, and most recent, Super Bowl where both teams were making their Super Bowl debuts. Presently, this would only occur again if the Detroit Lions face either the Cleveland Browns, Jacksonville Jaguars, or the Houston Texans. The Bears entered the game after becoming the second team in NFL history to win 15 regular season games. With their then-revolutionary 46 defense, Chicago led the league in several defensive categories, outscored their opponents with a staggering margin of 456–198, and recorded two postseason shutouts. The Patriots were considered a cinderella team during the 1985 season, and posted an 11–5 regular season record, but entered the playoffs as a wild card because of tiebreakers. But defying the odds, New England posted three road playoff wins to advance to Super Bowl XX.", "1980 - The Pittsburgh Steelers advanced to their fourth Super Bowl since 1974 by eliminating the Houston Oilers 27-13 in the AFC title game. And the Los Angeles Rams shut out the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9-0 in the NFC championship game. (The Steelers defeated the Rams 24-19 in Super Bowl XIV on Jan 20.)", "*New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first-half touchdown. The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so.", "Yet another standard was set the following year when the 1979 Steelers defeated the Los Angeles Rams, 31-19, in Super Bowl XIV to make them the first team in history to win four Super Bowls and the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice. The Super Bowl victory followed a 12-4 regular season and playoff wins versus Miami (34-14) and Houston (27-13). With six consecutive AFC Central crowns, eight straight years of playoff appearances and four Super Bowl championships, the Steelers were tagged the \"Team of the Decade\" for the 1970s.", "The 1992-95 Dallas Cowboys and 2001-04 New England Patriots each won three out of four Super Bowls. In 1994, the Cowboys lost the NFC Championship to San Francisco, while the 2002 Patriots failed to make the playoffs.", "* January 26 – Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. ", "The Baltimore Colts , now a member of the AFC , would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V , a game which is notable as being the only Super Bowl to date in which a player from the losing team won the Super Bowl MVP (Cowboys' linebacker Chuck Howley ). Beginning with this Super Bowl, all Super Bowls have served as the NFL's league championship game.", "Before the New Giants beat the undefeated New England Patriots in the 2007 season, the ’83 Raiders were the Super Bowl champion who’d probably defeated the best team. Tom Flores and Jim Plunkett got their second titles in a playoff run that saw them score 30 points in each of their three playoff games.", "Here we have the Raiders on the winning side of a blowout. In 1983, with former coach John Madden up in the TV book calling the game for CBS, the Raiders obliterated the defending Super Bowl champions—the team that was a league-best 14-2 that year. Marcus Allen won the MVP award for his 191 rushing yards against what had been the league’s best rushing defense.", "All-time Bengals passing leader Ken Anderson led Cincinnati to its first-ever Super Bowl in 1981, but the Bengals fell to the San Francisco 49ers. Seven years later, Boomer Esiason led the Bengals back to the Super Bowl, once again facing the 49ers -- but once again, the Bengals fell to the Niners.", "The Patriots played one of the best Super Bowl games ever in their win over the Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII. They finished off the Eagles in fine fashion the following year.", "In 1980, CBS, with a record bid of US$12 million, was awarded the national radio rights to broadcast 26 NFL regular season games, including Monday Night Football, and all ten postseason games through the 1983 season. Starting with the 1980 season, CBS frequently used the beginning guitar riff of Heart's \"Crazy on You\" for commercial break tosses. Television ratings for season and playoff broadcasts in 1980 were the second-best in NFL history, trailing only the combined ratings of the 1976 season. All three networks posted gains, and NBC's 15.0 rating was its best ever. CBS and ABC had also experienced their best NFL ratings since 1977, with 15.3 and 20.8 ratings, respectively. CBS Radio reported a record audience of 7 million listeners for Monday night and special games.", "There have only been seven teams to win back-to-back Super Bowls. One team did it twice. In chronological order, those teams are:", "[NFC East titles: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987; NFC Champions: 1982, 1983, 1987; Super Bowls XVII, XXII]", "In the 1980s, the team drafted LB Lawrence Taylor who would go on to become one of the game’s greatest defensive forces. Other notable players are Frank Gifford, Eli Manning , Y.A. Tittle, Harry Carson, Mel Hein, Fran Tarkenton, Roosevelt Brown and Phil Simms.", "Super Bowl XX was the 20th championship game of the modern National Football League (NFL). The game was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana following the 1985 regular season .", "5. It’s been (at least) decades since teams breaking longest active playoff droughts have won the Super Bowl." ]

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[ "Antonius Johannes \"Anton\" Geesink (April 6, 1934 – August 27, 2010) was a Dutch 10th-dan judoka from Utrecht. He was a two-time World Judo Champion (1961 and 1965), Olympic Gold Medalist (1964) and won 21 European championships.", "Antonius (\"Anton\") Johannes Geesink (born April 6, 1934 in Utrecht) is a Dutch 10th dan judoka. He is a three-time World Judo Champion (1961, 1964 and 1965) and Olympic Gold Medalist (1964). He was 6'7\" (2.01m) tall and at one time weighed 320 pounds (145 kg). Judo career Geesink first participated in the European Championships in 1951, and placed second in his category. The following year, he won his first European title. Through to 1967, twenty more European titles followed. At the 1961 World Championships, Geesink became World Champion in the open class, defeating the Japanese, who had won all World Championship titles up to that point. Judo debuted as an official sport at the 1964 Summer Olympics, which were held in the sport's home country, Japan. Although Japan dominated...", "Geesink, Anton Dutch athlete who was the first non-Japanese competitor to win a world championship in judo. Standing 6 feet 6 inches and weighing 267 pounds, Geesink made his mark in the Japanese-dominated sport of judo when he won the 1961 world championship. He was...", "At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Mr. Geesink won the gold medal in the open class as the first non-Japanese. Since then, with the spirit of budō, he has contributed to the international peace and promoted the cultural exchange and friendship between the people of the Netherlands and of Japan. Furthermore, he explored judo in light of education and somatology and has been devoted to its diffusion and development. To honor his contribution to the worldwide diffusion of judo, this university, as a body which prizes the spirit of budō, awarded him an honorary doctorate of Kokushikan University.", "At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Mr. Geesink won the gold medal in the open class as the first non-Japanese. Since then, with the spirit of budō , he has contributed to the international peace and promoted the cultural exchange and friendship between the people of the Netherlands and of Japan. Furthermore, he explored judo in light of education and somatology and has been devoted to its diffusion and development. To honor his contribution to the worldwide diffusion of judo, this university, as a body which prizes the spirit of budō, awarded him an honorary doctorate of Kokushikan University.", "Upon learning the sudden passing of Mr. Anton Geesink, we should like to extend to his wife, his family, Judo Bond Nederland, and citizens of the Netherlands our most sincere sympathy and condolences, on behalf of the Kodokan Judo Institute, All Japan Judo Federation and all of the judo friends in Japan.", "My profound condolences on the passing away of Anton Geesink, champion and master for all judo fans the world over. For me, as a ten year old dutch boy growing up in the sixties, Mr. Geesink was a hero and an inspiration in the sport of judo, Anton Geesink's gold medal in Tokyo in 1964 was an inspiration for kids in Holland of my age, to aspire for similar greatness in judo some day.", "As the Olympic program continued to grow and diversify, two new sports were added: volleyball and judo. Both had huge followings in Japan and local victories were expected. The brilliant Japanese women’s volleyball team won gold, with the men taking bronze. However, the surprise was at the judo venue, where Dutch giant Anton Geesink beat the Japanese favourite to win the open gold medal. The host nation was shocked, but applauded Geesink’s stunning victory.", "It is with great sadness that we have heard of the death of Mr. Anton Geesink. All the Spanish Olympic family joins me in offerin our condolences to his family and the holland judo federation, best regards,", "Nevertheless, judo became an Olympic sport for men in the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests. Dutchman Anton Geesink won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in 1992. Paralympic judo has been a Paralympic sport (for the visually impaired) since 1988; it is also one of the sports at the Special Olympics.", "However, in the fourth, the open class, a 1.98-metre Dutchman named Anton Geesink defeated three-time Japanese national champion Kaminaga Akio before 15,000 people at Nippon Budokan Hall. And then he beat him again. It followed victories earlier in the year over other top Japanese opponents, deeply bruising the theory that a skilled judoka could defeat any opponent of any size.", "The 1964 Games held in Tokyo are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. These games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics. Judo debuted as an official sport, and Dutch judoka Anton Geesink created quite a stir when he won the final of the open weight division, defeating Akio Kaminaga in front of his home crowd.", " Geesink, Anton J. \" Based on social aspects and biomechanical principles, divided in two parts : judo as an olympic sport, traditional judo \", Tokyo, Japan, Kokushikan University, 2000, 217p, 22 cm, OL.", "Judo is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano. Translated in English, it means 'the gentle way'– using an indirect application of force without weapons to defeat an opponent. Judo's end result is maximum efficiency with minimum effort.", "Judo is a martial art and an extreme combat sport. In Japanese, the meaning of \"judo\" is \"the gentle way\". Judo was founded in Japan in 1882 by Dr. Jigoro Kano. The sport is a successor of jujutsu. Judo is one of the main forms of wrestling contested at international level. The competitors in a judo competition are called \"judoka\".", "Dutch judo champion whose victory in the 1964 Olympics reshaped the sport<p>Anton Geesink, who has died aged 76, was in every sense a&nbsp;towering figure in&nbsp;the world of judo. He was 6ft 6in (1.98m) tall, weighed in at around 120kg (18st 13lb) and was, according to his British contemporary Tony Sweeney, \"so strong that he could have thrown you over his shoulder like a rubbish bin if he wanted to\". But that was not Geesink's way. \"He&nbsp;was superbly fit and very, very subtle – a real technician,\" said Sweeney.</p><p>Geesink won the open (unlimited weight) title at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964, when judo was featured for the first time. For the Japanese, judo transcends sport. Success at the Tokyo Olympics was an endorsement of the national identity. Japanese fighters duly won the first three titles (lightweight, middleweight and heavyweight), but this was no compensation when the Dutchman Geesink won the fourth, and most important, crown.</p> <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/sep/06/anton-geesink-obituary\">Continue reading...</a>", "Onze deelneming aan het heengaan van een grote sportman. Anton heeft judo op de kaart gezet. In Nederland en ver daarbuiten. Het zal hem goed hebben gedaan dat de zelfs de jonge judoka's van onze vereniging zijn naam kennen en respecteren.", "The All-Japan Judo Championships were first held in 1930 and have been held every year, with the exception of the wartime period between 1941 and 1948, and continue to be the highest profile tournament in Japan. Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in 1956. The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year. Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in 1980, which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in 1987 to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in 2011, 871 competitors from 132 countries took part.", "It is with great sadness and respect that I send condolences to the family of Anton Geesink. Geesink Sensei's family included the entire Judo world and I am proud to have known him. By his victory over Akio Kaminaga he changed the world of Judo and made it a truly an international sport. His knowledge, strength and spirit will be missed by all.", "De heer Geesink heeft ruim 45 jaar geleden aan de wieg gestaan van onze vereniging. Omdat zijn actieve carrière in die jaren zijn aandacht nog volop opeiste, was hij niet langer in staat om de judolessen in Culemborg te verzorgen. Hij had er inmiddels wel een gezonde voedingsbodem voor de judosport gelegd. Toen twee van zijn oud-pupillen het plan opvatten om een judovereniging op te richten gaf hij hen toestemming om zijn naam te gebruiken. Eind 1965 was judovereniging ‘Anton Geesink’ in Culemborg een feit.", "Mr. Geesink was indeed a giant, an exceptional champion as well as a committed judoka who", "With great sorrow we learned of the death of Anton Geesink, surely one of the most famous judo legends of all time.", "Akebono, original name Chadwick Haheo Rowan, also called (from 1996) Akebono Tarō (born May 8, 1969, Waimanalo, Hawaii, U.S.), American-born Japanese sumo wrestler, who, in January 1993, became the first non-Japanese person to be elevated to yokozuna (grand champion) status, the highest rank in professional sumo.", "Mr. Geesink was a real ambassador of judo. He lived for it. He would do anything to help someone to improve his judo.", "With great sorrow I have taken notice of the sudden and unexpected death of Anton Geesink. In my life I have had the pleasure to meet him only a few times and every time I felt myself in presence of a great and strong personality with a good sense of humour. His pass away is a big loss for Judo and for all of us. I will always remember him with pleasant reminiscence.", "Onze innige deelneming bij het heengaan van een groot boeg beeld in de judo historie,ik zal het nooit vergeten toen anton in 1961 in Roermond tijdens de Roermondse judo kampioen schappen een competitiespeciaal draaide tegen 11 bruine banden en binnen de vijf minuten hadden ze alle maal een ippon tegen,bewondering voor deze \"grote man\" van het Judo. ", "Tokio Hirano (5’5”, 75 kg), obtained Godan (5th dan) at age 19, is perhaps the greatest JUDO technician of all time. He is probably the best known Japanese JUDOKA in Europe. In 1952, Hirano went to teach JUDO in Europe. Within six years, he had accumulated over 4,300 wins.", "Nu Anton er niet meer is besef ik pas hoe “groot” hij was in zijn sport maar dat hij ook na zijn actieve judo carrière die vechter is gebleven.", "Jigoro Kano ( 28 October 1860 – 4 May 1938 ) was the founder of the Japanese martial art of judo .", "He was just around 80 kg, his exceptional natural talent brought him gold medals in all the major national and international championships. He was very fast and precise in throwing (SEOI-NAGE, KOUCHI-GARI) He founded Seiki Juku, a school which attracted a strong international contingent. One of the best JUDO book of the world was written (with Tetsuya Sato) by him.", "Lorenz won medals at international competitions. He won as the first German the Olympics and the Jigoro Kano Cup. Today, he s trainer a the SC Berlin for children nanadan seventh degree black belt (also, shichidan), a component of the Dan rank. Lorenz won medals at international competitions. He won as the first German the Olympics and the Jigoro Kano Cup. Today, he s trainer a the SC Berlin for children.", "The late Jan Snijders was a former student of Jean de Herdt, Haku Michigami and Mikinosuke Kawaishi. He was also the first Dutch black belt back in 1948 (promoted by Kawaishi), and was a colleague of Dutch 10th dan-holder Jaap Nauwelaerts de Agé." ]

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[ "All along, the talk of Wimbledon 1978 had been about defending champion Martina Navratilova and Tracy Austin, the top two seeds. But Chris Evert, or Chris Evert-Lloyd as she was then, floated through the draw free from the Centre Court scrutiny that can sometimes make winning a major tennis title so agonising. When she met her erstwhile rival Navratilova, in the semi-finals, the latter seemed more frustrated than tired.", "Chris Evert had already been a semi-finalist at her first Wimbledon in 1972, losing to Evonne Goolagong and a finalist in 1973, losing to Billie Jean King. She was due to play them in sequence in 1974 but both were beaten in earlier matches. Evert had never lost to Russian Olga Morozova so went into the final full of confidence. She won the title for the first time with victory by 6-0, 6-4.", "After trying for couple of years, Chris finally won the Wimbledon title in 1974 after defeating the Russian Olga Morozova 6-0, 6-4 and got her name in the Venus Rosewater Trophy. The following night, Chris Evert danced at the ball with her fiancé, Jimmy Connors who also won the Gentlemen’s singles title after defeating Ken Rosewall. The media called it a Love Match.", "1977 – Thirty-one-year-old Virginia Wade stuns No. 1 seed Chris Evert 6-2, 4-6, 6-1 to become the first British woman to reach the Wimbledon women’s singles final since Ann Jones won the title in 1969. An all-British Wimbledon final, however, is dashed by Holland’s Betty Stove, 32, who defeats Britain’s Sue Barker 6-4, 2-6, 6-4 in the other women’s semifinal. Says Evert, “Virginia played more patiently than I did. I could see in her eyes how much she wanted to win. I just couldn’t reach deep down inside myself for what I need to win. I didn’t have it.”", "In total, of the record 34 Grand Slam finals reached, Evert won 18 Grand Slam singles titles: seven at the French Open (record for female), six at the US Open (an open era record, male or female, tied with Serena Williams), three at Wimbledon, and two at the Australian Open (both on grass). In addition, Evert won three Grand Slam doubles titles, at the French in 1974 with Olga Morozova, there in 1975 with Navratilova, and again with Navratilova at Wimbledon in 1976.", "Navratilova, reknowned for her athleticism, dived and body-rolled after Evert's shots as never before, taking the first set 6-2. Throughout the two hours, Evert played superb catch-up tennis, taking the second set 7-5, and she almost got there before time ran out, Navratilova sealing the win 6-4 in the third. She went on to win the title, defeating Steffi Graf in the final for her eighth Wimbledon singles title. ", "In 2003, defending champion Lleyton Hewitt was beaten in the first round by world number 203 Ivo Karlovic. Hewitt became the first defending Wimbledon champion since tennis turned professional in 1968 to lose in the first round.", "Christine Marie Evert (born December 21, 1954) is a former World No. 1 woman tennis player from the United States. During her career, she won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, including a record 7 at the French Open. She also won 3 Grand Slam doubles titles. Evert's career win-loss record in singles matches of 1,309-146 (.900) is the best of any professional player in tennis history. In tennis writer Steve Flink's book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, he named Evert as the third best female player of the 20th century, after Steffi Graf and Martina Navratilova. Chris evert has never lost in the 1st round of any grand slam, her earliest exits being the 3rd round. Height 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Weight 125 lb (57 kg) Turned Pro 1972 Retired 1989 Tennis career Evert beg...", "In the Men’s singles draw, two players have reigned supreme in the open era (1968 onwards). American ace Pete Sampras claimed seven Wimbledon titles between 1981 and 1989 and Swiss maestro Roger Federer equalled that feat from 2003 to 2012. Four Australian men have won the tournament in the open era; Rod Laver and John Newcombe both went back-to-back in 1968-69 and 1970-71 respectively, while Pat Cash (1987) and Lleyton Hewitt (2002) have also managed victories. Other greats in men’s singles that have won the tournament include Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe and Boris Becker.", "Navratilova won her first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon in 1978, where she defeated Evert in three sets in the final and captured the World No. 1 ranking for the first time. She successfully defended her Wimbledon title in 1979, again beating Evert in the final, and retained her World No. 1 ranking.", ">> reporter: and to top it all off, the bad boy of tennis was dating the princess of the court, chris evert . when 19-year-old evert and 21-year-old connors both won wimbledon in 1974 , the british press dubbed it the love double. the two were engaged with a november wedding date. why didn't you and chris get married?", "Chris Evert was a women’s tennis champion between 1974 and 1986, famous for her poise on court and her powerful two-fisted backhand.", "In 1968, the tournament became the first Grand Slam event to join the \"Open\" era, allowing professionals to join the championships. That allowed some incredible years in the following decades, including Bjorn Borg's impressive six victories between 1974 and 1981 (four of them consecutively). At the same time Borg was dominating the men's competition, Chris Evert was easing through the women's tournaments -- winning six titles, more than any other female player, all between 1974 and 1986.", "American Evert held an extraordinary record at the Grand Slams, never failing to reach at least the semi-finals of the 34 Grand Slam singles event she participated in. It was at this stage at Wimbledon 1988 that she met her old foe Martina. Navratilova had won their encounter at Wimbledon the year before, but Evert had won both meetings in 1988. Navratilova came out the stronger, racing through the first set 6-1, before Evert bounced back to lead 4-3 in the second. After a brief interruption as the heavens open, Evert returned to take the second set 6-4.", "In 1920 Suzanne Lenglen of France became the first person to win three Wimbledon championships (in singles and doubles events) in a single year; in 1937 Don Budge of the United States became the first man to win three Wimbledon championships in a single year. (In 1938 he repeated that feat, and he also won the other three championships of the Grand Slam.) In 1980 Björn Borg of Sweden won the men’s singles for a fifth consecutive year; this was a feat not achieved since the winning streaks of William Renshaw (1880s) and Laurie Doherty (1900s), which were held under the old challenge-round system that gave an advantage to defending champions. Martina Navratilova of the United States won six consecutive women’s championships (1982–87), eclipsing the record of Lenglen (1919–23). In 1990 Navratilova captured her ninth single’s title to break the record set by Helen Wills . Later notable players at Wimbledon include Pete Sampras of the United States, who in 2000 won his seventh title to tie Renshaw, and Roger Federer of Switzerland , whose fifth consecutive title in 2007 equaled Borg’s streak; in 2012 Federer also captured a record-tying seventh Wimbledon title.", "Bjorn Borg won five straight Wimbledon titles, a men's record for consecutive crowns at the All England Club, later matched by Roger Federer. (The record does not include consecutive titles won before 1923, when the defending champion had to win only one match to claim the title.)", "Not until the next year, on her 18th birthday (Dec. 21, 1972), did Evert turn pro. In 1974, Evert won her first two Grand Slams -- the French Open and Wimbledon. The storybook romance and engagement of Evert and Connors, also the Wimbledon champion, peaked that summer. But their relationship became strained, and their October wedding was called off.", "Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.", "Chris Evert came onto the professional tennis scene in 1969 and was America’s darling for years. With 157 winning titles in her crown, Evert has been named the third most successful women’s tennis player in the 20th century by tennis author Steve Flink. She succeeded to win at the US Open six times.", "Pete Sampras won seven Wimbledon titles, tied for the most in history, and he never lost a Wimbledon final. He and Roger Federer are the undisputed kings of the All England Club in the Open Era. Sampras had won four straight Wimbledon titles from 1997 through 2000, and his five-set, fourth-round loss to Federer in 2001 was hardly an embarrassing experience.", "3. Pete Sampras: The American's game was built for the grass courts of south-west London, and it brought him seven titles in all. Sampras won three trophies in a row from 1993-5, and then went on a streak of four trophies from 1997-2000. In beating Andre Agassi in the 1999 final, he played tennis that was pretty close to perfection. But Sampras was denied a successive fifth title, which would have allowed him to equal Bjorn Borg's record, when he was beaten in the fourth round of the 2001 tournament by a certain Roger Federer. Borg made a light-hearted phone-call to Federer after that, to thank him for keeping his record intact. The one true pity for Sampras was that he doesn't exactly have warm, gooey memories from his last appearance at the All England Club.", "Another Wimbledon legend is Pete Sampras, who won seven titles in eight tournaments between 1993 and 2000 - here he is throwing his shirt into the crowd after beating Croatia's Goran Ivanisevic in the 1998 final. Amazingly, the American's seven titles didn't stay as a record for long, with Roger Federer also winning seven titles in the last decade", "January 30, 1994 – Pete Sampras wins his third consecutive major singles title, slamming 13 aces with speeds as fast as 126 mph in defeating first-time major finalist Todd Martin 7-6(4), 6-4, 6-4 at the Australian Open. The top-seeded Sampras becomes the first man in nearly 30 years to win Wimbledon, the U.S. Open and the Australian Open consecutively, joining Roy Emerson in 1964-65 and Don Budge in 1937-38. “He’s just too good and he really deserves what he’s succeeding at, because he’s really working his butt off,” Martin says of Sampras.", "Evert also won three grand slam doubles titles. In all “Chrissie” appeared in 34 grand slam singles finals, again setting a modern record.", "Evert also won three grand slam doubles titles. In all \"Chrissie\" appeared in 34 grand slam singles finals, again setting a modern record.", "Officially called “The Championships, Wimbledon,” tennis’ most prestigious event has been held at Wimbledon’s All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club since 1877. A women’s event, still referred to as the “ladies’ singles,” was added in 1884. The tournament is played on fast grass courts rhat reward a power game. Although baseliners such as three-time Wimbledon singles champion Chris Evert can succeed, Wimbledon champions more often feature a strong serve and play an attacking style. The two main courts, where the championship matches are held, are only used during the Wimbledon tournament. Members of the British royal family often attend Wimbledon matches.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious.It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass.", "Don Budge of the USA started to make an impact when he first played at Wimbledon in 1935 and three years later became the first Grand Slam winner, including taking the Wimbledon title without losing a set. Three times Budge was taken as close as 7-5 but in no round did he concede more than eight games.", "43. Stan Smith: When Smith, who was universally known throughout tennis as Gentleman Stan, won the Challenge Cup in 1972, it was remarkable for the fact that it was the first men's final to be played on Sunday. The scheduling was down to the rain delays rather than any demands from television executives.", "Between his 1992 semifinal loss to Goran Ivanisevic and his fourth-round loss to Federer in 2001, Sampras won 56 of 57 matches at Wimbledon. Perhaps more indicative of Sampras' championship quality is the fact that he never lost a Wimbledon final, going 7-0 in title-deciding matches.", "For two weeks beginning in late June, the greatest tennis players in the world will converge on Wimbledon, a suburb on the southwestern outskirts of London. They will compete for a total of about $34.8 million in prize money, with the winners of the men's and women's singles competitions taking $2.4 million each. But more than that, they will be competing for a place in tennis history. John Barrett, a former Wimbledon player and author of Wimbledon: The Official History, says that Wimbledon is the most sought-after title in tennis because it's \"the granddaddy of them all.\" Indeed, since the late 19th century, Wimbledon has been more than a site for the greatest players to shine; often, it has shaped the entire sport: \"It is the history of tennis,\" Barrett says.", "Women in Sports: Chris Evert (1954- ) wins $40,000, the highest prize in the history of women’s tennis, on the Virginia Slims Tour." ]

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[ "As you can see, the quarterback position has been named Super Bowl MVP almost four times as many as any other position. It is the only in which there are any players that have been named the MVP more than once. Bart Starr (1967, 1968), Terry Bradshaw (1979, 1980) Joe Montana (1982, 1985, 1990) Tom Brady (2002, 2004) and Eli Manning (2008, 2012) are the only players to win the award more than once. Montana is a three time winner which is an NFL record. Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw are the only players to win the award in back to back years.", "Joe Montana is the only player to have won the Super Bowl MVP three times (1982, 1985, 1990). There have been four others win the awards twice. They are Bart Starr (1967, 1967), Terry Bradshaw (1979, 1980), Tom Brady (2002, 2004) and Eli Manning (2008, 2012). Harvey Martin and Randy White of the Dallas Cowboys were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, which was the only time that has happened in the history of the big game.", "The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback Bart Starr , who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years. As owners of arguably the only true NFL dynasty, Green Bay, Wisconsin has been named Titletown, USA.\" [7] [8]", "On January 14th, 1968 the Oakland Raiders met the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl 2 in Miami, Florida's Orange Bowl. The game drew over 75,000 people, the first $3 million gate. Super Bowl Two was no different than Super Bowl One for Bart Starr and Green Bay. Starr was named MVP and the Packers won easily for the second straight year, 33-14. Kicker Don Chandler added four field goals, and All-Pro cornerback Herb Adderley had a 60 yard interception return for a touchdown. Daryle Lamonica threw to Bill Miller for both of Oakland's touchdowns. This was Vince Lombardi's last Championship.", "Super Bowl IGreen Bay 35, Kansas City 10 Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles, Calif. Jan. 15, 1967 MVP: Bart Starr, QB - Green Bay Starr (#15, pictured) went 16 for 23 for 250 yards and a pair of touchdowns during this first installment of the Super Bowl series. (Allsport/Rich Clarkson)", "Bart Starr was MVP yet again, two years in a row. This Super Bowl marked the last game Vince Lombardi coached for the Green Bay Packers. He was with the team for nine years. In those years, he won six Western Conference Championships, five NFL Championships, and two Super Bowls.", "Super Bowl I (1967) – Green Bay Packers quarterback Bart Starr was named the Most Valuable Player of the first Super Bowl, which in January 1967 was just called the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. Starr threw for 250 yards and two touchdowns as the Packers defeated Kansas City 35-10 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.", "Using a dazzling  I-formation offense  and a smothering defense, the Chiefs claimed a dominating 31-7 victory in the AFL title game at Buffalo on  New Year's Day , 1967. That victory propelled Kansas City to the  first AFL-NFL World Championship Game , later known as the  Super Bowl . At the  Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Chiefs met  Vince Lombardi ’s powerful  Green Bay Packers  of the National Football League on January 15, 1967. The Chiefs played the Packers close for a half, trailing 14-10, but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters, winning the game by a score of 35-10. [2]", "Super Bowl V (1971) – Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley, right, holds onto one of his two interceptions against the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V. Howley was named the game's MVP, but the Colts won the notoriously sloppy game with a Jim O'Brien field goal as time expired. To date, Howley remains the only player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP.", "It’s no surprise that Tom Brady and Russell Wilson are the favorites to win Super Bowl XLIX considering that 26 of the 49 Super Bowl MVP awards have gone to a player from that position. In fact, 39 of the 49 have gone to an offensive skill position player. A running back has won the MVP seven times, while a wide receiver has won it six times. There have been nine defensive players and one special teams participant to hold the trophy. Desmond Howard won it in Super Bowl XXXI, totaling a Super Bowl record 90 punt return yards and 154 kickoff return yards with a touchdown.", "Chuck Noll's Pittsburgh Steelers would repeat to win Super Bowl 14 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California on January 20th, 1980 against Ray Malavasi's LA Rams. Terry Bradshaw took home MVP for the second straight year as the Steelers won their 4th Super Bowl before any other team had won three. John Stallworth and Lynn Swan each caught touchdowns, while Franco Harris ran for two. Dave Elmendorf, Rod Perry, and Eddie Brown intercepted three Bradshaw passes, but it wasn't enough. Lawrence McCutcheon connected with Ron Smith on a halfback pass but quarterback Vince Ferragamo couldn't make the big throw for the Rams. Unsung hero, Larry Anderson, had 162 return yards setting up the Steeler win, 31-19.", "On January 29th, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, Siefert's San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowl 29 against Bobby Ross' San Diego Chargers, 49-26, in the highest scoring Super Bowl of all time. Super Bowl Twenty-Nine's MVP, Steve Young rushed for 49 yards and threw for a record breaking 6 touchdown passes; 3 to Jerry Rice, 2 to Ricky Watters, 1 to William Floyd. Natrone Means and Tony Martin scored offensive touchdowns for the Chargers, and Andre Coleman returned a kickoff for a 98 yard score. San Fran's secondary compiled of Martin Hanks, Deion Sanders, Eric Davis, and Tim McDonald held Stan Humphries under 50% passing.", "Earned Super Bowl MVP honors after completing 32 of 48 passes for 354 yards and three touchdowns against the Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII. Completed four of five passes in the final 1:08 to lead the Patriots on a Super Bowl-winning drive that culminated in Adam Vinatieri's winning boot with four seconds left in the contest.", "Super Bowl 1 MVP: Bart Starr, Green Bay quarterback (16/23, 250 yards, 2 TDs, 1 INT)", "The 1966 season saw the Packers led to the first ever Super Bowl by MVP quarterback Bart Starr. The team went 12–2, and as time wound down in the NFL Championship against the Dallas Cowboys, the Packers clung to a 34–27 lead. Dallas had the ball on the Packers' two-yard line, threatening to tie the ballgame. But on fourth down the Packers' Tom Brown intercepted Don Meredith's pass in the end zone to seal the win. The team crowned its season by rolling over the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs 35–10 in Super Bowl I.", "It is the only Super Bowl in which the Most Valuable Player Award was given to a member of the losing team: Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley, who intercepted two passes (sacks and tackles were not yet recorded). Howley, the first non-quarterback to win the MVP award, refused to accept it because it was meaningless to him after his team lost. In a similar vein, Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the \"sloppy\" play.", "Named Super Bowl XXXVI MVP after connecting on 16 of 27 passes for 145 yards and one touchdown. Completed five of eight passes for 53 yards on the game-winning drive that began with 1:21 remaining in the fourth quarter with the game tied at 17 and ended with an Adam Vinatieri 48-yard field goal as time expired.", "As such, any list of the greatest American Football players will necessarily contain a proliferation of famous quarterbacks, from Joe Montana of the San Francisco 49ers to Dan Marino of the Miami Dolphins and, more recently, Tom Brady of the New England Patriots. It is also unsurprising that quarterbacks over history have won more Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards than any other position.", "Terry Bradshaw, the game's most valuable player for the second straight year, set two passing records as the Steelers became the first team to win four Super Bowls. Bradshaw brought the Steelers from behind twice in the second half. The second time when he lofted a 73-yard scoring pass to John Stallworth to put the Steelers in front to stay 24-19.", "Former Redskins quarterback Doug Williams, MVP in Super Bowl XXII, commemorating the twentieth anniversary of becoming the first African American quarterback to lead a team to victory in the Super Bowl, took part in the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony after the game. ", "The Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Kansas City Chiefs, New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks, St. Louis Rams and Tampa Bay Buccaneers all have one Super Bowl MVP. The Cowboys list does include White and Martin as two separate winners despite them being co-MVPs in 1978.", "The team continued to shine in 1970 and 1971 as their \"Purple People Eater\" defense led them back to the playoffs. In 1971 the defense was so impressive that Alan Page became only the third defensive player to win the NFL Most Valuable Player Award (the Colts' Gino Marchetti was the AP MVP in 1958 and the Lions' Joe Schmidt was co MVP in 1960).", "Super Bowl III (1969) – The New York Jets came into Super Bowl III as 18-point underdogs, but quarterback Joe Namath famously guaranteed that his team would upset the Baltimore Colts. After Namath led the way to a 16-7 victory, he was named the game's Most Valuable Player.", "Super Bowl XIII (1979) – The Steelers and the Cowboys met for a Super Bowl rematch in 1979, and this game ended the same way as the one three years earlier -- with a Pittsburgh victory. This time, however, it was Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw who won MVP, throwing for 318 yards and four touchdowns as Pittsburgh edged Dallas 35-31.", "The Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the premier association of professional American football. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970. After the merger, each league became a \"conference\", and the game was then played between conference champions. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played in 1967 to determine the championship of the regular season played in 1966, while Super Bowl XLV was most recently played on February 6, 2011, which the Green Bay Packers won to become the champions of the 2010 regular season.", "Before Super Bowl I, McGee caught a 28-yard TD pass from Bart Starr that was the difference in the 34-27 1966 NFL Championship Game win in Dallas against the Cowboys . But Super Bowl I was where he really made his legend.", "1960 – Jim Kelly, American football player, led the Buffalo Bills to four consecutive Super Bowls in 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993, though the Bills lost all four of them. In 2002, in his first year of eligibility, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "Won 5 NFL Championships, including Super Bowls I and II, during his tenure with the Green Bay Packers", "A master of the winning comeback, this durable product of a Pennsylvania mill town led the San Francisco 49ers to win four Super Bowl titles from quarterback. A superb passer, he was voted Most Valuable Player in three of those matches.", "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "* On February 2, 2014, Allen received a Super Bowl ring as the Seattle Seahawks won the Vince Lombardi Trophy. ", "In 1967, he starred in the 1967 USC vs. UCLA football game and was a Heisman Trophy candidate as a junior, but he did not win the award. His 64-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter tied the game, with the extra point after touchdown providing the win. This was the biggest play in what is regarded as one of the greatest football games of the 20th century. " ]

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[ "Most US Open Men's Singles Titles - The most US Open singles tennis titles won by a man is seven. The record is shared by Bill Tilden (USA) who won in 1920-25 and 1929, Richard Sears (USA) who won in 1881-1887; and William Larned (USA) who took the title in 1901, 1902, and 1907-11.", "The winner of the most men’s singles US Open titles are Richard Sears, William Tilden and Bill Larned who are tied with 7. In the open era, Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras and Roger Federer have all won 5 titles.", "Most US Open Titles Won by a Man - The most US Open Tennis titles won by a man is 16, by American <Bill Tilden. Tilden won his first title, the mixed doubles, at the US Open in 1913, aged 20, but he did not achieve his first singles title until 1920. The US Open proved to be his most successful tournament, where he won seven singles, five doubles, and four mixed doubles trophies", "A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of all time. By a large margin, an Associated Press poll in 1950 named Bill Tilden as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century. [88] From 1920 to 1930, Tilden won singles titles at Wimbledon three times and the U.S. Championships seven times. In 1938, however, Donald Budge became the first person to win all four major singles titles during the same calendar year, the Grand Slam , and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden called Budge \"the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived.\" [89] And in his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer said that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever. [90] Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title. Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Tony Trabert has said that of the players he saw before the start of the open era , Kramer was the best male champion. [91]", "Laver came out on top in various experts polls for the best of all time. In 1986, the US magazine Inside Tennis polled 37 experts, which resulted in a computerised tournament. Laver ranked first on this list ahead of John McEnroe, Don Budge, Kramer, Björn Borg, Gonzales, Tilden, Jimmy Connors, Fred Perry, and Lew Hoad. In a poll by the Associated Press in 2000, Laver was voted \"The Male Tennis Player of the Century\", ahead of Pete Sampras, Tilden, Borg, Budge, McEnroe and Hoad (tied), Rosewall and Roy Emerson (tied), and Kramer. In an article in Tennis Week in 2007, the tennis historian Raymond Lee statistically analysed the all-time best players. Laver topped his list ahead of Tilden and Borg (tied), Roger Federer, Gonzales, Rosewall, Budge, Ivan Lendl, Connors, Sampras, McEnroe, and Kramer.", "During the open era, first Rod Laver and then more recently Björn Borg and Pete Sampras were regarded by many of their contemporaries as among the greatest ever. Andre Agassi, the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles tennis (followed by Rafael Nadal), has been called the best service returner in the history of the game. He is the first man to win slams on all modern surfaces (previous holders of all slams played in an era of grass and clay only), and is regarded by a number of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all time. ", "The men’s game increasingly emphasized athleticism and power in the 1990s. Pete Sampras of the United States best epitomized this style of play, using devastating serves and ground strokes, along with exceptional agility, to claim a record-setting 14 Grand Slam titles; the record was later surpassed by Roger Federer of Switzerland. Players such as Patrick Rafter of Australia, Sweden’s Stefan Edberg, and Russian Yevgeny Kafelnikov also claimed their share of major titles during the decade, but Andre Agassi surfaced as Sampras’s primary rival. Agassi won singles titles at the Australian Open (1995, 2000–01, 2003), the French Open (1999), Wimbledon (1992), and the U.S. Open (1994, 1999) and finished the 1999 season as the top-ranked player on the tour. In the early 21st century, Federer emerged as one of the game’s dominant players. He won an unprecedented 17 men’s singles Grand Slam championships—seven Wimbledon titles (2003–07, 2009, and 2012), five U.S. Opens (2004–08), four Australian Opens (2004, 2006–07, and 2010), and one French Open (2009). One of Federer’s main rivals was Rafael Nadal of Spain. Although initially thought of as a clay-court specialist—he captured a record seven French Open titles (2005–08 and 2010–12)—Nadal also won at Wimbledon (2008 and 2010), the Australian Open (2009), and the U.S. Open (2010).", "In 1970, Laver won 15 titles and US$201,453 in prize money, including the rich \"Tennis Champions Classic\" and five other big events (Sydney Dunlop Open, Philadelphia, Wembley, Los Angeles, South African Open). Those were the equivalent of the modern day ATP Masters Series. With only two majors played by all the best players (Wimbledon and the US Open), there was no clear-cut World No. 1 in 1970. Wimbledon champion Newcombe, US champion Rosewall, and Laver (who won the most titles and had a 3–0 win-loss record against Newcombe and a 5–0 record against Rosewall) were ranked the highest by different journalists and expert panels. Although Newcombe was top ranked by Lance Tingay, Newcombe wrote later in his autobiography \"Newk-Life on and off the Court\" (2002) that the top honour in 1970 belonged to Laver.", "Federer is the sixth of eight men to win all four Grand Slam titles during his career, with Fred Perry, Don Budge, Laver, Emerson, Andre Agassi, Nadal and Djokovic being the others. Federer is the third man to win all four in the open era, after Laver and Agassi, and the second man to win all four on three different surfaces (hard, clay, and grass) after Agassi. Nadal and Djokovic have since achieved this as well.", "By a large margin, an Associated Press poll in 1950 named Bill Tilden as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century.<ref> [1] </ref> From 1920 through 1930, Tilden won singles titles at Wimbledon three times and the U.S. Championships seven times.", "MORE: American winners of the Open Era | Wimbledon's 21st century champions | Novak Djokovic vs. Roger Federer in men's final Federer bares arms | Williams completes Serena slam  ", "In the same year that the United States sent a rocket to the moon, Australia launched its own Rocket—a freckled, 5’8”, 143-pound flash out of Rockhampton, Queensland—across the globe to win an unprecedented second calendar-year Grand Slam. Rodney George Laver’s four-for-four run at the majors was a celebrated achievement at the time; when he won the last leg, at Forest Hills in New York, he was declared by many to be the greatest player of all time. But the myth of his perfect season has only grown in the 46 years since, as the world’s best male players, from Jimmy Connors and Bjorn Borg to Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, have strived to match the little Aussie master, only to a fall a shot or two short of his legendary standard. ", "Agassi entered the history books in 1999 when he came back from two sets to love down to beat Andrei Medvedev in a five-set French Open final, becoming, at the time, only the fifth male player (joining Rod Laver, Fred Perry, Roy Emerson and Don Budge—these have since been joined by a sixth, Roger Federer, seventh, Rafael Nadal, and eighth, Novak Djokovic) to win all four Grand Slam singles titles during his career. Only Laver, Agassi, Federer, Nadal and Djokovic have achieved this feat during the open era. This win also made him the first (of only four, the second, third and fourth being Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic respectively) male player in history to have won all four Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts), a tribute to his adaptability, as the other four men won their Grand Slam titles on clay and grass courts. Agassi also became the only male player to win the Career Super Slam, consisting of all four Grand Slam tournaments plus an Olympic gold medal in singles and a Year-End Championship.", "Posted in Players with tags ap athlete of the year , australian open , bill tilden , bobby riggs , davis cup , don budge , ellsworth vines , fred perry , french open , gottfried von cramm , grand slam , henri cochet , jack kramer , ken rosewall , pancho gonzales , rod laver , roger federer , roland garros , us open , wimbledon , world war ii on September 18, 2008 by BDC", "John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is a former world no. 1 professional tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title. McEnroe also won a record eight season ending championships, comprising five WCT Finals titles and three Masters Grand Prix titles from twelve final appearances at these two events, a record he shares with Ivan Lendl. He posted the best single season win-loss record in the Open Era in 1984 at 96.47% (82/3). In addition he won 19 Championship Series top tier events of the Grand Prix Tour that were the precursors to the current Masters 1000.", "William \"Big Bill\" Tilden dominated men's tennis in the 1920's. His dramatic playing style attracted public attention to a sport that had often been regarded as snobbish and boring. For six consecutive years he won the U.S. Championship, from 1920 through 1925, and again, at the age of thirty-six, in 1929. On the 3rd of July, 1920 Tilden became the first American to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon, which he succesfully defended the following year, and which he regained in 1930.", "During the open era, first Rod Laver and then more recently Bjorn Borg and Pete Sampras were regarded by many of their contemporaries as among the greatest ever. Cliff Drysdale has said that Laver is the greatest player ever. Mats Wilander said, \"The greatest player ever is not necessarily the player who has won the most. I would say that Bjorn Borg is the greatest player ever because he won Wimbledon five times in a row. And out of those five times, he won the French Open all of those five years, plus another year.\" Laver has said that Sampras is \"equal to anyone who has ever played the game.\" John McEnroe has said that either Laver or Sampras is the greatest player ever.", "Jimmy Connors (USA) 1972-1996: Held No. 1 for 268 weeks. Won 8 Grand Slam singles titles and 2 doubles. The first of the notable players to emerge at the advent of the Open Era, Jimmy Connors was a ferocious power baseliner whose heart and will were only matched by his pugnacious attitude towards others. Widely regarded as a tremendous asshole on court, Connors nevertheless is one of the game's greats, having played in three decades, with one of his most memorable moments being his run to the 1991 US Open semifinals at the age of 39. Over his long career he won a record 109 ATP singles titles.", "Laver's 200 singles titles are the most in tennis history, and he holds the all-time male singles records of 22 titles in a single season (1962) and seven consecutive years (1964–70) winning at least 10 titles per season. He excelled on all of the court surfaces of his time: grass, clay, hard, carpet, and wood/parquet.", "You’d have to search sporting annals long and hard to find an athlete in any sport that rose to meteoric heights like Borg, an 11-time major singles champion in just seven years (1974-81), who dramatically stunned and shocked the tennis world by retiring at age 26. Even in such a short time span, Borg left an indelible legacy on tennis history. He won six French Open championships (second best in history behind Rafael Nadal’s nine) and a record four consecutively (1978-81). Borg dominated Wimbledon like no other player since Willie Renshaw did when he won six straight championships (1881-1886), capturing five consecutive titles from 1976 to 1980, his five-set marathon victory over John McEnroe in 1980 considered one of the greatest tennis matches in history. Borg’s five titles at Wimbledon are the third highest in history behind Pete Sampras and Roger Federer who have seven each.", "The last Englishman to lift the US Open was Tony Jacklin, who won by seven shots at Hazeltine, Minnesota, in 1970. Five other Englishmen won the US Open pre-war, while a host of Scotsmen won early editions of the event.", "Rod Laver was so scrawny and sickly as a child in the Australian bush that no one could guess he would become a left-handed whirlwind who would conquer the tennis world and be known as possibly the greatest player ever. A little more than a month before Don Budge completed the first Grand Slam, Rodney George \"Rocket\" Laver was born Aug. 9, 1938, at Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Despite lack of size and early infirmities, Laver grew strong and tough on his father's cattle property and emulated Budge by making the second male Grand Slam in 1962 as an amateur - then became the only double Grand Slammer seven years later by taking the major singles (Australian, French, Wimbledon, U.S.) as a pro.", "Finally, the best player of all time. Laver is the only man in Open Era history to complete a calendar year Grand Slam, where he won all four titles in 1969.", "He is best remembered for his shot-making artistry and superb volleying; for his famous rivalries with Bj\"orn Borg, Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl; for his confrontational on-court behavior which frequently landed him in trouble with umpires and tennis authorities; and for the catchphrase \"You cannot be serious!\" directed toward an umpire during a match at Wimbledon in 1981. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1999, and is regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time.", "Career Significance: It was his seventh French Open title, tying him with Roger Federer and Pete Sampras for most wins at one Grand Slam event and leaving him as the most decorated French Open winner ever (Bjorn Borg has six titles). It was his 11th Grand Slam in total, trailing only Federer, Sampras, and Roy Emerson for most Grand Slam titles . ", "After the war Budge played for a few years, mostly against Riggs. In 1946 Budge lost narrowly to Riggs in their U.S. tour, 24 matches to 22. The hierarchy was confirmed at the U.S. Pro, held at Forest Hills where Riggs easily defeated Budge in the last round. Next year Riggs stayed the pro king by defeating again Budge in the U.S. Pro final in five sets. Riggs then established himself as the World No. 1 for those two years. According to Kramer,", "Dubbed the \"Rocket,\" Laver is the only double Grand Slammer in history. He won the Australian, French, Wimbledon and US titles in 1962 as an amateur, then repeated the feat in 1969 as a pro.", "Who was the first male tennis player to win all four grand slams on three different surfaces?", "^ Ruth, Jeffrey (August 13, 2013). \"Ranking the 10 Greatest American Men's Tennis Players in History\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 19, 2014.", "Borg set numerous Open Era records that still stand, including winning 41% of the Grand Slam singles tournaments he entered and 90% of those matches, winning both the French Open and Wimbledon for three consecutive years, and winning three Grand Slams without losing a set. Also, his total career match win rate of 82.74% remains in the top two of the era.", "Claims to fame: Graceful men’s singles player who is widely considered the greatest of the Open era, which began in 1968. Just won his 17th Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon.", "The only player to win the Grand Slam twice, first as an amateur in 1962, then as a professional in 1969. The greatest-ever left-hander was also undefeated in the four successive Wimbledon tournaments he contested in 1961, 1962, 1968 and 1969. It was the tenacity and aggression of this red-haired player's game which wore down his opponents, earning him the nickname of \"The Rocket\". The effectiveness of his serve, with its kick and placement, was unmatched in his era." ]

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[ "Pong is one of the earliest arcade video games and the very first sports arcade video game. It is a table tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics. While other arcade video games such as Computer Space came before it, Pong was one of the first video games to reach mainstream popularity. The aim is to defeat an opponent in a simulated table-tennis game by earning a higher score. The game was originally manufactured by Atari, which released it in 1972. Allan Alcorn created Pong as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell based the idea on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, which later resulted in a lawsuit against Atari. Surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work, Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney decided to manufacture the game.", "The game originated as a sport in Britain during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game,[4][5] then commonly known as \"wiff-waff\". A row of books were to be stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Later, table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of \"wiff-waff\" and \"ping-pong\". A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of Regent Street under the name \"Gossima\".[6][7] The name \"ping-pong\" was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name \"ping-pong\" then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaquesses equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the \"ping-pong\" name to Parker Brothers.", "Pong, widely considered the first commercially successful video game, is a 2-D arcade game that simulates Table Tennis . Meant for two competitors, each player takes control of a paddle on that can move vertically along the edges of the screen. The paddle is used to hit the ball back and forth and players earn a point when the opponent fails to return the ball and it travels off screen.", "Ping Pong (table tennis) has been played on many home consoles and arcades. It's regarded as the first popular arcade and home console game. Ping Pong is based on table tennis. Latter games such as Arkanoid were based on the concept of table tennis. Please wait for the game to load. Game not loading? Please enable Active X Content by clicking the circle with a strike through icon in the address bar which looks like this (", "developed into a console that plugged into the back of a TV. A simulation of tennis, Pong saw families interacting with their TVs for the first time. The console was quickly copied with over 500 similar systems", "In May of 1972, Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell was sent by his then-employer Nutting and Associates to demonstration event for the Magnavox Odyssey (the first home console). Of the games being showcased for Ralph Baer's Odyssey, it is likely that Table Tennis caught Bushnell's eye. When Atari released Pong in the arcade later that year, the resemblance (and success) was enough to catch the attention of the Magnavox's development company Sanders Associates. After two years of Pong and its many clones' continued financial successes, Sanders Associates and Magnavox filed a lawsuit against Atari, Bally Midway, and Chicago Dynamics for infringement on their exclusive rights to the Odyssey's copyrights. Magnavox argued that Atari had knowingly infringed on Baer's patents and his concept of electronic ping-pong, though Atari defended by citing the difference between the electronic and digital composition of each game. Nolan Bushnell settled with Magnavox out of court and Magnavox offered Atari an agreement to become a licensee for $700,000 (USD).", "Home Pong was an instant success following its limited 1975 release through Sears; around 150,000 units were sold that holiday season. The game became Sears' most successful product at the time, which earned Atari a Sears Quality Excellence Award. Similar to the arcade version, several companies released clones to capitalize on the home console's success, many of which continued to produce new consoles and video games. Magnavox re-released their Odyssey system with simplified hardware and new features, and would later release updated versions. Coleco entered the video game market with their Telstar console; it features three Pong variants and was also succeeded by newer models. Nintendo released the Color TV Game 6 in 1977, which plays six variations of electronic tennis. The next year, it was followed by an updated version, the Color TV Game 15, which features fifteen variations. The systems were Nintendo's entry into the home video game market and the first to produce themselves—they had previously licensed the Magnavox Odyssey. The dedicated Pong consoles and the numerous clones have since become varying levels of rare; Atari's Pong consoles are common, while APF Electronics' TV Fun consoles are moderately rare. Prices among collectors, however, vary with rarity; the Sears Tele-Games versions are often cheaper than those with the Atari brand.", "Video gaming has traditionally been a social experience. Multiplayer video games are those that can be played either competitively, sometimes in Electronic Sports, or cooperatively by using either multiple input devices, or by hotseating. Tennis for Two, arguably the first video game, was a two player game, as was its successor Pong. The first commercially available game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, had two controller inputs.", "Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn of Atari develop an arcade table tennis game. When they test it in Andy Capps Tavern in Sunnyvale, California, it stops working. Why? Because people played it so much it jammed with quarters. Pong, an arcade legend, is born.", "a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball", "While similar to the first ever interactive electronic game, the home version of Pong (rather aptly called Home Pong) usually grabs the glory, but this wasn’t the case. Three years before Home Pong came the first cartridge console, called the ‘Magnavox Odyssey’, designed by Ralph Baer. Unfortunately, the console was a flop due to poor marketing and the apparent belief that you needed a Magnavox television to play the console on. Atari (then called ‘Nolan Bushnell’) capitalized on this by later stating on their Pong boxes, “Works on any television set, black and white or color.” After Pong was released and experienced huge success, Magnavox sued Nolan Bushnell for ripping off the ‘Tennis’ game, which had been featured on the Odyssey. They later also sued Coleco, Mattel, Seeburg and Activision.", "Also known as ping-pong, table tennis originated in the 1880s in England as an after-dinner game among the upper class. It is played by two to four people on a hard table divided by a net. Using small rackets to hit a light, hollow ball, players score points when the opponents fail to return the ball.", "1972 - Atari of Santa Clara, CA develops \"Pong\" -- the first electronic computer arcade game.", "table tennis - a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball", "The game originated in Britain in the 1800s where it was known as whiff-waff. It wasn't a full-fledged sport back then and was usually played as an activity game after dinner. Books were used as rackets, a pile of books served as the net and a golf ball was used to play the game. The rules and equipment used in the game has undergone a tremendous change ever since. However, size of the ping pong table has remained more or less similar since inception.", "Wii Wii allows fans to mimic real games. A hand-held pointing device – the Wii Remote wireless controller – detects movement in three directions, and the “player” of Wii Sports can compete with onscreen opponents at his/her selected sport, from baseball to tennis, boxing to golf. Participants can not only play matches against real or virtual opponents, but can also monitor their own “fitness” levels. As of December 2009, over 509 million copies of Wii games had been sold. Apart from Wii Sports, which comes bundled with the console, the biggest seller is Wii Play, which includes duck-shoots and table tennis, and has sold 27 million copies.", "Pong quickly became a success and is the first commercially successful arcade video game machine, which helped to establish the video game industry along with the first home console, the Magnavox Odyssey. Soon after its release, several companies began producing games that copied Pongs gameplay, and eventually released new types of games. As a result, Atari encouraged its staff to produce more innovative games. The company released several sequels that built upon the original's gameplay by adding new features. During the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of Pong exclusively through Sears retail stores. It was also a commercial success and led to numerous copies. The game has been remade on numerous home and portable platforms following its release. Pong has been referenced and parodied in multiple television shows and video games, and has been a part of several video game and cultural exhibitions.", "Atari kicks off the first generation of video games with the release of their seminal arcade version of Pong, the first game to achieve commercial success.", "1972 –  Atari  announced the release of  Pong  on the 29th November 1972, the first commercially successful  video game .", "Although it wasn't the first, Atari's Pong was the first video game to get the ball rolling -- or bouncing, as it were. Humble even by contemporary standards, Pong was an effort to introduce a video game so intuitive that even a child (or inebriated bar patron) could grasp it instantly.", "A game similar to lawn tennis, played on a table with paddles and a small hollow plastic ball.", "individual or team sport where athletes use small rackets to hit a light, hollow ball, scoring points when opponents fail to return the ball. Also called ping-pong.", "* There are several tennis video games including Mario Tennis, the TopSpin series, Wii Sports, and Grand Slam Tennis.", "not initially filed for patents on the solid state technology used in the game. Many gaming experts and publications consider PONG to be the one game which launched the video game industry as a lucrative enterprise, and PONG has been called one of the most historically significant titles in video game history, and the starting point of the \"arcade phenomenon\" and of digital out-of-home entertainment.", "Pong was a great hit when it came out. Move your cursor to get the slides to bounce back the moving square -- it will speed up as you progress.", "Ping-Pong - would make you hit all your groundstrokes with an extremely closed racket face, thus you end up dumping everything into the net or straight onto the floor.", "In 1972, most Americans were just getting used to color television; the idea of playing an actual game on a TV screen was revolutionary. What Pong really achieved, then, was demonstrating to the masses that computers were far more than esoteric tools for engineers and rocket scientists. It was the TV game of the future -- a future they were now part of.", "The origins of handheld game consoles are found in handheld and tabletop electronic game devices of the 1970s and early 1980s. These electronic devices are capable of playing only a single game, they fit in the palm of the hand or on a tabletop, and they may make use of a variety of video displays such as LED, VFD, or LCD. In 1978, handheld electronic games were described by Popular Electronics magazine as \"nonvideo electronic games\" and \"non-TV games\" as distinct from devices that required use of a television screen. Handheld electronic games, in turn, find their origins in the synthesis of previous handheld and tabletop electro-mechanical devices such as Waco's Electronic Tic-Tac-Toe (1972) Cragstan's Periscope-Firing Range (1951), and the emerging optoelectronic-display-driven calculator market of the early 1970s. This synthesis happened in 1976, when \"Mattel began work on a line of calculator-sized sports games that became the world's first handheld electronic games. The project began when Michael Katz, Mattel's new product category marketing director, told the engineers in the electronics group to design a game the size of a calculator, using LED (light-emitting diode) technology.\" ", "A game popular with kids played using discs (\"pogs\"), originally played in Hawaii with bottle caps.", "Once you're done playing Pong, there are some other games you can play online, such as Spider Solitaire and Freecell", "Welcome to PongGame.org, In this site, you can find many free versions of the game, one of the first video games ever created.", "Players donned Virtual Reality googles, and made use of the 90s VR tech that appeared in some arcades to play various VR games. These were actually custom-made for the show, and weren't just standard, already-existing titles. The whole thing was overseen by the virtual being, Thesp, who lived in the virtual world and taunted challengers on their efforts in his domain." ]

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[ "If we fast-forward to the 2nd decade of 20th-Century America, we find government-sponsored flights for domestic US Airmail which took place between 1911 and 1918.  It wasn’t until May 15 of 1918 that the first day of scheduled airmail came to be – the US Post Office Department officially established a new class of mail service – Air Mail was born!  On that date, the first airmail route was inaugurated between Washington DC and New York City.  The US Post Office Department had made an agreement with the War Department which would supply the planes and pilots while the Post Office would manage the mail and relevant details.  This historic flight carried 136 pounds of mail.  During a 76-day operation that followed, Air Service pilots delivered 20 tons of mail.  It should be noted, however, that of the initial 40 pilots, three died in flight crashes in a single year during 1919 and nine more crew died in 1920.", "As overprinted by Post & Go machine: Airmail, 1930s. The world’s first scheduled airmail service began on 9 September 1911. The use of airplanes for long-distance transport of mail increased significantly during the 1920s and 1930s. Originally intended for Imperial Airways’ European mail routes, HP 45 G-AAXE Hengist first flew on 8 December 1931.", "In Germany, dirigibles of the 1920s and 1930s were used extensively to carry airmail; it was known as Zeppelin mail, or dirigible mail. The German Zeppelins were especially visible in this role, and many countries issued special stamps for use on Zeppelin mail.", "The carriage of mail by air. The first regular airmail service began in 1870, when mail was carried from Paris, France, then besieged by German forces, over enemy lines by balloon. The first airmail stamp was issued by Italy in 1917.", "The carriage of mail by air. The first regular airmail service began in 1870 in Paris when mail was delivered by hot air balloons.", "During the 1910s, the United States Post Office had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as \"aeroplane carrying mail\"), one of the U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13. The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York City. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a Curtiss Jenny JN-4HM, the biplane especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, Clair Aubrey Houston, apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15th, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M. ", "During the 1910s, the United States Post Office had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air, and decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between", "During 1918, the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots. In its first year of operation, the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings. Of those, 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure. By 1920, the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters. Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975, and international air mail in 1995, when the USPS began transporting First-Class mail by air on a routine basis.", "The world's first official airmail stamps were issued in 1917 when Poste italiane overprinted their existing special delivery stamps.", "1919 - William Boeing (1881-1956) and Edward Hubbard (1889-1928) deliver the first bag of international U.S. Air Mail containing 60 letters using the Boeing Model C700 to carry out a demonstration flight between Vancouver and Lake Union, Seattle. Boeing is the pilot while Hubbard wins the contract for a regular airmail service.", "Starting in 1903 the introduction of the airplane generated immediate interest in using them for mail transport. An unofficial airmail flight was conducted by Fred Wiseman, who carried three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California, on February 17, 1911. ", "On August 12, 1918, the Post Office Department took over air mail service from the U.S. Army Air Service (USAAS). Assistant Postmaster General Otto Praeger appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian-operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner’s first acts was to hire four pilots, each with at least 1,000 hours flying experience, paying them an average of $4,000 per year. The Post Office Department used mostly World War I military surplus de Havilland DH-4 aircraft. During 1918, the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots. In its first year of operation, the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings. Of those, 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure. By 1920, the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters. [11] Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975, and international air mail in 1995, when the USPS began transporting First Class mail by air on a routine basis.", "For about the first half century of its existence, transportation of mail via aircraft was usually categorized and sold as a separate service (airmail) from surface mail. Today it is often the case that mail service is categorized and sold according to transit time alone, with mode of transport (land, sea, air) being decided on the back end in dynamic intermodal combinations. Thus even \"regular\" mail may make part of its journey on an aircraft. Such \"air-speeded\" mail is different from nominal airmail in its branding, price, and priority of service.", "(1926)^* - Photograph of pilots readying an aircraft for the first air mail flight by Western Air Express, April 17, 1926. A line of four identical Douglass M-2 biplanes starts at center and extends into the distance at left. In front of the foremost plane, a group of men is standing near a pile of large mail sacks, and still more people are standing in front of a large mail truck at right. The truck is an early-model vehicle with a cargo area enclosed with wire. The ground is covered with rough grass.", "Airmail: 1: official: first official airmail flew on Feb. 11, 1911 between Allahabad and Naini, India. 2: inscription on stamps of many nations for mail carried by air. 3: any form of mail transported by air", "* February 17 – The first \"quasi-official\" airmail flight occurs when Fred Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California.", "Thursday, July 6, 1939:Eastern Air Lines began the world’s first scheduled air mail service by a rotary winged aircraft, using a Kellet autogiro to fly from the roof of the Philadelphia Post Office to the airport at Camden, NJ. This experimental service lasted about one year. (See October 1, 1947.)", "A small amount of mail, 196 letters and a parcel, was carried on Alcock and Brown's flight, the first time mail was carried by air across the ocean. The government of the Dominion of Newfoundland overprinted stamps for this carriage with the inscription \"Transatlantic air post 1919\". ", "A stamp collector was lucky enough to buy the whole sheet at a post office in Washington on May 14, 1918, the day before the pictured plane flew the first airmail route. The postal clerk who sold it later explained that he could not have been expected to notice an upside down airplane because he had never seen an airplane. Nearly ninety years later, people are still fascinated by airplanes and collectors are enthusiastic about stamps that picture them.", "1911: Earle Ovington carries the first U.S. airmail from Nassau Boulevard Aerodrome, New York, to Mineola, New York.", "1918 - Regular airmail service between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. began under the direction of the Post Office Department, a forerunner of the United States Postal Service.", "On 25 August 1919, the company used DH.16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the first regular international service in the world. The airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract. Six Royal Air Force Airco DH.9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force. ", "1918 Post Office Department (later renamed the USPS) begins the 1st regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC)", "British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919. They flew a modified First World War Vickers Vimy bomber from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. The Secretary of State for Air, Winston Churchill, presented them with the Daily Mail prize for the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by aeroplane in \"less than 72 consecutive hours\". A small amount of mail was carried on the flight, making it the first transatlantic airmail flight. The two aviators were awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) a week later by King George V at Windsor Castle.", "In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance traveled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to half an ounce (14g) to be delivered at a flat rate of one penny, regardless of distance.", ".   A series of airmail stamps was issued primarily for use in the new night flying air mail service. Three zones were established, the first from", "Specific instances of a letter being delivered by air long predate the introduction of Airmail as a regularly scheduled service available to the general public.", "airmail - send or transport by airmail; \"Letters to Europe from the U.S. are best airmailed\"", "Name said the souvenir sheet features a map of the original airmail route, along with the image of aviation pioneer Reuben Fleet, who was in charge of the first group of airmail pilots. Also pictured is National Postal Museum in Washington, DC, where visitors can see some of the original misprinted stamps.", "A letter from First Class passenger Adolf Saalfeld - the first letter to be sent from a paying passenger - fetched £30,000. It reads:", "1917 The first postmark slogan was stamped on envelopes in Britain: �Buy British War Bonds Now�.", "This letter was taken from one side of England to the other, then redirected, and was still delivered the same day! This strikes me as an incredible feat of efficiency in the days long before motorized delivery vans and automated sorting machines. How did they do that?" ]

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[ "One byte consists of 8 bits, which should be adjacent. This is the de facto standard, that is, it is widely accepted and used in practice. But the number of bits in a byte is not fixed, it can be different in different systems. There exists systems which has more than 8 bits wide. The number of bits in a byte is actually implementation defined and is not necessarily 8 bytes everywhere. It can be 8 bits, 9 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, even 64 bits [1] . Does that mean if you do sizeof (char) it may return more than 1 ? No, because char has a storage size of exactly one byte and when the number of bits in a byte change, the definition of byte changes, not the definition of char, so sizeof (char) is always 1. The minimum number of bits in a char is defined to be 8 as per C99 standards Section 5.2.4.2.1 Paragraph 1, and the number of bits in a byte in an implementation should be greater than or equal to 8.", "Byte A byte is a series of eight bits, each one a O (meaning \"off\") or 1 (meaning on). A byte is the unit of memory required to store one ASCII character.", "The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.", "The smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value of either 0 or 1. There are eight bits in a byte.", "A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instruction s that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called byte s. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.", "~ A byte is composed of a group of 8 bits and represents a complete piece of information in a binary system.", "A bit is short for a binary digit. In a binary system, only two digits exist: 1 and 0, as opposed to the decimal system, which has 10 digits from 0 to 9. The binary system was adapted in computers because data can simply be represented in 1's and 0's and it can easily be converted to represent electrical signals with 0 considered as an \"off state\" and 1 as an \"on state.\" One byte is equivalent to 8 bits.", "@ A byte is composed of a group of 8 bits and represents a complete piece of information in a binary system.", "*Eight bits equals one byte, and one byte equals a single character (a letter or numeral).", "Byte:  In computers, a unit of digital information, equivalent to one character or 8 to 32 bits.", "It is often convenient to handle groups of bits, rather than individually. The most common grouping is 8 bits, which forms a byte. A single byte can represent 256 (28) numbers. Memory capacity is usually referred to in bytes. Two bytes is usually called a word, or short word (though word-length depends on the application). A two-byte word is also the size that is usually used to represent integers in programming languages. A long word is usually twice as long as a word. A less common unit is the nibble which is 4 bits, or half of a byte.", "The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. The de facto standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte. The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers optimize for this common usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit size. ", "*a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *\"bit\" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte", "Sort of shameless copy. There were older systems where byte was less than 8-bits. Now C/C++ specifications have mandated at least 8 bits for a byte i.e. it may be more than that.", "bit - a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states; \"there are 8 bits in a byte\"", "Your talking about binary...A single digit of a binary number is a bit, A nibble is 4 bits (half a byte)...A byte is 8 bits... A word is 2 bytes (16 bits)", "Binary values are often grouped into a common length of 1’s and 0’s, this number of digits is called the length of a number. Common bit-lengths of binary numbers include bits, nibbles, and bytes (hungry yet?). Each 1 or 0 in a binary number is called a bit. From there, a group of 4 bits is called a nibble, and 8-bits makes a byte.", "Various implementations of C and C++ reserve 8, 9, 16, 32, or 36 bits for the storage of a byte. ", "Think about it...a binary number system (base 2 in math talk)...a byte containing 8 bits... 256, or 2 to the eighth power, of possible combinations. Coincidence????", "Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named \"words\". Like the byte, the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design, and is typically between 8 and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In the 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits.", "But text processing based on a single byte — eight bits — is unacceptably restricted. Even though still used in most computing systems, the ASCII 7-bit code space and its 8-bit extensions are inexorably limited to 128 and 256 code positions respectively. This is inadequate in the global computing environment. Meanwhile, users of other scripts — notably the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans — have already devised a variety of multi-byte solutions.", "A megabyte is 1,048,576 (1,024 x 1,024) bytes , not one million bytes as might be expected. This odd number is due to computers using binary (base two) math, instead of a decimal (base ten) system.", "SIDEBAR: An 8-bit byte has 256 possible values. The entropy of a binary file can be calculated using the following formula:", "An octet is 8 bits, a byte if you prefere. What you are refering to is the octal base (= base 8), which is something completely different. –  Étienne Oct 24 '13 at 20:10", "To convert between bits and bytes (with any prefix), just multiple or divide by eight; nice and simple.", "This is called quantization error. It is unavoidable, but it can be reduced to an acceptable level by using more bits to represent each number. If we use two bytes (16 bits) per sample, the quantization error will be only 1/65,356 of the maximum signal amplitude.", "length and data bytes are obscured by adding a pseudorandom value R(n), where n is the position in the byte stream.", "At the smallest scale in the computer, information is stored as bits and bytes. In this section, we'll look at how that works.", "In modern semiconductor memory, such as dynamic random-access memory, the two values of a bit may be represented by two levels of electric charge stored in a capacitor. In certain types of programmable logic arrays and read-only memory, a bit may be represented by the presence or absence of a conducting path at a certain point of a circuit. In optical discs, a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a microscopic pit on a reflective surface. In one-dimensional bar codes, bits are encoded as the thickness of alternating black and white lines.", "A multitude of terms have followed byte and nibble for labeling specfiic groupings of binary bits. Most of the terms shown here are informal, and have not been made “authoritative” by any standards group or other sanctioning body. However, their inclusion into this chapter is warranted by their occasional appearance in technical literature, as well as the levity they add to an otherwise dry subject:", "So, the answer to the question, “How many kilobytes are there in a Megabyte?” seems to be obvious:", "Suppose you have an N-bit bitstring. How many possible patterns of 1's and 0's are there? And why do you care?" ]

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[ "Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue on the east is the home to many large, stately homes. The original development of this area began circa 1910, on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field. The Alta Vista Tract, as the land would become known, was mapped by William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation, and was officially platted in 1911. The tract's boundaries were Balch Avenue on the south, Cedar Avenue on the east, the rear property line of Platt Avenue (east of Sixth Street) and Platt Avenue (west of Sixth Street) on the north, and First Street on the west. The subdivision was annexed to the City in January 1912, in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community. At the time of its admission to the City, the Alta Vista Tract was uninhabited but landscaped, although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon. In 1914 developers Billings & Meyering acquired the tract, completed street development, provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service, and began marketing the property with fervor. A mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes. This rapid development was no doubt hastened by the Fresno Traction Company right-of-way along Huntington Boulevard, which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital.", "Hunting for Alta Vista apartments for rent and other rentals? Realtor.com® has rentals listings in Alta Vista, Laguna Beach, CA for you to search. The listings that you see here are precise and comprehensive and put virtually all of the important property details right in front of you. Simply key in your search criteria to begin finding your dream apartment in Alta Vista. For a more detailed analysis of floor plans and feature options, browse through our lovely photos. Realtor.com® is your ideal option to find apartments for rent in Alta Vista online. Unearth places to rent where you've always wanted to live right now.", "This spectacular view of the VISTA telescope was taken from the roof of the building during the opening of the enclosure at sunset. The VLT is visible on the neighbouring mountain. VISTA is the largest survey telescope in the world and it is dedicated to mapping the sky at near-infrared wavelengths. Its primary mirror is 4.1 metres in diameter and is the most highly curved of its size. The extremely high curvature reduces the focal length, making the structure of the telescope extremely compact. VISTA can map large areas of the sky quickly and deeply.", "Even though the region is relatively small, it features three distinct areas. The coastal area is home to most of the Garnacha Blanca vines. The slightly higher middle area (up to 150 metres) features granite bedrock which is favoured by Pansa Blancà, Pansa Rosadà, Garnacha Tinta and Ull de Llebre. The highest and coolest area, the Valles region, is mostly planted to Pansa Blancà vines as well as varieties which have appeared since the 1980s such as Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot.", "The Alhambra is a palace and fortress complex of the Moorish rulers of Granada in southern Spain (known as Al-Andalus when the fortress was constructed during the mid 14th century), occupying a hilly terrace on the southeastern border of the city of Granada. Once the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada and their court, the Alhambra is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions exhibiting the country's most famous Islamic architecture, together with Christian 16th century and later interventions in buildings and gardens that marked its image as it can be seen today. Within the Alhambra, the Palace of Charles V was erected by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1527.The rest of the plateau comprises a number of palaces, enclosed by a relatively weak fortified wall, with thirteen towers, some defensive and some providing vistas for the inhabitants. The river Darro passes through a ravine on the north and divides the plateau from the Albaicín district of Granada. Similarly, the Assabica valley, containing the Alhambra Park on the west and south, and, beyond this valley, the almost parallel ridge of Monte Mauror, separate it from the Antequeruela district.The terrace or plateau where the Alhambra sits measures about 740 m (2430 ft) in length by 205 m (674 ft) at its greatest width. It extends from WNW to ESE and covers an area of about 142,000 m². Its most westerly feature is the alcazaba (citadel); a strongly fortified position.", "In 1941, this neoclassic home was designed and built by the architect, José María Barrantes Monge, for the family of Manuel Emilio Clare. The neoclassic style was widely popular during this time in the upper class neighborhoods of the capital: Paseo Colón, Escalante and González Lahman. In 1951, it was acquired by the family of Oscar Herrera Mata and Hortensia Sotillo Jiménez, but after the death of his wife, he was re-married to Hermelinda Rojas Gamboa. The home is made of brik and has Cristobal wood posts in the dinning room and two rooms. In 1965, some modifications were made to the structure and expansion on the second floor. In 2010, it was acquired by Carolina Coronado in order to set up a culinary school.", "The Buena Vista Social Club projects were more than career valedictions; they relaunched Portuondo's career as well as those of many of the other performers involved. Her voice, like that of Ferrer, retained its essential sound, and she still had an unmistakable diva quality in performance. Her Buena Vista Social Club Presents Omara Portuondo album of 2000, with full-scale string arrangements, was one of several successful spin-offs from the original Buena Vista Social Club album, and it brought her a Grammy award nomination for best traditional tropical Latin album. \"Making a record like this one had always been a dream of mine,\" Portuondo told Ernesto Lechner of Interview. \"I finally got some good production values and a whole string section to work with.\" Also in 2000, Portuondo launched her first U.S. tour since the Cuban missile crisis, and she performed frequently in the U.S., Mexico and Europe over the next five years. Though she was thrilled to be playing 20,000-seat venues, she drew a contrast between entertainment in capitalist countries and her life back home. \"People are not rich here,\" she told Joe Muggs of England's Daily Telegraph, \"but life is relaxed. When I tour the world, I see your celebrities kept apart from the audience, and I wonder why that is; it seems a little sad.\" She was backed for the most part not by the Buena Vista Social Club musicians but by a jazz-style big band, and she showed no signs of being ready to retire.", "from Nepenthe to the Big Sur Bakery and Restaurant. On the other side of the Santa Lucia Range lie the otherworldly spires and crags of Pinnacles National Park, an extinct volcano on a long voyage north on the edge of", "Sense to whom? Editor, The Association of Bay Area Governments, or ABAG, is our regional state planning organization. They are partially responsible for the possible loss of more than 100 low-income housing units at the Buena Vista Mobile Home Park in Palo Alto and the subsequent eviction of more than 400 people. The reason for this is under its state law, if a developer buys the mobile home park and replaces it with an oversized office building that contains three Below Market Rate apartments, or BMRs, the city receives credit from the state for creating three lower-income units. If however the city somehow saves the 100 low-income housing units at Buena Vista and 400 working folk remain in the city, the state gives the city no credit for creating low-income housing. This logic may make no sense to the residents of the Buena Vista Moblie Home Park, but it makes a lot of cents to developers. Paul Machado Stanford Avenue, Palo Alto", "Napa Valley is a vacation destination with abundant resources – incredible wineries, memorable cuisine, unusual cultural attractions, innovative spas and distinctive resorts. While the Valley has long drawn visitors from around the world, there is a persistent perception that the destination is always expensive. Not so, says the staff at Silverado Resort , an elegant resort that has been accommodating guests since 1968.", "The north end of the city, near Colorado College, is full of old Victorian houses and mission-style bungalows from the early part of this century. Then come Spanish-style and adobe houses, which were popular between the world wars. Then come split-level colonials and ranch-style houses from the golden age of suburbia. Once you cross Academy Boulevard, you're engulfed by the hard, tangible evidence of what America became in the 1980s and 1990s.", "Alta Gracia, 30 km south-west, on the road to Calamuchita valley. The 50.000-inhabitant town hosts a baroque Jesuit estancia, located very beautifully near an artificial lake, and a Che Guevara museum. Nearby there are pleasant little towns like Anizacate and La Serranita with river beaches.", "Big Sur remains sparsely populated with about 1,000 year-round inhabitants according to the 2000 U.S. Census. Big Sur residents include descendants of the original ranching families, artists and writers, along with wealthy home-owners. These wealthy homeowners, however, are usually only part-time residents of Big Sur. The mountainous terrain, environmental restrictions imposed by Monterey County, and lack of property available for development have kept Big Sur relatively unspoiled. As a result, real estate prices are high, with land and home prices above $2 million. There are no urban areas, although three small clusters of gas stations, restaurants, and motels are often marked on maps as \"towns\": Posts in the Big Sur River valley, Lucia, near Limekiln State park, and Gorda, on the southern coast. The economy is almost completely based on tourism. Much of the land along the coast is privately owned or has been donated to the state park system, while the vast Los Padres National Forest, the Ventana Wilderness, and Fort Hunter Liggett Military Reservation encompass most of the inland areas.", "West of Rock Creek park is the exclusive white province known as Upper Northwest, an area of broad boulevards, embassies, private schools, and the National Cathedral. It is also, perversely, the home of D.C.'s Har D Core Punk scene, which helped break out Alternative Rock in the late 1980s. Further into the Upper northwest, D.C. extends into Maryland in an unbroken corridor of affluence: private schools, research institutions, and centers of learning. Nearby Bethesda, Maryland is a shopping and dining destination. Chevy Chase, which sits on the border of Upper Northwest DC, as well as M Street in Georgetown, is Washington's version of Rodeo Drive .", "Although some Big Sur residents catered to adventurous travelers in the early twentieth century, the modern tourist economy began when Highway 1 opened the region to automobiles, and only took off after World War II-era gasoline rationing ended in the mid-1940s. Most of the 3 million tourists who visit Big Sur each year never leave Highway 1, because the adjacent Santa Lucia mountain range is one of the largest roadless areas near a coast in the contiguous United States. The highway winds along the western flank of the mountains mostly within sight of the Pacific Ocean, varying from near sea level up to a thousand-foot sheer drop to the water. Because gazing at the views while driving is inadvisable, the highway features many strategically placed vista points allowing motorists to stop and admire the landscape. The section of Highway 1 running through Big Sur is widely considered as one of the most scenic driving routes in the United States, if not the world. These breathtaking views were one reason that Big Sur ranked second among all United States destinations in TripAdvisor's 2008 Travelers' Choice Destination Awards. ", "The home and garden are the work of architects Myron Hunt and Elmer Grey. The property was bounded on the south by Hollywood Blvd. and on the west by Curson Avenue and the east by Sierra Bonita Avenue. The rise of the property from the south to the foothills in the north was 1000 feet.*", "Anaheim's city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods and communities. Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the city's eastern stretches that is home to many sports stars and executives. Downtown Anaheim has three mixed-use historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a commercial district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure, and numerous hotels and retail complexes. The Platinum Triangle, a neo-urban redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets and high-rises. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is an industrial district north of SR 91 and east of SR 57.", "Since then, the regional government of Cantabria has been lobbying for the site to be reopened. \"Altamira is a valuable asset that we cannot afford to do without,\" Miguel Ángel Revilla, former head of the regional government of Cantabria, told El País. \"Every famous person who comes here wants to visit it. I've had to tell [former presidents] Jacques Chirac of France and Felipe Calderón of Mexico that they couldn't.\"", "Architecture throughout the region is tasteful and charming, and there are many historical buildings, sculptures and monuments to see. Portugal is known for the warmth and friendliness of its people, and the Chiado neighborhood is the perfect place to experience this native hospitality. Restaurant and shop owners are gracious and extremely helpful, as are Chiado residents whenever visitors need advice or directions to a museum, theatre, restaurant, shop or hotel. Chiado and adjoining areas have much of great interest to offer for local residents, tourists and travelers of many diverse types, and visitors of all ages and walks of life are always welcome.", "In 1956, Paul Trousdale (1915–1990) purchased the grounds of the Doheny Ranch and developed it into the Trousdale Estates, convincing the city of Beverly Hills to annex it. The neighborhood has been home to Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Tony Curtis, Ray Charles, President Richard Nixon and, more recently, Jennifer Aniston, David Spade, Vera Wang, and John Rich. ", "Midaq Alley Set in the old downtown section of Mexico City, this acclaimed film is divided into four parts. The first three follow the lives of three individuals: a spinster, a family man, and a beautiful young woman.The fourth takes place four years later as a coda to their lives. Stars: Salma Hayek, Ernesto Gomez Cruz, Margarita Sanz. 1998, CC, MPAA rating: NR, 140 min., Drama, Fox Lorber, No SRP, Priced for rental.", "3/29 - Buena Vista Villas in Nosara recently hosted the founders of the Encompass Foundation. Read their March newsletter here - LINK", "Ignacio Diego, a board member at Altamira as he is premier of the Cantabria region in which Altamira is situated, said the trustees had decided to continue the experiment indefinitely. It initially ran from February 2014 to February this year.", "(ca. 1980) ##^* – View looking west on Sunset Boulevard showing the Rainbow Bar and Grill (previously the Villa Nova) at center of photo.  Bank of America and Gazzarri's Nightclub are on the left with The Roxy at lower-right.", "The Anaheim Canyon business park makes up 63% of Anaheim's industrial space and is the largest industrial district in Orange County. Anaheim Canyon is also home to the second largest business park in Orange County. Anaheim Canyon houses 2,600 businesses, which employ over 55,000 workers.", "West of downtown, across Van Ness Avenue, lies the large Western Addition neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after World War II. The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley, the Fillmore, and Japantown, which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II. The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact, including the famous \"Painted Ladies\", standing alongside Alamo Square. To the south, near the geographic center of the city is Haight-Ashbury, famously associated with 1960s hippie culture. The Haight is now home to some expensive boutiques and a few controversial chain stores, although it still retains some bohemian character. North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay. ", "Es posible que la fama a nivel mundial y cierto estatus de genio le llegara a través de la película experimental Koyaanisqatsi, dirigida por Godfrey Reggio (1981-1982) y producida por Francis Ford Coppola. Algunas piezas que no se usaron en la película (como Facades) al final aparecieron en el álbum Glassworks (1982, CBS Records), que llevó la música de Glass a un público más amplio.", "Rudi Altobelli, the man who bought the Cielo Drive property from Melcher, was an important man in the entertainment industry. He represented stars like Katherine Hepburna nd Henry Fonda. Because he traveled so much, he rented out the property to the Polanski’s and stayed in the guesthouse when he visited the area.", "At the peak of his success in the late 1920s and early 1930s, Ramón Novarro was earning more than US$100,000 per film. He invested some of his income in real estate, and his Hollywood Hills residence is one of the more renowned designs (1927) by Lloyd Wright, the son of Frank Lloyd Wright. When his career ended, he was still able to maintain a comfortable lifestyle.", "NALIP-Austin is an approved chapter of the National Association of Latino Independent Producers, a non-profit organization.   For more information call (512) 589-7076 or go to www.nalip-austin.org . ", "At the entrance to Riverside from the 60 freeway sits Fairmount Park. This extensive urban oasis was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Slightly fraying around the edges, it still has a lovely, stocked pond that is home to many species of birds. On nearby private land is the former site of Spring Rancheria, a Cahuilla village.", "Altamont was his. He can't go to Marin County (near San Francisco), because (he has) a hit out on him.\"" ]

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[ "The first BT shop opened for business on the Internet in time for Christmas 1995. By taking space at Barclay Square, Britain's most popular Internet shopping mall, BT could keep its shop open 24 hours a day to meet the Christmas rush.", "Around 1994, banks saw the rising popularity of the internet as an opportunity to advertise their services. Initially, they used the internet as another brochure, without interaction with the customer. Early sites featured pictures of the bank's officers or buildings, and provided customers with maps of branches and ATM locations, phone numbers to call for further information and simple listings of products.", "In 1999, in an unusual move as part of the trend at the time for free ISPs, Barclays launched an internet service called Barclays.net: this entity was acquired by British Telecom in 2001. ", "The early internet, known as ARPANET, was controlled by the U.S. Department of Defense and used mostly by academics. It became available to a wider public with the release of the Netscape browser in 1994. At first, news websites were mostly archives of print publications. An early online newspaper was the Electronic Telegraph, published by The Daily Telegraph. A 1994 earthquake in California was one of the first big stories to be reported online in real time.Allan, News Culture (2004), pp. 175–176. In 1995, the release of web browser Netscape made news sites accessible to more people. On the day of the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995, people flocked to newsgroups and chatrooms to discuss the situation and share information. The Oklahoma City Daily posted news to its site within hours. Two of the only news sites capable of hosting images, the San Jose Mercury News and Time magazine, posted photographs of the scene.", "It was Larry Page who first hit on the idea of analyzing Internet links to rate their relevance to a given information search. At first Page was only interested in writing a fun and interesting dissertation, but he soon realized his idea had far greater potential. With his classmate Sergey Brin, he presented his work to acclaim at the World Wide Web conference in 1998. Within a year they had raised over $30 million to start a company, Google Inc., providing a free Web search service that can return an ordered list of results in a fraction of a second. The simple white page with the multi-colored logo was an immediate hit with Web surfers around the world. The website generates enormous revenue by providing advertising space linked by content to the results of a given search.", "The first World Wide Web server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991. Thereafter, subsequent technological innovations emerged in 1994: online banking, the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut, Netscape's SSL v2 encryption standard for secure data transfer, and Intershop's first online shopping system. The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or Internet Shopping Network in 1994. Immediately after, Amazon.com launched its online shopping site in 1995 and eBay was also introduced in 1995. Alibaba's sites Taobao and Tmall were launched in 2003 and 2008, respectively.", "The first browser which became popularly available to take advantage of this was Mosaic, in 1993. Mosaic was as slow as a wet week, and really didn't handle downloading pictures well at all - so the early world wide web experience with Mosaic, and with domestic modems that operated at one sixths of current modem speeds at best, were pretty lousy and really didn't give much indication of the potential of this medium.", "January 19, 1996: The New York Times Internet edition goes online, offering free access to current news stories.", "The Internet is a computer network that was designed to interconnect other computer networks. Its origins lie in the ARPANET, an experimental network designed for the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1969. The original ARPANET had some features that were unique in its day.", "An online network linking million of computers throughout the world, the Internet is used by millions of people for things like research, communication, and commerce transactions. Via technology that spawned the \"information age,\" the Internet has become a tool millions of individuals employ every day for professional, educational, and personal exchanges. As the Internet's popularity has increased, so have the opportunities for making money online. The skyrocketing stock prices of Internet-based companies like Web browser firm Netscape, book retailer Amazon.com, and auction site ebay.com in the mid-1990s reflected common perceptions about the Internet's potential as a commerce tool. Although investors began shunning these stocks later in the decade as analysts started to examine the business models of Internet-based businesses more closely, the Internet already had been firmly established as a viable means of conducting commerce.", "The Internet has changed much in the two decades since it came into existence. It was conceived in the era of time-sharing, but has survived into the era of personal computers, client-server and peer-to-peer computing, and the network computer. It was designed before LANs existed, but has accommodated that new network technology, as well as the more recent ATM and frame switched services. It was envisioned as supporting a range of functions from file sharing and remote login to resource sharing and collaboration, and has spawned electronic mail and more recently the World Wide Web. But most important, it started as the creation of a small band of dedicated researchers, and has grown to be a commercial success with billions of dollars of annual investment.", "In 1993 the World Wide Web (originally designed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland ) and the graphical Mosaic Web Browser (created by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois ) brought the Internet to a much larger audience. Between 1993 and 2000 the “dot-com” boom drove the transformation of the Internet from an underground research phenomena to a nearly ubiquitous and essential technology with far-reaching effects. Commercial investment in infrastructure and in “web presence” saw explosive growth; new modes of interaction and communication (e.g., e-mail, Internet messaging, and mailing lists) proliferated; Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as http://www.britannica.com ) became a common (and highly valued) feature of advertisements and corporate identity; and artists, scientists, citizens, and others took up the challenge of both using and understanding the new medium.", "The result was much like the opening of lands in the western United States to homesteaders, only the \"land\" in this case existed in virtual or cyberspace, and instead of wagons, the new settlers used browsers. The first important browser was Mosaic, developed at the University of Illinois using standards created at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) by Tim Berners-Lee. Thus was born the World Wide Web, which uses hypertext transfer protocol, or HTTP. In this environment, Mosaic—known as Netscape Navigator after the formation of the Netscape Communications Corporation in 1994—and Microsoft's competing Internet Explorer would prove the most useful navigating tools.", "The World Wide Web has created a new industry segment called electronic commerce (e-commerce). Businesses sell to other businesses (B2B) and to consumers (B2C) on the Internet using secure Web sites. The \"dot.com\" frenzy came to a head in the late 1990s when the number of online companies exceeded demand. Although online commerce declined slightly, it has remained stable since then. Strong e-commerce providers are either \"pure-play\" (having only an Internet presence, such as eBay and Amazon.com) or \"brick-and-click\" (having both a physical store as well as an online store, such as Wal-Mart, Sears, and most other major retail outlets).", "1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the World Wide Web. WWW debuts as a publicly available service on the Internet.", "For more on the early days of the Internet, read The History of the Internet .", "\"The early days of the telegraph were a lot like the early days of the Internet,\" says Fischer. \"There were a lot of little one-off companies that would connect one or maybe two cities, but no big networks.\"", "Throughout the rest of the decade, Yahoo was the undisputed leader on internet \"portals\". When the company went public in 1996, its shares rocketed by 154% in a day and within three years, Yang and Filo were worth $8bn (£4bn) each. Things were going like a dream - until a little known private competitor called Google came along.", "In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, an Internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as web technology spread.", "     ICQ (\"I seek you\") was a firm founded in Tel Aviv, Israel, \"the brainchild of four Israeli computer programmers ... [Within six months] it claimed the title of world's largest online communication network.\" [NIESE, A., 11-15-01] Another Israeli computer company, StarBand, \"is America's first consumer two-way, always-on, high-speed satellite Internet service provider.\" [CEO: Zur Feldman; President: David Trachtenberg]", "By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app. The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s.", "By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app . The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s.", "1991: The World Wide Web comes into existence as part of the global Internet. Within a few years, millions of people become regular users of the World Wide Web.", "Though the World Wide Web was invented almost thirty years after The Gutenberg Galaxy, and ten years after his death, McLuhan prophesied the web technology seen today as early as 1962:", "1990: Tim Berners-Lee of CERN invents the Internet protocol HTTP and the hypertext language HTML (i.e., the World Wide Web)", "· John Naughton's history of the internet, A Brief History of the Future, is published by Phoenix at £7.99", "The quotation from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act comes from Tim Wu's wonderful book The Master Switch , which explains, in detail, how historically information technologies, like radio and movies, have started out as free-wheeling and wide open as the oil industry was before Rockefeller came on the scene, only to be consumed by large companies that eliminated the more progressive aspects of the new technology. And yes, he does worry that the same thing might happen to the Internet.", "Faced with those options a decade ago, Yego made it happen — with some help from the internet.", "ers-Lee was also concerned that the new success of the Web would lead to destructive competition that would create proprietary Web products that could destroy the open nature of the Web. He knew that some sort of oversight was needed to keep the Web running smoothly, but any new oversight organization could also not be allowed to fundamentally alter the free and open character of the Web. He envisioned a forum where developers of servers and browsers could reach a consensus on how the Web should operate. On May 24, 1994, the first WWW conference was held at CERN. Berners-Lee used this conference to share his vision to create a consortium to help the Web develop smoothly: \"The conference was the way to tell everyone that no one should control it, and that a consortium could help parties agree an how to work together while also actually withstanding any effort by any institution or company to 'control' things.\" ( Berners-Lee, 80 ).", "Having an internet connection wasn't a given. Many people didn't have a computer to begin with. Many computers were too old to connect to the internet. Even new computers with the latest operating systems didn't always support Internet connectivity out of the box — Windows didn't until the second half of the decade. Many people who had modern computers simply didn't pay for service because it was too expensive for what was still a novelty then, and most people who did have it wouldn't go on for more than an hour at a time because doing so would tie up the phone line. Being able to afford a second phone line for the internet was a big luxury.", "That sets up an interesting thought experiment. Where do you think the world would be today if the World Wide Web had been patented? Here are a few guesses:", "What would the Internet be like with Google, PayPal, Facebook, Digg.com, Buy.com? It would be very, very different." ]

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[ "A message on a newsgroup is called a \"post\" or an \"article\". It may a response to a previous post or be a new post. People reading the newsgroup can reply to any post and in this way a discussion or \"thread\" is formed. It is often a good idea to read through a thread before posting your own ideas. When replying to a post, try to keep the information relevant and to the point.", "FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that allows you to upload and download files with other computers on the Internet. An FTP server is a computer that allows you to use FTP to upload files to, and download files from, an FTP site. With anonymous FTP, anyone can transfer some, if not all, available files. A newsgroup is an online area in which users conduct written discussions about a particular subject. The computer that stores and distributes newsgroup messages is called a news server. You use a program called a newsreader to access a newsgroup, read previously entered messages (called articles), and add (post) messages of your own.", "It later came to be used on Usenet to mean excessive multiple posting—the repeated posting of the same message. The unwanted message would appear in many, if not all newsgroups, just as Spam appeared in nearly all the menu items in the Monty Python sketch. The first usage of this sense was by Joel Furr in the aftermath of the ARMM incident of March 31, 1993, in which a piece of experimental software released dozens of recursive messages onto the news.admin.policy newsgroup. This use had also become established—to spam Usenet was flooding newsgroups with junk messages. The word was also attributed to the flood of \"Make Money Fast\" messages that clogged many newsgroups during the 1990s. In 1998, the New Oxford Dictionary of English, which had previously only defined \"spam\" in relation to the trademarked food product, added a second definition to its entry for \"spam\": \"Irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of newsgroups or users.\"", "The software you use on your own computer to connect to a news server near you and to read and post news messages is called a newsreader. As long as your own computer is permanently connected to a local network that contains a news server , this is no problem. However, if you have to connect to a news server of an Internet service provider over a phone line, you can only read or post news messages as long as you're online. Besides, because of the sheer number of newsgroups and messages, an Internet service provider, who has to carry all newsgroups on its server, may possibly store messages no longer than three or four days - maybe too short a time for you to read all those you're interested in.", "Spam: A computer industry term referring to the act of sending identical and irrelevant postings to many different newsgroups or mailing lists. Usually this posting is something that has nothing to do with the particular topic of a newsgroup or of no real interest to the person on the mailing list.", "A newsgroup is like an electronic public notice board on a particular subject. Anyone can post a message or read a message. Newsgroups provide a way to communicate with people who share your interests from all over the world. You can read a newsgroup any time and anyone can participate in a newsgroup... though not all Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have a news server or offer access to every newsgroup.", "Posting messages in an Internet newsgroup or online bulletin board with a false author's name that is intended to harm the reputation of the real person of that name.", "Other computer basics, which may be helpful in using newsgroups, are the concepts of a signature file (.sig) and a plan file (.plan). A signature file is a small file of text which automatically appends to the bottom of all outgoing e-mail messages. At the minimum, a signature file should include an individual's name, company name, and contact information, including e-mail address and URL. The signature file can also be used as a brief advertisement for a company. The key is to keep it short and to the point in order to prompt the reader each time he or she reads your messages. The signature file will then be appended to any message you post on a newsgroup.", "Participation in a newsgroup requires a special type of software known as a newsreader. For most Internet users, this is a part of a Web browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer. If you do not have a Web browser, you may need to acquire a newsreader. Check with your Internet service provider (ISP) for more details.", "Unmoderated newsgroups form the majority of Usenet newsgroups, and messages submitted by readers for unmoderated newsgroups are immediately propagated for everyone to see. Minimal editorial content filtering vs propagation speed form one crux of the Usenet community. One little cited defense of propagation is canceling a propagated message, but few Usenet users use this command and some news readers do not offer cancellation commands, in part because article storage expires in relatively short order anyway. Almost all unmoderated Usenet groups have become collections of spam. ", "You post a message in much the same way you create a new e-mail message. Click the \"Post a new message\" or \"Compose a new message button\", the name of the newsgroup appears in the \"To:\" line, put in your subject and type your comments or questions and then hit the \"Send\" or \"Post\" button. A few minutes later your message will appear in the newsgroup for everyone to see.", "When you open this newsgroup to read, there should be a bunch of messages from various people. (If not, see if your newsreader has a command for loading all messages in a group; some newsreaders seem to default to showing no messages for a group newly subscribed to, as opposed to showing all messages still on your news server). You should have something that looks somewhat like a mailbox in your e-mail program. You can read these messages just like e-mail messages.", "Flame A nasty piece of e-mail or comment in a newsgroup, usually in response to a newsgroup posting that offended someone.", "Newsgroup: A type of public online forum which anyone can read and contribute to. All users of a newsgroup can post messages, and every user can read all the messages that have been posted. Many newsgroups are distributed worldwide by the Usenet system: http://www.usenet.org.uk . Newsgroups have now been superseded to a large extent by blogs and electronic discussion lists. See Blog , Discussion List , Forum .", "A message, sent over the Internet, which reaches its recipient within a few seconds or minutes if s/he happens to be online", "You \"subscribe\" to newsgroups that interest you. To do this you first get a complete listing of all the newsgroups that are available from your ISP. It takes a few minutes to download because the list of newsgroups is very long - there are over 50,000 newsgroups and rising. Once downloaded to your computer, use the \"search\" or \"find\" functions in your newsreader to look for topics that interest you. You can build a list of subscribed newsgroups or just view a newsgroup once. When you subscribe to a newsgroup, your newsreader automatically downloads new messages or \"posts\" to that newsgroup each time you log onto your ISP's news server.", "To prevent the message from being sent to news servers where it's already stored, each news server enters its name in the Path: header of the message ; a news server won't propagate a message to another news server whose name is already included in the Path: header of the message.", "As of 2007, the Internet carried the majority of telegraphic messages in the form of e-mail[citation needed].", "According to Dictionary.com, Usenet (from User's Network) is a distributed bulletin board system that serves millions of readers worldwide. \"Originally implemented in 1979 - 1980 by Steve Bellovin, Jim Ellis, Tom Truscott, and Steve Daniel at Duke University, and supported mainly by Unix machines, [Usenet] swiftly grew to become international in scope and, before the advent of the World-Wide Web, probably the largest decentralised information utility in existence.\" Many newsgroups on Usenet are devoted to sharing files, including software, music, and images.", "The Internet email message format is now defined by RFC 5322, with multi-media content attachments being defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions or MIME. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 2822 in 2008, and in turn RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 – which had been the standard for Internet email for nearly 20 years. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET. ", "of information. An Internet packet is a message, a bit like a short email or a long text message. The packet starts off with the number of the computer the packet is going to, and then the number of the the computer which sent it, and then it has what the packet is about, and then whatever it is one computer is sending to the other.", "Standard Internet e-mail is usually sent as plaintext over networks. Intruders can monitor mail servers and network traffic to obtain sensitive information.", "HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol, which is the way World Wide Web pages are transferred over the Internet.", "The message was sent to a local mailing list that we boh subscribe to. I'm puzzled about why it got through the spam filters on our mail server, because the body of the note uses one of the usual recent text-hiding techniques, starting with the headline:", "\"And again, the Internet is not something that you just dump something on, it's not a big truck. It's a series of tubes. And if you don't understand, those tubes can be filled, and if they're filled, when you put your message in, it gets in line it's going to be delayed by anyone that puts into that tube enormous amounts of material.\"", "alice sends different partial messages to a bunch of different receivers. by partial, we mean that one message by itself doesn't convey any meaningful information. let us denote the set of receivers as R. the messages are designed such that if any n receivers get together, they can somehow pool their partial messages together to get a meaningful message -- alice's intended message. however, if any n-1 or less receivers get together, they can't reconstruct anything meaningful whatsoever. n < |R|. what kind of messages are being sent by alice, and what mathematical function do the receivers apply on their pooled partial data to determine the intended message?", "This is an attempt to stop a war. I hope it is not too late and that somehow, magically perhaps, peace will prevail again. The latecomers into the arena believe that the issue is: \"What is the proper byte order in messages?\". The root of the conflict lies much deeper than that. It is the question of which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? The followers of the former approach are called the Little-Endians, and the followers of the latter are called the Big-Endians.", "* the \"Received:\"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.", "The Internet in the broadest sense can be described as a network of thousands of computers linked together using a set of standardized protocals. I", "You will normally receive a bounceback message with this error in the subject, and the body of the message should contain the original message that was attempting to be sent.", "What happens when someone sends an e-mail out into cyberspace, and why do e-mails sometimes bounce back?", "Does that mean the messages should have been part of a coherent protocol or spec? That there should have been some thought behind how messages compose into new messages?" ]

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[ "Bitmaps images are exactly what their name says they are: a collection of bits that form an image. The image consists of a matrix of individual dots (or pixels) that all have their own colour (described using bits, the smallest possible units of information for a computer).", "In the computer graphics environment, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap simply means a ‘map of bits’. The term bitmap implies one bit per pixel, while pixmap is used for images with multiple bits per pixel. Many graphical user interfaces use bitmaps in their built-in graphics subsystems for example, the Microsoft Windows and OS/2 platforms. For designers, this mode is mostly used in graphic design to save high resolution line art images, like a scanned signature or logo when the vector equivalent no longer exists.", "Bitmap: A computer graphic or image composed of thousands of individual dots or pixels, each pixel being stored as a number. The image is displayed by specifying the colour of each pixel. Bit-mapped graphics can be imported into other applications, e.g. a word-processor, but they cannot be edited within these applications. When bit-mapped graphics are resized they usually suffer a loss of sharpness, whereas vector graphics can be resized without such loss. See BMP , Pixel , Resolution , Vector Graphic .", "Line-art. These are images that only contain two colours, usually black and white. Sometimes these images are referred to as bitmaps because a computer has to use only 1 bit (on=black, off=white) to define each pixel.", "BMP: Abbreviation for Bitmap , a file format for storing images. This is the standard format used, for example, by Windows Paint. BMP image files occupy quite a lot of space compared to other formats. See EPS , GIF , JPEG/JPG , TIFF . See also Section 2.2.3.1, Module 2.2 , headed Image editing software.", "BMP: An abbreviation for \"Bitmap\" i.e. the Windows Bitmap Format. An image file format that can be used for video clips.", "Because bitmaps are resolution dependent, is impossible  to increase or decrease their size without sacrificing a degree of image quality. When you reduce the size of a bitmap image through your software's resample or resize command, you must throw away pixels. When you increase the size of a bitmap image through your software's resample or resize command, the software has to create new pixels. When creating pixels, the software must estimate the color values of the new pixels based on the surrounding pixels. This process is called interpolation .", "Bitmap images, in general, do not inherently support transparency. A couple of specific formats--namely GIF and PNG --support transparency. In addition, most image editing programs support transparency, but only when the image is saved in the software program's native format . A common misconception is  the transparent areas in an image will remain transparent when an image is saved to another format or copied and pasted into another program. That just doesn't work; however, there are techniques for hiding or blocking out areas in a bitmap that you intend to use in other software. For more information about retaining transparency in bitmap images, see Transparency from Here to There .", "BMP. Bitmapped graphics file format which is popular with Windows PC’s. It is an uncompressed file format like a TIFF.", "Byte: A measurement of computer memory or disc capacity. A byte comprises 8 bits. See entry on Measurement Units . See Bit , Gigabyte , Kilobyte , Megabyte ,", "ImageMagick is a software suite to create, edit, compose, or convert bitmap images. It can read and write images in a variety of formats (over 100) including DPX, EXR, GIF, JPEG, JPEG-2000, PDF, PNG,", "Converting between bitmap formats is generally as simple as opening the image to be converted and using your software's Save As... command to save it in any other bitmap format supported by your software.", "Clipart or Clip Art: A collection of image files that can be embedded or inserted into Web pages, word-processed documents, PowerPoint presentations, etc. Some clipart images are copyright-free or in the public domain but others may be subject to a licence fee if you wish to make them public, e.g. on a website. See Copyright .", "In computing, a data structure comprising a set of vertices connected by edges. In mathematics, a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected by links.", "In packed pixel or chunky framebuffer organization, the bits defining each pixel are grouped together. For example, if there are 16 bits per pixel, each pixel is represented in two consecutive 8-bit bytes in the framebuffer. If there are 4 bits per pixel, each frame buffer byte defines two pixels, one in each nibble. The latter example is as opposed to storing perhaps half of the bits—2 bits—for each of four pixels in one byte and the other two bits for each of those four pixels in another byte or bytes. It is also as opposed to interleaving the bits of the two pixels within the byte. As this illustrates, packed pixel organization can be directly contrasted with planar organization.", "photos or illustrations pieced together from other elements to create a composite image, also called a \"mosaic pattern map\"; especially a \"photomosaic\" or \"aerial mosaic\", which is an assembly of aerial photographs matched in such a way as to show a continuous photographic representation of an area. See MAP, COMICS, COMPOSITE; compare TOPO, CHART.", "A library collection consisting primarily of visual document s ( print s, photograph s, illustration s, poster s, postcard s, clipping s, etc.), mounted or unmounted. The largest collections are maintained by national libraries and museum s. Indexing is usually limited to a specific collection. Digitization has made picture collections more accessible . Click here to connect to the Prints & Photographs Reading Room at the Library of Congress , or browse the New York Public Library 's Picture Collection Online or the Picture Library at the Natural History Museum in London. For more information on picture libraries , see the entry by Hilary Evans in the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003).", "A palette is the set of available colors. For a given application, the palette may be only a subset of all the colors that can be physically displayed. For example, many computer systems can display 16 million unique colors, but a given program would use only 256 of them at a time if the display were in 256-color mode. The computer system's palette, therefore, would consist of the 16 million colors, but the program's palette would only contain the 256-color subset.", "Tagged image file format (TIFF):  A file format for exchanging bitmapped images (usually scans) between applications.", "  BMP is an acronym for Bimap, it is open format image developed by Microsoft and IBM. It is the most simple image format.", "Pixel: The digital representation of the smallest area of a television capable of being delineated by the bit stream. The smaller and closer together the pixels, the higher thr picture resolution.", "shows some of the metadata that may be involved in an exemplary system. The left-most column of information types may be computed directly from the native image data signals taken from the image sensor. (As noted, some or all of these can be computed using processing arrangements integrated with the sensor on a common substrate.) Additional information may be derived by reference to these basic data types, as shown by the second column of information types. This further information may be produced by processing in the cell phone, or external services can be employed (e.g., the OCR recognition service shown in", "Short for picture element, pixels are the tiny components that capture the digital image data recorded by your camera. Pixels are also the individual components that collectively recreate the image captured with your digital camera on a computer monitor. The more pixels there are, the higher the screen or image resolution will be.", "also includes depictions of the image sensor, followed by a universal pixel segmenter. This pixel segmenter breaks down the massive stream of imagery from the sensor into manageable spatial and/or temporal blobs (e.g., akin to MPEG macroblocks, wavelet transform blocks, 64�64 pixel blocks, etc.). After the torrent of pixels has been broken down into chewable chunks, they are fed into the newly programmed gate array (or other hardware), which performs the elemental image processing tasks associated with the selected applications. (Such arrangements are further detailed below, in an exemplary system employing “pixel packets.”) Various output products are sent to a routing engine, which refers the elementally-processed data (e.g., keyvector data) to other resources (internal and/or external) for further processing. This further processing typically is more complex that that already performed. Examples include making associations, deriving inferences, pattern and template matching, etc. This further processing can be highly application-specific.", "Normally an image contains pixels that are an ARGB value. Here the hero of the concept is the value A. A value is responsible for the transparency of the pixel. And the range of the value is 0 to 255. And the digits of the ASCII value of any language is 2 to 4. The concept is, we store the ASCII value of each digit of a pixel one by one. In other words, by reducing the digit value (probably 0 to 9) with the A value (255 default values). And decryption is done by reversing this procedure.", "Megapixel (MP) A term describing the size or resolution of an image on a digital camera or camera phone. One megapixel equals 1 million pixels. For example, a 5-megapixel camera can produce images with 5 million pixels.", "Computer art is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool rather than a form as with painting.", "Tessellation now also means tile-sized pictures made from single tiles that repeat to fill a 2D or 3D space completely without gaps or overlaps. Most people call these \"M. C. Escher-style tessellations\". In these tessellations, the tiles aren't square. The individual tiles are the shape of animals, people, and things. Nowadays, when we say \"this is an animal tessellation\", we don't see lots of little tiles making a big picture of an animal. Instead, each little tile is a little picture of an animal. The tiles cover a surface -- usually a 2D (i.e., flat) plane -- in a symmetrical way without overlapping or leaving gaps. You can see examples in the many art galleries here at Tessellations.org.", "Within an image presented on a touch screen, the user may touch a region to indicate an object of particular relevance within the image frame. Image analysis and subsequent acts can then focus on the identified object.", "(Instead of identifying each pixel by X- and Y-coordinates, each pixel may be assigned a sequential number by which it is referenced.)", "Smeaton, Content vs. Context for Multimedia Semantics—the Case of SenseCam Image Structuring, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4306, pp. 1-10, 2006.", "The concept of artwork is transformed through its dematerialization. An awareness of temporality, volatility, and process shifts to the foreground. Artists develop new forms of collaboration and collective creation, and make aesthetic use of clips, sampling, and film narrative (which is also regarded as an exhibition platform). As a result, copyright as an object of reflection has come into focus." ]

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[ ".com, .gov, .net, .edu, .org: When these letters appear in lowercase type at the end of an address, they indicate what type of organization operates the host computer. It also means that the host computer is most likely located in the United States.", "By 1984, it was apparent that something had to be done to straighten out and simplify the naming system for each \"host\" computer (the host was the \"server\" computer that was actually linked to the Internet). That year, the system called \"Domain Name Servers\" was created. This new system organized Internet addresses into various \"domains\" or categories—such as governmental (.gov), commercial (.com), educational (.edu), military (.mil), network sites (.net), or international organizations (.org)—that were tacked onto the end of the address. Host or server names now were not only much easier to remember, but the alphabetical addresses themselves actually stood for a longer coded sequence of numbers that the computer needed in order to specifically identify an address. Thus, a person needed only to use a fairly short alphabetical address, which itself contained the more complex numerical sequence. By 2001, however, an entire batch of additional domain names (.biz, .info, .name,.museum, .aero, .coop, and .pro) had to be created to account for the increase in both specialization and use. This domain expansion is similar to the phone company issuing new area codes.", "The naming structure was hierarchical in character. For example, all host computers associated with educational institutions would have names like \"stanford.edu\" or \"ucla.edu\". Specific hosts would have names like \"cs.ucla.edu\" to refer to a computer in the computer science department of UCLA, for example. A special set of computers called \"root servers\" maintained information about the names and addresses of other servers that contained more detailed name/address associations.  The designers of the DNS also developed seven generic \"top level\" domains, as follows:", "In the early days of the World Wide Web in the first half of the 1990s, an important part of web pages belonged to students or teachers with a UNIX account in their university. System administrators of such systems installed an HTTP server pointing its root directory to the directory containing the users accounts. On UNIX, the base directory of an account is called \"home\", and the HOME environment variable contains its path (for example /home/my_username). The URL of the home page is usually has the format https://example.edu/~my_username/. Thus the term home page appeared and then spread to its current usage.", "Not all domains end in .com, .org, or .edu. Different countries use different suffixes, usually two letters. If you encounter a Web site with a unique two-letter domain extension starting anywhere between A - E, look here for its country equivalent.", "IP Address: Short for Internet Protocol Address. The unique numerical address of a computer on the Internet , expressed as four sets of numbers (maximum 3 digits each) separated by dots: e.g. 150.237.176.24 for one of the computers at the University of Hull - where the ICT4LT website is located. Computers on the Internet are nearly always referred to by more memorable domain names, which are mapped onto their IP addresses by special Internet computers known as name servers. See Domain Name , Host , Host Name , Name Server .", "Host: A Host is a parent or base system that is accessing a RAID array for the purpose of data storage. Any system connected to a network.", "Typically refers to either a website or email address. A website address appears in the form of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and is prefixed with http:// or https://.", "Stands for Domain Name System server. It translates the alphanumeric domain name (for example, \"www.microsoft.com\") into the IP address for that name (for \"www.microsoft.com\", the IP address is \"134.170.188.84\").", "If an IP address appears under Installed Gateways, write down the address. This is the ISP's gateway address. Select the address and then click Remove to remove the gateway address.", "The MTA 206 looks at the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header) 208, in this case bob@b.org. An Internet email address is a string of the form localpart@domain.example, which is known as a Fully Qualified Domain Address (FQDA). The part before the @ sign is the local part of the address, often the username of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a domain name. The MTA looks up this domain name in the Domain Name System (DNS) to find the mail exchange servers accepting messages for that domain 210.", "<div><a href=\"http://www.web-wise-wizard.com/internet-dns-web/internet-iddd-country-codes.html\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;line-height:125%;\"><span style=\"display:block;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:bold;color:#0000CC;font-size:10pt;\">Web-Wise-Wizard - Internet Top Level Domains</span> Two lists, one of generic Internet codes (<i>com, net, etc.</i>) and the other of country codes (<i>us, uk, au, etc.</i>) plus IDDD dialling. Of special interest is sorting the country list by column.</a></div>", "Of course the name server knows the number of your computer, because that was in the packet too. So it sends a reply packet to tell you computer the number it needed.", "I/O Channel address, UUControl unit and Device addressUU was often of the form Uu, UControl unit address, u", "If you enter text in the Address bar in Internet Explorer and it does not resolve as a valid web address, or the text begins with a question mark, \"search,\" \"find,\" or \"go,\" then Internet Explorer will redirect you to your default search provider to help you locate the site you are looking for. To provide this feature, Internet Explorer sends the invalid web address or the search query you typed to your default search provider, which returns web address options to your computer. Standard computer information might also be sent to your default search provider. If Bing is your default search provider, the information sent is subject to the Bing privacy statement . If you use a third-party search provider as your default, then information sent to the provider will be subject to the third party's privacy practices.", "Announcing the arrival of yet another Linux box on campus! Two, actually. The first one is LinuxPPC (offsite) running on a 7600/120 (that's a 604, for all those interested). With a paltry 48MB of RAM and ~600MB of free disk space, it's nothing compared to the other box...except that this computer doesn't get hard reset! <smirk> To get at this computer via AppleShare, open the Chooser and select \"ThibsFloppy\" in \"High School Faculty\". If you want shell access, connect to \"172.20.9.226\" (INSIDE Menlo, thank you very much) and log in as user \"kubiak\" password \"kubiak\". Please don't do anything strange to the box or security might actually get enforced (i.e. no more shell access for guests!) Yes, the box is inside the firewall. No SSH tunnels and no sending xterms please. If you want further instructions as to using this machine, AND you're inside Menlo, click here (link deleted). Otherwise, you can view the same (well, almost the same) page here (link deleted) on thibs.", "Note  This section does not apply to Windows 2000. The following step is necessary only for browser and email clients.", "(DNS) server in the network preferences if you really want to know. When a DNS server looks up a computer name, it either knows it because it has it in a list, or it just asks another DNS server which knows more names.)", "Alc`Xee\\ Dffi\\ _XjeËk _X[ dlZ_ ]`cd`Z clZb `e i\\Z\\ek k`d\\j%:_`c[i\\ef]D\\eefkn`k_jkXe[`e^#j_\\Ëjf]]\\i\\[lg [X]kjgffb\\iK_\\=fi^fkk\\eXe[[l[[fd\\jk`Zjefi\\]\\jk JXmX^\\>iXZ\\$knf_fccfnflk`e^jk_Xk[`[efk_`e^n`k_ _\\i]`\\ip#`ejk`eZk`m\\kXc\\ek%9c`e[e\\jjZflc[Y\\_\\ijXcmXk`fe%9Xj\\[feXefm\\cYpEfY\\c Gi`q\\n`ee\\iAfj\\JXiXdX^f#`kËjk_\\jkfipf]XkfnekfieXgXikYpXjl[[\\e\\g`[\\d`Z f]Ên_`k\\Yc`e[e\\jjË%Fecpfe\\g\\ijfejk`cc_Xj_\\ij`^_kÆX[fZkfiËjn`]\\ Dffi\\ #n_f b\\\\gj_\\iXY`c`kpkfj\\\\Xj\\Zi\\k`efi[\\ikf_\\cgk_fj\\Yc`e[g\\fgc\\XYXe[fe\\[`eXe Xjpcld%K_`Zbn`k_`[\\Xj#k_\\[pjkfg`Xenfic[Zi\\Xk\\[Yp[`i\\Zkfi=\\ieXe[fD\\`i\\cc\\j f] K_\\:fejkXek>Xi[\\e\\i `jZ_`cc`e^cpY\\c`\\mXYc\\%8e[p\\j#Dffi\\`jX^X`efe\\f]k_\\Y\\jk k_`e^jfej_fn#YlkXkcXjk`kËj`eX]`cdnfik_pf]_\\igi\\j\\eZ\\%", "Web Address Just as a street address is the physical location of a house or building, the Web address is the electronic location of a Web site on the Internet. A web address is one type of URL.", "The \"34170\" is called the \"easting\" and the \"15160\" the \"northing\". OS references always give the two letters, the \"easting\" first, then the \"northing\"", "(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;", "In November 2015 it emerged that several Dell computers had shipped with an identical pre-installed root certificate known as \"eDellRoot\". This raised such security risks as attackers impersonating HTTPS-protected websites such as Google and Bank of America and malware being signed with the certificate to bypass Microsoft software filtering. Dell apologised and offered a removal tool.", "An address, fixed at the time of manufacturing, that identifies a network adapter such as an Ethernet card.", "This list of Internet top-level domain extensions contains all top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. The official list is at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db", "FIG. 11 is a detailed logic diagram of the address controls 48 and keyboard input 75 of the system of FIG. 3;", "Workaround: Ensure that all prefix conversion tables have default entries matching all the possible addresses. For example, CS7 instance 0 gtt address-conversion E164 to E164:", "COMP956 Introduction To Computers, Windows and The Internet will be done via proof of a certificate from an authorized", "However, many websites now have additional security features to prevent the use of stolen login credentials. If a login attempt is made from an unrecognized IP address, this may trigger additional security features. The user may have to answer a security question for example.", "I doubt the system interprets repeated Touch-Tone numbers as letters. \"22233\" could be CE, or it could be ABE, or ABDD... etc, etc...", "A character or group of characters that identify a register, a location or some other data source or destination.", "The letter \"ü\" is pronounced similar to the \"y\" in \"physics\". If you don't find it on your keyboard, you rather replace it by a \"ue\" than typing \"u\"." ]

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[ "Telstar was an unmanned craft, sent into Earth’s orbit as the first satellite to relay television signals all around the world. It brought in the new age of international communications via telephone and television, allowing picture and voice transmissions from America to Europe and back again. It was funded by the AT&T Corporation (the American Telephone and Telegraph Company)—in association with Bell Telephone Laboratories, the British General Post Office, the French Post, Telegraph and Telecom Office, and NASA—in order to allow transatlantic satellite transmissions, and it was the first privately sponsored spacecraft launch.", "1962 - The Telstar communications satellite sent the first live TV broadcast to Europe. The bird was used to send TV programs between the United States and Europe.", "1962 – The communications satellite Telstar was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, beaming live television from Europe to the United States.", "In television’s early years, North American and European viewers had to wait hours, if not days, for tapes to be shipped across the Atlantic in order to watch footage from the other side of the ocean. That all changed 50 years ago after the launch of the first telecommunications satellite: Telstar. On July 23, 1962, tens of millions of people watched a historic broadcast as Telstar beamed live transatlantic video into viewers’ living rooms for the first time. The age of satellite television had dawned.", "The first publicly transmitted, live trans-Atlantic program, was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23, 1962, at 3:00 pm EDT, and Cronkite was one of the main presenters in this multinational broadcast. The broadcast was made possible in Europe by Eurovision and in North America by NBC, CBS, ABC, and the CBC. The first public broadcast featured CBS's Cronkite and NBC's Chet Huntley in New York, and the BBC's Richard Dimbleby in Brussels. Cronkite was in the New York studio at Rockefeller Plaza as the first pictures to be transmitted and received were the Statue of Liberty in New York and the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The first segment included a televised major league baseball game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field. From there, the video switched first to Washington, D.C.; then to Cape Canaveral, Florida; then to Quebec City, Quebec, and finally to Stratford, Ontario. The Washington segment included a press conference with President Kennedy, talking about the price of the American dollar, which was causing concern in Europe. This broadcast inaugurated live, intercontinental news coverage, which was perfected later in the sixties with Early Bird and other Intelsat satellites.", "1962 - The Telstar Communications satellite was launched. The satellite relayed TV and telephone signals between Europe and the U.S.", "The first public satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on 23 July 1962, although a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first geosynchronous communication satellite, Syncom 2, was launched on 26 July 1963. ", "Several well-known satellites were used to experiment the cutting-edge of satellite technologies. In 1962, AT&T launched Telestar I. This satellite transmitted phone calls and photos between Europe and America. Telestar was the first satellite to transmit black-and-white color between two continents. It was capable of 600 telephone channels or one television channel. In 1963, Telestar 2 was launched and established the first direct link between Japan and Europe.", "Regarding Telstar, Jaffe, head of communications satellite programs at NASA, wrote in 1966: \"Although not the first communications satellite, Telstar is the best known of all and is probably considered by most observers to have ushered in the era of satellite communications.\"7 This impression resulted from the tremendous public impact of the first transmission of live television across the Atlantic Ocean from the United States to France by Telstar I on 10 July 1962, the very same day it was launched. In addition to television broadcasts, Telstar relayed telephone calls, data transmissions, and picture facsimiles.", "In 1962, the first public TV transmissions over Telstar 1 took place during a special program featuring live shots beamed from the United States to Europe, and vice versa.", "Telstar 1 - launched on 10 July 1962, it carried the first transatlantic live television pictures via satellite. It was also used for telephone and high speed data communications.", "The spacecraft allowed broadcasting stations in both the U.S. and Europe to send signals up into space, bounce them off the satellite, and have them received across the Atlantic nearly instantaneously, revolutionizing mass communications between the continents. The device could also be used for phone calls and even faxes. To celebrate the achievement, authorities conducted an international demonstration of Telstar’s capabilities. “There was an exchange of programs—first from the United States to Europe, and then from Europe to the U.S.” says Collins. The American broadcast included a press conference with President Kennedy, a baseball game and images of famous places such as the Statue of Liberty and Mt. Rushmore.", "The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed \"Early Bird\", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965. The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita, was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground downlink stations. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary Anik 1, which was launched on 9 November 1972. ATS-6, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. ", " the first geostationary communication satellite, and from there to Europe using Relay 1, an older satellite which allowed only 15–20 minutes of broadcast during each of its orbits. Total broadcast time of programs delivered via satellite was 5 hours 41 minutes in the United States, 12 hours 27 minutes in Canada, and 14 hours 18 minutes in Europe. Pictures were received via satellite in the United States, Canada, and 21 countries in Europe. ", "Dish-type aerials were later adopted throughout the world for satellite communications. The station took part in the first transatlantic television transmission made via an artificial satellite - Telstar. The first broadband active communications satellite, Telstar was launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral on 10 July. It circled the earth once every 158 minutes at a height of between 600 and 3,500 miles. The day after it was launched, Telstar was used to transmit the first high-definition television pictures across the Atlantic.", "The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television, although this signal was not broadcast to the public. The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23, 1962.", "Launched July 10, 1962, Telstar 1 was the world's first commercial communications satellite. It relayed the first transatlantic television transmissions and ushered in a new age of global communications and the benevolent use of space.", "1962 1st live TV transmission via Telstar I satellite (of a flag outside Andover Earth Station to Pleumeur-Bodou)", "The European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat) was originally set up in 1977 as an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) to develop and operate a satellite-based telecommunications infrastructure for Europe. In 1982 Eutelsat decided to start operations of its first TV-channel (Sky Channel or Sky 1) on the Orbital Test Satellite (OTS) in cooperation with ESA (The European Space Agency). This was the first satellite based direct-to-home TV-channel launched in Europe. In 1983 Eutelsat launched its first satellite to be used for telecommunications and TV distribution", "It took another decade for Clarke's bold plan to move toward reality. First, satellites themselves had to be proved viable; that happened with the launch of the Russian Sputnik 1 in October 1957. Three years later, when the Echo communications satellite was launched, engineers successfully demonstrated that radio telecommunications signals could be relayed into space and back, just as Clarke had predicted. Telstar , the first communications satellite, was launched in July 1962 and immediately revolutionized transatlantic telecommunications. During the mid-1960s, 11 nations came together to form INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium), which launched the world's first commercial communications satellite INTELSAT 1 (\"Early Bird\"), in geosychronous orbit, in April 1965. This modest little space machine was a tiny electronic miracle: weighing just 35kg (76 lb), it could transmit 240 telephone simultaneous calls or a single black-and-white TV channel.", "10 Jul. 1962 Telstar l: NASA launch of the first privately built satellite (for communications). First telephone and television signals carried via satellite.", "10 Jul. 1962 Telstar l: NASA launch of the first privately built satellite (for communications). First telephone and television signals carried via satellite.", "The day that the Telstar satellite  brought the birth of the global telecommunication age with the first televised cross-Atlantic link-up via the Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station.", "July 10, 1962: The United States launches Telstar 1 , which enables the trans-Atlantic transmission of television signals.", "In 1979 Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or Moscow) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. They launched the Gorizont communication satellites later that same year. These satellites used geostationary orbits. They were equipped with powerful on-board transponders, so the size of receiving parabolic antennas of downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 metres. On October 18, 1979, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979 Neiman-Marcus Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 ft in diameter and were remote controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation which represented consumers and satellite TV system owners, was established in 1980. ", "Satellite television had also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over . On December 11, 1988 Luxembourg launched Astra 1A, the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in Ku band and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder, British Satellite Broadcasting, to the market.", "In homes across Rome, people barely touched their dinners. London’s pubs were packed, but bartenders served nary a drink. Throughout Europe, more than 100 million people huddled around television sets on the evening of July 23, 1962, to tune in to history. With Europeans watching eagerly, a black-and-white image of the Statue of Liberty flickered onto their screens. The picture itself was not particularly noteworthy except for one thing: it was live, via satellite.", "Four years prior to CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his Atlanta, Georgia independent station WTBS into one of the original satellite-distributed television channels, leasing a transponder on RCA's Satcom 1 geostationary satellite. The Cable News Network was intended to be distributed on RCA's new Satcom 3, which was lost on its launch date of December 7, 1979. Because replacement transmission capacity was not readily available, the Turner Broadcasting System filed suit against RCA seeking use of another communications satellite and $35.5 million in damages. On March 5, Turner announced that a consent order had been worked out with RCA in federal court, allowing CNN to begin operations on June 1 as scheduled, using a transponder on Satcom 1. ", "The satellite link-up was devised by the BBC, which took the idea to the European Broadcasting Union in 1966. The project editor was BBC executive Aubrey Singer. Personalities, including Maria Callas and Pablo Picasso, from 19 nations performed in separate items from their respective countries. The event, which lasted two-and-a-half hours, had the largest television audience to date.", "TV from the Moon was relayed from Honeysuckle Creek and Parkes, via Sydney to the Moree Earth Station. From there it was transmitted to the Pacific Intelsat III F-4 satelllite. Any Earth Station which could see the satellite (i.e. anything in the highlighted area) could receive the TV intended for Jamesburg and then Houston.", "This standard was part of the European Community’s attempt to promote a high-definition television (HDTV) standard being developed by Philips and other European companies, HD-MAC. HD-MAC was still at the laboratory stage and was incompatible with previous standards: HD-MAC transmissions could not be received by existing television sets, which were based on PAL or SECAM standards in Europe. The conditions to use a High power (230 watts) Satellite was dropped, and no winner was precluded from buying a foreign satellite system.", "Direct-broadcast satellites are used in Europe and Japan to deliver TV programming directly to TV receivers through small home dishes. The" ]

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[ "Surfing: Similar to channel surfing on a television, Internet surfing involves users browsing around various websites following whatever interests them.", "Navigate To find your way around a Web page or from one page to another. To \"surf the Net\".", "The internet really is multi purposed. It is not only used for communicating per se. You can do so many things such as, blogging, social networking, research, even business and for those who are bored, free arcade games at that.", "We use the Internet to connect to other computers and networks; we use the Web to locate information. The World Wide Web could not exist without the Internet as its foundation.", "Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to pursue their personal interests. People use chat, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals.", "The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet that consists of a network of computers, called \"Web servers,\" that host \"pages\" of content accessible via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol or \"HTTP.\" Anyone with a computer connected to the Internet can search for and retrieve information stored on Web servers located around the world. Computer users typically access the Web by running a program called a \"browser\" on their computers. The browser displays, as individual pages on the computer screen, the various types of content found on the Web and lets the user follow the connections built into Web pages - called \"hypertext links,\" \"hyperlinks,\" or \"links\" - to additional content. Two popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.", "Web (World Wide Web) - A vast network of scholarly and popular information, located on the Internet, that includes text, pictures, sound, and moving images. Also known as \"the Web,\" or \"WWW,\" or \"W3.\" Rather than using a system of \"layered\" menus, as Gopher does, the Web uses \"links.\" Use a mouse to point to a \"link\" to a URL (see above) on screen, click on the link, and a few seconds (or less) later you will be at a new source of information. Web \"browsers\" such as Netscape (see above) are what you use to search for information on the Web.", "The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.", "The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email.", "Internet Browser: Wii U comes with a browser that lets users surf the Web from the comfort of their couches. Users can browse purely on the GamePad while watching a program on TV. Additionally, they can pause a game, launch the browser and search for something, and then re-enter the game right where they left off.", "A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.", "The Internet is a broadcast medium for the everyperson. Built with the same freedom-of-messaging motivation as HAM radio of the 1970's, the modern Internet is a daily tool for millions of people to trade signals with each other.", "The Web is viewed by using free software called web browsers . Born in 1989, the Web is based on hypertext transfer protocol, the language which allows you and me to \"jump\" (hyperlink) to any other public web page. There are over 90 billion public web pages on the Web today, and over 300 billion private ('invisible') web pages.", "Web Browser A software application which allows you to view and retrieve information from the Internet. Also known as an Internet browser.", "Browser An app used to view web content. Common browsers include Chrome™, Safari®, Internet Explorer® and Firefox®.", "Browser (or Web browser): An application (such as Mozilla Firefox or Microsoft Internet Explorer) that locates and displays a Web page, allowing the user to jump from place to place by selecting highlighted text or graphics. ", "The Internet's hardware is vast: it is a chaotic combination of high-speed optic fiber, regular network cables, wireless routers , and satellite connections. No single organization owns the Internet's hardware. No single organization governs its use. The Internet truly is a marvel of free broadcasting and amateur publishing.", "Do anything you imagine, like read holographic stories. Introducing Gigablast Internet from Cox. With nearly 100x the power, it won’t just change the Internet, it will change the way we live. How will you live the Gig Life?", "An Internet-based, global hypermedia browser that provides a unified interface to the various protocols, data formats, and information archives (i.e. gopher) used on the Internet and enables powerful new ways for discovering, using, viewing, and sharing information. It was developed by NCSA as part of the WWW project.", "Ok. Your computer now knows the number of the web server, www.w3.org. So it goes back to the URL -- remember the thing which started with http:? Lets say the URL behind the link was http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ . It has used the www.w3.org bit to find the number of the web server which has a copy of the page. Now it send off a request to that server asking it for the web page. It sends the whole URL, and the server sends back a copy.", "When, seventeen years ago, I designed the Web, I did not have to ask anyone's permission. The Web, as a new application, rolled out over the existing Internet without any changes to the Internet itself. This is the genius of the design of the Internet, for which I take no credit. Applying the age old wisdom of design with interchangeable parts and separation of concerns, each component of the Internet and the applications that run on top of it are able develop and improve independently. This separation of layers allows simultaneous but autonomous innovation to occur at many levels all at once. One team of engineers can concentrate on developing the best possible wireless data service, while another can learn how to squeeze more and more bits through fiber optic cable. At the same time, application developers such as myself can develop new protocols and services such as voice over IP, instant messaging, and peer-to-peer networks. Because of the open nature of the Internet's design, all of these continue to work well together even as each one is improving itself.", "No single person owns the Internet. No single government has authority over its operations. Some technical rules and hardware/software standards enforce how people plug into the Internet, but for the most part, the Internet is a free and open broadcast medium of hardware networking.", "Do you browse the internet often? Are you amazed at how many internet web pages there are in the world today? Don’t you wish you could get a piece of that action?", "Lubka, Willie, and Nancy Holden. K •I •S •S Guide to the Internet. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2000.", "A text-based World-Wide Web browser. Because it does not employ a graphics capability, it allows slower computers (or computers using a modem) to access the Internet with ease.", "To celebrate the 15th anniversary of the web we've assembled a list of sites that have become the virtual wallpaper of our lives. What the corresponding list will be like in 15 years' time is anyone's guess. As the man said, if you want to know the future, go buy a crystal ball. In the meantime, read on and wonder.", "Short Circuits: Disconnected! How important is the Internet to you? I was reminded on Thursday, January 14, how important it is to me. When I arrived at home from the office, I logged on to my account on the computer and noticed that all of the Internet applications indicated no connection. When I called Wide Open West, an intercept recording said, in essence, \"Yes, we know.\"", "Start a Web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, and then visit the following Web site:", "Some have observed that much of the information in the book can be found on the Internet.", "Prior to September 1993 the World Wide Web was entirely indexed by hand. There was a list of webservers edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot of the list in 1992 remains, but as more and more web servers went online the central list could no longer keep up. On the NCSA site, new servers were announced under the title \"What's New!\" ", "10. Which software application is used for accessing sites or information on a network ( as the world wide web)?", "Pull up a chair and look what Al Gore wrought when he gave Americans the Internet(s)." ]

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[ "A home page is the initial or main web page of a website. It is sometimes called main page. It may be written as homepage as well.", "A home page can also refer to the first page that appears upon opening a web browser, sometimes called the start page, although the home page of a website can be used as a start page. This start page can be a website, or it can be a page with various browser functions such as the display of thumbnails of frequently visited websites. Multiple websites can be set as a start page, to open in different tabs. Some websites are intended to be used as start pages, such as iGoogle (now defunct), My Yahoo!, and MSN.com, and provide links to commonly used services such as webmail and online weather forecasts. ", "Home Page: A home page most often refers to the web page you see when you first start up your web browser. It can also refer to the first page that appears when you visit a specific site like www.ptd.net", "Homepage The first document World Wide Web users see when connecting to a Web server. It often is the home page of the users Internet Service Provider, but can be changed.", "Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page containing a directory of the site web content. Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of news websites, academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards, web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services.", "In the early days of the World Wide Web in the first half of the 1990s, an important part of web pages belonged to students or teachers with a UNIX account in their university. System administrators of such systems installed an HTTP server pointing its root directory to the directory containing the users accounts. On UNIX, the base directory of an account is called \"home\", and the HOME environment variable contains its path (for example /home/my_username). The URL of the home page is usually has the format https://example.edu/~my_username/. Thus the term home page appeared and then spread to its current usage.", "To RETURN to any sub-index from which you approached this page, click BACK on your web browser. To return to my homepage, click �Home� above.", "Purpose: Remembers when the site forwards you from one page to another, so you can return to the first page. For example, go back to the home page after viewing a special 'splash' page.", "Homepage: The site that is the starting point on the web for a particular group or organization.", "The centre of the website is the Homepage, which features a modular layout. Users can choose which modules, and which information, is displayed on their homepage, allowing the user to customise it. This system was first launched in December 2007, becoming permanent in February 2008, and has undergone a few aesthetical changes since then. The Homepage then has links to other micro-sites, such as BBC News Online, Sport, Weather, TV and Radio. As part of the site, every programme on BBC Television or Radio is given its own page, with bigger programmes getting their own micro-site, and as a result it is often common for viewers and listeners to be told website addresses (URLs) for the programme website.", "A single Web page may be associated with more than one URL. For example, the URLs http://www.newyorktimes.com and http://www.nytimes.com will both take the user to the New York Times home page. The topmost directory in a Web site is often referred to as that Web site's root directory or root URL. For example, in http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents, the root URL is http://www.paed.uscourts.gov. There may be hundreds or thousands of pages under a single root URL, or there may be one or only a few.", "<html> <head> ...stuff... </head> <body> <div id=\"header\"> <h1>My Site</h1> </div> <div id=\"nav\"> <ul> <li>Home</li> <li>About</li> <li>Contact</li> </ul> </div> <div id=content> <h1>My Article</h1> <p>...</p> </div> <div id=\"footer\"> <p>...</p> </div> </body> </html>", "A personal home page historically has served as a means of self-portrayal, job-related presentation, and pure enjoyment, giving way to professional advancement and social interaction. Owing to the rise of social media sites, personal home pages are no longer as common as during the mid-late 1990s and early-2000s.", "Presenting the content on the homepage, while making for dense page, does make a good jump point. My eye can scan far more quickly than I can click back and forth through pages.", "HTML: Abbreviation for Hypertext Markup Language. The coding system used for creating pages on the World Wide Web . HTML enables the author to control how the page appears and to insert Hypertext links within one Web page or to other pages anywhere on the Web. Nowadays most Web authors and designers use an Authoring Tool such as Front Page or Dreamweaver to create World Wide Web pages. Web page files end with the Extension .htm. or .html. See Anchor , Hyperlink , URL , World Wide Web . See Module 3.3 , Creating a World Wide Web site.", "Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at http://info.cern.ch/, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA \"What's New\" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.", "The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet that consists of a network of computers, called \"Web servers,\" that host \"pages\" of content accessible via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol or \"HTTP.\" Anyone with a computer connected to the Internet can search for and retrieve information stored on Web servers located around the world. Computer users typically access the Web by running a program called a \"browser\" on their computers. The browser displays, as individual pages on the computer screen, the various types of content found on the Web and lets the user follow the connections built into Web pages - called \"hypertext links,\" \"hyperlinks,\" or \"links\" - to additional content. Two popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.", "The ‘ page ’ property is used to specify a particular type of page (called a", "Portal Web pages often offer the following free services: search engine, news, sports and weather, free personal Web pages, reference tools, shopping malls, e-mail, instant messaging, newsgroups, and chat rooms. The dictionary defines a �portal� as a door or gateway. Portal Web pages are gateways to a host of services.", "Web Address Just as a street address is the physical location of a house or building, the Web address is the electronic location of a Web site on the Internet. A web address is one type of URL.", "The web browser parses the HTML and interprets the markup (, for paragraph, and such) that surrounds the words to format the text on the screen. Many web pages use HTML to reference the URLs of other resources such as images, other embedded media, scripts that affect page behavior, and Cascading Style Sheets that affect page layout. The browser makes additional HTTP requests to the web server for these other Internet media types. As it receives their content from the web server, the browser progressively renders the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML and these additional resources.", "Within the text of most pages there are usually a large number of hypertext links to other pages. This form of non-linear navigation is more \"native\" to wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes. Users can also create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or whatever form of organization they like. These may be challenging to maintain by hand, as multiple authors create and delete pages in an ad hoc manner. Wikis can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages.", "Authors can specify various aspects of a page box, such as its dimensions, orientation, and margins, within an ‘@page’ rule. ‘@page’ rules are allowed wherever rule-sets are allowed. An ‘@page’ rule consists of the keyword ‘@page’, an OPTIONAL comma-separated list of page selectors and a block of declarations (said to be in the", "Entdecken Sie das Potentzial Ihrer Homepage Wir bieten Webdesign und Entwicklung Mediendesign und Beratung in Wiesbaden ...", "To see your internet web page on the internet, all you have to do is open your internet web page using this internet window. At the top of the internet window you’ll see the word “File”. Click on that word, and it will open a menu. Inside that menu, choose the option “open”. Now, navigate to your desktop and select your internet web page, then click “OK”. Then your internet web page will load into the internet window. When your internet web page finishes loading, it will look like this:", "followed by the content of the requested page. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) for a basic web page might look like this:", "Some websites may be included in one or more of these categories. For example, a business website may promote the business's products, but may also host informative documents, such as white papers. There are also numerous sub-categories to the ones listed above. For example, a porn site is a specific type of e-commerce site or business site (that is, it is trying to sell memberships for access to its site) or have social networking capabilities. A fansite may be a dedication from the owner to a particular celebrity.", "The first rule is a common use case for e.g. slides. The second rule is common in Japanese, where the page is sized to fit the paragraph text.", "as I’m attempting to create my own personal website and would like to learn where you got this from", "Page type names are case-sensitive identifiers. However the ‘auto’ value, being a CSS keyword, is ASCII case-insensitive .", "Page type names are case-sensitive identifiers. However the auto value, being a CSS keyword, is ASCII case-insensitive .", "In Japanese documents, sometimes different parts of a single document will have different kihon hanmen. [JLREQ] The ‘ page ’ property, together with ‘@page’ rules specifying different page widths, can accomodate this type of layout:" ]

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[ "Your TWC Phone modem (“modem”) must be plugged into an electrical wall outlet to operate. In the event of a power outage, your Phone service (including your access to 911 and any medical and security monitoring services that depend on it) will be unavailable if you do not have a battery backup. Phone service may also be unavailable in the event of a network outage.", "A modem with a battery will work with standard corded phones, but will not power other equipment like cordless phones and alarm systems. Consider having at least one standard corded telephone in your home that can be plugged directly into the telephone jack on your modem.", "Modems can be internal or external. When a modem is an external device, it connects to the PC using a serial port conforming to the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 232D specification (RS-232 interface) or through a USB port connection. Typical PCs have 9-pin connectors for their serial ports while modems use 25-pin connectors. This necessitates a 9-pin to 25-pin connector cable. Each wire in the cable has a specific function on controlling data transmission across the cable. For example, pin 2 transmits data while pin 3 receives data in the 25-pin modem connector. This is reversed for the 9-pin PC connector. Most all external modems now use the USB to connect into the PC. See Figure 117 .", "Broadband modems must be connected to a home router uplink port and not any other of the router's ports, for example.", "A modem is an electronic device that enables the transmission of data between a computer and a telephone line. To send data, it modulates (converts) computer data bits to tones (sound) that a telephone line can accept. To receive data, it demondulates (converts) telephone tones to data bits that a computer can accept.", "Once you have your computer, you really don't need much additional hardware to connect to the Internet. The primary piece of hardware you need is a modem.", "Modem: A device installed in your computer or an external piece of hardware that connects your computer to the Internet through a phone or cable line and allows communication between computers.", "A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.", "The term “modem” as is used herein means a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is generally stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves, and a modem may convert between these two forms.", "Internal modem is available as interface card for desktop and as PCMCIA card for laptop . We need to install it on available slot of motherboard. In comparison with external modem these are inexpensive. As these modems usage computer’s CPU for data encoding and decoding. We have to purchase these modem separately.", "All leads (wires) entering the computer and entering the modem are susceptible to picking up stray RF from the antenna. So also is the microphone lead to the radio.", "Modems. Modems have become standard features on many desktop computers. Any unauthorized modem is a serious security concern. People use them not just to connect to the Internet, but also to connect to their office so they can work from home. The problem is that a modem is a means of bypassing the \"firewall\" that protects a network from outside intruders. A hacker using a \"war dialer\" tool to identify the modem telephone number and a \"password cracker\" tool to break a weak password can gain access to the system. Due to the nature of computer networking, once a hacker connects to that one computer, the hacker can often connect to any other computer in the network.", "Modem A device that lets your computer communicate with other computers over phone lines. Modem stands for \"modulator-demodulator\". Most modems operate at 28,800 baud. Both 33,600 and 57,600 baud modems are also available.", "Modems interface to the telephone circuit using the standard Registered Jack (RJ)-11 telephone jack. Typically, each modem has two jacks, permitting the phone line to be connected to the modem and then a phone. One jack is marked line, and the other is marked phone for those connections, respectively. Bad things happen when the phone jack is connected into the line and the line jack is connected to the phone.", "MODEM - Device that converts digital signals from a computer or other digital device, into a form that can be transmitted across copper wires. It also re-converts them when received from another device.", "Setting Up: Congratulations. You are ready to set up. If you have not yet acquired a degree in electrical engineering, now is the time to do so. Connect the monitor cable (A) to the portside outlet unit (D); attach power off-load unit sub- orbiter (Xii) to the co-axial AC/DC servo channel (G); plug three-pin mouse cable into keyboard housing unit (make extra hole if necessary); connect modem (B2) to offside parallel audio-video lineout jack. Switch the computer on. Your hard drive will then download. (Allow three to five days.) When downloading is complete, your screen will say:'Yeah, what?'", "Try and keep the computer cables and modem cables as far apart from the rf cables as possible, this includes keeping any out side antenna's as far a part as possible, even to the point of bringing the cables in different sides of the room.", "Dial-up Modem: An older type of Modem that connects a computer to the Internet via a standard telephone line. Typically a dial-up modem connects to the Internet at a very slow data transmission speed of only 56 Kbps, whereas a modern Broadband modem connects to the Internet at 512 Kbps or much higher. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines, the quality of the connection is often poor. See Kbps .", "Cable Modem: A modem designed to operate over cable TV lines. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely fast access to the World Wide Web.", "Modem – From MOdulate and DEModulate. An electronic device which is used to connect computer systems using a telephone line for transmitting data.", "External modem is a separate device that has its own CPU and memory. Usually Telco company provide this with connection. Depending on subscription it may be free or chargeable.", "*Modem: device that modulates an analog \"carrier\" signal (such as sound) to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. Used (for example) when a computer communicates with another computer over a telephone network.", "Modem Driver: The piece of software that allows your operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, UNIX) to communicate with your modem. One of the essential steps in keeping your dial-up Internet connection running smoothly is updating your modem driver. For today's modems, drivers are much more important than the definitions make them sound.", "Note If Windows XP Professional does not detect an internal modem, the modem must be installed and configured by using the Modems option in Control Panel.", "Smart modems come with media access controllers inside, which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received. Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the world.", "Dial-back modems. These devices require the user to enter a username/password upon initial connection. The corporate modem then disconnects and looks up the authorized remote telephone number for the connecting user. The corporate modem then dials the remote modem and establishes a connection.", "Internet & Phone: How to properly connect a landline phone through the same wall phone jack as the modem", "An electronic system that includes an electronic data processing system plus auxiliary and connecting communications equipment.", "It’s your home computer and, more terrifyingly, what it at the end of what it is connected to, and what at the end of it thus is also connected TO YOU.", "As illustrated, gateway 140 is implemented as a separate hardware component, which includes a processor for executing software instructions and memory for storing software instructions and data. The gateway has its own wired and/or wireless connection to data networks for communicating with the servers 110 comprising computing network 105. Alternatively, gateway 140 can be integrated with a user device 120, which is worn or carried by a user. For example, the gateway 140 may be implemented as a downloadable software application installed and running on a processor included in the user device 120. The gateway 140 provides, in one embodiment, one or more users access to the computing network 105 via the data network 130.", "Oh and how much are those devices so I can actually measure whether they are lying about keeping the wireless router functionality off.", "Complimentary wired broadband access in all bedrooms, Wire-free or wired access in all meeting rooms and most public areas" ]

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[ "Q: medical abbreviation for every, often used to specify drug dosing schedules (e.g., q6h means every 6 hours).", "Q is the alphabetical equivalent of the number 8 and represents originality, stability and wealth. The initial Q symbolizes genius and the ‘unknowable’.", "The resonance of an electronic circuit. “Q” actually refers to quality factor. Q is a measure of the sharpness of a resonant peak. The term Q is often used interchangeably with “bandwidth“. This is not entirely correct. It is more accurate to say that Q determines bandwidth (a subtle but distinct difference). Q is most often used in reference to synthesizer filters (sometimes referred to as resonance) and equalizers, but it also applies to capacitors (a measure of efficiency, the ratio of capacitive reactance to resistance at a high frequency) and speakers (a measure of directivity). In speakers, a Q of 1 means the system sends out energy equally in all directions; a speaker with a Q of 2 radiates in a 180 degree hemisphere; higher Q’s correspond to smaller angles. In EQ circuits Q is defined as the center frequency divided by the half power bandwidth. On a 1/3 octave graphic equalizer, for example, the half power point at 1 kHz is 232 Hz wide. The Q is thus 1000/232 or 4.31.", "Q sign - Patient unconscious/terminal with mouth open and tongue hanging out; \"Dotted Q\" means flies land on tongue (dead/dying). Reversible Q-sign means you can push the patient's tongue back into the mouth to form the O-sign. Irreversible Q-sign means the tongue keeps falling back out of the mouth after it�s pushed back in (very bad sign)", ";dB Q: sometimes used to denote weighted noise level, commonly using the ITU-R 468 noise weighting", "There are many words with a 'Q' that don't have a 'U' in them. They include FAQIR, QABALA, QABALAH, QADIS, QAID, QANAT, QAT, QINDAR, QINDARKA, QINTAR, QOPH, QWERTY, SHEQALIM, SHEQEL and TRANQ. Just make sure you have a dictionary that supports your innovative use of the letter Q! In the end game, when you find tiles in short supply, if you find your self with the Q, try QI 5 .", "FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): Documents that list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject or website. It saves people from having to contact the website owner with basic and repetitive questions.", "I remember when there was a gay community. Then we started calling it the “LGB” (or “GLB”) community. Then it became “LGBT”, and finally (I thought) “LGBTQ”. The word “queer” can mean pretty much anybody, so “Q” was the last letter we needed.", "The Q person has a philosophical nature, and within them there is a desire to know all about life and its purpose. Q is a natural ‘do-er’ and has a strong driving force that persists to achieve this goal. The intensity in which they work can at times seem overwhelming to others.", "# Assertion-sign: \"'⊦. p may be read 'it is true that' ... thus '⊦: p .⊃. q ' means 'it is true that p implies q ', whereas '⊦. p .⊃⊦. q ' means ' p is true; therefore q is true'. The first of these does not necessarily involve the truth either of p or of q, while the second involves the truth of both\" (PM 1962:92).", "6. Assertion-sign: \"'⊦'. p may be read 'it is true that' ... thus '⊦: p .⊃. q ' means 'it is true that p implies q ', whereas '⊦. p .⊃⊦. q ' means ' p is true; therefore q is true'. The first of these does not necessarily involve the truth either of p or of q, while the second involves the truth of both\" (PM 1962:92).", "Now do you see what I mean? Probably not. What conclusion are you trying to draw? In your argument, what is Q?", "Q-signals  – a set of three-letter codes which are used by amateurs as abbreviations. Commonly used on both CW and phone. See URL: Q-Signals          ", "The complement of the standard normal CDF, Q(x) = 1 - \\Phi(x), is often called the Q-function, especially in engineering texts. It gives the probability that the value of a standard normal random variable X will exceed x. Other definitions of the Q-function, all of which are simple transformations of \\Phi, are also used occasionally. ", "���Q� �q뭷�鮿�z�GϏ�Ф2.S���{�$Զ*���ߛ:9d��f�� &���iz� �'��[Ԝ��%� ����\\q� ���0Ve��P�2 ��9 b�K��/�˄{�� �fQ0ۚ�-D\"�;3�����+� I�1���3��[VA&�a���#n�|��Q�D={���Q�F͝;�o߾@ � 6,� ��0_� hYr2� ;� �Ȁ� �U;oǚ#��J�:�O R���!xOƤ�ko�P�� �p��;��f�eTPS��:H�d�M0�JT��7E8w�pB�064I��� ٹ���D:�P�6����\\B�71h�^x!˞ [H J�~wN��.Z��+_� ~������Q%Ϟ�|�9��D Sr���P��� �0aܦ,zM�f9@��rt(?��dz\"���� ��Pp���G� L@���t�Z�r�-p�H��:��)I��&5�W�y!,�&�.I�Ts\\t`���؈����w��1�DT�!�Xm����,N�6���ŋ����� jF&c�hde.s�3I�@��щZ��\\�� N�H&���e�̫e�A�����ݻw��P��q���N;��|WI4�� r�! ,P�D�x��K����VV�eU��ڔ���e)D��ز{��o|�g���ӧg_{*� d��QG �&�<] |Rv��\"h�̸i�,> ]���.���\\ ��q hz���vm�� �qb�� �\"`W�d@��d�+�l �g���z�J (͊W�ӷ�j� 7ܐ�\\t�E�$x��7z(�� x,�g�����RՄњ$.?~��!CN9唜F�F�A��!-P�\\���Oo�&Ց��w7�F 0R5��7���;��4Y� �U�D���x��3g�j����]�De&] �к���� �&-gu Z5 g'1���R2F6�b��BA)I����5��\"Q�Ǫ]���5F �dv\\1˴��� x. �/p 0�I3&N�E�[o=�6�]DoD �� ,��ӧW�^�� �k_�C��$�-���jc�% ��J���`,�� �/ى���O�dCy����f��i���{ｑބ�W%�^aƮԸ�O0�G� ��Jr��c���k�]fa��jϥ� M_�ěcf��I���MBf>Υ�^J�h\"�3�s���L0�p�|�*4��d����4+U��%�ВXr5f̘��%NnH� 0�3z�hD> � ��5;��K�~�S{I���.(��YDO��$�M��r�f������Qv:�{�!���'�E�t��!�,g�b}��y���Hx�J����уIT���<��n�-�,�J+ �X���zYy�\\�� ���(�-�A1QL� �9�68���ɓ'(��v���~��� �Մ �~��A�$i� c� ����ɔfa /�ZB)��� ��v���m�X�6�Uҏ�m�� Y&�Tl��v�L�9`�_X^�wC���ذ-���3� �%3IƮlуI ���5)�Δ�N�����Vy�1��I��ᆛ��M|��@.��J9o�<>�JxE�a��; �/�~����}ʪ�B�;�t& ��Я�s-i�A�F�L %�� �T���3�W�g�Rf�c@� ��� $u@����ƉȄN��p/����È�xֵ!̡�ꦅ��6���]JWc��$�+;�EP31�$o��җ��� �H�����,��I�8g� ��3�c� g���������݇�{��N;�D,���$#.S�sw~�*{h�J�����O&Q %�� �[�%= �L�o$�9�� qJ�I��Z�_��9L5P�Bײ�o6y̶�ن��d�A�Bѷ�v[(�L�.�]�1�0�Vك�.O��#��#���2;��9}��{�ɉD�w�D��� ������I�@b� J\\�3���% �|&�je���/{�{hb~2IM�<�e\"�R �xf@eB?s�5yH�������d(���9�o�d%i�A2;��+��^�i�T� ������i���r$[q%���%�B �>�mNF���[O<�&*� `�w\\�t)PM��l���4>�Չ��h �������4c��������Yߝ��}��", "The Q-code was originally instituted at the Radiotelegraph Convention held in London, 1912 and was intended for marine radiotelegraph use. The codes were based on an earlier list published by the British postmaster general's office in 1908. [1] More information about the history and usage of Q-codes can be found here .", "Q.V. – (LEGAL)- An abbreviation of “quod vide,” used to refer a reader to the word, chapter etc., the name of which it immediately follows. Quod vide means which see.", "���[��q� o��UF�=`i���ƥh�J�,.|r 'ɒ��M�!q*��Z;F��wO�ڒ %�T��Ұ? VU�;� RTw�#@d�n<�v�v YuĈ�f@,�I�%�b�YN ��:m%Gt(�/�T� �+�@� +Q�VJTS��w� Fn�C?�mU� k�Uȭ�RW�[ɮ��cIH�R )!��F�Jo�q�SO>9��C�V� �L[(C���a-�/�9��A�؟Nv����F!mcXHTN�� I�.xk��E�[��cR,���R*�g�mV��B1�ZTT!�Ts�����u�G��\"�S�����-Y�ŁD����ܑ���uxܬ�zA�,:��V��L��nd�f��'֯���h7��� �I9m`�����&+N����_z饲��w���A1�f�%n¸��n�HG\"V#LT��� )\\ZQa�(��5� '��y���ƢPF ���G#�I�cѨ N����ء*�_��v�vߧT[�6rڟ`m�a��C�f� ?�$�9C�p��t�!��&�h˽� v�ڜ�f�-ά�M�$gP�s���ib����>,�f��Cv����O�\"�B�m��v-.ؿ:��fs�RJ�Q)#��K�M�F��U���1;kN�)���ݻq��Ճ�Ʉ\"�f�|��p�N��X�3Y�9E�j�B�ڨ�G�0�5�A3�IA�\"� �e1M�8k�~��:�,1�\\��P ��3+$�^!��~��tp;j�>3Z� ��Vn�6�y�\\�U��c�=6��7ɰ�r(�w�_p����OB �g��tB,d��t�.a3p$b����)1��d<�$���8d�೫�GS�o��]?���o����kln��ç�ϴU�p�$�k�bR�&��� ��R� ���?i1&s-R�S��Q�JG!ʐ{�d2QW�LG�:5Դ\"�qՎȄ(�,2>�:��O�u9F��s��r?���U�N���\\^^�p8���0G�����9�1��mT:�gv�)������� 6�% D.���{�W��q�!���Q��a{@U���tϐ!C�t�=�J oAa��h�:��\\G�1&)�&'��ْ��S 2�~8R큳K�sj�������6; 0٫�Nsv �K録��8+AE@��� .U ʌ�>� U9v,��w )�^�4w��l�Sd�pΓu � RR� <��2 II%��[��k�@Qe% K�,ojjm*�Bz��v��C $)Q�Q�#�)�� KM� �E���&�p�h�±�g#�@'�d\"��s�� '�(�^a�����%b1���)����V��T�@I �0�Q�?K�H� ���^Jg��i4�V蔬K�4`���P��6q&�L#�n���T��I�1^��ť4R%�ud`�4#$b8��(@4�OJi�����Y ����țp/4�� ����ʉ�x Q�)�I� �Eӌ�Jb(�!�\"�#;����t뭷 9rDO1I$�ijaP�j�R :�̛�J�5�`�Ƌ�� ��tA���ӈa �0M1�i�\"� �rE�\"���A�M '�ib4��mxr��mMo̟�ȣ�ƅ��fRd�p�)|23�c�JJ�����h2�2�,Ǝ2�h4�N�B�`5+ ��V zJ�D�xB�Ȍ�z1!�np� ��^ᓂ�`7��Hv�h��xRH4���cEq��h����6�E%��H���e9 U�}�� ���U�bR�M|BH�H�� MG�Ѥ�dY.�����18�5��@����T$ǺT����D�' �O�����x4��h��y��������tpF� ���V-a/���� �5D� ZΖ� �h�#�F�� aG:��F#�P,���w�ޥ�� &pK���AAu���Z�쥅���ҽ�$� ƔN&�>-�zQ���(:�$R: Gq�ߪ+�I�Fmf+����\"q4�H���pF���~-n%I���I�� ��wa��7t�e�<%�!<��� %�ԩ�L%2,�p�Ƣg(_{��� �w$pX�pDF �,f����cX%Y�'� 0�\\� �'�0t�� )� ǐ�MN����`(h�;�{�P���nk0���!r� B�($�Bԓ��/8�To��k�&u� �#+�$Ek�Ñ\"����6d�3�1X�N�2��T����0 q�Wk��gy��N�b!�H*r�VX�Ҧ�6�پ����>�j���һ fY��2��WW�;.x5*i���e� �]n[<�F�'R���?_���b�^}��v3�� �z� ���A?bI,O�d�á�\">����NN��W�C��$O$�q��-�P�l��I<�0�0^F� ;!Q6����b���4�=C����T��x -�ʪ��GГÂ��0 |Q����z<��4sQ�2�O)d�{c�z` C������'K�J;`G2���'����פ� ��L��}mm����1�L�ܣs��6��r�>Yh�z��a�������� Ds}J���d��=*��DtY OU�*� �jm ��J��u�� �P�p�q�?l��ff�<K!�Z�D4�[,�P�3����������.��������/p��$�g�b4 y !B*�rA�Შ��fE��NDM�)&�q&� W�� �y7^s � [,�a�� �E�B���h� �B@x\\xgBSMOf��*B�]!BЩ 1 x) �k���,��G��\"Ɉ�0f�ݱcǂ ����yI��iC������YϝHF6 ݫ��#Nv㑽Ͼ3�$����������@��ة�P��V h>���p��C�B�F��t=kka%��G� %�c{�ܷ� ;�����K��$Q�6v�U�Y�0��ψ'������f��ѫ�B}���w�,9x���ڴ��Zuz�� ƈI��\"�{ Z��<�H�pNK �>Ӣ R�ZH L�!!�!����.�<���`< 6;�9>�Se7�$��:ҰL��������0�Y�L0%%a��� �!0��е[������@�� z�٧���d���b�-��t��#q������}�OR!�r~���C���Ky, �X���z�㕷�?�2��L! �C9V�I �h�c=���� I9����vs\"E�����UR�֎]G���c�j�� ,�ZcC� $�Zѹ[K� @x��?�B�qnF��3�-�-! �j$D� A����/���xGb3g�W_������(�b _�M���F�x8��H�UAj�G����T&��i^���ȈP ������� /�6K��Ę����[� -A '���Tp�[V}���U�>s��z� �<�n^���(%~���� � M������c�IBܟ���`ьw_ �tA Оb�H��Y����ӟ���kA��dUU�I�V�G�WtO� {���cz=y@w�;�� |M�����_P���4���c( ��JJJ���qƂ�.5�����X��$`c�W� �m��Ӯ�~�����Xs� C��$ ��G����h�ٚ��o-z����ñ��d��C��eFbQ���l�W��2��q!*�$i����;[;T �� �`?I�s��\"K�b��vX�k zb�8��sf�o 4�m�vX��1�_R��^�~�(PN��2菶��n���<�S�x[ ��>t�PՂ�����'� ��D�vq�{�:J����c� �d��3��*DF��2i�u�7 ��Ӊ�� �f t\\����h��H �L���$� J�7�&�H}��a��", "1.5 Version History. Preliminary versions of this were posted on <alt.talk.royalty> as well as circulated privately. A version has been posted to news.answers and alt.answers. This web version is a revision of that and by the next official posting of the ascii-version of the FAQ, the two will hopefully be in complete accord.", "Prefix or abbreviation ( abbr. ) brevis - short unit symbol for quart liquid US is: qt", "U A D O V E R D U E S N K B I N E P Y Q", "The word QABBALAH itself is derived from the Hebrew QBL (or KBLH) which means to receive or obtain, the received wisdom, and to embrace instruction – ‘getting wise’ in the spiritual sense! You will notice that there are no vowels. Hebrew consists solely of 22 consonants with the vowel sounds being a part of the consonants on either side. 22 being an important number the Freemasonry. Qabballah originates from the occult, but more importantly people need to know that the New Age literature derives from these esoteric teachings. The foundations are from so-called spiritually enlightened beings calling themselves, Ascended Masters and The Great White Brotherhood, who have undergone a series of spiritual transformations called “Initiations”. If you do enough research you will find this is who the Freemasons worship.", "  SBQ, or special bar quality , is a predominantly North American term to describe steel long products for more demanding processing or end-use applications than can be met by commodity grades. Elsewhere the term “ engineering steels ” is widely used.", "QFT - Quoted for truth. Used on internet message boards to show agreement from a previous message", "    Firstly, it must be accepted that this is not clearly stated in AQ, thus some interpretation/thinking becomes necessary. Without an explicit reference, this could explain the fanciful traditional interpretations.", "a required or allowed quantity - (for example a debt payable) - also used in various latin phrases to mean 'as much as' - more scientifically quantum in physics means: 'a discrete quantity of energy proportional in magnitude to the frequency of the radiation it represents'", "Quark is a standard English verb meaning to caw or croak. In this context it is not a portmanteau word.", "Based on the above, usage of the root QBL in AQ, CAD meanings, and the only other occurrence of \"qiblah\" in 10:87, in terms of likelihood for the meaning of \"qiblah\", in my view, are:", "* PS 9000 * QS 9000 is an interpretation agreed upon by major automotive manufacturers (GM, Ford, Chrysler). It includes techniques such as FMEA and APQP. QS 9000 is now replaced by ISO/TS 16949.", "A milliequivalent (mEq) is a unit of the relative amount of a substance or a�collection of related substances with similar reactivity.�One mEq equals 0.001 equivalent.", "to pass muster (= be satisfactory) → être acceptable must-have [ˌmʌstˈhæv] n → indispensable m, must m", "Question: Our church bylaws require the nominating committee to present \"a slate of candidates\" for the board of trustees (among other bodies). In terms of parliamentary procedure, does \"a slate\" mean only the number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies, or may it mean at least a number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies? (Webster's defines slate as \"a list of candidates. . . .\")" ]

[ 0.21142578125, 0.06854248046875, -0.04852294921875, -1.845703125, -2.076171875, -2.126953125, -2.67578125, -3.046875, -3.150390625, -3.294921875, -3.607421875, -4.37109375, -4.3828125, -4.73828125, -5.01953125, -5.12109375, -5.25, -6.015625, -6.55078125, -6.73046875, -6.921875, -7.21484375, -7.5234375, -7.6796875, -7.70703125, -7.7421875, -8.28125, -8.96875, -9.0859375, -10.0703125, -10.109375, -10.5 ]

[ "Microsoft does own the Internet Explorer logo, which is essentially a stylized letter \"e\". However, they don't own \"e\" itself, only that particular design.", "Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a discontinued series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows.", "The web is only gradually adopting Unicode, as ordinary users gradually acquire the software that can cope with it. Of currently available browsers, Internet Explorer 5 and 6 appear able to display any Unicode character (subject, of course, to a suitable Unicode font having been installed). Netscape Navigator 4 lagged behind, though Navigator 6 copes excellently. [Updated 2001-2002]", "A \"favicon\" is a small graphic that replaces the standard Web page icon when you visit a Web site. (See How to Add a Shortcut Icon to a Web Page .) Before Internet Explorer 8, releases of the browser have used 16x16 Web site favicons in several places in the main UI:", "A slashed zero can be used to distinguish the number from the letter. The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andalé Mono, and in some airline reservation systems. One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot. Some fonts designed for use with computers made one of the capital-O–digit-0 pair more rounded and the other more angular (closer to a rectangle). A further distinction is made in falsification-hindering typeface as used on German car number plates by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side. Sometimes the digit 0 is used either exclusively, or not at all, to avoid confusion altogether.", "<�e^�Fd��j��'�H3��E��x��J����/�X�> �L�6�� ��'��N�hW�A��K�Eu�1/��.�� ��Q��$�ph��f�d~��8����/��j���o!��/��P��� 9�j�gP��f��2�= �GL�� �Z�E��[�ql��M��[��.Z��4�7 �s��)��5�� ��4�@� �r~���� ��V�bb� F��_�Wj��w�4�GK�=Q��&�g ��_��o�� ��z��r����U��0��[�� �*T��O�lQ��R�n� *��/� � �@�� � (C� � ���\" h@��Unknown������������G ��*�Ax� �Times New Roman5 ��Symbol3.� �*�Cx� �ArialA ����$B�Cambria Math\"q���h�; ��M �; �� � !#�7hx���r4d� � 3�Q���HX ��?�������������������������! xx���Question G KetchenGavin�������Oh��+'��0�������� < H T `lt|�� Question G Ketchen Normal.dotm Gavin 4 Microsoft Office Word@���@�V��@v�����@�ʢ`��� ����՜.��+,��0� hp���� ���� � �� Brydol� Question Title !\"#$%&'()*+,-./012����456789:;<=>?@AB����DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU����WXYZ[\\]����_`abcde��������h������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry�������� �F7��`��j�Data ������������3 1Table����Co$WordDocument����8dSummaryInformation(������������VDocumentSummaryInformation8��������^CompObj������������y������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ���� �F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q", "Both browsers have a similar type of interface, with a menu and button bar above the browser window. In general, IE's slick new interface is more appealing than Navigator's. IE's raised, frameless menu icons that light up when a mouse is placed over them, customizable address bar and links menu make it look more up-to-date and increase the ease of use. IE also includes a font button right on the menu bar for the user to take advantage of the variable font settings standard in HTML 3.2 (PC Direct, 1996). In addition, the search feature to search the current web document showing, is clearer on IE. While Navigator's button is labeled \"search\" for searching the document currently showing in the browser, IE goes a step further to label it's option for this (found under \"Edit\" on the main menu) as \"find on this page.\" (Santalesa, 1996). While this may seem like a negligible difference, it's easy to misunderstand the function or become confused by the \"search\" button. Many tend to think the button is used to search the Internet, not the current web document. IE clears up this confusion.", "ä-ë-ï-ü: Press Ctrl, Shift, and type \":\" key. Release both keys and type \"a\", \"e\", \"i\", or \"u\".", "When a user submits an incomplete domain name to a web browser in its address bar input field, some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix \"www\" to the beginning of it and possibly \".com\", \".org\" and \".net\" at the end, depending on what might be missing. For example, entering may be transformed to http://www.microsoft.com/ and 'openoffice' to http://www.openoffice.org. This feature started appearing in early versions of Mozilla Firefox, when it still had the working title 'Firebird' in early 2003, from an earlier practice in browsers such as Lynx. It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008, but only for mobile devices. ", "In the common character encoding systems Unicode and ASCII, character 44 (0x2C) corresponds to the comma symbol. The HTML numeric character reference is ,.", "The character will sometimes not display correctly, however, since many fonts do not include it. In many situations the letter ø is an acceptable substitute, which in Unicode is . It can be obtained in UNIX-like operating systems using a Compose key by pressing, in sequence, and on a Macintosh by pressing (in both cases, that is the letter o, not the number 0).", "The squiggly line above certain letters is called a tilde. Certain languages require typing a tilde above the letters A, N, or O. While most keyboards have a tilde key, you can't just hold down the key and get the tilde above the letter. You can use the character map function built into Windows to type these letters, even while using a normal keyboard.", "To commit the first group to memory, note that the simple codes are clear and sparkling and light, like a bottle of Etian Water (sic). Simplest first, the \"E\" is just a dot and the \"T\" is just a dash. The \"I\", the only \"3 pointer\", is two dots and the \"A\" and \"N\" are a dot and dash together.", "(sometimes initial capital letter) a website that allows anyone to add, delete, or revise content by using a web browser.", "when you type the ' character (center right-hand key of keyboard), nothing appears until you type another key. Again, if you type any vowel immediately after typing ' , you get that vowel with an acute accent (the one used in Spanish and in some French words). If you type the space bar or any other key, you get the usual simple quotation mark followed by the consonant or key that was hit afterwards. For example: 'f , or 'g , and so on.", "6)    ____(1L)2 points_On computer displays, a _____________ is a small pictogram. Icons have been used to supplement the normal alphanumerics of the computer. Modern computers now can handle bitmapped graphics on the display terminal, so the icons are widely used to assist users. A computer icon usually ranges from 16 by 16 pixels up to 128 by 128 pixels. Some operating systems feature icons up to 512 by 512 pixels. When the graphical output device has a smaller size, the icon size is small.", "By default, the upper section of the Windows XP and Windows Vista Start menu contains Internet and E-mail icons. These icons are not present in Windows 7 and later. For browser and email clients, when a program is assigned as the default for their client type, that program's registered icon is displayed for those Start menu entries.", "WYSIWYG - This initialism stands for What You See Is What You Get.  It is pronounced \"wizziwig\" and basically means that the printer will print what you see on your monitor.", "The most used letters were given the shorter sequences of dots and dashes. For example, the most commonly used letter in the English language — E — is represented by a single dot.", "*In Microsoft Windows list of Alt Codes, the combination + yields the \"right arrow\" symbol →", "* This sequence was reportedly chosen to represent \"A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]\" or a letter \"a\" inside a swirl represented by a \"C\". The new character facilitates sending email addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I.", "The above description applies to the basic form of the layout (known as Whacking John). When this is installed, the following deadkeys place the accent noted on the letter following, provided the accented character is present in Unicode:", "Microsoft has made available a Windows font, Arial Unicode MS, which covers all of Unicode version 2.0, some 51,180 glyphs. It is included with Microsoft Office 2000. For a time it could be downloaded free of charge from the Microsoft website , although this facility has now been withdrawn.", "To add to the confusion between \"£\" and \"#\", in BS 4730 (the UK national variant of the ISO/IEC 646 character set), 0x23 represents \"£\" whereas in ASCII (the US variant), it represents \"#\". It was thus common, when systems were incorrectly configured, for \"£\" to be displayed as \"#\" and vice versa.", "As a third objective, it allows for relatively easy entering of particularly names (of persons, places or products) in a variety of European languages using a more or less extended Latin alphabet, such as the official languages of the European Union (excluding Bulgarian and Greek). Some letters, like Ł/ł needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special \"overstrike\" key combination acting like a dead key. ", "Which 5 letter word was OEDs word of the year for 2015 – it describes a symbol, often a smiley yellow face that can be attached to e-mails, texts and the like.", "When you click on any underlined abbreviation for an element, detailed information is displayed in the lower table.", "If you mouse over a character, a tooltip will show the alias you can use to type in the character:", "How do I type a British pound sign as my keyboard does not have this sign? | Firefox Support Forum | Mozilla Support", "In 1963 the \" smiley face \", a yellow button with two black dots representing eyes and an upturned thick curve representing a mouth, was created by freelance artist Harvey Ball. This smiley presumably inspired many later emoticons; the most basic graphic emoticon that depicts this is in fact a small yellow smiley face.", "A visual mark or device, usually made up of graphics and text, by which a company is recognized", "The illustration below shows how the shape and color of a sign indicate the nature of the message." ]

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[ "Use bookmarks. If you are continuously shopping online, typing the site URL in the web address line of your browser can be tedious and extremely time consuming. Next time try utilizing the favorites or bookmark feature. While you are sitting on a site you want to return back to: With AOL, just drag the heart shaped icon from the top of the browser window and drop it into the \"favorites\" folder with the heart on it. With Internet Explorer, click on the \"favorites\" folder, click on add. With Netscape Navigator, click on \"bookmarks\" and add bookmark. Save even more time by making sure to organize web sites in folders for optimum use. When purchasing online, it is important to know that some retailers prohibit return of items, often for a good reason. Knowing the policy of your retailer will help to prevent any confusion later on.", "Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is an American computer services company, best known for Netscape Navigator, its web browser. When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View, California. ", "Netscape Newsgroups or Collabra: Netscape Communicator, the suite of programs that includes the popular Netscape Navigator web browser, includes a newsreader, too. Older versions of Communicator call it Collabra (strange name!), and newer versions call it Newsgroups (logical name, we thought). Choose Edit | Preferences from the menu, and choose the Mail & Newsgroups category to tell Netscape about your ISP's news server. Then choose Communicator | Newsgroups (or Communicator | Collabra) to run the newsreader program.", "Both browsers support bookmarks, or Favorites, as they are called in IE. Bookmarks in Navigator are easier to manage, and allows the user to insert separators, group bookmarks easily, see details of the last time the bookmark was used, and control the duration of the link (PC Direct, 1996). However, IE also includes a History folder that tracks every page visited for a certain number of days. The number of days is defined by the user, and makes backtracking much easier (Santalesa, 1996). Navigator provides a history, but only for the current session.", "Browser  The name for software packages that allows us to explore the World Wide Web.  Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer are two such browsers.", "What’s more, computer users, especially new users, had little incentive to download and install Navigator on the Windows platform: Internet Explorer was already there, and technically it was just as good. Moreover, Microsoft had muscled its way into the commercial online market, and the largest service providers—including America Online, CompuServe, and AT&T Worldnet—replaced Netscape Navigator with Internet Explorer as their preferred browsing software. According to an America Online internal email, Gates asked an AOL executive in January 1996, “How much do we need to pay you to screw Netscape?” by designating Internet Explorer as AOL’s featured browser.", "Until 1997, Apple Macintosh computers were shipped with the Netscape Navigator and Cyberdog web browsers only. Internet Explorer for Mac was later included as the default web browser for Mac OS 8.1 and onwards, as part of a five-year agreement between Apple and Microsoft. During that time, Microsoft released three major versions of Internet Explorer for Mac that were bundled with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9, though Apple continued to include Netscape Navigator as an alternative. Microsoft ultimately released a Mac OS X edition of Internet Explorer for Mac, which was included as the default browser in all Mac OS X releases from Mac OS X DP4 up to and including Mac OS X v10.2. ", "Flipboard, the news-reading app, can also trace its story back to Netscape. Mike McCue, whose company Paper Software was acquired by Netscape in 1996, created Flipboard in 2010 to give people a better reading experience that would also drive revenue for media companies. “With the advent of phones and tablets, he set out to create a better way to browse that was very deliberately and consciously an attempt to improve the browser experience that Netscape had broken the ground on,” says Quittner, who currently serves as Flipboard’s editorial director.", "November 1998: America Online announces its purchase of Netscape, makers of the dominant browser of the era, Netscape Navigator.", "Netscape also released a Gold version of Navigator 3.0 that incorporated WYSIWYG editing with drag and drop between web editor and email components. ", "Goodreads is a \"social cataloging\" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Chandler. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members and over 10,000,000 books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013. ", "Version 3.0 of Netscape (the first beta was codenamed \"Atlas\") was the first to face any serious competition in the form of Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0. But Netscape easily remained the number one browser for the time being.", "One of the most popular if not the most popular Web browser available is Microsoft's Internet Navigator.", "The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser. Copies intended for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on September 1, 2008. Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books and mentioned it on their official blog along with an explanation for the early release. The product was allegedly named \"Chrome\" because Google wanted to minimize the chrome of the browser, though this meaning was added somewhat post-hoc, the 'codename' before release apparently chosen from a connotation of speed (and most simply as a derivative of 'Chromium'). ", "Navigate To find your way around a Web page or from one page to another. To \"surf the Net\".", "Bookmark A way to mark interesting or frequently used spots on the Internet so you can revisit these pages without having to type in the web address.", "\"Classic Books\" reading lists now in use at some universities have been in modern vogue since at least the early part of the 20th Century, with the additional impetus in 1909 of the Harvard Classics publishing imprimatur having individual works chosen by outgoing Harvard University president Charles W. Eliot. The vogue for these \"Reading Lists\" has continued onto the 21st Century, e.g., Jane Mallison's Book Smart: Your Essential Reading List for Becoming a Literary Genius in 365 Days (2007). ", "Restart Netcape - A smalll but oft-requested feature: you can now restart Navigator (and keep your current tabs intact) by selecting \"Restart Navigator\" from the File menu.", "Note: If you are using the Chrome browser, click the Star symbol next to the address bar toward the top of your browser screen to add a bookmark.", "With Spotlight built into every Mac, you’re never far from the information you want. As you type in the Smart Search field, you’ll see Safari suggestions from sources like Wikipedia, news sites, Maps, iTunes, movie listings, weather, stocks, and sports.7", "Does that include Google Reader clients? I have used the web interface maybe twice in two years, but I use Reeder on my phone & Mac every day.", "For related links use the NavKnob® above to search the site for the word in question.", "Tags: bookcentury1800    bookdecade1890    bookidmaroccomoorsbein00lear    bookauthorlearedarthur18221879    bookauthorburtonrichardfrancissir18211890ed    bookpublishernewyorkscribnerwelford    bookyear1891    booksubjectmoroccodescriptionandtravel    bookpublisherlondonslowmarstonsearlerivingtonlimited    bookleafnumber244    bookcollectionbostonuniversitylibraries    booksponsorbostonuniversity    bookcollectionamericana    bookcollectionblc    bookcontributormugarmemoriallibrarybostonuniversity    bookcollectionmugar   ", "I use Reeder for Mac, which is an app for Google Reader. it uses Google Reader, but I don't use its web interface.", "Read Books, Magazines & Comics & many more directly on your browser or download on PC or Tablet!", "Its name chosen to honour a famous library, which website, founded in 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat provides commercial web traffic data, rankings of most visited sites, and analytics?", "Lists of popular web addresses that Internet Explorer provides as suggestions when the user is typing in the address bar.", "Nook, sb. == corner, nook. Ps. cxvii. 22. ON. hnocki, a hook; hence an angle or corner", "Turns on Caret browsing on Mozilla Firefox. This feature places a moveable cursor in web pages, allowing you to select text with the keyboard.", "Supplemental: Dictionary of Literary Terms (click the letter of the word you want to look up)", "Besides the main search-engine feature of searching for text, Google Search has more than 22 \"special features\" (activated by entering any of dozens of trigger words) when searching: ", "What name is given to an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book, listing every instance of each word with its immediate context?" ]

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[ "One of the first concepts you should familiarize yourself with when you’re learning Arabic pronunciation is called the Shadda. This is a linguistic term, and it refers to any letter that is stressed while it is being pronounced. It is indicated by a symbol written above it, and it’s crucial that the emphasis is placed properly in such cases. If not, it could actually change the meaning of the word entirely in some instances. Another thing to remember is that if there is a small circle above any consonant, then that means that that consonant is not pronounced at all. Rather, it carries a silent sound.", "The small circle after the number means \"degrees\". So the above would be pronounced \"forty five point one two degrees\".", "There are special vowel markings for certain diphthongs. The ow in how is just an a circle followed by a u hook. The io in lion, or any diphthong involving a long i and a vowel, is written with a small circle inside a large circle. The ia in piano and repudiate is notated as a large circle with a dot in its center. In Anniversary and back, if ea need be distinguished from ia, it is notated with a small downward tick inside the circle instead of the dot. The u in united is notated with a small circle followed by an u hook above it.", "There are a variety of pronunciations in modern English and in historical forms of the language for words spelt with the letter . Most of these go back to the low vowel (the \"short A\") of earlier Middle English, which later developed both long and short forms. The sound of the long vowel was altered in the Great Vowel Shift, but later a new long A (or \"broad A\") developed which was not subject to the shift. These processes have produced the three main pronunciations of in present-day English: those found in the words trap, face and father. Separate developments have produced additional pronunciations in words like square, wash, talk and comma.", "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116 . It's pronounced \"Albin\". You may groan now . The Swedish naming board rejected that name. The parents then tried \"A\", also pronouced Albin. It was rejected too.", "Note that some Hebrew letters have two pronunciations.� Bet, Kaf, and Pe have a \"hard\" sound (the first sound) and a \"soft\" sound (the second sound).� In pointed texts, these letters have dots in the center when they are to be pronounced with the hard sound.� See the example of pointed text above.� In Ashkenazic pronunciation (the pronunciation used by many Orthodox Jews and by older Jews), Tav also has a soft sound, and is pronounced as an \"s\" when it does not have a dot.� Vav, usually a consonant pronounced as a \"v\", is sometimes a vowel pronounced \"oo\" or \"oh\".� When it is pronounced \"oo\", pointed texts have a dot in the middle.� When it is pronounced \"oh\", pointed texts have a dot on top.� See the example of pointed text above.� Shin is pronounced \"sh\" when it has a dot over the right branch and \"s\" when it has a dot over the left branch.� Other letters do not change pronunciation.", "Spelling note: The Danes carried out a spelling reform in 1948. In this reform, \"aa\" was replaced by \"�\". However, according to address expert Graham Rhind  ", "Both of these rules have exceptions (e.g. ' \"has\" is short despite the first rule; ', \"moon\" is long despite the second rule). For an i that is neither in the combination ie (making it long) nor followed by a double consonant or cluster (making it short), there is no general rule. In some cases, there are regional differences: In central Germany (Hessen), the o in the proper name \"Hoffmann\" is pronounced long, whereas most other Germans would pronounce it short; the same applies to the e in the geographical name \"Mecklenburg\" for people in that region. The word ' \"cities\", is pronounced with a short vowel by some (Jan Hofer, ARD Television) and with a long vowel by others (Marietta Slomka, ZDF Television). Finally, a vowel followed by ch can be short (' \"compartment\", ' \"kitchen\") or long (' \"search\", ' \"books\") almost at random. Thus, ' is homographous between ' \"puddle\" and ' \"manner of laughing\" (colloquial) or ' \"laugh!\" (imperative).", "The [ä] sound is a more common sound than [æ]; you will find 10 such sounds in the practice paragraph. To pronounce [ä], relax your tongue and drop your jaw as far down as it will go. As a matter of fact, put your hand under your chin and say [mä], [pä], [tä], [sä]. Your hand should be pushed down by your jaw as it opens. Remember, it's the sound that you make when the doctor wants to see your throat.", " a +. Thus, tay \"hand\" is while tai \"ear\" is. Similarly, u and o indicate different pronunciations of the main vowel: au ă +, ao ", " Two letters down from Z, after the \"H\", there is a letter that looks like a circle with a line inside of it. That is a Theta. That letter sounds a \"th\", and we don't have that letter at all anymore. We use two letters, T and H, to show that sound. In other words, letters don't only change, they also sometimes appear and disappear.", "[i], exactly like eta (see above). The name of the letter is pronounced “yota” in Modern Greek. (The reason for the y-sound in front of the letter’s name is due to the phonetic transformation of [io] into [yo]). As in Modern Greek 10", "Say the word for seven as \"sieben.\" Pronounce it as \"zeebhen.\" The \"s\" sound when it starts a sentence sounds like an English \"z.\"", "Three more consonants have no equivalent in English. They are guttural sounds made in the larynx. They are usually represented thus: 'Aleph by an apostrophe ('), and 'Ayin by a reverse apostrophe (`), and Heth by a h. There is another kind of \"h\" used in Ugaritic, Arabic and Akkadian, not in Hebrew, which is made with the tongue not quite against the roof of the mouth (technically a voiceless palatal fricative). This is represented, when it occurs, by h.", "Use the article a before words pronounced with a beginning consonant sound, including a pronounced h, a long u and the word one. Examples: a historian, a horse, a hysterical joke, a union, such a one as this.", "Occasionally a German or other name (Halle) is written with an acute accent (Hall�) in English context. The reader is thus alerted to pronounce the e but may not know what value to give it. Again, the di�resis would be a better choice, if we are to tamper with names at all.", "  For words like \\\"oat\\\" or \\\"eat\\\", here the second letter a is silent and first letter o and e respectively are pronounced in the examples", "My grandmother told me that this symbol is actually called and meant \"around\" before it was used by the meaning of \"at each\" which describes the shape of the symbol, it's \"a\", then \"round\" it.", "i before e except after c, or when sounded as \"ay\" as in neighbor or weigh", "A familiar letter in the spelling of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian is the a with a ring above, Åå. It represents an [o]-type vowel, historically more open than that written o. In Danish it replaced an earlier digraph aa in the twentieth century. Hence the city of Århus is in English still often spelled Aarhus.", "^ The occurrence of [ɰ] is dialectal; for speakers who do not pronounce it as a velar approximant , it may instead appear as the lengthening of the preceding vowel.", "the \"aw\" sound in \"law\" or \"bought\" (/ɔ/) is moved towards an open \"ah\" sound ([ɑ]);", "Fifth letter of the phonetic (sound) alphabet. Used when voicing the letter \"E\" to avoid confusion.", "The apostrophe follows the s of a word with two sibilant sounds; e.g., Kansas’ and Moses’.", "Anular - the ring finger and a right-hand guitar notation symbol indicated by a lower case \"a\".", "That was the rough breathing mark, placed over the lowercase initial vowel or rho. The absence of it in words starting with a vowel was marked with the symmetric symbol, the transformed -| :", "The sound represented by the letter H in English (of course only when it is not preceded by eg S, as in ship), ie", "2. (Phonetics & Phonology) a diacritical mark (¯) placed over a letter, used in prosody, in the orthography of some languages, and in several types of phonetic respelling systems, to represent a long vowel", "An acute, grave or diaeresis may also be placed over an \"e\" at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent, as in saké. In general, these devices are often not used even where they would serve to alleviate some degree of confusion.", "While many languages, such as Arabic and Hebrew, add specific accents to the letters or characters throughout their alphabet, the English alphabet has only two letters that include a diacritic dot. This mark is added to a letter to signal a change in either the sound or meaning of a character. What is the additional name of this curious dot that hovers over the ninth and tenth lowercase letters of the English alphabet, and how did it get there?", "1. (Letters of the Alphabet (Foreign)) a diacritical mark (¯) placed over a letter, used in prosody, in the orthography of some languages, and in several types of phonetic respelling systems, to represent a long vowel", "In some books this letter appears to be a smaller form of the letter \"N\" (ϰ) and may look unusual to you." ]

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[ "Occasionally, a network failure at the sender or recipient end will cause an e-mail to bounce back to the sender. Typically, a bounced e-mail returns to the sender with an explanation of why the message bounced.", "In computer jargon, a bounced e-mail is one that never arrives in the recipient's inbox and is sent back, or bounced back, to the sender with an error message that indicates to the sender that the e-mail was never successfully transmitted. But what happens when someone sends an e-mail out into cyberspace, and why do e-mails sometimes bounce back?", "When a user attempts to send an e-mail, he is telling his e-mail system to look for the domain of the recipient (for example, webopedia.com) and the domain's mail server . Once the e-mail system makes contact with the recipient's mail server, the mail server looks at the message to determine if it will let the message pass through the server. If the recipient's server has predetermined that it is not accepting e-mails from the sender's address (for example, if it has blocked the address for anti-spamming purposes), the server will reject the message and it will subsequently bounce back to the sender. The message will also bounce back to the server if the mail server on the recipient's end is busy and cannot handle the request at that time. When an e-mail is returned to the sender without being accepted by the recipient's mail server, this is called a hard bounce .", "Your email account will return an email if there is an issue. This is in the form of a bounceback message. Typically, these returned messages will let you know why the sent email failed. Some bounceback error messages are easier to understand than others.", "One of the most common solutions for just about any email bounce (after checking that you’re sending to the right address) is “Wait a while and try again.” The email system, while somewhat random, is also somewhat self-healing. If there’s an email server with a problem, chances are it’ll get fixed or eventually bypassed, especially if it belongs to a larger ISP. For temporary problems, as noted above, email servers will typically keep trying for up to four or five days before giving up.", "Bounce messages in SMTP are sent with the envelope sender address <>, known as the null sender address. They are frequently sent with a From: header address of MAILER-DAEMON at the recipient site.", "Since there are many reasons an email can be returned, use the Bounce Back Parser tool to troubleshooting the returned email message:", "Look carefully at the bounce message; the email server involved may continue to automatically try to deliver your email without any action required on your part.", "Finally, if every email you send bounces, then you probably have a different problem. Chances are your email client is misconfigured. Double check out outgoing or \"SMTP\" server settings, and double check with your ISP to ensure that you have them set correctly.", "NDRs are a basic SMTP function. As soon as an MTA has accepted a mail for forwarding or delivery it cannot silently delete (\"drop\") it; it has to create and send a bounce message to the originator if forwarding or delivery failed.", "The words”MAILBOX NOT FOUND” or “User unknown” are key, and might actually be expressed in different words, depending on the reason for the failure. Note that the email bounce message includes the email address you were attempting to send to.", "In the particular bounce-back example above, the cause of the issue is that this user has WordPress setup to allow comments on posts. A spammer attempted to leave a comment on one of their posts, and the WordPress administrator of this site has setup their e-mail account as recipient@RemoteDomain.com. So that is the address used to send comment moderation requests to. However that e-mail address doesn't exist on the RemoteDomain.com mail server, so it's always going to fail and cause a bounce-back error.", "The best approach is to scan the bounce for any clues and then make sure your recipient can get any email by sending a simpler message. Assuming that all works, re-work your message as best you can to not look like spam.", "\"Sometimes my email bounces. Every so often I'll send a message, and a short time later I'll receive a reply saying that the email failed to go through. Why does it happen? And how do I fix it?\"", "MAJB - Please send me your email address, I have joined the 21st century & am now laptop & wireless, I am now free of all those bloody cords et.al!!! I sent you an email & it was \"bounced\" by the postmaster..", "The remaining bounces with an empty Return-Path are non-delivery reports (NDRs) or delivery status notifications (DSNs). DSNs can be explicitly solicited with an SMTP Service Extension (ESMTP), however it is not widely used. Explicit requests for delivery failure details is much more commonly implemented with variable envelope return path (VERP), while explicit requests for them are rarely implemented. ", "Check to make sure you have the email address correct, wait a while, and try again; if it still bounces, contact the recipient some other way.", "Mailbox unavailable: 9 times out of 10, this is the same as \"mailbox not found\". That other 10% of the time it could mean that there's a problem with the recipients email account. What kind of problem is hard to say. Check to make sure that you have the email address correct, wait a while and try again, and if it still bounces, try contacting the recipient some other way.", "You will normally receive a bounceback message with this error in the subject, and the body of the message should contain the original message that was attempting to be sent.", "Be careful! There's a class of viruses these days that propagate by \"looking like\" bounce messages. They instruct you to open an attachment for more information. Don't. Especially if you don't recall sending the message in the first place. Don't open any attachment, especially one accompanying what looks like an email bounce unless you are absolutely positively certain that it's legitimate.", "Don’t do it, especially if you don’t recall sending the message in the first place. Don’t open any attachment, especially one accompanying what looks like an email bounce, unless you are absolutely positively 100% certain that it’s legitimate.", "3. Because current emergency messaging systems utilize email robots to forward messages, emails can lie unnoticed for minutes, or hours, before the recipient checks his inbox.", "> can be found /seen in the header of the email, and in the header of the", "A: If the email notification is missing, first check your Spam folder. Depending on your email provider, it may have mistakenly been flagged as spam. If it is not found, please email customer service at ( customerservice@thegreatcourses.com ) or call customer service at 1800 461 951 for assistance.", "Various blacklisting services try to identify servers which are sources of spam. They then make that list available to ISPs, who in turn can block email coming from these sources. The problem is that criteria for addition and removal from these blacklists is vague, at best, and getting a server removed from blacklists can be very difficult. If this happens to mail you send, get in touch with your ISP and explain that their server may be on a blacklist somewhere, and then try to use a different email address, or a different email account of your own, to contact your intended recipient. You might also tell your recipient that their ISP is improperly blocking legitimate email.", "As with many email scams of this nature, the email is sent with a threat of account suspension if they do not comply. In this case, users have little time to respond. The email link is said to expire in one hour’s time if it is not clicked, reducing the time for users to verify if the email is in fact genuine.", "A link is contained in the email which the user must click to find out more about the transaction. The link contains a shortened URL and directs to a document detailing the transaction. The document has a goo.gl address and the link appears to be a jpeg image of the transaction details.", "The email is on its way. Please allow a few minutes for it to arrive. Didn't receive the email? Go back and try again", "Wed Oct 23 2002 08:52 Argh: There was some Freshmeat confirmation mail that I didn't receive. It's a good thing I received the resulting rejection email (a very classy rejection email, I might add) or I'd have no idea what was going on.", "Although this email and attachments are believed to be free of any virus or other defects which might affect any computer or IT systems into which they are received, no", "Tie Terry D. works for a company that secured a contract in that Yorkshire, England town, Scunthorpe. The IT manager had implemented a mail filter but wasn't aware that no one had been able to receive customer e-mails from this client for four days (the filter didn't generate logs). The manager was sacked.", "I get emails from this site to my inbox, but when I click on it, it takes me to the beginning of this page. Is there any way to go directly to the reply?" ]

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[ "The most widely used service on the Internet is the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents called Web pages. A browser is a software program used to access and view Web pages. Each Web page has a unique address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), that tells a browser where to locate the Web page. A URL consists of a protocol, domain name, and sometimes the path to a specific Web page or location on a Web page. Most URLs begin with http://, which stands for hypertext transfer protocol, the communications standard that enables pages to transfer on the Web.", "The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet that consists of a network of computers, called \"Web servers,\" that host \"pages\" of content accessible via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol or \"HTTP.\" Anyone with a computer connected to the Internet can search for and retrieve information stored on Web servers located around the world. Computer users typically access the Web by running a program called a \"browser\" on their computers. The browser displays, as individual pages on the computer screen, the various types of content found on the Web and lets the user follow the connections built into Web pages - called \"hypertext links,\" \"hyperlinks,\" or \"links\" - to additional content. Two popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.", "Software for using the Internet (may already be provided on the computer or through the Internet connection). To move around on the Web, you'll need Web browser software such as Netscape Navigator or Communicator or NCSA Mosaic. You'll also need software such as Eudora or cc:mail for sending and receiving electronic mail.", "World Wide Web: Usually referred to simply as the Web. This is the most powerful and fastest growing Internet service. The World Wide Web was the brainchild of Tim Berners-Lee, who in 1989 invented the HTML coding language that is the basis of the Web. The Web became a public service in 1993. It is a huge collection of resources of information, including learning materials, which is accessed by means of a computer program known as a Browser . The World Wide Web is only part of the Internet, but many people treat both terms as synonyms. See Module 1.5 , Introduction to the Internet, Module 2.3 , Exploiting World Wide Web resources online and offline, Module 3.3 , Creating a World Wide Web site. See also Web 2.0 .", "Webware refers to software that is remotely accessed online usually with a Web browser, although its more formal names are Web applications or Web services .", "Browser: A software package installed on the hard disc of your computer that enables you to access and to navigate the World Wide Web - to \"surf the Web\" in colloquial terms. See Section 3, Module 1.5 , headed Using a browser: navigating the Web.", "Browser  The name for software packages that allows us to explore the World Wide Web.  Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer are two such browsers.", "software designed to run within a web browser (i.e. Internet Explorer). This allows a user to access the application from any location that has internet access and a web browser (no additional software is needed on the computer accessing the application). Read my article on Software Selection for additional information.", "World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, lets users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content that runs while the user is interacting with the page. Client-side software can include animations, games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, users worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed media, books, encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale.", "Web Browser A software application which allows you to view and retrieve information from the Internet. Also known as an Internet browser.", "Web (World Wide Web) - A vast network of scholarly and popular information, located on the Internet, that includes text, pictures, sound, and moving images. Also known as \"the Web,\" or \"WWW,\" or \"W3.\" Rather than using a system of \"layered\" menus, as Gopher does, the Web uses \"links.\" Use a mouse to point to a \"link\" to a URL (see above) on screen, click on the link, and a few seconds (or less) later you will be at a new source of information. Web \"browsers\" such as Netscape (see above) are what you use to search for information on the Web.", "In 1993, NCSA announced their plan to release a new client called Mosaic. In fact, many say that Mosaic was the enabling tool for the use of the Web as a networked information distribution mechanism. Up until about 1994 sometime, there were two main Microsoft Windows browsers for the World-Wide Web: Mosaic and Cello. Since these \"early browsers\", various precedents have been set in the production and distribution that are radically different from any other software product in the software industry (PC Direct, 1996).", "World Wide Web (www or web): A hypertext-based navigation system on the Internet that lets you browse through a variety of linked resources, using typed commands or clicking on hot links.", "1) T___F    (3M) 2 points__ The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, a user views web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. ", "A short program, written in a language such as JAVA, which can be called from a Web document while the document is being processed by a browser. When the applet is called, it is downloaded from the Web site and run in the user's machine. The JAVA language has been designed to allow applets to operate in user's machines without presenting a threat to user security. Applets usually have some …", "Application software, also known as an \"application\" or an \"app\", is a computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs deal principally with documents. Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied with the bundled apps and need never install one.", "Web Server A computer connected to the Internet which makes Web pages available for users to read.", "Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It used the WebKit layout engine until version 27 and with the exception of its iOS releases, from version 28 and beyond uses the WebKit fork Blink. It was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and as a stable public release on December 11, 2008.", "The growth of Web servers and users of the Web has been remarkable, but some people are confused about the relationship between the World Wide Web and the Internet. The Internet is the global information system that includes communication capabilities and many high level applications. The Web is one such application. The existing connectivity of the Internet made it possible for users and servers all over the world to participate in this activity. Electronic mail is another important application. As of today, over 60 million computers take part in the Internet and about 3.6 million web sites were estimated to be accessible on the net. Virtually every user of the net has access to electronic mail and web browsing capability. Email remains a critically important application for most users of the Internet, and these two functions largely dominate the use of the Internet for most users.", "Web-based applications that are stored on remote servers and accessed via the 'cloud' of the Internet using a standard Web browser.", "Provide a means to navigate one's keyboard and desktop, open and use programs, and browse the web.", "The first commonly available web browser with a graphical user interface was Erwise. The development of Erwise was initiated by Robert Cailliau.", "Software used to apply the computer to a specific task for an end user is called:", "Portal: A Web page, website or service that acts as link or entrance to other websites on the Internet . Typically, a portal includes an annotated catalogue of websites and may also include a Search Engine , Email facilities, a Forum and other services. Also known as a Gateway .", "Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software’s version and year when available.", "Web search engines get their information by web crawling from site to site. The \"spider\" checks for the standard filename robots.txt, addressed to it, before sending certain information back to be indexed depending on many factors, such as the titles, page content, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), headings, as evidenced by the standard HTML markup of the informational content, or its metadata in HTML meta tags.", "A client program available via the Internet that allows users to review and retrieve information on other host systems via easy-to-use menus.", "In April 1993, version 1 of the Mosaic browser was released for Sun Microsystems Inc.'s workstation, a computer used in software development running the UNIX operating system. Mosaic extended the features specified by Tim Berners-Lee; for example, it added images, nested lists and fill-out forms. Academics and software engineers later would argue that many of these extensions were very much ad hoc and not properly designed.", "To use your web browser to connect to an FTP site such as ftp.empire.gov, where you normally enter a URL, enter:", "Navigate To find your way around a Web page or from one page to another. To \"surf the Net\".", "The browser will initially be offered for Windows only, but Mac and Linux versions are on the way. A screenshot shows the Windows version of the browser.", "To see your internet web page on the internet, all you have to do is open your internet web page using this internet window. At the top of the internet window you’ll see the word “File”. Click on that word, and it will open a menu. Inside that menu, choose the option “open”. Now, navigate to your desktop and select your internet web page, then click “OK”. Then your internet web page will load into the internet window. When your internet web page finishes loading, it will look like this:" ]

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[ "Netscape's most formidable competitor is Microsoft's Internet Explorer which today integrates its own operating system with the browser [10] . In the last two years the software giant's Internet Explorer has gone from zero to almost 50% of the browser market, and many analysts estimate that it will pass Netscape in dominant market share during 1998.", "The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet that consists of a network of computers, called \"Web servers,\" that host \"pages\" of content accessible via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol or \"HTTP.\" Anyone with a computer connected to the Internet can search for and retrieve information stored on Web servers located around the world. Computer users typically access the Web by running a program called a \"browser\" on their computers. The browser displays, as individual pages on the computer screen, the various types of content found on the Web and lets the user follow the connections built into Web pages - called \"hypertext links,\" \"hyperlinks,\" or \"links\" - to additional content. Two popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.", "Internet Explorer peaked during 2002 and 2003, with about 95% share. Its first notable competitor after beating Netscape was Firefox from Mozilla, which itself was an offshoot from Netscape.", "Internet Explorer has been designed to view a broad range of web pages and provide certain features within the operating system, including Microsoft Update. During the heyday of the browser wars, Internet Explorer superseded Netscape only when it caught up technologically to support the progressive features of the time. ", "Microsoft's Internet Explorer was the most widely used Web browser on desktop computers since topping Netscape Navigator in 1998.", "*Mozilla Foundation – from the name of the web browser that preceded Netscape Navigator. When Marc Andreesen, co-founder of Netscape, created a browser to replace the Mosaic browser, it was internally named Mozilla (Mosaic-Killer, Godzilla) by Jamie Zawinski. ", "In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, \"the world's first popular browser\", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).", "Mozilla Foundation � from the name of the web-browser that preceded Netscape Navigator . When Marc Andreesen, founder of Netscape , created a browser to replace the Mosaic browser, it was internally named Mozilla (Mosaic-Killer, Godzilla ) by Jamie Zawinski .", "The result was much like the opening of lands in the western United States to homesteaders, only the \"land\" in this case existed in virtual or cyberspace, and instead of wagons, the new settlers used browsers. The first important browser was Mosaic, developed at the University of Illinois using standards created at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) by Tim Berners-Lee. Thus was born the World Wide Web, which uses hypertext transfer protocol, or HTTP. In this environment, Mosaic—known as Netscape Navigator after the formation of the Netscape Communications Corporation in 1994—and Microsoft's competing Internet Explorer would prove the most useful navigating tools.", "In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), a unit of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, released NCSA Mosaic, the first popular graphical Web browser, which played an important part in expanding the growth of the nascent World Wide Web. In 1994, a company called Mosaic Communications was founded in Mountain View, California and employed many of the original NCSA Mosaic authors to create Mosaic Netscape. However, it intentionally shared no code with NCSA Mosaic. The internal codename for the company's browser was Mozilla, which stood for \"Mosaic killer\", as the company's goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the world's number one web browser. The first version of the Web browser, Mosaic Netscape 0.9, was released in late 1994. Within four months it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market and became the main browser for Internet in the 1990s. The browser was subsequently renamed Netscape Navigator in the same year, and the company took the name Netscape Communications to avoid trademark ownership problems with the NCSA.", "The company's first product was the web browser, called Mosaic Netscape 0.9, released on October 13, 1994. Within four months of its release, it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market. It became the main browser for Internet users in such a short time due to its superiority over other competition, like Mosaic. This browser was subsequently renamed Netscape Navigator, and the company took the 'Netscape' name (coined by employee Greg Sands, although it was also a trademark of Cisco Systems ) on November 14, 1994 to avoid trademark ownership problems with NCSA, where the initial Netscape employees had previously created the NCSA Mosaic web browser. The Mosaic Netscape web browser did not use any NCSA Mosaic code. The internal codename for the company's browser was Mozilla, which stood for \"Mosaic killer\", as the company's goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the world's number one web browser. A cartoon Godzilla-like lizard mascot was drawn by artist-employee Dave Titus, which went well with the theme of crushing the competition. The Mozilla mascot featured prominently on Netscape's web site in the company's early years. However, the need to project a more \"professional\" image (especially towards corporate clients) led to this being removed.", "Between 2005 and 2007, Netscape's releases became known as Netscape Browser. AOL chose to base Netscape Browser on the relatively successful Mozilla Firefox, a re-written version of Mozilla produced by the Mozilla Foundation. This release is not a full Internet suite as before, but is solely a web browser. Other controversial decisions include the browser's being made only for Microsoft Windows and its featuring both the Gecko rendering engine of previous releases and the Trident engine used in Internet Explorer. AOL's acquisition of Netscape Communications in November 1998 made it less of a surprise when the company laid off the Netscape team and outsourced development to Mercurial Communications. Netscape Browser 8.1.3 was released on April 2, 2007, and included general bug fixes identified in versions 8.0–8.1.2 ", "In January 1998, Netscape Communications Corporation announced that all future versions of its software would be available free of charge and developed by an open source community, Mozilla. Netscape Communicator 5.0 was announced (codenamed \"Gromit\"). However, its release was greatly delayed, and meanwhile there were newer versions of Internet Explorer, starting with version 4. These had more features than the old Netscape version, including better support of HTML 4, CSS, DOM, and ECMAScript; eventually, the more advanced Internet Explorer 5.0 became the market leader.", "*Netscape – originally the product name of the company's web browser (\"Mosaic Communications Netscape Web Navigator\"). The company adopted the product name after the University of Illinois threatened to sue for trademark infringement over the use of the Mosaic name. Netscape is the combination of network and landscape.", "In the early 21st century, with the \"Mosaic\"-inspired name no longer an issue, Mozilla became the name of the open source project upon which the Netscape series of browsers was based. Continuously developed by programmers around the world rather than by just a handful at a large corporation, it changed constantly, and improved all the time.", "The president of We Develop Inc., Warren Woodford, said, \"I think Netscape as a company is desperate. It on the technology side has fought a good fight.\" However, Netscape is now losing the fans of its browsers and the customers of its web application servers. While Microsoft's browser, Internet Explorer 4.0, is a separate application from the Windows 95 operating system, the majority of buyers of new PCs automatically receive it because Microsoft has required PC makers that install Windows 95 on the machines they ship to add Internet Explorer as well [24] . To determine how much choice Internet users actually have in web browsers, an organization called NetAction recently surveyed several top Internet service providers, asking each ISP which browser consumers received with the service's start-up kit. The survey results are displayed in table below [25] . The survey was conducted by telephone during July, 1997.", "This decision meant that Netscape's next major version was severely delayed. In the meantime, Netscape was taken over by AOL who, acting under pressure from the Web Standards Project, forced its new division to release Netscape 6.0 in 2000. The suite again consisted of Netscape Navigator and the other Communicator components, with the addition of a built-in AOL Instant Messenger client, Netscape Instant Messenger. However, it was clear that Netscape 6 was not yet ready for release and it flopped badly. It was based on Mozilla 0.6, which was not ready to be used by the general public yet due to many serious bugs that would cause it to crash often or render web pages slowly. Later versions of Netscape 6 were much improved (especially 6.2.x was regarded as a good release), but the browser still struggled to make an impact on a disappointed community.", "The purpose of this project is to describe the differences, attributes, and problems with both Netscape Navigator 3.0 and Internet Explorer 3.0, to assist users in deciding which browser is more suitable for them. While the 4.0 version of both browsers will be available in 1997, both with new features and strong implications for the future of desktop computing, I will not be comparing upcoming features in the next release. The focus here is on the current release of both browsers, and speculation and the rating of attributes and features not yet released is not the purpose here. The implications for the future of desktop computing can be seen in the current release of these browsers, and these implications will be addressed, though the outcome will not really be known until the release and wide implementation of Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0 take place.", "An even more influential development, also started in the early 1990s, was Tim Berners-Lee's work on the World Wide Web, in which hypertext-formatted pages of words, pictures, and sounds promised to become an advertiser's dream come true. At the same time, Marc Andreessen and colleagues at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), located on the campus of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, were developing a graphical browser for the World Wide Web called Mosaic (released in 1993), which would eventually evolve into Netscape.", "Netscape stock traded from 1995 until 1999 when it was acquired by AOL in a pooling-of-interests transaction ultimately worth US$10 billion.[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/America+Online+Inc.+Completes+Acquisition+of+Netscape+Communications...-a054131091 \"America Online Inc. Completes Acquisition of Netscape Communications Corp.\"]. Business Wire. March 17, 1999. Retrieved July 1, 2012.[http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=741 \"What's $10 Billion to AOL?\"]. Morningstar. April 5, 1999. Retrieved July 1, 2012. Shortly before its acquisition by AOL, Netscape released the source code for its browser and created the Mozilla Organization to coordinate future development of its product. The Mozilla Organization rewrote the entire browser's source code based on the Gecko rendering engine; all future Netscape releases were based on this rewritten code. The Gecko engine would later be used to power the Mozilla Foundation's Firefox browser.", "On July 15, 2003, Time Warner (formerly AOL Time Warner) disbanded Netscape. Most of the programmers were laid-off, and the Netscape logo was removed from the building. However, the Netscape 7.2 web browser (developed in-house rather than with Netscape staff, with some work outsourced to Sun's Beijing development center[http://www.tgc.com/hpcwire/hpcwireWWW/03/0808/105701.html \"Sun Micro To Double Beijing Software Center\"]. HPCwire. August 8, 2003. Retrieved July 1, 2012.) was released by AOL on August 18, 2004.", "Once the universal choice for browsing the web, Netscape's presence today has been marginalized by many other browsers, largely due to the stagnant 4.x series that introduced little innovation, and to the 6.x series, which merely showed amateurish promise.", "In 1996, Netscape was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal as the featured search engine on Netscape's web browser. There was so much interest that instead Netscape struck deals with five of the major search engines: for $5 million a year, each search engine would be in rotation on the Netscape search engine page. The five engines were Yahoo!, Magellan, Lycos, Infoseek, and Excite.", "The world of alternative browsers is littered with also-rans like Rockmelt, but there are also companies that have managed to make a name for themselves in the shadow of Microsoft, Mozilla and Google. One example of this is Maxthon, but another browser th", "January 1998 was also the month that Netscape started the open source Mozilla project. Netscape publicly released the source code of Netscape Communicator 4.0 in the hopes that it would become a popular open source project. It placed this code under the Netscape Public License, which was similar to the GNU General Public License but allowed Netscape to continue to publish proprietary work containing the publicly released code. However, after having released the Communicator 4.0 code this way, Netscape proceeded to work on Communicator 4.5 which was focused on improving email and enterprise functionality. It eventually became clear that the Communicator 4.0 browser was too difficult to develop, and open source development was halted on this codebase. Instead, the open source development shifted to a next generation browser built from scratch. Using the newly built Gecko layout engine, this browser had a much more modular architecture than Communicator 4.0 and was therefore easier to develop with a large number of programmers. It also included an XML user interface language named XUL that allowed single development of a user interface that ran on Windows, Macintosh, and Unix. The slogan for this open sourcing effort, \"Free The Lizard\", carried comedic sexual overtones.", "Netscape.com is currently an AOL Netscape-branded mirror duplicate of the AOL.com portal with the URL, replacing the former social news website in September 2007. The social news site moved to the Propeller.com domain, where it stayed until ending operations in October 2010. It features facilities such as news, sports, horoscopes, dating, movies, music and more. The change has come to much criticism amongst many site users, because the site has effectively become an AOL clone, and simply re-directs to regional AOL portals in some areas across the globe. Netscape's exclusive features, such as the Netscape Blog, Netscape NewsQuake, Netscape Navigator, My Netscape and Netscape Community pages, are less accessible from the AOL Netscape designed portal and in some countries not accessible at all without providing a full URL or completing an Internet search. The new AOL Netscape site was originally previewed in August 2007 before moving the existing site in September 2007. ", "Microsoft's interest in the browser market can be traced to 1994 when the company first talked to Netscape about licensing its browser technology. Netscape declined, feeling that Microsoft's offer was undervalued and in addition would provide the company with access to virtually all of Netscape's technology. A year later, Microsoft introduced its own browser.", "* For a period of time, Mozilla used code names which are mostly named after national parks to reference different versions of the Mozilla Firefox browser:", "Mozilla's famed browser hasn't always held this widely-known moniker. The company came to find that the name Firebird was also in use by another open source project and wanted \"to be responsive to the concerns of fellow open source developers.\" Another name for the red panda, the name Firefox seemed to meet all of the company's needs: \"It's similar to Firebird. It's easy to remember. It sounds good. It's unique. We like it,\" the company said .", "Netscape created the JavaScript web page scripting language. It also pioneered the development of push technology, which effectively allowed web sites to send regular updates of information (weather, stock updates, package tracking, etc.) directly to a user's desktop (aka \"webtop\"); Netscape's implementation of this was named Netcaster. Unfortunately, businesses quickly recognized the use of push technology to deliver ads to users that annoyed them, so Netcaster was short-lived.", "The Internet Explorer project was started in the summer of 1994 by Thomas Reardon, who, according to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review of 2003, used source code from Spyglass, Inc. Mosaic, which was an early commercial web browser with formal ties to the pioneering National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Mosaic browser. In late 1994, Microsoft licensed Spyglass Mosaic for a quarterly fee plus a percentage of Microsoft's non-Windows revenues for the software. Although bearing a name similar to NCSA Mosaic, Spyglass Mosaic had used the NCSA Mosaic source code sparingly. Microsoft was sued by Synet Inc. in 1996, over the trademark infringement. ", "An open source web browser, created by Dave Hyatt and Blake Ross, was first of all named as Phoenix, which is visible in their first logo in 2002. Due to some trademark issues, the name had to be changed to Firebird, but the name was chosen so that they would be able to retain the same logo." ]

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[ "Online You are online when your computer is connected to the Internet. A printer is online when it is connected to a computer and ready to receive information to be printed. When you are using your computer but are not connected to the Internet you are said to be working offline.", "The TOS contract also stipulates how subscribers can use the service. For example, dial-up access is often sold as \"unlimited access,\" but this is not to be taken literally. Dial-up accounts normally limit access to 250 to 400 hours per month, depending on the company. Truly unlimited access (leaving your computer on and actively connected to the Internet 24/7) is called dedicated access, and is offered by most DSL or cable subscriptions allow dedicated access.", "Anyone can use the Internet. As long as you have a computer, cell phone, or other internet-enabled device, you simply find a free or paid place to connect. Once you are connected (sometimes called 'logged on'), you can broadcast and receive all kinds of signals.", "Active and prepared for operation. Also suggests access to a computer network. Connected to a network or via a network. Examples: Send me a message on-line. In other words, send me an e-mail message.", "The length of time a user is logged on to a remote computer network or system. Some Internet service provider s began by charging subscriber s on the basis of connect time, but most ISPs now provide unlimited access for a fixed monthly fee . Connect time is still used by some database vendor s as the basis for billing (example: DIALOG ).", "The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email.", "The term “Internet” as is used herein means a global network that connects multiple, and possibly millions, of computers together, often permitting exchanges of data, news and/or opinions. Unlike online services, which are generally centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer (host) is generally independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. There are a variety of ways to access the Internet, including online services such as America Online, and commercial Internet Service Providers.", "Offline: Not connected to a computer or network of computers. Often used in the sense of working with software stored on a stand-alone computer. For example, if you use a package such as Microsoft Word you are working with offline software, and if you use learning materials stored on CD-ROM you are also working offline. Constrasted with Online . See Section 1, Module 2.3 , headed What is the difference between online and offline?", "Network: A group of computers connected together, either by physical connections such as cables, or by wireless connnections (see Wifi ). The Internet is a worldwide network of computers to which virtually any computer can be connected. See Intranet , LAN , MAN , WAN , World Wide Web . See Section 3, Module 1.2 .", "The Internet is the world's largest computer network. It is a global information infrastructure comprising millions of computers organized into hundreds of thousands of smaller, local networks. The term “information superhighway” is sometimes used to describe the function that the Internet provides: an international, high-speed telecommunications network that offers open access to the general public.", "The software you use on your own computer to connect to a news server near you and to read and post news messages is called a newsreader. As long as your own computer is permanently connected to a local network that contains a news server , this is no problem. However, if you have to connect to a news server of an Internet service provider over a phone line, you can only read or post news messages as long as you're online. Besides, because of the sheer number of newsgroups and messages, an Internet service provider, who has to carry all newsgroups on its server, may possibly store messages no longer than three or four days - maybe too short a time for you to read all those you're interested in.", "An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is the industry term for the company that is able to provide you with access to the Internet, typically from a computer. If you hear someone talking about the Internet and they mention their \"provider,\" they're usually talking about their ISP.", "Internet Site A computer connected to the Internet containing information that can be accessed using an Internet navigation tool such as ftp, gopher, or a Web browser. An Internet site is stored in a server.", "The Internet is a broadcast medium for the everyperson. Built with the same freedom-of-messaging motivation as HAM radio of the 1970's, the modern Internet is a daily tool for millions of people to trade signals with each other.", "World Wide Web OFFline Explorer The wwwoffled program is a simple proxy server with special features for use with dial-up internet links. This means that it is possible to browse web pages and read them without having to remain connected. While Online - Caching of pages that are viewed for review later. - Conditional fetching to only get pages that have changed. - Modification of pages e.g. to remove the BLINK tag or popup windows. While Offline - The ability to follow links and mark other pages for download. - Browser or command line interface to select pages for downloading. - Optional info on bottom of pages showing cached date and allowing refresh. - Works with password protected pages and pages containing forms. - Cached pages can be searched with the ht://dig search engine. From Debian 3.0r0 APT http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Dictionary/html/index.html", "ISP - The Internet Service Provider is the company which provides Internet service so you can connect your computer to the Internet.", "Portal - On the Internet, a website, usually a search engine, which is the point of entry to other websites, and offers services such as e-mail, news, shopping, etc.", "(14) ONLINE AND OFFLINE. How John Scalzi strikes the balance: “Who We Are Online, Who We Are Offline, How They’re Different and How They’re the Same” .", "Preoccupation with the Internet.  (Thoughts about previous on-line activity or anticipation of the next on-line session.)", "A program or device that monitors and controls the flow of information between two points. For example, between your computer and the Internet.", "The Internet Protocol is at the heart of the network connectivity. It is also where IP address activity gets processed.", "In the context of networks, a computer that directly provides service to a user. In contrast to a network server, which provides services to a user through an intermediary host computer.", "A term used to describe the viewing of network data not ordinarily visible to a user.", "For many people, a good deal of the day is spent online. The ability to send e-mail messages and \"surf\" the World Wide Web has already become matter-of-fact. But an amazing amount of technology and mathematics must occur for e-mail and Internet access to be successful.", "If a computer has a modem connected to the Internet, the user needs to take appropriate precautions because modem connections can be a significant vulnerability.", "Internet access blockage is widely understood to “balkanize” the Internet into isolated communities. Drawing from the literature on global cultural consumption, we question this assumption and argue that online user behavior is structured by cultural factors. We develop a conceptual framework that integrates access blockage with social structures to explain web users’ choices. To test it, we focus on China, where Internet blockage is notoriously comprehensive, and compare Chinese web usage patterns with those elsewhere. Analyzing online audience traffic among the 1000 most visited websites globally, we find that websites cluster according to language and geography. Chinese websites constitute one cluster, which resembles other such geo-linguistic clusters in terms of both its composition and degree of isolation. Our study demonstrates that cultural proximity has a greater role than access blockage in shaping people’s web usage. Our sociological investigation questions the prevalent discourse on the impact of Internet blockage.  ", "The Internet is a constantly changing resource. It has had a deep impact on industries and on the lives of many Americans. The collection of computer networks known as the Internet will probably continue to affect society in ways that we are still trying to understand.", " a. a class of Internet application programs that allow you to connect with a remote host even though your computer is not part of the network that host supports.", "Gaming: Internet games, which can be played either individually or by multiple online users at the same time.", "Our success depends on our listeners continued high-speed access to the internet and wireless devices and the continued reliability of the related infrastructure.", "Do you feel the need to use the Internet with increasing amounts of time in order to achieve satisfaction?", "20:57 Three minutes to go. The internet has joined the excitement, by massively slowing down in speed." ]

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[ "A newbie ( pronounced NOO-bee ) is a novice or neophyte: anyone who is new to any particular type of endeavor, such as a sport or a technology. The term is commonly applied to new users of personal computers and to new users of the Internet. According to Eric Raymond's The New Hacker's Dictionary , Newbie is a variant of the English public school term, new boy , someone in the first year or period of school. The term predates the Web and has been used for some time in Usenet newsgroups. Glenn Connery reports that he used the term in 1990 as a participant in Internet chatting group.", "Newbie, newb or noob is a slang term for a novice or newcomer, or somebody inexperienced in any profession or activity. Contemporary use can particularly refer to a beginner or new user of computers, often concerning Internet activity, such as online gaming or Linux use. It can have derogatory connotations, but is also often used for descriptive purposes only, without a value judgment.", "A neophyte (\"newbie\", or \"noob\") is someone who is new to hacking or phreaking and has almost no knowledge or experience of the workings of technology and hacking.", "(ef-en-gee) literally a Fuckin' New Guy, which is the same as a CHERRY or NEWBEE; the most common name for a newly arrived novice, tyro, or neophyte in Vietnam, being someone without any theater or combat experience. Sometimes called \"rookie\", \"tenderfoot\", \"greenhorn\", \"cheechako\", Fuckin' New Kid (FNK), FRESH CATCH, \"fresh meat\", \"new meat\", or raw meat\". See TURTLE, CHUM, SHOWER SHOE, NUGGET; compare RETREAD. [nb: showing an astonishing sophistication, a new Russian soldier in the USSR during WWII was known as an \"ingénu\" (masculine form of ingénue), which is both quite accurate and very descriptive] [nb: \"One new recruit added to an old unit is worth two added to a new unit.\" military maxim]", "(pronounced to rhyme with 'tube') Newbie, or someone who does not stand watches and is therefore deadweight to the department. Literally, 'Non-Usable Body.'", "Boot � Rookie or newbie, as in �boot Ensign.� Originated in the habit of referring to a new man as �bootcamp,� rather than by name.", "An elementary student, a novice ; one in the early steps of learning. [Early 17th century.] [1]", "\"newcomer, new person to an existing situation,\" by 1969, from new with diminutive or derogatory suffix. Perhaps originally U.S. military slang. Cf. noob . Middle English had newing \"a new thing\" (early 15c.); new was used as a noun meaning \"naval cadet during first training on a ship\" (1909); and newie \"new thing\" is recorded from 1947.", "Two related terms are \"newb\", a beginner who is willing to learn; and \"noob\" (often spelt \"n00b\", \"nuub\" or \"nub\"), a derogatory name for an inexperienced or under-talented hacker or gamer, who lacks the determination to learn. \"noob\" was among candidates for the one-millionth English word selection by the Global Language Monitor. ", "It was the year of the newbies, upsetting the cozy cyber-community (1994) on the Internet (1988). Remember? Time wrote in December 1993, \"Instead of feeling surrounded by information, first-timers ('newbies' in the jargon of the Net) are likely to find themselves adrift in a borderless sea.\" The next year Info World complained, \"Because so many newbees are logging in every day, it is getting harder and harder to get connected to those information sources that are popular.\"", "(US Navy) A senior enlisted man who acts at a guide to a junior (usually a \"newbie\") , showing him the ropes and guiding his early career. The civilian police equivalent is called a \"rabbi\".", "Also, note the difference between an amateur (one who engages in an activity for the love of it) and a novice (a beginner or a n00b). Not all amateurs are novices; to the contrary, amateur is related to the Latin amare, to love, so amateurs are often experts in their field. The opposite of amateur is professional (also not necessarily an expert).", "In the 1960s–1970s the term \"newbie\" had a limited usage among U.S. troops in the Vietnam War as a slang term for a new man in a unit. Its earliest known usage on the Internet may have been on the Usenet newsgroup talk.bizarre. The term is believed to have entered online usage by 1981. ", "Not just new, but a recent fad or fashion. From a Middle English word meaning \"addicted to novelty.\"", "new - ad. not existing before; not known before; recently made, built, bought or grown; another; different", "-the situation of finding yourself in an unfamiliar environment/place and feeling a bit lost because it is new to you.", "There's an old saying, \"You learn something new every day.\" Well, here is one of the things that I learned today: there is a name for someone who is learning the letters of the alphabet -- he or she is an abecedarian [ey-bee-see-dair-ee-uhn]. This word can also mean \"a beginner in any field of learning\".", "(US) \"Fucking New Guy (or Girl)\" . One of many terms used to describe a new arrival to a unit.", "( slang ) Anything recently introduced into a setting, especially something that replaces an older version.", "(US) New recruit still in Basic Training, or newly-minted service member (officer or enlisted) just arrived at first duty assignment after completion of training.", "Green Troops: Phrase used to describe soldiers who were either new to the military or had never fought in a battle before.  ", "Most people will never have tried using it before, so it's very new and interesting and stimulating.", ">> >>new here and so you're not cut as much slack as some.  Stick around and", "great. Or can be. I can quite see that a beginner would not be very nice", "means an entering undergraduate who has never attended any institution of higher education. It includes a student enrolled in the fall term who attended a postsecondary institution for the first time in the prior summer term, and a student who entered with advanced standing (college credit earned before graduation from high school).", "Please if you have no prior experience in this fields that I have stated, just ignore this message.", "Pertaining to the learning of the alphabet, or to one engaged in learning it; hence, relating to the first steps in learning.", "Meaning: “Old people are often unwilling or unable to learn new skills or adopt new methods.”", "Hi! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a collection of volunteers and starting a new initiative in a community in", "but maybe what Jan is getting at is that if you 've gotta learn it you probably don\"t have it;)?", "\"And whenever any one informs us that he has found a man knows all the arts, and all things else that anybody knows, and every single thing with a higher degree of accuracy than any other man — whoever tells us this, I think that we can only imagine to be a simple creature who is likely to have been deceived by some wizard or actor whom he met, and whom he thought all-knowing, because he himself was unable to analyze the nature of knowledge and ignorance and imitation.\" ", "先師, Xiānshī, literally meaning \"first teacher\". It has been suggested that '先師' can be used, however, to express something like, \"the Teacher who assists the wise to their attainment\". [27]" ]

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[ "No space follows a period (a.k.a. dot) or other punctuation (underscore, hyphen, slash, colon, etc.) in URL or e-mail addresses. Home page and other directory-level URLs end with a forward slash.", "Marilyn is right. I CONFUSED THE @ symbol with the ampersand symbol (&). I suppose the @ symbol is at especially in Email addresses.", "On May 24, 2004, the 160th anniversary of the first telegraphic transmission, the ITU added the \"@\" (the \"commercial at\" or \"commat\") character to the Morse character set and is the digraph \"AC\" (probably to represent \"A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]\" or the letter \"a\" inside the swirl appearing to be a \"C\").[2] (http://www.cjonline.com/stories/021704/pag_morsecode.shtml) The new character facilitates sending electronic mail addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I.", "When giving an email or website address, the conventions are usually given in English apart from one: . (full stop) This is a special character and is a simple vertical right strole used at the end of a sentence. The name of this character is", "This sequence was reportedly chosen to represent \"A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]\" or a letter \"a\" inside a swirl represented by a \"C\". [31] The new character facilitates sending email addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I .", "However, closer inspection will reveal that one character in the domain name is different. Typically, an i will be replaced with an L or a 1, an o with a zero, or a Cyrillic character may be used which is automatically converted into a standard letter. If the recipient looks at the email address, they may not notice the small change.", "Small \"a\" in circle @ Please can any one let me know what this sign called ~ ? my E-mail address is Bigbook2601@yahoo.com thank you.", "Several Internet websites —such as BT 's Connected Earth [9] — assert that Kevin Mackenzie proposed -) as a joke-marker in April 1979, on the MsgGroup ARPANET mailing list . The idea was to indicate tongue-in-cheek — the hyphen represented a tongue, not a nose. Others used :-) for tongue-in-cheek, with the colon representing teeth. Also used was -:) to indicate sticking out your tongue, in derision or anger. Although similar to a sideways smiling face, the intended interpretation was different and this does not appear to have inspired the later smileys.", "When someone replies to a message simply with the symbols (~ or (- What specifically are they saying? I gather it means some sort of mockery.", "Similarly, the exclamation point was created by combining an apostrophe and a period. These characters were omitted to simplify design and reduce manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were \"redundant\" and could be recreated using other keys.", "The exclamation point has sometimes been used as a phonetic symbol to indicate that a consonant is ejective. More commonly this is represented by an apostrophe, or a superscript glottal stop symbol ().", "Hyphens are occasionally used to denote syllabification, as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion. Most British and North American dictionaries use an interpunct, sometimes called a \"middle dot\" or \"hyphenation point\", for this purpose, as in syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion. This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where a hard hyphen is intended (for example, ', ', '). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate a word is being or should be spelled. For example, W-O-R-D spells \"word\".", "Wiktionary has a voice for e-mail where it's reported email as alternative spelling, and the following note:", "It's hard to know in advance what character-strings will be parsed into what kind of unintended image. A colleague was discussing his 401(k) plan with his boss, who happens to be female, via instant messaging. He discovered, to his horror, that the boss's instant-messaging client was rendering the \"(k)\" as a big pair of red smoochy lips. [13]", "There are a few words where the letters have a weird sound, like “e” in “the”.", "Basically, you use the first letter of a gem to spell out a word or message.", "The representation of the & sign given above, often shown as AS, is also the Morse prosign for wait. In addition, the American landline representation of an ampersand was similar to “ES” (·  · · ·) and hams have carried over this usage as a synonym for “and” (WX HR COLD ES RAINY, “the weather here is cold & rainy”).", "I would like to know about the usage of the sing . when slhould I read it period, dot or point?", "3. The word \" E A S T \" may sometimes be present (the T is circled).", "The use of square bracket s ([ ]) or three full point s (...) or a series of asterisk s (****) in handwritten or printed text to indicate the omission or suppression of a word or words (four points if the omission ends a sentence). Often used to reduce the length of a quotation without altering its meaning or significance. Compare with elision .", "When you see the text switch to a different font, it is a signal that someone other than ourselves is speaking.", "The letter occupies the Unicode slots U+03C4 (lowercase) and U+03A4 (uppercase). In HTML, they can be produced with named entities (τ and Τ), decimal references (τ and Τ), or hexadecimal references (τ and Τ).", "What are the punctuation marks and letters used to make expressive shapes in emails and text messages known as?", "a mark near or through an orthographic or phonetic character or combination of characters indicating a phonetic value different from that given the unmarked or otherwise marked element", "As a person who spends a LOT of time on the computer, typing for work, I am all for anything that saves me keystrokes and/or is easier on my wrists; one carpal tunnel surgery was enough, thanks. So when I see abbreviations for things I type often, like IDK, YW, TYVM, etc, I’m all for it. My friends know that OMW means I’ll be there soon, OOB means I’m awake, and so on. So I can’t see typing 0s instead of Os, because my finger would have to reach further, and it’s hardly worth straining for. Same thing when substituting Z for S (as in, iz or itz). It’s easier to type “is” and “its,” because my finger is already sitting on the S key, but has to strain to reach the Z. My daughter, who is 18, for some reason types ii instead of I (as in, “ii have to go shopping”). Why, I have no idea. More typing=more strain on my hands. In texting, less is more. But maybe not so for eleetists.", "O gosh plz dnt tell me Shemail is pronounced She-mail as in a girl wiv a penis", "A variant tries to make a word or phrase containing at least all letters with diacritical marks:", "Does the symbol @ have a name? If not, any suggestions? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk", " [S] [o] [m] [e]/ [m] [o] [t] [h] [e] [r] [s] / [d] [o] / [a] [v] [e]/ [e] [m] /(full stop)", "When viewed on computers that properly support Unicode, the above line may be similar to the image in the line below (enlarged for clarity):", "The word with the **** is **** . I have no idea why it has come up like this.", "Also, just for the the thought, consider the number of times I have used the letter \"t\" in this comment (within or to begin a word) vs. the letter \"s\". :)" ]

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[ "Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating hostile computer program, similar to a computer Virus . A virus attaches itself to and becomes part of another program, but a worm is self-contained and does not need to be part of another program to propagate itself. Worms can cause considerable damage to computers. See Trojan .", "A type of malware . Viruses spread on their own by attaching their code to other programs, or copying themselves across systems and networks.", "A destructive file or program deliberately created to cause damage to hardware, software and data. Normally spread innocently by users unaware that viruses that have attached themselves to data or programmes being shared.", "A program virus attaches itself to a program; then, whenever the program is run, the virus is activated. This kind of attachment is usually easy to program.", "Like a virus, a worm is also a self-replicating program. It differs from a virus in that (a.) it propagates through computer networks without user intervention; and (b.) does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Nonetheless, many people use the terms \"virus\" and \"worm\" interchangeably to describe any self-propagating program.", "This kind of attachment is simple and usually effective. The virus writer does not need to know anything about the program to which the virus will attach, and often the attached program simply serves as a carrier for the virus. The virus performs its task and then transfers to the original program. Typically, the user is unaware of the effect of the virus if the original program still does all that it used to. Most viruses attach in this manner.", "virus is a term for a program that replicates itself by infecting objects (e.g. executable files, or possibly computers). See Wikipedia ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus ) for more details.", "An alternative to the attachment is a virus that runs the original program but has control before and after its execution. For example, a virus writer might want to prevent the virus from being detected. If the virus is stored on disk, its presence will be given away by its file name, or its size will affect the amount of space used on the disk. The virus writer might arrange for the virus to attach itself to the program that constructs the listing of files on the disk. If the virus regains control after the listing program has generated the listing but before the listing is displayed or printed, the virus could eliminate its entry from the listing and falsify space counts so that it appears not to exist. A surrounding virus is shown in Figure 3-5 .", "Large computer programs may take teams of computer programmers years to write and the probability of the entire program having been written completely in the manner intended is unlikely. Errors in computer programs are called bugs. Sometimes bugs are benign and do not affect the usefulness of the program, in other cases they might cause the program to completely fail (crash), in yet other cases there may be subtle problems. Sometimes otherwise benign bugs may be used for malicious intent, creating a security exploit. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.[7]", "The following are general terms for any computer program that is designed to harm its victim(s):", "Cooperative memory management, used by many early operating systems, assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel 's memory manager, and do not exceed their allocated memory. This system of memory management is almost never seen any more, since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory. If a program fails, it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten. Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program's memory, or may affect the operation of the operating system itself. With cooperative memory management, it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system.", "Malware Malicious software that's been developed to damage or destroy a device or steal information without permission.", "A worm is a program designed to replicate. The program may perform any variety of additional tasks as well. The first network worms were intended to perform useful network management functions. They took advantage of system properties to perform useful actions. However, a malicious worm takes advantage of the same system properties. The facilities that allow such programs to replicate do not always discriminate between malicious and good code. Worms exploit flaws (that is, bugs) in the operating system or inadequate system management to replicate. Release of a worm usually results in brief outbreaks, shutting down entire networks.", "Illegally inserting or attempting to insert a program into a computer while knowing or believing the program with damage or destroy the computer", "An employee known here as John Doe copies games and other executables from a 1.44 MB disk onto his local hard drive and then runs the executables. Unfortunately, the games contained various viruses and Trojan horses. The organization had not yet deployed any anti-virus software. After a short time, John Doe and other employees began to notice strange and unforeseen events occurring on their computers, causing disruption of services and possible corruption of data. The following figure explains the various vulnerabilities that existed and the loss in assets that are involved.", "A virus that's designed to find all data in memory or on disk and alter any data it encounters. The alteration may be to change certain chracters to numbers or to swap bytes of stored memory. A few programs may still run, but usually data is irretrievably corrupted. From QUECID http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Dictionary/html/index.html", "A program that installs unwanted software on your PC at the same time as the software you are trying to install, without adequate consent.", "A type of trojan that downloads other malware onto your PC. The downloader needs to connect to the Internet to download the files.", "Early operating systems were single user/single tasking, but today most operating system are multitasking. Multitasking can be cooperative, in which programs switch when they reach a logical break point, or preemptive, in which programs switch based on priority and an allocated amount of time. Early versions of Windows used cooperative multitasking; Windows 95 and subsequent versions use preemptive multitasking. Upon termination, most programs relinquish their space in memory, which then is reallocated by the operating system. Some programs, however, stay in memory after they terminate. As a class, these programs are called TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) programs.", "Software programs written to take advantage of security holes or\"back doors\" and thereby provide the user with illegal access to computer files.", "Targeted and Advanced Persistent Threats (APT). While not a type of attack itself, it should be noted that advanced bad actors could use a combination of sophisticated and specifically tailored attack mechanisms to attack a target or group of targets persistently. Such strategies are often the work of nation-states or large criminal-hacker enterprises with significant amounts of resources. 131 Importantly, these attacks can often bypass security measures and exploit holes in cyber defenses known as “zero-day” vulnerabilities, or vulnerabilities that were not known until they were used by hackers to exploit a system.", "A software loophole or vulnerability that can create errors in a program because information isn't written properly.", "The perpetrator starts by breaking into weakly secured computers, using well-known defects in standard network service programs, and common, weak configurations in operating systems. Then they perform some additional steps on each system. First, they install software to conceal the break-in and to hide the traces of their subsequent activity. For example, they replace the standard commands for displaying running processes with versions that fail to display the attacker's processes.", "A software vulnerability where data is stored to a program's memory incorrectly. This can cause errors in the program.", "A program that can be used by a remote hacker to gain access and control of an infected machine.", "Imagine a computer virus that operates like a lover-boy con artist: It exploits lonely people, stealing by seducing. This bug isn't a cyber spy, terrorist, or identity thief, but in a way, it's more malicious: It gets in your head. And takes your stuff when it leaves.", "Windows 3.1-Me had some level of memory protection, but programs could easily circumvent the need to use. A general protection fault occurs indicating segmentation violation had occurred, however, the system often crashed anyway.", "Windows 3.1-Me had some level of memory protection, but programs could easily circumvent the need to use it. A general protection fault would be produced, indicating a segmentation violation had occurred; however, the system would often crash anyway.", "Windows versions 3.1 through ME had some level of memory protection, but programs could easily circumvent the need to use it. A general protection fault would be produced, indicating a segmentation violation had occurred; however, the system would often crash anyway.", "There are, by the way, several interesting side effects to the way your computer treats memory. For example, say that you include the following code in one of your programs:", "(b) one or a plurality of programs that can run on the operating systems, and that function separately or together in any suitable order to enable a user of the system to:", "Operating systems that produce high-power jamming signals used to deceive electronic sensors and defeat radar-guided weapons systems" ]

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[ "Kim Casali (9 September 1941 – 15 June 1997) was a New Zealand cartoonist who created the syndicated cartoon feature Love Is..., originally as love notes to her future husband, in the late 1960s. In one of the first cases of its kind, Casali gave birth to a child sixteen months after the death of her husband, having been artificially inseminated using his stored frozen sperm. The case, which predated the Warnock Report, gave rise to legal discussions regarding the baby's rights of inheritance, and made front-page news across the world. The birth split public opinion and although Casali received \"hundreds of letters applauding her bravery\", there were many who disagreed with her actions, including the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano which wrote that it was \"against evangelical morality.\" ", "Kim Casali was, as \"Kim\", the creator of the long-running Love is . . . series of single- panel romantic cartoons featuring a naked boy and girl.", "Kim Casali created \"Love Is...\" back in the late 1960's when she drew the little pictures as love notes for her husband-to-be, Roberto, reveals Tribune Media Services, which hosts the long-running cartoon feature at LoveIsComix.com. Her illustrations were then revealed to the rest of the world when they were first syndicated in 1970.", "Casali, a self-confessed romantic, once admitted that, given the choice, she might well have become a writer of love-songs. However, she also stated that her ideas were not always \"angelic\" and over the years the cartoons became more sophisticated, sometimes even employing double entendre. One of her early works which was a particular favourite was \"Love is . . . never asking for more than you are prepared to give\" and she once quoted her philosophy as being \"If you've got love you've got life, if you can love you can live\".", "By 1974 the couple had two sons, Stefano and Dario, and planned to have two more children. In 1975 Roberto was diagnosed with testicular cancer and doctors described his condition as \"extremely grave.\" Casali said: \"I spent the next year fighting for a cure and trying to keep the bad news from him.\" Casali commissioned London-based English cartoonist Bill Asprey to take over the writing and drawing of the daily cartoons for her, under her signature. Asprey has produced the cartoon continuously since 1975. ", "38. born August 20, 1943, Philadelphia, Pa., United States U.S. cartoonist. He had no formal art training but was obsessed with drawing as a child. In 1960 he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to work for a greeting-card company. In 1967 he moved to San Francisco and became a prominent member of the hippie counterculture and a founder of the genre of underground \"comix,\" satirical magazines that poked fun at United States culture. His often obscene strips with their various obsessive themes, starring such characters as Fritz the Cat, the Furry Freak Brothers and Mr. Natural, had great influence and are still regarded as classics of the genre.", "Porky was on TV Guide 's list of top 50 cartoon characters. [6] He was shown on one of that issue's two covers in a crossover scene with Duck Dodgers and The Powerpuff Girls . [7]", "South Park's early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented and featured more slapstick-style humor than later episodes. Although satire had been used on the show occasionally earlier on, it became more prevalent in later episodes. Episodes have parodied Michael Jackson (\"The Jeffersons\"), Paris Hilton (\"Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset\"), and The Passion of the Christ (\"The Passion of the Jew\"), as well as addressed serious political issues such as terrorism (\"Cartoon Wars\"), American immigration policy (\"Goobacks\"), Gay Marriage (\"Follow that Egg\"), and the Terri Schiavo case (\"Best Friends Forever\").", "Instead of the lyric, ``All of the other reindeer,'' Olive the pup hears something else on the radio: ``Olive, the other reindeer.'' She concludes that she is to be Santa's canine helper, so heads up to the North Pole, to join the Christmas Eve flight. Dangling from a ribbon tied to Comet's reins, Olive looks more like a stray ornament than a reindeer, but her doggy talents of chewing, sniffing, and fetching rescue Father Christmas from multiple mishaps. The story is as slight as they come, but the art sings a song all its own. Seibold's gregarious cartoons create an avocado-and-tomato colored cartoon Christmas in which little details shine: In a scene of flutes falling out of the sky and into a snow bank, a cutaway shows a surprised bunny awaking to find its burrow pierced by a silver shaft. Children will like the sophisticated art, even without a tight storyline. (Picture book. 4-8) -- Copyright ©1997, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved.", "The Simpsons is the creation of Matt Groening, a comic strip writer/artist who until the debut of the program was mostly known for his syndicated newspaper strip \"Life in Hell.\" Attracting the attention of influential writer-producer and Gracie Films executive James L. Brooks, Groening developed the cartoon family as a series of short vignettes featured on the FOX variety program The Tracey Ullman Show beginning in 1987. A Christmas special followed in December 1989, and then The Simpsons became a regular series.", "\"Since 1929 The Three Stooges' style of humor has been enjoyed by millions. These legendary comics are illustrated in this hilarious collection of over 60 different golf cartoons in full color.", "Bob Satterfield in 1913, from his privately published \"50 Cartoons by Satterfield\" Robert William \"Bob\" Satterfield (October 18, 1875 in Sharon, Pennsylvania – February 17, 1958 in Glendale, California),, from the Cleveland Press (archived at Ancestry.com); published February 18, 1958; retrieved May 6, 2014 also known as \"Sat\",, at Lambiek; published June 8, 2012; retrieved May 6, 2014 was an American cartoonist known for his editorial cartoons; he also created the comic strips \"The Family Next Door\" and \"Oh Thunder\",, at the Political Cartoon Society; retrieved May 6, 2014 and the daily panels \"Sat's Bear\" and \"Days We'll Never Forget\", as well as \"Bizzy Bear\".", "Joining Keane and McGarry in Memphis will be a Who's Who of star cartoonists, including Lynn Johnston (\"For Better or Worse\"), Patrick McDonnell (\"Mutts\"), Sergio Aragones (Mad magazine), Greg Evans (\"Luann\"), Greg Walker (\"Beetle Bailey\"), Robb Armstrong (\"Jumpstart\"), Rick Kirkman (\"Baby Blues\"), Jerry Scott (\"Zits,\" \"Baby Blues\"), Paul Coker Jr. (character designer for Rankin-Bass holiday specials) and Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonists Mike Peters (\"Mother Goose & Grimm\") and Michael Ramirez (formerly of The Commercial Appeal).", "Capp peopled his comic strip with an assortment of memorable characters, including Marryin' Sam, Hairless Joe, Lonesome Polecat, Evil-Eye Fleegle, General Bullmoose, Lena the Hyena, Senator Jack S. Phogbound (Capp's caricature of the anti-New Deal Dixiecrats), the (shudder!) Scraggs, Washable Jones, Nightmare Alice, Earthquake McGoon, and a host of others. Most notably, certainly from a G.I. point of view, are the beautiful, full-figured women like Daisy Mae, Wolf Gal, Stupefyin' Jones and Moonbeam McSwine (a caricature of his wife Catherine, aside from the dirt)...all of whom found their way onto the painted noses of bomber planes during World War II and the Korean War. Perhaps Capp's most popular creations were the Shmoos, creatures whose incredible usefulness and generous nature made them a threat to civilization as we know it. Another famous character was Joe Btfsplk, who wants to be a loving friend but is \"the world's worst jinx,\" bringing bad luck to all those nearby. Btfsplk (his name is \"pronounced\" by simply blowing a \"raspberry\" or Bronx cheer) always has an iconic dark cloud over his head.", "Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Bill Watterson that was syndicated from November 18, 1985 to December 31, 1995. Commonly cited as \"the last great newspaper comic,\" Calvin and Hobbes has evinced broad and enduring popularity, influence, and academic interest.", "Hess, Steven, and Sandy Northrop. Drawn and Quartered: The History of American Political Cartoons. Montgomery, Ala.: Elliott and Clark, 1996.", "Capp peopled his comic strip with an assortment of memorable characters, including Marryin' Sam, Hairless Joe, Lonesome Polecat, Evil-Eye Fleegle, General Bullmoose, Lena the Hyena, Senator Jack S. Phogbound (Capp's caricature of the anti-New Deal Dixiecrats), the (shudder!) Scraggs, Washable Jones, Nightmare Alice, Earthquake McGoon - and a host of others. Most notably, certainly from a G.I. point of view, were the beautiful, full-figured women like Daisy Mae, Wolf Gal, Stupefyin' Jones and Moonbeam McSwine (a caricature of his wife Catherine, aside from the dirt) - all of whom found their way onto the painted noses of fighter planes during World War II. Perhaps Capp's most popular creations were the Shmoos, creatures whose incredible usefulness and generous nature made them a threat to civilization as we know it. Another famous character was Joe Btfsplk, who wanted to be a loving friend but was \"the world's worst jinx,\" bringing bad luck to all those nearby. Btfsplk (the name is \"pronounced\" by simply blowing a Bronx cheer) always had a small dark cloud over his head.", "Doonesbury is a comic strip by American cartoonist Garry Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of an array of characters of various ages, professions, and backgrounds, from the President of the United States to the title character, Michael Doonesbury, who has progressed from a college student to a youthful senior citizen over the decades.", "As I fully expected, this paperback book has nothing to do with Aesopic fables.  It contains standard Casper cartoon stories.  I read the first, \"Every Litter Bit Helps.\"  It is rather a full story, lasting 42 pages.  In typical cartoon style, it brings together contemporary concerns like littering; traditional views of fascinating things like witches and ghosts; evil characters and good characters -- Casper and his friend, Wendy, the good little witch; and happy endings.  Keeping it in the collection may help some future researcher to know what kind of book it is.", "There was a time when I thought Latuff's cartoons where over the top. Not so anymore. This one really catches the combined content of the two news items below.", "Mandy�s debut strip appeared in the Mirror of January 6, 1997, together with some promotional copy. �She�s sexy, sassy and independent,� the blurb announces. �She�s a Nineties woman with a job, a young child and a string of adoring men. She�s Mandy Capp, a young, hip, female version of the Mirror�s famous cartoon character Andy Capp.�", "Categories: Art and Illustration | Cartooning and Comic Strips | Comics | Humor & Satire | Television", "Doonesbury is an American newspaper comic strip written and drawn by Gary Trudeau which mixes political satire with college satire and later soap opera plots. A long runner (43 years, 45 years if you don't count the two-year hiatus), the series involves a cast of hundreds.", "** The 1998 episode \"The Cartoon\" has Jerry make fun of Elaine's drawings, leading her to reply: \"It's better than your drawings of naked Lois Lane.\"", "Michael Kilian, a reporter for The Chicago Tribune who has been writing the comic strip for the last year and a half, said he was introducing marital discord into the comic \"to bring Dick Tracy into contemporary times.\" In this, he and the artist who works with him, Dick Locher, are following other long-running comic strips that in recent years have taken up issues like sexual harassment and job security. A True Dilemma", "Following are some sample cartoons, for illustrative and instructional purposes.  The reader is invited to try coding them both for manifest content and for latent emotional imagery.", "The cartoon strip, which made its debut Oct. 2, 1950, was distributed by Scripps Howard-owned United Feature Syndicate. It was syndicated to more than 2,600 newspapers around the world, appeared in about 25 languages and reach an estimated audience of 355 million. The Washington Post, which was among the first newspapers to carry the strip, ran it until the end.", "In Stink's first solo adventure, his style comes through loud and strong - enhanced by a series of comic strips, drawn by Stink himself, which are sprinkled throughout the book. These very funny, homespun sagas reflect the familiar voice of a kid who pictures himself with super powers to deal with the travails of everyday life - including the occasional teasing of a bossy big sister!", "A cartoon (from and —words describing strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting, stained glass or tapestry. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days (giornate).", "Fictional cartoon character Marge Simpson made a tongue-in-cheek appearance in the November 2009 issue, becoming the first cartoon character to appear on the cover of the magazine.", "Before there was Bart Simpson or Crayon Shinchan or Eric Cartman, there was Dennis the Menace, the five-year-old icon of childhood mischief. In this chronological collection of the long-running single panel strip, we see Dennis's skills with mud puddles, firecrackers, frogs and general mayhem developing at a splendid pace. Dennis the Menace stands out for both its chronicling of Baby Boom-generation society, and its highly sophisticated humor. Ketcham's grace and economy of both art and punch line are superb, telling a complete story with a single line of dialogue. For instance, in one panel, Dennis's long-suffering parents sit in a friend's parlor as she calls up the stairs. \"Bobby, you don't have to hide any more! They didn't bring Dennis! Bobby, can you hear Mother?\" As the strips in this volume come to a close, Ketcham is still introducing his major players-put-upon Mr. Wilson is only a small character, and female foils Margaret and Gina are still in their formative stages. As funny as the gags are, it's the art that captivates. As cartoonist Patrick McDonnell puts it in his intro, \"Each meticulously designed panel was a masterpiece of composition.\" This beautifully produced book will delight for years to come. (Sept.) Copyright 2005 Reed Business Information.", "Beare contests Gopnik's analysis: \"What he is saying is that Goldberg is not a cissy artist but a macho cartoonist in the tabloid tradition. Goldberg trained as a mining engineer and worked for the San Francisco Department of Water and Sewage before finding employment as a sports cartoonist in 1905 and as a cartoonist was entirely self-taught.\"" ]

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[ "Will Keith Kellogg, b. Battle Creek, Mich., Apr. 7, 1860, d. Oct. 6, 1951, the creator of Kellogg’s Corn Flakes. As a young man he worked with his brother, Dr. John H. Kellogg, at the latter’s Battle Creek Sanitarium, where they developed toasted wheat flakes and other vegetarian health foods. In 1906 he organised the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company and merchandised his product with heavy advertising. He added other breakfast foods to the company’s line, making it the world’s largest manufacturer of prepared cereals. He established the philanthropic W. K. Kellogg Foundation in 1930 and gave it a total of $47 million", "In Michigan, Dr. John H. Kellogg experimented with ways to make healthy vegetarian foods for patients at his health clinic, the Adventist Battle Creek Sanitarium. In the early 1890s, he and his brother William K. Kellogg had developed a process whereby wheat grains would be mashed and then baked into flakes. In 1899, John Kellogg formed Kellogg's Sanitas Nut Food Company, but his narrow focus on producing foods just for patients proved frustrating for his younger brother. In 1895 the brothers discovered how to make corn flakes, which they sold by mail order. The corn flakes were popular, and in 1906, William Kellogg broke from his brother to found and run the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company. In the first year of the company's operation, it sold 175,000 cases of corn flakes. He soon changed the name of the company to W. K. Kellogg Company and the product was called Kellogg's Corn Flakes.", "Kellogg's was founded as the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company on February 19, 1906, by Will Keith Kellogg as an outgrowth of his work with his brother John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium following practices based on the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The company produced and marketed the hugely successful Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes and was renamed the Kellogg Company in 1922.", "Assisted by his younger brother Will K. Kellogg (1860–1951), John H. Kellogg experimented with rolling, flattening, and baking whole grains. The resulting flakes were a culinary success at the Sanitarium, and the Kelloggs decided to mass-produce and sell them through mail order. Imitators soon sprang up and churned out numerous similar products, including Grape Nuts and Post Toasties developed by C. W. Post, who had been a patient at the Sanitarium. Kellogg's creation had launched the commercial cold cereal industry.", "Kellogg also created a cereal like Jackson’s and even named it Granula, until a lawsuit forced him to change the name to Granola. Together with his brother, Will Kellogg, John developed the first commercial cereal flake. Their cereal, Granose Flakes, hit the market in 1896. A rift developed between the two brothers. After 22 years, Will parted ways with John and the sanitarium. He went on to form the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company, which came to be known as the Kellogg Company in 1925.", "We'd still all be eating eggs and bacon if Dr John Harvey Kellogg hadn't dreamt up the cornflake, going on to become a cereal inventor. Descended from Scottish Immigrants, the Seventh Day Adventist from Tyrone, Michigan began working with his brother Will Keith Kellogg to develop breakfast cereals in 1897, launching the brand that would later give us Rice Krispies and Frosties. They're grrrreaaattt!", "1906: William S Kellogg formed the Battle Creek Toasted Cornflake Company to make a breakfast cereal he had invented for patients suffering from mental disorders.", "1928 — Corn Flakes proved so successful in Australia that a new plant was built at Botany. The manufacturing facilities of Kellogg cereal are still at Botany, on the train line and near to the wharves for convenient shipping of products around Australia and into the Asia-Pacific region.", "1914 — Kellogg’s® Corn Flakes® was introduced to a new country: Canada. (Later the Kellogg Company will spread the goodness of grain around the world by opening factories in Australia, England, Mexico, Japan, India and more. Today Kellogg brightens breakfast in over 180 countries around the world).", "Although Kellogg intended to use his new invention for chewing exercises, The San guests soon realized that the wheat flakes were even better with milk. The popularity of the product, known first as Granose and later as Toasted Wheat Flakes, soon spread and in the first year, Kellogg sold over 100,000 pounds of cereal. The brothers later applied the same flaking process to corn and rice. Although highly successful, the Kelloggs were not the first to market dry cereal. In 1893 Henry D. Perky of Denver, Colorado, developed a machine that shredded wheat, which he appropriately named Shredded Wheat. After the success of Toasted Wheat Flakes, numerous imitators flooded the market with new versions of breakfast cereals. Although most failed, some, including former San patient Charles W. Post, created lasting products that competed for the cereal market. Nonetheless, profits from cereal sales along with book sales made Kellogg, who took no salary as superintendent of The San, a wealthy man, and funded the elaborate 20-room home in which the Kelloggs resided. However, as his wealth and popularity grew, Kellogg's difficulties both with his brother Will and Adventist leader Ellen White began to increase.", "One of his wheat-processor buyers, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, admired Perky's manufacturing process for his shredded wheat cereal. Kellogg declined to purchase Perky's patent on it, however, considering it too weak in taste, \"like eating a whisk broom.\" However, after co-founding the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company — later the Kellogg Company cereal manufacturer — with his brother Will Keith Kellogg in 1906, John Kellogg observed the success of Perky's product and offered to buy its patent from him, but at too low a price to pique Perky's interest. ", "1897 – Dr. John Kellogg served the world’s first cornflakes to his patients at a mental hospital in Battle Creek, Mich.", "One of his wheat-processor buyers, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, admired Perky's manufacturing process for his shredded wheat cereal.Kellogg declined to purchase Perky's patent on it, however, considering it too weak in taste, \"like eating a whisk broom.\" However, after co-founding the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company — later the Kellogg Company cereal manufacturer — with his brother Will Keith Kellogg in 1906, John Kellogg observed the success of Perky's product and offered to buy its patent from him, but at too low a price to pique Perky's interest.", "As well as prescribing daily cold water baths, exercise drills, and unorthodox medical interventions, creating health-giving foods for patients was a major preoccupation. Kellogg, his wife and his younger brother William Keith experimented in the Sanatarium kitchen to produce an easily digested form of cereal. They came up with their own highly profitable Granula, but were promptly sued by Jackson, the original maker of Granula, and had to change the name to Granola. Victorian prudery and religion may have been at the root of processed cereal development, but parables about camels and eyes of needles did not discourage any of these evangelicals from seeing the commercial advantage and using the law to protect their business interests.", "Cold breakfast cereal became increasingly popular during these years. Wheat and later corn flakes were developed in the US by the Kellogg brothers in 1894 and the Kellogg Company was formed in 1906. In London, Ontario the Canadian Corn Company purchased the rights to manufacture and distribute Toasted Corn Flakes for Canadian distribution. In 1924 the American Kellogg Company purchased the London operation and formed Kellogg Canada Inc.. Since that time the company has manufactured and distributed in Canada a wide variety of breakfast cereals including Corn Flakes, 1907, Bran Flakes, 1915, All Bran, 1916 and Rice Krispies, 1928.", "The city was noted for its focus on health reform during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Battle Creek Sanitarium was founded by John Harvey Kellogg, who with his brother W. K. Kellogg invented corn flakes and founded the cereal company that now bears their name. Inspired by the Kelloggs' innovation, C. W. Post invented Grape-Nuts and founded his own cereal company in the town. Battle Creek has been nicknamed \"Cereal City.\"", "What would breakfast be without Kellogg’s Corn Flakes®? The inventor of this classic cold cereal, eaten around the world every day for nearly a century, was Will Keith Kellogg, born on April 7, 1860 in Battle Creek, Michigan.", "John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943) revolutionized the American diet by inventing flaked breakfast cereals first known as Wheat Flakes and Corn Flakes. An avid health reformer, skilled surgeon, and physician, Kellogg's extensive writing and lecturing contributed to a new emphasis on the importance of a healthy diet, adequate exercise, and natural remedies near the end of the nineteenth century.", "Kellogg Co. was established in 1906 by William Keith Kellogg, younger brother of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, founder of the Battle Creek Sanitorium in Battle Creek, Mich. Dr. Kellogg had created wheat flakes in 1894 as a nutritious food for his health spa clients. The company was incorporated in 1925.", "He was searching for a digestible bread substitute using the process of boiling wheat. Kellogg accidentally left a pot of boiled wheat to stand and the wheat became tempered (soften). When Kellogg rolled the tempered or softened wheat and let it dry, each grain of wheat emerged as a large thin flake. The flakes turned out to be a tasty cereal. Kellogg had invented corn flakes.", "Mr. Kellogg was an innovator in packaging and consumer and trade promotion as well. He introduced the first wax-paper liner to preserve product freshness and the first in-pack premium in 1910, a \"flip book\" titled \"The Jungleland Funny Moving Pictures Book.\" Among his many trade promotions, he provided grocers with free samples of Corn Flakes to give away to customers who winked at them.", "Worries about the nutritional value of such highly processed grains surfaced early. Post's company was one of the first to begin the heavy duty pre-sweetening of cereals with sugar coating in the late 1940s. The sales were enviable. The Kellogg company however held back, according to interviews with former employees in Cerealizing America, the highly entertaining account of cereal history by Scott Bruce and Bill Crawford. The charitable Kellogg Foundation which had been set up by then to promote children's health and education was a major shareholder and was concerned that flogging sugar-coatings to the young might not be compatible with its purpose.", "Soon it was being packaged to meet hundreds of mail order requests from persons after they left the San. Because John Kellogg had little interest in such matters, his brother added another task to his long list of responsibilities: that of managing the burgeoning packaged food enterprise. Using his sense of economics, an understanding of marketing techniques and hard work Kellogg constantly increased production, advertising budgets and sales. He expanded his business to Australia in 1924, guided the cereal company through the Depression (he increased advertising while others cut back), and brought Kellogg's cereal into England in 1938.", "To find out, I went to the US, to the Mid-West states that are the heartland of industrial corn production and to the home of the first cornflakes, to try to understand something of the history and economics of the cereal business.", "In support of the American war effort during World War II, Kellogg provided packaged K-rations for the U.S. armed forces and Kellogg engineering personnel used the company machine shop to manufacture parts for the \"Manhattan\" atomic bomb project in 1945. As a result of the company's many efforts during WWII, Kellogg was awarded the Army-Navy \"E\" flag for excellence. Kellogg's® Rice Krispies® Marshmallow Treats ® recipe, first advertised in 1940, became a popular food for mailing to service people abroad. Despite the war, Kellogg launched new whole-grain product lines like Kellogg's Raisin Bran® in 1942 and opened the company's second U.S. plant in Nebraska.", "In the early 1890s, the health-foods innovator, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, developed processes for producing a number of new foods–among them wheat flakes, various coffee substitutes, and several vegetable products that bore some resemblance to meats. As a protein base, Kellogg used fresh wheat gluten with added meat like flavourings", "Today — We’re proudly upholding the values W.K. Kellogg instilled more than 100 years ago — but now we’re doing it in 180 countries across the world. We still provide you and your family with better breakfasts that lead to better days, and we flake corn the same way W.K. Kellogg did back in 1898. It just tastes better that way.", "Another successful entrepreneur was Henry Perky, who in 1893 began marketing shredded wheat, the earliest of the cold cereals; his Shredded Wheat Company was purchased in 1928 by the National Biscuit Company (abbreviated Nabisco). In the 1890s, William H. Danforth took over the Robinson Commission Company, and under the trade name Purina, the company produced a very successful line of food products for animals and a whole wheat cereal for people. By the 1890s cereal grains were touted as foods that made people healthier, even prolonging their lives, and health clubs that featured medical treatments, pseudoscientific treatments for ills, and special diets were popular. The Robinson Commission Company and Dr. Ralston health clubs merged to form Ralston-Purina, which during the 1890s was an outlet for introducing Americans to Purina breakfast foods.", "In 1901, drawn by the idea of inexpensive electrical power for baking, and the natural draw of a popular tourist attraction, Perky hired Edward A. Deeds to build a new plant at Niagara Falls, New York. (Deeds subsequently became a director of what was by then called the National Food Company.) Once the plant was completed, Perky invited a large number of notables to a luncheon that featured a Shredded Wheat drink, Shredded Wheat biscuit toast, roast turkey stuffed with Shredded Wheat, Shredded Wheat ice cream, and other similar fare. The factory itself was called \"The Palace of Light,\" and was white-tiled, air-conditioned, well-lit with floor-to-ceiling windows, and equipped with showers, lunchrooms (a free lunch for women, men had to pay 10�), and auditoriums for the employees. It even had a roof garden with a view of the Falls. A representation of the factory appeared on the Shredded Wheat boxes for decades.", "During the 1850's Ferdinand Schumacher created the first cereal company.By 1877, the Quaker Oats became a trademark for cereals and got its famous quaker man logo on the front of every box.Henry Crowell later brought Quaker Mill after it went bankrupt in1881,keeping the famous name Quaker. Soon after advertising, of the quick breakfast cereal at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 and by door to door ads , great business came to the company.", "A line from the theme song to the CBS sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies (1962-1971). Maypo is a brand of maple-flavored oatmeal cereal first sold in 1953 and famous for celebrity endorsement ads with the slogan, “I want my Maypo!” The brand changed hands several times beginning in the 1960s, and is still made today. Farina is a type of soft wheat cereal sold most often as Nabisco’s Cream of Wheat and Malt-O-Meal’s Farina. It inspired the name of a character in Hal Roach’s Our Gang short films from 1922 to 1931, played by Allen Hoskins (1920-1980).", "Johnston, Nicholas. \"Bowled Over: Dig In for a Spoonful of Cereal History.\" Washington Post 30 April 2001." ]

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[ "Dionne Warwick was born on December 12, 1940 in East Orange, New Jersey, USA as Marie Dionne Warrick. She was previously married to William Elliott .", "Dionne Warwick was born on December 12, 1940 in East Orange, New Jersey, USA as Marie Dionne Warrick. She was previously married to William Elliott . See full bio »", "Dionne Warwick is an American singer, actress and TV-show host, who became a United Nations Global Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization, and a United States Ambassador of Health.", "In 1972, as in previous years, the main vehicle for Bacharach and David's songs was Dionne Warwicke (now spelling her last name with an 'e' tagged on, reportedly on the advice of a numerologist). After a decade with Scepter Records, Warwicke had signed with Warner Bros. and her 1972 debut for the label was simply called Dionne. More than half the album was penned by Burt and Hal, their contributions including \"I Just Have To Breathe,\" \"The Balance Of Nature,\" \"If You Never Say Goodbye,\" and \"Be Aware.\" There was a new version of \"Close To You\" (similar to Dionne's mid-'60s rendition rather than the Carpenters' hit version), as well as \"One Less Bell To Answer\" and \"Hasbrook Heights.\" The Bacharach/David/Warwicke triumvirate seemed to be moving steadily forward but, in actuality, the collaborators were very close to a messy divorce. The back cover of the album showed a smiling Dionne nestled cosily between a grinning Hal and a some what uncomfortable-looking Burt.", "1940 Birthday - Dionne Warwick, born in East Orange, New Jersey, singer, Solid Gold, Way to San Jose", "Warwick weathered the British Invasion better than most American artists. Her UK hits were most notably \"Walk On By\" and \"Do You Know the Way to San Jose?\" In the UK, a number of Bacharach-David-Warwick songs were covered by British singers Cilla Black, Sandie Shaw and Dusty Springfield, most notably Black's \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" which went to No. 1 in the UK. This upset Warwick and she has described feeling insulted when told that in the UK, record company executives wanted her songs recorded by someone else. Warwick even met Cilla Black while on tour in Britain. She recalled what she said to her: \"I told her that \"You're My World\" would be my next single in the States. I honestly believe that if I'd sneezed on my next record, then Cilla would have sneezed on hers too. There was no imagination in her recording.\" Dionne later covered 2 of Cilla's songs - \"You're My World\" appeared on Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls, released in 1968 and Alfie.", "Heartbreaker' is a collection of the most popular songs recorded by the New Jersey-born soul singer, Dionne Warwick. The majority of the tracks included here were both written and produced by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. Nine of the twenty-four tracks featured, reached the top 40 of the UK singles chart.", "Singer Dionne Warwick first married television actor William Elliot in 1966. The pair split up and divorced in 1967, but decided they couldn't live without each other and remarried in 1970. Their second union lasted a little bit longer, but they ultimately were not meant to be and divorced for good in 1975. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Jason Kempin/Getty Images", "Alecia Beth Moore (born September 8, 1979), better known by her stage name Pink (stylized as P!nk), is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Originally a member of the girl group Choice, she began her solo career with the 2000 single “There You Go” from her debut album, Can’t Take Me Home; the R&B album was certified double-platinum in the United States. She gained further recognition alongside Lil' Kim, Christina Aguilera, and Mýa covering “Lady Marmalade” for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack; the collaboration earned Pink both her first Grammy Award and first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100", "Selena Marie Gomez ( ; ; born July 22, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Having appeared as a child in the children's television series Barney & Friends, Gomez rose to fame as the leading role in the Disney channel series Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–12). Due to the success of the series, Gomez worked on various films, television shows, and musical collaborations for the network in the following years. She signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records in 2008, and subsequently formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene the following year. The band released three studio albums by 2011.", "Janet Jackson Janet Damita Jo Jackson is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Known for a series of sonically innovative, socially conscious and sexually provocative records, as well as elaborate stage shows, television roles, and film", "DO MAKE HER OVER: Ignoring the title of her very first chart hit, \"Don't Make Me Over,\" Dionne Warwick has teamed up with artists like Olivia Newton-John, Cyndi Lauper and Gloria Estefan to remake some of her greatest hits on \"My Friends and Me\" (Concord). This album returns the veteran star to the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart after a break of more than 13 years.", "In 2006, Warwick signed with Concord Records after a fifteen-year tenure at Arista, which had ended in 1994. Her first and only release for the label was My Friends and Me, a duets album containing reworkings of her old hits, very similar in fashion to her 1998 CD \"Dionne Sings Dionne\". Among her singing partners were Gloria Estefan, Olivia Newton-John, Wynonna Judd and Reba McEntire. The album peaked at #66 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album was produced by her son, Damon Elliott. A follow-up album featuring Warwick's old hits as duets with male vocalists was planned but the project was cancelled. The relationship with Concord concluded with the release of My Friends and Me. A compilation CD of her greatest hits and love songs \"The Love Collection\" entered the UK pop charts at number 27 on February 16, 2008.", "In 1983, Dionne released How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye produced by Luther Vandross. The album's most successful single was the title track, \"How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye\", a Warwick/Vandross duet, which peaked at #27 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also became a Top 10 hit on the Adult Contemporary and R&B charts. The album peaked at #57 on the Billboard album chart. Of note was a reunion with the original Shirelles on Warwick's cover of \"Will You (Still) Love Me Tomorrow?\" The album Finder Of Lost Loves followed in 1984 and reunited her with both Barry Manilow and Burt Bacharach, who was writing with his then current lyricist partner and wife, Carole Bayer Sager. In 1985, Warwick contributed her voice to the multi-Grammy Award winning charity song We Are the World, along with vocalists like Michael Jackson, Diana Ross, and Ray Charles. The song spent four consecutive weeks at #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart. It was the year's biggest hit — certified four times Platinum in the United States alone.", "In 1971, Dionne Warwick left the family atmosphere of Scepter Records for Warner Bros. Records, for a $5 million contract, the most lucrative recording contract ever given to a female vocalist up to that time, according to Variety. Warwick's last LP for Scepter was the aforementioned soundtrack for the motion picture The Love Machine (in which she appeared in an uncredited cameo), released in July 1971. In 1975, Bacharach and David sued Scepter Records for an accurate accounting of royalties due the team from their recordings with Warwick and labelmate B.J. Thomas. They were awarded almost $600,000 and the rights to all Bacharach/David recordings on the Scepter label. The label, with the defection of Warwick to Warner Bros. Records, filed for bankruptcy in 1975 and was sold to Springboard International Records in 1976.", "Warwick was signed to Bacharach's and David's production company, according to Warwick, which in turn was signed to Scepter Records in 1962 by Greenberg. The partnership would provide Bacharach with the freedom to produce Warwick without the control of recording company executives and company A&R men. Warwick's musical ability and education would also allow Bacharach to compose more challenging tunes. The demo version of \"It's Love That Really Counts\", along with her original demo of \"Make It Easy on Yourself\", would surface on Dionne's debut Scepter album, Presenting Dionne Warwick, which was released in early 1963.", "# \"That's What Friends Are For\" charted as \"Dionne & Friends\". All vocalists on the recording (Dionne Warwick, Elton John, Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder) are given credit for a number-one song.", "Warwick's most publicized album during this period was 1993's Friends Can Be Lovers, which was produced in part by Ian Devaney and Lisa Stansfield. Featured on the album was \"Sunny Weather Lover\", which was the first song that Burt Bacharach and Hal David had written together for Warwick since 1972. It was Warwick's lead single in the United States, and was heavily promoted by Arista, but failed to chart. A follow-up \"Where My Lips Have Been\" peaked at #95 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. The 1994 Aquarela Do Brasil album marked the end of Warwick's contract with Arista Records. In 1990, Dionne recorded a song \"It's All Over\" with former member of Modern Talking Dieter Bohlen (Blue System). The single peaked at #60 (#33 airplay) on the German pop charts and it was covered on Blue System's album Déjà Vu.", "On Wednesday, September 17, 1969, CBS Television aired Dionne Warwick's first television special entitled \"The Dionne Warwick Chevy Special.\" Dionne's guests were Burt Bacharach, George Kirby, Glen Campbell, and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956) is an American singer, songwriter, author, television personality, actress, businesswoman, philanthropist, activist and former model. She is the fifth child of the Jackson family. She maintained a career as a singer throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and returned to music in 2004 with her Billboard charting songs \"Just Wanna Dance\" and \"Free the World\". An EP called Starting Over was released on June 21, 2011.", "In 1985, Warwick recorded the American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR) benefit single \"That's What Friends Are For\" alongside Gladys Knight, Elton John and Stevie Wonder. The single, credited to \"Dionne and Friends\" was released in October and eventually raised over three million dollars for that cause. The tune was a triple #1 — R&B, Adult Contemporary, and four weeks at the summit on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1986 — selling close to two million 45s in the United States alone. In 1988, the Washington Post wrote: \"So working against AIDS, especially after years of raising money for work on many blood-related diseases such as sickle-cell anemia, seemed the right thing to do. You have to be granite not to want to help people with AIDS, because the devastation that it causes is so painful to see. I was so hurt to see my friend die with such agony\", Warwick remembers. \"I am tired of hurting and it does hurt.\" The single won the performers the NARAS Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, as well as Song of the Year for its writers, Bacharach and Bayer Sager. It also was ranked by Billboard magazine as the most popular song of 1986. With this single Warwick also released her most successful album of the 1980s, titled Friends, which reached #12 on Billboard's album chart.", "Best pop vocal performance – female – Dionne Warwick – “Do You Know The Way To San Jose.”", "As it was dedicated to her manager, the album's motif focused on love and romance. It became her most successful record up to that point, selling more than six million copies in the U.S., two million in Canada, and peaking at number-one in many countries. The album also spawned Dion's first U.S., Canadian, and Australian number-one single \"The Power of Love\" (a remake of Jennifer Rush's 1985 hit), which would become her signature hit until she reached new career heights in the late 1990s. The single \"When I Fall in Love\", a duet with Clive Griffin, achieved moderate success on the U.S. and Canadian charts, and was nominated for two Grammy Awards, winning one. The Colour of My Love also became Dion's first major hit in Europe, and in particular the United Kingdom. Both the album and the single \"Think Twice\" simultaneously occupied the top of the British charts for five consecutive weeks. \"Think Twice\", which remained at number one for seven weeks, eventually became the fourth single by a female artist to sell in excess of one million copies in the UK, while the album was eventually certified five-times platinum for two-million copies sold.", "The two immediate follow-ups to \"Don't Make Me Over\" — \"This Empty Place\" (with \"B\" Side \"Wishin' and Hopin' \" later covered by Dusty Springfield) and \"Make The Music Play\" — charted briefly in the top 100. Her fourth single, \"Anyone Who Had a Heart,\" released in December 1963, was Warwick's first top 10 pop hit (#8) in the U.S. and also an international million seller. This was followed by \"Walk On By\" in April 1964, a major international hit and million seller that solidified her career. For the rest of the 1960s, Warwick was a fixture on the U.S. and Canadian charts, and much of Warwick's output from 1962 to 1971 was written and produced by the Bacharach/David team.", "Hal and I were always trying to come up with material for Dionne to record. Like tailors in the apparel business, we were making goods for her to sing. While I was writing Walk On By (which Warwick made a hit in 1964), I was hearing the whole arrangement.", "Won a modeling competition to become the Face of Wales 2000. Sang at Westminster Cathedral for Pope John Paul II's silver jubilee celebration in 2003. Became the Welsh national rugby team's official mascot during the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Released her debut album, Premiere, in 2004. Paired with Mark Ballas in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars.", "\"My Friends and Me\" is Warwick's 31st chart entry. Of those, 14 have reached the top 10. Warwick's chart career covers an expanse of almost 44 years. She made her Hot 100 debut the week of Dec. 8, 1962 with the aforementioned \"Don't Make Me Over.\"", "Bell was born in Newark, New Jersey, United States. She worked as a session singer, most notably backing Dusty Springfield, and can be found on early Donna Summer material as well. Her first major solo hit was a cover version of Dee Dee Warwick's single \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\", which performed better on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart than the original.", "Ms. Springfield became an international pop star in 1964 with \"I Only Want to Be With You,\" a perky early-Beatles-style love song. Other major 60's hits included \"Wishin' and Hopin' \" (1964), and \"The Look of Love\" (1967), both written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, the team that supplied Ms. Warwick with most of her early hits. Ms. Springfield's sultry rendition of \"The Look of Love,\" from the soundtrack of \"Casino Royale,\" anticipated the heavy-breathing eroticism of Donna Summer a decade later. Her best seller, \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" (1966), was a big-belting tear-jerker that reached No. 4 on Billboard's singles chart and won her her first Grammy nomination. The country-soul ballad \"Son of a Preacher Man,\" her Top 10 hit from 1969, won her new respect and her second Grammy nomination after being prominently featured in the 1994 movie \"Pulp Fiction.\"", "1980, Born on this day, Christina Aguilera, US singer, (1999 US & UK No.1 single 'Genie In A Bottle', 1999 US No.1 album 'Christina Aguilera', 2001 US & UK No.1 single with Mya, Lil' Kim and Pink, 'Lady Marmalade').", "In 1997, she wrote “Wall Of Smiles/Torre De Marfil” with Soraya for her 1997 album of the same title . the same year King wrote and recorded backing vocals on “ The Reason ” for Celine Dion on her album Let’s Talk About Love . The song sold worldwide, including one million in France. It went to number 1 in France, 11 in the UK, and 13 in Ireland. The pair performed a duet on the first VH1 Divas Live benefit concert. King also performed her “ You’ve Got A Friend ” with Celine Dion, Gloria Estefan and Shania Twain as well as “ (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman ” with Aretha Franklin and others, including Mariah Carey. In 1998, King wrote “Anyone at All”, and performed it in You’ve Got Mail , starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan .", "As a singer/songwriter and recording artist, Carole was signed to Warner Brother records in 1989. Her record \"Heart of Gold\" was produced by Nile Rodgers. Her single \"Serious Money\" was a dance hit and the video was number one on BET. She toured Europe and Asia and performed in clubs throughout the United States. Carole wrote the song \"Slow Love\" for Prince on his Grammy Award winning album \"Sign O' the Times\". She recorded her own version of the song for Warner Brothers records. She subsequently left Warner Brothers in 1993 and moved to Atlantic Records, where she self-produced and wrote the album \"I'm No Angel\". As a songwriter, Carole made a publishing deal, signing with MCA Records. She was signed to Sony France for Europe." ]

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[ "Richard Marx , pop/rock singer, songwriter, and record producer, who placed himself in the record books by being the first solo artist to have his first seven singles hit the Top 5 on the US charts, and whose hit songs include \" Endless Summer Nights \", \"Right Here Waiting\", \"Now and Forever\", and \"Hazard\"", "Richard Marx is the singer/songwriter whose pop/rock hits include love songs that evoke sultry summer nights of the 80s.", "1989 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx, “ On Our Own ” by Bobby Brown, “ Cold Hearted ” by Paula Abdul and “ Sunday in the South ” by Shenandoah all topped the charts.", "Bill Sikes makes no such speech in Oliver Twist: this is Marx's satirical extrapolation. \"They are my slaves,\" he would sometimes say, gesturing at the books on his shelves, \"and they must serve me as I will.\" The task of this unpaid workforce was to provide raw materials which could be shaped for his own purposes. \"His conversation does not run in one groove, but is as varied as are the volumes upon his library shelves,\" wrote an interviewer from the Chicago Tribune who visited Marx in 1878. In 1976 SS Prawer wrote a 450-page book devoted to Marx's literary references. The first volume of Das Kapital yielded quotations from the Bible, Shakespeare, Goethe, Milton, Voltaire, Homer, Balzac, Dante, Schiller, Sophocles, Plato, Thucydides, Xenophon, Defoe, Cervantes, Dryden, Heine, Virgil, Juvenal, Horace, Thomas More, Samuel Butler - as well as allusions to horror tales, English romantic novels, popular ballads, songs and jingles, melodrama and farce, myths and proverbs.", "Captain Jeffrey Edgar Spaulding is a fictional character in the Broadway musical Animal Crackers and the film of the same name. He was originally played by actor Groucho Marx, one of the Marx Brothers, in both productions. Despite his middle name being Edgar, he is known as Jeffrey T. Spaulding; his first name is also spelled as \"Geoffrey\" in parts of the film.", "Arthur Terence Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928) is a Canadian-American composer, pianist and writer of musical theatre. He won a Grammy Award for the song \"African Waltz\" in 1960. His most successful musicals have been Hair (1967; its cast album also won a Grammy) and Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971). MacDermot has also written music for film soundtracks, jazz and funk albums, and classical music, and his music has been sampled in hit hip-hop songs and albums. He is best known for two of his songs (Aquarius-Let the Sunshine In/The Hair song) which were number one in the charts in 1969. ", "The year 1971 begat a pair of #8 spoken word Hot 100 hits by somewhat similarly-named artists Tom Clay recorded a record called \"What the World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin, and John\", which combined clips of the two hits with his narration and interview clips of JFK, MLK, and other important '60s icons. A few months later Les Crane released a narration of the spiritual poem \"Desiderata\". The poem, which was thought to be an ancient text, was actually written by a little known Indiana writer named Max Ehrmann, and after a lawsuit his family got royalties from the song.", "The resolution of Rafferty's legal and financial frustrations accounted for the exhilaration of the song's last verse: \"When you wake up it's a new morning/ The sun is shining, it's a new morning/ You're going, you're going home.\" Rafferty's daughter Martha has said that the book that inspired the song more than any other was Colin Wilson's The Outsider. Rafferty was reading the book, which explores ideas of alienation and of creativity, born out of a longing to be connected, at this time of travelling between the two cities. ", "Literally, John Lennon reading about Karl Marx; figuratively, the introduction of radical politics into the music of the Beatles. (Of course, he could be referring to Groucho Marx, but that doesn't seem quite consistent with McLean's overall tone. On the other hand, some of the wordplay in Lennon's lyrics and books is reminiscent of Groucho.) The \"Marx-Lennon\" wordplay has also been used by others, most notably the Firesign Theatre on the cover of their album \"How Can You Be In Two Places At Once When You're Not Anywhere At All?\". Also, a famous French witticism was \"Je suis Marxiste, tendance Groucho.\"; \"I'm a Marxist of the Groucho variety\".", "her in time because it is written \"the meek shall inherit the earth\". The lyricist and the", "Literally, John Lennon reading about Karl Marx; figuratively, the introduction of radical politics into the music of the Beatles. (Of course, he could be referring to Groucho Marx, but that doesn’t seem quite consistent with McLean’s overall tone. On the other hand, some of the wordplay in Lennon’s lyrics and books is reminiscint of Groucho.) The “Marx-Lennon” wordplay has also been used by others, most notably the Firesign Theatre on the cover of their album “How Can You Be In Two Places At Once When You’re Not Anywhere At All?”. Also, a famous French witticism was “Je suis Marxiste, tendance Groucho.”; “I’m a Marxist of the Groucho variety”.", "\"Somewhere,\" sometimes referred to as \"Somewhere (There's a Place for Us)\" or simply \"There's a Place for Us,\" is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story that was made into a film in 1961. The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and takes a phrase from the slow movement of Beethoven's 'Emperor' Piano Concerto, which forms the start of the melody, and also a longer phrase from the main theme of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.", "Literally, John Lennon reading about Karl Marx; figuratively, the introduction of radical politics into the music of the Beatles. (Of course, he could be referring to Groucho Marx, but that doesn't seem quite consistent with McLean's overall tone. On the other hand, some of the wordplay in Lennon's lyrics and books is reminiscint of Groucho.) The \"Marx-Lennon\" wordplay has also been used by others, most notably the Firesign Theatre on the cover of their album \"How Can You Be In Two Places At Once When You're Not Anywhere At All?\" . Also, a famous French witticism was \"Je suis Marxiste, tendance Groucho.\"; \"I'm a Marxist of the Groucho variety\".", "Richard Charles Rodgers (June 28, 1902 – December 30, 1979) was an American composer of music for more than 900 songs and for 43 Broadway musicals. He also composed music for films and television. He is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. His compositions have had a significant impact on popular music up to the present day, and have an enduring broad appeal.", "At the entrance to this exhibition, Groucho Marx appears on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson and discusses a request sent by the Librarian of Congress for the comedian’s papers. Marx did, in fact, donate his papers to the Library and among those materials are a rich trove of letters to and from the comic, literary, and political luminaries of his day. Included in the collection is a series of letters between poet, playwright, and critic T.S. Eliot and Marx in which the correspondence evolves from mutual fan letters with an air of formality to affectionate exchanges with raucous dashes of wit.", "15 selections from the Broadway bio of this silver screen icon, arranged as vocal lines with piano accompaniment. Songs: If I Left London · Just Another Day in Hollywood · The Life That You Wished For · Look at All the People · The Man of All Countries · Overture · Sennett Song · This Man · Tramp Shuffle Pt. 1 · What Only Love Can See · When It All Falls Down · Where Are All the People? · and more. SERIES: Vocal Selections. Media: Softcover. . Composer: Christopher Curtis. EAN: 9781480332454", "Dear Quote Investigator: When I am at a party I sometimes have trouble recalling the name of a person I have met before. But my recalcitrant memory has no difficulty remembering the line credited to Groucho Marx:", "• Marge-n-Tina (Marge is a diminutive of Margaret; her slogan was “There Is No Alternative” – to capitalism. And a hit at the time was the musical ‘Evita,’ about the populist Perons, with its well-known “Don’t Cry For Me, Argentina”),", "Evangelists on Wall Street sing \"What will you do when Jesus comes?\" At mention of Jesus, Dylan (naturally) appears. He exits a bus (see 41), runs across a street and stands on a corner as if waiting for something. We hear Anne Waldman reading her poem \"Fast-Speaking Woman\" (\"I'm the Buddha woman, I'm the fast speaking woman, I'm the trumpet woman, I'm the vagabond woman,\" etc.)", "By Neil Diamond. Song is based on the Richard Bach novel of the same name. \"Last on a painted sky. Where the clouds are hung for the poet's eye. You may find him...\"", " 1981 The 35th Annual Tony Awards (TV Special) (lyrics: \"Together (Wherever We Go)\") / (writer: \"By the Sea\")", "* Poeta en Nueva York (written 1930 – published posthumously in 1940, first translation into English as Poet in New York 1940) ", "He released ...Nothing Like the Sun in 1987, including the hit songs \" We'll Be Together \", \" Fragile \", \" Englishman in New York \", and \"Be Still My Beating Heart\", dedicated to his mother, who had recently died. It eventually went Double Platinum. The song \"The Secret Marriage\" from this album was adapted from a melody by German composer Hanns Eisler , and \"Englishman In New York\" was about the eccentric writer Quentin Crisp . The album's title is taken from William Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 .", "Just realized while reading these comments that I’ve been hearing Stayin’ Alive by the BeeGees wrong. I always thought it was “You can tell by the way I use my walk, I’m a wanted man, no time to talk” instead of “woman’s man”. Oops.", "Complete this line from The Firesign Theatre's 1968 debut album, Waiting for the Electrician or Someone Like Him:", "*Carla Bruni sings the poem 'If You Were Coming In The Fall', by Emily Dickinson on her album No Promises. The song includes a reference to Van Diemen's land \"subtracting till my fingers dropped; into Van Diemen's Land\".", "Another influence was TS Eliot's poem The Wasteland. Said Tennant: \"What I like about it is, it's the different voices, almost a sort of collage. All the different voices and languages coming in and I've always found that very powerful. So on West End Girls it's different voices. The line 'Just you wait till I get you home' is a direct quotation.\"", "Stephen King quotes from the song at the end of his first published novel Carrie. He uses the lines:", "The Old Revolution by Leonard Cohen - \"Lately you've started to stutter as though you had nothing to say.\"", "*The George M. Cohan song \"Give My Regards to Broadway\" includes the lyrics \"Tell all the gang at Forty-Second Street / That I will soon be there\".", "Sondheim has also written film music, contributing \"Goodbye for Now\" to Warren Beatty's 1981 Reds. He wrote five songs for 1990's Dick Tracy, including \"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)\" by Madonna, which won the Academy Award for Best Song.", "White: Well, there we are then. So who had a worldwide hit with the song What A Wonderful World?" ]

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[ "Delighted with the resources at his command, Welles called RKO studios, \"the biggest electric train set a boy ever had,\" but he also said, \"If they ever let me do a second picture, I'm lucky.\"", "Delighted with the resources at his command, Welles called RKO studios, \"the biggest electric train set a boy ever had,\" but he also said, \"If they ever let me do a second picture, I'm lucky.\" He collaborated on the screenplay with Hollywood veteran Herman J. Mankiewicz, and was deeply wounded when, later in life, his authorship in Kane was questioned by John Houseman and Pauline Kael, among others. The Oscar he shared for the script was the only one he ever won, and was, perhaps, given more to the old hand than the young know-it-all.", "When Orson Welles first saw RKO studios, he is reported to have said, �This is the biggest electric train set a boy ever had to play with.� Is this feeling reflected in Citizen Kane? In what ways?", "Although Lucas Sr. was often stern with his dreamy son, he also gave him some of the best toys available, including a big Lionel train set. George played with his sister Wendy and his friends nearly endlessly with these toys, creating what Lucas called “elaborate little environments” — which was, in a sense, not all that different from the making of Star Wars two decades later. As Lucas’s childhood friend George Frankenstein recalled, “He had all the goodies, and he was very willing to share.” Connected to these toy-constructed worlds were elaborate stories George would often tell. As another friend, Alan Grant, recalled, George was frequently “telling a story. He was always in a make-believe world.”", "The largest Hollywood film set ever built was the 1312� x 754� Roman Forum for the Hollywood epic The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964).l", "The Beard’s first film was born out of necessity. Entitled The Last Train Wreck , it was filmed after a young (assumedly beard-free) Spielberg had his train set threatened by his father after he repeatedly abused it.", "When referencing actor Errol Flynn, Warner Brothers studio head, Jack L. Warner, noted in his autobiography, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood, \"To the Walter Mittys of the world he [Flynn] was all the heroes in one magnificent, sexy, animal package\". ", "Chaplin's mother died in 1928 in Glendale, California,[268] seven years after she was brought to the U.S. by her sons. Unknown to Charlie and Sydney until years later, they had a half-brother through their mother. The boy, Wheeler Dryden (1892�1957), was raised abroad by his father but later connected with the rest of the family and went to work for Chaplin at his Hollywood studio.[269] In 1928, Chaplin built the Montecito Inn in Montecito near Santa Barbara as an escape from show business with his closest friends.", "At the end of World War II, the project appealed to Harold Lloyd. He recognized Sturges as a comic talent to rival his own. In addition, he appeared in a film since 1938's PROFESSOR BEWARE (though he had produced two films for RKO Pictures), and was eager to get back in front of the camera. Lloyd was perhaps the richest of all the silent screen stars; his films had made more money than those of any other single performer during the 1920's, including his rival, Charlie Chaplin, and he lived in the most impressive mansion ever built in Hollywood, the vast Greenacres, with its own 9-hole golf course. But Lloyd's passion for filmmaking was unabated, and he thought that an alliance with Sturges would put him back on top.", "Running at three hours, requiring a thousand employees, and taking hundreds of designers six months to produce its costumes, Robert Z. Leonard and Hunt Stromberg’s The Great Ziegfeld is seen to epitomise the glamour and extravagance of Hollywood’s golden age. Inspired by the real-life Chicago impresario Flo Ziegfeld Jr., it charts the multiple rises, falls, rivalries and marriages of the charismatic showman, here played by William Powell. It was one of the biggest movies of the 1930s.", "Back in Hollywood, Jack Warner was horrified by the whole project. Studios didn't like location work because they couldn't supervise their directors closely, and Huston of course, relished the freedom. Warner complained, the three actors looked like bums, Walter didn't have his teeth, there were no women, no sex and the Mexican bandits spoke Spanish. Later, he would say, \"This is definitely the greatest motion picture we have ever made.\" The glowing reviews helped of course, but even better were the three Oscars, to John for writing and directing, and Walter, as Best Supporting Actor, the only such honor of his career. In his acceptance speech he said, \"Many, many years ago, I raised a son and I said to him, if you ever become a writer or director, please find a good part for your old man.\"", "The popular attribution to Goldwyn is false according to his biographer in A. Scott Berg, Goldwyn: A Biography (1998). The earliest known print attribution is to Moss Hart in Van Wert (Ohio) Times Bulletin (26 August 1954) as cited in Fred Shapiro, The Yale Book of Quotations (2006). Also attributed to Humphrey Bogart in Stephen Humphrey Bogart, Bogart: In Search of My Father (1995), and to Ernest Hemingway in James R. Mellow, Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences (1992).", "A fourth big studio, MGM, took him on in 1933 with a contract boost despite his \"bad boy\" reputation, yet more personality problems surfaced. Despite excellent performances in such films as Clear All Wires! , The Nuisance , Turn Back the Clock , Advice to the Lovelorn , and the MGM classics Dinner at Eight and Bombshell , both showcasing MGM's comedic sex siren Jean Harlow , Tracy went too far. During the filming of Viva Villa! in Mexico City, Tracy displayed shocking, ungentlemanly behavior that resulted in fisticuffs with the law and a high-profile arrest on public morals charges. MGM not only kicked Tracy off the picture but felt compelled to apologize publicly to the Mexican people for his disrespect and terminate the actor's five-year contract.", "The tour wound all through the lot, past many streets, buildings and doorways seen briefly as office buildings, airports, college campuses and other locations in “U.N.C.L.E.” episodes. The famous water tower “blown up” by Napoleon Solo in “The Deadly Toys Affair” and seen in other episodes still stands at the center of the lot. The tour went through the scoring stage where composers recorded the music for “The Man From U.N.C.L.E.” and for so many famous pictures released by MGM and other studios. The trip also included a visit to Stage 10, where the permanent sets for U.N.C.L.E. Headquarters and the interior of Del Floria’s Tailor Shop once stood. The stage is now a TV studio where Sony’s game show “Jeopardy” is taped.", "Cherry Tree Lane was built in Soundstage No. 3 at the Disney Studios in Burbank from the designs of art director William Tuntke. Tuntke told writer John G. West Jr., \"I had to design the Banks' house as well as the entire street it was on. Where Mary Poppins made her entrance and all the way up to the Banks' house, I built the set full-scale. The Banks' house itself was 7/8ths scale. The next house was 3/4th scale. The next house was half scale. And the next one was 1/4th scale. And you would see these houses all receding.", "\"And then Stern later got into real estate. And he went to, moved to Los Angeles in 1904. And the Stern barn on his property at Hollywood and Vine was used as a set for the first full length motion picture filmed in Los Angeles – 'The Squaw Man' in 1913.\"", "Lynde garnered considerable fame and wealth from the series, appearing a total of 707 times. He bought Errol Flynn's old Hollywood mansion and spent an enormous amount of money on renovations and decorations.", "The 1912 prologue refers to events in the lives of Indiana's creators. When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion, he accidentally lashes and scars his chin. Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man. Indiana taking his nickname from his pet Alaskan Malamute is a reference to the character being named after Lucas's dog. The train carriage Indiana enters is named \"Doctor Fantasy's Magic Caboose\", which was the name producer Frank Marshall used when performing magic tricks. Spielberg suggested the idea, Marshall came up with the false-bottomed box through which Indiana escapes, and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single, uninterrupted shot. Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella—after he causes the bird strike on the German plane—to evoke Ryan's Daughter.", "His performance earned him another Best Actor Academy Award nomination, 17 years after his first. [8] Reviews were strong, and the film is considered one of the best of his later career. In Day, he found a co-star with whom he could build a rapport, such as he had had with Blondell at the start of his career. Day herself was full of praise for Cagney, stating that he was \"the most professional actor I've ever known. He was always 'real'. I simply forgot we were making a picture. His eyes would actually fill up when we were working on a tender scene. And you never needed drops to make your eyes shine when Jimmy was on the set.\"", "Fabulous Fox Theater, [45] . Built in 1929 and restored to its glory, this rare gem seats 4,500. A performance at the Fabulous Fox Theater is a \"must see.\" Only two of this design exist, the Detroit Fox Theater built in 1928 has also been restored and seats 5,000. Probably the two most ornate theaters ever built in the US, they were the first to have live sound. They were built for William Fox, the founder of Fox Film Corporation, the forerunner of Twentieth Century-Fox studios. These two original Fox Theaters are still among the largest in the US in terms of total seats and the size of the stage.", "During his career at MGM, Mayer only answered to two men: Marcus Loew --who died on September 25, 1927--and his replacement at MGM parent Loew's Inc., Nicholas Schenck . It was an uncomfortable relationship for both men. Schenck inherently understood Mayer's value as a the head of MGM but resented his price. The two men would fight bitterly over the years over business matters, with Schenck repeatedly planting spies (including E.J. Mannix who soon became a Mayer loyalist) to monitor Mayer's business dealings.", "This restored version was reconstructed from the best available elements of the 24 frame/s edition WB could find, and was subsequently shown on Turner Classic Movies . The original elements from the 30 frame/s/70 mm Todd-AO version (as well as the original prints derived from these elements) still exist, albeit in faded condition due to the passage of time, but remain to be formally restored by WB. There is some missing footage in the India train ride where the image artificially fades in and out to compensate for the missing shots.", "As filming progressed, it was Buzz who often gave Sam Goldwyn advice.  He instructed his boss on ways to save money on wardrobe and accessories (avoiding real materials like leather whenever possible).  Buzz and other studio employees found Sam an irresistible target for practical jokes.  In a reply to Mr. Goldwyn on why shooting hadn’t begun for a particular scene, Buzz said the wardrobe hadn’t sent down the leotards for the horses.  Sam didn’t question the inanity of Buzz’s reason.  He immediately phoned the wardrobe department and demanded the horse leotards.  Befuddlement surely struck the recipient of Sam’s frantic call.", "The pinnacle of Milland's career and acknowledgment of his serious dramatic abilities came in 1945 when he starred in The Lost Weekend. Milland recalled how after returning from an emcee engagement in Peru, he found a book delivered to his home, with a note from Paramount's head of production Buddy DeSylva, which read \"Read it. Study it. You're going to play it.\" Milland found the book unsettling and felt that its subject matter, that of an alcoholic writer, challenging and alien to him. He was also concerned that it would require 'serious acting' something that he believed he had not undertaken to that point in his career. The film was to be produced by Charles Brackett and directed by Billy Wilder, the two men also collaborating to write the screenplay. Milland had already worked with both men, having starred in the 1942 comedy The Major and the Minor, and he was excited by their involvement.", "Barry:  Well, I was working in a movie called My Six Loves with Debbie Reynolds and Cliff Robertson.  As a child actor there is a lot of downtime and you’re on the lot, but you’re not always working.  So I was walking around because a movie lot is an amazing place just to see things.  I was walking down one of those lanes and I saw this white limousine.  It was probably the early 60’s.  The back door was open and I thought it was pretty amazing and you’re just impressed to see something like that.  I looked in the back and everything was just white.  The floor was white fur and there were white leather seats and there was a television in the back, which was just amazing to see in 1963.  It was like [something from ] The Jetsons.  And as I was looking Elvis came through the stage door and it was his limo and it had just been customized and they were bringing it over to show him.  So he came over and we struck up a conversation, and he just said, “I’m going to hop in the car and ride around the lot to see if the TV works” and he invited me to join him.", "Mayer, according to Peter Hays' 1991 book \"When the Lion Roars\", idealized his mother. He was her favorite son, and she was the main influence on his life. She died in 1913, and Mayer kept a picture of her over his bed the rest of his life. With his mother an icon in his eyes, Mayer revered the concept of motherhood. When director Erich von Stroheim expressed the opinion to Mayer that all women were whores, Mayer asked him if he thought of his own mother that way, and then punched him in the face. Mayer told screenwriter Frances Marion , at their first meeting, that she should never write anything that would embarrass Mayer's own wife and two daughters. He told her, \"I worship good women, honorable men and saintly mothers.\".", "Rogers recalls how thrilled he was by Victorian-era railroad stations as a child. \"They were so grand; they made travel exciting to a little boy. Being in Paris station, and hearing that – after thousands of miles – you would arrive in Moscow seemed like a tremendous adventure.\"", "During the 1950s he was the highest paid film composer, composing for nearly a picture each month, achieving his greatest fame during the 1950s and 1960s. Between 1948 and 1958, his “golden decade,” he composed 57 film scores. During the single year of 1952, he composed 9 film scores, including High Noon, for which he won two Academy Awards. In the same decade, he won two more Oscars and his film scores were nominated nine times. [17] In 1967, he was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival , [21] and in Russia in 2014, his theme songs to It’s a Wonderful Life and Giant were played during the closing ceremony for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. [22] [23]", "I was the production manager and was concerned with the physical operation of the sets, working with Hitch was a joy because I’d spend so much time with him. He was a great storyteller and an interesting man to be around.", "An elaborate four-day event called the \"Golden Spike Days Celebration\" was held in Omaha, NE, from April 26 to 29, 1939, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the joining of the UP and CPRR rails and driving of the Last Spike at Promontory Summit, UT, in 1869. The center piece event of the celebration occurred on April 28 with the World Premiere of the Cecil B. DeMille feature motion picture Union Pacific which took place simultaneously in the city's Omaha, Orpheum, and Paramount theaters. The film features an elaborate reenactment of the original Golden Spike ceremony (filmed in Canoga Park, CA) as the motion picture's closing scene for which DeMille borrowed the actual Golden Spike from Stanford University to be held by Dr. W.H. Harkness (Stanley Andrews) as he delivered his remarks prior to its driving to complete the railroad. (A prop spike was used for the actual hammering sequence.) ", "In 1951 the movie \" The Greatest Show on Earth \" was filmed on the RBBB. Weeks before filming began director Cecil B. DeMille took the cast on the show to get the real \"feel\" of the circus.", "On June 24th, 2006, a section of West 103rd Street in the Upper West Side of New York City was renamed \"Humphrey Bogart Place\" in his honor. He had grown up at 245 W. 103rd Street (which is now public housing), and a plaque was put there to commemorate the event." ]

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[ "Charles Spencer Chaplin - known the world over simply as Charlie and arguably the greatest comedian of the silent movie era, died on Christmas Day 1977 at the age of 88.  His wife Oona and seven of their eight children were by his side at his home in Switzerland when he passed away.", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 â�� 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor and film director of the silent film era. [2] He became one of the best-known film stars in the world before the end of the First World War . Chaplin used mime , slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies , though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s. His most famous role was that of The Tramp , which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. [3] From the April 1914 one-reeler Twenty Minutes of Love onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing, and from 1918 composing the music. With Mary Pickford , Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith , he co-founded United Artists in 1919. [4]", "Charlie Chaplin died 34 years ago on Christmas Day 1977 at the age of 88. Much more than just a great comic actor, Chaplin conceived, directed, produced, and even wrote the scores for his films (as well as starring in them). In the process he pioneered silent film comedy and laid foundations for all the film makers who followed. Above he plays a barber in a scene from his 1940 classic The Great Dictator .", "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr. KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977), was an English comedic actor and filmmaker. Chaplin became one of the most famous actors as well as a notable filmmaker, composer and musician in the early to mid \"Classical Hollywood\" era of American cinema.", "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr. KBE, (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977), better known as Charlie Chaplin, was an English comedy actor, becoming one of the most famous performers in the early to mid Hollywood cinema era, and also a notable director. He is considered to be one of the finest mimes and clowns caught on film and his influence on performers in both fields is great.", "Chaplin died on Christmas Day, 1977 in Vevey, Switzerland, following a stroke, aged 88, and was interred in Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery in Corsier-Sur-Vevey, Vaud. On 1 March 1978, his body was stolen in an attempt to extort money from his family. The plot failed. The robbers were captured, and the body was recovered 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva. There is a statue of Chaplin in front of the alimentarium in Vevey to commemorate the last part of his life.", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the silent era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona \"the Tramp\" and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Charlie Chaplin (actor/director) -- Dead. Old age. Died December 25, 1977. Born April 16, 1889. Made great movies including The Kid and The Great Dictator, married to a variety of much younger women including Paulette Goddard and Oona O'Neil, fathered many performers including Geraldine Chaplin.   IMDb", "By October 1977, Chaplin's health had declined to the point that he needed constant care.Robinson, p. 629. In the early morning of 25 December 1977, Chaplin died at home after suffering a stroke in his sleep. He was 88 years old. The funeral, on 27 December, was a small and private Anglican ceremony, according to his wishes. Chaplin was interred in the Corsier-sur-Vevey cemetery. Among the film industry's tributes, director René Clair wrote, \"He was a monument of the cinema, of all countries and all times ... the most beautiful gift the cinema made to us.\"Robinson, p. 631. Actor Bob Hope declared, \"We were lucky to have lived in his time.\"Robinson, p. 632.", "Chaplin died of natural causes on December 25, 1977 at his home in Switzerland. In 1978 Chaplin's corpse was stolen from its grave and was not recovered for three months; he was re-buried in a vault surrounded by cement.", "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr. KBE (April 16, 1889 � December 25, 1977), better known as Charlie Chaplin, was an English comedy actor, becoming one of the most famous performers in the early to mid Hollywood cinema era, and also a notable director and musician. He is considered to be one of the finest mimes and clowns caught on film and has greatly influenced performers in this field. Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities in the silent film era: he acted in, directed, scripted, produced, and eventually scored his own films. His working life in entertainment spanned over 65 years, from the Victorian stage and music hall in England as a child performer, almost until his death at the age of 88. Chaplin's high-profile public and private life encompassed highs ...", "Sir Charles Spencer “Charlie” Chaplin,  (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the silent era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona “the Tramp” and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy", "Actor Sydney Earle Chaplin (b.1926) died on March 3. Chaplin was the third son of film legend Charles Chaplin and his second wife, Lita Grey. Best known for his career on stage, Chaplin appeared in two films with his father as well as science fictional fare such as \"The Bionic Woman,\" \"Satan's Cheerleaders,\" and \"So Evil, My Sister.\"", "The greatest comedian of the silent movie era who gave us the famous Little Tramp and satirical classic The Great Dictator, died on this day in 1977.", "UK 1975 England Charlie Chaplin Tuesday, 4th March, 1975 : At 86 years old and confined to a wheelchair actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin was knighted by Queen Elizabeth to become Sir Charles Chaplin.", "Charlie Chaplin became a global icon in the film and entertainment industry during the early 20th century with his screen persona of “The Tramp”, and had a career spanning more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977.", "As for their children, Charlie Jr. played with his father in the film ‘Limelight’ as one of the clowns in the ballet scene. He wrote his own book on living with his father called ‘My Father, Charlie Chaplin' in 1960. Charlie Jr. died on March 20, 1968.", "Charlie Chaplin Died at 88 (1889-1977) Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent film era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona", "in 1977 - Charlie Chaplin dies at age 88. English actor, violinist, composer; as well as his superb comedy acting, the best-known of several songs he composed are \"Smile\", for the film \"Modern Times\", famously covered by Nat King Cole. Also \"This Is My Song\" from Chaplin's last film, \"A Countess From Hong Kong,\" was a number one hit in several different languages in the 1960s, and Chaplin's theme from Limelight was a hit in the 50s under the title \"Eternally.\" He won an Academy Award in 1972 for his score to Limelight.", "Chaplin's robust health began to slowly fail in the late 1960s, after the completion of his final film A Countess from Hong Kong , and more rapidly after he received his Academy Award in 1972. By 1977 he had difficulty communicating, and began using a wheelchair. He died in his sleep in Vevey", "LOS ANGELES  — Sydney Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin's son and himself a Tony-winning actor who starred on Broadway opposite Judy Holliday in \"Bells Are Ringing\" and Barbra Streisand in \"Funny Girl,\" has died at 82.", "Sydney Chaplin, son of famous actor Charlie Chaplin and himself a Tony-winning actor who starred on Broadway opposite Judy Holliday in \"Bells Are Ringing\" and Barbra Streisand in \"Funny Girl,\" has died at 82. He's shown here in 1998 with a stamp honoring his father.", "Charles made several sound films in the 1940's and 1950's, including the memorable \"Limelight\" (1952), which featured an appearance by his old contemporary and friend Buster Keaton . The last film he made in which he appeared as an actor was \"A King In New York\" (1957), in which his son Michael also appeared. During the years Charles had helped both his brothers Sydney and Wheeler land film work in Hollywood, and Sydney had also acted as Charlie's business manager. His last film project was as director for \"A Countess from Hong Kong\" (1966), starring Marlon Brando, a failure at the box office. However both \"Limelight\" and \"Countess\" featured beautiful musical scores created by Charles Chaplin. He also composed lovely Victorian style melodies for his classic \"City Lights\" score.", "Chaplin received three Academy Awards : an Honorary Award for \"versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing, and producing The Circus\" in 1929, [7] a second Honorary Award for \"the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century\" in 1972, and a Best Score award in 1973 for Limelight (shared with Ray Rasch and Larry Russell). He had been further nominated in the Best Actor , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Picture (as producer) categories for The Great Dictator, and received another Best Original Screenplay nomination for Monsieur Verdoux. [78]", "Slideshow: Celebrity Sightings During the years his son was scoring big on Broadway, Charlie Chaplin was unable to see him perform. He was living overseas with his fourth wife, Oona, because American authorities had refused the English-born Chaplin's re-entry into the United States in 1952 over charges he associated with Communists. The great comedian was finally allowed to return to the U.S. in 1972 to accept a special Oscar.", "In 1924, during the time he was involved with the underage Lita Grey, Chaplin was rumored to have had a fling with actress Marion Davies , companion of William Randolph Hearst . Davies and Chaplin were both present on Hearst's yacht the weekend preceding the mysterious death of Thomas Harper Ince . Charlie allegedly tried to persuade Marion to leave Hearst and remain with him, but she refused and stayed by Hearst's side until his death in 1951. Chaplin made a rare cameo appearance in Davies' 1928 film Show People , and by some accounts supposedly continued an affair with her until 1931.", "And now a memory. In 1972, the Venice Film Festival staged a retrospective of Chaplin's complete work, with prints from his own collection. On the closing night, his masterpiece, \" City Lights \" (1932), was shown outdoors in Piazza San Marco. The lights were off, the orchestras were silenced for the first time in more than a century, and the film played on a giant screen to standing room only.", "Chaplin was knighted in 1975 at the age of 85 as a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II . [60] [61] The honour had been first proposed in 1931. Knighthood was suggested again in 1956, but was vetoed after a Foreign Office report raised concerns over Chaplin's communist views and his moral behaviour in marrying two 16 year girls; it was felt that honouring him would damage both the reputation of the British honours system and relations with the United States. [62]", "Actor Charlie Chaplin was knighted in 1975. He, of course, is... Photo-6005739.81728 - San Antonio Express-News", "In 1918, when the actor was 29, he abruptly married 16-year-old Mildred Harris. They were divorced two years later in a fanfare of publicity. Four years afterward he married Lolita McMurry, also 16, whose stage name was Lita Grey. She was ensconced in her husband's 40-room mansion, from which Chaplin soon fled. Two children, Charles Jr. and Sydney, were born of the union, which ended in 1927 after a sensational divorce case, in the course of which Chaplin pictures were barred in some states at the urging of women's clubs.", "Chaplin married Lita Grey in 1924, after she became pregnant. He was 35; she was 16. They had two sons, then went through a bitter divorce in 1928.", "Were you a fan of Charlie Chaplin? Does he deserve his reputation as one of the greatest ever screen comics? Let us know in the Comments section below." ]

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[ "Mork & Mindy premiered on ABC on September 14, 1978. Williams played the alien Mork from the planet Ork. He met the pretty Mindy McConnell (Pam Dawber) after he landed in a giant egg-shaped spacecraft near Boulder, Colorado. Mork was known for putting on his suit backwards. He would often wear rainbow suspenders later in the series. The crazy character would sit in a chair upside down. He had a hand gesture similar to Mr. Spock's Vulcan salute from Star Trek combined with a handshake. His catchphrases were \"Shazbot\" (an Orkan profanity) and \"Na-Nu Na-Nu,\" which meant goodbye in the Orkan language. Williams was known for improvising much of his dialogue and physical comedy.", "The reports consisted of Mork, clad in his spacesuit, talking to the unseen Orson in front of a black background.  Of course, Mork never usually got things quite right, but these were often the only time in the show that Mork was anywhere close to serious.  All his reports ended with him tweaking his ears and say “nanu nanu”, which I presume means goodbye in Orkan.", "Mork's greeting is \"Na-Nu Na-Nu\" (pronounced) along with a hand gesture similar to Mr. Spock's Vulcan salute from Star Trek combined with a handshake. It became a popular catchphrase at the time, as did \"Shazbot\", an Orkan profanity that Mork uses. Mork says \"KO\" in place of \"OK\".", "Note: His last words as heard on the last track of Highway to Hell, Night Prowler. This phrase is taken from the show \"Mork & Mindy.\" It was used by the aliens to say \"goodbye.\" He died later by alcohol poison. Although these may not be technically his last words, they were the last words heard by the public.", "Mork is a bumbling alien, from the planet Ork, who comes to Earth in a small, one-man egg-shaped spaceship, to study it's inhabitants. He will report to his unseen superior, Orson, until reassigned. On Earth, he meets Mindy McConnell, an average woman who takes him in and becomes his human friend and roommate.", "Mork And Mindy was a spin-off from the popular American 'Happy Days' series. Introduced in the episode 'My Favourite Orkan' (a play on 'My Favourite Martian', a 1960s sitcom which 'Mork & Mindy' is almost a reworking of) in early 1978, Mork (Robin Williams) arrives on 1950's Earth to abduct Richie Cunningham (Ron Howard, now a famous director) but he is saved by The Fonz (Henry Winkler). The character of Mork was an instant success, and the new series debuted on ABC in the autumn that same year. Updated to the present day, Mork finds a home with Mindy McConnell in 1970s Colorado, and continues to explore our world in his own zany and inimitable way.", "* Bebo — Mork's ball-of-fur pet who spoke Orkan gibberish and was introduced in Season 3. He was occasionally seen around the house and stood by Mork during his reports to Orson.", "When this idea failed to improve ratings, many wilder ideas were tried to attempt to capitalize on Williams' comedic talents. In the fourth season, Mork and Mindy were married. Jonathan Winters, one of Williams' idols, was brought in as their child, Mearth. Due to the different Orkan physiology, Mork laid an egg, which grew and hatched into the much older Winters. It had been previously explained that Orkans aged \"backwards\", thus explaining Mearth's appearance and that of his teacher, Miss Geezba (portrayed by then 11-year-old actress Louanne). Other attempts included the use of special guest stars. In a two-part second season episode, Raquel Welch appeared as Captain Nirvana of the Necrotons, an alien species of beautiful women that were enemies of the Orkans. There was even an episode where Mork meets Robin Williams. Mork and Mindy was cancelled after its fourth season, in 1982.", "The spin off show started in 1978 and saw Mork returning to Earth in his egg shaped spaceship to further study humans.  He befriends student Mindy (Pam Dawber) and ends up living in her attic space when she discovers that he is actually an alien, a fact that she keeps secret from her friends and family despite Mork’s often bizarre behaviour, strange language (shazbot is obviously a sort of curse word on Ork) and propensity to drink liquids through his finger.", "The third season saw Mindy’s father and grandmother return to the show along with the DaVinci’s and in the fourth and final series Mork actually married Mindy and started a family.  However, as had been previously mentioned in the show, Orkans actually aged backwards.  One day Mork laid an egg (it was enormous, and must have been quite painful to pass!) and out came their son Mearth, a fully grown, more elderly man but who still acted more like a human toddler in the way he both spoke and dressed.  To further emphasise the gag Mearth’s assigned Orkan teacher was played by a young girl, presented as being a wise and trusted member of the Orkan race.", "While trying to call Orson, Mork crosses signals with another alien ( Joe Regalbuto ), who says his name is Kalnik, from Neptune . Kalnik, his Earth wife, Mork and Mindy get together to socialize, but Kalnik reveals his true intentions when he suggests to Mork that Earth presents opportunities for powerful aliens like themselves. Mindy overhears Kalnik and his wife say denigrating things about Mearth; Mork politely but firmly asks them to leave, and Kalnik turns on Mork. Although Mork tries to solve his problem by revealing his alien identity to Earth, Kalnik keeps threatening them, trying to annihilate them Mork uses time-travel shoes to escape with Mindy (while Mearth stays with Fred). Kalnik follows Mork and Mindy through time, but the series ends inconclusively, with Mork and Mindy falling through time, declaring their togetherness, a cave drawing of Mork and Mindy being the last thing we see (since the previous battle with Kalnik takes place in prehistoric times).", "Robin Williams appeared in an episode as Mork from Ork , \"My Favorite Orkan\" from Season 5. That episode led to a series spin-off called Mork & Mindy .", "The series was a spinoff of the sitcom Happy Days. The character of Mork first appeared in the season 5 episode, \"My Favorite Orkan,\" where he threatened to take Richie Cunningham back to Ork as an example of a human, but his plan is foiled by Fonzie. The character proved to be popular enough with the audience to rate a starring role in a series, though in the series Mork would reside in Boulder, Colorado, and in the (then) current day of 1978 as opposed to Happy Days' 1950s Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "In the initial broadcast of this episode, it all turned out to be a dream that Richie had, but when Mork proved so popular, the ending was re-edited to show Mork erasing the experience from everyone's minds, thus meaning the event had actually happened and wasn't a dream. In Mork & Mindy, Mork resides in a Boulder, Colorado setting of the late 1970s and early 1980s (as compared to the Happy Days setting of Milwaukee in the late-1950s). Mork arrives on Earth in an egg-shaped spacecraft. He has been assigned to observe human behavior by Orson, his mostly unseen and long-suffering superior (voiced by Ralph James). Orson has sent Mork, in order to get him off Ork, where humor is not permitted. Attempting to fit in, Mork dresses in an Earth suit, but wears it backward.", "Williams played Mork, a visitor from the planet Ork. After his egg-like space vessel landed near Boulder, Colorado, Mork bonded with a pretty Earth woman named Mindy McConnell (Pam Dawber). After they became romatically involved late in the series, Mork and Mindy married, and Mork promptly laid an egg out of which was born their son Mearth (Jonathan Winters).", "After discovering Mork is an alien, Mindy promises to keep his true identity a secret and allows him to move into her attic. Complicating factors include Mindy's father, Fred (Conrad Janis), who expresses outrage that his daughter is living with a man. Fred's mother-in-law, Cora (Elizabeth Kerr), presents a much less conservative view, and approves of Mork and the living arrangement. Mindy and Cora also worked at Fred's record store with Cora giving music lessons to a teenager, Eugene (Jeffrey Jacquet). Storylines usually centered on Mork's attempts to understand human behavior and American culture as Mindy helps him to adjust to life on Earth. At the end of each episode, Mork must report back to Orson on what he has learned about Earth. These end-of-show summaries allow Mork to comment humorously on social norms.", "In Mork & Mindy, Mork resides in a Boulder, Colorado, setting of the late 1970s and early 1980s (as compared to the Happy Days setting of Milwaukee in the late-1950s).", "Mindy's father and grandmother returned to the series. The show acknowledged this attempt to restore its original premise, with the third season's hour-long opener titled \"Putting The Ork Back in Mork\".", "Kate mentions Mork (of the TV show Mork and Mindy), incorrectly referring to it as a planet, in the first episode (Mork is the name of an astronaut from planet Ork in the TV show). In a later episode, ALF has a dream that he is dressed in Mork's uniform and is contacting the Fatman .", "Cockney catchphrase from around 1895, became slang for “goodbye” in 1920 and is also used as a greeting", "* Mork (portrayed by Robin Williams) — An alien from the planet Ork sent to observe human behavior. Mork mentions many times that Orkan scientists grew him in a test-tube.", "When production on Mork & Mindy began, an extra scene was filmed and added to this episode for subsequent reruns. In the scene, Mork contacts Orson and explains that he decided to let Fonzie go, and was going to travel to the year 1978 to continue his mission. In the pilot episode of Mork & Mindy, Orson tells Mork that he is assigning him to study the planet Earth. Mork remembers that he has been to Earth before to collect a specimen (Fonzie) but he \"had to throw it back, though. Too small.\"", "Robin Williams' space alien character, Mork from Ork, first appeared in Happy Days on February 27, 1978. He would also reappear in the March 5, 1979 episode, \"Mork Returns\". The character of Mork was very popular (by both the audience and Happy Days cast members), and by the fall of 1978, Williams was starring in the sitcom \"Mork and Mindy\". Mork and Mindy would air on ABC from September 14, 1978 until June 10, 1982 (95 episodes).", "The show's main focus was no longer on Mork's slapstick attempts to adjust to the new world he was in, but on the relationship between Mork and Mindy on a romantic level. Also, some of the focus was on Mork trying to find a steady-paying job.", "Several recurring jokes are used throughout the series. The Professor always announces a dangerous mission or bad news with the phrase \"Good news, everyone!\" or a slight variation of the line. Bender will often tell someone to \"Bite my shiny metal ass\" or a variation depending on the current situation. The catchphrase itself is heavily parodied in the episode \"War is the H-Word\". Whenever Scruffy the janitor is shown, none of the other Planet Express employees seem to know who he is, despite his claims of being a long-time employee and his repeated appearances in the show. Amy falls down or slips often throughout the series, and the same soundbite of her scream is used each time. Whenever it is referenced, the state of", "Mork returned to Happy Days in an episode in 1979. Mork tells Richie that he enjoys coming to the 1950s because life is simpler and more \"humdrum\" than in the 1970s. Fonzie sees Mork and immediately tries to run away but Mork freezes him and makes him stay. He eventually lets him go, but not before Fonzie asks Mork to reveal two things about the future: \"Cars and girls\". Mork's response is \"In 1979...both are faster.\" The episode is mostly a retrospective in which clips are shown as Richie and Fonzie try to explain the concepts of love and friendship to Mork.", "The infamous Robin Williams , who played Mork on Mork & Mindy has died at the age of 63. To read more on his death, click here.", "First appeared as the space alien Mork from Ork on an episode of the ABC sitcom \"Happy Days\" (in February)", "As a young boy, my siblings and I would sit in the back seat of the car on one of the many long drives into the country we would do on weekends. We tended to bother poor Dad quite a bit, so one thing we always got from him just as the good natured bothering commenced was “Don’t huk mik chynik” which sometimes broke down into a simple “don’t huck me to death” or something. To me, it always sounded like he was saying “huk a mecka chinika” I never quite understood it. I was like 5 at the time. Does anyone know the actual phrase? What does it mean? Something to do with being a nudnik I bet.", "First Appearance: March 3, 1952 � Final Appearance: December 13, 1999�  (final spoken line: December 12, 1999)", "First Appearance: September 19, 1952 � Final Appearance: January 1, 2000�  (final spoken line: December 14, 1999)", "Morcs is also the name of the Moe orcs from The Simpsons Game . Another good reference is that Leela has to wear a shock collar. Nelson Muntz was forced to wear one in the Simpsons episode \"Brother's Little Helper\" (AABF22) and the collar also triggers when Nelson thinks about violence or sexual pleasure, like Leela's collar." ]

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[ "Amílcar Cabral International Airport , also known as Sal International Airport or Amílcar Cabral Airport, is the principal international airport of Cabo Verde. The airport is named after the revolutionary leader Amílcar Cabral.", "The Amílcar Cabral is one of 6 airports with scheduled flights in Cape Verde. However Amílcar Cabral one of the smaller airports in the country. The next passenger airport by size in Cape Verde is Praia International Airport .", "In 1951, Portugal changed Cape Verde's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism. In 1956, Amilcar Cabral, and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organised (in Portuguese Guinea) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations' independence movement. Moving its headquarters to Conakry, Guinea in 1960, the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961. Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet bloc-supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops.", "There are four international ports; that is, one in Mindelo, São Vicente, one in Praia, Santiago, one in Palmeira, Sal, and one in Sal Rei, Boa Vista. Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise liners and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão. Praia on Santiago is a main hub for local ferry services to additional islands. Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island, Amílcar Cabral International Airport, and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island. Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the sole source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic after the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol.", "* Santos Dumont Airport: used mainly by the services to São Paulo, some short- and medium-haul domestic flights, and general aviation. Located on Guanabara Bay just a few blocks from the heart of downtown Rio, during the 1990s Santos-Dumont began to outgrow its capacity, besides diverging from its specialization on short-hop flights, offering routes to other destinations in Brazil. For this reason, in late 2004 Santos-Dumont returned to its original condition of operating only shuttle flights to and from Congonhas Airport in São Paulo, along with regional aviation. The passenger terminal is presently undergoing extensive renovation and expansion to offer more convenience and comfort to users of the Rio–São Paulo shuttle service. ", "Jornalista Mario Filho is an open-air stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Owned by the Rio de Janeiro State Government, it is named after the Maracanã neighbourhood in Rio de Janeiro. It was opened in 1950 to host the FIFA World Cup. Since then, it has mainly been used for football matches between the major football clubs in Rio de Janeiro, including Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco da Gama. It has also hosted a number of concerts and other sporting events. Although the paid attendance at the final game of the 1950 FIFA World Cup was 199,854, the stadium currently seats 82,238 spectators. It is the largest stadium  in South America and 6th largest stadium of the world. It is due to host the World Cup Final in the 2014 World Cup, becoming the second stadium to host football’s most important match twice after the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. The stadium will also be the centrepiece of the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics as the site of ceremonies and the football finals, besides the FIFA World Cup in 2014.", "There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States. [216] São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport , near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting the city with virtually all major cities across the world. [217] With 13,728,000 passengers annually it ranks 80th worldwide [218]", "The most common entry point for overseas visitors is the Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport ( IATA : SCL), commonly referred to simply as Santiago Airport) in the commune of Pudahuel, 15km (9.3 miles) north-west of downtown Santiago . It is the largest aviation facility in Chile and the 6th busiest of South America by passenger traffic (over 11 million in 2010). It is a major connecting point for air traffic between Oceania and Latin America. The domestic and international are the same terminal, with the international on the left and domestic on the right.", "By plane • International and most domestic flights land at Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (better known as Galeão International Airport) (IATA: GIG) (ICAO: SBGL), Tel: +55 21 3398-5050 (fax 3393-2288). This airport is 20 km away from the city centre and main hotels. While you can sometimes zoom through Immigration and Customs, be prepared for a long wait. Brazilians travel with lots of baggage and long queues can form at Customs, which are usually hopelessly understaffed. • Santos Dumont Airport (IATA: SDU) (ICAO: SBRJ), Tel. +55-21-3814-7070 (fax. 2533-2218). Gets flights only from São Paulo and some of Brazil's largest cities such as Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre and Salvador, as", "Medellín is served by José María Córdova International Airport ( IATA : MDE; ICAO : SKRG) [12] , located in the nearby city of Rionegro. International non-stop flights are available to and from Lima , Curacao , San Salvador , Mexico City , Valencia (Venezuela) , Panama City (Panama) , Miami , Ft. Lauderdale , New York City and Madrid with easy connections to Buenos Aires, Santiago, Sao Paulo, Rio and other places.", "* Galeão-Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport: used for all international and most of the domestic flights. Since August 2004, with the transfer of many flights from Santos-Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro International Airport has returned to being the main doorway to the city. Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights, Galeão has connections to 19 countries. It has a capacity to handle up to 15 million users a year in two passenger terminals. It is located 20 km from downtown Rio. The airport complex also has Brazil's longest runway at 4000 m, and one of South America's largest cargo logistics terminals. ", "Continental Portugal's 89015 km2 territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.", "Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by three international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon , Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon 's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon , in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon , Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.", "Sao Goncalo - an industrial city in southeastern Brazil across the bay from Rio de Janeiro", "Amílcar Cabral has one terminal. It is a two-story building containing check-in, waiting, and arrival areas, as well as shopping, banking, and passenger services. The second floor houses airport operations and airline offices. There are four gates, and buses (Cobus 3000s) are used to transport passengers to the aircraft stands. The airport is located on the west side of the road linking Espargos and Santa Maria, the island's main tourist destination. There is no scheduled public transport; taxis, shared cars known as \"aluguer\", and rental cars are available.", "Gol Transportes Aéreos (G3) is Brazil's second-largest airline. Founded in 2000, it is headquartered in São Paulo and operates from primary hubs at São Paulo–Congonhas Airport (CGH), Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport (GIG) and Brasília International Airport (BSB). The airline flies to about 75 destinations, about two-thirds of which are domestic. International destinations include Argentina, Aruba, Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Curaçao, Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. It has a fleet of 139 Boeing aircraft, each of which has a Premium Economy Class cabin and an Economy Class cabin.", "Eduardo Gomes International Airport(MAO) in Manaus employs roughly 3,300 people, among employees of Infraero, public agencies, concession holders, airlines and auxiliary services. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals: Terminal I was opened in 1976, Terminal II in 1980 and Terminal III in 2004. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement, handling the import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex.", "The only airport serving international flights in the country is Comalapa International Airport ( airport code : SAL). This airport is located in Comalapa, about 30 minutes southeast of the capital. [27] The airport is commonly known as Comalapa International or El Salvador International.", "Caminho de Ferro de Benguela (CFB) - Connects the Atlantic port of Lobito, Angola with the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia; site in Portuguese", "Northeastern Brazil hosted at Natal the largest single American air base outside of its own territory, and at Recife, the U.S. 4th Fleet Headquarter under Admiral Ingram's command. The air base in Natal gave support to the North Africa campaign, and a route for USAAF airplanes to fly to India and China. ", "TAP Portugal flies to former Portuguese colonies (Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome & Principe, Mozambique, Angola) and South Africa, Algeria, Morocco, & Senegal.", "Opo a.k.a. Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport: Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport or simply Porto Airport is an international airport near Porto, Portugal. It is located 11 km northwest of the Clérigos Tower in the centre of Porto, in the municipalities of Maia, Matosinhos and Vila do Conde and is run by ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.", "Sergipe (officially the State of Sergipe) is the smallest state of the Brazilian Federation, located on the northeastern Atlantic coast of the country. It borders on two other states, Bahia to the south and west and Alagoas to the north, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean. Aracaju is the capital and the largest city in the state.", "The country's primary airport is El Salvador International Airport (AIES), which handles all international flights. AIES replaced Ilopango as the country's main airport in 1980.", "Azul is a domestic low-cost carrier which operates flights to destinaions within Brazil. Its hub is at Campinas-Viracopos Airport (VCP), near Campinas.", "TACV Cabo Verde Airlines (TACV is an acronym for Transportes Aéreos de Cabo Verde, meaning “Air Transportation of Cape Verde” in Portuguese) is a scheduled and charter, passenger and cargo airline based in Praia, Cape Verde. It is the national flag carrier of Cape Verde, operating inter-island services and flights to Europe, North America, South America and the West African mainland. Its main base is Sal Airport, with smaller ones at Praia International Airport and São Pedro Airport. TACV is also a ground handling company serving all airports in Cape Verde.", "* Ilha do Governador – site of Rio de Janeiro's Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport", "The Congonhas Airport is in a very central region, 15 km (9 mi) from downtown. This airport handles most of the domestic flights, including the São Paulo - Rio (Santos Dumont) hop, nicknamed Ponte Aérea. As it was built in the 30s, its simple but glamorous architecture is worth seeing.", "August 16, 2013 Lisbon Portela hit the worst yesterday, flights were delayed from 20 mins to three hours. Porto Santo and Funchal were not effected.", "This region is home to the Maracanã stadium (located in Grande Tijuca), once the world's highest capacity football venue, able to hold nearly 199,000 people, as it did the World Cup final of 1950. In modern times its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans. Currently undergoing reconstruction, it has now the capacity for 90,000 fans; it will eventually hold around 80,000 people. Maracanã was site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 Pan American Games, and hosted the final match of 2014 FIFA World Cup and will also host the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "September 3, 1989 - Varig 737-241 registration PP-VMK operating Flight 254 flying from São Paulo-Guarulhos to Belém-Val de Cans with intermediate stops, crashed near São José do Xingu while on the last leg of the flight between Marabá and Belém due to a pilot navigational error, which led to fuel exhaustion and a subsequent belly landing into the jungle, 450 miles (724 km) southwest of Marabá. Out of 54 occupants, there were 13 fatalities, all of them passengers. The survivors were discovered two days later.", "30 May 1972: a Lockheed L-188 Electra registration PP-VJL operating a flight between São Paulo-Congonhas to Porto Alegre was hijacked. The hijacker demanded money. The aircraft was stormed and the hijacker shot. [69]" ]

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[ "On 10 February 1993 Michael Jackson went on television to be interviewed for the first time for 14 years. He spoke for 90 minutes to a woman who is about as famous as he is: Oprah Winfrey.", "On Febuarary 10th Feburary 1993 Oprah Winfrey was allowed access into the world of Michael Jackson in his home at the Neverland Ranch. It was Michael's first interview in 14 years.", "Jackson gave a 90-minute interview with Oprah Winfrey in February 1993, his first television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied previous tabloid rumors that he bought the bones of the Elephant Man or slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber. The entertainer went on to dispel suggestions that he bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million, becoming the fourth most-viewed non-sport program in U.S. history. It also increased awareness of vitiligo, a relatively unknown condition before then. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[10][11][12]", "1993 – Michael Jackson granted his first interview in 15 years to Oprah Winfrey. In the interview, Jackson claimed that he has a disorder that destroys the pigmentation of the skin and that he had had very little plastic surgery.", "Back then, Jackson had invited Oprah to his California home, Neverland Ranch, for his first interview in more than 14 years. During the conversation, the King of Pop revealed his deepest desire and life's purpose.", "Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey in February 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man , slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo . The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release. [9] [50] [94]", "Oprah : Good evening. I am Oprah Winfrey, live to you in North America and countries around the globe - bringing you a world exclusive interview with the most elusive superstar in the history of music, Michael Jackson. I'm here in front of his California home, it's a ranch on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, where just inside is the man who has broken every possible musical record, denied inter- views, and defied definition for years. For nearly a quarter of a century, he has been an innovator of music, of dance, of videos, even fashion, and nothing he does is anything short of spectacular. Tonight, Michael Jackson will continue to surprise us with a rare personal tour of his astounding home, which includes a private movie theater and a full scale amusement park. You're also going to see a special performance by him and the world premiere of his latest music video. In the next live, and I do mean unedited ninety minutes, Michael Jackson will reveal himself, I hope, as he has never done before. Tonight, his silence is broken. Tonight---------- Michael Jackson.", "From The 'Oprah Show' Archives: Michael Jackson Shares His Life Purpose In 1993 (VIDEO) | The Huffington Post", "On the 25th of June, Michael attended a press conference in New York, where it was announced that Michael & Janet Jackson had been nominated for a record 11 MTV Video Music Awards for Scream. Michael also announced that they would be performing at a concert for HBO called One Night Only at the finish of the year. They were then interviewed by Bill Bellamy for a special called Michael Jackson Changes History which was televised soon after.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer and businessman. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut onto the professional music scene in 1968 at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Referred to as the \"King of Pop\"[2] in subsequent years, his 1982 album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time[3] and four of his other solo studio albums are among the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).", "In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records. He released his eighth album, Dangerous, in 1991. The Dangerous album was co-produced with Teddy Riley, who convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time. As of 2013, the album has shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and has sold approximately 30 million copies worldwide.In the United States, the album's first single \"Black or White\" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot ;100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide. The album's second single \"Remember the Time\" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded the best-selling album of the year worldwide and \"Black or White\" was awarded best-selling single of the year worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the 1980s.In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.In the UK and other parts of Europe, \"Heal the World\" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.", "The lead singer of the beloved family group the Jackson 5, Michael Jackson was in his early twenties when Thriller catapulted him into the ranks of the rich and famous. He has never matched the success of Thriller, and in the 1990s his career suffered serious reversals, the most damaging of which may have been the accusations of child abuse leveled against the singer in 1993. By the late 1990s, the star of the self-proclaimed “King of Pop” seemed to have dimmed. But no one who remembered the explosion of his talent during the previous decade could doubt either his overall impact as a performer or his ability to once again seize the limelight.", "Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work. [303] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service. [304] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as \"the greatest entertainer that ever lived.\" [305] [306] [307]", "November 7, 1996: Michael granted the American news magazine, ‘American Journal’, permission to accompany him for two weeks on his tour itinerary. Phenomenal footage narrated by Les Trent depicts Michael's visit to ‘Starship’, a children's hospital in Auckland, New Zealand, following the star from room to room as he speaks to each child, leaving each a toy and autographed photo or CD. In answer to Trent's question regarding how the children's faces make him feel, Michael touches his chest, replying \"It touches my heart.\" Michael was also shown backstage just moments prior to his sold out performance, comforting Emily Smith, a shy, 13-year-old cancer victim. He welcomes her to the \"shy club\" while holding her in his arms and ruffling her curly hair, then poses for photographs with Emily and her family and rushes off to prepare himself for the show.", "In July 1993 the Michael Ball Show, a six-week music series, was broadcast on the ITV network, marking another great achievement in Ball's career. The show featured guests such as Cher, Cliff Richard, Dionne Warwick, Elaine Page, Emmylou Harris, Julio Iglesias, Shirley Bassey, James Brown, Joe Cocker, Ray Charles, and so on...", "in 2001 - Michael Jackson was reunited onstage with the Jackson Five at his 30th Anniversary Celebration in New York City's Madison Square Garden. It ended Jackson's 11-year hiatus from performing in the U.S. Jackson was joined by Eminem, Whitney Houston, Gladys Knight, Britney Spears and Destiny's Child to celebrate the 30th anniversary of his singing career.", "In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless \"clenched fist, standing statue stance\", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: \"Jam\", \"Billie Jean\", \"Black or White\" and \"Heal the World\". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.[52] Jackson was given the \"Living Legend Award\" at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. \"Black or White\" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. \"Jam\" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[96] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single (\"Remember the Time\") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[25][32][104]", "The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His music videos, including those of \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\", and \"Thriller\" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. He continued to innovate with videos such as \"Black or White\" and \"Scream\" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres.", "The eighth child of the Jackson family , Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 , and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His music videos , including those of \" Beat It \", \" Billie Jean \", and \" Thriller \" from his 1982 album Thriller , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \" I Just Can't Stop Loving You \", \" Bad \", \" The Way You Make Me Feel \", \" Man in the Mirror \", and \" Dirty Diana \", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. He continued to innovate with videos such as \" Black or White \" and \" Scream \" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk , to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres.", "Partnered with producer Teddy Riley, Jackson's eighth studio album \"Dangerous\" in 1991 marked the singer's leap into New Jack Swing. This single peaked at No. 3 on the Hot 100 in March 1992. Its video premiered not just on cable (BET and MTV), but the Fox network, as well. The star-studded clip includes appearances by Eddie Murphy, supermodel Iman and Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson.", "On February 03, 2003 \"Living With Michael Jackson\" aired on U.K.'s ITV1. The interview will air later all around the world... and a storm began.", "Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year, Jackson published his second book, Dancing the Dream, a collection of poetry, revealing a more intimate side of his nature. While it was a commercial success, it received mostly negative reviews. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed . The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts. He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands. ", "special feature looking back at the best celebrity interviews over the past year. This, the first of a twopart programme, features interviews with the stars, including Bette Midler, Lauren Banal], Dudley Moore, Little Richard, Bob Hope, Benny Hill, Sting, Patrick Duffy and many others.", "In January 1993, Michael Jackson performed during the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII . It drew one of the largest viewing audience in the history of American television. [31]", "Jackson founded the \" Heal the World Foundation \" in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts. He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.", "Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson’s ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson’s nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson’s untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts. He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.", "In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, such as \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\" and \"Thriller\", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as \"Black or White\" and \"Scream\" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, pop, contemporary R&B and rock artists.", "Quote: \"Aren’t people tired of that subject...? I didn’t, like, write down on a piece of paper, 'I’m now going to have a relationship with a younger man'. That’s just what happened... That’s the romantic in me. I just met someone that I cared for, and this happened to be his age.\" Madonna responds to questions about her lovelife with toyboy dancer Brahim Zaibat, who is less than half her age, during a taped interview on U.S. news show Nightline.", "The Dangerous Period, 1990-1994, would usher in a new decade with new sounds & the best in contemporary concert entertainment. Michael Jackson set new recording, filming & entertainment standards that were legendary.", "“We accomplish so much in a single session, it stuns me.  In my opinion, Michael Jackson is going to be the star of the eighties and nineties.”", "On Saturday April 21, 2002 Michael Jackson performed \"Dangerous\" at the \"American Bandstand 50th Anniversary\" TV special in Pasadena, California. He did his \"Dangerous\" performance twice.", "Pop Superstar Michael Jackson performed in front of 50.000 people during his Bad World Tour in June 19 1988." ]

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[ "Due to changing trends in the early and mid-1960s, namely the British Invasion, Francis' chart success on Billboard's Hot 100 began to wane after 1963. She had her final top-ten hit, \"Vacation\", in 1962. A number of Francis' singles continued to reach the top 40 in the US Hot 100 through the mid-1960s, with her last top-40 entry being 1964's \"Be Anything (but Be Mine)\". Despite her declining success on the Hot 100, Francis remained a top concert draw, and her singles – now following a more mature style – were charting on the top quarter of Billboard's Adult Contemporary (AC) Charts and sometimes even reached Billboard's Country Charts. Therefore, Francis enjoyed lasting chart success in the US until her contract with MGM Records ran out in 1969.", "Connie’s last Top Ten Hit, played constantly in the Summer of ’62, when a Twist Song wasn’t playing. She does mention the ‘Mashed Potato’ – another dance (and song) of 1962.", "The song was recorded by New York City's \"singing cop,\" Daniel Rodríguez, and charted for one week at No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 as a single. Before the 2001 versions, the last time \"God Bless America\" had been a Billboard chart hit was in 1959 when Connie Francis reached No. 36 with her version (the B-side of her Top 10 hit \"Among My Souvenirs\").", "Connie Francis (born Concetta Rosa Maria Franconero, December 12, 1938) is an American pop singer and the top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although her chart success waned in the second half of the 1960s, Francis remained a top concert draw. Despite several severe interruptions in her career, she is still active as a recording and performing artist.", "Connie Francis : New Jersey-born Italian-American pop singer who rose to the top of the charts in the late 1950s and 1960s with such hit songs as \"Who's Sorry Now?,\" \"Everybody's Somebody's Fool\" and \"Don't Break the Heart That Loves You.\"", "In 1989, Connie Francis resumed her recording and performing career again. For Malaco Records, Francis recorded a double album entitled Where the Hits Are, containing re-recordings of 18 of her biggest hits, as well as six classics of yesteryear Francis had always wanted to record songs such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\" or \"Torn Between Two Lovers\".", "She did manage to get a few records released and one of these, \"There's Still a Few Good Love Songs Left in Me,\" spent a few weeks on the country charts in 1983. Her best-selling biography, Who's Sorry Now?, was published in 1984 and she gradually resumed her performing career while becoming actively involved in the rights of rape victims, advocating and lobbying for policy changes on violent crime through a task force granted her under the administration of President Ronald Reagan. She's become involved in other human rights issues though the years and has continued performing on a regular basis. Connie Francis has survived extreme highs and lows with her spirit intact. She's one of the all-time greats in more ways than one.", "Note -  She is by any standard an international superstar.  Connie Francis was one of the very biggest American recording artist of the last half of the 20th. century.  She was among the first of the Rock era to record in foreign languages, Italian, Spanish, German and Japanese.  She is in the elite of American recording artists which are true Global Artists.  She does not make the Top 25 because she was diagnosed  with Bipolar problems long after her biggest career success. Her career in the United States was huge from 1958 to 1965 but dropped off after that.  She did have success internationally in the years that followed. In 1974 while on tour in New York (state) she was brutally raped and nearly killed. This happened about a year after a miscarriage. In 1977 her aunt was murdered. Then in 1981 her brother was murdered by a Mafia hit man. These four events and stress over her career are believed to have contributed to her being diagnosed with a Bipolar disorder. In the years following treatment she toured and performed for her fans around the world.  She made several appearances in Las Vegas.", "Reviving her father's favorite songs from the '20s and '30s had worked so far, but how long could she stay relevant alternating current teen tunes with the hits of a generation passed? The next single signified a new direction, one she had been considering for some time: recording in her family's native tongue. Turns out the idea and its execution rapidly gained approval with Italian immigrants, a large segment of the U.S. population. As well as their relatives back home. In addition to anyone who had a soft spot for mom, which is just about everyone. For several months she had been performing \"Mama\" at live shows; first written in 1941, the Italian song with added English lyrics hadn't been considered for single release for several reasons including its nearly four minute length. When it was released in early 1960 as a single from the album Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites, the song went top ten while winning over many remaining skeptics as to her vocal range and depth of song selection. It also gave her career a new lease on life...not that she needed one at the time. The LP became the biggest selling of her entire career and laid the basis for a long series of internationally-oriented albums including Spanish and Latin American Favorites, Jewish Favorites and other collections of Irish, German, Hawaiian, several more Italian offerings, and even an album of foreign language standards from a variety of sources.", "in 1962 - Connie Francis went to No.1 on the US singles chart with 'Don't Break The Heart That Loves You', it made No.33 in the UK.", "Connie Francis was born on 12 Dec 1938 in Newark, New Jersey, USA.  She entered talent contests as a young teenager, and even made some records, but did not score her first hit until 1958.  She often recorded older ballads, but usually put a modern Rock 'n' Roll number on the B-side of the discs.  Her record success continued into the early 1960s, but she has continued  performing live, with some long breaks, into the 21st century.", "Bobby saw Connie only twice more after this happened, once when the two were scheduled to sing together for a television show and again later when Connie was spotlighted on the TV series This Is Your Life. Connie has said that not marrying Bobby was the biggest mistake of her life. She used the title words of the song \"My First Real Love,\" (a Darin-Kirshner song she'd recorded and on which Darin had played drums), when she said, \"Well, he was my first real love and I never stopped loving him all my life.\" Connie Francis said too that she and Darin would sometimes go to the Apollo Theater to see artists like James Brown and Ray Charles, 'we were the only white people in the audience', and when Darin did record first for Decca early in 1956 it was a piece of black music, pioneered by the Louisiana songster Leadbelly, \"Rock Island Line\"—though the immediate inspiration was Lonnie Donegan's skiffle version. He sang it that year on the CBS program Stage Show, his TV debut, with the lyrics written on the palms of his hands in case he forgot them, which he did. But the songs recorded at Decca did very little business.[6]", "This was Connie's third hit of the year, and her first American number one.  She had had two chart toppers in the UK during 1958, but it took another two years for her the replicate the feat in her homeland.  She had a further Top 10 hit later in 1960.", "Connie Francis: �My Heart Cries for You� / �If My Friends Could See Me Now� and �I�m a Brass Band� (MGM)", "Connie Francis recorded \"Secret Love\" in a 27 April 1962 session at RCA Italiana Studios (Rome)for her album Connie Francis sings Award Winning Motion Picture Hits. The original version from April 1962, with an arrangement by Geoff Love, was only available in Australia (MGM Records S027592) and New Zealand (MGM Records MCS 5017). All other world-wide releases of that album included a version with a new orchestration recorded in April 1963, with an arrangement by Don Costa.", "It was not until her #7 on the US charts, \"Many Tears Ago,\" later in 1960 when Francis began to record cover versions of her own songs in foreign languages besides German. Over the following years, she eventually expanded her recording portfolio up to 15 languages.", "1938 Birthday - Connie Francis, born in Newark, New Jersey, singer and actress, Where the Boys Are", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist commonly referred to as The Queen of Soul. Although renowned for her soul recordings, Franklin is also adept at jazz, blues, R&B and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time. Franklin is one of the most honored artists by the Grammy Awards, with 18 competitive Grammys to date, and two honorary Grammys. She has scored a total of 20 No. 1 singles on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart, one of which also became her first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100: \"Respect\" (1967). \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" (1987), a duet with George Michael, became her second No. 1 on the latter chart. Since 1961, Franklin has scored a total of 45 \"Top 40\" hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Franklin has the most million-selling singles of any female artist with 14. Franklin has the female record for the most #1 R&B albums. In 1987, Franklin became the first female artist to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Franklin was the only featured singer at the 2009 presidential inauguration for Barack Obama. Franklin was born in Memphis,", "Francis' popularity outside of the US helped to maintain her career, even when her hits were struggling in her home country. She continued to have chart hits into the 1970s in some countries and, even to this day, she remains very popular in European countries, though she no longer records or appears as frequently as she used to do.", "A member of the Brill Building gang of struggling songwriters, Darin was introduced to singer Connie Francis, for whom he helped write several songs. They developed a romantic interest of which her father, who was not fond of Darin, did not approve, and the couple split up. At one point, Darin wanted to elope immediately, and Connie has said that not marrying Darin was the biggest mistake of her life. ", "Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is a pop music singer, gifted with a voice capable of spanning five octaves. She is the only female artist to have a #1 song on the US charts in every year of the 1990's, the most Hot 100 #1's of any female artist in history, and also lays claim to only the second song in history (\"Fantasy\") to debut at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 (the first being Michael Jackson's \"You Are Not Alone\"). With 61 cumulative weeks at #1, she is also the artist with the second-most weeks spent at #1, besting the Beatles by two weeks and falling only behind Elvis Presley (80 weeks).", "Olivia Newton-John, AO, OBE (born 26 September 1948) is a British and Australian singer, songwriter, and actress. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five No. 1 and ten other Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles and two No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. Her music has been successful in multiple genres including pop, country, and adult contemporary and has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide. She co-starred with John Travolta in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Grease, which featured one of the most successful soundtracks in Hollywood history.", "Franklin is one of the most honored artists by the Grammy Awards, with 18 competitive Grammys to date, and two honorary Grammys. She has scored a total of 20 No. 1 singles on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart, one of which also became her first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100: \"Respect\" (1967). \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" (1987), a duet with George Michael, became her second No. 1 on the latter chart. Since 1961, she has scored a total of 45 \"Top 40\" hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She also has the most million-selling singles of any female artist with 14. Between 1967 and 1982 she had 10 #1 R&B albums - more than any other female artist.", "During the 1970s, she was also highly prominent on the pop charts, with Top 10 recordings such as \"The Way We Were\" (US No. 1), \"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)\" (US No. 1), \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" (1979, with Donna Summer), which as of 2010 is reportedly still the most commercially successful duet, (US No. 1), \"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\" (with Neil Diamond) (US No. 1) and \"The Main Event\" (US No. 3), some of which came from soundtrack recordings of her films. As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S. — only Elvis Presley and The Beatles had sold more albums. In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the Barry Gibb-produced Guilty. The album contained the hits \"Woman in Love\" (which spent several weeks on top of the pop charts in the fall of 1980), \"Guilty\", and \"What Kind of Fool\".", "In 1998, Franklin returned to the top 40 with the Lauryn Hill-produced song, \"A Rose Is Still a Rose\", later issuing the album of the same name, which went gold. That same year, Franklin earned international acclaim for her performance of \"Nessun Dorma\" at the Grammy Awards. Her final Arista album, So Damn Happy, was released in 2003 and featured the Grammy-winning song, \"Wonderful\". In 2004, Franklin announced that she was leaving Arista after over 20 years with the label. To complete her Arista obligations, Franklin issued the duets compilation album, Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen, in 2007. The following year, she issued the holiday album, This Christmas, Aretha, on DMI Records.", " – from the Bill Graham archives; requires free login. Franklin's career began experiencing issues while recording the album, Hey Now Hey (The Other Side of the Sky), which featured production from Quincy Jones. Despite the success of the single, \"Angel\", the album bombed upon its release in 1973. Franklin continued having R&B success with songs such as \"Until You Come Back to Me\" and \"I'm in Love\" but by 1975, her albums and songs were failing to become a success. After Jerry Wexler left Atlantic for Warner Bros. Records in 1976, Franklin worked on the soundtrack to the film, \"Sparkle\", with Curtis Mayfield. The album yielded Franklin's final top 40 hit of the decade, \"Something He Can Feel\", which also peaked at number-one on the R&B chart. Franklin's follow-up albums for Atlantic including Sweet Passion, Almighty Fire and La Diva bombed on the charts and in 1979, Franklin opted to leave the company.", "In August, Swift released \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\"âthe lead single from her fourth studio album, Red. An international success, it became her first number-one in the US and New Zealand. The song reached the top slot on an iTunes chart 50 minutes after its release, earning the \"Fastest Selling Single in Digital History\" listing in the Guinness World Records. Swift released the album's second single \"Begin Again\" in October. It reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. Other singles released from the album included: \"I Knew You Were Trouble\", \"22\", \"Everything Has Changed\", \"The Last Time\", and \"Red\". \"I Knew You Were Trouble\" was a major commercial success, peaking at number two in the United States.<br /><br /> Red was released on October 22, 2012, incorporating new genres, such as heartland rock, dubstep and dance-pop. The album was a critical and commercial success, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 1.21 million copies. This marked the highest opening sales in a decade, and made Swift the first female to have two million-selling album openings, a record recognized by Guinness World Records. Promoting the album, Swift embarked on the Red Tour, which ran from March 2013 to June 2014 and grossed over $150 million. Red earned several accolades, including four nominations at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Read Less", "In 1980, after leaving Atlantic Records, Franklin signed with Clive Davis' Arista Records and that same year gave a command performance at the Royal Albert Hall in front of Queen Elizabeth. Franklin also made an acclaimed guest role as a waitress in the comedy musical, The Blues Brothers. Franklin's first Arista album, Aretha, featured the #3 R&B hit, \"United Together\" and her Grammy-nominated cover of Otis Redding's \"I Can't Turn You Loose\". The follow-up, 1981's Love All the Hurt Away, included her famed duet of the title track with George Benson while the album also included her Grammy-winning cover of Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\". Franklin returned to the Gold standard– for the first time in seven years– with the album, Jump to It. Its title track was her first top 40 single on the pop charts in six years.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Constance June Meador, professionally known as Connie Smith (born August 14, 1941 in Elkhart, Indiana, USA) is an American country music artist, who had major success in the 1960s and 70s. She was discovered by country artist, Bill Anderson in 1963 and signed with RCA Victor Records the following year. Within less than a year, Smith moved from being an Ohio housewife to a country artist with the success of her 1964 eight-week number one single, \"Once a...", "Template:Infobox Single Grace Jones covered \"La Vie en rose\" in 1977 for her debut album Portfolio . It was the third and the last single off that album, and at the same time, her first single release on Island Records after having signed with the label.", "Jamaican singer Grace Jones covered \"La Vie en rose\" in 1977 for her debut studio album Portfolio. It was the third and the last single off that album, and at the same time, her first single release on Island Records after having signed with the label.", "* Peggy Lee, who recorded the song in 1966. Her rendition became a hit on the US Easy Listening chart in that year. " ]

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[ "The University of Delaware is located in Newark, Delaware, a quiet, safe, and friendly college town of 30,000 people.", "The University of Delaware (colloquially \"UD\") is the largest university in Delaware. The main campus is in Newark, with satellite campuses in Dover, Wilmington, Lewes, and Georgetown. It is medium-sized – approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students. UD is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant, sea-grant, space-grant and urban-grant state-supported research institution. ", "DSU is located in the historic city of Dover, the capital of Delaware, which has a geographical position at the center of the state. Its close proximity to the city of Philadelphia afforded Caesar Rodney a short horseback ride to sign the Declaration of Independence. The Constitution, the document that continues to protect our nation’s liberty, also declared Delaware as the “The First State” of the new Federal Union.", "The University of Delaware traces its founding to 1743, when Presbyterian minister Francis Alison opened up his \"Free School\" in his home in New London, Pennsylvania. The school changed its name and location several times, ending up as the Academy of Newark in 1769 (chartered by the colonial government). Since Delaware was part of the Pennsylvania colony until 1776, the academy was denied charter as a college in order to prevent its competing with the University of Pennsylvania (then known as the College of Philadelphia). In 1833, the Delaware General Assembly passed \"An Act to Establish a College at Newark\", and the next year, Newark College opened. It changed its name in 1843 to Delaware College and it merged with the Academy of Newark. The school closed from 1859 until 1870 (Newark Academy separated from the college in 1869). It reopened in 1870 due to the support of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts. In 1921, Delaware College was renamed the University of Delaware, and it officially became a coeducational institution in 1945 when it merged with the nearby Women's College of Delaware. ", "      The state's foremost research library is that of the University of Delaware—the Morris Library, located on the university's Newark campus. Among the specialized libraries, the Hagley Library, featuring business and industrial history, and the library division of the Winterthur Museum, specializing in the decorative arts and crafts, are internationally known. The Wilmington Free Library is the largest unit in the consolidated New Castle county library system. The Delaware State Library Commission serves the other counties; most towns also support libraries of their own. The Historical Society of Delaware maintains a research library.", "Delaware is situated on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, with moderate climate year round.", "Dover is home to Delaware State University, a land-grant university and Delaware's only historically black university, and Wesley College. It is also home to the Terry Campus of the Delaware Technical & Community College and that college's administrative offices. Dover also has satellite locations of the University of Delaware and Wilmington University.", "Delaware is a Mid-Atlantic state, located on the east coast of the United States. It is the second smallest state with an area of 1,982 square miles and home to about 935,614 people. It was the first state admitted it the union on December 7, 1787. Delaware's capital city is Dover, while the largest city is Wilmington.", "Delaware is a  state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , to the northeast by New Jersey , and to the north by Pennsylvania .  Delaware is divided into three counties, the lowest number of counties of any state", "The University of Delaware was the first American university to begin a study abroad program, which was later adopted by many other institutions. The program began when Professor Raymond Watson Kirkbride took a group of 9 students to Paris, France during the fall semester of 1923. Since this initial trip, the University of Delaware has expanded its study abroad program, which now encompasses over 80 different programs in more than 40 subjects to over 45 countries making it one of the largest programs in the country. As of 2006–2007, approximately 45% of all Delaware undergraduate students take advantage of study abroad experiences prior to completing their baccalaureate degrees.", "The University of Delaware is celebrating its 50th year this year. The dean of the school writes, “It’s a new day in Delaware and it’s a good one for nurses. The University of Delaware’s ‘Delaware will Shine’ strategic initiative commits the University to Delawareans, diversity, partnership, engagement, and impact, all critical to meeting the challenges of health care in Delaware.”", "Over the years Delaware has been called the chemical capital, the corporate capital, and the credit-card capital of the United States. Its liberal incorporation laws and a Court of Chancery that specializes in the most-complex issues of corporate governance and finance have encouraged many American and foreign businesses to make Delaware their nominal home. The preponderance of the state’s major corporate, banking, and legal enterprise is located in the northern part of the state. Area 2,489 square miles (6,446 square km). Population (2010) 897,934; (2016 est.) 952,065.", "Wilmington (Lenape: Paxahakink, Pakehakink ) is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States, built on the site of Fort Christina, the first Swedish settlement in North America. It is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River, near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River. It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area. Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister in the reign of George II of Great Britain.", "Delaware is in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties, the lowest number of counties of any state. From north to south, the three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.", "Take I-95 North to Delaware Exit 1 — Route 896 North, which becomes South College Avenue at the intersection of Route 4. Continue straight on South College Avenue for about two miles, past such landmarks as the Bob Carpenter/Sports Convocation Center, Delaware Stadium, and the Delaware Field House. The Visitors Center and entrance to Visitors Parking Lot #41 will be on your left. After parking, walk south on South College Avenue about 1/2 block. You will see the Visitors Center on your right. This will be on the corner of Winslow and South College Avenue on a campus map.", "The old statehouse on the green, built in part in 1722 as the county courthouse, has been the capitol since 1777; the green is part of the First State National Monument. Numerous historic houses and sites remain. The state museum is in the Old Presbyterian Church (1790). Delaware State Univ. and Wesley College are the city's noted higher education institutions.", "      Delaware's prosperity depends in large part on its favourable location: 4 of the 10 largest cities in the United States lie within 150 miles (240 km) of Delaware. The state has a diversified economy, with strengths in agriculture, industry, and commerce. Poultry is the state's leading agricultural product. Corn ( maize ) and soybeans are major ancillary crops. Several large chemical companies, including DuPont ( DuPont Company ) and Hercules, and AstraZeneca, a pharmaceutical company, have their home offices and development laboratories in northern Delaware. DuPont, once the largest employer in the state, grew from its beginnings as an explosives maker to invent and produce a variety of chemically based products, notably nylon. DuPont opened the world's first nylon plant in Seaford in 1939. (The company sold its textile fibres division in 2004.)", "      About two-thirds of Delaware's population lives in New Castle county. Wilmington, the largest city, is situated in the area where the Brandywine, Christina, and Delaware rivers come together. The suburbs of Wilmington, including the smaller cities of Newark and New Castle, account for the largest share of the state's population. To the south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which bisects southern New Castle county, the land has a more rural character. Interrupting the farm and woodlands of this flat, relatively low-density area are the city of Dover, together with its suburbs and a U.S. Air Force base, the seashore communities of Rehoboth Beach and Bethany Beach—which attract many retirees—and towns such as Milford , Georgetown , Laurel , Selbyville, and Millsboro.", "* Delaware Bay, an extension of the Delaware River in New Jersey and Delaware, United States", "In Dover, Delaware, the U.S. Constitution is unanimously ratified by all 30 delegates to the Delaware Constitutional Convention, making Delaware the first state of the modern United States.", "2. The capital of Delaware, in the central part of the state. It was founded in 1683 on orders from William Penn.", "Dover was founded as the court town for newly established Kent County in 1683 by William Penn, the proprietor of the territory generally known as the \"Lower Counties on the Delaware.\" Later, in 1717, the city was officially laid out by a special commission of the Delaware General Assembly. The capital of the state of Delaware was moved here from New Castle in 1777 because of its central location and relative safety from British raiders on the Delaware River. Because of an act passed in October 1779, the assembly elected to meet at any place in the state they saw fit, meeting successively in Wilmington, Lewes, Dover, New Castle, and Lewes again, until it finally settled down permanently in Dover in October 1781. The city's central square, known as The Green, was the location of many rallies, troop reviews, and other patriotic events. To this day, The Green remains the heart of Dover's historic district and is the location of the Delaware Supreme Court and the Kent County Courthouse.", "University Gallery on the campus of the University of Delaware has one of the largest amber collections in the world.", "As noted in the Introduction, the University receives funding from a variety of sources as a consequence of its historical origins. Among those sources is the State of Delaware operating budget. In 2006, the proportion of the University's funding coming from this source was 18.6%. , this proportion has decreased to 11.9% as a result of decreasing appropriations.", "   [\"On Friday, Oct. 25, the First Amendment Congress of Delaware will meet at Wilmington College to focus on the most heated issues surrounding the First Amendment ... A panel dealing with academic freedom and 'political correctness' will be moderated by Linda Gottfredson, professor, and Jan Blits, associate professor, both in educational studies, and Larry Nees, a professor of art history.\"]", "The United States Naval Academy (also known as USNA, Annapolis, or simply Navy) is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. Established in 1845 under Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, it is the second oldest of the United States' five service academies, and educates officers for commissioning primarily into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The 338 acre campus is located on the former grounds of Fort Severn at the confluence of the Severn River and Chesapeake Bay in Anne Arundel County, 33 mi east of Washington, D.C. and 26 mi southeast of Baltimore. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to many historic sites, buildings, and monuments. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis.", "Points of interest include the Fort Christina Monument, Hagley Museum, Holy Trinity Church (erected in 1698, the oldest Protestant church in the United States still in use), and Winterthur Museum, in and near Wilmington; central New Castle, an almost unchanged late 18th-century capital; and the Delaware Museum of Natural History.", "A bicycle route, Delaware Bicycle Route 1, spans the north-south length of the state from the Maryland border in Fenwick Island to the Pennsylvania border north of Montchanin. It is the first of several signed bike routes planned in Delaware. ", "The athletic teams at Delaware are known as the Fightin' Blue Hens with a mascot named YoUDee. YoUDee is a Blue Hen Chicken, after the team names and the state bird of Delaware. YoUDee was the 2002 UCA National Mascot Champion, was elected into the mascot hall of fame in 2006, and was the 2009 UCA Open Division Mascot National Champion.", "Sussex Technical High School 17099 County Seat Hwy., Georgetown, DE (located on Rt. 9, just 5 miles west of the Rt. 113 intersection)", "According to the 2010 United States Census, Delaware had a population of 897,934 people. The racial composition of the state was:", "Delaware was the first state to ratify the United States constitution. It did so on December 7, 1787." ]

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[ "George Frideric Handel (German Georg Friedrich Händel), (February 23, 1685 – April 14, 1759) was a German Baroque music composer who lived much of his life in England, a leading composer of concerti grossi, operas and oratorios. His best-known works are Water Music, Music for the Royal Fireworks and especially Messiah, an oratorio set to texts from the King James Bible. He was also deeply influential on many composers after him, including Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.", "John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. In a career that spans six decades, Williams has composed many of the most famous film scores in Hollywood history, including Star Wars, Superman, Home Alone, the first three Harry Potter movies and all but two of Steven Spielberg's feature films including the Indiana Jones series, Schindler's List, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park and Jaws. He also composed the soundtrack for the hit 1960s television series Lost in Space as well as the fanfare of the DreamWorks Pictures' logo.", "John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer , conductor and pianist . He is considered to be one of the greatest and most influential and successful film composers of all time. In a career spanning over six decades, he has composed some of the most recognizable film scores in cinematic history, including the Star Wars saga , Jaws , Superman , the Indiana Jones films, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Home Alone and its sequel , Hook , Jurassic Park , Schindler's List , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse , Lincoln , and the first three Harry Potter films. He has had a long association with director Steven Spielberg , composing the music for all but two ( Duel and The Color Purple ) of Spielberg's major feature films.", "Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March [O.S. 21 March] 1685, Eisenach, Germany – 28 July 1750, Leipzig, Germany) was a virtuoso organist, violinist, violist, harpsichordist and is today better known as a world renowned composer from the Baroque period of Western Classical Music. Admired by countless composers such as Mozart and Beethoven, Bach is described as one of the founding fathers of Classical Music. .", "Burt Freeman Bacharach ( ; born May 12, 1928) is an American composer, songwriter, record producer, pianist, and singer. A six-time Grammy Award winner and three-time Academy Award winner, he is known for his popular hit songs and compositions from the late 1950s through the 1980s, many with lyrics written by Hal David.", "Marion Gordon \"Pat\" Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is an American media mogul, executive chairman, and a former Southern Baptist minister, who generally supports conservative Christian ideals. He presently serves as chancellor and CEO of Regent University and chairman of the Christian Broadcasting Network.", "Johannes Brahms (; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer and pianist. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria. In his lifetime, Brahms's popularity and influence were considerable. He is considered one of the greatest composers in history, and is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the \"Three Bs\", a comment originally made by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow.", "George Gershwin (; September 26, 1898 July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known. Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and An American in Paris (1928) as well as the opera Porgy and Bess (1935).", "The program is broadcast live over most NBC stations from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time seven days a week; a special \"Western Edition\" of the program occasionally features updated information on news stories covered during the original telecast for Pacific Time Zone viewers. Its current theme music, \"The Mission\" (which debuted in 1985) was composed by John Williams.", "His Viola Concerto really launched his career as a classical composer.  It was first performed by Paul Hindemith, a notable composer and viola player, although it was originally intended for Lionel Tertis.  He received further success with his choral cantata Belshazzar’s Feast.  BBC originally commissioned it for a small chorus, orchestra of no more than 15 musicians, and a soloist, but it quickly grew to a larger-scaled ensemble and had to be reprogrammed for the Leeds Festival.  Osbert wrote text for the piece, much of which was pulled from the Old Testament.  It was a major success and today is a significant part of choral repertoire.", "George Glenn Jones (September 12, 1931 – April 26, 2013) was an American musician, singer and songwriter who achieved international fame for his long list of hit records, including his most well known song \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\", as well as his distinctive voice and phrasing. For the last 20 years of his life, Jones was frequently referred to as the greatest living country singer. Country music scholar Bill C. Malone writes, \"For the two or three minutes consumed by a song, Jones immerses himself so completely in its lyrics, and in the mood it conveys, that the listener can scarcely avoid becoming similarly involved.\" Waylon Jennings expressed a similar opinion in his song \"It's Alright\": \"If we all could sound like we wanted to, we'd all sound like George Jones.\" The shape of his nose and facial features earned Jones the nickname \"The Possum.\" ", "in 1898 - Viktor Ullmann, composer, conductor and pianist, is born. Despite the fact that both of his parents had converted to Roman Catholicism before his birth, Ullmann was gassed at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1944.", "Clarence Anicholas Clemons, Jr. (January 11, 1942 – June 18, 2011), also known as The Big Man, was an American musician and actor. From 1972 until his death, he was a prominent member of  Bruce Springsteen ‘s  E Street Band , playing the tenor saxophone. He released several solo albums and in 1985, had a hit single with “You’re a Friend of Mine”, a duet with Jackson Browne. As a guest musician he also featured on Aretha Franklin’s classic “Freeway of Love” and on Twisted Sister’s “Be Chrool to Your Scuel” as well as performing in concert with The Grateful Dead and Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. As an actor Clemons featured in several films, including New York, New York and Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure. He also made cameo appearances in several TV series, including Diff’rent Strokes, Nash Bridges, The Simpsonsand The Wire. Together with his television writer friend Don Reo he published his semi-fictional autobiography told in third person, Big Man: Real Life & Tall Tales, in 2009. Clemons suffered a stroke on June 12, 2011, and died of complications from it on June 18, at 69 years of age.", "17:00 HOSANNA Prepared by Meg Matthews Hymns: God that madeth earth and Heaven; Angel voices; Thou whose almighty word. 7 Alfonso X, El Sabio. The pilgrim of St James. 9 Tabart, P. Te Deum. 11 Psalms: no 84, O how amiable are thy dwellings; no 81, Sing we merrily unto God. 8 Mendelssohn, F. A Lutheran creed: Wir glauben all an einen Gott. 6 The guardian angel; Hymn in praise of the Lord. 5 Rachmaninov, S. Virgin, mother of God, from Vespers, op 37 (1915). 2 18:00 THE BRENDEL LEGACY Prepared by Meg Matthews Mozart, W. Piano concerto no 9 in E flat, K271, Jeunehomme. 34 Piano sonata no 12 in F, K332. 20 19:00 SUNDAY NIGHT CONCERT Prepared by Frank Morrison Kraus, J.M. Overture to Olympie (c1785). 6 Rimsky-Korsakov, N. Suite from The golden cockerel (1909). 27 Dohnányi, E. Symphony no 2 in E, op 40 (1943-44). 50 20:30 NEW HORIZONS Prepared by James Nightingale Peterson, J. Impressions of Shanghai (2010). 5 Ford, A. Willow songs (2009). 18 Thomas, Augusta. In my sky at twilight (2002). 19 Gotkovsky, I. Incandescence. 19 Birtwistle, H. The moth requiem (2012). 19 22:00 AFTER HOURS JAZZ with Kevin Jones", "in 1959 - Robin Milford dies at age 56. English composer born in Oxford; his early compositions met with some success, his Double Fugue Op. 10 winning a Carnegie Prize and being performed by the London Symphony Orchestra under Vaughan Williams. In September 1931 his oratorio A Prophet in the Land Op. 21 was performed in Gloucester Cathedral as part of the Three Choirs Festival - the work was somewhat overshadowed by the splash made by William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast performed the same year. In 1937 a performance of his Concerto Grosso Op. 46 was directed by Malcolm Sargent, and his Violin Concerto Op. 47 was broadcast by the BBC in early 1938. At the outbreak of the Second World War Milford volunteered for the army, and was posted to the Pioneer Corps. After just one week he suffered a breakdown, after treatment he and his family moved to Guernsey. His depression worsened after the death of his mother, and then after the death of his 5 year old son Robin attempted suicide. But not long after his father and his two friends Finzi and Vaughan Williams also died, which made Robin very ill, eventually the severe depression affected his vision and his balance (Robin committed suicide by taking an overdose of aspirin )", "Waylon Arnold Jennings (born June 15, 1937 in Littlefield, Texas, died February 13, 2002 in Chandler, Arizona), was an American country music singer , musician, and actor. A self-taught guitar player, he rose to prominence as a bass player for Buddy Holly following the break-up of The Crickets . He escaped death in the February 3, 1959 plane crash that took the lives of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens , and The Big Bopper when he gave up his seat to the latter. By the 1970s, he had become associated with so-called \"outlaws,\" an informal group of musicians who worked outside of the Nashville corporate scene. A series of duet albums with Willie Nelson in the late 1970s culminated in the 1978 crossover hit, \" Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys \". In 1979, he recorded the theme song for the hit television show The Dukes of Hazzard, and also served as the narrator (\"The Balladeer\") for all seven seasons of the show.", "The son of U.S. Senator A. Willis Robertson, Robertson is a Southern Baptist and was active as an ordained minister with that denomination for many years, but holds to a charismatic theology not traditionally common among Southern Baptists. He unsuccessfully campaigned to become the Republican Party's nominee in the 1988 presidential election. As a result of his seeking political office, he no longer serves in an official role for any church. His media and financial resources make him a recognized, influential, and controversial public voice for conservative Christianity in the United States. ", "Robertson is a devout Christian, a member of and elder at the White's Ferry Road Church of Christ in West Monroe, and is outspoken about his beliefs. He had various personal problems in his 20s including excessive alcohol drinking, causing a separation in the marriage for a period and he credits a subsequent religious awakening for being able to overcome the problems. Robertson opposes abortion and has called it a violation of the Declaration of Independence.[http://www.upi.com/blog/2013/08/22/Phil-Robertson-makes-anti-abortion-speech-VIDEO/2131377201368/ Duck Dynasty's Phil Robertson preaches anti-abortion message - UPI.com] He frequently speaks about the issue during public appearances.", "A Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer with strong roots in minimalism. His best-known works include On the Transmigration of Souls, a choral piece commemorating the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Music), and Shaker Loops, a minimalist four-movement work for strings. His well-known operas include Nixon in China, which recounts Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China, and Doctor Atomic, which covers Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project, and the building of the first atomic bomb.", "composer, conductor, educator, pianist, and television personality. Frist american born conductor of the New York Philharmonic.", "Baring-Gould originally set these words to a tune from the slow movement of Hadyn’s Symphony in D, No. 15. It was first printed the same year it was written, in an English church periodical, the Church Times, and later in several books containing new hymns. It did not receive wide acceptance, however, until Arthur S. Sullivan wrote a new tune for it. This tune, St Gertrude, is the tune that appears in Sullivan’s book, The Hymnal. Paired with the new tune, ‘Onward Christian Soldiers’ literally circled the globe within ten years.", "Remarks to Pat Robertson after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on The 700 Club (13 September 2001)", "Who (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was known as \"The Dean of American Composer\"?", "Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series \"Highway to Heaven\". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the \"Star Spangled Banner\" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events.  He also has at least one album sold nationally", "Which American composer was an insurance salesman who composed as a hobby and won a Pulitzer prize?", "He achieved his greatest popular success with the theme-motto for the television series Mission: Impossible (1966-73), in 5/4 time, for which he received 2 Grammy awards. His adaptation of modern techniques into mass media placed him in the enviable position of being praised by professional musicians. His oratorio The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, featuring realistic excerpts and incorporating an actual recording of Hitler's speech in electronic amplification, was brought out at the Hollywood Bowl on Aug. 3,1967. His other works include a Suite for Trumpet and Brass Orch. (1961), The Ritual of Sound for 15 Instruments (1962), Pulsations for Electronic Keyboard, Jazz Band, and Orch. (Los Angeles, Jan. 21, 1971), Madrigals for the Space Age, in 10 parts, for Narrator and Chorus (Los Angeles, Jan. 15, 1976), Capriccio for Clarinet and Strings (Los Angeles, Nov. 5, 1981), Guitar Concerto (1984), Songs of the Aztecs for Soloist and Orchestra (Teotihuacan, Mexico, Oct. 29, 1988), and 2 pianos concertos, including No. 2, Concerto of the Americas (Washington, D.C., June 11, 1992). He served as music director of the newly organized Paris Phil from 1988.", "Other notable works by Williams include theme music for four Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football , the NBC Nightly News , the Statue of Liberty's rededication , and the television series Lost in Space and Land of the Giants . Williams has also composed numerous classical concerti, and he served as the Boston Pops Orchestra 's principal conductor from 1980 to 1993; he is now the orchestra's conductor laureate .", "Seeger was one of the folksingers most responsible for popularizing the spiritual \"We Shall Overcome\" (also recorded by Joan Baez and many other singer-activists) that became the acknowledged anthem of the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement, soon after folk singer and activist Guy Carawan introduced it at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. In the PBS American Masters episode \"Pete Seeger: The Power of Song\", Seeger stated it was he who changed the lyric from the traditional \"We will overcome\" to the more singable \"We shall overcome\".", "Op.67 - Great Is the Lord, Psalm 48, for Choir & Organ or Orchestra (1910-12, 1913)", "The historian Lisa McGirr points to the early and mid-1960s as the beginning of a “conservative revival,” dubbing religious conservatives to be the “other radicals of the 1960s” and framing the Right as a grassroots social movement during this period. If conservatives can be understood as revolutionaries reacting against the progressive social change movements of the 1960s, then “God Bless America” was their “We Shall Overcome,” used by activists expressing opposition to progressive social movements like school integration, women’s rights, and abortion. In the late 1960s, it was played by the extreme right organization the John Birch Society at a Memorial Day parade in Norwalk, Conn., and became a political anthem for the segregationist politician Lester Maddox, who played it no less than three times at one public event and often proclaimed that he sang it “with all of my heart.”", "The early British colonists of North America brought with them three kinds of music: religious music, folk dances and nursery rhymes. The function of religion music was amplified by the \"camp meetings\" that started in 1801 in Kentucky and rapidly spread throughout the Southeast. Thousands of people would gather to listen to Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist preachers and to worship God with psalms that were descendants of the old Calvinist canon.", "The author of this hymn was an outstanding Presbyterian pastor who wrote it for the Brotherhood Movement within that denomination. It is reminiscent of 1 Corinthians 16:13, \"Be on your guard; stand firm in the faith; be men of courage; be strong.\"" ]

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[ "Lennox Claudius Lewis, CM, CBE, (born 2 September 1965) is a former professional boxer who reigned as the last undisputed world heavyweight champion. He holds dual British and Canadian citizenship. As an amateur he represented Canada at the 1988 Olympics, winning a gold medal in the super-heavyweight division after defeating future world champion Riddick Bowe in the final. As a professional Lewis became undisputed champion by defeating Evander Holyfield, successfully unifiying his WBC title with Holyfield's WBA and IBF titles. Prior to the rematch he was awarded the IBO title. Lewis is regarded by many as one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time, and also one of the greatest British fighters of all time. ", "There had been no undisputed heavyweight champion since 1992, when Riddick Bowe (who had beaten Evander Holyfield, who had beaten Buster Douglas, who had beaten Mike Tyson) abdicated the WBC belt rather than face mandatory challenger Lennox Lewis. Ever since, the title had been fragmented. In March 1999, WBC champion Lewis and WBA/IBF champion Holyfield met to restore unity to the division.", "Lennox Lewis is a Canadian-British former boxer, who was the last man to have been recognized as undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. Lewis was the Olympic champion in the super-heavyweight division at the 1988 Games in Seoul, Korea – representing Canada. He turned professional the following year and won several championships before uniting the belts in 1999. Since his retirement in 2004, Lewis has become a well-known media personality and boxing commentator.", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956. Marciano is the only person to hold the heavyweight title and go untied and undefeated throughout his career. Marciano defended his title six times, against Jersey Joe Walcott , Roland La Starza , Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell , and Archie Moore . He has been ranked by many boxing historians as one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time.", "Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American retired professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles, he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with twelve of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold and only Heavyweight to individually unify the WBA, WBC and IBF titles.", "In the late 1990s Mike Tyson made a comeback, which took an unexpected turn when he was defeated by heavy underdog Evander Holyfield in 1996. In their 1997 rematch, Tyson bit a chunk from Holyfield's ear, resulting in his disqualification; Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year and he was fined US$3 million. Holyfield won two of the three title belts, but lost a final match in 1999 with WBC champion Lennox Lewis, who became undisputed champion.", "Career notes: Considered to have one of the greatest fighting hearts of any boxer. Recognized as greatest champion in history of mostly moribund heavyweight division. Won WBA cruiser belt by split decision against Dwight Muhammad Qawi after a tremendous battle in just 12th pro bout. Later added IBF and WBC belts before moving up to heavyweight. Knocked out Buster Douglas in third round to become heavyweight champion in 1990. Lost title to, and regained it from, Riddick Bowe in 1992 and 1993, respectively, before losing it again to Michael Moorer. Regained WBA belt with stunning 11th-round knockout of Mike Tyson in 1996; Tyson bit off part of his ear en route to disqualification in the rematch. Widely adjudged to have lost March 1999 unification bout with Lennox Lewis officially scored a draw, but lost on scorecards in rematch. Three successive defeats, to Chris Byrd, James Toney and Larry Donald from 2002-04, led to calls for his retirement, but has scored three victories since and continues to campaign for another shot at heavyweight title.", "James \"Buster\" Douglas (born April 7, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1999. He is best known for his stunning upset of Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990 in Tokyo to win the undisputed heavyweight title. At the time Tyson was undefeated and considered to be the best boxer in the world, as well as one of the most feared heavyweight champions in history due to his utter domination of the division over the previous three years. The only casino to make odds for the fight (all others declining to do so as they considered the fight such a foregone conclusion) had Douglas as a 42-to-1 underdog for the fight, making his victory, in commentator Jim Lampley's words, \"The biggest upset in the history of heavyweight championship fights.\" Douglas held the title for eight months and two weeks, losing on October 25, 1990 to Evander Holyfield via third-round knockout, in his only title defense.", "Holyfield had been promised a title shot against Tyson in 1990. Before that fight could occur, in what many consider to be the biggest upset in boxing history, relatively unknown boxer, 29-year old, 231 lb. Buster Douglas defeated the 23-year old, 218 lb. Mike Tyson in ten rounds in Tokyo to become the new Undisputed Heavyweight Champion. Instead of fighting Tyson, Holyfield would be Douglas' first title defence.", "Holyfield had been promised a title shot against Tyson in 1990. Before that fight could occur, in what many consider to be the biggest upset in boxing history, relatively unknown boxer, 29-year old, 231 lb. Buster Douglas defeated the 23-year old, 218 lb. Mike Tyson in ten rounds in Tokyo to become the new Undisputed Heavyweight Champion. Instead of fighting Tyson, Holyfield would be Douglas' first title defense.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (/ˈtaɪsən/; born June 30, 1966) is an American retired professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them. Tyson won gold medals at the 1981 and 1982 Junior Olympic Games, defeating Joe Cortez in 1981 and beating Kelton Brown in 1982. Brown's corner threw in the towel in the first round. He holds the Junior Olympic record for quickest knockout (8 seconds). He won every bout at the Junior Olympic Games by knockout. Notable wins: Larry Holmes, Michael Spinks, Trevor Berbick.", "On June 27, 1988, Tyson faced Michael Spinks . Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via a 15-round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. Holmes had previously given up all but the IBF title, and that was eventually stripped from Spinks after he elected to fight Gerry Cooney (winning by a 5th-round TKO) rather than IBF Number 1 Contender Tony Tucker, as the Cooney fight provided him a larger purse. However, Spinks did become the lineal champion by beating Holmes and many (including Ring magazine) considered him to have a legitimate claim to being the true heavyweight champion. The bout was, at the time, the richest fight in history and expectations were very high. Boxing pundits were predicting a titanic battle of styles, with Tyson’s aggressive infighting conflicting with Spinks’ skillful outfighting and footwork. The fight ended after 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round; many consider this to be the pinnacle of Tyson’s fame and boxing ability. [30] Spinks, previously unbeaten, would never fight professionally again.", "Career notes: Claimed vacant WBC heavyweight title with thrilling 15-round split-decision win over Ken Norton in June 1978, but labored in shadow of the recently retired Muhammad Ali. Ali came out of retirement to challenge him in October 1980, and Holmes dished out a terrible beating until Ali's corner stopped the fight after 10th round. Made 20 defenses of heavyweight crown and ran record to 48-0 before dropping a pair of controversial points decisions to Michael Spinks, after which he briefly retired. Came back in January 1988 to challenge Mike Tyson, but was stopped in fourth round. Came back again in 1991 and fought more or less continuously until 1997. Fought twice more for heavyweight crown, losing on points to Evander Holyfield (June 1992) and Oliver McCall (April 1995). Final bout was glorified carnival sideshow win over Eric \"Butterbean\" Esch in 2002.", "Tyson had recovered the WBC and WBA Heavyweight Championship and, after being stripped of the WBC title for not facing Lennox Lewis, defended the WBA title against Holyfield on November 9 of that year. Tyson was heavily favored to win, but Holyfield made history by defeating Tyson in an 11th round TKO. This was the third occasion on which Holyfield won the WBA Heavyweight title. However, the fight was not recognized as being for the Lineal championship, which was held by George Foreman at the time.[12]", "Mike Tyson knocked out Trevor Berbick in the second round in 1986 to become the youngest heavyweight champion in the history of professional boxing. Mike Tyson dominated his way through heavyweight ranks with his tremendous punching power. His ability to overpower his opponent was like none we have ever seen in the sport.", "Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he embarked on an ambitious campaign to fight all the top heavyweights in the world. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. [23] 'Tyson mania' in the media was becoming rampant. [24] He beat Pinklon Thomas in May with a knockout in the sixth round. [25] On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision. [26] He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF – at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympics Super Heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by knockout in the seventh round. [27]", "Career notes: First to win heavyweight championship of the world three times. Was banned from the ring for three years for refusing induction into the armed forces during the Vietnam War. After ban was lifted, lost to Joe Frazier in \"Fight of the Century\" in 1971, but stunned George Foreman to regain belt in 1974. Lost title to, and regained it from, Leon Spinks in 1978. Three of defeats came in last four bouts, including two in an ill-advised emergence from retirement, against Larry Holmes and Trevor Berbick, at 38. Transcended the sport unlike any other boxer. Reinvented the way heavyweights were supposed to fight, deploying a speed and athleticism that was previously unheard of; also alternately bedazzled and appalled America and the world with charisma, showmanship and braggadocio. Viewed progressively over the years as loudmouth, villain, hero and finally a figure of pathos. Remains for many the definition of a champion.", "After that fight, he announced he was moving up in weight to pursue the world heavyweight crown held by Tyson. His first fight as a Heavyweight took place on July 16, when he beat former Tyson rival James \"Quick\" Tillis by a knockout in five, in Lake Tahoe, Nevada (Tillis had gone the distance with Tyson). For his third and final bout of '88, he beat former world heavyweight champion Pinklon Thomas , also by knockout, in seven rounds.", "Tyson had recovered the WBC and WBA Heavyweight Championship and, after being stripped of the WBC title for not facing Lennox Lewis, defended the WBA title against Holyfield on November 9 of that year. Tyson was heavily favored to win, but Holyfield made history by defeating Tyson in an 11th round TKO. This was the third occasion on which Holyfield won the WBA Heavyweight title. However, the fight was not recognized as being for the Lineal championship, which was held by George Foreman at the time. ", "George Foreman (born January 10, 1949 in Marshall, TX) is a former heavyweight boxing champion turned businessman. At age 19, he won the gold medal in boxing at the 1968 Olympics. In 1973 he won the World Heavyweight title against then-undefeated Joe Frazier in 1973 with a second-round knockout He made two successful title defenses before losing to Muhammad Ali in “The Rumble in the Jungle” in 1974, after putting up one of the most epic boxing matches of all time before going down in an eighth round knockout. He retired from the sport in 1978, but made an improbable comeback in 1994 when at age 45 ,he regained the Heavyweight Championship by knocking out 27-year-old Michael Moorer. making him the oldest Heavyweight champ in boxing history. He went on to spend 12 years working as a boxing analyst for HBO and became a successful entrepreneur with his line of fat reducing George Foreman Grills, which earned him over $100 million.", "When Mike Tyson was just 20 years old he held all three major world boxing titles. He remains the sole heavyweight boxer to concurrently hold all three at titles. After twice biting Evander Holyfield’s ears in a match in 1997 he was temporarily suspended from boxing in the United States and fined $3 million. Since retiring in 2005, “Iron Mike” Tyson has made various commercial and movie appearances.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942) is a retired American boxer and three-time World Heavyweight Champion , who is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time. As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. After turning professional, he went on to become the first boxer to win the lineal heavyweight championship three times.", "After beating Ali in 1981 in an unanimous decision in the Bahamas, Berbick went on to win the WBC heavyweight title fours years later in a decision over Pinklon Thomas. His reign was short, however, as a 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocked out Berbick in the second round Nov. 22, 1986, to become the youngest heavyweight champ.", "After Lewis retired, Klitschko established himself as the premier heavyweight in boxing. He stopped Kirk Johnson, Corrie Sanders and Danny Williams in succession to set up a showdown with former heavyweight champion Hasim Rahman, a huge promotion that was slated for pay-per-view in the United States in 2005.", "Mike Tyson is a retired boxer and a former WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight champion. In his 58-fight career, Tyson won 50 of those matches, 44 of them by KO. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2011.", "On June 11, 2005, Tyson stunned the boxing world by quitting before the start of the seventh round in a close bout against journeyman Kevin McBride . After losing the third of his last four fights, Tyson said he would quit boxing because he no longer had “the fighting guts or the heart anymore.” [100]", "Following ten successful title defences, Spinks moved up to heavyweight and as underdog beat the long-reigning IBF heavyweight champion Larry Holmes ; in doing so, Spinks became the first reigning light-heavyweight champion to win the heavyweight title. In his final fight, Spinks was knocked out by Mike Tyson , the only defeat of his professional career.", "Who defeated Mike Tyson in February 1990 and became Heavyweight Champion of The World, despite being 42-1 to win the fight?", "He was the undisputed heavyweight champion from 1987 to 1990. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "He is the youngest ever boxer to become world heavyweight champion at 20 years old when he knocks out Trevor Berbick in 1986, bagging the WBC strap after scoring multiple knockdowns against an overwhelmed Berbick. Then in 1987, he bagged the WBA and IBF belts scoring decisions over James Smith and Tony Tucker. This made him the first boxer to unify the WBA, IBF and WBC titles.", "* On November 26, 1986 Mike Tyson became the youngest boxing Heavyweight Champion in history at age 20." ]

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[ "Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie left the country and went into exile in Djibouti following Ethiopia’s invasion by Italy", "With the rise of the dictator Benito Mussolini, Italian designs toward Ethiopia were revived, and in October 1935 Italy invaded the country (see Italy: The Ethiopian Campaign). An attempt by the League of Nations to halt the conquest failed. Ad�s Abeba fell to the invaders, and in May 1936 Mussolini proclaimed Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III emperor of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie was forced to flee the country and take refuge in England, but he was restored to the throne by British and Ethiopian forces in 1941.", "In an effort to create an Italian Empire – or as supporters called it, the New Roman Empire [1]  – Italy set its sights on Ethiopia with an invasion that was carried out rapidly. Historians are still divided about the reasons for the attack on Ethiopia in 1935. Some Italian historians such as Franco Catalano and Giorgio Rochat argue that invasion was an act of social imperialism , contending that the Great Depression had badly damaged Mussolini's prestige, and that he needed a foreign war to distract public opinion. [2] Other historians such as Pietro Pastorelli have argued that the invasion was launched as part of an expansionist program to make Italy the main power in the Red Sea area and the Middle East. [2] A middle way interpretation was offered by the American historian MacGregor Knox who argued that the war was started for both foreign and domestic reasons, being both a part of Mussolini's long-range expansionist plans and was also intended to give Mussolini a foreign policy triumph that would allow him to push the Fascist system in a more radical direction at home. [2] Italy's forces were far superior to the Abyssinian forces, especially in air power, and they were soon victorious. Emperor Haile Selassie was forced to flee the country, with Italy entering the capital Addis Ababa to proclaim an empire by May 1936, making Ethiopia part of Italian East Africa. [3]", "4. Ethiopia During the Italian Invasion of Abyssinia (1935-1936) was under the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie (translated into: Power of the Trinity)[4], whereas Italy was under the rule of Mussolini. It was sparked by a small border conflict 80 miles within the Italian Somaliland-Ethiopian border (Ethiopian Side) at an Italian outpost of Welwel in the Ogaden desert [5]", "Italy , under Mussolini, invaded Abyssinia (now Ethiopia ) in 1935, in an attempt to colonise it.  This action was condemned by the League of Nations, but little was done to prevent it or to liberate Italian occupied Ethiopia. ", "When Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, Haile Selassie led the resistance, but in May 1936 he was forced into exile. He appealed for help from the League of Nations in a memorable speech that he delivered to that body in Geneva on June 30, 1936. With the advent of World War II, he secured British assistance in forming an army of Ethiopian exiles in the Sudan . British and Ethiopian forces invaded Ethiopia in January 1941 and recaptured Addis Ababa several months later. Although he was reinstated as emperor, Haile Selassie had to recreate the authority he had previously exercised. He again implemented social, economic, and educational reforms in an attempt to modernize Ethiopian government and society on a slow and gradual basis.", "In 1931 the new emperor began to develop a written constitution (a system of basic laws of a country) to symbolize his interest in modernization and intention to increase the power of the government, which had been weakening since the death of Menilek. Haile Selassie's efforts were cut short, however, when Benito Mussolini's (1883–1945) Italy invaded the country in 1935. The Italian military used superior weaponry, airplanes, and poison gas to crush the ill-fated resistance led by the emperor. After the invasion, a fascist regime (a country under the control of an all-powerful ruler) occupied the country and marked the first loss of national independence in recorded Ethiopian history. In 1936 Haile Selassie went into exile, meaning he was forced out of the country. While in England he unsuccessfully went to the League of Nations for help.", "Over 400,000 Italian troops fought in Ethiopia . The poorly armed Ethiopians were no match for Italy's modern tanks and aeroplanes. The Italians even used mustard gas on the home forces and were able to capture Addis Ababa, the capital of the country, in May 1936, forcing Emperor Haile Selassie to flee to England .", "Emperor Haile Selassie was ruler of Ethiopia from 1930 until 1974, when his own guards) dethroned him.  It was Haile Selassie, he was not a fascist dictator, and he united Ethiopia when the fascist forces of Italy aggressed upon Ethiopia.  Selassie appealed to the League of Nations because Ethiopia could not win against Italy, so he tried to solve the matter peacefully.  Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations Assembly in 1936 by stating that Italy had violated international treaties.  The League of Nations did nothing to help Ethiopia; therefore Italy then occupied the country as a new territory.  Because of this outside aggression Haile Selassie was able to unify Ethiopia.  All of the various ethnic groups of Ethiopia put aside their differences fight fascist Italy.  This unification was used as a survival method for Ethiopia and after five years of occupation Ethiopia emerged a new nation-country. Haile Selassie benefited more from loosing than Italy did from winning.  This is one positive thing brought about by Mussolini and fascism.  ", "Italy had a small colony in Eritrea, adjacent to Abyssinia.  Mussolini made claims that Haile Selassie was about to invade Eritrea.  Troops were mobilized.  Then on 5 December 1934, a border incident provided justification for invading Abyssinia.   Italian troops were eager to join up and fulfill Italian's destiny.  After the rainy season was over, Mussolini addressed a crowd in Rome on 2 Ocoter 1935 in a firey speech.  The next day, Italy invaded Abyssinia with their 100,000 infantry supported by armor, aircraft and gas attacks against a force that were largely armed with old rifles and spears.  Within 4 months, Abyssinia had fallen and King Selassie had fled the country.  On 9 May, Mussolini again stood on the balcony of Palazzo Venezia in Rome and proclaimed that the defeat of Adowa(1896) had been avenged.  He was drowned out by thunderous cheers: \"Duce!  Duce!  Duce!\".  This marked the peak of Mussolini's popularity with his countrymen.   He eventually merged Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into one state; the Italian East Africa (AOI - Africa  Orientale Italiana).", "Britain's declaration of war against Italy reinvigorated the Patriot movement and paved the way for the final ousting of the Italians in Ethiopia and in the Horn of Africa. The Allied liberation campaign of Ethiopia began in the winter of 1940. Emperor Haile Selassie, with the support and cooperation of the British, was transported to the Sudan to work alongside Major Orde Wingate to organize and lead the main Ethiopian Patriot divisions that had fled fascist-controlled Ethiopia upon news of Britain's declaration of war. ", "On 18 January 1941, during the East African Campaign, Haile Selassie crossed the border between Sudan and Ethiopia near the village of Um Iddla. The standard of the Lion of Judah was raised again. Two days later, he and a force of Ethiopian patriots joined Gideon Force which was already in Ethiopia and preparing the way. Italy was defeated by a force of the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations, Free France, Free Belgium, and Ethiopian patriots. On 5 May 1941, Haile Selassie entered Addis Ababa and personally addressed the Ethiopian people, five years to the day since his 1936 exile:", "      On 12 September 1974, Haile Selassie [23 Jul 1892 – 26 Aug 1975], the emperor of Ethiopia since 01 April 1930, was deposed in a military coup. Ethiopia�s new rulers set up a Marxist regime, executed thousands of their political opponents, and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union. War with Somalia and severe droughts during the 1980s brought famine to the Ethiopian people, leading to considerable internal strife and independence movements in the regions of Eritrea and Tigre.", "Menelik embarked on a program of 'modernisation', continued by the next emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie. Ironically, it was precisely the destructive potential of modern technology that enabled Mussolini, in 1935, to effect a nationalist redemption of the defeat of Adowa by successfully invading Ethiopia, whose army was ill prepared for the modern European warfare of air power and mustard gas. Haile Selassie escaped to England just before Addis Ababa fell; but despite Ethiopia's membership of the League of Nations, it seems that the Allied powers, in their attempts to woo Mussolini away from Hitler, effectively did little to challenge this act of aggression.", "The Second Italo–Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ). The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI); in addition, it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League's own Article X . [27]", "After the 1941 military ejection of the Italians by British Commonwealth troops with the support of Ethiopian resistance, Haile Selassie returned to his empire. It was only in 1953, however, that the British Military Administration came to an end. Despite British assistance, in the form of aircraft from Aden, in putting down a Tigrayan rebellion in 1943, Haile Selassie had been stung by his host's duplicity during World War II, and the Americans, instead, now secured a strong foothold in this region. The British had leased to the US a highly strategic communications base - Kagnew (formerly Italian radio station \"Radio Marina\"), in Asmara, Eritrea's capital - in 1942, and the Emperor, on the lookout for a reliable and powerful friend, had found one. If the US wanted to maintain a military presence in Eritrea, Haile Selassie wanted substantial military input with a view to securing sea access, through Eritrea, for his otherwise landlocked empire, and to rescue his autocratic imperial pride.", "The crossing was made some 450 miles (720 km) northwest of Addis Ababa, the capital Emperor Selassie had been forced to flee when the Italian General Pietro Badoglio captured the city from the Ethiopians on 5 May 1936 during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War .", "At the outbreak of the Second World War , Emperor Haile Selassie was in exile in England trying, though in vain, to obtain Allied support for his nation’s cause. The Ethiopian Patriots Movement had begun its guerilla war against the occupying Italian forces the very day Addis Ababa fell in May 1936.", "While in exile in England, Haile Selassie had sought to gain the support of the Western democracies for his cause. But he had little success until World War II broke out. During that war, the British and the Ethiopian Emperor sought to cooperate with Ethiopian and other local forces in a campaign to dislodge the Italians from Ethiopia. Haile Selassie went to Khartoum, where he established closer liaison with both the British headquarters and the resistance forces within Ethiopia.", "Deserted by Britain and France, Ethiopia fell to Italian arms shortly after the Fascist invasion began on Oct. 2, 1935. By April, 1936, the conflict (\"This isn't a war, it isn't even a slaughter,\" a British eyewitness said. \"It's the torture of tens of thousands of men, women and children with bombs and poison gas\") was over. On May 2 Haile Selassie went into exile.", "His continued efforts toward modernization and centralizing power were cut short in 1935. Mussolini, the Italian fascist leader, was eager to avenge his country’s 1895 defeat by Menelik and enhance his belligerent image. He dispatched a 250,000-man modern army equipped with superior weaponry, airplanes, and poison gas to invade and conquer Ethiopia. It was the first exhibition of the fascist aggression that would eventually lead to World War II. Defeated, Emperor Haile Selassie fled his country in 1936, appealing without success to the League of Nations for assistance before going into exile in England. Ethiopia had lost its independence for the first time in recorded history.", "In the first loss of Ethiopian independence in its long history, tens of thousands of Ethiopians were killed as the Italian army employed poison gas and other modern atrocities to suppress the country. By the end of 1936, the Italian conquest of Ethiopia was complete. Ethiopia's leader, Emperor Haile Selassie, went into exile but returned in 1941, when British and Ethiopian troops liberated the country. Ignoring the British occupation authorities, Selassie quickly organized his own government.", "1892: Birth of Ras Tafari Makonnen, Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia. He modernized his country, but went into exile when the Italians invaded in 1936. Ethiopia was liberated by British and Ethiopian forces in 1941, whereupon he returned and resumed his position.", "From 1936 to the start of World War II Mussolini controlled much of Ethiopia, but a guerrilla war raged in some areas of Ethiopia still controlled by clans linked to Selassie (who was exiled in Great Britain", "In early 1941 British forces, aided by the heroic Ethiopian resistance, freed the country from Italian control, enabling Haile Selassie to triumphantly reenter his capital in May. The Italian colonial administration, backed by force and with a vastly improved road network, meant that the emperor returned to find a great deal of his government's independence had been destroyed, leaving him in certain ways stronger than before he left.", "1941: Haile Selassie returned in triumph after five years to his capital in Addis Ababa after British and Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians.", "Amha Selassie became Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen of Ethiopia when his father was crowned Emperor on 2 November 1930. Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen was granted the title of Meridazmach and the province (former kingdom) of Wollo to rule as his fief. He was married to Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum, great-granddaughter of Emperor Yohannis IV, and had a daughter, Princess Ijigayehu. Following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, the Crown Prince and Princess went into exile with the rest of the Imperial family. They separated around 1938, and eventually divorced in 1941.", "As regent to Empress Zauditu from 1916 to 1930, and afterward as monarch, Haile Selassie had worked to reform the economy, government, communications, and military. His success was recognized early, on Sept. 28, 1923, when Ethiopia entered the League of Nations . These achievements presaged a modern Ethiopian state that would block Rome’s colonial plans and perhaps even undermine its position in the Horn of Africa. The potential threat of such a state, as well as considerations of European politics, led to the Italo-Ethiopian War , which began in the Ogaden, in December 1934, with a confrontation between Italian and Ethiopian soldiers at the water holes of Welwel.", "Mengistu Haile Mariam flees to Zimbabwe after it becomes apparent that the EPRDF rebels closed in on the capital Addis Ababa ending the Derg's 17-year socialist rule.", "Rule in Italian East Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland) was harsh for the native peoples, especially towards Ethiopians as Fascist policy sought to destroy their culture. In February 1937, following an assassination attempt on Italian East Africa's Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani , Graziani ordered Italian soldiers to raid the famous Ethiopian monastery Debre Libanos where the would-be assassins had briefly taken refuge and had the monks and nuns in the monastery executed. [1] Afterwards, Italian soldiers pillaged native settlements in Addis Ababa , which resulted in hundreds of Ethiopians being killed and their homes left burned to the ground. [1] [2]", "In 1974 a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime of Mengistu Hailemariam was finally toppled by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), in 1991.", "On 19 February 1937, a failed assassination attempt against Graziani occurred. During a public ceremony at the Viceregal Palace in Addis Ababa (the former Imperial residence), Abraha Deboch and Moges Asgedom attempted to kill Graziani with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fired indiscriminately into the crowd of civilian onlookers. Over the following weeks the colonial authorities executed about 30,000 persons in retaliation—including about half of the younger, educated Ethiopian population. [59] This period of atrocities came to be known as Yekatit 12 (the Ethiopian calendar date equivalent to 19 February)." ]

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[ "The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 1951 American science fiction film that tells the story of a humanoid alien visitor who comes to visit the Earth with a warning, accompanied by his powerful robot, \"Gort\". Robert Wise directed this film, and its leading actors and actresses were Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Sam Jaffe, and Hugh Marlowe. \"Gort\" is also a primary character in this motion picture, but he is portrayed as a completely mechanical man. The writer of The Day the Earth Stood Still, Edmund H. North, based his screenplay on Harry Bates's short story \"Farewell to the Master\" (1940).", "The Day the Earth Stood Still (aka Farewell to the Master and Journey to the World) is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction film from 20th Century Fox, produced by Julian Blaustein, directed by Robert Wise, and starring Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Hugh Marlowe and Sam Jaffe. The Day the Earth Stood Still was written by Edmund H. North, based on the 1940 science fiction short story \"Farewell to the Master\" by Harry Bates. The notable score was composed by Bernard Herrmann. ", "The classic science-fiction film \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" debuted during September of 1951 in New York. The film told the story of an alien and his robot who traveled to Earth to deliver an important message to humankind. \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" was praised by critics and considered to be one of the best movies to be released that year. It was directed by Robert Wise who is also known for directing popular films like 1961's \"West Side Story\" and 1965's \"The Sound of Music.\" In 1995 the film was chosen for preservation by the Library of Congress.", "In the first part of her film career, her most impressive roles were in The Fountainhead (1949), opposite Gary Cooper , with whom she had three-year-long love affair, and in director Robert Wise 's sci-fi classic, The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), which she made at 20th Century-Fox. Warners hadn't been thrilled with her and let her go before her contract was up, so she signed with Fox. Her film career stagnating, she returned to Broadway and achieved the success that eluded her in films, appearing in the revival of Hellman's play, The Children's Hour (1961), in 1952. She met and married the writer, Roald Dahl , in 1953, and they would have five children in 30 years of marriage.", "The Day the Earth Stood Still is ranked seventh in Arthur C. Clarke's list of the best science fiction films of all time, just above Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, which Clarke himself co-wrote.", "* September 28 – 20th Century Fox releases the Robert Wise science fiction film, The Day the Earth Stood Still.", "Gort is a fictional humanoid robot in the 1951 movie The Day the Earth Stood Still. The giant metal robot accompanies Klaatu, a visitor to Earth from a distant planet, aboard a flying saucer. He does not speak, but uses a beam weapon projected from beneath a visor to vaporize weapons and obstacles. Klaatu described him as being part of an interstellar police force. He claims that the people of the universe constructed numerous robots like Gort and gave them irrevocable powers to respond to violent actions in order to “preserve the peace.” He further claims that “There’s no limit to what [Gort] could do. He could destroy the Earth.” The character was based loosely on Gnut, a giant green robot from outer space in “Farewell to the Master”, a 1940 short story by Harry Bates which was used as the basis for Edmund H. North’s screenplay. [ More ]", "Edmund H. North, who wrote The Day the Earth Stood Still, also created the alien language used in the film, including the iconic phrase \"Klaatu barada nikto\". The official spelling for the phrase comes directly from the script (as shown in the image to the left) and provides insight as to its proper pronunciation.", "This is one of the mythically-themed fantasy films scored by Bernard Herrmann. Apart from being the composer's fourth collaboration with Ray Harryhausen (The 7th Voyage of Sinbad, The Three Worlds of Gulliver, and Mysterious Island, made in 1958, 1960, and 1961 respectively), Herrmann also scored the science fiction films The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) and Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959).", "In 1949, Neal made her film debut in John Loves Mary. Her appearance the same year in The Fountainhead coincided with her on-going affair with her married co-star, Gary Cooper. Later she co-starred with Michael Rennie in The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).", "The breathtaking, richly eloquent, and visually-poetic film - deliberately filmed at a slow pace - about space travel and the discovery of extra-terrestrial intelligence (many years before Star Wars (1977) , Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) , and E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982) ), was based on the published 1951 short story The Sentinel, written in 1948 by English science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke. Its original screenplay was co-authored by director Stanley Kubrick and Clarke from an expanded novelization, and the film was originally titled Journey Beyond the Stars. The film's title was chosen because it was the first year of the new Millenium and of the next century. The film was also strongly influenced by director George Pal's Conquest of Space (1955), and was similar in some plot elements that were referenced by Kubrick. Three months after the film made its debut, Clarke published a novel based upon the film's screenplay.", "Patricia Neal was an Academy Award-winning actress known on screen for her husky voice and the quiet strength she brought to roles in such acclaimed films as Hud (1963) and The Fountainhead (1949) and the sci-fi classic The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).", "On March 20, 1952, the Academy Awards for 1951 were announced. Best Film was awarded to An American in Paris, Best Director to George Stevens for A Place in the Sun, Best Actor to Humphrey Bogart for The African Queen, Best Actress to Vivien Leigh for A Streetcar Named Desire, Best Supporting Actor to Karl Malden for A Streetcar Named Desire, and Best Supporting Actress to Kim Hunter for A Streetcar Named Desire.", "Sir David Lean CBE (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor best remembered for big-screen epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984); for bringing Charles Dickens’s novels to the silver screen with films such as Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948); and for the renowned romantic drama Brief Encounter (1945).", "Featuring state-of-the-art visual effects and seamless model miniatures, The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), was also the first science-fiction film to feature \"flying saucers\" and the first true robot, Gort.", "Sir David Lean, CBE (25 March 1908 - 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor, best remembered for big-screen epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Doctor Zhivago (1965). He is also known for the Dickens adaptations of Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948), as well as the romantic drama Brief Encounter (1945).", "One must wonder how aliens might communicate with humans when and if they arrive on Earth. In the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still, the extraterrestrial Klaatu (Michael Rennie) introduces himself... ( more )", "The onset of US involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films as both patriotism and propaganda. American propaganda films included Desperate Journey, Mrs. Miniver, Forever and a Day and Objective Burma. Notable American films from the war years include the anti-Nazi Watch on the Rhine (1943), scripted by Dashiell Hammett; Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Hitchcock's direction of a script by Thornton Wilder; the George M. Cohan biopic, Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), starring James Cagney, and the immensely popular Casablanca, with Humphrey Bogart. Bogart would star in 36 films between 1934 and 1942 including John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), one of the first films now considered a classic film noir. In 1941, RKO Pictures released Citizen Kane made by Orson Welles. It is often considered the greatest film of all time. It would set the stage for the modern motion picture, as it revolutionized film story telling.", "Edward Frederick Lindley Wood was known as Baron Irwin from 1925 and Viscount Halifax from 1934, before inheriting his father's title and becoming the third Earl of Halifax in 1944. He served in the cabinets of four prime ministers, was the Viceroy of India from 1926 until 1929 and became chairman of the General Advisory Council to the BBC in 1947. He also features as a character in the film adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro's novel 'The Remains of the Day' (played by Peter Eyre) and in Richard Attenborough's epic film 'Gandhi', where he was portrayed by Sir John Gielgud.", "A SPACE ODYSSEY, by Stanley Kubrick is released. This film contained the first major use of motion control animation (which John Whitney invented and first used it commercially in Hitchcock’s VERTIGO)", " 2008 The Day the Earth Stood Still (writer: \"The Goldberg Variations: Aria Da Capo and Variation No. 1\")", "The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008, remake of \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" from 1951)", "Malcolm Howard (April 30, 1987) \"The Day the Earth Stood Still - On Film, Anyway\", The Record , p. B08.", "Availability: The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) is widely available on DVD and Blu-ray. Currently, it’s streaming for free on Netflix and Amazon Prime, or for a modest rental fee on other streaming platforms.", "Cult Classic The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) had lots of these, although it sounded more like the piano was being dropped off a building.", "Darryl F. Zanuck produced the 178 minute documentary drama The Longest Day (1962), based on the first day of the D-Day landings, achieving commercial success and Oscars. It was followed by large-scale but thoughtful films like Andrei Tarkovsky's Ivan's Childhood (1962), and quasi-documentary all-star epics filmed in Europe such as Battle of the Bulge (1965), Battle of Britain (1969), The Battle of Neretva (1969), Midway (1976) and A Bridge Too Far (1977). In Lawrence Suid's view, The Longest Day \"served as the model for all subsequent combat spectaculars\". However, its cost also made it the last of the traditional war films, while the controversy around the help given by the U.S. Army and Zanuck's \"disregard for Pentagon relations\" changed the way that Hollywood and the Army collaborated.", "Cult Classic The Day the Earth Stood Still had lots of these, although it sounded more like the piano was being dropped off a building.", "High Noon is a 1952 American Western Drama film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Gary Cooper. In nearly real time, the film tells the story of a town marshal forced to face a gang of killers by himself. The screenplay was written by Carl Foreman. The film won four Academy Awards (Actor, Editing, Music-Score, Music-Song) and four Golden Globe Awards (Actor, Supporting Actress, Score, Cinematography-Black and White). The award-winning score was written by Russian-born composer Dimitri Tiomkin.", "Holden collected his first Academy Award in the Best Actor category for 1953’s Stalag 17, also helmed by Wilder. Holden played a bitter American soldier at a World War II German POW camp who is suspected of being a spy. During the 1950s, Holden also appeared in such hit films as Born Yesterday (1950), with Judy Holliday; Sabrina (1954) with Audrey Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart; Executive Suite (1954), with Barbara Stanwyck, Fredric March and June Allyson; The Country Girl (1954), with Bing Crosby and Grace Kelly; The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1954), with Kelly, March and Mickey Rooney; Picnic (1955), with Kim Novak; Love is a Many-Splendored Thing (1955), with Jennifer Jones, and The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), with Alec Guinness and Jack Hawkins.", "The Day the Earth Stood Still is a totally uninvolving, completely unnecessary remake -- an idea that should have just stayed in the vault.", "* The Longest Day, a 1962 film based on the book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan", "When I was eleven years old, my mother took me to see The Longest Day, the best movie ever made about June 6, 1944. Yes, Saving Private Ryan has that epic scene, but it is isolated. Longest Day tells the entire story, better than anyone has done before or since. And the actor who stole the picture, for me was Robert Mitchum, who played Brigadier General Norman Cota. If there was one character who sent chills up my spine, it was this one. I kept asking, for years after, who was this guy?" ]

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[ "The Left Hand of Darkness is a science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin, published in 1969. The novel became immensely popular; in 1970 it won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards as the year's \"best novel\", and established Le Guin's status as a major author of science fiction.", "The Left Hand of Darkness, science-fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin , published in 1969. The book, set on a frigid planet called Gethen, or Winter, is a vehicle for Le Guin’s Daoist view of the complementary nature of all relationships. Gethen is inhabited by a race of androgynous humans who may change sexual roles during monthly estrus periods, so at different times any individual may be either a mother or a father. The plot is interspersed with anthropological comments on the Gethenians as well as extracts from their own folklore and philosophy and follows the exploits of Genly Ai, the first ambassador to Gethen from the Ekumen (the league of known worlds), who with the aid of Estraven, a sympathetic Gethenian, attempts to bring the peoples of Gethen into the Ekumen.", "1969. Ursula K. LeGuin ’s Hainish science fiction adventure The Left Hand of Darkness. A much-admired novel set on a frozen planet whose denizens are neither female nor male: they have gender identities and sexual urges only once a month. When a Terran envoy, Genly Ai, and an exiled native politician, Estraven, escape from a prison together, they battle snow and ice together; and as Estraven changes from male to female, Ai questions the binary assumptions that structure his own worldview. Harold Bloom said, of this book: “Le Guin, more than Tolkien, has raised fantasy into high literature, for our time.”", "The Left Hand of Darkness may not be an easy book to read for readers accustomed to linear writing. In linear writing the plot develops chronologically along a straight line. LeGuin's writing is anything but linear. It is circular or spiral and multi-levelled, making diversions and side-trips to the past, and further even, to ancient times, to myths and legends of her invented planet.", "14. Read Joanna Russ's novel The Female Male and compare it - theme, plot, handling of ideas, use of language-with The Left Hand of Darkness.", "Upon consideration, my knee was jerking; my bad. I have heard LeGuin praised to the skies a few too many times. Yes, The Left Hand of Darkness, yes — but nobody ever brings up that long shelf of later, crappier work, or discusses what it says about her as a writer.", "Here was a glimpse of LeGuin the person, after all. It was typical of her, putting her writing aside and throwing herself into a social or political cause she believes in. In the 1960s she became involved in the peace demonstrations and campaigned for Eugene McCarthy and then George McGovern in their primaries. Her political activities in the peace movement led to a short novel, The Eye of the Heron, and to The Word for World Is Forest, and then to The Left Hand of Darkness, considered by many to be her best work.", "Joanne \"Jo\" Rowling, (; born 31 July 1965), pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold more than 400 million copies. They have become the best-selling book series in history and been the basis for a series of films which is the second highest-grossing film series in history. Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and maintained creative control by serving as a producer on the final instalment. ", "Edgar Allan Poe (; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.", "John Updike, in The New Yorker (June 23, 1980), under the title \"Imagining Things,\" dedicates two full pages to LeGuin. He accredits her writing with \"mainstream tact, color, and intelligence.\" Like Ray Bradbury and Kurt Vonnegut, she has recently \"entered what is hailed as 'mainstream fiction'.\" He calls The Left Hand of Darkness \"a heartwarming tale of emerging statehood and evolved androgyny on a wintry planet.\" He claims that her fantasies carry more \"earthy substance\" and are more relevant to our present life on Earth than the usual science fiction books. He refers to an illuminating quote by Peter Beagle (in his introduction to The Lord of the Rings): \"the Sixties were the time when the word progress lost its ancient holiness, and escape stopped being comically obscene.\" Fantasies offer \"a green alternative to each day's madness here in a poisoned world.\"", "Ursula K. Le Guin , The Left Hand of Darkness (1969), Chapter 18 “On the Ice” (p. 249)", "The novel is part of the Hainish Cycle, a series of novels and short stories by Le Guin set in the fictional Hainish universe, which she introduced in 1964 with \"Dowry of the Angyar\". Among the Hainish novels, it was preceded in the sequence of writing by City of Illusions and followed by The Word for World is Forest, although Left Hand is the last work in the internal chronology of the Hainish cycle.", "Roald Dahl (; ; 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide.", "Roald Dahl (13 September 1916 - 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot.", "Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of contemporary horror, suspense, science fiction and fantasy. His books: https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=U...", "Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of contemporary horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have sold more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows, and comic books. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, and six non-fiction books. He has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine. His novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was the basis for the movie The Shawshank Redemption which is widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. ", "Like The Left Hand of Darkness, \"Brothers and Sisters\" and \"Sur\", \"The Author of the Acacia Seeds\" examines worlds of extreme cold and ice.", "'Salem's Lot is a 1975 horror fiction novel written by the American author Stephen King. It was his second published novel. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town of Jerusalem's Lot (or 'Salem's Lot for short) in Maine, where he had lived from the age of nine through thirteen, only to discover that the residents are becoming vampires. The town is revisited in the short stories \"Jerusalem's Lot\" and \"One for the Road\", both from King's story collection, Night Shift (1978). The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1976, and the Locus Award for the All-Time Best Fantasy Novel in 1987.", "The need to overcome this \"otherness,\" to reach beyond it, to accept the Other wholeheartedly and to encompass the Other into the Self, is the central theme in The Left Hand of Darkness. Estraven and Ai are different from each other in every possible way. Although Estraven, the older, more experienced and educated of the two, has accepted Ai from the start, Ai, from Earth, has to go through an arduous process of education to be able to accept Estraven as a human being, as I and Thou.", "\"I was surprised to find so few reviews of The Left Hand of Darkness, a book which had won two major science fiction awards, in the mainstream press. Does the press ignore science fiction now as much as it used to?\"", "L. Sprague de Camp (1907-2000), American science fiction and fantasy author. Wrote over 100 novels as well as nonfiction on topics such as racism. (Pointed out that no scholar had ever sought to prove that his own ethnicity was inferior to others.) Enjoyed debunking claims of the supernatural.", "Notes: The John Pellam books are written under the name William Jefferies. No Rest for the Dead is a collaborative novel which was written with Jeff Abbott , Lori Armstrong, David Baldacci , Sandra Brown , Thomas H. Cook , Diana Gabaldon , Tess Gerritsen , Andrew F. Gulli, Lamia Gulli, Peter James , J.A. Jance , Faye Kellerman , Raymond Khoury , John Lescroart , Jeff Lindsay , Gayle Lynds, Alexander McCall Smith , Phillip Margolin , Michael Palmer , T. Jefferson Parker , Matthew Pearl, Kathy Reichs , Marcus Sakey, Jonathan Santlofer, Lisa Scottoline , R.L. Stine and Marcia Talley.", "Heinlein also wrote a stand-alone novel, Job: A Comedy of Justice, whose two protagonists fall from alternative universe into alternative universe (often naked), and after a number of such adventures die and enter a stereotypically Fundamentalist Christian Heaven (with many of its internal contradictions explored in the novel). Their harrowing adventures through the universes are then revealed to have been \"destruction testing\" of their souls by Loki, sanctioned by the Creator person of the Christian God (Yahweh). The Devil appears as the most sympathetic of the gods in the story, who expresses contempt for the other gods' cavalier treatment of the story's main characters.", "Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982): The magic realist novelist, and auhor of the highly acclaimed One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), was honoured for \"his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\".", "Author James Killus (b.1950) died on September 23 following a battle with cancer. Killus published his first novel, Book of Shadows, in 1983, two years after his first short story, a collaboration, was published in Asimov's. Killus was active until his death, with his final story appearing in the October 2008 issue of Helix.", "* Nelson Algren (1909–1981), author best known for his novel The Man with the Golden Arm. ", "Bag of Bones, published in 1998, focuses on an author who suffers severe writer’s block and delusions at an isolated lake house four years after the death of his wife. It’s a tale of grief and lost love’s enduring bonds, which went on to win the Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel.", "Francis's novel Whip Hand won both the Gold Dagger Award and the Edgar Award for Best Novel. It is one of only two novels to do so. The other is The Spy Who Came in from the Cold by John Le Carre.", "The writer's first novel brought him fame and a reputation for the macabre. As a new production of the book is about to be staged in London, he talks about whether he has lost his bite", "The multimillion-selling author tells us how much to believe in his books, and how Dante's 'rings of hell' inspired his new novel", "From The Shining to Misery and The Dark Half, writers have starred in many King novels. In Duma Key (607 pages), he looks at visual art’s potential for the macabre. The novel stars Edgar Freemantle, a construction executive who loses his arm in an accident and discovers that he has gained the ability to affect reality through his paintings. Oh, and there are some creepy dead girls too.", "* The Daughter of Time (1951) (voted greatest mystery novel of all time by the Crime Writers' Association in 1990)" ]

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[ "Neil Simon (full name Marvin Neil Simon) was born on July 4, 1927, in the Bronx, New York City. He grew up there and made it the setting for nearly all of his plays. Brighton Beach Memoirs, the first in the trilogy that includes Biloxi Blues, is a semi-autobiographical rendering of his childhood.", "Born on July 4, 1927, Marvin Neil Simon grew up in Manhattan and shortly attended New York University and the University of Denver. His most significant job came in the early 1950s when he started writing for television comedy series. By the 1960s, Simon had begun to concentrate on writing plays for Broadway. His first hit was ‘Come Blow Your Horn’ in 1961. Throughout his career, Simon “has drawn extensively on his own life and experience for materials for his plays”. The author’s “milieu is middle-aged, middle class New York [, neighborhoods he knows well from when he was a child], and he builds much of his humor on the familiarity of that world to his audience”.[5]", "Neil Simon was born on July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City, New York, USA as Marvin Neil Simon. He is a writer and producer, known for The Odd Couple (1968), Your Show of Shows (1950) and The Odd Couple (1970). He has been married to Elaine Joyce since September 11, 1999. He was previously married to Diane Lander , Marsha Mason and Joan Baim.", "Marvin Neil Simon was born in the Bronx, in New York, on the Fourth of July in 1927. His father Irving, a garment salesman, disappeared from time to time, leaving his wife, Mamie, to support their two sons by working at a department store and by relying on family and friends. After his parents divorced, Simon lived with relatives in Forest Hills, New York. Simon received the nickname \"Doc\" as a child because he was always pretending to be a doctor, listening to people's heartbeats with a toy stethoscope (an instrument used to listen to sounds inside the body). He also loved comedy films and was often thrown out of movie theaters for laughing too loudly.", "Neil Simon is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American playwright. Some of his most famous works include \"The Odd Couple\" and \"The Goodbye Girl.\"", "The author of The Odd Couple, Neil Simon is a playwright whose Broadway plays and Hollywood movie adaptations have made him one of the most financially successful comedy writers in history.", "Tony and Pulitzer prize-winning writer Neil Simon is best known this side of the Atlantic for his plays The Odd Couple, Barefoot in the Park and Lost in Yonkers. He has also written the books for many musicals including Promises, Promises and Sweet Charity.", "Neil Simon’s fellow writers for Sid Caesar included Neil’s older brother, Danny Simon, as well as Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks … Simon’s second wife was actress Marsha Mason, star of the 1977 movie The Goodbye Girl.", "Neil Simon, (1927), American playwright, Barefoot in the Park (1963) and The Odd Couple (1965 Tony Award), Pulitzer Prize for drama in1991 for Lost in Yonkers. July 4", "Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author. She rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records, and has since been the recipient of two Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, and a Golden Globe Award for her work.", "Paul Frederic Simon is an American musician, actor and singer-songwriter. Simon's fame, influence, and commercial success began as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, formed in 1964 with musical partner Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote nearly all of the pair's songs, including three that reached No. 1 on the ... more", "Simon moved to England to pursue a solo career, touring folk clubs and coffee houses. At the first club he played, the Railway Inn Folk Club in Brentwood, Essex, he met Kathy Chitty who became his girlfriend and inspiration for \"Kathy's Song,\" \"America,\" and others. He performed at Les Cousins in London and toured provincial folk clubs that exposed him to a wide range of musical influences. In 1965, he recorded a solo LP The Paul Simon Songbook in England.", "Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and children's author. She first rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include \"Anticipation\" (No. 13), \"You Belong To Me\" (No. 6), \"Coming Around Again\" (No. 18), and her four Gold certified singles \"Jesse\" (No. 11), \"Mockingbird\" (No. 5), a duet with James Taylor, \"You're So Vain\" (No. 1), and \"Nobody Does It Better\" (No. 2) from the 1977 James Bond film, The Spy Who Loved Me.", "Billy Joel (born William Martin Joel on May 9, 1949 in Bronx, New York, USA) is an American pianist, singer-songwriter, and composer. Since releasing his first hit song, \"Piano Man,\" in 1973, Joel has become a multi-million-selling recording artist. Joel recorded many popular hit songs and albums from 1971 until he stopped recording pop/rock music in 1993. He is one of the very few rock (or even pop) artists to have Top 10 hits in the '70s, '80s, and '90s. A six-time Grammy Award winner, he has sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and is the sixth best selling artist in the United States, according to the RIAA.", "In the seventies, Simon emerged as a singer/songwriter with albums such as \"Paul Simon\", Still Crazy After All These Years\", \"Hearts and Bones\", \"Graceland\", and \"Songs from the Capeman\". Aside from music, he wrote and starred in the movie, One-Trick Pony (1980), and reunited with friend, Art Garfunkel , in 1981, to give a concert in Central Park.", "Highly anticipated, Still Crazy After All These Years was his next album. Released in October 1975 and produced by Simon and Phil Ramone, it marked another departure. The mood of the album was darker, as he wrote and recorded it in the wake of his divorce. Preceded by the feel-good duet with Phoebe Snow, \"Gone at Last\" (a Top 25 hit) and the Simon & Garfunkel reunion track \"My Little Town\" (a No. 9 on Billboard), the album was his only No. 1 on the Billboard charts to date. The 18th Grammy Awards named it the Album of the Year and Simon's performance the year's Best Male Pop Vocal. With Simon in the forefront of popular music, the third single from the album, \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\" reached the top spot of the Billboard charts, his only single to reach No. 1 on this list. Also, on May 3, 1976, Simon put together a benefit show at Madison Square Garden to raise money for the New York Public Library. Phoebe Snow, Jimmy Cliff and the Brecker Brothers also performed. The concert produced over $30,000 for the Library.", "William Martin \"Billy\" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American pianist, performer, singer-songwriter, and composer.� Since releasing his first hit song, \"Piano Man\", in 1973, Joel has become the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States, according to RIAA.", "Neil Leslie Diamond is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. His career began in the 1960s and he has sold over 120 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Early in the 21st century, he was the third most successful adult contemporary artist in the history of the Billboard charts. His songs have been covered internationally by many performers from various musical genres.", "This attitude changed after 1991, when he won a Pulitzer Prize for drama with Lost in Yonkers. McGovern writes that \"seldom has even the most astute critic recognized what depths really exist in the plays of Neil Simon.\" Although, when Lost in Yonkers was considered by the Pulitzer Advisory Board, board member Douglas Watt noted that it was the only play nominated by all five jury members, and that they judged it \"a mature work by an enduring (and often undervalued) American playwright.\"", "Simon & Garfunkel is an American singer-songwriter duo consisting of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. They formed the group \"Tom and Jerry\" in 1957, and had their first taste of success with the minor hit \"Hey, Schoolgirl.\" As Simon and Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, backed by the hit single \"The Sound of Silence.\" Their music was featured in the landmark film The Graduate, propelling them further into the public consciousness.", "* Paul Simon (born 1941), musician, composer (born in Newark, grew up in Queens, New York)", "The success of both albums allowed Simon to stage another New York concert. On August 15, 1991, almost a decade after his concert with Garfunkel, Simon staged a second concert in Central Park with African and South American bands. The success of the concert surpassed all expectations, and reportedly over 750,000 people attended—one of the largest concert audiences in history. He later remembered the concert as, \"...the most memorable moment in my career.\" The success of the show led to both a live album and an Emmy-winning TV special. In the middle, Simon embarked on the successful Born at the Right Time Tour, and promoted the album with further singles, including \"Proof\"—accompanied with a humorous video that again featured Chevy Chase, and added Steve Martin. On March 4, 1992, he appeared on his own MTV Unplugged, offering renditions of many of his most famous compositions. Broadcast in June, the show was a success, though it did not receive an album release.", "Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939) is an American pop singer , pianist , and songwriter . His career has spanned over 50 years, during which time he has written many songs for himself and others, often working with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody.", "Between 1957 and 1964, Simon wrote, recorded, and released more than thirty songs, occasionally reuniting with Garfunkel as Tom & Jerry for some singles, including \"Our Song\" and \"That's My Story\". Most of the songs Simon recorded in the six years after 1957 were performed alone or with musicians other than Garfunkel. They were released on several minor record labels, such as Amy, Big, Hunt, King, Tribute, and Madison. He used several different pseudonyms for these recordings, including Jerry Landis, Paul Kane (from Orson Welles 's film Citizen Kane ) and True Taylor. Simon enjoyed some moderate success in recording a few singles as part of a group called Tico and the Triumphs, including a song called \"Motorcycle\" which reached No. 97 on the Billboard charts in 1962. Tico and the Triumphs released four 45s. Marty Cooper, known as Tico, sang lead on several of these releases. Bobby Susser , children's songwriter and record producer, and childhood friend of Simon's, co-produced the Tico 45s with Simon. That year, Simon reached No. 99 on the pop charts as Jerry Landis with the hit \"The Lone Teen Ranger.\" Both chart singles were released on Amy Records .", "Simon's career took another upward swing in 1978 with the hit album Boys in the Trees. The album produced two Top 40 singles; the jazzy and sensual \"You Belong to Me\", which hit the Top 10 on both the Pop and Adult Contemporary charts, and Devoted to You, a duet with James Taylor. Boys in the Trees was a major success, and returned Simon to Platinum album status in the U.S. \"You Belong to Me\" later earned Simon yet another Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female. She was featured on the front covers of People and Rolling Stone magazines that spring. Also in 1978, Simon and James Taylor sang backing vocals on two songs for Taylor's sister Kate's album Kate Taylor: \"Happy Birthday Sweet Darling\" and \"Jason & Ida\". Simon and Taylor also sang backup on three songs on John Hall's debut solo album John Hall, \"The Fault\", \"Good Enough\" and \"Voyagers\". Simon and Taylor would also sing backup on one song, \"Power\", from Hall's next album, which is also titled Power (1979).", "Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939) is an American pop singer, pianist, and songwriter. His career has spanned over 50 years, during which time he has written many songs for himself and others, often working with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody.", "Neil Sedaka was born on 13 Mar 1939 in Brooklyn, New York, USA.  He is an American pop singer, pianist, composer and record producer. Since his music career began in 1957, he has sold millions of records as an artist and has written or co-written over 500 songs for himself and others, collaborating mostly with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody.  When Sedaka was 13, a neighbour heard him playing piano and introduced him to her 16-year-old son, Howard Greenfield, an aspiring poet and lyricist. They became two of the legendary Brill Building's composers in New York City.  Sedaka co-wrote several hit songs for Connie Francis as well as others, and began his own singing career in 1958.  His first UK hit was this song, which led to a run of Top 20 hits in the early 1960s.  After his rock 'n' roll style went out of fashion, he reinvented himself in the early 1970s with a series of ballads which charted between 1972 and 1975.  He continues to perform in concert in the USA and overseas in the 21st century.", "After three successful studio albums, Simon became less productive during the second half of the 1970s. He dabbled in various projects, including writing music for the film Shampoo, which became the music for the song \"Silent Eyes\" on the \"Still Crazy\" album, and acting (he was cast as Tony Lacey in Woody Allen's film Annie Hall). He achieved another hit in this decade, with the lead single of his 1977 compilation, Greatest Hits, Etc., \"Slip Slidin' Away,\" reaching No. 5 in the United States.", "Joel faced high expectations on his next album. 52nd Street was named after the famous street of the same name which hosted many of the world's premier jazz venues and performers throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Fans purchased over seven million copies on the strength of the hits \" My Life \" (#3), \" Big Shot \" (#14), and \" Honesty \" (#24). This helped 52nd Street become Joel's first #1 album. \"My Life\" eventually became the theme song for a new US television sitcom, Bosom Buddies , which featured actor Tom Hanks in one of his earliest roles. The album won Grammys for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male and Album of the Year. 52nd Street was the first album to be released on compact disc when it went on sale alongside Sony's CD player CDP-101 on October 1, 1982, in Japan. [24]", "Expectations were high for Joel's next album, 52nd Street which he released in 1978, naming it after Manhattan's famous 52nd Street. The album sold over seven million copies, propelled to number one on the charts by the hits \"My Life\" (#3), \"Big Shot\" (#14), and \"Honesty\" (#24). \"My Life\" became the theme song for a new television sitcom, Bosom Buddies, which featured actor Tom Hanks in one of his earliest roles. 52nd Street won Grammy awards for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male and Album of the Year. It was the first album to be released on compact disc, going on sale alongside Sony's CD player CDP-101 on October 1, 1982.", "Wrote most of the songs of the famous 1965 duo Simon&Garfunkel including 3 No.1 hits Mrs.Robinson, Sound of Silence and Bridge over troubled water. Elected in 1990 to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of the duo.", "In order to get out of the deal with Family Productions, Joel moved to Los Angeles, California with Elizabeth Weber, and they married in Los Angeles in May, 1971. For six months of the following year, he played in the Executive Lounge piano bar under the name Bill Martin. This experience is what gave him the material for \"Piano Man.\"" ]

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[ "Augusto C. Sandino International Airport () or ACS is the main airport in Managua, Nicaragua. Named as Las Mercedes Airport in 1968 it was later renamed Augusto C. Sandino International Airport during the Sandinista regime in the 1980s and again in 2001 to Managua International Airport by then president Arnoldo Alemán. Its name was changed once more in February 2007 to its current name by President Daniel Ortega to honor the Sandinista regime. ", "The Augusto C. Sandino International Airport (formerly Managua International Airport) is the largest and only international airport in Nicaragua. It recently inaugurated its over US$52 million extension and renovation partly financed by Spain. The airport was remodeled by architect Roberto Sansón and has now been converted into one of the region's most modern airports. The airport used to serve as the hub for the Nicaragüenses de Aviación airline, which was bought by TACA Airlines the El Salvador national airline, that bought all of the airlines in Central America.", "The Augusto C. Sandino Airport is the primary airport in Managua, Nicaragua and is one the most entertaining airports in the country. The airport code is MGA and it serves more than 1.5 million passengers each year traveling to and from Central America.", "The expanded airport could serve three aircraft at once and by 1975 LANICA, the National Airline of Nicaragua, as well as many well known carriers Pan Am, KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines), Taca Airlines, Sahsa, Avianca, Iberia, SAM, TAN, Varig, and smaller local carriers, flew into Las Mercedes. When the Sandinistas took power, the airport was named after Augusto César Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary and guerrilla leader, after whom the Sandinista movement is named. The Sandinistas however did not maintain the airport, and it began to deteriorate until it was expanded and remodeled in 1996, when, among other things, two new boarding bridges were installed. The airport was renamed \"Managua International Airport\" in 2001 by then President Arnoldo Alemán and renamed again in 2007 to its current name by President Daniel Ortega In mid 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed the airport in honor of Sandino. Nicaraguan artist Róger Pérez de la Rocha has created many two large portraits of Augusto César Sandino, and Rubén Darío which they lay at the airports lobby. ", "Tiscapa Lagoon, located within the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve is just south of the Managua's Historical Center. Leading up to the lagoon is Calle del Comercio, which leads to the Monumento al Liberalismo, built in the late 1930s by the Liberal party in honor to President Anastasio Somoza-Garcia. Nearby is the Monument to Sandino which is a silhouette of Augusto C. Sandino, one of Nicaragua's national heroes. The monument stands 59 feet tall. The monument was proposed by Ernesto Cardenal and is protected by the Nicaraguan military. The Sandino monument was constructed on top of the wreckage of the old Mozarab style Presidential palace commissioned by President Sacasa in the late 1920s but long used by the Somoza Family as their personal residence. Also on the crater lip of Tiscapa are the Mazmorras, a prison where current President Daniel Ortega and many other political prisoners were tortured during the Somoza regime.", "Mexico City International Airport (Spanish; Castilian: link=yes|Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México, AICM); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez (English: ''Benito Juárez International Airport'') is a commercial airport that serves Greater Mexico City . It is Mexico's busiest and Latin America's second busiest airport by passenger traffic; and it is both Mexico's and Latin America's busiest airport by aircraft movements. The airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. [2] The airport is owned by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México and operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares , the government-owned corporation , which also operates 22 other airports throughout Mexico. [3] In recent years Toluca Airport has become an alternate airport. [4]", "Bogotá (¸,,;), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C (during the time of Spanish rule, and also from 1991 to 2000, called Santafé de Bogotá) is the capital and largest city of Colombia administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "The most common entry point for overseas visitors is the Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport ( IATA : SCL), commonly referred to simply as Santiago Airport) in the commune of Pudahuel, 15km (9.3 miles) north-west of downtown Santiago . It is the largest aviation facility in Chile and the 6th busiest of South America by passenger traffic (over 11 million in 2010). It is a major connecting point for air traffic between Oceania and Latin America. The domestic and international are the same terminal, with the international on the left and domestic on the right.", "*In 2010 Airport Council International (ACI) recognised the airport as one of the best facilities in the region for service excellence. Under the section Caribbean and Latin America, Grantley was ranked as third following: Guayaqui (GYE), Ecuador and Cancun (CUN), Mexico, respectively.", "Mexico City International Airport (); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez () is an international airport that serves Greater Mexico City. It is Mexico's busiest and Latin America's second busiest airport by passenger traffic; and it is both Mexico's and Latin America's busiest airport by aircraft movements. The airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. The airport is owned by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México and operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, the government-owned corporation, which also operates 22 other airports throughout Mexico.", "It has already been re-named three times in as many decades. It was inaugurated in the late 1960s as Las Mercedes International Airport, renamed in honour of guerrilla leader Augusto C Sandino in the 1980s when the leftists Sandinistas took power and renamed in the late 1990s Managua International Airport when they lost it.", "Barranquilla's varied industrial base consists of chemical manufacturing, cement, metal fabrication, food processing, automobile assembly, textiles, shoes, publishing, sugar, beer, glass, perfume, and clothing manufacturing. The city is the major air terminus for northern Colombia and is served by several international airlines. A darker side to the recent growth of Barranquilla has been the massive drug-smuggling trade. Both the U.S. and Colombian governments have active control programs, and the U.S. Consulate is a focal point of this activity.", "Chile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include Chacalluta International Airport (Arica), Diego Aracena International Airport (Iquique), Cerro Moreno International Airport (Antofagasta), Carriel Sur International Airport (Concepción), El Tepual International Airport (Puerto Montt), Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport (Punta Arenas), Mataveri International Airport (Easter Island), the most remote airport in the world, and the Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (Santiago) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is headquarters of Latin America's largest airline holding company and Chilean flag carrier LAN Airlines.", "* On 21 May 1970, a Douglas DC-3, registered HK-121, was hijacked to Yariguíes Airport, Barrancabermeja whilst on a flight from El Alcaraván Airport, Yopal to Alberto Lleras Carmargo Airport, Sogamoso. The hijackers had demanded to be taken to Cuba.", "Avianca S.A. (acronym in Spanish for \"\", Airways of the American Continent) has been the national airline and flag carrier of Colombia since 5 December 1919, when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA. It is headquartered in Bogotá, D.C. with its main hub at El Dorado International Airport. Avianca is also a trademark comprising a group of seven Latin American airlines, whose operations are combined to function as one airline using a code sharing system. Avianca is the largest airline in Colombia and second largest in Latin America. Avianca together with its subsidiaries has the most extensive network of destinations in Latin America. It is wholly owned by Synergy Group S.A., a South American holding company established by Germán Efromovich and specializing in air transport. It is listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange. ", "The Jose Maria Cordova Airport receives international flights from important carriers such as American Airlines, Copa Airlines, JetBlue and Lan Airlines, which makes the city accessible from the many regions of America. Avianca, the flag air-carrier of Colombia, has also an important activity at this airport.", "[March 16, 1986] I know every American parent concerned about the drug problem will be outraged to learn that top Nicaraguan government officials are deeply involved in drug trafficking. This picture, secretly taken at a military airfield outside Managua, shows Federico Vaughan, a top aide to one of the nine commandantes who rule Nicaragua, loading an aircraft with illegal narcotics bound for the United States.", "TACA's three main hubs are 1. at Comalapa International Airport (SAL), located about 50 km (30 mi) from San Salvador , El Salvador's capital city; and 2. at Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), about 20 km (12.5 mi) from San José , Costa Rica , and 3. at Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM), located 11 km (7 mi) from Lima , the capital city of Peru .", "There is a domestic terminal that may be increasingly used by international travelers to make direct connections to destinations in western Panama. Some flights, however, do require travelers to make a land transfer from the Tocumen International Airport to the country’s main domestic airport at Albrook, some 31 kilometers (19 mi) away.", "Cerro Moreno International Airport is the only air terminal in Antofagasta and is located in Cerro Moreno, north of the city. This site, despite being classified as International Airport, operates only as a terminal for national flights. In this terminal operates three domestic airlines, LAN Chile, Principal Airlines and Sky Airlines to many Chilean airports and also to Lima, Peru being the only international destination served by TACA Perú.", "Aerocon - flies from Trinidad to the harder to reach places of in northeastern Bolivia like Cobija, Guayaramerin, Riberalta and Santa Ana (La Paz region). They also fly to La Paz, Cochabamba, Tarija, Yacuiba, and Santa Cruz. In Santa Cruz, their office is in Aeropuerto El Trompillo.", "The city is serviced by Juan Santamaría International Airport, 23 km west of downtown, in the city of Alajuela, which is one of the busiest airports in Central America. In 2010, Juan Santamaría International Airport received 4.3 million passengers, most of them from international flights. In 2011, the airport was named the 3rd Best Airport in Latin America - Caribbean from the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International ", "There is a small local airport Olaya Herrera ( IATA : EOH; ICAO : SKMD) [27] close to downtown and it is very convenient for regional and domestic travel with non-stop flights to 23 destinations, including tourist destinations such as Armenia, Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Manizales, and Perreira. This airport is only open during daylight hours (dawn to dusk or 6 AM to 6 PM).", "Tenerife South Airport () , previously known as Tenerife South-Reina Sofia Airport, is the larger of the two international airports located on the island of Tenerife (the other being Tenerife North Airport) and the second busiest in the Canary Islands. It is located in the municipality of Granadilla de Abona and handled over 9 million passengers in 2014.", "Awarded to the OPAIN company in 2006, Bogota’s El Dorado International Airport still requires massive upgrades. The Medellin/Rio Negro airport upgrade is underway and the Northeast airports concession has been awarded. All concessionaires are seeking equipment to modernize their facilities.", "Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport has two information desks (tel: +56 2 2690 1752), one on the first floor (Arrivals) and another on the third floor (Departures). A tourist information centre is located in the arrivals area of the international terminal.", "Date unknown. Active; focal plane 36 m (118 ft); two long (1.5 s) flashes every 12 s, red or green depending on direction. 10 m (33 ft) square fiberglass tower, orange with one white horizontal band. Trabas has Capt. Peter's photo , Daniel Lopez Martinez has a photo , and Google has a satellite view . The green sector guides vessels entering the Guaranao harbor on the south side of Punto Fijo, a city at the southwestern corner of the Paraguaná Peninsula. Located on a bluff overlooking the south side of the harbor and city. Site appears open, tower closed. Admiralty J6299; NGA 16879.7.", "Mariscal Sucre International Airport serves as the city's principal airport for passenger travel and freight. The airport is located 18 km east of the city's center in the Tababela parish. It began operations on February 20, 2013, replacing the Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport located 10 km north of the city center within city limits. The old airport was replaced due to tall buildings and nighttime fog that made landing from the south difficult. The old airport has become a metropolitan park.", "There are numerous bars, fast-food outlets, cafés, snack bars and restaurants at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.", "Another important airport in San José is called Aeropuerto Internacional Tobías Bolaños Palma . It is located 8 km north-east of the city proper and 11 km south-east of Juan Santamaría International Airport.", "Current time and date at Arturo Merino Benitez Airport is 04:04:25 AM (CLST) on Thursday, Jan 19, 2017", "Address and contact details of Arturo Merino Benitez Airport along with website address of the airport" ]

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[ "” it marked the beginning of a 17-year partnership that ended with Hammerstein’s death. Carousel (1945) and the experimental Allegro (1947) were somewhat less successful, but South Pacific (1949) had a Broadway run almost as long as that of Oklahoma! and won a second Pulitzer Prize (1950). Unusual in its treatment of racial prejudice and skillful matching of music to character, it included the songs “", "Richard Rodgers�(1902�1979) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895�1960) were an influential, innovative and successful American musical theatre writing team, usually referred to as Rodgers and Hammerstein. They created a string of popular Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950s, initiating what is considered the \"golden age\" of musical theatre. [1] With Rodgers composing the music and Hammerstein writing the lyrics, five of their shows, Oklahoma! , Carousel , South Pacific , The King and I and The Sound of Music , were outstanding successes. Among the many accolades their shows (and film versions) garnered were thirty-four Tony Awards , fifteen Academy Awards , the Pulitzer Prize , and two Grammy Awards", "Richard Rodgers (1902 – 1979) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 – 1960) were a well-known American songwriting duo, usually referred to as Rodgers and Hammerstein. They created a string of popular Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950s during what is considered the golden age of the medium. With Rodgers composing the music and Hammerstein adding the lyrics, five of their shows, Oklahoma! , Carousel , South Pacific , The King and I , and The Sound of Music , were outstanding successes. In all, among the many accolades that their shows (and their film versions) garnered were thirty-four Tony Awards , [1] fifteen Academy Awards , the Pulitzer Prize , and two Grammys .", "Oscar Hammerstein, 2d, 1895–1960, American lyricist and librettist, b. New York City, grad. Columbia, 1916; grandson of Oscar Hammerstein . His first success was Wildflower (1923), with music by Vincent Youmans . Thereafter, he collaborated with Rudolf Friml on Rose Marie (1924); with Jerome Kern on Sunny (1925) and Show Boat (1927); and with Sigmund Romberg on Desert Song (1926) and The New Moon (1928). With the composer Richard Rodgers he brought to the stage musicals such as Oklahoma! (1943; Pulitzer Prize), Carousel (1945), South Pacific (1949; Pulitzer Prize), and The King and I (1951)—all of which gave new distinction to the American musical through their integration of musical, dramatic, and dance elements. Hammerstein wrote the lyrics to many famous songs, including \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\" and \"It Might As Well Be Spring,\" which won Academy Awards.", "When the musical, retitled Oklahoma , opened on Broadway on March 31, 1943, it was an enormous success, both critically and popularly. Oklahoma ran for 2,243 performances in its initial Broadway engagement, and in 1944 it received a special Pulitzer Prize . The team of Rodgers and Hammerstein was a success. They produced their own work and promising works by other artists and at one time had five of the highest grossing shows running at the same time on Broadway. They followed up their success with collaborations on Carousel (1945), Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet (1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song (1958), and The Sound of Music (1960), for which Howard Lindsay and Russell Crouse wrote the book, Rodgers composed the score, and Hammerstein wrote the lyrics. South Pacific won the Pulitzer Prize in 1950. South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music all won Tony awards for best musical. Most of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals have been adapted for the screen, with the greatest success going to Oklahoma and The Sound of Music.", "&show%3Ci%3ESouth+Pacific%3C%2Fi%3E South Pacific 1950 Tony winners], Tony Awards official website, accessed April 4, 2012 In 1950, the musical won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, the second musical to do so after Of Thee I Sing, which won in 1932. Rodgers became the first composer of musical comedy to win the Pulitzer, as composer George Gershwin had not been recognized for Of Thee I Sing.Maslon, p. 153 The Pulitzer Prize was initially given only to Rodgers and Hammerstein; Logan was later recognized in an amended announcement, much to his annoyance.", "Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II (; July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was an American librettist, theatrical producer, and (usually uncredited) theatre director of musicals for almost forty years. Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Original Song. Many of his songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz musicians. He co-wrote 850 songs. Hammerstein was the lyricist and playwright in his partnerships; his collaborators wrote the music. Hammerstein collaborated with numerous composers, such as Jerome Kern, with whom he wrote Show Boat, Vincent Youmans, Rudolf Friml, Richard A. Whiting and Sigmund Romberg; but he is best known for his collaborations with Richard Rodgers, which include Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music.", "Following Wildflower, Hammerstein had the opportunity to work with famous composers, such as Jerome Kern, Rudolph Friml, and Irving Berlin. Through collaborations with these composers Hammerstein won fame and popularity for shows like Rose-Marie, Desert Song, and New Moon. Hammerstein and Kern paired up and wrote several successful musicals over the next decade; the most famous was Show Boat. The dramatic content was strong, and the music gave it a deeper meaning. According to PBS, “Show Boat firmly established Oscar’s success and reputation as a writer and lyricist.” This was the first modern American musical play, and it was accepted instantly by Americans at its world premiere in Washington, D.C. on November 15, 1927. Hammerstein was ecstatic. (Click here to hear a radio essay about Show Boat, part of National Public Radio’s series on the 100 most important musical works of the twentieth century. The file requires Real Player to run.)", "Hammerstein won two Oscars for best original song—in 1941 for \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\" in the film Lady Be Good, and in 1945 for \"It Might as Well Be Spring\" in State Fair. In 1950, the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award \"in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York.\"", "Hammerstein contributed the lyrics to 850 songs, according to The Complete Lyrics of Oscar Hammerstein II, edited by Amy Asch. Some well-known songs are \"Ol' Man River\", \"Can't Help Lovin' That Man\" and \"Make Believe\" from Show Boat; \"Indian Love Call\" from Rose-Marie; \"People Will Say We're in Love\" and \"Oklahoma\" (which has been the official state song of Oklahoma since 1953) from Oklahoma!; \"Some Enchanted Evening\", from South Pacific; \"Getting to Know You\" and \"Shall We Dance\" from The King and I; and the title song as well as \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\" from The Sound of Music.", "Now a beloved classic, Carousel—with music by Richard Rodgers and book and Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II—was hailed by Time Magazine as “the best musical of the 20th Century.”  Based on Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnár’s 1909 play, Liliom, Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Carousel transfers the story from Europe to the Maine coastline and revolves around the tragic romance between carousel barker Billy Bigelow and mill worker Julie Jordan. The musical includes such highlights as “If I Loved You,” “June Is Bustin’ Out All Over,” and “You’ll Never Walk Alone.” Following its Broadway premiere in 1945,Carousel has been staged across America and throughout the world and remade for both film and television. Landmark stagings include the Royal National Theatre (UK) 1992 production, which was subsequently presented at Lincoln Center Theater in 1994 and five Tony Awards including Best Musical Revival (and Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Audra McDonald); a current European production by Britain’s Opera North is now showing in Paris. The New York Philharmonic production features Kelli O’Hara (Julie Jordan), Nathan Gunn (Billy Bigelow), Stephanie Blythe (Nettie Fowler), Shuler Hensley (Jigger Craigin), Jason Danieley (Enoch Snow), Jessie Mueller (Carrie Pipperidge), Kate Burton (Mrs. Mullin), and John Cullum (Starkeeper/Dr. Seldon), among others. This production also features New York City Ballet principal dancers Robert Fairchild (Carnival Boy) and Tiler Peck (Louise), dancing original choreography by Warren Carlyle, in the pas de deux ballet in Act II. This staged concert performance was directed by John Rando and conducted by Rob Fisher.", "Among devout Rodgers & Hart fans, however, the musicals Rodgers wrote with Hammerstein pale in comparison to those he wrote with Hart. Many felt that Hammerstein was too sentimental and lacked the urbane wit and cynical outlook that Hart brought to his lyrics. In fact, Hammerstein was also a brilliant lyricist whose work far surpassed the merely sentimental. As Sheridan Morley wrote in Hammerstein’s defense, “Those who wrote off his second partner Oscar Hammerstein II…needed to look a little closer at the shows he was now writing with Rodgers: Oklahoma! and Carousel are centrally about death (and in the case of Carousel, wife-beating), South Pacific is about racial intolerance, and only perhaps in the last Rodgers-Hammerstein score, The Sound of Music, is there the sweet, sugary sound of which they were often wrongly accused, and even there, Nazis are a central element of plot.”", "Two landmark musicals of the century, OKLAHOMA! (1943) and SHOW BOAT (1927), were both written by Oscar Hammerstein II. They share an honor as well: both musicals were among the first to be commemorated by the United States Postal Service.", "26. Hammerstein, Oscar II (1927). Show Boat (Original Libretto — Book and Lyrics). In “Collection of Musicals Lyrics and Libretti”. Number 2 (Act One, Scene One)", "Music by Rodgers, Richard | Book by Oscar Hammerstein II | Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II | Based on Anna and the King by Margaret Landon | Original Choreography by Jerome Robbins", "In 1919 Hammerstein's first play, THE LIGHT, was produced by his Uncle Arthur; it lasted four performances. Undaunted, he continued to write both lyrics and librettos, principally with Otto Harbach as his collaborating author. His first success, with Harbach, Vincent Youmans and Herbert Stothart, was WILDFLOWER in 1923. Hammerstein found his niche with some of the greatest composers of his day, breathing new life into the moribund artform of operetta with such classics as ROSE-MARIE (music by Rudolf Friml), THE DESERT SONG (Sigmund Romberg), THE NEW MOON (Romberg), and SONG OF THE FLAME (George Gershwin). With Jerome Kern, Hammerstein wrote eight musicals, including SWEET ADELINE, MUSIC IN THE AIR and their masterwork, SHOW BOAT. His last musical before embarking on an exclusive partnership with Richard Rodgers was CARMEN JONES, the highly-acclaimed 1943 all-black revision of Georges Bizet's tragic opera CARMEN.", "As the immediate successor to Oklahoma!--the musical play with which Rodgers and Hammerstein made stage history--Carousel takes the American musical play another impressive step forward. From many points of view, it is better than Oklahoma!, though its performance history is less spectacular. The text has greater depths of feeling, a more encompassing humanity and greater universality--with tragic overtones not often encountered on the musical stage. The fusion of music and the text is even more sensitive here than in Oklahoma!. Song flows into speech and speech into song; melody and text become one. Extended sequences combine prose, verse and speech, or recitative and melody. The orchestra often becomes an eloquent commentator on what has just happened or is about to happen. And Rodgers' artistic horizon is extended. Here he is much more than the shaper of fresh, original and beautifyl melody; he is a musical dramatist. For the orchestra he now writes with symphonic breadth. The form and style of his windswept melodies and his expansive musical scenes, now unhampered by structural limitations, were dictated by the requirements of the text without concern for convention or tradition. His dramatic expressiveness succeeds time and again to penetrate to the very core of a character or situation.", "With My Fair Lady (1956 - 2,717 performances), Lerner and Loewe surpassed Rodgers and Hammerstein at their own game. To many (this author included), this is the finest work the musical theatre has ever produced, with a remarkable blend of eloquence, melody, intelligence and heart that has never been surpassed. Rex Harrison , Julie Andrews and Stanley Holloway headed the cast, Cecil Beaton designed the distinctive Edwardian costumes, and playwright Moss Hart directed. The book mixed some of Shaw's original dialogue with wonderful new scenes by Lerner, all deftly interwoven with an exquisite score, which included \"With A Little Bit of Luck,\" \"I Could Have Danced All Night,\" \"On The Street Where You Live,\" and \"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face.\"", "Oklahoma! Richard Rodgers ^! Oscar Hammerstein II Opened on March 31, 1943. Closed on May 29, 1948. Featured 2212 performances.", "Hammerstein II, Oscar. Lyrics, with an introduction by the author and a preface by Stephen Sondheim, Hal Leonard, Milwaukee 1985", "The musical features an impressive ensemble of artists who bring to life a captivating story of a group of impoverished young artists struggling to survive in New York City's Lower East Side in the days of Bohemia in Alphabet City, under the shadow of HIV/AIDS. The original show was first performed as a workshop production at New York Theatre Workshop in 1993 and the same venue was used for its official debut in 1996. The show won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama and production was then moved to Broadway's larger Nederlander Theatre. The Broadway production was nominated for 10 Tony Awards, and won 4 (including Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, Best Original Score). The production had a 12-year run of 5,123 performances, making it the 11th longest-running Broadway show. The show’s success led to several national tours, numerous foreign productions, and in 2005 it was adapted into a motion picture featuring most of the original cast members.", "Music by Richard Rodgers, book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, based on \"Liliom\" by Ferenc Molnar , adapted by Benjamin F. Glazer.", "The Oscar Hammerstein Award for Lifetime Achievement in Musical Theatre is presented annually. The York Theatre Company in New York City is the Administrator of the award. The 2009 winners were Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick. Past awardees are composers such as Stephen Sondheim and performers such as Carol Channing. The 2010 award went to Thomas Meehan.", "It marks the second Tony nomination for Oscar--who cut a memorable swath in \"The Producers\" as Franz Liebkind, the lunatic Nazi playwright--and the latest milestone in a Broadway career stretching over three decades. On June 9 he'll be honored with the industry's Richard Seff Award, honoring the best performance in a supporting role (this year's other winner is veteran actress Julie Halston). And in the sweetest moment of all, he'll bring his rich baritone and comic bravado to a live performance of \"A Musical,\" along with 17 other cast members, on next Sunday's Tony TV broadcast.", "In 1953 the second Broadway revival of OKLAHOMA! opened at City Center, where it ran for 40 performances before going on tour. It joined SOUTH PACIFIC, THE KING AND I, and ME AND JULIET, already running on Broadway, and prompted New York City Mayor Vincent R. Impelliteri to proclaim \"Rodgers & Hammerstein Week.\"\"\"", "The idea of a musical with a serious theme had been tested earlier by composer Kurt Weill and lyricist Ira Gershwin in \"Lady in the Dark,\" a 1941 show about psychoanalysis. It was only with \"West Side Story,\" though, that an American musical tragedy, mixing Bernstein’s music seamlessly with Stephen Sondheim’s lyrics, Arthur Laurents’s libretto and director-choreographer Jerome Robbins’s startling blend of street gestures and violent action with ballet and jazz dance, took stage. It was heralded as a landmark theatrical event.", "Renowned stage director James Lapine wrote the book for the musical. Sondheim's music and lyrics brought Lapine's story to life on Broadway in 1984, garnering the Pulitzer Prize for Drama as well as two Tony Awards in 1985. It was revived on Broadway in 2008 to great acclaim.", "Stephen Sondheim won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the musical 1985 \"Sunday in the Park with George\" collaborating with James Lapine.", "Novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder won two Pulitzer Prizes for his plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth, written in 1938 and 1942 respectively. His most well-known novel, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, also won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1927.", "The hit Broadway musical about the life of Alexander Hamilton also won the Grammy for best musical theater album.", "PBS presentation of the recent Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim’s musical. Directed by John Doyle and starring Raul Esparza, Elizabeth Stanley, Keith Buterbaugh, Matt Castle, Robert Cunningham, Kelly Jeanne Grant, Kristin Huffman, Amy Justman, Heather Laws, Leenya Rideout, Fred Rosel.", "...whose two biggest cities have lent their names to a Tony-winning musical and an Oscar-winning film, respectively?" ]

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[ "While Hampton worked for Goodman in New York , he recorded with several different small groups known as the Lionel Hampton Orchestra as well as assorted small groups within the Goodman band. In 1940 Hampton left the Goodman organization under amicable circumstances to form his own big band . [14]", "When Lionel Hampton left Benny Goodman in 1940 to form his own big band, he was only following in a line recently established by Goodman’s other star soloists, Gene Krupa, Harry James, and Teddy Wilson. But despite the presence of Ben Webster and some excellent arrangements, Teddy’s band failed within a year; Gene’s did not begin to take off until he nabbed Roy Eldridge and Anita O’Day in 1941; and Harry’s only began to see really big numbers when he shifted his emphasis to saccharine sweet ballads. By contrast, Hamp hit his public hard and heavy. Among the hip young jazzmen populating his first big band were Joe Newman, Fred Beckett, Dexter Gordon, and Illinois Jacquet, and in “Flying Home” and “Hamp’s Boogie Woogie” he nailed two hits which were to remain in his book forever after.", "African-American jazz great Lionel Hampton popularized the vibraphone and played with the Benny Goodman Quartet before becoming a successful bandleader.", "Lionel Hampton began his career playing drums for the Chicago Defender Newsboys' Band (led by Major N. Clark Smith) while still a teenager in Chicago. He moved to California in 1927 or 1928, playing drums for the Dixieland Blues-Blowers. He made his recording debut with The Quality Serenaders led by Paul Howard, then left for Culver City and drummed for the Les Hite band at Sebastian's Cotton Club. One of his trademarks as a drummer was his ability to do stunts with multiple pairs of sticks such as twirling and juggling without missing a beat. During this period he began practicing on the vibraphone. In 1930 Louis Armstrong came to California and hired the Les Hite band, asking Hampton if he would play vibes on two songs. So began his career as a vibraphonist, popularizing the use of the instrument in the process. Invented ten years earlier, the vibraphone is essentially a xylophone with metal bars, a sustain pedal, and resonators equipped with electric-powered fans that add vibrato. ", "Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, bandleader and actor. Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, and Quincy Jones. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996.", "Lionel Hampton, in full Lionel Leo Hampton, byname Hamp (born April 20, 1908, Louisville , Kentucky , U.S.—died August 31, 2002, New York , New York), American jazz musician and bandleader, known for the rhythmic vitality of his playing and his showmanship as a performer. Best known for his work on the vibraphone , Hampton was also a skilled drummer, pianist, and singer.", "When the band headed east again, after nearly two months at the Palomar, they were famous. They played for seven months at the Congress Hotel in Chicago, where Teddy Wilson joined them to complete the Benny Goodman Trio. Back in New York Lionel Hampton made it the Benny Goodman Quartet, and the band was a sensation at the Hotel Pennsylvania's Madhattan Room.", "The fantastic drummer Gene Krupa, trumpeter Cootie Williams and Lionel Hampton who played the vibes were all Benny's sidemen at one time and later formed their own bands becoming leaders in the music industry. Other big bands soon followed Benny's lead of featuring instrumental soloists.", "The popularity of swing music beginning in the 1930s also enabled bands to cross color lines. Before swing, bands mostly played to audiences of their own race, but with swing, white audiences began to follow black bands as well. In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman integrated his jazz ensemble, working with Teddy Wilson (1912–1986), a pianist, and Lionel Hampton (1908–2002), a vibraphonist. Because jazz musicians knew, admired, and even borrowed one another’s work, jazz ensembles were among the first integrated public performance groups.", "After four years of touring with Goodman's quartet— exposure that helped make him one of the major figures of the swing era—Hampton struck out on his own in the summer of 1940. Wife Gladys served as manager for the new band, which was made up largely of young but talented musicians, most of who were unknown. Reflecting Hampton's boundless energy and innate sense of showmanship, the band soon became well known for its extended solos and bravura performances, with Hampton more often than not in the center of the spotlight. He displayed the full range of his musical talents, playing the piano, vibes, and drums.", "After spending four historic years as part of the Benny Goodman Quartet with Gene Krupa and Teddy Wilson, Hampton went out on his own. He has led a swinging big band since 1940. Swing, the keeping of good time, is what keeps him going. It remains essential to him to contribute to the swing he insists on being surrounded by.", "Lionel Hampton, Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman,Golden Gate Quartet, Tommy Dorsey, Mel Powell, Louis Bellson, Charlie Barnett", "In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson , vibraphonist Lionel Hampton and guitarist Charlie Christian to join small groups.", "Lionel joined bass player and trumpeter Ronald La Pread, keyboardist, trombonist and rhythm guitarist Milan Williams, trumpeter, rhythm guitarist and synthesizer player William “WAK” King, lead guitarist Thomas McClary and Walter Orange, vocalist and drummer.  It was Walter who was the original lead. Lionel played saxophone and piano.  Originally, the group was called The Mystics and then The ‘Jays.  One day, while trying to decide on a new name for the group, the band decided to open the dictionary at random and point to a word. As the story goes, they almost called themselves the Commodes.  However, the group, knowing they could not bear to become known as The Commodes, decided on the name The Commodores.", "Lionel Hampton died from congestive heart failure at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, on August 31, 2002. He was interred at the Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York. His funeral was held on September 7, 2002, and featured a performance by Wynton Marsalis and David Ostwald's Gully Low Jazz Band at Riverside Church in Manhattan; the procession began at The Cotton Club in Harlem. ", "lionel hampton (legendary jazz/big band leader,\"king of the vibes\", composer/arranger from '30's, '40's and '50's, etc.) (2002)", "In 1936, Hampton joined forces with Benny Goodman to become a member of the first racially integrated jazz group. His four years with the Benny Goodman Quartet were among the most celebrated of his career, as he took memorable solos on such songs as \"Dizzy Spells\" and \"Moonglow.\" He also held recording sessions with such legendary musicians as Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter and Nat Cole, creating some of the best jazz of the era.", "Lionel Hampton/Oscar Peterson: The Complete Lionel Hampton Quartets and Quintets with Oscar Peterson on Verve - JazzTimes", "For a short time Washington returned professionally to her gospel roots, singing with Sallie Martin’s gospel group. But in 1943 she auditioned for Lionel Hampton’s band and won a place. When she joined Hampton, she changed her name to Dinah Washington for professional reasons. While with Hampton’s band, her musical efforts won her popularity among jazz fans, and by the late 1940s Washington had decided to pursue a solo career. Having already recorded with Hampton’s band, she easily won a contract with Mercury Records.", "With Lionel Hampton (vibes) added in 1936, the trio became a quartet. Gene's technique by this time was extremely well developed, and he was able to play at ridiculously fast tempi.", "SPELLMAN: Now Lionel Hampton actually sort of \"made\" the vibes, didn't he? He did not invent the vibes, of course, but he made it as a jazz solo instrument.", "Also in November 1936, the Benny Goodman Orchestra came to Los Angeles to play the Palomar Ballroom. When John Hammond brought Goodman to see Hampton perform, Goodman invited him to join his trio, which thus became the celebrated Benny Goodman Quartet with Teddy Wilson and Gene Krupa completing the lineup. The Trio and Quartet were among the first racially integrated jazz groups to perform before audiences, and were a leading small-group of the day.", "In 1967, at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute, six students decided to merge two local bands, \"the Mystics\" and \"the Jays\". The new group consisted of Lionel Richie on keyboards, saxophone and vocals, Thomas McClary on guitar, William King on trumpet, Andre Callahan on drums, Michael Gilbert on bass and Milan Williams on keyboards. Legend has it, that King tossed a dictionary in the air, and when it landed, pointed to a random word on the page it opened to. The Commodores were born.", "The members of the Commodores met in the late 60s at Tuskegee University in Alabama and initially emerged from two different groups. The band started out as a sextet with Lionel Richie, Thomas McClary, and William King transitioning from the Mystics and Andre Callahan, Michael Gilbert, and Milan Williams coming from the Jays. James Ingram was the band’s original singer; however, he was several years older than most of the other members and left the band to serve in the Vietnam war. Lionel Richie and Clyde Orange filled the vacant spot alternating on vocals.", "He worked in the local shipyards during World War II, until being seriously injured by a hit-and-run motorist in 1944. He began playing more regularly from 1946, recommenced recording in 1947. During the late 1940s he led at the Paddock, New Orleans, and also made regular radio and TV appearances and occasional tours. In May 1953 the band appeared in the film Cinerama Holiday. - Born at La Fourche Parish, Napoleonville, La., Jan. 1,1884.", "The Commodores were founded by Lionel Richie (saxophone), William King (trumpet), Thomas McClary (guitar), Milan Williams (keyboards), Ronald LaPread (bass) and Walter \"Clyde\" Orange (drums), at Tuskegee Institute , in 1968. The name \"Commodores\" was chosen at random from the dictionary. The group played primarily around Tuskegee until taking a chance and playing a gig at Smalls Paradise in New York City. Despite the fact that the venue's owner was less than impressed with their performance, he invited them back to fill in for a last-minute cancellation. This time the Commodores played before a standing-room-only crowd, and they were booked for another two weeks (the owner did not know that most of the audience was comprised of friends and family of the band members).", "The Commodores formed in 1968 when members from former campus bands The Mystics and The Jays got together. After some early personnel changes, members consisted of Lionel Richie, at the time a novice saxophonist, vocalist, and keyboardist; guitarist Thomas McClary: vocalist and drummer Walter \"Clyde\" Orange, a student at Alabama State University in Montgomery ; bass and trumpet player Ronald LaPread; Milan Williams on keyboards, drums, and guitar; and William King on trumpet. The group became known as a hot party band in the central Alabama area.", "The Commodores formed in 1968 during their freshman year at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. Lionel Richie, Tom McClary and William King first met as members of a group called The Mystics. But after that group's disappointing performance at a freshman talent show, they merged members with another well-known local group called The Jays that had recently split-up. According to King, \"we took a dictionary and threw it up in the air and decided that wherever it came down, we'd blind pick a word on that page.\" And with this game of chance, they became The Commodores. They lucked out - they were almost \"The Commodes.\"", "Between the years 1925-1928 Louis Armstrong played in two groups he created called the \"Hot Five Group\" and the \"Hot Seven Group\". He established a theme solo and the 4/4-swing tempo, which redefined jazz. Louis credited a lot of his ideas to his good friend, Bix Beiderbecke, the fantastic jazz bandleader. Louis' concept of introducing the soloist in the middle of a song soon became an industry standard.", "Ellington had made his first tours to Europe in the 1930s, and from the 1950s on, he toured abroad extensively, performing in 65 countries. Sometimes his travels inspired his compositions, as in \"The Far East Suite,\" which he wrote with Strayhorn (1966).", "By 1935 Ellington had manned his band with the idiosyncratic musicians that sparked his imagination. Each section could blend together beautifully but each musician had his own particular sound as well, which Ellington took full advantage of.", "Musician Benny Goodman aka \"King Of Swing\" (Was an American Jazz Musician and Band Leader during the Swing Era), 1909 - 1986" ]

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[ "The sport emerged from the German gymnastics traditions and, once established in the 1920s, gained popularity across numerous countries. The seven-a-side indoor version was introduced into the Olympic Games (for men) in 1936, when the host city, Berlin, was allowed to add one sport to the Olympic programme. Men next contested it at an Olympics in 1972, again in Germany; a women’s event followed at Montreal in 1976. The international rankings are dominated by European nations, although Japan and China, as well as South Korea, have been strong, and the Mediterranean rim of northern Africa provides three nations in the top 30. In the Men’s Indoor World Championships, France and Spain have broken the stranglehold of the east European, German, and Scandinavian nations. The game is simple in conception and execution, and does not produce rich stars. In a world of economic excess in global sport, and the potential disillusionment of fans of mainstream sports, handball may well have a healthy future as the spectator and playing base continue to grow. Promoters claim it as the second largest sport in Europe, and put the number of participants at more than 15 million across 160 countries. It remains to be seen whether the presence of handball at the London 2012 Olympics leads to the British taking it to their hearts.", "Handball is a fascinating game played throughout five continents by over 180 countries and 19 million people all ages, worldwide. First introduced as an outdoor sport during the 1939 Summer Olympics program, handball has since been an indoor sport in the Summer Olympics program since 1972. ", "After 1936, field handball was no longer played at the Games, except as a demonstration sport in 1952 in Helsinki. Indoor handball was presented for the first time at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. Yugoslavia was victorious and won the first gold medal after a competition between 16 men’s teams.", "The 1936 Berlin Olympics featured field handball, which was played outdoors. Indoor handball for men debuted at the 1972 Munich games. Competition for women began at the 1976 Montreal games.", "1972 - In Munich, Germany, Men's Handball is re-introduced to the Olympic Games. USA finishes 14th out of 16 teams.", "Handball was first introduced at the Olympic Games at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin (see Field Handball 1936 ), in a competition for men only, and was played outdoors on a grass surface. The sport was dropped from the program after this single appearance, and not played again until 1952, when field handball was again played, though this time as a demonstration sport (see Field Handball 1952 ).", "* Handball (last held in 1936) and Archery (last held in 1920) returned as Olympic sports after a long absence.", "The introduction of women’s handball to the Games took place in 1976 in Montreal. The Soviet Union won this first women’s Olympic competition, taking home two gold medals after the 11-team men’s competition and the six-team women’s one.", "The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad ( ), first held in 1896, are an international multi-sport event, occurring every four years, organized by the International Olympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition that started in 1904. The Winter Olympic Games were also created due to the success of the Summer Olympics.", "The International Handball Federation organised the men's world championship in 1938 and every four (sometimes three) years from World War II to 1995. Since the 1995 world championship in Iceland, the competition has been every two years. The women's world championship has been played since 1957. The IHF also organizes women's and men's junior world championships. By July 2009, the IHF listed 166 member federations - approximately 795,000 teams and 19 million players.", "The International Handball Federation was formed in 1946, and has 174 member federations. The sport is most popular in continental Europe, whose countries have won all medals but one in men's world championships since 1938, and all women's titles until 2013, when Brazil broke the series. The game also enjoys popularity in the Far East, North Africa and parts of South America.", "For 2020, Toyko's theme is \"Discover Tomorrow\" but it will also build on its Olympic past. The venue that hosted swimming and basketball in 1964 will now be used for handball. The gymnastics and water polo building from 1964 will house table tennis. Judo will be held in the same arena.", "The first modern Olympic games featured foil and sabre fencing for men only. Epee was introduced in 1900. Single stick was featured in the 1904 games. Epee was electrified in the 1936 games, foil in 1956, and sabre in 1988. Early Olympic games featured events for Masters, and until recently fencing was the only Olympic sport that has included professionals. Disruptions in prevailing styles have accompanied the introduction of electric judging, most recently transforming sabre fencing. Foil fencing experienced similar upheavals for a decade or two following the introduction of electric judging, which was further complicated by the new, aggressive, athletic style coming out of eastern Europe at the time.", "Yugoslavia had success in handball winning both the men's and women's World Championships. Veselin Vujović and Svetlana Kitić were voted best the handball players in the history of the sport. There was great enthusiasm in Yugoslavia when Sarajevo was selected as the site of the 1984 Winter Olympic Games . [54]", "��ࡱ�>�� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������F �P �6��B����^vGU������JFIFHH���Photoshop 3.08BIM x8OLY115:OLYMPICS-HANDBALL:ATLANTA,GEORGIA,3AUG96 - Denmark's Anjajul Andersson winds up a throw as Korea's Seong Okoh looks on during their handball final, August 3. Denmark beat Korea in overtime 37-33 to win the gold, Korea won the silver and the bronze was won by Hungary. aw/photo by Kimimasa Mayama REUTERS zAW/HB i DENMARK AND KOREA HANDBALL FINAL (0 PKIMIMASA MAYAMA nREUTERS OLYMPICS HANDBALL 719960803 ZATLANTA _GA eUSA gOLY115 S HAN OLY SPO < 013454+0400 dUSA8BIM�xHH�@����RG(�HH�(d'`�8BIM�HH8BIM�8BIM' 8BIM�H/fflff/ff���2Z5-8BIM�p��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8BIM��Adobed���� ##\"\" ��>�\"��? 3!1AQa\"q�2���B#$R�b34r��C%�S���cs5���&D�TdE£t6�U�e���u��F'���������������Vfv��������7GWgw��������5!1AQaq\"2����B#�R��3$b�r��CScs4�%���&5��D�T�dEU6te����u��F���������������Vfv��������'7GWgw��������� ?��j6>;+wa5��Tj�Տj�ȹܞP,�1�F�=��h�!�Jc$�F��D��[D�����i��d骦 ֈSŸ��&��%M��Ǚr��he�屐C���6Mlo������l:��(���KCGr�X� V�-1�ݸB���z)�e��N�'d����| ���=��Tn��8兠�H1�o��O���������P��ߺ��c���v�0Bɹ��j� ��+۪��p�eUc��:n���� �Ӳ�9i��!��ik��#eo�WS�����@ cE� S�@t� >V�vCEBB�� 8���c]H�x�\"�XH#�\"�f�5�0@� Q���w�H] �4�0uLL%�*��2��_�� b5Yn$�T�g R*}s$\\��Ym�IV�� �쩤8S��3��sj�Re� ���ڜCH�6] ��Q�cd8\"f5��\"�\\}��J#s�Wk��m0klk%�@YT� �E��P9T�s��p\\A% w��4p", "Handball (also known as team handball, Olympic handball, European team handball, European handball, or Borden ball ) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outfield players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.", "The Winter Olympic Games is a sporting event which occurs every four years. The first celebration of the Winter Olympics was held in Chamonix , France , in 1924. The original sports were alpine and cross-country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , ski jumping and speed skating . The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936, after which they were interrupted by World War II. The Olympics resumed in 1948 and were celebrated every four years. The Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years until 1992 , after a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years. Because of the change, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 were in 1994 .", "There are records of handball-like games in medieval France, and among the Inuit in Greenland, in the Middle Ages. By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech Republic, hádzaná in Slovakia, gandbol in Ukraine, torball in Germany, as well as versions in Uruguay. Speed, skill and stamina are key attributes for competitors in modern Handball, a fast and exhilarating team sport. Handball offers plenty of physical contact and non-stop, end-to-end action. High scoring and a quicksilver pace will combine to make Handball a truly thrilling team sport and should draw big crowds throughout the competition at the London 2012 Olympic Games. For London 2012, the preliminary rounds of both the men’s and women’s competitions, as well as the women’s quarter-finals, will take place at the brand new Copper Box in the Olympic Park. The competition will then move to the Basketball Arena, also in the Olympic Park, for the men’s quarter-finals, all semi-finals and all medal matches.", "2000 - the Soviet Union win the Handball - Andrei Lavrov wins his first gold medal", "Handball The modern game of handball was first played towards the end of the 19th century in Denmark, Germany and Sweden.", "Handball is a fast-paced team game that was first played in Scandinavia and Germany at the end of the 19th century.", "Handball, a common sport in European countries, is seldom seen in the United States. The sport is mostly played in the country on the amateur level. Handball is played in the Summer Olympics, but is not sanctioned by the NCAA; all college and university teams play as club teams. The sport's governing body is USA Team Handball.", "Figure skating (in 1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics.", "Modern handball is played on a court 40 by, with a goal in the center of each end. The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while \"jumping\" into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball and Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring: professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago. Body contact is permitted, the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal.", "The size of an indoor handball court is 40 meters long by 20 meters wide. Each end of the court has a goal area containing a net that is three meters wide and two meters high.", "* East Germany beat the USSR 23–22 in the handball final to take their first medal of any sort in the men's event.", "ANSWER: In general terms, the cradle of the sports popularity is in Europe, with Scandinavia, the Balkan countries, Russia, Germany, France, Spain being the countries where the sport has the greatest popularity. In several of those countries Handball is the 2nd most popular team sport after soccer. This color coded map of the world depicts the sport’s popularity world-wide: Coming soon", "Almost unknown except by those who play it, handball was never expected to be a medal winning event for Ferkas. Now that there is an extra set of competition before the games properly begin that appears even more certain. While both the men and women will compete their hardest almost no one is predicting them to advance.", "In Europe, especially the Nordic countries and Germany, Handball is extremely popular. As Germany is one of the biggest markets, the world governing body for Handball changed their own rules to allow Germany to participate in the world cup even though it had not qualified. Go to Schleswig-Holstein (the northernmost state of Germany) and go to a Handball game. Serious Business indeed.", "The Team Handball international governing body is The Federation Internationale de Handball also known as the IHF. Their contact information is P.O. Box CH- 4002 Basle Switzerland; Phone:", "About: New, permanent venue which will host the handball games up to the quarter-final, but the semis and the finals will be played in the larger Basketball Arena.", "Zürich was also host to the 2012 Men's World Floorball Championships. This was the first time the event had been held in Zürich." ]

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[ "Air Littoral was an airline in France founded in April 1972 and originally based at Montpellier - Méditerranée Airport in Montpellier. It started operations on 23 May 1972 with a Nice-Montpellier-Perpignan service. In 1975 it was headquartered at Aérodrome du Castellet. ", "Major airlines include Air France, Air Littoral, Alitalia, Austrian Airlines, Carpatair, Lufthansa, Meridiana, Swiss and SN Brussels.", "Pan American World Airways, commonly known as Pan Am, was the principal international airline of the United States from the 1930s until its collapse on December 4, 1991. Founded as a seaplane service out of Key West, Florida, the airline became a major company credited with many innovations that shaped the international airline industry, including the widespread use of jet aircraft, jumbo jets, and computerized reservation systems. Identified by its blue globe logo (widely known as \"the blue ball\")[1] and the use of the word \"Clipper\" in aircraft names and call signs, the airline was a cultural icon of the 20th century, and the unofficial flag carrier of the United States.[2]", "Over the years KLM, Euralair, Lufthansa and the SAir Group (Swissair), who sold their stake in 2001, all had ownership stakes in Air Littoral. A takeover failed in 2003 and the company was declared bankrupt. A number of groups considered taking over Air Littoral including Azzurra Air (which shortly after ceased operations due to its own financial difficulties), but none succeeded and the airline was closed down by the French authorities in February 2004.", "Philippine Airlines, Inc. (abbreviated PAL), also known historically asPhilippine Air Lines, is the national airline (Flag Carrier) of the Philippines. It is the first commercial airline in Asia and the oldest of those currently in operation, with a long and distinguished history spanning over sixty years. Out of its hubs atNinoy Aquino International Airport in Manila and Mactan-Cebu International Airportin Cebu City, Philippine Airlines serves eighteen destinations in the Philippinesand twenty-six destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States . Formerly one of the largest Asian airlines", "LOT Polish Airlines was founded in 1929 and is the flag carrier of Poland. LOT has been given the backronymic (back acronym) nickname of “Last One There” since at least 1991.", "National airline Air Baltic Corporation (airBaltic) is the Latvian flag carrier airline. Its head office is on the grounds of Riga International Airport. Currently, airBaltic operates direct flights out of the three Baltic State capitals: Riga, Latvia; Vilnius, Lithuania; and Tallinn, Estonia. airBaltic offers flights to and from more than 50 cities in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, including such cities as Barcelona, Paris, Frankfurt, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tel Aviv, Rome, Tashkent, and Dubai.", "Air Littoral , the first airline I worked for, is dead. Their airline license has been revoked by the Transport minister, and they ceased operations Friday at midnight.", "Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas’ McCarran International Airport. It is the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and (as of December 31, 2007) also the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. It is also the 6th largest U.S. airline by revenue. It also maintains the third-largest fleet of aircraft among all of the world’s commercial airlines.", "From North America: Until very recently, it was virtually inconceivable to reach South America from anywhere other than Miami . Today, however, rapidly developing hubs at Atlanta , Dallas / Fort Worth , Fort Lauderdale , Houston , Mexico City , New York , Newark , Orlando , Toronto , and Washington -Dulles offer viable alternatives. Indeed, airlines such as Air Canada, United and Delta Airlines have successfully begun to challenge the virtual monopoly once enjoyed by American Airlines to several key markets. American discount carriers such as Spirit Airlines and JetBlue (Azul in Brazil) have recently fought hard for and won several route authorities to serve the likes of Colombia , Brazil and Peru , bringing low fares to these markets for the first time. Recently, US Airways started a daily non-stop service from Charlotte to Rio de Janeiro . Given the US airlines' cutbacks in service, frequency, and cities served over the years, consider high quality Latin American carriers such as Avianca (to Colombia with daily non-stop flights to Bogotá, Medellín , Cali and Cartagena), Copa Airlines (Panama's national airline to hits hub in Panamá City), LAN Airlines (Chilean carrier serving Chile direct and via several other countries), or TAM (to Brazil, including some non-stop flights to other Brazilian cities besides São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , like Belo Horizonte , Brasilia and Manaus ).", "Avianca is the main airline as of May 2013 after TACA Airlines merged with Avianca. Although it serves in Bogota , Colombia, it now serves Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala after the TACA Merger and thus, it has now expanded services further to South America and Spain. Avianca flies a fleet of A319s, A320s, A321s (much of them from it's former TACA Fleet) and other aircrafts throughout North, Central, and South America.", "Air Canada: Hub. Hundreds of daily flights to/from Canada, USA, Central America, Caribbean, South America, Far East, Asia and Europe with full fleet of Airbus A319/320/321/330-300, Boeing 767-300/777-200LR/777-300ER, Embraer 175/190", "Colombia's national airline and flag carrier, Avianca (AV) was founded in 1919 as SCADTA. It is the country's largest airline and the second largest in North and South America. The carrier operates a primary hub at El Dorado International Airport (BOG) and secondary hubs at El Salvador International Airport (SAL) and Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM). It flies to about 90 destinations in 22 countries in South America, North America and Europe. The airline has a number of subsidiaries, including Avianca Brazil, Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca Ecuador, Avianca El Salvador, Avianca Guatemala, Avianca Honduras, Avianca Peru and Sansa.", "The other international airport in the country is Liberia (LIR) – although the airport was inaugurated back in 1995, its demand increased considerably until 2006. The airport was named after former Costa Rican president Daniel Oduber Quiros.", "Tiger Airways Australia , one of Asia's largest low cost carrier (LCC) has a hub in Melbourne and flies to all other capital cities and select destinations with very competitive prices. On 2 July 2011 Tiger Airways Australia was suspended from flying by Australian civil aviation authorities due to safety concerns. Tiger recommenced operations on 12 August 2011 but with a much reduced schedule and a smaller operational aircraft fleet.", "There are two domestic airlines which offer flights all over the country: SANSA and Nature Air. The first one is a division of a larger airline called TACA which flies all over Latin American and the USA, while Nature Air is exclusively for Costa Rica, and it also offers a couple of destinations in Nicaragua and Panama. There are also a series of local private companies that charter planes all over the country as well.", "IndiGo is the latest entrant to the domestic civil aviation space in India. Based in Gurgaon, Haryana, India, the low cost carrier took off its inaugural flight from Delhi to Imphal (via Guwahat), on August 4, 2006. InterGlobe Enterprises, a renowned travel corporation, is the owner of IndiGo.", "1997: A chartered Beechcraft BE200 tourist plane from the Canary Islands crashed as it approached the Banjul airport in the West African state of Gambia. Eight of the nine people aboard the plane were killed in the crash.", "Virgin Atlantic Airways, formed in 1984, is now the second-largest British long-haul international airline. It operates a fleet of Boeing 747 and Airbus A340 aircraft to 25 locations around the world, including New York, Miami, Boston, Los Angeles, Orlando, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Washington, DC, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Johannesburg and the Caribbean. Founded on the concept of offering a competitive and high quality Upper Class and Economy service, Virgin Atlantic has won the Airline of the Year Award several times and holds many other major awards.", "August 1968 saw the establishment of its first overseas base at Tegel Airport in what used to be West Berlin . The company had up to three BAC One-Elevens stationed there [17] until 1981 when these aircraft were replaced with one of its three newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 series widebodies , at the time the largest aircraft operated out of any Berlin airport. [18] [19] Its Berlin operation was staffed by 90, mainly local workers. Throughout this period, it carried thousands of holidaymakers from the Western parts of the formerly divided German capital to resorts in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands.", "In 1992, Copa Airlines signed a strategic alliance with TACA Airlines (now Avianca El Salvador), and the airline began flying from Tocumen International Airport, making it the first flight connection center in Latin America. As a result, Tocumen was dubbed as the “Hub of the Americas” and several Latin American airlines such as LACSA of Costa Rica, Aviateca of Guatemala, and NICA of Nicaragua joined the alliance. The alliance ended in 1998 when the six-year agreement expired.", "* November 2013, A Copa Airlines Flight from Los Angeles with destination to Panama City, Panama, had to perform an emergency landing at El Salvador Intl. Airport due to technical problems.", "TACA (Central American Air Transportation) is an airline founded in the 1930s as a cargo company. In the 1990s TACA became Grupo TACA incorporating the airlines of Costa Rica (LACSA), Guatamala (AVIATECA) and Nicaragua (NICA) into the corporation.", "Lacsa was established on 17 October 1945 by Pan American World Airways, the Costa Rican government and Costa Rican private interests. It started operations on 1 June 1946 and was designated the national carrier in 1949. Its domestic network was transferred to its wholly owned subsidiary Sansa in September 1959. ", "The LPL airport hosts some low cost operators companies. Those are: Aer Lingus, Czech Airlines, Blue Air, EasyJet, Ryanair, Flybe, Thomson Airways, Vueling Airlines and Wizz Air", "They fail to mention Caribair, that operated out of Puerto Rico, and eventually was purchased by EAL……", "The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by European Union manufacturer Airbus. It is the world's largest passenger airliner, and the airports at which it operates have upgraded facilities to accommodate it. It was initially named Airbus A3XX and designed to challenge Boeing's monopoly in the large-aircraft market. The A380 made its first flight on 27 April 2005 and entered commercial service in 25 October 2007 with Singapore Airlines.", "*6 June 2012: an Air Class Líneas Aéreas Fairchild SA227AC Metro III, registered CX-LAS, performing a freight flight on behalf of DHL from Montevideo to Buenos Aires disappeared south of Isla de Flores. Parts of the aircraft were located by a scuba diver approximately 1 NM south of Isla de Flores on 20 July 2012.", "In 2009, it was announced that Avianca would merge with TACA. This created AviancaTaca Holdings, which instantly became one of the region's largest airlines, with 129 aircraft and flights to more than 100 destinations.", "Surprisingly, until they had the DC10, Laker sometimes operated a BAC111 non-stop from LGW to the Canary Islands. It seems that there were restrictions on weight (passengers were restricted to 15kgs for luggage) and the flight operated at higher levels than norm, so it just about came within the BAC111's range. Refuelling stops were sometimes necessary at Faro.", "If you are afraid of the sea, or get sick just by staring at a ship, then a plane is what you need, and that usually means a turboprop ATR-72 by one of the airlines like Binter or Islas Airways. They are perfectly safe and adequately fast as you are likely to spend more time at the airport than in the plane itself.", "In 2009, Copa Airlines announced it would withdraw from SkyTeam on October 24, the same date that partner Continental Airlines left the alliance. The company added two Boeing 737-800s. and announced a firm order for 13 Boeing 737-800s with the new Boeing signature \"Sky Interior\". " ]

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[ "Born and raised in the United States by immigrant parents, he adopted the stage name Martin Sheen to help him gain acting parts.[3] He is the father of four children (Emilio, Ramón, Carlos (aka Charlie Sheen), and Renée), all of whom are actors, as is his younger brother Joe Estevez.", "Emilio Estevez (born May 12, 1962 in Staten Island, New York) is an American actor and director.", "Emilio Estévez (born May 12, 1962) is an American actor, film director, writer and poet. He started his career as an actor and is well-known for being a member of the acting Brat Pack of the 1980s, starring in The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo’s Fire. He is also known for Repo Man, The Mighty Ducks and its sequels, Maximum Overdrive, and his performances in western films such as Young Guns and its sequel. One of his first appearances was “Two-Bit” in The Outsiders.", "Emilio Estevez (; born May 12, 1962) is an American actor, director, and writer. He started his career as an actor and is well known for being a member of the acting Brat Pack of the 1980s, starring in The Breakfast Club, St. Elmo's Fire, and also acting in the 1983 hit movie The Outsiders. He is also known for Repo Man, The Mighty Ducks and its sequels, Stakeout, Maximum Overdrive, Bobby (which he also wrote and directed), and his performances in Western films such as Young Guns and its sequel.", "Emilio Estevez was born on May 12, 1962, in New York City. He is the eldest son of actor Martin Sheen , who at the time was just breaking into the business. His mother, Janet Sheen (née Templeton), was a former New York art student who had met Emilio's father right after he had moved to Manhattan. Martin and Janet had three other children, Charlie Sheen , Renée Estevez , and Ramon Estevez , all of whom became actors. His father is of half Spanish and half Irish descent, and his mother, whose family is from Kentucky, has English and Scottish ancestry.", "Emilio Estevez is an American actor known mostly for his “Brat Pack” movie roles in the 1980s — and as the son of actor Martin Sheen and the older brother of actor Charlie Sheen . Estevez grew up in New York and southern California, while his dad was becoming a movie star in films such as Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979). Emilio jumped into the business as a teenager, and began appearing in TV shows just out of high school. His early movie appearances included the film versions of S.E. Hinton ‘s books Tex and The Outsiders (1982 and ’83, respectively), and the modern cult classic Repo Man (1984). Throughout the 1980s Estevez was a bankable young star, from Brat Pack movies such as The Breakfast Club (1985), St. Elmo’s Fire (1985) and Young Guns (1988), to solid mainstream comedies such as Stakeout (1987) and Men at Work (1989). Estevez then had box office success in the early 1990s, with The Mighty Ducks (1992) and its sequels, but he had already turned his attention to making movies from behind the camera. He has since directed numerous television shows and feature films, including the movies Bobby (2006) and The Way (2010, starring Martin Sheen ). Beyond the cinema, Estevez is known as an avid wine grower and beginning vintner in southern California, producing under the name Casa Dumetz.", "When they returned to Los Angeles, Estevez co-wrote and starred in a high school play about Vietnam veterans called Echoes of an Era and invited his parents to watch it. Sheen recalls being astonished by his son's performance, and \"began to realize: my God, he’s one of us.\" After graduating from Santa Monica High in 1980, he refused to go to college and instead went into acting. Unlike his brother Charlie, Emilio and his other siblings did not adopt their father's stage name. Emilio reportedly liked the assonance of the double ‘E’ initials, and \"didn't want to ride into the business as 'Martin Sheen's son'.\" Upon his brother's using his birth name Carlos Estevez for the film Machete Kills, Emilio mentioned that he was proud of his Hispanic heritage and was glad that he never adopted a stage name, taking advice from his father who had regrets adopting the name Martin Sheen as opposed to using his birth name Ramón Estevez. ", "Bobby is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Emilio Estevez, and starring an ensemble cast. The screenplay is a fictionalized account of the hours leading up to the June 5, 1968 shooting of U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles following his win of the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primary in California.", "Estevez was born in Staten Island, the oldest child of artist Janet Templeton and actor Martin Sheen (born Ramón Estevez). His siblings are Ramon Estevez, Charlie Sheen (born Carlos Estevez), and Renée Estevez. Estevez's paternal grandparents were Irish and Galician (Spanish) immigrants. His father is a \"devout Catholic\" and his mother is a \"strict Southern Baptist\". ", "El Salvador (;), officially the Republic of El Salvador (, literally \"Republic of The Savior\"), is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. , El Salvador had a population of approximately 6.38 million, making it the most densely populated country in the region. Its population consists largely of Mestizos of European and Indigenous American descent. ", "Emilio is the eldest son of Martin (born Ramon Estevez) and his wife Janet. The couple went on to have three other children (Charlie, Ramon and Renee) - two of whom also kept the Estevez name.", "Emilio Estevez's father is actor Martin Sheen. His younger brothers are Charlie Sheen and Ram�n Luis Estevez, and his younger sister is Ren�e Estevez. He is most famous as part of the 1980s Brat Pack group of actors, having starred in The Breakfast Club (1985) and St. Elmo's Fire (1985). He also appeared in the cult film Repo Man (1984), as the punk-rocker-turned-car-repossessor Otto.", "In recent years Estevez has worked infrequently as an actor, and grown more interested in working on the other side of the camera. His career as director began blandly with Wisdom co-starring Demi Moore , with Estevez as a bank robber with a heart of gold, and then the garbage comedy Men at Work co-starring his brother, Charlie Sheen . His 1996 drama The War at Home was a very effective look at the Vietnam war's impact on an average American family, and Rated X for Showtime told the true tragedy of pornmeister brothers Jim and Artie Mitchell . His latest film was the well-received Bobby, a complicated and effective story written and directed by Estevez, telling how Robert Kennedy 's assassination affected those who saw it.", "For his eleventh birthday, Emilio Estevez's parents gave him a portable movie camera, and for years he fancied himself a director, putting together backyard movies starring his brothers, sister, and friends Chris and Sean Penn and Chad and Rob Lowe . The firstborn son of Martin Sheen , Estevez chose to use his real name when he went into show business.", "Lalo Schifrin (born Boris Claudio Schifrin, June 21, 1932) is an Argentine pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor. He is best known for his film and TV scores, such as the \"Theme from Mission: Impossible\". He has received four Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations. Schifrin, associated with the jazz music genre, is also noted for work with Clint Eastwood in the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, particularly the Dirty Harry films.", "Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 - December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and trafficker. His cartel, at the height of his career, supplied an estimated 80% of the cocaine smuggled into the United States. Often called \"The King of Cocaine\", he was the wealthiest criminal in history, with an estimated known net worth of US $30 billion by the early 1990s. He was also one of the 10 richest men in the world at his prime and lived in his self-built Hacienda Nápoles. ", "Benicio del Toro (born February 19, 1967) is an actor. He was born in San German, Puerto Rico and grew up in Santurce, a district of San Juan, Puerto Rico. His parents, Gustavo del Toro and Fausta Sanchez-del Toro, were both lawyers. Benicio's mother died of hepatitis when he was nine years old.", "He agreed to make a brief appearance in D3: The Mighty Ducks in exchange for Disney helping him finance and distribute another effort as actor-director, The War at Home . Though smiled on by critics, The War at Home received a paltry distribution by Disney and thus went largely unseen. A devastated Estevez considered quitting the business but has ultimately continued to work in films, including a fourth effort as director and star, Rated X , which co-starred brother Charlie Sheen and was a selection at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2006, Bobby , a film about the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy that Estevez wrote, directed, and acted in, premiered at the Venice Film Festival and received a seven-minute standing ovation.", "He agreed to make a brief appearance in D3: The Mighty Ducks (1996) in exchange for Disney helping him finance and distribute another effort as actor-director, The War at Home (1996). Though smiled on by critics, The War at Home (1996) received a paltry distribution by Disney and thus went largely unseen. A devastated Estevez considered quitting the business but has ultimately continued to work in films, including a fourth effort as director and star, Rated X (2000), which co-starred brother Charlie Sheen and was a selection at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2006, Bobby (2006), a film about the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy that Estevez wrote, directed, and acted in, premiered at the Venice Film Festival and received a seven-minute standing ovation.", "His first role was in a drama produced by the Catholic Paulist order. Soon after, he made his stage debut with his father in Mister Roberts at Burt Reynolds' dinner theater in Jupiter, Florida (this was the only job his father ever placed him in). Since then, father and son worked together in the 1982 ABC-TV film about juveniles in jail, In the Custody of Strangers, in which Estevez did the casting.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ramón Gerardo Antonio Estévez  (born August 3, 1940), better known by his stage name Martin Sheen, is a film actor best known for his performances in the films Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979), and in the television series The West Wing from 1999 to 2006. In film he has won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival for his performance as Kit Carruthers in Badlands. His portrayal of Capt. Willard in Apocalypse Now earned a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor. Sheen has worked with a wide variety...", "After The Outsiders, Estevez appeared as the punk-rocker turned car-repossessor Otto Maddox in the cult film Repo Man before co-starring in The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo's Fire. Following the success of these back-to-back Brat Pack films, he starred in That Was Then, This Is Now (which he co-wrote), the horror film Maximum Overdrive (for which he was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award), and the crime drama Wisdom (with fellow Brat Packer Demi Moore). Estevez was originally cast in Platoon to be private Chris Taylor but was forced to drop out after production was delayed for two years; the role eventually went to his younger brother Charlie Sheen. He went on to lead roles in the comedy/action film Stakeout and the westerns Young Guns and Young Guns II.", "Estevez is the older brother of Charlie Sheen and son of Martin Sheen. He had a steady relationship with Carey Salley, a Wilhelmina model, until they broke up in 1986. They share a son, Taylor Levi Estevez (born June 22, 1984), and a daughter, Paloma Rae Estevez (born February 15, 1986). He was briefly engaged to actress Demi Moore and they remain good friends. The two starred as a feuding married couple in the 2006 movie Bobby, alongside Moore's real-life husband at the time, actor Ashton Kutcher. ", "In 1992, he found the career longevity that escaped other Brat Packers by starring in The Mighty Ducks as Coach Gordon Bombay, a lawyer and former peewee star and minor hockey prodigy looking to forget the past, forced into coaching a pee wee hockey team as a form of community service. The film turned out to be one of Disney’s most successful franchises. It was followed by two sequels. The following year Estevez starred in three films: the dark thriller Judgment Night, the spoof comedy Loaded Weapon 1, and comedy/action film Another Stakeout, which was the sequel to his earlier film Stakeout.", "Estevez's big break came in 1982 when he appeared in his first feature-length film opposite Matt Dillon in 'Tex' - the first of three adaptations of S.E. Hinton's books. 'The Outsiders' (1983), also starring Dillon, Patrick Swayze, Tom Cruise, C. Thomas Howell and Ralph Macchio, pushed him further into the limelight.", "Grandfather of Taylor Estevez , Paloma Estevez , Lola Rose Sheen , Bob Sheen , Max Sheen , and Cassandra Sheen.", "His father, Francisco Estevez , died shortly before the premiere of Blind Ambition (1979). As he was unable to attend the funeral, Martin mourned his father in the scene in which John Dean cries in his jail cell.", "From an early age, Estevez took an interest in the movie business, trying his hand at amateur script-writing, filmmaking and acting, and he also dabbled in poetry. Just before his eighth birthday, Estevez submitted a script for Rod Serling's off-beat television show, 'The 'Night Gallery'. The script ended up being turned down.", "Ironically, it was the role that Estevez almost played but lost that ended propelling Charlie to the big time. Estevez was originally slated to play the lead role in an early version of Oliver Stone's film 'Platoon' (1986) but he lost the job when financing fell through. Eventually, when the financial pieces fell into place, Charlie won the lead.", "Ramon Luis Estevez (born August 7, 1963), sometimes billed as Ramon Sheen, is an American actor and director who runs Estevez Sheen Productions.", "libro escrito por PL Travers en 1934, en 1964 Estado Unidos de Norteamérica realizó la película musical adaptada del libro de Travers y protagonizada por Julie Andrews, personaje protagonista de ficción (que es una niñera mágica) de los libros Travers \"Mary Poppins\" y la adaptación al cine", "Ralph McPherran Kiner was born on October 27, 1922, in Santa Rita, New Mexico. He was 4 years old when his father died, and his mother moved him to the Los Angeles suburb of Alhambra, California, and he grew up there." ]

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