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ææŗãæčĻããããããŽä¸ã¤ãĢãããĒãŽãããŖãã
ãââį§ã¯æēåä¸æŗãŽåãå°åš´ã§ããæ¯æĨéŗįŠåˇĨå ´ã§ãŽå´åãįĩãããã¨ã¯ãčĒæ¸ãããĄã°ããŽæĨŊããŋã§ãããããããŽč¤å¤åã¨éčĒãŽå ´éĸã§ã¯ãããŖããããžãããã¨ãįįãĢãããæšå¤ãããžãæ įģãčĢ¸éčĒãŽãģãã¯ãšéĸ¨æŊŽããããĻãããļãããĄã¯æãĢãããĻããããã ã¨č¨´ããããĒããããŽæŗĸãĢäšãŖãĻæ¸ããŽãã¨čŖåãããæ°ããããã¨ãį´°ããæåãį¨įŽå
ĢæãĢããããŖãĻãããéŗįŠåˇĨå ´ãŽã¤ãããå¤éäŧæ¯ãŽãžãĢãããã ãæ¸ããŽãããã¸ããĒãã¨ã ã¨æãŖãããããĻãŠãããæčŋãŽã¸ãŖãŧããĒãēã ä¸čŦã¯ãį§ãå ããĻã ããåãæˇąåēé¨ãĢãããããĒéå°åš´ããã¨ãããã°ãčĻéãŖãĻããããåŋããĻãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãæãããã(ä¸åãģå
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### ããŽåå
å¸ããããĻãæŦĄåãããã
åæŠå¸
ã¨ããĻããããã
å¸ã ãŽåˇģã ãŽã¨ããããŽå¤éĸ¨ãĒãĩããŋã¤ããĢãŽææŗã¯ãæĨæŦãŽå¤å
¸æåĻãšãŋã¤ãĢãŽįšåž´ã¨ããŖãĻãããããã¸ãæãããļããĒããŽã ããčĒč
ãįč
ãĢãããžãŽæ´įã¨æ¯æããä¸ãããžãåžåŗãŽäŊéģãããããĒãŠãŽåŠäžŋãããžãžįžäģŖãŽäŊåŽļãããããŽæãã¤ãããį§ãŽãå¸ããããŽäžå¤ãĒããŽã§ã¯ãĒãã
ãã¤ã¯ãåæŠãģéåå¸ãã¨čããããžããå
Ģčå¸ããåĒæĨå¸ããĒãŠã¨åĨäŊãŽčĻåã§ããããããĢčŋˇãŖãĻãã¤ãåæĨãģãŠä¸ĻãšãĻãŋãĻããããããĒå
æ¯ãį§ãĢã¯ãžãæ¯æãã§ããããããããããį´ä¸ãŽãå¸ãã¨ãåčĄæŦãŽå¸å˛ãã¨ããå
厚ãŽåēåããããšã¤ãĒå¸åãĢãĒããããããĒããĒãŖãĻããããčĢæããããããã
æĨ æ¨ä¸æãŽåæŠãéåãŽįą åæĻã¯ããã§ãĢéå§ãããĻããããģã¨ããŠå¤Šä¸ãŽå
ĩã¨ããŖãĻããããŽãæŖæãä¸æãĢã˛ãå¯ããĻããããããŠããģãŠåå°ãŽåŽŽæšãåžããĻãããããããĒããââåžééãŽé å˛čąåēãĒãŠãããããããã§ãåšåēæšãŽæããžãããããĒãéã ãŖãããããæåããããŽã¨ããããããããããĒå¤įĢįãĒčãŽåã¯ãããĻããĻæĻåžčĄčŗãæäēēãĢã¯ãŋã¨ããããĒãããŽã ããããį§ããĄã¯äŊãåģēæĻčĄčŗãŽé¤ãäēãč
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é å˛čąåēãŽãããã¤ããå¸ããããä¸äēēãŽåĻãŽãã¨ãĒãŠã¯ãããšãĻį§ãŽčč˛ã§ãããããŽãã¨ã¯æŖį´ãĢããã§ããŖãĻããã
ä¸åŋãå˛æãããįŠã¯ããäŊãŖãã¨ãããããį¤žãŽæ¯åąãéãããžãåŗļãŽéˇåå˛åŽļãį¯¤åŋåŽļããéãããé å˛æįŽãŽéĄã¯æēãĢåąąįŠããããģãŠã ãŖããå¤ãį´čĄãįžå°čŦæŧãŽéĄãžã§äŊããæŧããĻãŋããä¸ã§ã¯åŗļæ šįå˛å
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įĢ ã¯ãããåæããĻãããããããĢããĻããéĒ¨åã¯é°æˇĩå¯ēæčĩãŽåŽ¸įææ¸ä¸éãŽãģããĢãããĻãŽåããããĒãã
įžäģãŽčĻŗå
ããŧã ã§åéĄãĢãĒãŖãĻããäžãŽã
åžéé夊įãŽããæã¯ãåŗļåžããģãã¨ãåŗļåãįãã
ã¨ããé
æãŽåŽļå
äēããŋãããĒčĢäēãŽãã¨ãĢãĒãã¨ãããĻãããŖããã ããŠãŖãĄããã¸ã§ããåãĒãčĢč¨ŧãįįĒãŽįĩįĢãĻãĒãããéŖãããã¨ã§ãĒãããããæé¨įãåŗļåãŽå˛čšãåæļããåŗļåžãä¸æšįãĒæåŽå°ãĢãããĒãŠã¯ããĄã¨æŠč¨ã§ã¯ãĒããŖããããããããå¸æŗå¤æąēãŽåŊĸåŧã§ãããŖããĒãæžåˇäēäģļãŋãããĢããĒããĒããããžããã¨ã§ã¯ãĒããŖãããã
įĢéčĻåšŗæ°ãĒãŠãæ¨åš´é å˛ã¸ä¸éãŽããã¯ãã ããļããŽãåŊåå¯ēããéģæ¨ãåžĄæãããåŗļã§ã¯čãããããã¨ããããį§ãããŗããŗãããããããããå¤ãã¯åį°æąäŧååŖĢäģĨä¸ãå°éå˛åŽļãŽå¤ããĢč¸æģã¯ãããļããããããããããŽã ãŖããéããããã§ã¯ãĒãããã¤ãį§ã¯å¤ãčģŊäēæ˛ĸãĢããããĻããžãŖãããããåąąåŊãŽåĩæ°ãŽãĒãã§é å˛ãŽå
įžäēåäēåš´åãŽäēēã¨æŗĸæŋ¤ãæŗåãĢãŽãŧããĒãŠã¯æĒããŗãŗããŖãˇã§ãŗã§ããŖãã¨ã¯æããĒããããŽããŖã¯ãˇã§ãŗãããšãĻå˛č¨ŧãå¸įŗã¨ããæ¨įãĒãŽã¯ããĄããã ãã
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ã§ããå¤Ēåšŗč¨ããŽįč
ã§ãé å˛ã¯čĻãĻãããå°čĒãå°åŗãĢãæĻããŖãäēēãŽįãĒãŽã ããããäŊããĢéį§įæĄã¨ãããããããããĒããŽã ããã¨ãã°ãäģæĨãŽããšãŗããŽä¸ãĢããĻãããčŋãããããžããæãŠã¤ãŗãŽįĢšåŗļããé å˛ãŽäŊįŊŽã¨ã¯ããããå
ĢåäēæĩŦãŽčĨŋåãĢããã¨ãã常čå°įã§ããéŊäŧäēēãĢã¯ãĄããŖã¨æãæŗãã°ãĒããŽã§ã¯ãããžããã(ä¸åãģäšãģå)
### ããŽåäē
æŦĄãŽãåæŠå¸ãã§ã¯ãæŖæãŽéååąąã大åĄã厎ãŽåéčŊãĄããžãäšåˇãĢãããčæą æĻæãŽæå
ĩãĒãŠãå
ĢčãŽåäšąãããčļŗåŠéĢæ°ã¨æ°į°įžŠč˛ãŽä¸å¤Žé˛åēãžã§ããģãŧåãããã
ã ãããããããŖãĻã¯ãé å˛čąåēãŽå¸ãããããĻãååéˇåš´ãčšä¸åąąãĢæ ãįĩįˇ¯ãã¤ãĨãŖãĻããã
嚸į°é˛äŧ´æ°ãĢãâæ¯æ˛ååéˇåš´âãŽä¸äŊãããããããčč¨ŧãããŋã¤ã§æ
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§ããååį´äēãããäŧ¯čåˇģããŽį¨åēĻã§ããã
ãžãããã§ãį°čĒŦãå¤ããå¸ãŽä¸é¸å°ã¯ããŠãã§ããŖããã¨ãå˛čšãå˛čĢãį´ã
ãĒãããã ããčšä¸č¨ããäŧ¯čåˇģããĒãŠã¯å¤§éĒ港(ä¸å¸)ã¨čŧãããæĸ
æžčĢããĢã¯éæ´Ĩã¨ãŋãããåĸéĄããĢã¯į¨˛æ´ĨãæĩĻã¨ãããčĢ¸æ¸ãŋãĒãĄãããããã ããé å˛ãŽé
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éŋæŗĸæĩˇčŗãŽå˛ŠæžįĩåŽļãŽåãé å˛čąåēãŽčãĢãŋããã¨ã¯ããããžã§ãŽå˛æ¸ãĢãåŗļãŽã¤ãããĢããĒããããã¯ããŖããäŊãĢæ ãŖããŽããã¨åãäēãŽčĒč
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ã¯ãįž¤éĻŦįæ°į°éĄãŽå˛ŠæžæãįēįĨĨå°ã§ãããã ããčŗĒåč
ãŽä¸éãžã§ããããŽå°æšãŽčĒč
ã ãŖããããŖã¨ããĒãä¸å¯Šã§ãããããŽãįããããå°ãããŽčļ芹ã§č¨ãčļŗããĒãã°ãåžæĨããžããĢãå˛Šæžä¸æãŽæ´ģčēããčģŊãčĻãããããĻããããŽã¨ãããã¨ãĢãæč¨ããĻããã
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ĨãããĢã¯čĒããĒãæãäŧ´ããĢãĄãããĒãã
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### ããŽåå
į§ã¯å°čĒŦåŽļã ãããŠããäģæĨã¯æããå°čĒŦãæ¸ããĒããæĨããããį§ã¯įãŽč¸čĄåŽļãč¸čĄčŗä¸ä¸ģįžŠč
ã§ã¯ãĒããããã
ã¨ããŖãĻä¸ååã§ããĸããĢãããããĢã¯ããããããŽįéčļ芹ã§äģæĨãŽåã¯åãããã¨ãĢãããéæ
ã ããįįąã¯ãã ãããããĒãããã§ãããââäēå ąãĢã¯ãææĨæ´ãã¨ããããåčŖããã¯ããŽåå
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ããŖããžã§éĄãŽããã ãŖãįĸ§æĩˇæšžãŽæ°´ã¯ããĢãããĢããããã¨ãããããĻãæãããæ¸Ļåˇģãããä¸ãŖãĻæĨããŽã !
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ââéæéã¯ä¸åäēããããŽåŋĢéåã§čĩ°ããĒãããč
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Ĩããŋã ããĻæŠéĸéãå°ãĄããŖãã
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### ããããŽčąĒåãéããĒãŖã
éæéãŽį ˛æã¯ãããããã¯ããããĒããåŗļããããįĒé˛ããĻããæĩčĻããˇãĢã´ããããããæä¸ãã¯ããã ãŽä¸æã§æ˛ããĻããžãŖãã
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ããŽåžã§ããäģč¨ã ãããã¨ãå˛ŠåąąãŽį ˛å°ããå°ãĄåēããããæ°ãŽæ¯ã ãæĩåŧžã¯ãäēä¸įąŗããã¨ãŠããĒããŽã ããŋããĒæĩˇãŽä¸ã¸čŊãĄãĻãįŊãæ°´æąãįĢãĻãã°ããã§ãããââããæåéæéã¯ãåéŖã§ãã¯ãããæĩãŽåé˛æ šæ å°ãå é ãããŽãã
大į ˛ãŽéŗãĢããŠãããé´ããįŠēã§įãŖãĻãããåæ¯ãĒæĩčĻããĒãŧãŦãšãŋãã¨ãããĨãŧãšããŗãã¯ãå
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įĄįˇéģäŋĄãŽãĸãŗããããããããã¨éįŊãįĢčąããĄãããĻãããåšŊéãŽįĢãŽããã ãæĒãåå
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æĩˇčģä¸ãŽčąĒåãããĒãĢãĢããŗãããŽã?
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大åŖ°ã§ãããļ大äŊãŽéĄã¯ãčĄãŽæ°ããĒããĻãéãããã
čĢ¸åã大äŊãããŗããããå ąåį¨į´ãĢã¯ããŠããĒä¸åãĒãã¨ãæ¸ããĻãããŽã ããããŽãããĻčĻããã§ã¯ãĒããã
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ã¨ãã¨ããæããæĒéãããŧãŠãŧååŖĢãčŋãĨããĻæĨããŽã ã
### ããŖæĻéæãåŧããããã
éģé˛ãŽä¸ããįĸãŽãããĢčĩ°ãæĒããåŊąãââč顲įææŠã¯čĻãčĻãčŋãĨããĻæĨãã
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### åãįĨéĸ¨åĩå¯é
čĢ¸åãåã¯ãæä¸ãã¨ãč顲ãã¨ãŽæĻéããįĨããããåãĢãåæĸãĒããįĨéĸ¨åĩå¯éãŽææãčĻã¨ãŠããĒããã°ãĒããĒãã
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Rosellinia necatrix (R. Hart.) Berlese ãŽååĸæŽģãŽčŖéæ§ãĢã¤ããĻ | ã¨ããĨãĸãŧãĢãģã¨ãĢããģããĒãĒãĨãŧãEdouard Ernest Prillieu | ## Rosellinia necatrix (R. Hart.) Berlese ãŽååĸæŽģãŽčŖéæ§ãĢã¤ããĻ
(čč
ãŽããĒãĒãĨãŧã¯,æå¤æŽģãŽååĸååē§ãããŗå
é¨ãŽååĸæŽģãŽä¸ĄæšãåãããĻããããã§ããã¨æããã.äģĨé,å¤ããŽå ´å,ååĸååē§ã¨čĒãŋæŋããĻåˇŽãæ¯ããĒã)
åŊįĢåĻéĸææ(åæã§ã¯ãM. PRILLIEUX, de ãl'Institutãã.įĸēč¨ŧãĢã¯čŗããĒããŖãã,ãM.ãã¯ææčˇãĒãŠãŽå°éčˇã襨ãæŦį§°MatreãŽįĨã¨ãŋãĒã,äģŽãĢãææããŽč¨ŗãããĻã.ä¸å¯č§ŖãĒãã¨ãĢ,ããĢããŖããããĢãŦãŧãŧãĢã¯ããŽæŦį§°ãäģãããĻããĒã),ããĒãĒãĨãŧč
ãããĢãããĢããŖã(ãã¤ããŽæŖŽæį
įåĻč
,čåĻč
Robert Hartig)ã Dematophora necatrix ã¨åäģããĻããããį įŠļããčããã¯,å¤åš´æ§æ¤įŠãæ樚,ãããĻ樚ãäžĩãčéĄãŽããĄæãåąéēã§æãåãŽįĨããããŽãŽã˛ã¨ã¤ã§ãã.ããŽčã¯åäģãŽãããĻ螲åŽļãæ šæŊį
(éæåŊĻå¤Ēé(1901)ãŽį¨ããį
åãĢãĒãã.åæã§ã¯åãĢãle Pourridiã)ã¨ããļį
åŽŗãŽä¸ģããį
åčã§ãã.ããŽį
åŽŗã¯,ããĒčŋčžēã§ã¯ãĸãŗããĢã¤ãĻ(ããĒéå¤ãŽæąãĢäŊįŊŽããå¸)åēåãĒãŠã§æĄãŽæ樚æĒŖ(åŖæ šįļãĢäģįĢãĻãæ樚å)ãĢčĸĢåŽŗãåãŧããĻãã.
äģãŽååŖįæ¯čã¨åæ§ãĢ,Dematophora ãĢã¯é常ã¯æ é¤čįŗ¸ããčĻãããĒãã,æ šæŊį
ãŽįŊšį
樚ãŽä¸ãĢã¯įšåž´įãĒčįŗ¸ãčĻããã.ãããĢčĻãããæ§é įįšåž´ãĢã¤ããĻã¯,ããžãããįĨãããĻãã.ãã ã,ããŽæ§é įŠã¯å¸¸ãĢä¸į¨ã§ãã.æ¯æģæãéˇãéå°éĸãĢåãžãŖãĻããã¨,ããŽä¸ã§ Dematophora ã¯č
įįãĢįãįļããĻãããŽã ã,åįåã¯ããããæãŽčĄ¨éĸãĢã ãįēįãã.ããŽãã¨ã¯ããĢããŖããããčĒŋãšãĻãã,ããŽåįåãŽåŊĸæ
įįšåž´ãã¤ãļããĢč¨čŧããĻ Dematophora ãŽåãä¸ãããŽã ãŖã(1).
(1)ROB. HARTIG, ââ Untersuchungen aus dem forstbotanischen Institut, III, 1883. ââ Ibid., p. 126.
1891åš´ãžã§ã¯,æŦčãããäģĨå¤ãŽčååŊĸææ§åŧãã¨ããã¨ã¯įĨãããĻããĒããŖã.ããĢããŖã㯠Dematophora ãŽčįŗ¸ãŽä¸ãĢååĸæãæĸããã,įĩåąčĻã¤ãããĒããŖã.åŊŧã¯ååĸæãåå¨ãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨įãŖãĻãã,ãããžã§ãĢį įŠļããĻãã Rosellinia quercina 㨠D. necatrix ã¨ãŽéĄäŧŧã,čįŗ¸æãããĒãčååŊĸæčįŗ¸(åæã§ã¯ãfilaments fructifresã)ãåįåãĢįįŽããĻéãææããĻããã.ããŽčĢæãĢåēãĨããĒã,æŦčã Rosellinia åąãžãã¯čŋį¸ãŽčãŽåįååŊĸæ
ã ã¨čãããŽã¯åįįã .
ããĢããŖããŽčĻäēãĒį įŠļčĢæãããããæ°åš´ãŽãã¨ã .ã´ãŖãĸãŠ(ããŠãŗãšãŽæ¤įŠį
įåĻč
Pierre Viala)ææã¯ãĸãŗããĒã¨čž˛åĻéĸãŽį įŠļ厤ã§æ¯æģãããĻ樚ãéˇããčĻŗå¯ããĻããã,åĸįãã D. necatrix ãŽéãĢååĸæŽģãã¯ãããĻčĻåēãã.åŊŧã¯æ šč
ã㨠D. necatrix ãŽåŽå
¨æäģŖã¨ãå¯žčąĄãĢæŽãį įŠļãĢã¨ããããŖã.ããã¯,ãããžã§čĒ°ãčĻããã¨ãŽãĒããŖãååĸæŽģãä¸ãĢįĨããããéčĻãĒį įŠļã¨ãĒãŖã(ããĒãĒãĨãŧčĒčēĢã¯ããŽčĢæãĢæįĸēãĢåŧį¨ããĻããĒãã,ãViala P (1891) Monographie du pourridi des vignes et des arbres fruitiers. C. Coulet et G. Masson, Montpellier et Paris.ããŽãã¨ãæããĻãã.ã´ãŖãĸãŠãŽååŖĢčĢæã¨ãĒãŖã大äŊã§ãã.ãĄãĒãŋãĢ,寊æģåĄãŽãĒããĢããĒãĒãĨãŧãŽåã¯čĻåŊãããĒã).
ååĸæŽģãŽæ§é ãčĻãã´ãŖãĸãŠææã¯,ããĢããŖããŽčããĢåįšããããĒããŖã.Dematophora ãŽååĸæãŽä¸ãĢ㯠Tuberaceae(ãģã¤ã¨ãĻãˇã§ãĻãį§)ãŽãããĒéčŖéæ§ãŽå
č
(åæã¯ãconceptablesãã§ããã,ãconceptaclesããŽčĒ¤æ¤ã¨ãŋãĒãã)ããã,ããŽå
é¨ãĢã¯ååĸãåãåˇģãįŗ¸įļįĩįšãčĻãããããã .åŊŧã¯ãããã°ãŦãã¨ããã .
ããĢãŦãŧãŧ(ã¤ãŋãĒãĸãŽæ¤įŠåĻč
,čåĻč
Augusto Napoleone Berlese)ã¯ããŽãããĒå
č
ãį´æĨãĢčĻŗå¯ãããã¨ãĒã,ãžãã´ãŖãĸãŠææãŽč¨čŧãåŗã§ããįĨããĒããŖããŽã§ã¯ããã,ã´ãŖãĸãŠææãŽįē襨ããäēåŽãĢ寞ããĻå
¨ãæ°ããč§Ŗéãä¸ãã(1).ããĢãŦãŧãŧã¯čĒčēĢãŽį įŠļããĻãã R. aquila ãã´ãŖãĸãŠææãŽč¨čŧãã Dematophora ã¨æ§é ä¸é
ˇäŧŧããĻãããã¨ãĢčĄæãåãã.åŊŧã¯ãžã,ããĒããŽįĸēåēĻã§,ã´ãŖãĸãŠææãŽããã°ãŦããŽįšįļã¯é常ãĢį´°éˇãå´įŗ¸ã§ãããã¨čŋ°ãš,ååĸãŽå
įĢ¯é¨ãĢãã,įŠēæ°ãŽé¨åąã¨åäģããããįšåž´įãĒåĨåĻãĒæ§é ã¯,ãã§ãĢããĢããŖãã R. quercina ãĢãããĻč¨čŧã,åŊŧčĒčēĢããžã R. aquila ãĢãããĻčĻŗå¯ããĻããå
įĢ¯æ (åæã§ã¯ãle bouchon solideã.į´č¨ŗããã°ãä¸åŽãŽæ ã.ãã°ãã°é į°ã¨ããã°ãã)ãĢäģãĒããĒãã¨čãã.
(1)BERLSE.ââ Rapporti tra Dematophora e Rosellinia. Rivista di Patologia vegetale. Vol. I, 1892.
ããŽããŗį§čĒčēĢ㧠R. necatrix ãŽååĸæŽģãį´æĨčĻŗå¯ã,ããĢãŦãŧãŧãŽčĻč§ŖãŽæŖãããåŽå
¨ãĢįĸēčĒãããã¨ãã§ãã.
Dematophora necatrix čãĢããæ¯æģããį¨Žã
ãŽæ樚ãŽæ šãŽæįã,į§ã¯æ¤įŠį
įį įŠļæãŽåå°ã§æ°åš´ééŠæšŋãĢįŊŽããĻããã.ãããã¯čãŖãåįåææ(åæãĢã¯ãun gazon de fructifications conidiennesãã¨ãã.gazon ã¯čįãŽæ.į´č¨ŗããã°,ãčįãŽãããĢåįååŊĸæããããŽãã§ãã.ããĒãĒãĨãŧãŽæäŊãŽįãĒãŽãããããĒãã,ããŽãããĒčŖ
éŖžįãĒ襨įžãéæãĢčĻãããĻéĸįŊã)ãĢäŊåēĻãčĻãããĻåįåãįŖįã,ã¤ããĢäģåãŽį įŠļå¯žčąĄã§ããååĸæŽģãã§ãã.
ã´ãŖãĸãŠææãŽææããã¨ãã,ååĸæŽģã¯åįåæ(åæã§ã¯ãconidiophoresã.åįåææãŽãã¨ãããããã§ããã¨æããã.äģĨé,åæ§ãĒįŽæããã)ãŽãã§ãĢįããĻããååē§åą¤ããåēãĻãã.ãããã¯,æ¯æģæ šãéˇæéčĻãŖãĻããč¤č˛ãã§ãĢãįļãŽčįŗ¸åą¤ãŽä¸ãĢåŊĸæããã.
ãããã¯æ°å¤ããäēããĢæŧãåããĒãã,åįåææãŽæŽéĒ¸ã,ãžã åįåãįįããĻããåįåææãĢåãå˛ãžããĻãã.ãããã¯ããã¸ã大ãã,į´åžããã 1.5 mm,įåŊĸ,é é¨ãããåšã§,ããŽä¸å¤Žé¨ã¯ååŖãæã¤äšŗé ã¨ãĒãįĒãåēã.ãããã¯č¤č˛ãããŖãį°č˛ã ã,äšŗé é¨ã¯éģč˛ã§ããæč˛ãŽãããŧ(æ)ãĢããŖãĻå˛ãžãã.
ããããŽååĸæŽģã¯äēéãŽåŖãæãã.å¤å´ãŽããŽã¯įčŗĒã§įĄŦããããã,å
å´ãŽããŽã¯æčģã§įŊãŋãããŖãčĸãŽãããĢãĒã,å¨į¸é¨ããä¸åŋã¸ã¨æžå°æšåãåããå´įŗ¸ã¨ååĸã¨ãå
ã(ããŽãäēéãŽåŖããŽããĄ,å¤å´ãŽããŽãååĸååē§,å
å´ãŽããŽãæŦæĨãŽååĸæŽģã§ãã).
å´įŗ¸ã¯įŗ¸įļã§é常ãĢéˇã.ååĸãĢã¯æãããįŗ¸įļã§į´°éˇã,å¤æ°ãŽå´įŗ¸ãŽä¸ãĢįēéããã,čĨæã¯å´įŗ¸ã¨åŽšæãĢčĻåããããĒã.ååĸãŽä¸ãĢã¯ã˛ã¨ã¤ããã8ã¤ãŽčåãäŊãã,ãããã¯į¸Ļ1åãĢé
įŊŽããã.čåã¯ããæšžæ˛ããčåŊĸãããĻãã,įå´ãããå¸ã§,įææč¤č˛ã¨ãĒã.
čååŊĸæãĢå
įĢã¤é常ãĢæŠãææãĢ,ååĸãŽæĢįĢ¯ãŽåŖãŽå
å´ãĢæ˛į´ ã§éå¤ããæįšãåŊĸæãããã,æŦĄãã§ããŽå´æšãčĨåããĻį°įļãĢãĒã.ããŽčĨåé¨ãæ˛į´ ã§éå¤ãã.ããŽãããĢããĻ,ããĢããŖãã¨ããĢãŦãŧãŧãĢããŖãĻ R. quercina 㨠R. aquila ãŽãĒããĢãã§ãĢæãããĻãããŗãĢã¯æ æ§ãŽããŽãã§ãããããŽã .ååĸã¯,čĨæãĢã¯ããããåãåˇģãå´įŗ¸ã¨åžã
ãĢããĻæˇˇåãããĄã ã,æĢįĢ¯ãæ˛į´ ã§ããŽãããĢéå¤ãããããã§å´įŗ¸ã¨ã¯čåĨã§ãã.
įæ,å´įŗ¸ã¨ååĸåŖã¯ã˛ãĢįļãĢãĒã.éģãåããĒãčåã¯ååĸãĢå
ãžããĻãã.ååĸã¯ã˛ãĢåããĻãã,æĢįĢ¯ãĢæ˛į´ ã§éå¤ãããŗãĢã¯æ æ§ãŽããŽããã¤ã,ããŽãŗãĢã¯æ æ§ãŽããŽã¯ã˛ãĢåããĒã.čåãŽåã¯,ã˛ãĢåããå´įŗ¸ãŽéããĒããããĢåã,ååĸæŽģãŽä¸åŋé¨ãžã§éãã.ããããååĸæŽģãåŖãã¨,ä¸čēĢå
¨é¨ãį˛åĄã¨ãĒãŖãĻãã,ä¸åŋé¨ãĢã¯æįããčåãŽåãããĒãæč˛ãŽįˇãéä¸ããĻãããŽãããã.
ããããŽčåã¯ãŠãŽãããĢããĻååĸæŽģããå¤ãĢåēãĻčĄããŽã ããã.
į§ã¯,ååĸæŽģãŽé é¨ãĢããäšŗé ã常ãĢååŖããã¤ãã¨ãįĸēčĒãããã¨ããã,åžå´ãĢįĩããŖã.ããã,7æåã°ãĢãĒãŖãĻãã,ããŽäšŗé ãŽæĢįĢ¯ãĢå°ããĒéģč˛ãŽä¸¸ãåĄããããŽãäŊåēĻãįēčĻãã.ããã¯,éĄåžŽéĄã§čĻãã¨,ååĸæŽģãŽå
é¨ããæãããããŧãšãįļãŽįŠäŊã¨ãĒãŖãĻæŧãåēãããæįčåãéãžãŖãĻã§ããããŽã ã¨åããŖã.
ä¸æšã§į§ã¯,ããããĻæšŋæŊ¤ãĒį°åĸãĢããããæįããååĸæŽģãŽé é¨ãããã¯å´é¨,åēé¨ãĢ大ããĒįįļãŽį˛čŗĒã§éæãĒæļ˛æģ´ããããŽãčĻŗå¯ãã.ãĢãŧãã§čĻãã¨,ããŽå
é¨ãĢã¯,čåã§ã§ããå¤æ°ãŽéģãįãã¯ãŖããã¨čĻãã.
æįããååĸæŽģãŽãĒããĢã¯,大ããĒčŖãįŽãéããĻįŠēãĢãĒãŖãĻããããŽãããŖã.æįããååĸæŽģãé常ãĢæšŋæŊ¤ãĒį°åĸããäšžįĨããį°åĸãĢį§ģããĻããã¨,ããŽããĄãŽããã¤ããĢã¯äšŗé ãŽé é¨ãĢæč˛ãŽčåãčžįļãĢãĒãŖãĻäģįããĻããã,ãããã¯äšžããĻčĒįļãĢå´ŠåŖãã.
ååĸæŽģãŽåŖã¯é常ãĢå˛ãããã.é常ãŽæĄäģļã§ã¯,垎å°ãĒäēčŖãæãã§ããããĒãŽã¯äšŗé ãŽįĩįšã .ãããĻããããããŧãšãįļãŽį˛æļ˛ãĢåãåˇģãããčåãæŧãåēããã.ããã,ããããäēčŖã¯åŖãŽãããããĒå ´æãĢįēįã,ãã°ãã°äēčŖãæĄããŖãĻ大ããĒčŖãįŽã¨ãĒã,ã¤ããĢæŽģãå˛ããĻä¸æ´åŊĸãŽį ´įãĢãĒããã¨ããã.
é
ãææãĢãĒãã¨,ååĸæŽģã¯ããšãĻãįŠēãĢãĒã,ãã°ãã°åŖããĻãã.
ããŽååĸæŽģã¯éčŖéæ§ã§ããã¨čããããĻããããããããã,åŖãĢįããčŖãįŽãäēčŖãĢããŖãĻéããããŽã .į§ã¯,čĒįļãåãåãŖãį´ æãĢããŖãĻããŽįšį°ãĒãããģãšãįĨãããããŽãããã¨čãã.
į§ã¯,ã´ãŖãĸãŠææãŽæįģãč¨čŧãã Dematophora ãŽåįåæŽģãĢã¤ããĻã¯äŊãč¨ããšããã¨ããĒã.æ¤įŠį
įį įŠļæã§ã¯,åįåæãããŗååĸæŽģãįš°ãčŋãå¤æ°åŊĸæãããĻčãŋãŽãããĢãĒãŖãĻããã,åįåæŽģã¯ã˛ã¨ã¤ã¨ããĻčĻããã¨ããĒã.
### åŗįIIIãããŗIVãŽčĒŦæ
1.ââ R. necatrix ãŽååĸæŽģãĢčĻããããĸãŗãēæ¯æģæ š
2.ââ äŊåįã§čĻã Rosellinia ãŽååĸæŽģãããŗåįåæ(Dematophora)
3.ââ ãããĢæĄå¤§ãã Dematophora ãŽåįåæ
4.ââ å´éĸããčĻã R. necatrix ãŽååĸæŽģ
5.ââ æč˛čåãããĒãåšŗããĒåĄãé é¨ãĢäģįããååĸæŽģãä¸ããčĻãããŽ
6.ââ čåãããĒãæč˛ãŽčžįļãŽããŽãé é¨ãŽäšŗé ãĢäģįãããĩãã¤ãŽååĸæŽģãå´éĸããčĻãããŽ
7,8,9.ââ ååĸæŽģãŽäēčŖ.ããããããŧãšãįļãŽį˛æļ˛ãĢåãå˛ãžããčåãæŧãåēããã
10.ââ ååĸæŽģãŽé é¨ãŽäšŗé ãæĄå¤§ããããŽ.čåããããéãŖãĻæŧãåēãããäēčŖãæéĸä¸ãĢčĻããĻãã
11.ââ é é¨ãŽäšŗé ãŽäēčŖããæŧãåēãããčååĄ
12.ââ ãããĢéĢåįã§čĻãæįčå
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17.ââ 大ããĒčŖãįŽãŽéããĻããįŠēãŽååĸæŽģãä¸ããčĻãããŽ
18.ââ åŖãĢ大ããĒčŖãįŽãŽããååĸæŽģãå´éĸããčĻãããŽ
åŗį1 Prillieux (1904) ãŽååŗIII. åŗ1ã4,6,10ãåĢã.
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ããč¨ãŖãĻæããã¯ãããŗãĒããĒãã芹ããŽã ããŠ
æŦæ°ã§č¨ãŖãĻãããã¨ã¯æļããã§ãįŽã¤ãã§ãããããžãã
į§ã¯ä¸äēēãĢãĒãŖãĻããč¸ãįããĒã
ããããã¨æļãæĩãåēããĻã¨ãžããžãã
į§ã¯ãããããŠãããã°ãããŽ?
7
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į§ã¯įļãĢč¨ãŖããŽã§ã
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į§ãŽæãã¨ãĢæĨãĻåãŖãĻããã§ã
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ãģããŽãã¨ã§ã¯ãããĒãĢčŗĸããč¯ãäēēãĒãŽãĢ
严æšãå¯ãã¨ããŠãããĻãããĒãĢéĻŦéšŋãããã¨ã§äēããŽã ãããŖãĻã
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į§ããããĒįææ°ãĒãã¨ãč¨ãŖãĻã¯ããŋãžããããŠ
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ã¨ãéŖãã¯äģ˛ãæĒããã§ããŽ?ã
č¨ããĒããæļãæĩããĻãããããĒããŖã
įļã¯äŊãåŧˇãč¨čã§č¨ããããã
į§ãŽéĄããã§ã¤ã¨čĻãã¨
č¨čãåãŖãĻãæĨãĢéģãããŋ
æ°¸ããã¨ãˇãŗã¨åãŖãĻããžãã
ããŽæĢãĢãã§ã¤ã¨įĢãŖãĻæŦå ãŽæšãĢčĄãŖãĻ
ãããĻäŊã大įĻå¸ŗãŽãããĒæ¨ĒéˇãĢã¨ãã
å¤ãå¤ãå¸ŗéĸãæãŖãĻæĨãĻ
į§ãŽæå
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ããããããããĒ芹ããĻãããã
ããããåãããŽãã¨ã¯ãĄããã¨įĨãŖãĻããĻ
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ããããããĢãĄããã¨æ¸ããĻãã!
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į§ãĢã¯ä¸čĄãčĒããžãã
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ãĒãã§ãããŽäŊčˇãŽčĨãæåã¯
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į¨ŽčãčãĒãŠãŽå˛ãįŠ´ãäŊããã
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įļã¨ããĻã¯å¤ãå¤ããããããŽããããŽå¯ēãŽåå°ã
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čĒåãŽäģŖãĢãĒãŖãĻããæ¸ãããããĒã
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į§ã¨ããį
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ããããããĒãããããããĒãįļãã!
į§ãĢã¯ãĒããĢãč¨ããĒããŽ
ããã§éģãŖãĻæļãæĩãããžãžãĢããĻããã
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ããããĢãããããĢããĻæĨãžã
įļãŽįŽãĢãæļããĢããã§ããããã§ã
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į§ãéģãŖãĻããļããæ¯ãã¨
įļãéģãŖãĻæ¯å¸ããããĻãããžãã
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į§ã¯ä¸æãããĢä¸åēĻįŽããããĻ
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čĒ°ããããŖãĄã¨åĢãã§ãã
ãĒãã¨ãã ããŖ! ã¨įˇãŽåŖ°ã§ãŠãĒãåŖ°
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ãããŗã¯čš´ããŽããĻããŖãĻãįļã¯ããĒã
ãŠããããŽã ãã?
äŊãã¯ããžãŖãã?
į§ãŽé ãĢã¯ãæ¨å¤ãŽãã¨ãããŖãããã
ãããĒãįļã¨éŖãŽå°įļãããå§åŠãããĻã
ããŽããããžãããããã¨éģæ°ãŽãããĢįžãããĻ
åŖæ šãŽã¨ããã§įļã¯éãå°įļããã¯éŦããĩãããļã
严æšã¨ãéĄããéĻããčĄã ãããĢãąãŦãããĻ
ãąãĸããŽãããĢããããŖãĻãã!
ãããĒã! ãããĒã! ãããĒãã¨
čĩˇãããããã¨ããĻããŽããšãã¯ããčēĢã¯
ãŠãããĻãčĩˇãããããĒã
ãįļãã! čąåŠããŖ! ãįļãããŖ!
čĒ°ãæĨãĻãŖ!
ãããčĻããã§ããéã
襨ãŽé¨ãã¯ããŋãžãã
ãŠããã§ãããã¨äēæ¸æ°´ãããŋãããéŗããã!
ããŧãŖãããŖãĄã ! ããļãĒããŖ!
ãĻãŠãŧã! ã¨įˇãŽäēēããĄãŽåŖ°ã
!
ããĒããĒããĒãã¨äŊããŽããããéŗ!
ããããŠãããã?
ãįļãããæŽēããã!
æŠãæĨãĻãŖ! čĒ°ã§ãããããæŠãæĨãĻãŖ!
įŗãĢįĒãįĢãĻããããĢããã!
ããã¸åēããŦããĢįĒãŽé¨æ¸ããŦãŋãŗãģã´ããŗãģãŦãŠãĒã¨æŧããŽã
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é ããčŠããã°ããˇã§ãĒã¨æ°´ãĢæŋĄããĻã!
ãããį´ããããã¨įŦãŖãĻčĻããĻ
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ããããéĻŦéšŋãĒ! å§åŠãĒãããããĒãã!ã
ãã§ããããããããĢã¯äŊãŽãã¨ãããĩãããĒããããĒãããããĒããŽã?
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襨ãŽãĒãŗãˇã¤ãããŽč§ãŽčžēãĢčããããŠ
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ãĒãŗãˇã¤ãŽčŖãŽåˇĨå ´ã§ãĸãŠãŦãäŊããã§
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ããŽįŠįŊŽãŽčåąæ šãŽä¸ããįããããŖããã
ããŽįĢãä¸įĒæåãĢčĻã¤ãããŽãčĒ°ã ã¨æã?
ããŖãĄãŽčąåŠãĄããã
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ãįĢäēã ããŖ!ãã¨åļéŗ´ãŖãĻ
ãããĒããããˇã§éŖãŗä¸ããĻåããĄãŽčæ¸ã¸æĨãĻįĢäēã įĢäēã ãŖ!
åŠãããããĻããããã ã
įļãæ¯ããŗãŖããããĻéŖãŗåēããĻčĻãã¨
įŠįŊŽãŽčåąæ šãããããã¨éŗãįĢãĻãĻįããĻãã
å¤ĸä¸ãĢãĒãŖãĻčŖãŽäēæ¸ããæ°´ãéãã§
ããããļãŖãããããļãŖããã!
ãĒãŗãˇã¤ããããããŋããĒåēãĻæĨãĻäēæ¸ããããąããŽãĒãŦãŧãĒãã
čąåŠããããŋããĒãåļéŗ´ãã¤ããĒããæ°´ããã
ãĒãã¨ããžãčĄãŖãããŽã
ããĄãžãĄįĢã¯æļãã¨ãããã
ããŽãããĢãĒãŖãĻãããŖã¨čĒ°ããéģ芹ããĻãããã¨čĻããĻ
įēãŽæļé˛čģãé§ãã¤ããĻãããããŠ
ããį¨ããĒããĻãããããã!
ã¨ããããå
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ããããŖãĻįĢãæļããĄããŖãĻ
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ĨããĒãã
ãäēããĢéĄãčĻåãããĻãŋãã
ããąããģãĒãŦãŧãŽå
é ãĢįĢãŖãĻãããŽãããåŽ
ãŽå°įļãã
å
ãĄãããåãŽãįļããã ãŖããã !
čąåŠãĄããããĒãŦãŧãŽä¸ãĢããã
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ã°ããˇã§ãĒæŋĄããĻå¤ãĒããŖããã!
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å¤Ēéŧå¤ããããåã!
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äēēéã¯ãããããããĢã¯æãããĒã!
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įļãŽæãŽãã¤ã¨ããŽæ¨éãéŗ´ãåēããĻã
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æĨããį§ããããčããĻãããŽã!
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äēäēēã§įŦãŖãĻããžããžãã!
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ãããããããŖãĻčĄããæŗã¨ã¯č¨ããĒãããįĨããĒããŽ
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čĒåãŽæšãį¸æãããåŧˇããĻčŗĸãã¨æãŖãã
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šãŽåēãĢæãŖãĻãŽãå¤å°įįéĸįŽãĒãéåš´åĻįčĢ¸åã¸ãŽåŠč¨ãŽãããĒããŽãã§ããããŖããŽã§ããã(ä¸äšä¸ä¸ãģåãģäēã)
åčæ¸ãŽããã
Platon : Symposion, Phaidros.
Dante : Vita nuova.
Goethe : Die Leiden des jungen Werthers.(č
éč¨ŗ)
Schopenhauer : Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung.(å§å´č¨ŗ)
Stendhal : De l'amour.(ååˇč¨ŗ)
Russell : Marriage and morals.
Ellen Key : Love and marriage.(åį°č¨ŗ)
Freud : Vorlesungen zur Einfahrung in die Psychoanalyse.(åŽį°č¨ŗ)
Kollontai : A great love.(ä¸åŗļč¨ŗ)
Tolstoi : Anna Karenina.(ä¸æč¨ŗ)
Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet.(åĒå
č¨ŗ)
Maeterlinck : Pellas et Mlisande.
D'anunzio : Il trionfo della morte.
Rousseau : Confessions.(įŗåˇč¨ŗ)
Turgenev : Die erste Liebe.(įąŗåˇč¨ŗ)
Pushkin : Onegin.(įąŗåˇč¨ŗ)
Heine : Buch der Lieder.
Novalis : Hymnen an die Nacht.
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1) P. 460. 8vo. 2nd edit.
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čĻããĒããŽã§ãããããåäēēã¯ä¸čŦįįĻįĨãŽčæ
ŽãŽä¸ãĢčĒåˇąãŽåäēēįåå¨ãæ˛Ąå
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1) Political Justice, b. viii. c. iii. p. 458.
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ã§ãããããããããįåŽã¨ã¯ãģã¨ããŠãããããŽãĒãįŠēæŗįģãĢãããĒããã¨ã¯ãæããĢãčĒč
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1) Polit. justice, b. viii. c. x. p. 510.
åå°ãįĩļ寞įãĢãã¯ãããäģĨä¸įįŖããĒããĒããžã§ã¯ãããĒãįĒŽčŋĢãå°éŖãäēēåŖéå°ããčĩˇããĒãã¨čãããã¨ãŽčĒ¤ãã¯ãį§ãæĸãĢææããã¨ããã§ããããããäģãã°ãããã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ãŽåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãåŽįžããã¨äģŽåŽãããããĻãããåŽå
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čãæˇˇããã°ãčŗĒį´ ãĒäēēã
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ã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ã¯įĩåŠãããŖãĻčŠæŦēã§ããįŦå ã§ããã¨čããĻãã1)ãããã§ä¸Ąæ§ãŽäē¤ããæãåŽå
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ãé¸ãŗããããĻããŽįĩãŗäģããããŽæãĢåããéããããįļããã§ããããã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ãĢããã°ãä¸äēēãŽåŠĻäēēãäŊäēēåäžããã¨ãã¨ããžãåäžãčĒ°ãĢåąãããã¨ãããã¯å¤§ãããã¨ã§ã¯ãĒããããéŖæãæļåŠã¯ãäŊãŖãæšããčļŗããĒãæšã¸čĒåįãĢæĩããĻããã§ããã2)ããããĻåäēēã¯ãčĒåˇąãŽčŊåãĢåŋããĻãååĨŗãŽæé¤ãĢåŊãã§ãããã
1) Polit. justice, b. viii. c. viii. p. 498 et seq.
2) Id. c. viii. p. 504.
å
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1) Polit. justice, b. viii. c. iii. p. 340.
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ããĢãĩãšãŽįŦŦä¸įãĢãããã´ããĻãŖãŗæšå¤ã¯ãããããŖãĻįĩããŽã§ãããæŦĄãã§åŗãŽæåžãŽããŠã°ãŠãã§č§ĻããããåéĄãæąãįŦŦåå
įĢ ãĢį§ģããŽã§ããããããŽįŦŦåå
įĢ ã¯įŦŦäēâåįã§ã¯įŦŦä¸įĢ ãįŦŦäēâå
įã§ã¯įŦŦåä¸įĢ ã¨ãĒãŖãĻããã
## įŦŦä¸įĢ åšŗįä¸ģįžŠãĢã¤ããĻ(įļ)
(č¨ŗč¨ģ)
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãæŦįĢ ã¯įŦŦäēâå
įãŽãŋãĢããããŽã§ãããįŦŦäēâåįã§ã¯ããã¨į°ãįĢ ãããŖããŽã§ããããããã¯įŦŦäēįäģĨä¸ã§ã¯åé¤ããããåé¤ãããããŽã¯įĢ æĢãĢéãããã¨ã¨ããã
ããŽå¤æåã大ããĢå°æŦããĻããäēēã
ã¯æ°åš´æĨį§ãĢå§åããĻãåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãããĒããĄãĻãŠãŦã¤ãšããŗãŗããĢãģã¨ãåãŗã´ããĻãŖãŗãĢéĸããé¨åã¯ãæĸãĢčããããŽčåŗãå¤ąãŖãĻããããžãäēēåŖįčĢãŽčĒŦæã¨äžč¨ŧãä¸ģéĄã¨ããæŦæ¸ã¨ã¯åŗå¯ãĒéĸäŋããĒããããæ°įã§ã¯ãããåé¤ããæšãããããã¨äēãŖãĻãããããããããã¯į§ãä¸ģéĄãŽåēį¤ããį įŠļãĢå°ããããŽã§ãããããį§ã¨ããĻã¯ãããĢå¤å°ãŽåˇįããããŽã¯åŊįļã§ãããããããåĨã¨ããĻããį§ã¯åŽéãæŦæ¸ä¸ãĢäēēåŖåįãĢåēãĨããåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãĢ寞ããé§čĢããããšãã§ããããããĻãããé§čĢã¯ãäēēåŖåįãŽäžč¨ŧã¨éŠį¨ãŽä¸ãĢå
ĨãããŽããããããæãčŗåŊã§ããããžãæåšã§ããããã¨æããŽã§ããã
ããããäēēéĄį¤žäŧããĒããããææéåãŽæãé˛ãã į¤žäŧã¯ãįŽį¸ãĒčĻŗå¯č
ãããĻãåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãå
ąįŖä¸ģįžŠãŽæĄį¨ãĢãã尨大ãĒæšåé˛æŠãåŽįžããåžãã¨äŋĄããããå¤č˛ãæãŖãĻãããåŊŧãã¯į¤žäŧãŽä¸æšãĢčąéĨãčĻãäģãŽä¸æšãĢæŦ äšãčĻãããŽčĒįļįãĒæįŊãĒææ˛ģįã¯įįŖįŠãŽåšŗįåå˛ãĢããã¨čãããåŊŧãã¯ã尨大ãĒäēēéãŽåĒåããäēã
ããįĄįãĒãæãĢã¯æåŽŗãĒãã¨ãĢæĩĒč˛ģãããĻãããŽãčĻãããã¯å
¨įļįĄããĻæ¸ãããžãã¯ããŖã¨æåšãĢäŊŋį¨åēæĨãã¯ãã§ããã¨čãããåŊŧãã¯åžããåžããã¨æŠæĸ°ãįēæããããŽãčĻãããã¯čããäēēéãŽå´čĻãŽįˇéãčģŊæ¸ããšãããŽã¨čããããããããããŽä¸čĻä¸äēēãĢčąéĨã¨éæã¨åš¸įĻã¨ãä¸ãããšãææŽĩããããĢãããããããåŊŧãã¯äžįļãį¤žäŧãŽå¤§å¤æ°ãŽäēēã
ãŽå´åãæ¸å°ãããããŽåĸéã¯ãã¨ãæĒåã¯ããĒãã¨ãæąēããĻįŧãĢčĻããĻæšåãããĻããĒããŽãčĻããŽã§ããã
ãããäēæ
ãŽä¸ãĢãããĻã¯ãåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãŽæåąãįĩļããč¸ãčŋãããĻãããŽã¯ãæĒãããĢčļŗããĒããã¨ã§ãããããŽåéĄãååãĒč¨č°ãįĩããžãã¯æšč¯ä¸ãŽãã大ããĒåŽé¨ãå¤ąæãĢ帰ããåžãĢã¯ãããŽåéĄã¯ãã°ããåŊąãã˛ããããããĻåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãŽæčˇč
ãŽæčĻã¯ãæģæģ
ããĻãã¯ãčŗãĢãããã¨ãŽåēæĨãŦčŦŦčĒŦãŽä¸ãĢæ°ãããããã¨ãĢãĒãããããããããä¸įãäģåžåšžååš´ãįļįļããããŽã¨ããã°ãåšŗįä¸ģįžŠã¯ãäģãŽčŦŦčĒŦã¨å
ąãĢãããĨãŦãĢããģãšããĨã¯ãĸããŽæ¯åŠãį¨ããã°1)ãæéĸ¨į´ãŽčĒŋåãŽãããĢãããææããããĻã¯ãžãčããã¨ããéĸ¨ãĢåčĻãããĻæĸãžãŦã§ãããã
1) Preliminary Dissertation to Supplement to the Encyclopdia Britannica, p. 121.
į§ããããĢããŽč¨čŋ°ããĒãããããĻåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãĢéĸããæ§čĢãåé¤ããããĻæĸãĢãããĢéĸãčŋ°ãšãã¨ãããĢããããéãå ãããã¨ãããŽã¯ããã ãããŽį¨ŽãŽåžŠæ´ģãŽåžåãäģæĨ1)čĻãããããã§ããã
1) ä¸å
Ģä¸ä¸åš´č¨ã
į§ã襡åŋããå°æŦãããŠããĸã¯ãŽãĒãĻã¤ãŗæ°ã¯æčŋãæ°į¤žäŧčĻŗãA New View of Society. ã¨éĄããä¸æ¸ãčããããæŦæ¸ãŽæåŗã¯ãå
ŦčĄãŽåŋãĢãå´åã¨č˛Ąč˛¨ã¨ãŽå
ąįŖåļãŽæĄį¨ãåŽŖäŧããã¨ãããĢããããŽã§ããããžãæčŋãį¤žäŧãŽä¸åą¤éį´ãŽããããŽãŽéãĢãåå°ã¯äēēæ°ãŽčž˛å ´ã§ãããããŽå°äģŖã¯äēēæ°ãŽéãĢåšŗįãĢåå˛ããããšãã§ãããäēēæ°ã¯ããŽčĒįļįéēįŖããåŠįãäēĢåãã樊åŠããããŽãĢ貥įŖįŽĄįäēēããĒããĄå°ä¸ģãŽä¸æŖã¨å§čŋĢã¨ãĢããŖãĻãããåĨåĨĒãããĻãããã¨ããææŗãčĄãããĻãããã¨ããä¸čŦå¨įĨãŽäēåŽã§ããã
ãĒãĻã¤ãŗæ°ã¯æããĢįãŽåæåŽļã§ãããåšžå¤ãŽåį¸žãæããĻããããããĻãããããäēēéĄãŽåããč
ã¯ãįļŋåˇĨå ´ãĢãããåšŧåš´å´åæéãåļéããžãåšŧåš´å´åãŽéåãé˛æĸããč°äŧãŽæŗåžãŽįēå¸ãåžãã¨ããåŊŧããŽå°ŊåãŽæåãããã¨ãã襡åŋããå¸æããšãã§ãããåŊŧã¯æ´ãĢãäēåãŽčˇåˇĨã¨å¤åš´ãĢäēãæĨč§ĻãããĻåžããĢéããĒãįĩé¨ã¨įĨčããããžãåŊŧįŦčĒãŽįĩåļæŗããįããã¨äēãããĻããæåããããĻãæč˛ä¸ãŽããããåéĄãĢéĸããĻã大ããĢæŗ¨įŽãĢå¤ããäēēįŠã§ããããããįĩé¨ãĢåēãĨãã¨į§°ããããįčĢã¯ãįãããĒããæēä¸ãŽįčĢãããéĨããĢå¤ããŽčæ
ŽãĢå¤ããããŽã§ããã
åå°ãĢéĸããæ°čĒŦãŽä¸ģåŧĩč
ãŽčĢæ ã¯įĸēããĢæĨĩããĻčåŧąã§ãããããŽčĒŦããŽããŽãé常ãĒįĄæēãį¤ēããĻãããããããį¤žäŧãŽå´åéį´ãŽčŦŦãã¯å¸¸ãĢå¯å¤§ãĒčæ
ŽãåããĻããã¯ãã§ãããåŊŧãã¯ããŽåĸéãŽæ§čŗĒä¸ããžãä¸čŦãĢåŊŧããĢå
ããããįĄæēãŽãããĢããĄããŖã¨ããå¤čĻãé°čŦåŽļãŽįįĨãĢæŦēãããĻãããŽįĄįããĒãåŊįļãŽįĩæã¨ããĻããããčŦŦããĢéĨããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻãæĨĩįĢ¯ãĒå ´åãåĨã¨ããã°ãčč
ã¯å¸¸ãĢãæ§æĨãĒæšæŗããã¯ãããåŋčãĢãããžãæč˛ã¨įĨčãŽæŧ¸æŦĄįæŽåãĢãããå´åč
ãĢįåŽãįĨããããããĢãå¸æããĒããã°ãĒããĒãã
åãŽįĢ ã§æĸãĢåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãĢã¤ããĻãããģãŠčŋ°ãšããŽã§ãããããããã§ã¯ããããŽčĒŦãĢéˇãčŠŗį´°ãĒé§čĢãčŋ°ãšãåŋ
čĻããããã¨ã¯æãããĒããį§ã¯ãã ãäēēåŖåįãĢåēãĨãåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãĢ寞ããé§čĢã¨ãåŽå°éŠį¨ãŽãããŽããŽé§čĢãŽį°ĄåãĒåčŋ°ã¨ãããããĢč¨é˛ãĢæĸãããããä¸ã¤ãŽįįąãčŋ°ãšãĻããããã ããŽãã¨ã§ããã
åšŗįä¸ģįžŠãĢ寞ããäēã¤ãŽæąēåŽįãĒå寞čĢãŽä¸ãããŽä¸ã¤ã¯ãįĩé¨ä¸ãããįčĢä¸ããããåšŗįãŽįļæ
ã¯ãäēēéæŦæĨãŽæ æ°æ§ãå
æããäēēéãããĻåå°ãéŠåŽãĢčäŊããããžãããŽåš¸įĻãĢåŋ
čĻãĒäžŋåŽåææĨŊåãčŖŊé ãããåžãå¯ä¸ãŽããŽãããåĒåã¸ãŽåēæãįãŋåēããĢéŠããĒããã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
æŦĄãĢããŽįŦŦäēã¯ãäēēéĄã¯įæ´ģčŗæãããæĨéãĢåĸå ããã¨ããå¨įĨãŽåžåããããããĢããããåĸå ããį§į貥įŖãŽæŗåãåäēēãčĒåˇąãŽåäžãé¤ããšãã¨ããįĨã¨čĒįļã¨ãŽåŊãĢããčĒ˛ããããéåžŗįįžŠåããįããããŽãããéããĒãæŽé
ˇãĒææŽĩãĢããŖãĻãéģæĸããããĒãããããããããåšŗįåļåēĻã¯ãžããĒãä¸å¯éŋįåŋ
įļįãĒ貧å°ã¨įĒŽäšãĢéĨããĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
åŗãŽč°čĢãŽããĄãŽįŦŦä¸ã¯ãį§čĒčēĢãŽåŋãĢã¯å¸¸ãĢå
¨ãæąēåŽįãĒããŽã§ãããåĸéãŽä¸åšŗįãĒãããŽãåčĄãĢã¯åŊįļãŽåæãä¸ãããã¤åēãä¸čŦįãĢį¤žäŧãŽå°äŊãŽåä¸ãŽå¸æã¨å¤ąåĸãŽææã¨ãéŧčããåĻãįļæ
ã¯ãįãããĒãäēēéãŽį˛žåã¨æčŊã¨ãŽįēåąãĢæãéŠããäēēéĄãŽåžŗæ§ãŽåŽčˇĩã¨é˛æŠã¨ãĢæãåč´ããããŽã§ãã1)ããããĻæ´å˛ã¯ããã¤ãĻåå¨ããããããåšŗįį¤žäŧãĢãããĻãããŽåēæããĒããããĢįããæ˛æģį襰æģ
įåŊąéŋã常ãĢäžč¨ŧããĻãããããããĒãããããããããŽåéĄãĢéĸããįĩé¨ãįčĢããããšãĻãŽããŖã¨ããããå寞čĒŦãæé¤ããĻããžããģãŠæąēåŽįã§ã¯ãĒãã¨ãããŽã¯ãæŦåŊãããããĒããäžãã°æŦĄãŽåĻãäēããããããããĒããããĒããĄãåšŗįä¸ģįžŠãåŽéãĢčĄãããæ´å˛įč¨é˛ã¯é常ãĢå°ãããžãããã¯éčŽįļæ
äģĨä¸ãĢãģã¨ããŠé˛ãžãĒãį¤žäŧãŽãã¨ã§ãããåžãŖãĻææéåãŽé常ãĢé˛ãã æäģŖãĢéĸããĻæŖåŊãĒæåŽãä¸ãåžãĒãããŽã§ãããå¤äģŖãŽãããĒãåšŗįãĢčŋããŖãį¤žäŧãŽåŽäžãĢãããĻã¯ãããæšéĸãŽåĒåãĢ大ããĒį˛žåãč˛ģãããäēäžã¯æąēããĻįããããĒããčŋä¸ãĢãããĻã¯ãããį¤žäŧããĒãããããĸãŠã´ãŖãĸäēēãŽį¤žäŧã¯ãããŽč˛ĄįŖãŽå¤ãã¯å
ąæã§ããŖããããŠããåŊŧããŽå¤å´ã¯į ´åŖããããã¨ãŽãĒããŖããŽããįĨãããĻãããã¨ããžãæŦĄãŽåĻããäēããããããããŦãããĒããĄãäēēéãčæ§äēēãŽæ æ°ã¨įĄįĨįĩããææįæ´ģãŽæ´ģåã¨åĄæēã¨ãĢåä¸ãããããããĢãåĸéãŽä¸åšŗįã¨ããåēæãåŋ
čĻã§ããŖãã¨ããĻããããŽį˛žįĨãŽæ´ģåã¨į˛žåã¨ãã˛ã¨ããŗį˛åžããããĻåžãåãåēæãįļįļããåŋ
čĻãããã¨ãããã¨ãĢã¯ãĒããĒããããŽæãĢčŗãã°ãåžããĢããŽé¤ææŗãŽããããåĨŊįĩæãæĨŊããã°ãããŽã§ããŖãĻãããŽé¤ææŗã¯ãäģãŽå¤ããŽåēæã¨åæ§ãĢãããįšã§åĨŊįĩæãįããåžãĢã¯ãæĸããĻããžããĒããã°į˛å´ãįžį
ãæģäēĄãįããã§ããããã¨ã
1) æčŋå
Ŧåããã Records of the Creation, and the Moral Attributes of the Creator, by the Rev. John Bird Sumner. ãŽä¸ã§ããŽåéĄãæĨĩããĻåˇ§ãŋãĢåæąãããĻãããŽãåį
§ãæŦæ¸ã¯æĨĩããĻåĒããčäŊã§ãããæŠãããŽäžĄå¤ãĢåŊãã ããŽæĩå¸ãčĻããã¨ãå¸æãĢå ĒããĒãã
ãããä¸ģåŧĩã¯ãįĸēããĢãäēēéæ§ãį įŠļããč
ãäŋĄæããããåĻãæ§čŗĒãŽããŽã§ã¯ãĒããããããããã¯ããį¨åēĻããŖã¨ããããããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻįžäģŖãĢãããĻãããåŽé¨ããĻãŋããã¨ããææĄãããŖãĻå
¨ãä¸æĄįãĒä¸åįãĒããŽã§ããã¨æąēããĻããžãããģãŠįĸēåŽãĒæąēåŽįãĒé§čĢãįĢãĻããããĢãčĄããĒããŽã§ããã
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ããĒãããããĻããŽã¨ãĒãããčĢ¸åŊãĢãããįįŖįŠãŽåĸå ã¯ãįĄéãŽäēēåŖåĸå ãæ¯ãããĢåŋ
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ĸã§ãããåžãŖãĻãããįˇŠæ
ĸãĢåĸå ããįįŖįŠãŽæ°´æēãĢäēēåŖãå§į¸ŽãããããĢįĩļããäŊį¨ããĻããåĻ¨ãã¯ããããįĩļ寞ãĢåæĸįãĒįįŖįŠãŽæ°´æēãĢæŧãã¤ããäģĨä¸ãŽãã¨ã¯ãģã¨ããŠããĒããĻããã§ãããã
ã1) Reply, p. 70.
ã2) ã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ã¯ã㎠Reply ãŽäģãŽé¨åã§ã¯ããŽčĒ¤ããĢéĨãŖãĻããĒãã
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ã1) Reply, p. 76.
ã2) ã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ã¯ãæŽēå
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ŖįŋãŽčĄãããĻããæ¯éŖãĢãããæĨĩåēĻãŽäēēåŖã¨č˛§å°ã¨ã¯ããŽčĻŗå¯ãååŧˇãįĸēč¨ŧããåžåããããããããĒãããã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ãŽčŋ°ãšãĻããåĻããĢãããŽäžŋæŗã¯ãããčĒčēĢãŽæ§čŗĒãĢãããĻã¯ãããŽåŧį¨ãŽįŽįãĢ寞ããĻã¯(p. 66.)éŠåŊã§ãããã¨ã¯ããã¯ãäēåŽã§ããããããäēåŽä¸ãããããããĻéŠåŊãĒãããããããĢã¯ãããã¯čŖå¤åŽãĢããŖãĻčĄãããšãã§ããŖãĻ严čĻĒãĢå§ããããšãã§ã¯ãĒããããŽæ
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ã1) Reply, p. 70.
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ã1) Reply, p. 72.
ã2) Id. p. 74.
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1) Burke's America, vol. ii. p. 219. Robertson, b. ix. p. 83, 86.
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1) Burke's America, vol. ii. p. 144.
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1) Raynal, Hist. des Indes, tom. vii. liv. xiii. p. 43. 10 vols. 8vo. 1795.
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ãåžããããŽįã ããã¯äēēéãŽãããĒãåĒåãããŖãĻããĻããģã¨ããŠãããčģŊæ¸ãåžãĒããŽã§ãããããã¯ãã ããããã¯įšåŽãŽæéãĢã¯įˇŠåããåžãããããžãįšåŽãŽéį´ãĢåŊąéŋãåãŧãããŽã§ããããããããĢæ¯äžããĻããéˇæéãĢäēããã¤ããå¤æ°ãŽäēēéãĢãããæĄå¤§ãããã¨ã¨ãĒãã§ãããããã§ããããããå ´åãĢãããå¯ä¸ãŽįãŽææ˛ģįã¯į§ģäŊã§ãããåžãŖãĻããŽåéĄã¯ãäēēéãŽåéĄã¨ããĻãžãæŋįãŽåéĄã¨ããĻãįžå¨ãååæŋåēãŽæŗ¨æãĢå¤ããããŽã§ããã
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Ģä¸å
åš´åãŗä¸å
Ģä¸ä¸åš´ã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãããŽããŠã°ãŠãã¯įŦŦäēįããįžããã
## įŦŦäēįĢ 貧æ°æŗãĢã¤ããĻ
(č¨ŗč¨ģ)
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãæŦįĢ ãŽååãŽãåžãĢč¨ãã¨ãããžã§ã¯ãįŦŦä¸įãŽįŦŦäēįĢ ããåãŖãããŽã§ãããCf. Essay, 1st ed., Chap. V., pp. 74 ff.
貧æ°ãŽé ģã
ããå°įĒŽãææ¸ããããããĢãããŽææ¸ãåŊããæŗåžãåļåŽãããĻããããããŽį¨ŽãŽä¸čŦįåļåēĻãŽč¨åŽã¨ããįšã§ã¯čąčã¯įšãĢéĄčãĒåŊã§ããããããããã¯åäēēįä¸åš¸ãå¤å°įˇŠåãããããããĒããããŠããããŽåŽŗæĒã¯ãããĢããããŖããåēæąãĢæĄå¤§ãããã¨æãããã
æåŊãĢãããĻåš´ã
貧æ°ãŽãããĢčĢ大ãĒééĄãåž´éãããĻãããŽãĢãåŊŧããŽå°įĒŽã¯äžįļã¨ããĻ大ã§ããã¨ãããã¨ã¯ããã°ãã°čŠąéĄãĢä¸ãããã¤å¸¸ãĢ大ããĢéŠããšããã¨ã¨ãããĻãããããč
ã¯č˛¨åšŖãį§æļãããĻãããĢéããĒãã¨čããããč
ã¯æč˛å§åĄãæ貧įŖįŖåĄãããŽå¤§é¨åã厴äŧãĢäŊŋãŖãĻããã¨čããĻãããããããĢããĻãããŽåĻįãã¯ãĒã¯ã ãããããåžãĒããĢéããĒãã¨ããįšã§ã¯ä¸č´ããĻãããčĻãããĢãæčŋãŽåļäŊäģĨåãĢãããĻããä¸įžä¸ããŽéãåš´ã
貧æ°ãŽãããĢåž´éããããããããåŊŧããŽå°įĒŽã¯č§ŖæąēãããĒããŖãã¨ããäēåŽã¯ã常ãĢéŠåããšããã¨ã¨ãããĻããããããããããäēįŠãŽčŖéĸãčĻŗå¯ããäēēã¯ãäēåŽãįžįļã¨éãŖãããããŖãĻããŖã¨éŠåããã§ããããããĒããĄä¸įŖ
ãĢã¤ãåãˇãĒãŗã°ãŽäģŖããĢããžããåå
ĢãˇãĒãŗã°ãã¤éãããäēæ
ã大ããĢä¸å¤ããã¨ã§ããããã¨ãĢãĒãã°ãããããããŖã¨éŠåããã§ãããã
å¯č
ãéãåēãįĩæã¨ããĻåå
ĢããŗãšãĒããäēãˇãĒãŗã°ã¨ããįžå¨ãŽį¨ŧãéĢãäēãˇãĒãŗã°ãĢãĒãŖãã¨äģŽåŽããã°ããããããåŊŧãã¯æåŋĢãĢæŽããã¨ãåēæĨãæ¯æĨæŠé¤ãĢčãŽä¸įãéŖãšããã¨ãåēæĨããã¨ãæŗåããããããããĒãããããããã¯é常ãĢčĒ¤ãŖãįĩčĢã§ããããåå´åč
ãĢ寞ãä¸æĨä¸ãˇãĒãŗã°ãã¤äŊč¨į§ģčģĸããããã¨ããŖãĻãåŊå
ãŽčãŽåéãåĸå ããããã§ã¯ãĒããããįžå¨ããšãĻãŽäēēãį¸åŋãĒåãåã貰ãã ããŽåéããĒããŽã§ãããã§ã¯ããŽįĩæã¯ãŠããĒãã§ãããããčãŽå¸å ´ãĢããã財æãŽįĢļäēãĢãã䞥æ ŧã¯æĨéãĢä¸å°åēĻãĢã¤ãå
Ģãäšããŗãšããäēãä¸ãˇãĒãŗã°ãĢ騰貴ããåžãŖãĻčã¯įžå¨ãããå¤æ°ãŽäēēãĢåããããã¨ãĢã¯ãĒããĒãã§ãããããã貥貨ãį¨å°ã§ãããããšãĻãŽäēēãĢã¯åé
ãåžãĒãã¨ããĢã¯ãæãæåšãĒįšæ¨Šãį¤ēãåžãããŽãæč¨ããã°æãå¤ããŽč˛¨åšŖãæäžããããŽããããŽææč
ã¨ãĒããããčãŽč˛ˇæãŽįĢļäēãéˇæéįļãããŽįĩæã¨ããĻåš´ã
ããå¤æ°ãŽåŽļįãéŖŧé¤ããããããĢãĒãã¨äģŽåŽããã°ãããã¯įŠįŠãį į˛ã¨ããĻãŽãŋčĄãåžãããŽã§ãããé常ãĢä¸åŠįãĒäē¤æã§ãããããã¯ãã ãããããĒãã°ããŽåŊã¯åä¸ãŽäēēåŖãé¤ãåžãĒããŽã¯ãå¨įĨãŽãã¨ã§ããããã§ããããããĻįæ´ģčŗæãäēēåŖãĢæ¯ããĻį¨å°ãĒå ´åãĢã¯ãį¤žäŧãŽæä¸åą¤č
ãäēãˇãĒãŗã°ãæãŖãĻãããã¨äēãˇãĒãŗã°ãæãŖãĻãããã¨ãããã¯å¤§ããåéĄã§ãĒããĒããããããĢããĻãåŊŧãã¯æãį˛æĢãĒéŖįŠããããæå°éããåžãããŦãã¨ãĢãĒãã§ãããã
ãããã貨įŠãĢããã財æãŽæ°ãåĸå ããã°įįŖįå¤å´ãĢåēæãä¸ãããããããĻããŽåŗļåŊãŽå
¨įįŖįŠã¯åĸå ããã¯ãã§ããããã¨äēããããããããĒã(č¨ŗč¨ģ1)ãããããããæŗåįå¯ãäēēåŖãĢä¸ããåēæã¯ãããį¸æŽēããĻäŊããããããããĻåĸå ããįįŖįŠã¯ããããĢæ¯čŧããĻããŖã¨åĸå ããäēēåŖãŽéãĢåãããĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ã¨ãĒãã(č¨ŗč¨ģ2)ã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģ1ãįŦŦä¸įã§ã¯ãããĢæŦĄãŽä¸æãããŖããįŦŦäēįäģĨä¸ã§ã¯åé¤ããããââ
ãããã¯ããį¨åēĻãžã§äēåŽã§ããåžãããã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģ2ãįŦŦä¸įã§ã¯ãããĢããįļããĻæŦĄãŽåĻãããŖããįŦŦäēįäģĨä¸ã§ã¯åé¤ããããââ
ã常ãĢį§ã¯åžåã¨åä¸éãŽäģäēãįēãããããŽã¨äģŽåŽããĻããããããæŦåŊã¯ãããããã¨ã¯ãĒããããåå
ĢããŗãšãŽäģŖããĢäēãˇãĒãŗã°ãååãã°ãåäēēã¯ãåãããå¯čŖãĢãĒãŖããŽã§ããåžãŖãĻéãšãæéãæĨæ°ã¯å¤ããĒãŖããŽã ã¨æŗåãããã¨ãĢãĒãããããŽãããĢįįŖįå¤å´ã¯į´ãĄãĢéģæĸããããããĻãžããĒãåģãĢããŽåŊæ°ã¯č˛§ãããĒãã°ããã§ãĒããä¸åą¤éį´čĒčēĢãä¸æĨãããåå
ĢããŗãšãååãŖãĻããæãããéĨããĢå°įĒŽãããã¨ãĢãĒãããã
å¯č
ããä¸įŖ
ãĢã¤ãåå
ĢãˇãĒãŗã°ãã¤éãããããæãå
ŦåšŗãĢåé
ããã¨ããĻããåŗãŽäģŽåŽããįããįĩæã¨åæ§ãĒįĩæããįããĒãã§ãããããããĻå¯č
ããŠããĒį į˛ãæãŖãã¨ããã§įšãĢããã貨åšŖã§ããå ´åããããäŊäēēãããåããį¤žäŧãŽä¸åą¤į¤žäŧãŽäēēã
ãŽéãŽå°įĒŽãŽå帰ããã°ãããé˛æĸãåžãĒãã§ãããããĒããģãŠå¤§ããĒå¤åã¯čĩˇããããããŦãå¯č
ã¯č˛§æ°ã¨ãĒãã貧æ°ãŽããããŽã¯å¯č
ã¨ãĒããããããŦããããäēēåŖã¨éŖįŠã¨ãŽéãŽįžå¨ãŽæ¯äžãįļãããããį¤žäŧãŽä¸é¨åã¯åŋ
įļįãĢåŽļæãæļé¤ãããŽå°éŖãčĻããĒããã°ãĒããããããĻããŽå°éŖã¯åŊįļãĢæãä¸éãĒäēēåŖãŽä¸ãĢčŊãĄãĻããã§ãããã
貨åšŖãĢããŖãĻã¯č˛§æ°ãŽåĸéãåŧä¸ãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãŦããŽã§ãããåŊŧãåžæĨããããŖã¨ããįæ´ģãããããããĢã¯ãåãéį´ãŽäģãŽããŽãŽįæ´ģãããã ãæĒãããĒããã°ãĒããŦã¨ãããŽã¯ãä¸čĻå¤ãĢčĻãããããããĒãããį§ã¯äēåŽã ã¨äŋĄããĻãããį§ãčĒåŽ
ã§æļč˛ģããéŖįŠãŽåéãį¯ããĻãããŽį¯į´åãåŊŧãĢä¸ããã¨ããããããã¯į§ã¨åŽļæã¨ãŽäģĨå¤ãŽããŽãŽįæ´ģã¯ãããæĒåããããã¨ãĒãããĻãåŊŧãĢåŠįãä¸ãããã¨ãĢãĒããŽã§ããããããĻããŽéį§ã¨åŽļæã¨ã¯ãããããããĢįãããĻå Ēãããã¨ãåēæĨãã§ããããããį§ãä¸įãŽæĒåĸžå°ãéåĸžãįįŖįŠãåŊŧãĢä¸ããã¨ããããį§ã¯åŊŧã¨į¤žäŧãŽå
¨æåĄã¨ãŽåæšãåŠãããã¨ãĢãĒãã§ããããããã ãåŊŧãåžæĨæļč˛ģããĻããããŽãåãŗããããã¯ããã¨å
ąãĢæ°įįŖįŠãŽčĨåš˛ããį¤žäŧãŽå
ąéč˛¯č˛ĄãŽä¸ãĢå
Ĩããããããã§ããããããããį§ãåŊŧãĢ貨åšŖãä¸ãããĢéããŦãĒãã°ãåŊãŽįįŖįŠãäžįļåä¸ã¨äģŽåŽããã°ãį§ã¯åŊŧãĢåžæĨäģĨä¸ãŽįįŖįŠãŽåãåãåžã樊åŠãä¸ãããã¨ãĢãĒãããããŽåãåãåŊŧãååãã¨ããĢã¯åŋ
ãããã ãäģäēēãŽåãåãæ¸ããã¨ãĢãĒããŽã§ãããããŽįĩæã¯åã
ãŽå ´åãĢã¯å
¨ãįŧãĢã¤ããŦãģãŠå°ããĒããŽã§ãããĢéããĒããããŠããããããã¯ãããã¯åå¨ãããŽã§ããŖãĻããããŽåĻãįŠēæ°ä¸ãĢæŖ˛ãčĢãŽãããĢåžã
ãŽį˛éãĒįĨčĻãĢã¯å
ĨããĒãįĩæã¯ãäģãĢããããããããŽã§ããã
ããåŊãĢãããéŖįŠãŽéãå¤åš´ãŽéåŧįļããĻåä¸ã§ããã¨äģŽåŽããã°ãããŽéŖįŠããåäēēãŽįšæ¨Š(č¨ŗč¨ģ1)ãŽäžĄå¤ãĢåžãŖãĻãããĒããĄåäēēããããä¸čŦãĢčĻæąãããĻããããŽč˛¨įŠãĢč˛ģãåžã貨åšŖãŽéĄãĢåžãŖãĻãåããĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ã¯ãæãã§ãããåžãŖãĻãä¸įž¤ãŽäēēã
ãŽįšæ¨ŠãŽäžĄå¤ãåĸå ãããããĢã¯ãããäģãŽä¸įž¤ãŽäēēã
ãŽįšæ¨ŠãŽäžĄå¤ãæ¸å°ããå¤ã¯ãĒããã¨ã¯ãæããĒįįã§ãããããå¯č
ããčĒåãŽéŖåãį¯ãããã¨ãĒãããĻãäēåä¸ãŽäēēéãĢãä¸æĨäēãˇãĒãŗã°ãå¯éããã¨ããã°ãããããŽäēēéãŽįæ´ģã¯åããåŽæã¨ãĒããããå¤éãŽéŖæãæļč˛ģãããããĢãĒããããæŽãŖãäēēéãĢåã¤æŽããŽéŖįŠãåããå°ããĒããã¨ãĢã¯ãįåã¯ããåžãĒããããŽįĩæã¨ããĻåäēēãŽįšæ¨ŠãŽäžĄå¤ã¯æ¸å°ããããĒããĄåæ°ãŽé貨ã§ã¯ããå°éãŽįæ´ģčŗæãã財ããĒããĒããéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ããžãã騰貴ããã§ããã(č¨ŗč¨ģ2)ã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģ1ããããĢã¯įŦŦä¸įã§ã¯æŦĄãŽč¨ģãããŖããįŦŦäēįäģĨä¸ã§ã¯åé¤ããããââ
ãã´ããĻãŖãŗæ°ã¯äēēãįĨå
ããåããå¯ãéģ´ãŽįããįšæ¨Šã¨åŧãã§ãããæããĢãããįšæ¨Šã¨åãĨãããŽã¯åŊãŖãĻãããããããĒãããããã¯ãããįĩļããäŊŋį¨ãããĻãããŽã§ããããéģ´ãįããã¨åŧãļãŽã¯åŊãŖãĻããã¨ã¯æããĒããã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģ2ããããžã§ãįŦŦä¸įããåãããããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻæŦĄãŽããŠã°ãŠãããã¯įŦŦäēįäģĨä¸ãŽå įã§ãããįŦŦä¸įãĢãããĻã¯ãããŽããæŦĄãĢįļããĻãæŦæãŽæŦĄįĢ (ããĒããĄįŦŦå
įĢ )ãĢåŊãããŽãįžãããĻããã
äģĨä¸ãŽä¸čŦįæ¨įã¯ãæčŋãŽåļäŊ1)ãŽæéä¸æįŊãĢįĸēč¨ŧããããä¸įŖ
ãĢã¤ãåå
ĢãˇãĒãŗã°ãåž´åããã¨ããä¸č¨ãŽäģŽåŽã¯ãģã¨ããŠåŽįžãããããããŽįĩæã¯äēæŗããéãã§ããŖããåãåé
ããåļäŊãŽãĒãæãĢčĄãããã¨ããĻããéŖæãŽčãã䞥æ ŧ騰貴ãåŋ
įļįįĩæã¨ããĻįãããã¨ã§ããããããããããã¯åļäŊãĢã¤ãã§čĄããããŽã§ãããããããŽįĩæã¯äēåãĢãåŧˇãįžãããããåžãĒããåč¨ãŽåĻããĢãæåŊãŽå´åč
ãæŠé¤ãĢčãéŖãšããã¨ãåēæĨããããĢåå´åč
ãĢä¸æĨä¸ãˇãĒãŗã°ã ãäŊč¨ãĢä¸ããã¨ãããĒãã°ãčãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯æãæĨéãĢæĒæžæãŽé¨°č˛´ãåãããã¨ã¯ãæããĢäŊäēēãįãåžãŦã¨ããã§ãããããããįĸēããĢãįŠįŠãä¸čļŗããĻåäēēãé常ãŽåéãŽåãåãåžãããĒãã¨ããĢãããåŧįļãåäēēãĢåžæĨã¨åä¸éã財ãčŗåãä¸ãããĒãã°ãããŽįĩæã¯ããããįšãĢãããĻããã¨åæ§ã§ãããĢį¸éãĒãã
1) æŦįĢ ã§čŋ°ãšãåļäŊã¯ãä¸å
Ģããåš´åãŗä¸å
Ģãä¸åš´ãŽããŽã§ããã(č¨ŗč¨ģââããŽč¨ģã¯įŦŦäēįããįžããã)
åļäŊãŽå ´åãįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãåŽéãŽä¸čļŗãŽį¨åēĻãĢäžåããããããäēēã
ãåä¸į¨åēĻãŽæļč˛ģãįļæãããã¨åˇæãĢé åŧĩããŽã§ãããŽäēåŽãĢéĨããĢããå¤ãäžåããããŽã§ããããããã¯å¤§ããĢįéãããĻãããããĢæããããåįŠĢãååä¸čļŗããĻããããäēēã
ãį´ãĄãĢããŽæļč˛ģãåžåãŽååãĢæ¸ããæ°ãĢãĒããĒãã°ãįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãģã¨ããŠãžãäŊããŽåŊąéŋãįããĒãã§ããããããããããåäēåãŽä¸ä¸čļŗããĻããå
¨ãåä¸ãŽæļč˛ģãåįŽæãĒããåä¸įŽæãįļãã¨ããã°ãįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãģã¨ããŠãŠããĒãĢã§ã騰貴ããã§ããããæåēčŖåŠãå¤ããĒããģãŠãåä¸ãŽæļč˛ģãįļæããčŊåãä¸ãããããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻæļč˛ģãŽåŋ
įļįæ¸å°ãčĄãããŦããĄãĢ䞥æ ŧã¯ãžããžã騰貴ããã§ãããã
ããäēēã¯ã䞥æ ŧ騰貴ã¯æļč˛ģãæ¸å°ããããĒããã¨ä¸ģåŧĩããĻããããããããåŽéæŦåŊã§ãããĒãã°ãčŧ¸å
ĨãĢããŖãĻäēæ
ãååãĢåŽå
¨ãĢææ˛ģãããŦéããåļäŊãŽãããã¨ãĢä¸ããˇã§ãĢãŽįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯įžįŖ
ãžãã¯ããäģĨä¸ãĢã騰貴ãããã¨ãĢãĒããããããåŽéã¯ã䞥æ ŧ騰貴ã¯įĩåąįãĢã¯äēåŽæļč˛ģãæ¸å°ããããããŽã§ããããã ãåŊãå¯ãŋãäēēã
ãäģŖį¨åãį¨ãããŽãåĨŊãžãããžãæåēãčĢ大ãĒééĄãåé
ãããŽã§ã䞥æ ŧãéåēĻãŽé¨°č˛´ãåããä¸æĩéį´ããžãã¯å°ãã¨ã貧æ°ãŽããä¸ãŽéį´ããåŽéããŗãé常éã ã財ããĒããĒãŖãĻãæĸããåžããããį¯į´ãããĢčŗããžã§ã¯ãåŗãŽįŽįã¯éãããåžãĒããŽã§ãããæåēãŽčŖåŠãåãã貧æ°ã¯ãįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ãĢä¸åšŗãäēãįįąã¯å
¨įļãĒããŽã§ããããããã¯ãã ãįŠįŠäžĄæ ŧãéåēĻãĢéĢããããããįŠįŠãŽãããį¯į´ãåŧˇåļãããĻä¸åą¤éį´ãããå¤éãŽįŠįŠãæļč˛ģãåžããããĢãĒãŖããŽã§ãããåŊŧãã¯ããŽįŠįŠãæåēãŽčŖåŠéã§č˛ˇããã¨ãåēæĨããŽã§ããããã§ãããåļäŊãŽæ大ãŽį į˛č
ã¯ãįãããĒãã貧æ°ãŽããä¸ãŽéį´ã§ããŖããåŊŧãã¯ããŽä¸ãŽéį´ãĢä¸ããããéåēĻãŽčŖåŠéãĢããŖãĻæãčããå§čŋĢãčãŖããŽã§ããããģã¨ããŠããšãĻãŽč˛§å°ã¯į¸å¯žįã§ããããããĻį§ã¯ããããããčŖåŠéãŽåéĄããåŊŧãããį´æĨãĢåž´åãããĻããĒããŖãã¨ããããįžãĢčĄãããį¤žäŧãŽč˛¨åšŖãŽæ°åé
ãĢããŖãĻ貧įĒŽåããããģãŠã¯č˛§įĒŽåããĒããŖãã§ãããã¨æããŽã§ãã1)ãããŽåé
ã¯ãåŊãŽįžæ
ãĢãããĻãä¸åą¤éį´ãããŽįįˇ´ã¨å¤å´ã¨ãŽį¨åēĻãĢããåŊįļæãĢå
ĨãåžãšãããŽãããéĨããĢäģĨä¸ãŽéŖįŠãåŊŧããĢä¸ãããŽã§ãæŖįĸēãĢããã ããŽæ¯äžã§ãåŊŧããŽä¸ãŽéį´ãããŽããåĒããįįˇ´ã¨å¤å´ãĢããåŊįļæãĢå
Ĩãåžãšãįæ´ģåŋ
čĻåãæ¸å°ãããããŽã§ããããããĻã貧æ°ã¯čŖåŠéãååãŖããŽã§ãäģåŊã§ããŖãããŠãã§ããããå ´åãĢåŋ
įļã¨ãã大æŗåãŽæããäģŖį¨åãäŊŋį¨ããããåžãĒããŽãĢãåŊŧãã¯ãããĢãããåŋ
čĻããĒããŖããŽã§ããããããŽį¨åēĻãŽčŖåŠéããæĨĩåēĻãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ãĢããããã大å¤æ°č
ãŽå°įĒŽãĢããããžãäģĨåãĢã¯æŦ äšãĢæŠããã¨ã¯ãĒãããã¨ããčĒäŋĄãŽããŖããããå¤æ°ãŽããŽãæåēãŽæåŠãĢäžé ŧãããäŊåãĒãããããįĩæãįããããåžãĒãæ°¸äš
įåŽŗæĒãĢããŖãĻãæããĻį¸æŽēããããĻäŊãããĒããŖããåĻãã¯ãįåã¨ãããåžããã
1) ä¸åą¤éį´ãåšŗåä¸éąåãˇãĒãŗã°ãåžãããŽããä¸ãŽéį´ãäēåãˇãĒãŗã°ãåžãã¨äģŽåŽããã°ãåļäŊãĢåŊãŖãĻã¯ãããŽåžč
ãŽéį´ã¯ãããŽä¸ãŽéį´ãĢä¸éąåãˇãĒãŗã°ãä¸ãããããŽã§ãčĒåãŽæåžããä¸éąäēãˇãĒãŗã°æ¸ãå ´åããããããŽįæ´ģåŋ
čĻåčŗŧ財åã¯å°ããĒãã§ããããåč
ãŽå ´åãĢã¯åŊŧãã¯ããšãĻåä¸æ°´æēãĢå ãĄãéŖæåãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯įĢļäēã大ã§ãããããĢį°å¸¸ãŽé¨°č˛´ãåãããããĻããšãĻãŽããŽãįæ´ģčŗæãæ¸ããããã§ããããåžč
ãŽå ´åãĢã¯ã貧æ°ãŽä¸ãŽéį´ã¯ãĒãããĒããŽį¨åēĻãŽį¸å¯žįåĒčļãäŋæããéŖæåãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯æąēããĻåãį¨åēĻãĢã¯é¨°č˛´ããããããĻåŊŧããŽæãĢæŽãåäēãˇãĒãŗã°ã¯åãŽå ´åãŽäēåãˇãĒãŗã°ãããéĨããĢå¤ããčŗŧ財ãããã¨ã§ãããã
ä¸åš´įžįŖ
äģĨä¸ãŽåå
Ĩãæã¤ä¸åãŽäēēãŽč˛ĄįŖãäēåãĢããã¨ããĻãããããįŠįŠäžĄæ ŧãĢåãŧãåŊąéŋã¯įˇŠæ
ĸã§ãããã¤å¤§ãããã¨ã¯ãĒãã§ãããããããåŊä¸ãŽå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãäēåãĢããã¨ãããĒãã°ããããįŠįŠäžĄæ ŧã騰貴ãããããŽã¯æĨéã§ãããã¤čããã§ããããããŽåéĄãĢéĸããä¸čŦååã¯č°čĢãŽäŊå°ãĒãããŽã§ããããããĻåžã
ãäģčå¯ããĻããįšæŽãŽå ´åãĢãããĻã貧æ°ãĢ寞ããčŖåŠéĄãåŗãŽåĻãæĨĩããĻæåãĒäŊį¨ãåãŧããģãŠãŽéĢãã§ããŖããã¨ã¯ãæčŋãŽåļäŊäģĨåãĢ貧æ°ãŽãããĢåž´éãããéĄãä¸įžä¸įŖ
ã¨čĻįŠãããĻããããä¸å
Ģãä¸åš´ãĢã¯ãããä¸åä¸įŖ
ã¨äēããããã¨ãããååãĢãããã§ããããããå¤įãŽäēåŽãĢããæéĢå¯čŊãŽį¨åēĻãĢįĸēč¨ŧãããä¸čŦååãå¤å°ã¨ãäŋĄé ŧãåžãã¨ãããĒãã°ãããŽä¸įžä¸įŖ
ãŽåĸå éĄã¯ãæä¸åą¤éį´ãĢäŊį¨ãåãŧããĻ1)ãããŖãąãéŖæãŽčŗŧ財ãĢäŊŋį¨ããããŽã§ããŖãĻãããã¯åŊå
åå°æšãŽå´čŗãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽčãã騰貴ã¨ãæåŋãŽäģģæãŽæ
åčĄįēãĢč˛ģããã尨大ãĒééĄã¨į¸äŋãŖãĻãįæ´ģåŋ
čĻåãŽäžĄæ ŧã騰貴ããããé常ãĢæåãĒåŊąéŋãåãŧãããĢéããĒããį§ãŽįĨãã¨ãããĢããã°ãããåŽļæããĄãŽįˇã¯æåēããä¸éąéååãˇãĒãŗã°ãååãŖããåŊŧããŽåšŗåãŽį¨ŧãéĢã¯ä¸éąéåãˇãĒãŗã°ã§ãããåžãŖãĻä¸éąéãŽåå
Ĩã¯äēååãˇãĒãŗã°ãĢãĒãŖããåļäŊäģĨåãĢã¯åŊŧãã¯ããããæ¯éąå
ĢãˇãĒãŗã°ã§ä¸ããˇã§ãĢãŽå°éēĻį˛ã財ãã常ã¨ããĻãããåžãŖãĻäģãŽåŋ
čĻåã財ãäŊčŖã¯åãˇãĒãŗã°ä¸äēãˇãĒãŗã°ã§ããŖããã¨ãããåļäŊä¸ãĢã¯åŊŧã¯åãåéããģã¨ããŠä¸åãŽäžĄæ ŧã§č˛ˇããã¨ãåēæĨããããĒããĄåŊŧã¯ä¸ããˇã§ãĢãŽå°éēĻį˛ãĢäēåäēãˇãĒãŗã°ãæ¯æããåžåéããĢäēãˇãĒãŗã°ãäģãŽæŦ˛æąåãĢæ¯æãŖããŽã§ããããããäēäžãä¸čŦįãĢãĒããĒãã°ãå°éēĻãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯æŦ äšæä¸ãŽãŠãŽææãŽäžĄæ ŧãããéĨããĢéĢããĒããããåžãĒãã§ãããããããéĄäŧŧãŽäēäžã¯æąēããĻį¨ã§ã¯ãĒããŖããŽã§ããããããĻææ¸ãŽéĄãįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãĢããŖãĻå æ¸ããã¨ããåļåēĻããä¸čŦãĢčĄããããŽã§ããã
1) An Investigation of the Cause of the present high Price of Provisions. ã¨éĄããä¸å
Ģããåš´åä¸æåēįãŽå°ããŗããŦãããåį
§ãããããŽã¯ãããŽããŗããŦãããåļäŊãŽåå ãŽį įŠļã¨čĒ¤č§ŖãããŽã§ããããããã¯ä¸ģã¨ããĻä¸ã¤ãŽåå ã ããĢč§ĻããĻãããŽã§ããããããããį įŠļã¨ããĻã¯åŊįļä¸åŽå
¨ãĢæãããã§ãããããããããŽããŗããŦãããŽå¯ä¸ãŽįŽįã¯ãããĒããŠãŗãåŋãŽæ¸įŋ°ãĢããåĻããĢéŖįŠãŽä¸čļŗãååãŽä¸ã¨ããä¸ã§ââããã¯æĨĩããĻįåŽãĢčŋãããŽã¨į§ã¯äŋĄãããââéŖæåãŽäžĄæ ŧãããŽä¸čļŗãŽį¨åēĻãĢæ¯ããĻæĨĩåēĻãĢéĢããã¨ãŽä¸ģããįįąãčĒŦæãããĢããŖããŽã§ããã
ãããæåŊãŽé貨ãåŗæãĢã¯åĸå ãåžãĒãæŖ貨ãŽãŋãããĒãŖãĻããã¨ããã°ãä¸įžä¸įŖ
ã¨ãããåĻãééĄãäŊåãĢ貧æ°ãĢä¸ããã°ãåŋ
ããåæĨæ´ģåãĢ大ããĒåĻ¨åŽŗãįãããĢéããĒãã§ããããåžãŖãĻãããŽåēæąãĒãææ¸ãéå§ãããĢåŊãŖãĻã¯ãããã¯åŋ
įļįãĢį¤žäŧãŽä¸åãŽéį´ãéããĻéŖæãĢ寞ããããĢæ¯äžããæ¯åēãããĒããã°ãĒããĒããĒããŽã§ãããããé貨ãŽåĸå ãĢ寞ãã大ããĒéčĻãįãããã¨ã§ããããåŊæä¸ģã¨ããĻäŊŋį¨ãããĻããé貨ã¯éčĻãĢåŋããĻį´ãĄãĢäŊãåēãåžãæ§čŗĒãŽããŽã§ããŖããč°äŧãĢæåēãããčąčéčĄãŽå ąåæ¸ãĢããã°ãããŽæšéĸããã¯å¤§ããĒį´åšŖįēčĄéĄãŽåĸå ããĒããŖããã¨ãããããåžåãŽåšŗåįēčĄéĄãããä¸įžäēåä¸įŖ
ã ãäŊč¨ãĢįēčĄãããããããã¯ããããæĩéįããååãããæŖ貨ãåĄĢčŖãããĢčļŗãäģĨä¸ãĢã¯ãäŊãįããĒããã¨ã§ããããããããŽæŗåŽãæŖãããĒãã°(ãããĻåŊæåēįžããé貨ãå°éã§ããŖããã¨ã¯ããģãŧããŽããããŽéĄãååããããĢéããĒãã¨äŋĄããšãæåãĒįįąãä¸ããããŽã§ããã)ãé貨ãŽããĄčąčéčĄããåēãĻããé¨åã¯ãããŽæ§čŗĒã¯å¤ãŖããããŠããããŽéã¯å¤§ããĻåĸå ããĒããŖããã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒãããããĻä¸åãŽč˛¨įŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãĢåãŧãé貨ãŽåŊąéŋã¯ããããä¸ģã¨ããĻãŽãã¤é貨ããæãįĢãŖãĻãããã¨ããžãã¯ãŽãã¤é貨ãĢäģŖãŖãĻéį¨ããįŖ
į´åšŖããˇãĒãŗã°é貨ããæãįĢãŖãĻãããã¨ãå
¨ãåä¸ã§ãããã¨ã¯ãįãåžãĒãã¨ããã§ããã
åžãŖãĻãé貨åĸįēãĢ寞ããéčĻã¯ä¸ģã¨ããĻå°æšéčĄãŽäžįĩĻãĢå§ãããããŽã§ããããããĻå°æšéčĄããããæåŠãĒæŠäŧãŽåŠį¨ãčēčēããã¨ã¯čããããĒããå°æšéčĄãŽį´åšŖįēčĄéĢã¯ãæããĢãäžįļã¨ããĻæĩéããĻããããŽéčĄå¸ãŽéãĢããŖãĻããžãããããĻããŽéĢã¯ãžããäŋĄį¨ãįĸēįĢãããĻããã¨ããã°ãčŋéŖãŽä¸åãŽč˛¨åšŖååŧãčĄããĢåŋ
čĻãĒããŽãŽįˇéãĢããŖãĻããžããéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ãĢããŖãĻãä¸åãŽãããååŧã¯ããŽéĄãåĸå ãããæåēãŽčŖåŠéãåĢããĻæ¯éąå´åč
ãŽå´čŗãæ¯æãã¨ããã ãã§ãčŋéŖãŽé貨éčĻãé常ãĢåĸå ãããŽã¯æãã§ãããããå°æšéčĄãããããįšåĨãĒéčĻããĒããŽãĢåãåéãŽį´åšŖãįēčĄãããã¨äŧãĻããŽã§ãããĒãã°ãããŽį´åšŖã¯įļã
ã¨å°æšéčĄãĢåæĩããĻãããŽã§ããããéčĄã¯į´ãĄãĢããŽčĒ¤ããæãįĨãããããã¨ã§ããããããããåŗãŽå ´åãĢã¯ããã¯į´æĨãŽæĨã
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čĻã¨ãããĻãããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻæĩéįãĢãŠããŠãå¸åãããĻããžãŖããŽã§ããã
åæ§ãĒäēæ
ãŽä¸ãĢãããĻããã¨ãčąčéčĄãæŖéæ¯æãåļéãããĒããŖãã¨ããĻããå°æšéčĄã¯ãģã¨ããŠåéĄãŽį´åšŖãįēčĄããĒããŖããåĻãã¯ãįåã厚ãåžãã¨ããã§ããããããŽäēäģļäģĨåãĢã¯ãå°æšéčĄãŽį´åšŖįēčĄã¯æĩéįãŽæļåéããŖãĻåˇĻåŗãããĻããããããŽäģĨåžãĢãäģĨåãĢããå°æšéčĄã¯ãåæĩããĻããéčĄå¸ããčąčéčĄãŽé貨ãããŖãĻæ¯æãįžŠåãč˛ ãŖãĻãããäēã¤ãŽå ´åãŽį¸éã¯ä¸ģã¨ããĻãéčĄåļéäģ¤æŊčĄäģĨæĨãä¸įŖ
åãŗäēįŖ
ãŽéčĄå¸ãįēčĄããæĒãįŋæ
Ŗãįãããã¨ãåãŗäēēã
ãé貨ãåžãããĒãå ´åãĢã¯å°æšéčĄå¸ã¨čąčéčĄå¸ã¨ãŽããããã¨ãããĢįĄéĸåŋã§ãããã¨ãããįããããŽã§ãããã
åžãŖãĻãä¸å
Ģããåš´åãŗä¸å
Ģãä¸åš´ãĢãããããŽåˇ¨éĄãŽå°æšéčĄå¸ãŽįēčĄã¯ãæããĢãæŦæĨãéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ãŽåå ã§ããããã¯ãããįĩæããããŽã§ããããããããããã˛ã¨ããŗæĩéįãĢå¸åãããã°ãããã¯åŋ
įļįãĢä¸åãŽč˛¨įŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãĢåŊąéŋãåãŧãããããĻäģĨåãŽäŊåģãĒ䞥æ ŧãĢ垊帰ãããŽãĢé常ãĢ大ããĒéåŽŗãä¸ãããĢéããĒã(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ããããããŽåļåēĻä¸ãŽå¤§æŦ éĨã§ãããåļäŊãŽæéä¸ãé貨ãŽč¨čšãããããããã°įãããĢéããĒãåæĨä¸åãŗææŠä¸ãŽéåŽŗãé˛æĸããĻãããŖãĻä¸åãŽååŧé¨éãããĻåæģãĢįļįļãåžãããããžããããããå ´åãĢčĄããåžãäģĨä¸ãŽå¤éãŽįŠįŠãčŧ¸å
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ããããĒãããããŽįšãĢãããĻãããŽå¤éĄãŽį´åšŖįēčĄãčąčéčĄãĢããčĄãããããã¯ãå°æšéčĄãĢããčĄããããŽã¯ãéĨããĢãããã¨ã§ãããæŖ貨æ¯æãŽåļéä¸ã¯čąčéčĄãŽį´åšŖãéå°ãĒå ´åãĢãããååãããããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒããããããå°æšéčĄãĢã¤ããĻã¯ããŽį´åšŖãæĩéįã§ä¸åŋ
čĻã¨ãĒãã°į´ãĄãĢįēčĄč
ãŽã¨ããã¸æģãŖãĻãããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻčąčéčĄãŽį´åšŖãåĸå ããĒããĒãã°ãæĩé貨åšŖã¯ããŽãããĢããĻæ¸å°ãããã§ãããã
äēįŽåš´ãŽåļäŊãŽåžãĢãéŖįŠãŽčąå¯ã¨äžĄæ ŧä¸čŊã¨ãããä¸åēĻåŽįžãããĢæãéŊåãŽããäēæĄäģļããčąäŊã¨åšŗåãåŽįžãããŽã¯ãåžã
ãĢã¨ãŖãĻįšãĢ嚸éã§ããŖãã¨čããĻãããããããŽäēã¤ã¯į¸äŋãŖãĻ財æãĢãåŖ˛æãĢãããŽåŋä¸ãĢéŖįŠãŽčąå¯ãĒãã¨ãįĸēäŋĄããããåžãŖãĻ財æã¯č˛ˇãæĨããåŖ˛æã¯åŖ˛æĨãã¨ãĒãŖããŽã§ãããŽįĩæå¸å ´ã¯äžįĩĻéå¤ã¨ãĒããåžãŖãĻ䞥æ ŧã¯æĨæŋãĢä¸čŊãããããĢããŖãĻæåēã¯č˛§æ°ãĢ寞ããčŖåŠãæĸããããããĻåŖ˛æãŽéŠé§ãįĩãŖãæãĢ䞥æ ŧãåãŗ騰貴ãããŽãé˛æĸãåžããŽã§ããã
ããããŽäēįŽåš´ãŽåļäŊãĢįļããĻåšŗåš´äŊãįãããĢéããĒããŖããĒãã°ãį§ã¯ãå¸å ´ãĢã¯äžįĩĻéå¤ã¯čĩˇãããįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ããããĢį¸å¯žįãĢåããĢčļŗããŦãģãŠããä¸čŊãããæåēãŽčŖåŠã¯įļãåžããį´åšŖįēčĄéĢãŽåĸå ãäžįļčĻæąããããããĻä¸åãŽč˛¨įŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯é貨ãŽč¨čšãĢæ¯äžããĻãã¤ãžã§ãä¸čŊããĒããŖããã¨ã§ããããã¨äŋĄããããåžãĒãã
æåēãŽčŖåŠã¨ããä¸æįææ¸ã¯ã˛ã¨ããŗ䞥æ ŧãä¸čŊããã°į´ãĄãĢæ¤åãããã¨ãåēæĨãããŽã§ãããããããä¸æįææ¸ãŽäģŖããĢãããåžã
ãããžããå´åãŽå´čŗãåŧä¸ããã¨ããã°ãé貨ãŽæ¸å°ã¨äžĄæ ŧãŽä¸čŊã¨ãĢ寞ããéåŽŗã¯æ´ãĢããŖãã大ã¨ãĒãããããĻå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽé¨°č˛´ã¯æ°¸įļįã¨ãĒããĒãããããå´åč
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į§ã¯å´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽįåŽé¨°č˛´ãįããšããã¨ã¯äŊäēēãĢãåĸããĻãããįąæããĻããããããåįŽäžĄæ ŧãŽåŧˇåļįåŧä¸ãĢããŖãŖãĻããŽįŽįãéããã¨ããäŧãĻããæčŋãŽåļäŊä¸ãĢãããį¨åēĻãžã§åŽčĄããããžããģã¨ããŠããžããæ¨åĨ¨ããããããŠãããããæšæŗã¯ããããããåŋããããŽã¯ãåšŧį¨įĄåšãŽįã¨ããĻææĨããĒããã°ãĒããŦããŽãĒãŽã§ããã
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čĻã§ãããåĻãã¯åĨã¨ããĻãå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãå´åãŽįļæãŽãããŽåēéãŽįļæ
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ã¯ãããããããŽåĻãã¯čããããĻãåžã
ãäģģæãĢä¸ä¸ãåžãããŽãä¸ģã¨ããĻåŊįãŽæ˛ģåŽå¤äēãŽæãŽãžãžãĢæąēåŽãåžãããŽãã¨čããĻãããããã§ãéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ãæĸãĢãéčĻãäžįĩĻãĢ寞ããĻé大ã§ãããã¨ãį¤ēããĻããæãĢãå´åč
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ã¯å´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãåŧä¸ãããæč¨ããã°åžã
ã¯éčĻãåĸå ããããããĻãããåžãĢéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧãåŧįļã騰貴ãããŽãčĻãĻé常ãĢéŠããĻãããŽã§ãããããã¯ãĄãããŠãæŽéãŽæ´é¨č¨ãŽæ°´éãæ´éĸ¨é¨ãį¤ēããĻããæãĢããããããæŠæĸ°įå§åãå ããĻåŋĢæ´ã¨ãããããĻãããåžãĢåŧįļãé¨ãéããŽãčĻãĻ大ããĢéŠããŽã¨ãåããã¨ã§ããã
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įļįãĢå¤ąæĨč
ãŽæ°ãåĸå ãããããĻââåŊŧããŽæ°ããĢââæãĢčĨåš˛ãŽåļäŊãŽåš´ãĢįãããä¸åą¤éį´ãŽããŽãããĻããå¤ããŽäģäēããĒããããããå¨å°å¤åãĒããããã¨ããããåšæããå
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ŦåŽããĻå´åč
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įļįãĢ騰貴ããčŧ¸å
Ĩãäŋé˛ããã¨ããįšã§ãããããããæĻäēããŽäģãŽäēæ
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ĨãåĨã¨ããã°ãéŖįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãĢæ¯äžããĻå´čŗãããžããåŧä¸ããæ´ãĢå¤ąæĨč
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ã¯(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ãäēēéããããŖãĻããžãįãŽæŋįããããŖãĻããåžã
ã¯ããããå ´åãĢã¯ãäēæ
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įļįãĢ騰貴ããĒããã°ãĒããããããããã°įžį
ã¨éŖĸéĨã¨ãæĨéãĢå´åč
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Ĩãäŋé˛ããĻäžįĩĻãåĸå ããããã§ããã
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貧æ°æŗã¨åŧˇåļįå´å䞥æ ŧåŧä¸įã¨ãŽįĄåšãĒããã¨ã¯ãåļäŊãŽéãĢæãã¯ãŖããããããŽã§ãããããį§ã严č
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ĨãŖããŽã¯ãåŊįļ訹ãããšããã¨ã¨äŋĄããã
## įŦŦå
įĢ 貧æ°æŗãĢã¤ããĻ(įļ)
(č¨ŗč¨ģ)
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãæŦįĢ ãŽååã¯įŦŦä¸įãããŽããŽã§ãããããĒããĄįŦŦä¸įã§ã¯ãåįĢ ä¸é ãĢč¨ŗč¨ģã§ææããįŽæããæŦįĢ ãŽåé ã¸ã¨įļãããã¨ããå įã¯ããããããã¯ããŽįŽæã§ææãããã¨ã¨ããã
åļåš´ãĢéĸããčæ
Žã¯ããšãĻåĨã¨ããĻã(č¨ŗč¨ģ1)ãäēēåŖãŽåĸå ã¯ãããĢæ¯äžããéŖįŠãŽåĸå ããĒããã°åäēēãŽæåž(č¨ŗč¨ģ2)ãŽäžĄå¤ãäŊããããåžãĒããã¨ã¯ãæãã§ãããéŖįŠã¯åŋ
įļįãĢåžåãããå°éãĢåé
ãããĒããã°ãĒãããåžãŖãĻä¸æĨãŽå´åã¯åžåãããå°éãŽéŖįŠããčŗŧ財ããĒãã§ããããéŖįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽé¨°č˛´ã¯ãäēēåŖãŽåĸå ãįæ´ģčŗæãŽåĸå ãããæĨéã§ãããããããžãã¯į¤žäŧãŽč˛¨åšŖãŽåé
ãŽå¤åããŽããããããįããã§ããããæ§åŊãŽéŖįŠã¯ããã¨ãåĸå ããã¨ããĻããįˇŠæ
ĸãĢãã¤čĻåįãĢåĸå ããåžãŖãĻæĨæŋãĢčĩˇãéčĻãĢåŋãããããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒããããããį¤žäŧãŽč˛¨åšŖãŽåé
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čĻãĒå ´åãŽå¤ã¯ãåŊŧããŽäŊãå°åąãåģēãĻãããã¯åŖãæšãĢįąåŋã§ãããããŽå°åąãŽä¸čļŗã¯åŋ
įļįãĢįĩåŠãĢ寞ããæåãĒåĻ¨ãã¨ããĻåããĻãããŽã§ããããããĻããããã貧æ°æŗãŽåļåēĻããããĒãĢæ°¸įļããåžããŽã¯ä¸ģã¨ããĻããŽåĻ¨ããŽæ
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ãč¨ŗč¨ģãããããã貧æ°æŗãŽ......ãäģĨä¸ããŽããŠã°ãŠããŽįĩããžã§ã¯įŦŦä¸įããįžããã
ããããŽåå ãĢããŖãĻä¸æįĩåŠãåĻ¨ãããããã¨ãŽãĒããŖãããŽã¯ãčĒåŽ
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æģäēĄįãããžããéĢįãŽããčĻããä¸åĨåēˇãĒæ貧éĸãĢå¯éããĻæŽããã¨ã¨ãĒããããŗããŗãŽæ貧éĸãŽåäžãŽåž
éãĢéĸããã¸ã§ãĻããšãģããŗãĻã§ã¤ãŽæããšãå ąåã¯æåã§ããããããĻãŦããæ°ããŽäģãŽč¨ãã¨ãããĢããã°ãčĨåš˛å°æšãĢãããåŊŧããŽįļæ
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ãŽæļé¤ããæ æ°čģŊįãĒå´åč
ãŽæļé¤åãĢåģģããã¨ã¨ãĒãŖãĻããããĻæ貧éĸå¤ãŽä¸åãŽäēēã
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ĨãããŽãŽæ°ãåĸå ãããããĻã¤ããĢåžã
å
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åãŽæãĢå§ããã¨ããįļæ
ããįžåēãããĢčŗãŖããŽã§ããã
åéĄãŽæĄé
ãŽåŽæŊįļæŗåãŗãããããããįĩæããžããĢåŗãĢčŋ°ãšãåĻãããŽã§ããã¨ããã°ãåžã
ã¯č˛§æ°ãĢ寞ããĻ訹ãåžãĒãčŠæŦēãčĄãŖããŽã§ãããå°åēåŽčĄãŽåēæĨãĒããã¨ãį´æãããŽã ãã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒã(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģããããĢããįļããĻįŦŦäēâä¸įã§ã¯æŦĄãŽåĻãããŖãããããã¯įŦŦåįäģĨä¸ã§åé¤ããããââ
ã貧æ°æŗã¯įåŊãäŋåãããããį ´åŖããæšãå¤ãã¨ãčĒåŧĩãŽåąéēãį¯ããã¨ãĒãããĻäēãåžãã§ããããã
äŊãã大čĻæ¨ĄãĢ貧æ°ãåˇĨæĨãĢäŊŋį¨ãããã¨ããäŧãĻã¯ãģã¨ããŠå
¨é¨å¤ąæããčŗæŦã¨åæã¨ã¯æĩĒč˛ģãããĻããžãŖããįŽĄįãäģãããããžãã¯čŗéãäģããå¤ããããĢãå°æ°ãŽæåēã¯ããŽåļåēĻãäģæĨãžã§čĄããã¨ãåēæĨãããããããæåēã§ã¯ããããæ°åˇĨå ´ãå¸å ´ãĢä¸ããåŊąéŋã¨ããĻãåžæĨåį¨ŽãŽåˇĨå ´ãĢåããĻããå¤ããŽįŦįĢå´åč
ã¯å¤ąæĨãããĢéããĒããããŽäēåŽã¯ãčŗæ¤ã¯æ
åãĢéããGiving Alms no Charity. ã¨éĄããč°äŧåģēįŊæ¸ãŽä¸ã§ããã¨ãĢãģããĨãģããŠãĻãã¯ãŖããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻããã¨ããã§ãããåˇĨæĨãĢæ貧éĸãŽåäžãį¨ãããã¨ãĢã¤ãåŊŧã¯æ°ãããããããŽč˛§å
ãæĸŗæ¯ä¸įļãį´Ąããã¨ãĢåžæĨãããį´Ąãã§ãã貧ããåŽļåēãŽä¸įļãæ¸ãããžãããŗããŗã§ããŽãããĢããĻãã¤ãēãä¸æåēããã¨ãĢããŗãĢãã§ãšãŋããŽäģã§äŊããããä¸ææ¸ããã°ãĒããŦ1)ãã¨ããĩãĸãģFãģMãģã¤ãŧããĨãŗãåãåéĄãĢã¤ããĻæ°ãããå¸įŽã¯ãæ貧éĸãŽåäžãäŊãŖãããŽã§ãããã¨į§įå´åč
ãäŊãŖãããŽã§ãããã¨ãä¸éãåŋ
čĻã¨ããäģĨä¸ãĢã¯åŖ˛ããããŽã§ã¯ãĒã2)ãã¨ã
1) See extracts from Daniel de Foe, in Sir F. M. Eden's valuable Work on the poor, vol. i. p. 261.
2) ãĩãĸãģFãģMãģã¤ãŧããĨãŗã¯ãå´åčŊåãŽããéã¯čˇæĨãä¸ãããå´åčŊåãŽãĒãæãĢã¯čĄŖéŖãä¸ããããã¨ããã貧æ°ãŽæŗåį樊åŠãĢã¤ããĻãæĨĩããĻæŖåŊãĢæŦĄãŽåĻãčŋ°ãšãĻããããããããĒãããããŽåŽčĄãåēæĨãããĢããĒããããĒ樊åŠããåå¨ããã¨äēãåžãšããåĻãã¯ãįããããã¨ã§ããããvol. i. p. 447. 貧æ°æŗãŽåãŧãįĩæãĢéĸãæåŽãä¸ããããĢãĩãĸãģFãģMãģã¤ãŧããĨãŗãģãŠãĢå¤æ°ãŽčŗæãčéããããŽã¯ãĒãããããŽįĩæãåŊŧã¯æŦĄãŽåĻãčŋ°ãšãĻããããåžãŖãĻå
¨äŊã¨ããĻãåŧˇåļį貧æ°įļæããæåž
ãåžãåãŽįˇč¨ãããããããä¸å¯éŋįãĢäŊãåēãæĒãŽįˇč¨ãŽæšããæ¯čŧãĢãĒããŦãģãŠå¤ããã¨įĩčĢããšãæŖåŊãĒæ šæ ããããããĢæãããããvol. i. p. 467. ââį§ã¯ããŽãããĢåŽéįãĒį įŠļč
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¨é¨ãĢäģäēãčĻã¤ããĻãããã¨ãåēæĨãã¨æŗåãããã¨ãŽä¸åįããããŖããå éããããŽã§ããã
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į§ãŽæåŗã¯åãĢãä¸čŦįåļåēĻã¨ããĻãŽč˛§æ°æŗã¯å¤§ããĒčĒ¤čŦŦãĢåēãĨããĻããããããĻåžã
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įžä¸ã¨ãĒããģãŠãŽãããĒããĄããŽåēéãã¨ãã¯ãä¸ä¸ãŽæ˛ģä¸ãŽåãäģĨæĨéŠåŊãĢįŽĄįãããĻãããĒãã°åŊæãŽå´åč
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## įŦŦä¸įĢ 貧æ°æŗãĢã¤ããĻ(įļ)
(č¨ŗč¨ģââæŦįĢ ã¯įŦŦäēâå
įãŽãŋãĢįžããã)
貧æ°æŗãŽæ§čŗĒåãŗåŊąéŋãĢéĸãåįĢ ã§čŠĻãŋãč¨čŋ°ã¯ãä¸å
Ģä¸äēåš´ãä¸å
Ģä¸å
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Ģä¸ä¸åš´ãŽįĩé¨ãĢããŖãĻæãæããĢįĸēč¨ŧããã1)ãããŽä¸įŽåš´éãĢãæãéčĻãĒäēã¤ãŽįšããįæ§ãæã¤äēēãĢã¯ãã¯ãįåãŽäŊå°ããĒããžã§ãĢãįĸēč¨ŧããããŽã§ããã
1) æŦįĢ ã¯ä¸å
Ģä¸ä¸åš´ãŽåˇįãĢãããã
ããŽįŦŦä¸ã¯ãæåŊã¯ã貧æ°æŗãĢãããĻ貧æ°ãĢį´æãããäģäēããĒããããžãã¯äŊãããŽäģãŽåå ãĢããŖãĻčĒåãããŽåŽļæãé¤ãåžãĒãããŽããæåēãŽčŖåŠãĢããŖãĻé¤ããžãå°ąæĨãããĻããã¨ããŖãį´æããåŽéåéĄã¨ããĻåąĨčĄããĻããĒãã¨ããäēåŽã§ããã
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åãĢããå¯éãįŠæããŋããįĢæ´žãĢčĄããããŽãĢãæåŊã¯ãåãčŊåã¨ææãæã¤å¤æ°ãŽå´åč
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ãĒãŽã§æåēã¸é ŧãŖãĻãããã¨ãããĒãã§ããã¨ãããŽããå¨įĨãŽäēåŽã§ãããŽãĢãå¤ããŽæåēã¯įĩļ寞įãĢåŋ
čĻãĒčĒ˛į¨ãåž´åãããã¨ãåēæĨãĒããĒãŖãĻããããããåĸå ããĻãįžčĄæŗãĢããã°ãåãĢããããå¤æ°ãŽããŽãæåēãĢäžåããããåž´åããããŽãŽåšæãããããå°ãĒããããåžåããããĢãããĒãã¨ãããŽããå¨įĨãŽäēåŽã§ãããŽãĢããžãå
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ĢįĢ 螲æĨä¸ģįžŠãĢã¤ããĻ
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Ŗãįēįããããä¸ãĢä¸åŠã§ããããããĻäēēåŖåĸå ã¯åæĸããããĻã¤ããĢå´åãŽå´čŗãéŖįŠã§æ¸ŦåŽããĻãæĨĩããĻäŊãããŽã¨ãĒãŖãĻããžããã¨ããæåž
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ĸãĒåĸå ãããĻããããããĻéĸįŠãĢæ¯čŧããĻäēēåŖãįįŖįŠãäšãããããåžã
ã¯įĸēåŽãĢãããŽčŗæŦã¯äšããããããæĨĩããĻįˇŠæ
ĸãĒåĸå ãããĻãããã¨æ¨čĢãåžãããåžãŖãĻå´åãĢ寞ããéčĻãŽåĸå ã¯æĨĩããĻįˇŠæ
ĸã§ããããããĻå´åãŽįåŽå´čŗããĒããĄįæ´ģãŽåŋ
čĻååãŗäžŋåŽåãĢ寞ããå´åéį´ãŽæ¯é
åã¯æĨĩããĻå°ã§ãããäēēåŖãããĻåŊŧããĢ訹ãããæĨĩããĻįˇŠæ
ĸãĒåĸå éãŽæ°´æēãĢæĸãžããããĻãããã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒãããããĻãããåŊæ
ãĢããŖãĻ螲æ°ã¯äžŋåŽåãææĨŊåãĢäŊãæ
ŖããĒããããããŽäēēåŖãĢ寞ããåĻ¨ãã¯äēé˛įãĒããŽã§ããããã¯įŠæĨĩįãĒããŽã¨ãĒãããããŽã§ããã
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čŧ¸åēãããĻãããåžãŖãĻäēēåŖãåļéãčĻåļããããŽã¯ãããŽåŊãŽéŖįŠãŽįįŖåã§ããĒããã°ããžãããŽįžåŽãŽįįŖéã§ããĒããįžåŽãŽäēæ
ãĢãããĻå´åč
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ãŽåĸéã¯ãããããĢåæĸįãĒãžãã¯åĸå ãŽæĨĩããĻįˇŠæ
ĸãĒäēēåŖãįļæããšãéŖįŠéããåžãããĒããŽã§ãæĨĩããĻäŊããŽã§ãããããã¯æ´ãĢãåŊŧãåžãéŖįŠãŽį¸å¯žäžĄå¤ãäŊããããŽããåŊŧããŠãã ããŽå°äŊãæãŖãã¨ããĻããããĢããåˇĨæĨåãå¤åŊåã財ããã¨ã¯ãģã¨ããŠåēæĨãĒããŽã§ããããĢããŖãĻããžãäŊãããããŽã§ããã
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čĻã§ãããããã螲æĨã¯ååˇĨæĨãĢã¨ãŖãĻæ´ãĢããŖããåŋ
čĻã§ãããæåēįžŠãĢãããčäŊč
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įĢãŖãĻåŊŧãĢåæ¸ĄããããĒããã°ãĒããããããĻčäŊč
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§ã
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## įŦŦäšįĢ åæĨä¸ģįžŠãĢã¤ããĻ
(č¨ŗč¨ģ)
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãæŦįĢ ã¯įŦŦäēâå
įãŽãŋãåįĢ ã¨åæ§ãĢįŦŦåįĢ æĢå°žãĢãããįŦŦä¸âåįãŽåãåį
§ã
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ĸãĢåĸå ããĻãããĢéããĒããŖããĢéããĒããäēåŽãĩãĸãģãĻãŖãĒãĸã ãģããŗããĢã¯ãčĒåãŽæčĻã¨ããĻããĒãŠãŗããŽč˛ŋæã¯ãã§ãĢæ°åš´éæįæãéããĻãããæããĢ襰éãå§ããĻãããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻãã2)ãããŽåžãäģãŽčĢ¸åŊæ°ãŽé˛æŠãæ´ãĢããŖããéĄčã§ããŖãæãĢãįåãŽäŊå°ãĒãææ¸ãĢããã°ããĒãŠãŗããŽč˛ŋæãŽå¤§é¨åã¨ããŽæŧæĨã¨ã¯æąēåŽįãĢ襰é Ŋããå¤åŊãŽåã¨įĢļäēãŽåå¤ãĢãããĸãĄãĒãĢåãŗãĸããĒãĢč˛ŋæã¨ãŠã¤ãŗåãŗãĄã¨ãŧč˛ŋæã¨ãé¤ããĻã¯ããããĒãããŽéåé¨éãããŽææĨãŽåãäŋæããããĢčŗãŖããã¨ããããããŽã§ããã
1) Temple's Works, vol. i. p. 69, fol.
2) Id. p. 67.
ä¸å
å
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Ģåš´ãĢã¯ããããä¸åˇãŽäēēåŖã¯ããããĢäēãããã,ãããã¨čĻįŠããã2)ããããĻįžåš´äģĨä¸ãŽéãĢãäēēåŖã¯ãéäžãŽåĻããĢåĸå ãããã¨ãĒãã大ããĢæ¸å°ãããŽã§ããã
1) Interest of Holland, vol. i. p. 9.
2) Richesse de la Hollande, vol. ii. p. 349.
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ããäŊãããŽåå ãĢãããããåŊãĢãããå´åãŽįļæãŽãããŽåēéãåĸå ããĒããĒãã°ãå´åãĢ寞ããæåšéčĻããžãåĸå ããĒããĒãããããĻå´čŗã¯įžå¨ãŽéŖįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧã¨įžå¨ãŽäēēæ°ãŽįŋæ
ŖãŽä¸ãĢãããĻããĄãããŠåæĸįäēēåŖãįļæããéĄãĢãžã§äŊæ¸ãããŽããä¸čŦãĢčĻŗãããã§ãããããããäēæ
ãĢããåŊåŽļã¯ãäģåŊãĢãŠããģãŠčąå¯ãĒįŠįŠããããã¨ããčŗæŦãŽåŠæŊ¤ããŠããģãŠéĢãããã¨ããäēēåŖåĸå ã¯éåžŗįä¸å¯čŊäēã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒã1)ãããã¯åŽéãåžãĢčŗãæ°ããĒäēæ
ãŽä¸ãĢãããĻã¯ãåãŗåĸå ãå§ãããã¨ãããããããæŠæĸ°ãŽåˇ§åĻãĒįēæããããæ°č˛ŋæčˇ¯ãŽįēčĻãããžãã¯å¨å˛ãŽčĢ¸åŊãĢããã螲æĨä¸ãŽå¯ã¨äēēåŖã¨ãŽį°å¸¸ãĒåĸå ãĢããŖãĻãããŽį¨ŽéĄãŽããããåããããŽčŧ¸åēåãį°å¸¸ãĢéčĻããããããĢãĒãã¨ãããĒãã°ãããã¯åãŗįŠįŠãŽčŧ¸å
Ĩéãåĸå ãããžãåãŗäēēåŖãåĸå ãããã¨ãĢãĒããããããĒããããããããåš´ã
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Ĩãåĸå ãåžãĒãéããããã¯æããĢãåĸå ããäēēåŖãĢįæ´ģčŗæãäžįĩĻãåžãĒãã§ãããããããĻãããŽåæĨååŧãŽįļæŗä¸ãããŽå´åãŽįļæãŽãããŽåēéãåæĸįã¨ãĒããžãã¯äŊæ¸ãå§ããã¨ããĢã¯ãããŽãã¨ã¯åŋ
įļįãĢä¸å¯čŊã¨ãĒããããåžãĒãã§ãããã
1) ãĒãŠãŗãč˛ŋæãŽčĄ°éãŽåå ãŽä¸ãĢãĩãĸãģãĻãŖãĒãĸã ãģããŗããĢãįŠįŠãŽäŊåģãĒãã¨ãæ°ããĻãããŽã¯åĨåĻãĒäēåŽã§ãããåŊŧãĢããã°ãããŽäŊåģã¯ãåäēįŽåš´äģĨä¸ããã¨ãĒããããŽããããŽå°æšãĢä¸čŦįã§ããŖãããŽã§ããã(Vol. i. p. 69.)ããŽäŊåģãĢããŖãĻãããĢããã¯čĢ¸åŊæ°ãŽčŗŧ財åãæ¸å°ãããŽã§ãéĻæããŽäģãŽå°åēĻãŽč˛¨įŠãŽåŊŧãã¸ãŽåŖ˛čĄãéģåŽŗããããã¨åŊŧã¯äēãŖãĻããã
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ˇãį¨ããĻé˛æŠããčäŊæŗãčĄãã°ãčäŊãŽæĄåŧĩã¨čŗæŦãŽå¤§ããĒåĸå ãéæ¸įåįŠĢãįããåžåããéˇãéį¸æŽēããĻäŊãããã§ãããã
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įĢļäēãŽååã¨ããŽįĩæããåéãŽčããåĸå ãĢããŖãĻããããåˇĨæĨåãŽäžĄæ ŧãčããä¸čŊãããã¨ã¯ãå¨įĨãŽãã¨ã§ããããããĻãããåˇĨæĨåãŽä¸ãĢå´åč
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Ŗį¨įäžŋåŽåãåĢãžããĻããéããããã¯å
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įļįãĢåå°ãĢãããĻæļč˛ģãããé¨åãæ¸å°ãããã大ãĒãæŽäŊãæŽãåžåããĒããã°ãĒããĒããčŗæŦãŽåĸå ã¨čäŊãŽæĄåŧĩãĢãããããããããŽãã大ãĒãæŽäŊããããéĢãåŠæŊ¤įãåžããããŽã§ããã
įŦŦåãĢãå¤åŊč˛ŋæãŽįšæ ã§ãããããå¤åŊč˛ŋæãŽįšæ ãĢããŖãĻãæåŊãŽå´åã¨åŊå
貨įŠã¨ã䞥æ ŧãĢãããĻčãã騰貴ããäģæšå¤åŊ貨įŠã¯ãããĢæ¯čŧããĻãģã¨ããŠé¨°č˛´ããĒãã¨ãããæĨĩããĻæŽéãĢããäēæãįãããĒãã°ã螲æĨč
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čĻã¨ããį įŗãįļŋčŖŊåãéēģčŖŊåãįŖéŠãččĒãæ¨æãĒãŠãæãĢå
Ĩãåžããã¨ã¯ãįĸēåŽã§ããããããĻããŽå¤åŊ貨įŠčŗŧ財åãŽåĸå ã¯ãåŠæŊ¤ãä¸čŊãããããĢčäŊæĄåŧĩãŽææŽĩãä¸ããįšãĢãããĻãåŗãĢčŋ°ãšãåˇĨæĨãŽé˛æŠã¨å
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įŦŦäēã¯ãéčĻãŽåĸ大ãĢããį˛įįįŖįŠãŽį¸å¯žį䞥æ ŧãŽä¸æį騰貴ã§ãããį˛įįįŖįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽé¨°č˛´ãä¸åŽåš´æ°ãŽåžãĢã¯å´å1)ããŽäģãŽč˛¨įŠãŽæ¯äžį騰貴ãįããããã¨ãããŽã¯ãįĸēããĢäēåŽã§ã¯ãĒãããäģŽãĢãããäēåŽã ã¨äģŽåŽããĻããį˛įįįŖįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãå
é ãåãŖãĻããæéä¸ã¯ã螲æĨãæĄåŧĩãããčŗæŦãŽčįŠãįļįļããĻããæãĢãčäŊãŽåŠæŊ¤ãåĸå ãåžããã¨ã¯ãæãã§ããããããĻããŽæéã螲æĨåŊæ°ãŽå¯ãŽåĸé˛ãĢãããĻããĒããããä¸čŋ°ãŽåå°ãĢãããčŗæŦãŽä¸čļŗãŽåå ã¨ãŽéĸéŖãĢãããĻãéããĒãéčĻãĒããŽã§ãĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ããæŗ¨æããĒããã°ãĒããĒããããåå°ã大é¨åãããŽčäŊãŽæĄåŧĩãĢäŊŋį¨ãããæ°čŗæŦãčĒãäŊãåēããĒãã°ããžãããããæé大ããĒčŗæŦãį¨ããã°ãåå°ã¯ããŽåžæ¯čŧįå
å°ãĒč˛ģį¨ã§čäŊãåžããããĢãĒããŽã§ãããĒãã°ã螲æĨåŠæŊ¤ãŽéĢãæéã¯ããããå
Ģåš´ãååš´ããįļããĒããããããŦãããã°ãã°æ°ãããåéãŽåå°ã¨įããããŽãåŊãĢä¸ãããŽææŽĩã¨ãĒãåžãã§ãããã
1) į¤žäŧãŽé˛æŠãĢã¤ããĻä¸åŽéãŽįŠįŠãæåžãŽčäŊå°ããåžããããĢåŋ
čĻãĒå´åãŽåĸå ãŽãŋãĢãã騰貴ã¯ãäēããžã§ããĒããį˛įįįŖįŠãĢįšæãĒããŽã§ãããĢį¸éãĒãããããĻå´åãåĸå ããĒãã§įįŖããã貨įŠãĢã¯åã°ãĒãããŽã§ãããã
åžãŖãĻãčŗæŦãŽįļįļįåĸå ã¨čäŊãŽæĄåŧĩã¨åŠæŊ¤ã¨ãå´čŗãŽį´¯é˛įä¸čŊãįããåžåããããŽã¯ãįåãŽäŊå°ãĒãåŋ
įļįãĒįįã§ãããããŠããä¸čŋ°ãŽčĢ¸åå ã¯ãæããĢããããé˛čĄãĢã¯å¤§ããĒéˇæãĢäēãä¸čĻåãĒå¤åãįãããã¨ããčĒŦæãããĢčļŗãããŽã§ããã
åžãŖãĻåžã
ã¯ãããããã¨ãĒãããčĢ¸åŊãĢãããĻãããŽčŗæŦã¨äēēåŖã¨ãŽåĸé˛ãææãį°ãĢãããĢã¤ã大ããĢį¸éãããŽããčĻããŽã§ãããããåŊã¯ãå¤åš´ãŽéãģã¨ããŠåæĸįļæ
ãĢį ãŖãĻãããŽããæĨãĢåĸé˛ãå§ããæ°æ¤æ°å°ãĢãģã¨ããŠčŋããããĒįã§åĸå ãå§ããĻãããããˇãĸåãŗä¸é¨ãŽãããˇãĸã¯ããŽį¨ŽãŽåŽäžãæäžããĻããããããĻčŗæŦãŽčįŠã¨čäŊãŽæĄåŧĩã¨ãå¤åš´ãŽéčããæĨéãĢčĄãããåžãĢããŽåĸå įãįļįļããĻãããŽã§ããã
åä¸ãŽčĢ¸åå ãŽäŊį¨ãĢããŖãĻãæåŊãĢãåæ§ãŽå¤åãčĻããããåä¸į´ãŽä¸é ãĢã¯éåŠã¯ä¸ããĸãģãŗãã§ããŖããããåžã
ã¯čŗæŦãŽåŠæŊ¤ããģã¨ããŠãããĢæ¯äžããĻããã¨æ¨čĢãåžãããåŊæã¯ãåēįã¨įĩåŠããæ¨čĢãåžãéãã§ã¯ãäēēåŖãŽåĸå ã¯æĨĩããĻįˇŠæ
ĸã§ããŖããä¸ä¸äēãåš´ãĒããä¸ä¸äēãåš´ãŽä¸ãåš´éãĢã¯ãåĸå ã¯äēãäēå
äēãããããŽäēēåŖãĢ寞ãããããĢį´äšããããããã§ããŖãã¨č¨įŽãããĻãã1)ãããŽææäģĨæĨãæåŊãŽčŗæŦã尨大ãĒåĸå ãéããããŽčäŊã大ããĢæĄåŧĩããããã¨ã¯įãåžãĒãã¨ããã§ãããããããéåģäēãåš´éãĢã¯éåŠã¯äēããĸãģãŗãåŧˇã§åŠæŊ¤ããããĢæ¯äžããĻããããžãä¸å
Ģããåš´ãĒããä¸å
Ģä¸ä¸åš´ãĢäēēåŖãŽåĸå ã¯äšãäēå
Ģä¸ãããããĢ寞ãä¸ãäēããããããã§ãããããŽåĸå įã¯åãŽææãŽį´äēååã§ããŖããŽã§ããã
1) Population Abstracts, Preliminary Observations, table, p. xxv.
ããããčŗæŦã¨äēēåŖã¨ãŽįēéãĢã¯ä¸čĻåãĒå¤åãčĩˇããããåå ããããããŠããããŽåŋ
įļįéįãĢã¯æĨĩããĻįˇŠæ
ĸãĢå°éãåžããĢéããĒããã¨ã¯ãå
¨ãįĸēåŽã§ãããčŗæŦãŽčįŠãåŋ
įļįãĢåæĸãããĢčŗããŦããĄãĢãčŗæŦãŽåŠæŊ¤ã¯éˇæéäŊä¸ããĻæ¯åēäģĨä¸ãĢåēããč˛¯čãŽčļ
éãäŋãåēæã¯ãģã¨ããŠä¸ããĒããģãŠãĢãĒããããåžãããžãäēēåŖãŽåĸå ãįĩåąįãĢåæĸãããĢčŗããŦããĄãĢãå´åãŽįåŽå´čŗã¯æŧ¸æŦĄãĢä¸čŊããĻãããã¤ããĢã¯äēēæ°ãŽįžå¨ãŽįŋæ
ŖãŽä¸ãĢãããĻãããããĢãĄãããŠįžåäēēåŖãįļæããã ããŽåŽļæãé¤ãåžããĢéããŦãã¨ãĢããĒããããåžãĒããŽã§ããã
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ĨããŽããŽãŽãããĒãé¨åã§ããĒã1)ãããããåˇĨæĨåãããŽãããĢčŋ°ãšããããĢæãĢä¸įįŖįã¨ããåãä¸ããããĻããã¨ããããčĻãã¨ãããã¯ãããã¨ãŗãããšããŽč¨čãĢããį˛æĢãĢæąãããĻãããããĢčĻãããããŠããåŊŧããŽäŊįŗģããããĢ寞ãįãĢä¸åŠãĒããŽã¨čãããŽã¯é常ãĢ大ããĒčĒ¤ãã§ãããå寞ãĢį§ã¯ãããããååˇĨæĨãåæãĢããčĒčēĢãŽį ´æģ
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čĻåãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ãããŽåˇĨæĨãŽå¤ããį ´åŖããĻããžãŖã2)ãįŦå ã¯å¸¸ãĢå´ŠåŖãå
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ĨãŽį¨éã¯ãã¨ãŗãããšããĢããã°ãæ¯åēãããįšãĢããããããĻããŽä¸å¤§é¨åã¯äēããžã§ããĒãåˇĨæĨåãĢæ¯åēãããã§ãããããããããåˇĨæĨčŗæŦãåˇ§åĻãĢäŊŋį¨ãããããĢããããŽč˛¨įŠãčããäŊåģãĢãĒããĒãã°ãå°äŊįįŖįŠã¯ãããĢæ¯äžããĻããã ã䞥å¤ãåĸ大ãããããĻããŽåŊæ°ãŽįåŽåå
Ĩã¯äēåŽä¸åĸ大ãããã¨ãĢãĒããããããåˇĨæĨãããŽãããĢčãããŽããããįįŖįãĒãã¨čããããæä¸ãŽæšæŗã§ãããããããĻãããããčĻŗįšããã¨ãŗãããšããŽįŧããčĻãĻããšããšååŖĢãŽãåˇĨæĨå´åãããŖãĻåŗå¯ãĒæåŗãĢãããĻįįŖįãĒãã¨ãĒãä¸ģåŧĩãåŽå
¨ãĢã¯æŖåŊãĨããããŽã§ã¯ãĒãã¨ããĻããããã¯åŊŧãčĒčēĢãŽåŽįžŠãĢããŖãĻããåæĨčŗæŦã¨åˇĨæĨčŗæŦã¨ãŽæ§čŗĒåãŗåŊąéŋãčĒŦæãããããĢåŊŧãčĄãŖãä¸åãŽå´ãååčŖãĨããããŽã§ããã
ã2) Smith's Wealth of Nations, vol. iii. b. v. c. ii. p. 392.
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ã1) Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. b. iv. c. vii. p. 435.
ã2) Id. p. 436.
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ŽãæãŖãĻãŋãã¨ãįŠįŠãŽčŧ¸åēč˛ŋæãããŽåååŧãŽä¸ä¸ģčĻé¨éã¨ããĻčĄãåžããã¨ã¯ããããĒãåŊãŽåš¸įĻã¨æ°¸įļįįšæ ãĢã¨ãŖãĻãįŦŦä¸éčĻäēã§ãĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒãããã§ããã(č¨ŗč¨ģââäģĨä¸ã¯įŦŦä¸âåįã)
ã1) æčŋ Mr. Oddy's European Commerce (page 511). ã§ãæåŊããįŠįŠãããŽéĢãŽããããåããčŧ¸å
Ĩ䞥æ ŧäģĨä¸ãŽã¨ããĢãŽãŋåŊå
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įįŖãéģåŽŗããããŽã§ã¯ãĒãããããĻåļåš´ãĢ寞ããč¯ãåãã¨ãĒãã§ãããã(č¨ŗč¨ģââããŽč¨ģã¯įŦŦåįãŽãŋããĒãæŦĄãŽããŠã°ãŠãããã¯įŦŦäēâåįã)
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1) Report, p. 93.
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ã1) Anderson's Investigation of the Circumstances which led to Scarcity, Table, p. 40.
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ã1) Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. b. iv. p. 264.
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ŦãåžãĒãã§ã¯ããããĒããããžãã¯å ąé
Ŧãåŋ
įļįãĢé ãå
ãŽãã¨ã§ãããžãåŊãĻãĢãĒããŦį¨éãĢå¤éãŽčŗæŦãæããææããĒãããŽãããããã§ãããåžãŖãĻå
¨äŊã¨ããĻãåžã
ã¯ãããŽæĄãĢããã°ãäēåãŽč˛¯čĩã¯ãããĒãå¤éãĢčŧ¸åēããã常ã¨ããåŊãĢãããĻãåļåš´ãĢåŊå
ãĢæĸããããšãéã¨åšžåã§ãįãããĒãã¨ãåįįãĢæåž
ãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒãããããåžã
ã¯ãä¸čļŗãŽį¨åēĻããããã§ãéãã°ããã°ãã°äžĄæ ŧãŽä¸ãĢé常ãĢ大ããĒéããįãããã¨ããįĨããŽã§ããã
ããšããšååŖĢã¯ããã§é˛ãã§ãæĨĩããĻæŖåŊãĢãįŠįŠæĄäžãŽæčˇč
ã¯ãįžåŽãŽčäŊįļæ
ãĢããã䞥æ ŧããã¯ããããããã螲æĨč
ãŽįŠįŠãĢ寞ãããåēæąãĒå¤åŊå¸å ´ãéãããžãåŊŧãĢããŽč˛¨įŠãĢ寞ããããããå ´åãĢæåž
ãåžãäģĨä¸ãŽäžĄæ ŧãįĸēäŋããĻãããŽįžåŽãŽčäŊįļæ
ãæšåããåžåãŽãããã¨ãŽæšãåŧˇčĒŋããĻãããããŽäēã¤ãŽåĨ¨åąã¯ãåŊŧããŽčããã¨ãããĢããã°ãéˇãéãĢã¯ãįŠįŠãŽįįŖãåĸå ãããããããĢåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢãããããŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãåŊæįžåŽãĢåå¨ããĻããčäŊįļæ
ãĢãããĻãåĨ¨åąéããããåŧä¸ãåžããããéĨããĢäŊä¸ããããĒããã°ãĒããŦã¨ãããŽã§ãããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻãã1)ã
ã1) Ibid.ã
äģĨä¸ã¯įŦŦäēâåįã§ãããäģĨä¸ã¯įŦŦäēâå
įãĢãģãŧå
ąéã§ãããããĒããĄãââ
åŊŧã¯ãžã(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ãåĨ¨åąéãĢããŖãĻãããããåžãä¸åãŽå¤åŊå¸å ´ãŽæĄå¤§ã¯ãå
¨įļåŊå
å¸å ´ãį į˛ã¨ããĻčĄããããŽã§ããããã ãåĨ¨åąéãĢããŖãĻčŧ¸åēããããããĢãĒããåžãŖãĻåĨ¨åąéããĒããã°čŧ¸åēãããĒããŖãįŠįŠã¯ãä¸åãåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢįãŖãĻããŽč˛¨įŠãŽæļč˛ģãåĸ大ãããŽäžĄæ ŧãåŧä¸ããåŊšå˛ãæããã¯ããŽããŽã§ãããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻãã1)ã
1) Vol. ii. b. iv. c. 5.
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãįŦŦäēâåįã§ã¯ããåŊŧã¯ãžãããŽäģŖããĢãããããĢįããĻåŊŧã¯ãã¨ããã
ããŽéåŊŧã¯æããĢå¸å ´ã¨ããč¨čãčĒ¤į¨ããĻããã貨įŠãããįšåŽãŽå¸å ´ãĢãããĻããåŽãåŖ˛ãã°ããã§ãĒãå ´åãããããŽå¤éã厚æãĢæéĸããã¨ãåēæĨããŽã§ããããã¨ããŖãĻãããŽæäŊãĢããŖãĻãããå¸å ´ããããĢæ¯äžããĻæĄå¤§ãããã¨ãããŽã¯æŖãããĒãããĸãã ãģãšããšãčŋ°ãšãĻããã¨ãããŽãåĨ¨åąéããããŽã§æ¯æãããäēã¤ãŽį§į¨ãåģæĸããã°ãä¸åą¤éį´ãŽčŗŧ財åã¯įĸēããĢåĸå ãããããããåįšåŽåš´ãĢãããæļč˛ģã¯įĩåąįãĢã¯äēēã
ãĢããŖãĻåļéãããĒããã°ãĒããããããĻãããį§į¨ãŽåģæĸãĢããæļč˛ģãŽåĸå ã¯ãæąēããĻ(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ãčäŊãĢ寞ãå¤åŊéčĻãŽåĸå ã¨åä¸ãŽåĨ¨åąãä¸ãããĢã¯čļŗããŦã§ããããããåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢãããčąåŊįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧããåĨ¨åąéãŽįĩæã¨ããĻãįįŖč˛ģãŽåĸå ããĒãããĄãĢ騰貴ãããĒãã°(ãããĻãããį´ãĄãĢ騰貴ãããã¨ã¯ãĸãã ãģãšããšãŽæįãĢčĒããĻããã¨ããã§ãã)ãããã¯ãčąåŊįŠįŠãĢ寞ããæåšéčĻããããĢããæĄå¤§ããããããĻåŊå
ãĢãããéčĻãŽæ¸å°ââããããããĒãããŽã§ãããã¨ââãå¤åŊãĢãããéčĻãŽæĄå¤§ãĢããŖãĻį¸æŽēãããĻäŊããããã¨ãŽäēãåžãĒãč¨ŧæ ã§ããã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģããčäŊãĢ寞ã......čļŗããŦã§ãããããã¯ãįŦŦäēįã§ã¯ãã螲æĨč
ããããŽæŖåŊãĒå ąåãåĨĒããããĢãįŠįŠãŽä¸čŦ䞥æ ŧãäŊä¸ãããããã¨ãĒãããĻãããŽå
¨äŊå°ãé¤ãåģããĢã¯čļŗããŦã§ãããããã¨ããããĒãããŽæŦĄãŽãããåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢããããäģĨä¸ã¯ãįŦŦä¸įãããŽæ°åĸčŖã§ããã
ãžãããŽæŦĄãĢã¯ãįŦŦäēįã§ã¯ãåžãĢåé¤ãããæŦĄãŽäēããŠã°ãŠãããããââ
ãčąčãŽčäŊč
ããããŽäžĄæ ŧã§ããŽå
¨åįŠĢãåŖ˛ããĒããã°ããŽæŖåŊãĒåŠæŊ¤ãåžãããŦã¨ãã䞥æ ŧã§ãåŊå
ãŽäžįĩĻãčĄãŖãåžãĢãæ´ãĢããäģĨä¸įžä¸ã¯ã˛ãŋãĸãŽå°éēĻãæã¤ããŽã¨ãäģŽåŽããããåæãĢãžããåå°ãŽäžĄæ ŧãéĢããå¤éĄãŽæļč˛ģį¨ãčĒ˛ããããĻãããããŽįĩæã¨ããĻå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãéĢããŽã§ãčąåŊãŽčž˛æĨč
ã¯ã¨ãĒããããŽåšŗå䞥æ ŧã§įŠįŠãæ ŊåšãåžãĒãââããã¯čŧ¸åēåĨ¨åąéãåŋ
čĻã¨ããããå ´åãĢã¯å¸¸ãĢäēåŽã§ããââã¨äģŽåŽãããããããäēæ
ãŽä¸ãĢãããĻãããčäŊč
ãäŊå°ãŽįžä¸ã¯ã˛ãŋãĸãįĄįãĢåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢåããããã¨ãããĒãã°ãåģãĢããŽäŊå°ãŽįžä¸ã¯ã˛ãŋãĸãŽäžĄæ ŧã ãã§ã¯ãĒããããŽå
¨åįŠĢãŽäžĄæ ŧããčããä¸čŊãåãããããĻåĨ¨åąéããĒããã°čŧ¸åēã¯čž˛æĨč
ãĢã¨ãŖãĻæĄįŽãã¨ããããããĻã¯åŊå
å¸å ´ãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãčąåŊãŽčž˛æĨč
ãĢéŠåŊãĒįįŖč˛ģãæ¯æããĢã¯čļŗããĒãã¨åžã
ãĢäģŽåŽããã¨ãĒããããŽåšŗå䞥æ ŧäģĨä¸ãĢãä¸čŊããšããã¨ã¯ãå
¨ãæãã§ãããåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢãããčŗŧ財č
ã¯ãįãããĒããããŽåš´ã¯ãé常ãĢčąããĢæŽãã§ããããåŊŧãã¯čĒãæãã ããŽããŗãéŖãšããžãããããčąãéĻŦã§ãããå°éēĻã§é¤ããã¨ãåēæĨãããåžãŖãĻčäŊãæĄįŽãã¨ããŦãã¨ãããããŽã§ãåŊŧãã¯äēããžã§ããĒãčäŊãæĸããåžã
ã¨ããĻããŽåå°ãį§å ´ãĢå¤ããĻãããããŽįĩæã¨ããĻã¤ããĢãä¸äŊãčĨ˛æĨããæãĢããžãã¯å°ãã¨ãäŊå°åãå
¨įļãĒããĒãŖãæãĢã䞥æ ŧã¯åãŗãåŊå
å¸å ´ãéå°ãĒããããŦéãåŊŧããŽįŠįŠæ ŊåšãæĄįŽãã¨ãããããĢãĒãéĢããĢã騰貴ãããã¨ã¨ãĒãã§ããããåã
ãŽčž˛æĨč
ã¯ããŠãã ããŽįŠįŠãäģãŽåˇãŽåæĨ螲æĨč
ãæį¨Žããã¯ãįĨãåžãĒããå°æĨéčĻã¨æ¯čŧããå°æĨäžįĩĻãŽįļæ
ã¯ãåįŠĢæãĢãĒããžã§ã¯ã大é¨åé čŊãããĻããããããĻããŽåš´ãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽéĢäŊãŽãŋããįŋåš´ãŽåå°įĩåļãĢéĸãã螲æĨč
ãŽčĄįēãåˇĻåŗãåžããŽã§ããããããäēæ
ãŽä¸ãĢãããĻã¯ãįŠįŠäžįĩĻãŽãåžãŖãĻãžãããŽäžĄæ ŧãŽã大ããĒå¤åã¯ãåŋ
įļįãĢįããããåžãĒããŽã§ããã
ãå¸å ´ãéå°ãĢãĒãã¯ããŦãã¨ããåąæ§ãģãŠããã貨įŠãŽå¤éãŽįįŖãĢ寞ããéģåŽŗã¨ãĒãããŽã¯ããåžãĒã1)ãããããããĢ大ã§ãããã¨ã¨ãĢããåžããåžãäŊãããŽéãĢ寞ãįĸēåŽãĢæåšéčĻãčĻåēãåžãã¨ããäēæ
ãģãŠããããįįŖãĢ寞ããåĨ¨åąããĒãããŽããããåžãĒããåžã
ãŽäģŽåŽããå ´åãĢãããĻã¯ãįŠįŠãĢ寞ããåĨ¨åąéãŽãŋããčąåŊ螲æĨč
ãĢ寞ãįŠįŠãĢ寞ããæåšå¸å ´ãæĄå¤§ãåžãããŽãĒããã¨ã¯ãæãã§ããã
ã1) åšŗåš´ãĢã¯ã螲æĨč
ã¯ã䞥æ ŧãĢ大ããĻæŗ¨æãæããã¨ãĒããčäŊæ
ŖäžãĢåžãŖãĻäēãčĄãããĄã§ãããã¨ã¯ãį§ã¯ååįĨãŖãĻããããããããŽæ
Ŗäžã¯æĨĩįĢ¯ãĒå ´åãĢã¯æå
ãĄåžãĒããã¨ããåžã
ã¯ä¸įŦã¨ãããŠãįãåžãĒããååĨããããŽã¯æãããčäŊãĢã¯äš
ããåžäēãã¯ããĒãã§ããããã
åŗãŽæŦæäēããŠã°ãŠããč¨ģä¸ããŠã°ãŠããŽä¸ãįŦŦä¸įã§ã¯ãæŦæãŽįŦŦä¸ããŠã°ãŠãã¨č¨ģã¨ã¯åé¤ãããæŦæįŦŦäēããŠã°ãŠããŽåžåãŽããåžã
ãŽäģŽåŽããå ´åãäģĨä¸ã¯æŦĄãŽåĻãäŋŽæŖããããââ
ãæ´ãĢãžããåĨ¨åąéãĢ寞ããä¸ģããįŽįãŽä¸ã¤ã¯ãåļåš´ãŽä¸čļŗãå
ãããšãåŊå
æļč˛ģäģĨä¸ãĢåēããå°äŊãåžããĢãããã¨ããæŗ¨æããĒããã°ãĒããŦãããããåŊå
å¸å ´ãŽãããĒãå¯čŊãŽæĄå¤§ãããŽįŽįãéãåžãĒããã¨ã¯ãæãã§ãããã
įŦŦåįã¯įŦŦä¸įãããŽãžãžč¸čĨ˛ããĻããããįŦŦäēįãĢčŗãŖãĻãããåé¤ãããĻããžãŖãã
ãĒãæŦĄã¯įŦŦäēįããįžãããĻããããŽã§ããã
ãĸãã ãģãšããšã¯ãæ´ãĢé˛ãã§æ°ããåĨ¨åąéããããããĢäēēã
ãŽæ¯æãäēã¤ãŽį§į¨ãããĒããĄããŽä¸ããããŽåĨ¨åąéãæ¯æããããĢæŋåēãĢæ¯æãããŽã¨ãããŽäģæšããããŽč˛¨įŠãŽé¨°č˛´ãã䞥æ ŧã¨ããåŊĸã§æ¯æãããã¨ã¯(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ãå´å貧æ°ãŽįæ´ģčŗæãæ¸å°ãããããžãã¯åŊŧããŽå´čŗãåŊŧããŽįæ´ģčŗæãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãŽé¨°č˛´ã ã騰貴ããããĒããã°ãĒããŦããããåč
ãŽäŊį¨ãããéããĢãããĻãããã¯ãå´å貧æ°ãããŽåäžãæč˛ãč˛ãĻä¸ããčŊåãäŊæ¸ããĒããã°ãĒããããžãããŽéããĢãããĻåŊãŽäēēåŖãæåļããåžåãæããã°ãĒããŦããããåžč
ãŽäŊį¨ããéããĢãããĻãããã¯ã貧æ°ãŽéåč
ããããããå ´åãĢéåãåžãã ããŽæ°ãéåããčŊåãäŊæ¸ããĒããã°ãĒããããžãããŽéããĢãããĻåŊãŽįŖæĨãæåļããåžåãæããã°ãĒããŦã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãããäģĨä¸ãŽé¨åã¯įŦŦäēâå
įãŽäŋŽæŖãĢãããããŽã§ãããįŦŦäēįã§ã¯æŦĄãŽåĻããĒãŖãĻãããââ
ãįžåŽãŽčäŊįļæ
ãĢãããĻã¯ãå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãåŧä¸ãããåžãŖãĻ螲æĨč
ãŽåå
Ĩãåŧä¸ããĒããããã¯å´å貧æ°ãããŽåäžãč˛ãĻä¸ããčŊåãäŊæ¸ããĒããã°ãĒããããžããããĻåŊãŽäēēåŖã¨įŖæĨã¨ãæåļãããã¨ãĢãããåŊå
å¸å ´ãŽåžã
ããæĄå¤§ãåĻ¨åŽŗãæåļããã˛ããĻã¯ã¤ããĢįŠįŠã¨å
¨å¸å ´åãŗæļč˛ģãåĸå ããããã¯ãããæ¸å°ããåžåãæããĒããã°ãĒããĒã1)ã
ã1) Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. b. iv. c. v. p. 267.
ãį§ã¯ãåĨ¨åąéããįããčŧ¸åēãŽåļåēĻããåļåš´ãĢã¯ãįŠįŠãŽäžįĩĻãåĸå ããæããĒåžåãããžãã¯åããã¨ã§ãããããããããå ´åãĢįããšããģãŠãŽæ¸å°ãįããããĒãæããĒåžåããæã¤ãã¨ã¯ãæããĢč¨ŧį¤ēããããžãåŽéãģã¨ããŠįåãŽäŊå°ãĒãã¨ããã§ãããã¨æããåžãŖãĻåĨ¨åąéããįããčŧ¸åēãŽåļåēĻãŽãĒãå ´åãããããããįšåĨãŽåš´ãĢãå´å貧æ°ã¯ããããįæ´ģãåēæĨããžãäēēã
ã¯åĻ¨ãããããã¨ãå°ãã§ããããããããããŽåĻãčĻãå ´åãĢãããåĨ¨åąéãŽããããįĩæããčąåš´ãĢã¯äēēåŖåĸå ãããããæå§ãããžãåļåš´ãĢã¯ãããæ¯čŧįåĨ¨åąãããĢéããŦãŽã§ãããĒãã°ãããŽįĩæãĒãããŽã¯ãæããĢãäēēåŖããæ°¸įļįãĢãã¤æã
ãŽä¸čļŗãĒããĢäžįĩĻããåžãįæ´ģčŗæãŽéãĢããŖãĻãåįãĢåˇĻåŗããã¨ãããã¨ãĢããããã¨ã¨ãĒãããããĻããŽįĩæã¯ãį¤žäŧãĢįãåžãæ大ãŽåŠįãŽä¸ã¤ã§ããããããĻããŽåéĄãæˇąãčå¯ãããã¨ãŽãĒãããŽãŽåŽšæãĢįč§ŖãåžãäģĨä¸ãĢå´å貧æ°ãŽåš¸įĻãĢå¯ä¸ããããŽã§ãããã¨äēããĢčēčēããĒããŽã§ãããäēēéĄį¤žäŧãŽããããåēæĨäēãŽä¸ã§ãäēãä¸åš´ãŽčąåš´ãããŖããããĢäēēåŖãįĒįļåĸå ãå§ãããããåŋ
įļįãĢåļäŊåĻãããåšŗåš´äŊãŽčĩˇããį´ãĄãĢå§į¸ŽãããĻããžãã¨ãããã¨ãģãŠãĢãįĒŽäšãįãŋåēããããããŽã¯ãĒãããžãæ˛æ¨ãĒįĩæãããžããįããããããŽã¯ãäģãĢã¯ãĒãããã¨į§ã¯æããæåŊãĢãããįžå¨ãŽéĢãå´å䞥æ ŧã¨č˛§æ°ãŽæ
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éčĻã¨åä¸įã§åĸå ãããĒãã°ãæåŊãŽå°äŊæ Ŋåšã¯æ°¸įļįããåžãã§ããããåĨ¨åąéãæ°æ ŊåšãåēæããĒããĒãŖãĻäģĨåžããããŽåŊąéŋã¯æąēããĻįĄãĢ帰ãã¯ããĒãã§ããããããã¯ããæéãčąåŊãŽæ Ŋåšč
ãĢãå¤åŊæ Ŋåšč
ãĢ寞ããįĩļ寞įåŠįãä¸ããã§ããããããŽåŠįã¯äēããžã§ããĒãæŧ¸æŦĄæ¸å°ããã§ããããããã ãä¸åãŽæåšéčĻãã¤ããĢã¯å
čļŗããããããĻįįŖč
ãä¸čŦåŠæŊ¤įãåžããåžãæäŊ䞥æ ŧã§åŖ˛ããããåžãĒããĒããŽã¯ãåŊįļãŽãã¨ã§ããããã§ãããããããæąēåŽįåĨ¨åąæãįĩé¨ããåžãĢã¯ãčąåŊãŽæ Ŋåšč
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ã¨åä¸æĄäģļã§čĒåŊå¸å ´ãã大ããĒå¸å ´ãĢäžįĩĻããįŋæ
ŖãåžãĻããžãã§ãããããããĻå¤åŊå¸å ´ã¨čąåŊå¸å ´ã¨ãåŧįļãåį¨åēĻãĢæĄå¤§ãããĒãã°ãåŊŧã¯ä¸Ąč
ãĢ寞ããããŽäžįĩĻãåŧįļããããĢæ¯äžããĻæĄåŧĩããã§ãããããã ããįšåĨãŽéčĻåĸå ãåŊå
ãĢįããĒãéããåŊŧãå¤åŊã¸ãŽäžįĩĻãä¸æĸããã°ãããŽå
¨åįŠĢãĢ寞ãã䞥æ ŧã¯äŊä¸ããããåžãĒãããã§ããããããŽåĻãããĻåŊæ°ã¯ãæ°åš´ãŽåļäŊãĢ寞ããæ常ãŽč˛¯čĩãæã¤ãã¨ãĢãĒãã§ããã(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ã
1) åšŗå䞥æ ŧã¯æ ŊåšäžĄæ ŧã¨į°ããæã
čĩˇãåļåš´ã¯åšŗå䞥æ ŧãĢæŦčŗĒįãĒåŊąéŋãä¸ãããžãæŦ äšãé˛æĸããåžåãŽããå°äŊéãŽįŠįŠãŽæ Ŋåšã¯ãããŽåšŗå䞥æ ŧãäŊä¸ãããããããæ ŊåšäžĄæ ŧãĢæĨčŋããããåžåãããã§ãããã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãããŽããŠã°ãŠãä¸ãŽåžåã¯įŦŦä¸âåįããåé˛ãæŦč¨ŗæ¸äēå
Ģä¸é åį
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ããããåĨ¨åąéããäģåŊãĢãããæãåĨŊéŊåãĒ䞥æ ŧįļæ
ã¨į¸äŋãŖãĻãįšåŽåŊãããĻæ°¸įļįãĢčŧ¸åēį¨ãŽåšŗåæ Ŋåščļ
éãįļæãããåžãã¨äģŽåŽããĻããããã ããã¨ããŖãĻãããŽäēēåŖã¯įæ´ģčŗæãį˛åžããå°éŖãĢããŖãĻåĻ¨ããããĒãã¨æŗåããĻã¯ãĒããĒããããã¯ãĒããģãŠåļåš´ããįããįšæŽãŽå§čŋĢãĢæããããã¨ã¯å°ããĒãã§ããããããããäģãŽįšãĢãããĻã¯ãããã¯åãŽčĢ¸įĢ ã§čŋ°ãšãã¨åãåĻ¨ããčããŽã§ããããããĻčŧ¸åēãŽįŋæ
Ŗããããã¨ãĒãããã¨ãäēēåŖã¯å´åãŽįåŽå´čŗãĢããŖãĻåˇĻåŗããããããĻãããå´čŗãŽæ¯é
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ŖãŽä¸ãĢãããĻãäēēåŖãŽåĸå ãåĨ¨åąãããĢčļŗããĒãã¨ããĢã¯ãäēēåŖã¯åæĸãããĢčŗãã§ããã(č¨ŗč¨ģ)ã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģãåãŽæåžãŽč¨ŗč¨ģã§čŋ°ãšãįŦŦäēįãŽé¨åãããĒããĄįŦŦäēįãĢãããæŦįĢ ãŽåžåã¯ãæŦĄãŽåĻãã§ãããââ
ããããšããšååŖĢãŽįčĢãæŖåŊã§ããããããĻããäēãŽæ§čŗĒä¸åĨ¨åąéããŽäģäŊãããŽäēēéãŽåļåēĻãĢããŖãĻįŠįŠãŽæ ŊåšãåĨ¨åąãããŽãä¸å¯čŊã§ãããĒãã°ãæããĢãããããå¯ããåŊã¯ãå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧãåå°ãŽå°äģŖãåãŗæļč˛ģį¨ããæčĄãŽåĒčļã¨åŊå
å¸å ´ãŽåŠįãčļ
éãããģãŠé¨°č˛´ããããį´ãĄãĢįŠįŠãŽæ Ŋåšãä¸æĸããĻããžããĢéããĒããã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒããåžã
ã¯æĄįŽãŽã¨ããŦ貨įŠãŽįįŖãåŧˇåļãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒããããããŽįšã¯æããĢãäģåŊã¨čĒįąéåãčĄãŖãĻããããããčŋäģŖčĢ¸åŊãŽčž˛æĨãĢ寞ããčļãåžãŦéįããĒãããŽã§ããããããĻããŽįšãããããã¯æĨãĢæĨãĢããŽįæ´ģčŗæãĢã¤ãå¯ãŽåŖãéŖåŊãĢé ŧããã¨ã¨ãĒããĒããã°ãĒããĒãã
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å¸å ´ãĢããããč˛ģį¨ã¨å¤åŊįŠįŠãŽåšŗå䞥æ ŧã¨ãĢéĸããįšåŽåŊãŽčĢ¸äēæ
ãĢåžãŖãĻäŊãããčŧ¸åēåĨ¨åąéã¨čŧ¸å
Ĩéĸį¨ã¨ãĢéĸããæŗåžåļåēĻã¯ãæļč˛ģį¨ãåå°ãŽå°äģŖãåãŗå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧããŠããģãŠéĢãã¨ãããããåŊãŽčž˛æĨč
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ã䞥æ ŧãĢåŊąéŋãåãŧãããŽã¨ããĻä¸čŋ°ããä¸åãŽäēæ
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¨é¨ãä¸įˇãĢããããŽãããæåãĒåå ããčæ
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ĨããĒããã°ãĒããĒããããã¯éčĻäžįĩĻãŽæ¯įã§ããã螲æĨč
ãããĻããŽįŠįŠãå䞥äģĨä¸ãĢåŖ˛ããããéŖįŠčąå¯ã¯ããĒããģãŠæ°¸įļãåžãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããããããããŽä¸čļŗãŽįĩæã¯åžã
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čĻãĒäģĨä¸ãŽįŠįŠãæ ŊåšããããĒãã°ã䞥æ ŧã¯čąåŊ螲æĨč
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ãĢããĻæ°¸įļįãŽã騰貴ãé˛æĸãããĒãã°1)ãããŽįĩæã¯æããĢãįŠįŠãŽåšŗå䞥æ ŧãããããĒãå ´åäģĨä¸ãĢįļæãããã¨ã§ãããã大éãŽčŧ¸åēãŽįŋæ
ŖãåĨ¨åąéãŽįĩæã¨ããĻčĄãããĻããå ´åãĢã¯ãããããŽéčĻãŽåĸå ãžãã¯äžįĩĻãŽä¸čļŗã¯ãåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢãããįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧãĢã¯ãģã¨ããŠįŧãĢã¤ãåŊąéŋãįããĒãã§ããããããŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãåæĨä¸įãŽæ¸¯æšžãĢãããåšŗå䞥æ ŧãĢããŽéĢãŽããããåããåĨ¨åąéãå įŽããããŽããæąēããĻčļ
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ĨåļåēĻãã¨ãã°ãåžã
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å¸å ´ã ãã§ã¯ãĒãåæĨä¸įãŽä¸åãŽæ¸¯æšžãĢãããĻããããã常ãĢčĩˇãåžãããŽãĒãŽã§ããã
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ãĢãããĻã¯ãæŋåēãŽč˛¯čĩãĢ寞ããĻäžįĩĻãããããĢéčĻãæã
åĸå ããã¨ãįŠįŠäžĄæ ŧãŽä¸ãĢ大ããĒåŊąéŋãįãããããããčŧ¸åēåļåēĻãŽä¸ãĢãĢãããĻã¯ããããããã¨ã¯ãĒãã§ãããã
ããããĻãããåĨ¨åąéãŽįĩæĨĩįåžåãæããĢåŊå
å¸å ´ãĢãããįŠįŠãŽåšŗå䞥æ ŧãåŧä¸ãããĢãããĒãã°ãããįšåŽåŊãĢãããé䞥ãŽäŊåģãããĒããĄäģãŽä¸åãŽč˛¨įŠãŽéĢ䞥ãĢéĸããããšããšååŖĢãŽæŖããæ¨įãŽå
¨é¨ã¯åŊŧčĒčēĢãĢåįãä¸ãããã¨ã¨ãĒããããĒããĄããã¯įŠįŠæĄäžãŽå寞čĢã§ã¯ãĒãæčˇčĢã¨ããĻį¨ãåžãããŽã¨ãĒãã
ããĒããģãŠįžå¨åžã
ã¯æåŊãŽé䞥ãŽäŊåģãŽä¸åŠįãįæããĻããããããĻæ°åš´ãŽåžæåŊãŽåæĨįįĢļäēåŊãæčŋãŽä¸æŗããįĢį´ãæãĢã¯ããããããããįžå¨ããéĨãäģĨä¸ãĢįæãããã¨ã§ããããããããããã¯įĸēããĢãįŠįŠæĄäžãŽįĩæããįŠįŠčŧ¸åēåļåēĻãĢããããŽã§ã¯ãĒããæããĢåžã
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ãįŠįŠãĢéĸããĻæåŊã¯į´ãĄãĢčŧ¸å
ĨåŊããčŧ¸åēåŊãĢå¤ããã¨ãåēæĨãã¨ã¯ãį§ã¯æąēããĻäēããã¨ã¯æããĒããããããįčĢãããžãåä¸į´ååãŽįĩé¨ããåžã
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ĨåļåēĻãŽä¸ãĢãããĻã¯įĩļ寞ãĢįĸēåŽã§ããã¨ãį§ã¯čããããããããããããäēēéåŋããããŽãĒãäš
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ãæåŊãŽįŦįĢãæĸ垊ããįĸēåŽãĒ螲æĨãŽåēį¤ãŽä¸ãĢåŊæ°ã¨ããĻ大ããĒãåæĨįįšæ ãč¨ããããĢã¯ãčäŊãĢåĨ¨åąéãæåąããããããĄãããĄããŽčå°ãčäŊããããä¸čŦåå°å˛čžŧæŗæĄãééãããããããŽã¯ããããããããåãļį¯å˛å
ã§ã¯æåšãĒããŽã§ã¯ãããããŠããæããĢããã ãã§ã¯ååã§ã¯ãĒããããåæĨäēēåŖãããããŽåĒåã¨æŠčĒŋãå
ąãĢããĻåĸå ãããĒãã°ãåžã
ã¯ãčŧ¸å
ĨãŽåŋ
čĻãĢéĸããĻã¯ãåã¨åãå°äŊãĢããã ããŽãã¨ã§ããããčĻæąãããĻããįŽæ¨ã¯ãåŊãŽåæĨäēēåŖã¨čž˛æĨäēēåŖã¨ãŽį¸å¯žįæ¯äžãå¤æ´ãããã¨ã§ãããããã¯åå°ãĢæããããåŊæ°įčŗæŦãŽæ¯äžãåĸ大ããããäŊããŽåļåēĻãĢããŖãĻãŽãŋčĄããåžãããŽã§ãããį§ã¯įžå¨ããŽįŽįãéããæšæŗã¨ããĻã¯ãæåŊãŽįšæãĒäēæ
ã¨å¤åŊå¸å ´ãŽįļæ
ã¨ãĢéŠåããįŠįŠæĄäžäģĨå¤ãĢã¯čãããã¨ãåēæĨãĒããįšæŽãŽåļéãåĨ¨åąãŽåļåēĻã¯ããšãĻįãããĒãåĨŊãžããããŦããŽã§ããããããĢé ŧããĒããã°ãĒããŦã¨ãããã¨ã¯įĸēããĢæ˛ãããšããã¨ã§ãããããããããšããšååŖĢãåĨ¨åąéä¸čŦãĢ寞ããĻæãĄåēããĻãããåŊãŽå¤å´ãŽããé¨åããæžäģģããã°ãããåŊįļæĩå
Ĩããšãį¨éããåŠįãŽå°ãį¨éãĢåŧˇåļįãĢæĩå
Ĩãããããã¨ããå寞čĢã¯1)ã螲æĨįįŖįŠãįšãĢåĒį§ãĒæ§čŗĒãæãĄããžããããå°ãã§ãä¸čļŗããã°æããšãįĩæãįãããŽã§ãããŽå ´åãĢã¯åŊãĻã¯ãžããĒããŽã§ãããåŽéäēãŽæ§čŗĒä¸įŠįŠãĢã¯įšæãŽäžĄå¤ãæĨĩå°ãããĻãã2)ããããĻãšããšååŖĢãäģãŽįŽįãŽãããĢčŋ°ãšãããŽč¨čã¯ãããŽč˛¨įŠãåĨ¨åąéä¸čŦãĢ寞ããå寞čĢãŽä¸ãĢã¯åĢãžããĻããĒããã¨ãįĢč¨ŧãããããĢãæŖåŊãĢį¨ãããåžãããããåæĨä¸įãéããĻãããããį¨ŽéĄãŽååŧãåŽå
¨ãĢčĒįąã§ãããĒãã°ãįãããĒãäŊäēēãããããä¸čŦįčĒįąåļåēĻãŽåĻ¨åŽŗãæåąãããã¨ã¯æąēããĻæããĒãã§ãããããããĻãžãåŽéãããããå ´åãĢã¯ã螲æĨã¯įšåĨãŽåĨ¨åąãåŋ
čĻã¨ããĒãã§ãããããããįžå¨ãŽåæĨåļåēĻãä¸čŦãĢčĄãããĻãããåį¨ŽãŽåĨ¨åąãåļéãŽæšįãč˛ã
ã¨čĄãããĻããå ´åãĢã¯ãäģãŽä¸åãæ¯æããįŠįŠãŽå¤§įįŖãåžã
ãŽæŗ¨æããé¤å¤ãããŽã¯æããĒãã¨ã§ãããå¤åŊåˇĨæĨåãŽčŧ¸å
ĨãĢ寞ããĻæ¯æãããéĢéĸį¨ã¯ãį¤žäŧãŽåˇĨæĨé¨åãĢ寞ããæĨĩããĻį´æĨįãĒåĨ¨åąã§ãããããåžãŖãĻåä¸į¨ŽéĄãŽäŊãããŽåĨ¨åąãŽãŋãæåŊãŽåˇĨæĨåŽļã¨čäŊč
ã¨ãå
ŦæŖãĒįĢå ´ãĢįŊŽãåžããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻãįŠįŠãŽéåãĢã¨ãäŊãããŽåĨ¨åąåļåēĻãåŋ
čĻã¨čãããããĢčŗããŽã¯ãããŽåãĢåˇĨæĨãĢ寞ããĻåĨ¨åąãä¸ããããĻãããããŽãã¨ã§ãããåžã
ã¯čąčãŽįžæ¯åˇĨæĨãããŖãĻįŦŦä¸æŦĄįãĢéčĻãĒããŽã¨čããĻãããåžãŖãĻãããįšãĢæŗ¨æããĻäŋčˇãåĨ¨åąããĻãããããããããããææ
Žããäēēã¯ãæåŊãŽåã¨įšæ ã¨ãĢåãŧãããŽåŊąéŋããããŽä¸čļŗãåļäŊãããŽæåĨŊãŽåˇĨæĨããŽããŽãŽæ˛ĄčŊãæåŗããįŠįŠãŽįįŖã¨ãæ¯čŧãåžãã§ãããããä¸äēãčĒįąãĒãŽãĒããį§ã¯äŊãäēããã¨ã¯ãĒãããããäŋčˇãåĨ¨åąãããŽãĒããä¸åãŽããŽãŽä¸ã§æãéčĻãĒ貴éãĒįįŖãäŋčˇããĒããŽã¯ãæããĒãã¨ã¨æããããŽã§ãã3)ã
ã1) Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. b. iv. c. v. p. 278.
ã2) Ibid.
ã3) į§ã¯ãåŊå
æļč˛ģãŽéčĻäģĨä¸ãŽįŠįŠéãåŊå
ã§įįŖãããã¨ãŽéčĻãĒããéˇã
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čĻã§ããã°ããã§ãĒããããã¯ãžãįŠįŠãŽįįŖããŽããŽãĢãããĻãåŋ
čĻã§ããããããĢåžäēããäēēæ°ãĢæ¯äžããĻå°äŊįįŖįŠã大ãĒãããããĢã¯ã大įž¤ãŽåŽļįãį¨ããå¤ã¯ãĒããåæãĢéŠå°ã¯ããšãĻį§å ´ãĢããšãã¨ãããã¨ãĢã¯ãĒããĒãã螲æĨä¸ãŽæšč¯ãŽįŦŦä¸ãŽæãéĄčãĒããŽã¯ãä¸åŊãŽäŧčå°ã§ããäģĨä¸ãŽåŋ
čĻãĒįãįžãéŖŧããã¨ã ã¨ã¤ãŗã°æ°ã¯čŋ°ãšãĻããããį§ã¯ããã¯æŖããã¨æãã(Travels in France, vol. i. p. 361.)ããããĒãããčąčãŽåæĨéį´ãŽå¯ãåĸå ããĻãããŽã§į§įįįŖįŠãæĨãĢæĨãĢåĸå ããĻãããŽãĢããããããä¸åēĻčŧ¸åēåŊããããããã¨ãåēæĨãã¨čãããģãŠãį§ã¯æĨŊčĻŗįã§ã¯ãĒããããããããįãĢä¸å¯čŊã¨čããããšãã§ããã¨ããã°ãããã¯åžã
ãĢčĢ¸åŊæ°čĄ°äēĄãŽå¤§åå ãŽä¸ã¤ãæį¤ēããããŽã§ãããåžã
ã¯å¸¸ãĢåŊåŽļã¯čĄ°åžŽãŽæäģŖãæã¤ã¨čããĻããããžãæ´å˛ãŽæããã¨ãããĢããã°å°įä¸ãŽååŊã¯ããã°äģŖãäģŖãåŧįļããĻįšæ ãã貧åŊã¯įĩļããčŋéŖãŽå¯åŊãŽåģåĸãŽä¸ãĢįšæ ãæĨããã¤ã¤ãããŽã§ãããåæĨä¸ģįžŠãĢããã°ããããŽåĻãäģŖãäģŖãįļįļãããã¨ã¯ãæĻäēãŽįĩæãåĨã¨ããĻããčĒįļįåŋ
įļįäēæ
ã§ãããããĢæããããããããåŊãŽåæĨéį´ãŽå¯ãŽåĸå ã¨ãããŽįĩæããį§įįįŖįŠãĢ寞ããéčĻãŽåĸå ãĢãããæĨãĢæĨãĢį§čå°ãåĸå ããå¤åŊãããŽįŠįŠãŽčŧ¸å
Ĩãåĸå ãããĒãã°ãããŽä¸å¯éŋįįĩæã¨ããĻãããããŽå¤åŊãŽįšæ ãŽåĸé˛ã¯įŠįŠčŧ¸åēãĢããŖãĻæčģããããããåžãĢã¯ããŽįšæ ãåŠæããčŧ¸å
ĨåŊãŽäēēåŖã¨åã¨ãæ¸å°ãããããĢį¸éãĒããã¨æããããæãŽäēēã¯åŊåŽļãŽããŽčĒįļįåŧąįšã¨č襰ã¨ãåĨĸäžãĢ帰ãããŽã常ã§ããŖããããããåĨĸäžãããŖãĻååˇĨæĨãŽä¸ģããåŠéˇå¤ã¨čãåžãŖãĻæåãĒįšæ ãŽææŽĩã¨čããčŋäģŖäēēã¯ããã襰äēĄãŽä¸å ã¨ã¯čãããããĒãããããã¯ããŖã¨ããããã¨ãããããããããįžäģŖäēēã¨å
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įļįãĢåŊåŽļãĢæåŽŗã¨ãĒããåŧąäŊã¨čĄ°æģ
ã¨ãäŧ´ããããåžãĒãããŽã¨æããããããŽįšã¯ããããããŽæ¯æãĢåŋ
čĻãĒåēéãäžĩåŽŗãã螲æĨãĢ寞ããåĨ¨åąã§ã¯ãĒããĒãéģåŽŗãĢčģĸããã¨ããįšãĢãåå¨ãããŽã§ããã
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ĨįŠįŠã§é¤ãŖãĻããããããŽåŊåã襰ããĒããŖãã¨ããäžã¯ãããŖããããã¯ãĒãããžããããäžãå°æĨčĩˇãã¨ãäŋĄããããĒããčąčã¯ãįãããĒããåŗļåŊã§ãããã°ãžã大æĩˇčģãæãŖãĻãããã¨ã§ããããŽã§ãæãããŽååãŽäžå¤ããĒãå¯čŊæ§ããããããããčąčįšæãŽåŠåŽŗãããŖãĻãããããåš´ã
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Ĩãåĸå ãįļããĻãããĒãã°ãã¤ããĢã¯é大ãĒåæĨįå¯ãŽčĒįļįåŋ
įļįįĩæãã襰æģ
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1) Garnier's edition of the Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. table, p.188.
åŊŧã¯åšŗåčŗĒãŽåå°ã§ã¯ãä¸ãĸãĢããŗåŊãä¸ãģãã¨ãŽįŖéĄãããŖãĻ大čąäŊãŽåš´ã¨ããä¸ãĸãĢããŗåŊãä¸ãģãã¨ãããŖãĻ大åļäŊãŽåš´ã¨ããåšŗåš´äŊãããŖãĻä¸ãĸãĢããŗåŊãäēãģãã¨ã¨ããĻãã1)ãåŊŧããŽčããã¨ãããĢããã°ãããŽč¨įŽã¯äēåŽã¨ãããģãŠéããĒãããŽã§ãããåžãŖãĻåŊŧã¯ãããåēį¤ã¨ããĻ大čąäŊãŽåš´ãĢã¯įįŖéĄã¯é常ãŽæļč˛ģåäģĨä¸äēįŽæåã¨ãĒãããžã大åļäŊãŽåš´ãĢã¯ããã ãä¸čļŗãããã¨äēãŖãĻããããããå¤åã¯æããĢå°ãã¨ã䞥æ ŧããå¤æããã°ãæåŊãŽå ´åãããéĨããĢ大ããããŽã§ããããĒããããã严åŊãŽä¸äŊãŽį¨åēĻãåä¸ã§ããã°ãčąčã¯å¯ãŽį¨åēĻãåĒããã¤éŖĸéĨãĢéããĻã¯č˛§æ°ãĢå¤å¤§ãŽæåēãŽææ¸ãä¸ãããããŽã§ãããŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ããŠãŗãšãããé常åšŗåäģĨä¸ãĢ騰貴ãããŽã§ãããããäŊč¨ããæããããŽã§ããã
1) uvres de Turgot, tom. vi. p. 143. dit. 1808.
åä¸æéãĢããããšãã¤ãŗãŽå°éēĻãŽäžĄæ ŧãčĻŗãĻãŋãã¨ãåæ§ãĢčąčãããéĨããĢ大ããĒå¤åãčĻããããä¸å
ä¸äēåš´ãĒããä¸ä¸å
ååš´ãĢããããģã´ãŖãŦãŽå¸å ´ãŽå°éēĻä¸ããĄããŦãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽčĄ¨ãå°éå§åĄäŧå ąåæ¸éé˛ãĢčŧãŖãĻããã(č¨ŗč¨ģ1)ããããĢããã¨æéĢ䞥æ ŧã¯åå
ĢãŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗ(ä¸å
ä¸ä¸åš´)ãæäŊ䞥æ ŧã¯ä¸ãŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗ(ä¸ä¸äēãåš´)ã§ããŖãĻãããŽåˇŽã¯ãģã¨ããŠä¸åã§ããããããĻååš´ãĒããåäēåš´ãŽæéãĢãããĻãåˇŽãååãĢéãããã¨ãäēãä¸åēĻãããæ§ãĢãšããŦãŽčĢ¸éŊå¸ãĢéĸããä¸ä¸å
Ģå
Ģåš´ãĒããä¸ä¸äšäēåš´ãŽčĄ¨ãĢããã¨ãä¸ä¸äšãåš´ãŽæéĢ䞥æ ŧã¯ä¸ããĄããŦãĢã¤ãä¸ãäšãŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗã§ãããä¸ä¸äšäēåš´ãĢã¯æäŊ䞥æ ŧã¯ä¸ããĄããŦãĢã¤ãä¸å
ãŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗãĢéããĒããŖãããŦãĒãŗįåŊãŽįžããįŠįŖå°æšãĢå˛ãžããįēããĄããŖããģããĢãģãĒãĒãģãģãŗãŽå¸å ´ã§ã¯ãå°éēĻåããĄããŦãŽä¸čˇãŽäžĄæ ŧã¯ãä¸å
Ģããåš´äēæãĢã¯ä¸ãããŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗã§ãããä¸å
Ģãååš´äēæãĢã¯å
ãããŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗã§ããŖããã严č
ã¯ããããããŽåš´ãŽæéĢ䞥æ ŧãĢæ¯ãšãĻäŊã䞥æ ŧã¨į§°ãããããããéĢã䞥æ ŧãäŊã䞥æ ŧã¨æ¯čŧãããŽãĒããããŽåˇŽã¯ããŖã¨å¤§ãããĒãã§ãããããããĻãä¸ä¸äšäšåš´ãĢã¯ãåããĄããŦãŽäŊ䞥æ ŧã¯å
Ģå
ĢãŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗã§ãããä¸å
Ģãååš´ãĢã¯ãåããĄããŦãŽéĢ䞥æ ŧã¯å
åããŦãĸãĢãšãģã´ã§ããŗã§ããããããã¯ãããå
įŽåš´éãĢä¸åäģĨä¸ãŽåˇŽãį¤ēãããŽã§ãã(č¨ŗč¨ģ2)ã
ãč¨ŗč¨ģ1ãįŦŦäēįãĢã¯ä¸ãŽåŧį¨įŽæč¨čŧããããââ Buillon Report, Appendix, p. 182.
ãč¨ŗč¨ģ2ãååŗãââ Id. Appendix, p. 185.
ãšãã¤ãŗã§ã¯å¤åŊãŽįŠįŠãčĒįąãĢčŧ¸å
ĨãããĻãããããã䞥æ ŧãŽå¤åã¯ãæĩˇãĢæĨããã¤ã°ãĸããĢãã´ã§ãĢæ˛ŗãŽč˛ĢæĩããĻãããĸãŗããĢãˇãĸãŽčĢ¸éŊå¸ã§ããåŗãĢčŋ°ãšããģãŠã˛ãŠãã¯ãĒããããŠãããã¯ãå
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Ĩããä¸ã§ãčąčãŽä¸ģããįĢļäēč
ã¨ãĒãŖãĻãããã¨ã¯ãå¨įĨãŽãã¨ãĢåąãããããĻãšãã¤ãŗã§įŠįŠãŽæ ŊåšäžĄæ ŧãžãã¯éå¸¸äžĄæ ŧã¨į§°ãåžãããŽãčąčãããéĨããĢäŊããã¨ã¯įĸēãã§ãããããčąåš´ã¨åļåš´ã¨ãŽäžĄæ ŧãŽåˇŽã¯æĨĩããĻ大ããã¯ãã§ãããã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒããŽã§ããã
į§ã¯åæščĢ¸åŊæ°ãĢ寞ããäžįĩĻã¨ããŽäžĄæ ŧã¨ãŽå¤åãįĸēãããææŽĩã¯ãããĒããããããĒãããããããŽåŊãŽããããŽã¯æãĢé常ãĢã¯ãããéŖĸéĨãĢčĨ˛ããããã¨ã¯å¨įĨãŽãã¨ã§ãããããããŽå¤åã¯æã¨ããĻ大ããĒããŽãĒãŽã§ãããããããåŗãĢį¤ēããåŽäžã ãããčĻãĻããåŊå
ãŽįįŖãĢããåŽåŽããäžįĩĻãåãåžãåĸéãĢããåŊã¯ãããŽįšãĢãããĻåĸéãããããä¸åŠãĒåŊã¨åŠåŽŗéĸäŋãįĩãļæãĢã¯ãããŽåŽåŽã¯åĸ大ããããããããæ¸å°ãããĢčŗããã¨ããæããĢããããŽã§ããããããĻãããäžįĩĻãŽæãįã ããåŊããčąåš´ãĢã¯ããŽįŠįŠãäģåŊãĢæ´Ēæ°´ãŽåĻãčŧ¸åēãããã¨ãåēæĨãããããģããŽãĄããŖã¨ä¸äŊãŽæãĢã¯ãããŽčŋéŖãŽåæĨåŊãããžããžæ大ãŽæŦ äšãĢæŠãã§ãããŽãĢãããŽčŧ¸åēãæããįšæ¨ŠãäŋæããĻããã¨ããå ´åãĢã¯ãããŽåŽåŽã¯įãããĒãæ´ãĢããŖããæ¸å°ãããĢčŗãã§ããã1)ã
1) ãããäēã¤ãŽäēæ
ã¯ãčĒįąčŧ¸å
ĨãįšåŽåŊãĢéŠį¨ãããšãããŽåéĄãŽæ šæ ã¨ãĒããšãåæããæŦčŗĒįãĢå¤æ´ããããŽã§ããã
ããããåŊããåģãĢããŽįžåŽãŽčäŊįļæ
ãĢãããĻãä¸æĩåŊåŽļãããĢéŠããäēēåŖãįļæãããĢčļŗãã°ããã§ãĒããé常ãĢ大ããĒäēēåŖåĸå ãå¯čŊãĒãããããĢčļŗãį¨åēĻãŽčĨæ˛åãæŽããĻããé åãæã¤ã¨ããã°ããããäēæ
ã¯äēããžã§ããĒããå¤åŊįŠįŠãŽčŧ¸å
ĨåļéãŽæšįãããĻãããŽåŊãĢã¨ãããŖããéŠåãĒããŽãããããã§ãããã
åå°ã¯čĨæ˛ã§äēēåŖã¯į¨ å¯ã§ãããããģã¨ããŠæĨĩįšãžã§čäŊãããĻããžãŖãĻããåŊã¯ãå¤åŊįŠįŠãŽčŧ¸å
ĨãĢããå¤ãĢã¯ãããŽäēēåŖãåĸå ããããææŽĩããĒãã§ãããããããčąåŊčĢ¸åŗļã¯äģãŽã¨ããããŽį¨ŽãŽæļ¸æ¸įļæ
ãį¤ēãåž´åã¯å
¨įļãĒããåå°ãæĨĩįšãžã§čäŊãããå ´åãĢãããĢåŋ
įļįãĢäŧ´ãããŽã¯ãæĨĩããĻäŊãåŠæŊ¤ã¨åŠåãæĨĩããĻäšããå´åéčĻãäŊãå´čŗãåãŗåæĸįäēēåŖã§ããããããåž´åãŽããããŽã¯ããĒããģãŠåå°ãæļčããĒãã¨ãįãåžãããããããåå°ãæļčããã°åŋ
ããããä¸åãŽåž´åãįãããã¨ã¨ãĒããããããĒãããä¸å
Ģä¸ååš´äģĨåãŽäēååš´éãĢã¯ãæåŊãĢã¯ããããåž´åã§ã¯ãĒããéĢãåŠæŊ¤įã¨åŠåįãæĨĩããĻ大ããĒå´åéčĻãååãĒå´čŗãåãŗããããåžæĨå˛ä¸æĒæŊæãŽæĨéãĒäēēåŖåĸå ãįãããŽã§ãããæ°čå°ãŽéåĸžãžãã¯æ§čå°ãŽæšč¯ãĢæããããčŗæŦã¯ãåŋ
ããååãŽååžãéŊããããĢéããĒããŽã§ããããããĒããã°ãä¸čŦåŠæŊ¤įãããŽããã§ããŖãéãĢãããã¯čž˛æĨãĢã¯æããããĒããŖããã¨ã§ãããããããĻčŗæŦãåå°ãĢčįŠããããĢã¤ããĻããŽåŠæŊ¤ã¯ã¤ããĢã¯æ¸å°ããĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ã¯ãåŗå¯ãĢäēåŽã§ãããããŠããããã螲æĨæčĄãŽé˛æŠããŽäģåãŽįĢ ã§čŋ°ãšãčĢ¸åå ãĢãããčįŠã¨åŠæŊ¤æ¸å°ã¨ã¯å¸¸ãĢåŋ
ãããäēãĢæŠčĒŋãå
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įļįãĢåŠæŊ¤ãŽæŦčŗĒįæ¸å°ãįãããã¨ãĒãããĻåå°ãĢå¸åããåžãčŗæŦãŽéã¯é常ãĢ大ãããŽã§ãããŽéåēĻã厚æãĢč¨įŽãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒãããããĻįĸēããĢãčąčåãŗčæ ŧčãŽããå°æšãĢãããĻåŽéãĢčĄããããã¨ãčãããããĻãããäģãŽå°æšãĢãããĻããããčĄãããĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ã¨æ¯čŧããĻãŋãæãĢãããŽéåēĻãĢã¯ãžã ãĒããĒãčŋããĒãŖãĻããĒããã¨ãčĒããããåžãĒããŽã§ãããä¸é¨åã¯į´æĨéæĨãŽčĒ˛į¨ãĢããããžãä¸é¨åã¯ããžãã¯ããããã¯ä¸ģã¨ããĻãæåŊãŽå¤åŊč˛ŋæãŽįšæ 1)ãĢãããå´åã¨čž˛æĨčŗæŦãŽåæã¨ãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãéĢããããĢãįŠįŠãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãéĢããĒããã°ãæ°ãããåå°ãŽéåĸžã¯åēæĨããæĸčå°ãŽå¤§ããĒæšč¯ãåēæĨãĒãããããããããŽåå°ã¯ãéåĸžãæšč¯ãčĄãããæãĢã¯ãä¸įįŖįã§ã¯ãĒããŖããããŽįįŖįŠãŽéã¨äžĄå¤ã¨ã¯ããããĢį¨ããããčŗæŦã¨å´åãŽéãĢ寞ãååį¸åŋãĒæ¯äžãã¨ãŖããŽã§ããããããĻããŽčäŊãåēæããã¨ãããŽãįįŖįŠãŽäžĄå¤ã¨įįŖč˛ģã¨ãŽæ¯äžãåä¸ã§ãããžãã¯ãģã¨ããŠåä¸ã§ããã¨ããäēæ
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1) įŠįŠãŽčŧ¸å
Ĩåļéã¯ããããĢä¸åįãĒãģãŠãĢåŗéãĢããĻãããããããåļéãæŦčŗĒįãĢæåŊãŽå¤åŊč˛ŋæãŽįšæ ãĢåŽŗãåãŧãããŽã§ãããĒãã°ãæåŊãŽįŠįŠã¨å´åã¨ãäģãŽã¨ãĒãããčĢ¸åŊãããéĨããĢéĢã䞥æ ŧãĢįļæãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒãã§ããããå´åãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãéĢãæãĢã¯ããžãã¯åããã¨ã§ãããã貨åšŖ䞥å¤ãäŊãæãĢã¯ãčĒįļįãåžå¤ŠįããŽäŊããŽæ¯čŧįåŠįãããŖãĻããããããåŊãããĻããŽå´åãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãéĢããĢããããããããŽå¤å¤§ãĒčŧ¸åēãįļæãåžããããĒãéããäŊããŽããããæ°´æēãæąããĻæĩåēãããŽãéģæĸãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãĒããŽã§ããã(č¨ŗč¨ģââããŽč¨ģã¯įŦŦå
įãŽãŋãĢįžããã)
åå°ãŽįļæ
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Ĩåļéã¯ãæĨĩããĻ大ããĒäēēåŖåĸå ãčĒåŊãŽåå°ã§é¤ãåžãåŊãĢãããĻã¯ãæĨĩããĻããŽčļŖãį°ãĢãããã¨ããããããŽã§ããã
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ĨãŽãããĢããŽæ¸¯ãéãã°ãããŖã¨å¤§ããĒãããŖã¨æĨéãĢåĸå ããäēēåŖãé¤ãåžããã¨ãčĒããããã¨ããã°ãããŽåžåãéģæĸããåŊįļįããšãį¨åēĻãŽå¯ã¨äēēåŖã¨ãéģåŽŗãããããĢé¸čąãããŽã¯ãæŖãããã¨ã§ã¯ããåžãĒããã¨äēãããã§ãããã
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ãĸãã ãģãšããšã¯æŦĄãŽåĻãäēãŖãĻããããããåŊãååˇĨæĨãĢããŖãĻåžãčŗæŦã¯ãããŽããé¨åãããŽåå°ãŽčäŊã¨æšč¯ã¨ãĢįĸēäŋããåŽįžããããžã§ã¯ãããšãĻæĨĩããĻä¸įĸēåŽãĒä¸åŽåŽãĒ貥įŖã§ãã1)ãã¨ã
1) Vol. ii. b. iii. c. 4, p. 137.
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1) Vol. ii. b. iv. c. 8, p. 495.
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Ģäēäēåš´ãŽäžĄæ ŧåä¸ãˇãĒãŗã°äšããŗãšãŽéãã§ããŖãã(Appendix to Mr. Tooke's work on High and Low Prices, Table xii. p. 31.)ããŽéãã¯äēãģäēåãŽä¸ååŧąã§ããã
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1) Vol. i. book i. c. 8.
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1) Vol. ii. book iv. c. 4. p. 133.
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åˇĨå ´ãĢéãããĻãã(č¨ŗč¨ģ)貧æ°ãŽåĨåēˇã¨å´čŗãŽå¤åã¨ãŽįļæ
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1) P. 219. ã¨ã¤ããŗååŖĢã¯ãããããŽåŽŗæĒãææ˛ģãããããĢåĒåãæãããĻããããããĻããåˇĨå ´ã§ã¯æåãčĻããã¨äēãŖãĻããããããĻããŽč¨é˛ãæ¸ãããĻäģĨæĨãįļŋåˇĨå ´ãĢéåãããĻããåäžãŽįļæ
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æ˛æˇąãå¯å¤§ãĒåĒåãĢããŖãĻãæ´ãĢæĨĩããĻæŦčŗĒįãĒæšåãåãããã¨ããéč¨ãåžããŽã¯ãæĨĩããĻæēčļŗãĒãã¨ã§ããã
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ä¸ä¸ãįĩåŠã¯ä¸äšäšã¨ãĒãŖããããŽįĒįļãŽäēēåŖãĢ寞ããåĻ¨ããŽåå ã¯ãæĻäēãŽåįēãĢåŊãŖãĻįããéčĻã¨åæĨäŋĄį¨ã¨ãŽį ´įļģãĢãããŽã§ããããããĻãããåĻ¨ããããŽãããĢįĒįļįããã¨ããĢã¯ãåŋ
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æĻäēããåšŗåãåšŗåããæĻäēã¸ãŽå¤čģĸããįããå¤åãĢå ããĻãä¸éãŽååĨŊãŽæ°į´ãããįšæŽãŽåˇĨæĨããããĢåããåąéēãããããŽãã¯ãäēēãŽããįĨãã¨ããã§ããããšããŋãĢããŖãŧãĢããŽįšįŠæĨč
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ã¯ãé´ãŽįˇ éã¨éåąããŋãŗãŽäģŖããĢé´į´ã¨čŊãããŋãŗãį¨ãããããããĢä¸æå¤ąæĨããããããæåŊãŽåˇĨæĨã¯å
¨äŊã¨ããĻã¯čããæĨéãĢåĸ大ãããããããįšæŽãŽå ´æã§ã¯å¤ąæããĻããããããĻããŽå¤ąæãŽčĩˇãŖãæåēã¯ããããæãå°įĒŽããæ˛æ¨ãĒ貧æ°ãŽå¤§įž¤ãčč˛ ããããĻãããŽã§ããã
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įĢã¤å¯Šč°ä¸ãĢä¸éĸã§čĄãããč¨ŧč¨ã§ãįŠįŠãŽäžĄæ ŧ騰貴ã¯åˇĨæĨå´åãŽäžĄæ ŧã騰貴ããããããã¯ãããä¸čŊããããįĩæããã¤ã¨ãããã¨ãč¨ŧį¤ēããįŽįã§ãį¨Žã
ãĒãåˇĨå ´ããåį¨ŽãŽå ąåãæåēããã1)ããĸãã ãģãšããšã¯æįãĢæŖåŊãĢãå´åãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧã¯ãéŖæãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãĢãåãŗå´åãŽéčĻäžįĩĻãŽįļæ
ãĢãäžåããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻããããããĻåŊŧã¯ãä¸äŊãŽå§čŋĢãčãæéä¸ãĢããã¯ãããĢããĻéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧã¨å寞ãŽæšåãĢå¤åããããčĒŦæããĻãããŖãĻãããæãĢã¯ãŠãã ãéįĩĻéĸäŋãĢããŖãĻåŊąéŋãããããį¤ēããĻãããä¸éĸãĢæåēãããå ąåã¯ãåŊŧããŽæč¨ãŽããŽé¨åãĢ寞ããéŠåãĒäžč¨ŧã§ããããããããã¯įĸēããĢããŽäģãŽé¨åãŽčĒ¤ããĒããã¨ãč¨ŧæããããŽã§ã¯ãĒããããã ããæ°åš´éãĢãŠããĒãã¨ãčĩˇããĢãããčĒįļ䞥æ ŧããžãã¯åŋ
čĻ䞥æ ŧãæč¨ããã°å¸å ´ãĢå´åãŽäžįĩĻãįļįļãããããĢåŋ
čĻãĒ䞥æ ŧããæ¯æãããŦéããåˇĨæĨå´åãŽäžįĩĻã¯å¸å ´ãĢįļįļãããåžãããããĻããããããĢã¯ãå´åãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãéŖæãŽäžĄæ ŧã¨ãŽå襥ãäŋãĄããããĢå´åč
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čĻãĒäēēæãå°æĨäžįĩĻãåžãį¨åēĻãŽå¤§ãããŽåŽļæãé¤ããã¨ãåēæĨãĒããã°ãĒããŦãã¨ã¯ãæãã§ããããã§ããã
1) Reports, p. 51.
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ããããŽå ąåãéčĻ§ããã¨ãããå ´åãĢã¯å°éēĻãŽäžĄæ ŧãä¸åãŽä¸ãĒãããģã¨ããŠäēåãŽä¸é¨°č˛´ããĻãããŽãĢãįščŗã¯ä¸åãŽä¸ãĒãããģã¨ããŠäēåãŽä¸ä¸čŊããĻãããŽãčĻãããã§ãããããããããŽæ¯įã¯å¸¸ãĢåŋ
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ã¯é常ãŽå´åæéã ãåããã¨ã訹ããĒããã䞥æ ŧãŽéĢãæãĢã¯æéå¤å´åã訹ãã¨ãããã¨ããæãĢã¯čĩˇãããã§ããã
åãåå ãĢããæãĢã¯čž˛æĨä¸ãŽčŗäģäēãŽäžĄæ ŧãĢãåį¨ŽãŽå¤åãįãããã¨ã¯ã厚æãĢčĒããããã§ãããããããįŦŦä¸ãĢãããã¯ãããģãŠčããããŽã§ã¯ãĒãããžãįŦŦäēãĢãå¤æ°ãŽčž˛æĨå´åč
ã¯æĨåã§ããããããĻ螲æĨæĨåå´åãŽč˛¨åšŖ䞥æ ŧãįĒįļä¸čŦįãĢä¸čŊããã¨ãããŽã¯æĨĩããĻį¨ãĒãã¨ãĢåąãã1)ã
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čĻåãŽãã大ãĒãčŗŧ財åãä¸ããä¸ã§ã¯ãäŊãŽæ°¸äš
įįĩæãäŧ´ããĒãã§ããããããŽįšãĢãããĻã¯åŊŧãã¯åžåã¨ãģã¨ããŠåä¸ãŽįļæ
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ã¯ããŖããæĒããĒãã§ããããåŊŧããŽããĄåˇĨæĨãĢåžäēããããŽãŽæ¯įã¯åĸ大ãã螲æĨãĢåžäēããããŽãŽæ¯įã¯æ¸å°ããã§ãããããããĻããŽčˇæĨå¤æããæããĢã嚸įĻãŽä¸æŦčŗĒįå åããåĨåēˇãĢæĨĩããĻãããĒãããŽã§ãããæ´ãĢãäēēéãŽååĨŊãæ°į´ããĒãã¨ããæĻäēã¨ããįĒįēäēäģļããããŽäģæã
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ˇãĒįŊåãæšãčĩˇãčĢ¸åå ãĢããŖãĻãåˇĨæĨå´åãŽæšãä¸åŽåŽã大ãããŽã§ãããŽä¸ãĢããããĒãããŽã§ãããã¨ã¯ãäŊäēēãĢããŖãĻãčĒããããã§ããããåˇĨå ´ãĢéãããĻãã貧æ°ãŽåĨåēˇã¨ããŽäģåŊŧããŽåš¸įĻãĢåŊąéŋãåãŧãäēæ
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ŽįãĒįŋæ
ŖãåēãčĄãããįæ´ģãŽäžŋåŽååãŗææĨŊåãĢ寞ãæąēåŽįãĒååĨŊãåããå ´åãĢããžããäģŽåŽãĢããã°ãããįŋæ
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1) Polit. Econ. vol. i. b. i. c. xviii. p. 114.
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ĨãŽæēæŗã¨čãããŽæ šæŦįčĒ¤čŦŦãĢéĨãŖãĻããããåžãĢčŗãŖãĻåå
ĨãäēēåŖãŽæēæŗã§ãããã¨ãįĸēäŋĄãããĢčŗãŖããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻãã1)ãããŽæãéčĻãĒåēåĨãæŗ¨æããĒããããĢãæŋæ˛ģåŽļã¯ãäēēåŖåĸå ã¨ããæãžããįŽįãčŋŊåãããĢåŊãŖãĻãæŠåŠãåĨ¨åąããåŽļæããĄãŽįļčĻĒãĢč¤čŗãä¸ãããããĻįŦčēĢįæ´ģãĢæĨčžąãä¸ããĻãããŽã§ãããããããããã¯ãããŽčč
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1) Tom. viii. p. 84. 12mo. 9 vols. 1762.
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įãĢããããĒããã°ãããĒããã
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æĩˇãŽåēãĢããããąãããŽãããĒäšãįŠãĢããŠãŖãĻãããã§æąäēŦ港ãžã§ããã¤ãããããããžããããããģãŠé˛ãã įĨæĩãããŖãĻãããŽã§ããããããąããã¯ããŽãžãžæŊčĒčã¨ããĻã¤ããããããĢãã§ããĻãããŽãããããžããã
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### å¤åąąååŖĢ
ã˛ã¨ããŽæ°čč¨č
ããããŽčŠąãčãã¤ããĻãåĨæåãããããĻããžããããããĻãããããčŗĒåããĻãããã¯ãããããĒããã¨ããããžãããããã¯æąäēŦãŽæ¯ææ°čãŽéåæ¯åąãŽč¨č
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ãããĒããæĨãŽãã¨ã§ãã港åēãŽå¤åąąååŖĢãŽããĄã§ãã¸ããĒãã¨ããããŖãĻããžããã
å¤åąąæåĻååŖĢã¯ãå˛Šč°ˇįžčĄé¤¨ãŽé¤¨éˇã§ãããããŽįžčĄé¤¨ã¯ãå˛Šč°ˇã¨ãããéæãĄãããĻãããŽã§ãéŗå厤ãäēã¤ããããããĒããå°ããĒįžčĄé¤¨ã§ããããįžčĄåã¯ãã¤ãļãããŽããŽãããããŖãĻããžããããã¨ãĢãäģåãŽé¨åąãĢã¯ãåĨč¯æäģŖããéåæäģŖãžã§ãŽãåŊåŽãéčĻįžčĄåãããŖãąããĒããã§ãããŽã§ãã
å¤åąąååŖĢã¯ãå¤įžčĄį įŠļãŽå¤§åŽļã§ãä¸åš´ãģãŠãžããããããŽįžčĄé¤¨ãŽé¤¨éˇãã¤ã¨ããĻããžãããįžčĄé¤¨ã港åēãĢãããååŖĢãŽããĄããã¯ãä¸ããããããŽãĄããã§ããã
ååŖĢãŽåŽļæã¯ãåĨĨããã¨ãã˛ã¨ããŖåãŽå¤åąąåŋ éåã¨ãæ¸įããã¨ãåĨŗä¸ãããŽäēäēēæŽããã§ãã
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ããããããžããæ¸ãããŽããã
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ãããŖããããĢã......ããããããĒãããŽãããŧããŽããŧããĢãæ¸ããĻããŖãããã
åŋ éåã¯ããããĒããæ¸æãããã ããĻãããļããŽååŧˇé¨åąãããä¸åãŽå¤§åĻããŧããããŖãĻãããŠãŖãĻããžãããããŽããŧããĢããããŧã¸ããŖãąããĢãããĒãããããæ¸ããããĻãããŽã§ãã
ãĩããã¯ãã ãžãŖãĻãįŽãčĻããããĻããžãããããããĻãåŋ éåããéãããéĄã§ããããããããĢãããžããã
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ããããããããã°Rã ããã ããããŽäēã¤ãŽãžãã¯ããĒãã ãããã
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ãããžãã¯ããĒãĢããããã ããžãã......ãã
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ãããžãã¯ãå°åš´æĸåĩåŖã ããããããĒãĩããĢčãããã ãããããĒããããæ¸ãããããŽãĢã¯ãããŽæĒįŠããããĄã¸ããŽãŗããžãĒããã°ãĒããĒãããããĒãã¨ãã§ããããŽãããĒãããã ããããããããããããã ããĢãæĒäēēãĒãããããĒããã˛ããŖã¨ããããããžããŽåã ãĄãããŖãããããĒããããããŖããäēâä¸äēēããããŗãĢããĻããããĒãããã
ããŧããŽåã ãĄã¯ããããĒããããããžããããããããããããã¤ã¯ãããŽæ¨å¤äģããããŖãĻãããããĒããŽããããæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ãĢãããĻãããã§ããããã ãããããļãĒãŽãã
æ¨å¤äģã¨ãããŽã¯ãéĢãäēåãģãŗãããããŽå°ããĒäģåã§ãããä¸ä¸į´ãããŽäŊåã§ãããã¸ã貴éãĒåŽįŠãĒãŽã§ãããããããããéæãĄããããã ããĻãå˛Šč°ˇįžčĄé¤¨ãĢéŗåãããã¨ãĢãĒãŖããŽããååŖĢãä¸æããããŖãĻãæŦãå
ĨããĻããæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ãĢãããĻããŖããŽã§ãã
ãããã¯ããžæ¸åēĢããã§ãĻããã°ããã ãæ¨å¤äģã¯ãĄããã¨ãããĒãŽä¸ãĢããŖããããã¤ããŽãããĢãé åãããããĻãããįĒãĢã¯éããããã¯ããĻããããåŖã¯ãŗãŗã¯ãĒãŧãã ããããæĒįŠã§ããããŽæ¸åēĢã¯ããļããĒãã ããã......ãããããžããŽããããããã ãããããĒã¸ããĒããŖãããŽãã¤ããĻããĻãããã°ãįēã§ããåŽļãŽä¸ã§ãããããŋã¤ããŖãĻããžãã¯ãã ãããŽæ°čãŽč¨äēã ãŖãĻãæŧå¸ĢãŽããŠãããŋãã¨ããã ãã§ãããŽãžãžäŋĄį¨ã¯ã§ããĒããŽã ããããã
ã§ããåŋ éåã¯ãŠããåŽåŋãã§ããžãããããŖã¨ããŠãããĢãããã¤ãããããĻãããã ã¨ããããžãããæ°čãĢã§ãĻãããããŽé ã§ãŖããĄãŽãĢããŽãã°ãããããŽã¸ããĢãããŽãã¨čããã¨ããžãŧãã¨ãããããããĻãããŽã§ããã
### åãŽä¸ãã
ãããããã°ããããĻãåŋ éåã¯ãããąãã§ãããããĒãããŽã§ãããããããŽæ¸åēĢã¸ããŖãĻãŋãžããã
æ¸åēĢã¯ãæ¯åąããããããã¯ãĒããåēãĢããŖãĻããžããããŗãŗã¯ãĒãŧããĨãããŽåã§ãããã¤ãã¯ããĻãæ¸åēĢãŽåãĢããŖãĻãé åããããšãĻãŋãžãããããšã¤ããããããžããã
ãããŖãąãããããŽããã¨ãããããããĒãããããæ¨å¤äģããģãããŽãĒãããããĒããããæ¸ããããã˛ãžãĢãæ¸åēĢãĢã¯ããã°ãããã ãRæĒäēēãĢã¯é åãããļããããããĒãã§ããĒãã ãããããĒãã
ãããããŖãĻããĒãĢããĒãåēãŽãģããĢįŽããããžãããããĩãããĒããŽããŋããŽã§ããããããããããŖããã¨ãåŖ°ãããĻãžããã
ããå¤æšã§ãããã¯ããããããĒãŖãĻããžããããåēãŽãããŽæ¨ãŽä¸ãŽå°éĸãããĒãã ããĸãžãĸãžã¨ãããããĻãããããĒãããããããŽã§ãã
ãã¸ãã ãĒãåããããã¯ãã¯ãĒããŽã ãããĸã°ãŠããããã
ãããããããŽãģãã¸čŋãĨããĻãããžãããæ¨ããããŖãĻãããŽã§ãããŽã¸ãã¯ãã˛ãŠãããããŽã§ããããŽãããå°éĸãĢããĻã¸ãŖãĻã¸ãŖã¨ãããããŽããŽãããããããĻããžããã
ãĢãã§ãã大ãããŽããå°ãããŽããäŊåã´ãã¨ãããĢããŽä¸éŖéããããĄãã¸é˛ãã§ãããŽã§ãã
åŋ éåã¯ããŽã§ãã¨ããžãããæ°čãŽč¨äēããããã ããããã§ããRæĒäēēãæĩˇããããããããžããĢããããããŽãĢãããããããŽãŧãŖãĻããã¨æ¸ããĻãããžããã
įēãŽä¸ãĢããããĒãĢãããããŽãĢããããã¯ãã¯ãããžãããããŽãĢããŠãã¯ãRæĒäēēã¨ããŖãããĢããŠãããããããŖãĻãããŽã§ã¯ãĒãã§ããããã
åŋ éåã¯ããžãŧãã¨ããžããããĢãã ããããĒããžããããããããĢãããããã¯ãããããŽãã¨ããããŖããŽã§ãã
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åŋ éåã¯ããããŗãĒãããããĄãããããĢãããã ããžããããããĻãããĄãŽä¸ãĢã¨ãŗããã¨ã
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åŋ éåã¯ããĩãããĢã¤ããĻåēãĢã§ãžããããããŽå ´æãžã§ããå
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ååŖĢã¨æ¸įã¨ã¯ãããã¨ãããããå ´æã¸ããŖãĻãæä¸éģį¯ããĩããĻãããžããããããããĒãĢããããžããã
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### æļããæĒäēē
ãžããĒããä¸äēēãŽåäēãããããŖãĻããĻãã˛ã¨ãã¯æ¸åēĢãŽåããã¨ãŽãĩããã¯ãåēããåŽļãŽãžããããããããžããŖãĻãå¤éãããŋã¯ããããĻããããã¨ãĢãĒããžããã
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ããŽæĨã¯æĨææĨãĒãŽã§ãååŖĢãåŋ éåããåŽļãŽä¸ãĢã¨ããããŖãĻããžããã
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ããã§ã¯ãããŖãąããããŽãåŋ éåããŋããŽã¯ããĒãĢããŽãžãĄããã ãŖããŽã§ãããããããããããã¨ãããŖãĻãããŽã§ããžãŧããã§ããŋããŽã§ããããã
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ĨåŖãŽåãĢãããããããĻããããĢãããããĻããžãã
ããããŖãããã¯ãĒãã ãããã
æ¸åēĢãŽãĻãžããŽå°éĸãããžããĻã¸ãŖãĻã¸ãŖã¨ããããĻããã§ã¯ãããžãããã
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ãĢããŽãããã¨ããŖãããŽé ãé ãŽä¸ãĢã¯äēæŦãŽãĸãŗãããŽãããĒããŽãã¤ãã§ãĻããĻãããããããããĢã¤ããĻãããĒããĒã¨ãĩãããĻããžãã
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ä¸įŽãŋãã¨ãã˛ãã¨ã¯ããããããããããĒããŋãĢãããå§ŋã§ãã
åäēããã¯ããžã ããããããĒãã§ããžãã
įĒããããĻãããããããããšã°ãããŽã§ãããåŋ éåã¯ããŽãŠãã¤ãžãŖããããĢãĒãŖãĻãåŖ°ãã§ãĒããŽã§ãã
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ãããã¤ã¯ãããŽæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ãĢãããã ãĒãã
ããããããžã¯ããŖãã°ããã ã大æ¸ã¯ä¸ããããããžãžãä¸åēĻãã˛ãããĒããŖããä¸ãĢãããĢãĄãããĒããã
ããããŖããĩãŋããããã
ãã ãããããļãããããĻã¯ããããããã¤ã ããã
ãããŖãĄã¯åäēēã ãããšããĢãããŖãĻãããã
åäēããããĄã¯ãããããĻããããšããĢãã¨ãã ããžããã
ããããããããã˛ããããŖãã
ããããŖãä¸ãäēãä¸ãŖãã
大æ¸ãããŖãąããĢã˛ããããåäēēã¯ãã˛ã¨ãããžããĢãĒãŖãĻãã¨ãŗããã§ãããžãããããŽãã¨ãããå¤åąąååŖĢãããããã°ããĢãæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ã¸ã¯ããŖãĻããžããã
æ¸åēĢãŽä¸ã¯ãåæšãŽåŖããĻãããããžã§æŦæŖãĢãĒãŖãĻããĻããžããĒããĢã大ããĒããšã¯ããããĻããã°ããã§ããããä¸įŽã§ãŋããããžãã
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ããããĻããžãŖããã
ãããŋãããã¤ãã¯ããŖããã¨ã¯ããžãĄãããĒãã ããããã
ããžãĄãããĒãããããĢãŧãã¯ãããŖã¨å¤§æ¸ãčĻã¤ãĨããĻãããä¸åēĻãã˛ãããĒããŖããã
ãã¤ãĢãĩããã§ãããžãŖããåēåŖãŽãĒãã¨ãããããããŽå¤§ããĒæĒįŠããããĻããžãŖããŽã§ããRæäēēã¯ãå°įã§ã¯ããããĒãéæŗããããããĻãããŽã§ããããã
ãããŖãąãããã ãæ¨å¤äģããĒããĒãŖãĻãããã
å¤åąąååŖĢããããŖã¨ãããĢæ°ãã¤ãããããĢã大ããĒåŖ°ãã ããžããã
ãããŖãããã¯ãŠããĢããŖããŽã§ããã
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ãããããæĒįŠã¯åŽįŠã¨ããŖãããĢãããĻããžãŖããŽã§ãããã
ãããããžãããĒããæéãæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ããããšãžãããįĒãŽéãããããããļãŖãĻãŋãããåēããĻãããããĢãį§å¯ãŽåēåŖãã§ããĻãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãããããžããŖãããæŦæŖãŽæŦãããããļããŦãã ããĻãããšãããããããäģĨä¸ãããšããããĒããģãŠãããšãžãããããŠããĢãããããã¨ããã¯ãĒããŽã§ãã
ãåŽå
¨ãĒå¯åŽ¤ã ãĒãã
ããããã ããå°įãŽäēēéãĢã¯å¯åŽ¤ã ããæãŽæĒįŠãĢã¯å¯åŽ¤ã§ãĒããããããĒãããããããŽįĨæĩã§ã¯ããããĒãããŦãã ãããããããŽãããããĒããã
ãããããã ã¨ããã°ãããã¤ã¯ãĻããããããã°ããåšŊéããããĻãĢããĻãããããĒããã ãããĒãã
åäēããããĄã¯ãããĄããĄãĢããããĒãã¨ãããããŖãĻããĢãæĒäēēãŽéåãĢããŗãããŽã§ããã
### ãĢããããã
åĻæäēēRããĢãæĒäēēã¨ããããæĒįŠã¯ãå¤åąąååŖĢãŽæ¸åēĢãĢããŽãŗããã§ããããã¤ãĒįžčĄåãæ¨å¤äģããŦããŋããŖãĻããžããžããã
ãŗãŗã¯ãĒãŧãã ãĻã§ãįĒãĢã¯éæŖãŽã¯ãžãŖãæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ã§ãå°ããäģåã¨ããŖãããĢããããĻããžãŖããŽã§ããããããŽãããŦæãŽããããŽã§ãããããŠããĒåãããŖãĻããããããããžããããŗãŗã¯ãĒãŧããŽåŖã§ãããšãŧãã¨ãã¤ããŦããĻããžããããããžãããããã¨ããããļããŽå§ŋããããããžãžãĢããã¨ããããĩãããĒåãããŖãĻãããŽã§ããããã
įŠēãĢã¯å¤ãã¨ãĢãããŽããããRããæãããļããŋãĒčĩ¤ãĄãããå
ãã¯ãĒãŖãĻããžãããæ°čãĒãŠã§ã¯ãäģŽãĢRããæã¨ããã§ããžãããããããžã§ãŽãŠãŽããæã¨ããĄããŖãããĩãããĒ夊äŊãĒãŽã§ã夊æåĻč
ãŽããã ãĢã大č°čĢããããŖãĻããžããããããæ¯æĨãæ¯æĨãæ°čãĢ大ãããŽãããããŽã§ãã
æĩˇããããããããĢãæĒäēēããåčãŽåĨæå°åš´ãĢãã¸ããĒãããã¨ã§ããããšãŖãã¨ãããĢãããžãã¨ãRããæã¯ãæĒæäēēãåŽåŽãã¨ãŗãžããåˇ¨å¤§ãĒãŽãããŽã ã¨ãããŽã§ãããããã¯ãģãã¨ããĒãŽã§ããããã
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ããããŽãããã§ãããĄããã§ããã
ãããããŽåĻæãã大ããĒãŽãããŽã ã¨ããã°ããããĢã¯äŊįžã´ããäŊåãŗããŽãĢãæĒäēēããŽãŖãĻãããããããĒããæąäēŦãĢããããããŽã¯ããžã ä¸ã´ãã ãããŠããããĻãæĨæŦå
¨åŊãĢãããŽããããããĢãæĒäēēãããĻã¸ãŖãĻã¸ãŖã¨ãããĻããĻãããããã¯ããŋããĒããģããŧãããĻããžããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãæĨæŦãã
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ãããããĄRæäēēã¯ããŋãããŽããããããŽããããããļããŽããŽãĢã§ãããŽã ããã¨ã°ã§ããéĄã§ããå§ŋã§ããå°įäēēã¯ããĒããŖãĻãããŧãããŽã ããããããĄã¯ããã¨ã°ã§ããå§ŋã§ããããŽãžãžãããĄãã¸ããŽããã¤ãŖãĻããžããŽã ãããŖãã¯ãå°įäēēãŽä¸åãŽãããããĢã°ããĻãããããã¯ãããŽããããŽã¨ãããŽããããããéã§ãŋãããĻããããĢã°ãããŽã ããå°įãĢã¯å¤čēĢã¨ãããã¨ã°ãããããã ãããããã¯Rå¤čēĢã¨ã§ãããšã°ããã ãããã
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ããžã ãããããã¯ããļããŽããã ããããã¨ãã§ããããããããļãã°ãããããĒããã ããŽããã ã ãŖãĻããããŽã ãå°įäēēãŽããã ã ãŖãĻããã ãããããŋãŽå§ŋããŋããĒããããã¨ã ãŖãĻãããã¯ãĒããŽã ããã
ããããããĩãããĒãã¨ããããã ããžããã
äēä¸åã¯ãããļããŽããã ããããããĻããĒããĒãŖãĻããžããã¨ããããããã¨ããžãŧãã¨ãčēĢãļããããĒãã§ã¯ããããžããã§ããã
ãæĨæŦãĢã¯åŋæŗã¨ãããŽãããããã ããããŖãąãããã ãããčĄã ããããŽčĄã¯ããããããããĻããžãŖããããããĒãããããžã§ã¯ãã ããã§ããããŽããĒãã¨ãããããĒãããã ããRæäēēãĢã¯ããããŽãĒããã¨ã ãããããĢã¯ãããžãŖãããããããããããããããĒãã¨ããããããĒããŽã ãã˛ã¨ã¤ãŋããĻãããããã
äēä¸åã¯ããããããå¤ĸãŋãããĄã§ããŧãããã¨ããĻããžããããĩã¤ããŽãããŽãŽčãããããããŖãããããããĢãĒãŖãĻããžãŖããŋããã§ããĒãĢããĒãã ãããããããããĒããŽã§ãã
ããģãããããŋãĻããã ããã
ãĢãæĒäēēãŽãããã ãããŽåŖããããããĒãã¨ã°ããããããã¨ãããã¨ããĢããŽããããŽä¸ãŽäēæŦãŽč§ĻæãŽããããããã¨å
ãŖãĻãããããããžããįŊããããŽãããĒãį
ãŽãããĒããŽããããããã¨ããĩãã ããĻããžããã
ããŽį
ãŽãĒãã§ããĢãæĒäēēã¯ããããĒããã°ãĢã°ãĢã¨ãããã ããžããã¯ããããŽã§ãããžãã§ãŗããŽãããĢãžãããŽã§ãã
ãããããŽã¯ãããããæĒäēēãŽå§ŋã¯ããããŋããžããããĒãĢãæ°äŊãŽãããĒããŽããã¯ãĢã¯ãĢãã¯ãĢã¯ãĢããžããŖãĻããã°ããã§ãããããč§Ļæãããĩãã ããįŊãį
ãĢã¤ã¤ãžããĻãããããããŧãããããĻãããŽã§ãã
ããããŠãæŠãåčģĸããã¨ãįŽãĢãŋããĒããĒããžããããã¨åãããã¤ãĒãŽã§ããããã
įŊãį
ãžã§ãããŖãããĢãĒãŖãĻãã°ãĢã°ãĢã¨ããžããã¯ãããžããããããĻãããããšãŧãã¨ãä¸ãŽãģãã¸ãããĄãŽãŧãŖãĻãããžãã
ããããããŋããĒããĒããžãããæ¨ãŽãŋããŽãžããĢã¯ããĒãĢããããžãããäēä¸åã¯æ¨ãŽããããĢãžããŖãĻãŋãžããããããĢãããĒãĢããããžããããžãŖãããããĻããžãŖããŽã§ãã
å¤åąąååŖĢãŽæ¸åēĢãŽä¸ã§ããããŽããããŽããããã ãŖããŽã§ããããããããããã¨ãäēä¸åã¯ããĒãã¨ããããĒããã¸ããĒæ°æãĢãĒãŖãĻãããžããã
ããĸãããã......ãããŠãããããããããRæäēēãŽåŋæŗã ããå°įäēēã¯ããŠããã ããããRæã§ã¯ãããã ããããĒããĻããĒãã§ããĒããã¨ã ãããĸãããã......ããããŠã¯ãã˛ã¨ã¤ãããŋãŽããã ããããĻãŋããããã
äēä¸åã¯ãŽã§ãã¨ããĻãã¸ãããããåããããžããã
### æļããå°åš´
ããã¨ã大æ¨ãŽãŋããŽããããããããŖããŽãĢãåŖ˛ããŽãããããããã°ããå¤čēĢãããĻããĢããĢãããããĒããããããããããĒãäēä¸åãŽãã°ãĢããã¨ã严æã§äēä¸åãŽããã ããã°ãĢã°ãĢãžããã¯ãããžããã
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ããããããã§ãããããŋã¯æļãããã ããã
ãããããããããžããã
äēä¸åã¯ããããããããļããŽããã ããĒãããžããããæļããĻã¯ããžãããæã§ãããŖãĻãŋãĻããéĄããč¸ããč
šããčļŗãããĄããã¨ãããŽã§ãã
ãæļããĄãããĒãããã
äēä¸åãããããããžãã¨ãããããã¯ããããã ããĻã
ããĸããã......ãããļããĢã¯čĻãããã ããã ãããģããŽäēēãĢã¯čĻããĒããŽã ããããĢãčĻããĒãããããããããčĻããĒãã¨ããŖãĻããããŋã¯äŋĄį¨ããĒãã ãããã......ãããããã¨ããããããããããããŖããŽåãŠãããĄãããŖãĻããããããããã¤ãžã§ããããŠããĒãããŽã ãããããããĢãããã ããããŽåãŠãããĄãĢãããŋãŽå§ŋãčĻããããŠãããããããĻãŋãããããã
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ãããããããããŖããŽãĢãããŠããããã
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äēä¸ä¸éå°åš´ãŽįĢãŖãĻãããã°ããåãŠãããĄã¯ãã¨ãããããĻãããŽã§ããããããã ããäēä¸åãĢæ°ãĨããããŽã¯ãĒãããã§ããäēä¸åãŽããã ã¨ããããããĢčĩ°ãŖãĻãããžããäēä¸åãčĻããã°ãããŖã¨ã¯ãĒããã¨ãããã¨ããã¯ããĒãŽãĢãããžãĢããļãŖã¤ãããããĢãĒããŽã§ãã
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å°åĻæ Ąä¸åš´ããããŽå°ããåãŠããĒãŽã§ã大ããĒããã ãŽäēä¸åãĢãļãŖã¤ããã¨ããããã§ããžããžããã
ãããããããŖãã
ã¨ãããĒããããŋãããĒéĄãããĻãããããããžããããŠãããĻãããã ãŽãããããããããĒãããããŽã§ãã
ãæŖãĄããããŠããããŽ?ã
å
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ããĒãĢããĢããļãŖã¤ããŖããã ããã
ããļãŖã¤ããããŽãĒããĻããĒããĢããĒããããĒãããã¤ãžããããŽããĒãããã
ãįŠēæ°ãĢãļãŖã¤ããŖããã ããã
æŖãĄããããã¸ããĒãã¨ããããžããã
ãã°ãã ãĒãįŠēæ°ãĢãļãŖã¤ãããã¤ãããããããã
大ããå°åš´ã¯ãããããŖãĻããããã ããŽãããĢãæããĩããžãããĻãããŽã¸ããĢããĒãĢããĒããã¨ããããããããžããããžããã
ãããŖãããããŖãã
ããŽæãŽãããããļãŖã¤ããŖããŽã§ããįŠēæ°ãŽä¸ãĢããĒãĢããããããŽãããŖããŽã§ãã
äēä¸ä¸éåã¯ãŗãŖããããĻãčēĢããããžããã大ãããģããŽå°åš´ãŽæã¯äēä¸åãŽčŠãĢãããŖããŽã§ãããå°åš´ã¯ãã¸ããĒéĄãããĻãããŽã¸ãããã§ããã§ãã¨ãčĻãžãããĻããžããäēä¸åãŽå§ŋããããããčĻããĒãããããŽã§ãã
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äēâå
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ãããã ãããŧãããæããĩããžããããããĒãĢããĢãļãŖã¤ããŖããã ãããããããŽã ããããããĒããĢããããããĒããįŠēæ°ã°ããã ããã
ãããŽã¸ããããã
äēâä¸äēēãŽå°åš´ããããããŖãĻã严æãã°ãĢã°ãĢããĩããžãããžãããäēä¸åã¯ãããčĻãã¨ãããŠãããĻãããŖããé ãã¸čēĢããããžãããŽã§ããããŠã¯ããĒãĢããļãŖã¤ããããŽã¯ãããžããã
ãããŖã¨ãããŋãŽæ°ãŽããã ããįŠēæ°ãĢãļãŖã¤ããã¯ãã¯ãĒãããŽãã
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äēä¸åã¯ãããããĒãŖãĻããžãããå°ãããããããããŋãŽãŽįĢĨ芹ãčĒãã ãã¨ããããžãããããžäēä¸åã¯ãããããŋãŽãįããŽã¨ããĒããĒãŽã§ãããããããããĻãŋãããĒããžããã
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ãã ãã ããããžãããŖããŽã¯?ã
ãã ãããããããĒãããã
ãã§ãããããåŖ°ããããããããĒãããã
ãããããããããããããããããĒãã ããããã
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ãããã ãĒãã¸ãã ãããã
äēä¸åã¯ããããããĻããžããžããããããŠã¯ãã˛ã¨ããŽå°åš´ãĢãĄããĨããĻãæã§ãããŽéĄããã§ã¤ã¨ãã¤ã¤ããĻãŋãžããã
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ãŋããĒããˇãŧãŗã¨ããĻãčēĢåããããžãããã ãããããŖãããŧãããĒãããã§ãããĒãã ããããããĒãŖãĻããžããã
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å°åš´ãŽã˛ã¨ãããããã¨ã˛ããåŖ°ã§ããããããããĢãããžããã
ããããéįŠã ã......ãã
ã ãããããããŗãĒãããããã ããžãããããã¨ããŋããĒããããŽãã¨ãĢã¤ããĻããã ããŽã§ãã
ãããããĢãåŖ˛ãããããããããããããããéįŠãããããĒãããã
ã˛ã¨ãããã¯ãããĒãããæ¯ãã¯ããžããĻãããžããã
ãããããã¨ããŋããĒã¯ãããŖããããããĒãããã¯ãŧãããã¨ãããŗåŖ°ãããĻãĻãčĩ°ããŽã§ããã
### å°ãããã
ãĢãæĒäēēãŽãããĢãããã ãæļãããäēä¸å°åš´ã¯ããããããŠããĒãŖããŽã§ããããã
ããã¯ããã°ãããŽãĄãŽã芹ã¨ããĻããããĢã¯ãããŖã¨ãšã¤ãĒãããŖã¨ãĩãããĒã§ããã¨ãããŋãĒãããĢããããããĒããã°ãĒããžããã
ãĢãæĒäēēãå˛Šč°ˇįžčĄé¤¨ãŽé¤¨éˇå¤åąąååŖĢãŽããĄããã貴éãĒįžčĄåãæ¨å¤äģããŦããŋããŖããã¨ã¯ãåãĢæ¸ããžãããããããŠã¯ãå˛Šč°ˇįžčĄé¤¨ããŽããŽããããããããã¨ãĢãĒãŖããŽã§ãã
ããå¤ãŽãã¨ãå¤åąąååŖĢããčĻčĻåēãĢéģ芹ãããããžãããéģ芹åŖãĢããŗã ããããŽã¯ãææģä¸čĒ˛ãŽä¸æčĻé¨ã§ãããä¸æčĻé¨ã¯ãããžæĨæŦãã
ãããããããĻããRæĒäēēãŽäŋããŽã˛ã¨ãã ãŖãããã§ãã
ãRæĒäēēããããããžãããã
ãããŖããã¤ããŠãã¸ã§ããã
ãã¤ããããžãããã§ããããããããããĒããĒãŖãĻããžããžãããéģ芹ã§ã¯ãĒãã§ããããå˛Šč°ˇįžčĄé¤¨ãžã§ããã§ãããã ãããžãããããããŽãããé¨ä¸ãŽããããã¤ããã ãããģããããã¨ããããžããã
ãããããĄããžãããããčģã§ãããžããã
ä¸æčĻé¨ã¯äēäēēãŽãã§ãããŽåäēãã¤ããĻã大åčĒåčģãã¨ã°ããžããããããĻãå˛Šč°ˇįžčĄé¤¨ãĢã¤ãããŽã¯ãããå¤ãŽä¸æåã§ãããįžčĄé¤¨ã¯äēæãĢé館ãĢãĒãããŽããŖãĻãããŽã¯å¤åąąååŖĢã¨ãä¸äēēãŽé¤¨åĄã°ããã§ããã
čĻé¨ã¨åäēããĄã¯ãäŧč°åŽ¤ãŽãããĒåēãé¨åąãĢã¨ããããžããããããĢå¤åąąååŖĢã¨é¤¨åĄããĄããžãŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
ãéģ芹ã§ã¯ãããããã芹ãã§ããžããã§ããããåŽãĢåĨæĒãĒãã¨ããããŖããŽã§ãããããã¯ããŽįŽã§čĻããããããĢãã館åĄããĄãčĻãĻãããŽã§ããžãĄããã¯ãããžãããããããã芹ãããã ãã§ã¯ãäŋĄį¨ããĻããã ããĒããããããžãããã
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¨é¨ã§åäēēãĢčŋãã§ãããããģããŧããĢããããããŽã§ãããããĻãããŽãããããããããã¤ãĢãĩããããã°ããããããĒããã¨ããããŖããŽã§ããã
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ãå°ãŽä¸ãããããã ãããŽã§ããã
ããããĒãããŽããã ãå
įãŽãåŽ
ã§ããå°ãŽä¸ãããããããã§ã¯ãããžããããã
ããããããã¨ã¯ãĄãããŽã§ããããŽã¨ãã¯å°éĸãĢįŠ´ããããĻããžãããã¨ããããäģå¤ã¯įŠ´ããĒããŽã§ããå°éĸãĢã¯ãĒããŽį°įļããĒããĻããããããããããĢãæĒäēēãåšŊéãŽãããĢãããĻãããŽã§ãããããĻããžããããããå°éĸãŽä¸ã¸æļããĻããžãŖãĻãå°éĸãĢã¯ããĒããŽãã¨ããŽãããĒããŽã§ããã
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ãããŖãããĒãã¯æĨæŦäēēã§ãããã
ããããæĨæŦäēēã ãããŋãæĨæŦäēēãŽå°åš´ã ãããĢããŽã°ãããŽãŽãĒããžã§ã¯ãĒãããã ããã
ããã¯ãäēåæŗããããŽįˇãŽã˛ã¨ã§ããã
### ãĢããŽãŦããã
ãããã§ãããŧãã¯ãããã¤ããĢãã¤ããžãããããŽã§ããã
ã¨ããŖãĻããĩãŖã¨ãæ°ãã¤ããžããã
äēä¸åã¯æĒäēēãŽéåãĢããŖãĻãããã ãæļãããĻããžãããã§ããããäēä¸åãŽå§ŋã¯ãã ããĢãčĻããĒãã¯ãã§ãã
ã¨ããããããŽį´ŗåŖĢãĢã¯ããĄããã¨ãäēä¸åãčĻããĻãããããã§ã¯ãããžãããã
ããããããŧããčĻãããŽã§ãããã
äēä¸åã¯ãã¸ããĒãã¨ããããããžããã
ãčĻããã¨ããããŋã¯ããĒããĒããã¤ããããĒå°åš´ã ããã
į´ŗåŖĢã¯ããĢããĢããããŖãĻãããããžããã
ã§ã¯ããĢãæĒäēēãŽéæŗãã¨ããĻãäēä¸åãŽããã ã¯ãčĻãããããĢãĒãŖãĻãããŽã§ããããããĒãã ããã¸ãã§ã¯ãããžãããã
ãããããããããĩããããŖãĻããã˛ãžã¯ãããžããã§ããã
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ããããããã°ããããĩããã¯ãããŊããŊ芹ãã¤ãĨããĻããžãããããã¤ãžã§ãã¯ãĒããĻããĻãã ãããĢãŋã¤ããŖãĻã¯ãããã¸ãã§ããããã˛ã¨ãžãããããããã¨ãĢããžããã
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įãå°æåŖéˇãã¤ããĻãããŽã§ããããŖããĻããžãããã¨ã¯ãããžãããã
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äēä¸åã¯ã大ãããã§ãåģä¸ãããĢãã ããžããã
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äēä¸åããŋã¤ãããŽã§ããããããããĻãã¤ããžãããã¨ããĻãããŽã§ããããã
äēä¸åã¯ããããããŽãããĢčēĢãããããĻãæ¯ãããããĻãããĸãŽãģããčĻã¤ããĻããžããã
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ããããĻãčĄŖčŖ
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ãããããã§ã¯ãããžãããčĄŖčŖ
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ããŽããããã¯ããĢãæĒäēēãŽčĄŖčŖ
ãã¤ãžãããĢããŽãŦããããããããĻããå ´æã ãŖããŽã§ããããŖããäēä¸åããããããĢãã¨ãŗããã ã¨ããã¸ãŖãŠã¸ãŖãŠã¨éŗãããĻãĻãéĄãĢãļãŖã¤ããŖããŽã¯ãåããããããĢãããŖãĻãããããĒããããĒãĢããŽčĄŖčŖ
ã ãŖããŽã§ãããããããä¸ã¤ãåã¤ãããããŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
### å°æå°åš´
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äēä¸åããããĻããããé¨åąãŽãããĢããããããĻããžãã¨ããããĒãããĸãã˛ãããĻãã˛ã¨ããŽå°åš´ããããããããã§ããžãããã ããããå¤ãããã¤ãã¨ã°ãããŽã§ãã
ãããŖãå°æãããã
äēä¸åããŗãŖããããĻãããŽå°åš´ãã ãããããã¨ããžããã
ããĸããã......ãäēä¸ãããžããŽåŖéˇããããã¤ããĻããĻããŖããããžããããŖããããĩããã§ã芹ã§ãããããããã
ãããĻãããŋãŗã¨ããĸãããžãããĢããĢãã¨ãããããããéŗããããããžããã
äēä¸åã˛ã¨ããŽã¨ãã¯ãããããããĒããŖããŽãĢãå°æå°åš´ã¨ãĩãããĢãĒãŖããŽã§ããĢãæĒäēēã¯ãį¨åŋãļãããããããããĻãããĄããŖããŽã§ãã
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å°æå°åš´ããããžãã¨ãäēä¸åã¯ããĒãããĻã
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įãŽčãã¨ãããŽã ããããŖãąãå
įã¯ããããĒããã
ãããããŠããããã¨ãĢãĒããã ã? ãĢãæĒäēēã¯ãããŖãããäŊč
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ããŧããĢã¯ããžã ããããĒãããããĒãã¨ããããã§č°čĢããĻããããããã¯ãããããŽãã¨ããææēå
įãĢãããããããĒãĢãĢããĻãããĩããã§ããããããŦãã ããĒããŖãĄãããããããĩãããããĒããã§ããã°å°ä¸åŽ¤ãŽäēēããããŖãããĢãã¤ãã ãããããã
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ĢæãããŽãã¨ã§ãã
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éãåēãã¨ããããã¯ãããĄãããŽåãŖãąã§ãããããããããŗããå ´æã§ããã
ãããŽã¸ãã¯ãåå¤æŠéĄãĒãã ããã
ãĢãæĒäēēãŽã˛ã¨ããããã¨ãŽãĩãããĢãããŖãĻããããžããã
æĒäēēãŽåŽļããäēįžãĄãŧããĢãģãŠã¸ã ããŖãæãŽä¸ãĢãä¸å°ãŽčĒåčģãããŠã¤ããæļããĻãã¨ãžãŖãĻããžãããä¸äēēãŽæĒäēēã¯ããããžãĢãĒãé ãŽãĢããŽãããã ãã¨ãŖãĻããããããã§æãĢãã¤ã¨ãčĒåčģãĢãŽãããŋãã˛ã¨ããããŗããĢãã¨ãŖãĻãéŊåŋãĢãããŖãĻãčģãããããžããã
čģã¯åēãčĄéãããžãŖããããĢãčĩ°ãŖãĻãããžãã
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ãææēåããŠããããã ãã
ä¸æčĻé¨ããããŠãããĻããããžãã
ãããããŋããžããããããĢįŠįŊŽå°åąããããããŽãããŽä¸ãĢãéģįˇãã˛ãŖãąãŖãĻãããããĒãããããã¯éģį¯įˇã§ã¯ãĒããéģ芹įˇãŽããã ãįŠįŊŽå°åąãĢéģ芹įˇãã˛ããĻãããŽã¯ããããããã
ããĄããŽé¨åąãŽéģį¯ãããŦãŠãšįĒãã¨ãããĻãããããŽįŠįŊŽå°åąãããŗã¤ãĒãĻãããĻããžããããŽãããŽä¸ãĢãããããĢéģįˇãčĻããĻãããŽã§ãã
ãããŖãĻãŋãããã
ææēã¯ããããĻãĻãé¨åąãã¨ãŗã ããĻãããžãããä¸æčĻé¨ã¨čĻåŽããããŽãã¨ãĢã¤ãĨããžãã
åēã¸åēãĻãįŠįŊŽå°åąã¸ããã¨ãææēã¯ãããĒããããŽå°åąãŽæ¸ãã˛ãããžããã
ãããŖãąãããã ããããĢéģ芹å¨ããããã
ææēãããããŗãžããã
įŠįŊŽããŽããŋãĢãéģ芹å¨ããããĻãããŽã§ãã
ãããŋãå°äŊŋãããã§ããĻãããžããããã
ææēãŽãã¨ã°ãĢãä¸æčĻé¨ãŽãã¨ããã¤ããĻããčĻåŽãããããã¸ããã ããĻãããžãããããããĻãįžčĄé¤¨ãŽå°äŊŋãããã¤ããĻãããŠãŖãĻããžããã
ããããĢãåããéģ芹ãã˛ããĻããŖããŽãããã
ææēãĢããããããĻãå°äŊŋããã¯ããŗãŖããããĻãå°åąãŽä¸ããŽããããŋãžããã
ããããŖããã¤ãŽãžãĢããããĒéģ芹ã......ãããããããžčĻããŽãã¯ãããĻã§ãããããĒįŠįŊŽå°åąãĢéģ芹ãã˛ãã¯ãããããžããããã
ãããŖãąãããã ãããã¯äēåéĸį¸ãŽé¨ä¸ãã˛ãããŽã ããã
ææēæĸåĩããä¸æčĻé¨ãĢčĒŦæããžããã
ãäēåéĸį¸ãŽé¨ä¸ã¯ããããĢããããĻãįžčĄé¤¨ãããŽéģ芹ãããŦããŋããããĻãããã ããį¨åŋãļããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ãčĒåãĢåąéēãããžãŖãã¨ããĢã¯ããĒãĢããããžãæšæŗã§ãããããããĩããããĻããããŽãĢãĄãããĒããã
ææēã¯ããã§ããĩãŖã¨ã ãžãããã§ããžããžããããĒãĢãčããĻããžãããããĻãææēãŽįŽãããŠãŖã¨ã˛ãããžããã
ãããŖãããã ãããããããããä¸æåãããžäēåéĸį¸ããŽããĻããŖãčˇéčģã¯ããģãã¨ããĢčĻčĻåēãããããŽãããã
ããĒãã ãŖãĻ? ããŋã¯ãããããĢãããŽã ãŖãã¨ãããŽããã
ãããããããĒãã ãããä¸åēĻčĻčĻåēã¸éģ芹ããããĻããããããĻããããžããã
ãããããã¨ãä¸æčĻé¨ã¯ãããĻãĻãįžčĄé¤¨ãŽãģãã¸ããã ããĻãããžããã
ãã¨ãĢãŽããŖãææēã¯ãįŠįŊŽå°åąãŽå芹å¨ãčŗãĢããĻãžãããčĻåŽã¨å°äŊŋããã¯ãããŽãã°ãĢįĢãŖãĻãææēãŽéĄãčĻã¤ããĻããžãã
ãããŖãä¸æåãŽåŖ°ããããããčĻčĻåēãåēããã......ããŖãąãããã ãčĻčĻåēã§ã¯ãčˇéčģãéãŖãããŧãããĒãã¨ããŖãĻãããããŖãä¸æåãčĻčĻåēã¸éģ芹ããããã¨ããããŽéģ芹ã§ããŦããŋããããĻãããã¤ããéģ芹įˇãŽãšã¤ãããããŖãĻãčĻčĻåēãŽããããĢãčĒåããããããã ãããããĢãããŖãĻãŋããããã
ææēã¯ããããŖãĻãéģ芹å¨ãŽæ¨ĒãĢãããšã¤ããããããããžããã
ãããããããŧãã ããææēã ããã
ãããŖãįŠįŊŽå°åąããã ããããã¨......ãã
ä¸æčĻé¨ãŽãŗãŖããããåŖ°ã§ãã
ããããĒãã ããããĢããããĻããäēåéĸį¸ãŽé¨ä¸ãŽãã¤ããčĻčĻåēã ã¨ããŖãĻãããŋã¨čŠąããããã ããããĻãčˇéčģãéããã¨ãã˛ããããĻãéģ芹ãããŖããŽã ãããčĻčĻåēã¯ãĒãĢããããĒããããŽčˇéčģã¯čĻčĻåēãããããŽãããĒããã
ããããããŠããããããŽã ãã
ãäēåéĸį¸ãŽãŠãããŽãããããããããŽããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããžãããĄãŽå ´åãĢããĒããĻããĢããŽčˇéčģãã¤ããŖãĻããããŽã ããããĻããããĢãŽãããã§ããĢãã ããã¨ããããã ããã
ãããããé¨ä¸ããĩããããŽãããã§ãããã
ãããŽãĩããã¯ãã˛ãŠãããĢããŖãĻãããããããĒããã
ãããæé
ãããããĢãããä¸åēĻčĻčĻåēã¸éģ芹ãããžãããŠãŽæšč§ã¸ãĢãããããããĒãããã¨ããĄãããŽããčˇéčģã ãããããžãã¤ããžããããããĒããã
ããããããããããšã¤ãããããŖãĻããããžããã
ãããĻãčĻčĻåēãĢéģ芹ããããããæąäēŦãŽãããļãŽčĻå¯ãĢããĢãčˇéčģãŽãã¨ããã¤ããããããŽã§ããã
### åŖããæã
æé ãã¯ããããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããĩãããŽčĻåŽãĢãžããããĻãčˇéčĒåčģãĢãŽãããŋãžãããåč§ãĒįŽąåã§ãåēå
ĨãåŖãŽããĸã¯ããããĢã¤ããĻããžãããããã¨ããŽå°įĒã°ããã§ãå¤ããĒããããããĒįĒã¯ãããžããã
įããããããĻãĢãĒãããããĢãĒãŖãĻããžãããĩã¤ããŽčˇéčģã¯ã严ãããĢããããããŽãĢãããã¯įãããĢãããããžããã
ãĩãããŽčĻåŽã¯čĻãĒããĒãčˇéčģã ã¨ããããžããããéčģĸå¸ãĢã¯ãĩãããŽåļæčĻåŽããŽãŖãĻããĻčĻčĻåēãŽčģãĢãĄãããĒããŽã§ããšã¤ãĢããããŋãããžãããäēåéĸį¸ããžããĒããĢã¯ããã§ããããĢč
°ãããããžããã
čˇéčģãåēįēããĻãäēåãčĩ°ãŖãã¨ããããããããããããã¨ãããããžããã
ãĩãããŽčĻåŽããč
°ãããĻããããããŽãįĒãŽãĒãéæŋãŽåŖãããããŧãã¨åæŦãŽæãããããããã§ã¯ãããžãããã
éæŋãŽäēēéãŽéĻãŽéĢãããããŽã¨ãããĢããããĢããŖã¨ããããžãã§ããĻããĻããĄããã¤ããã§ããĩãããããŖãĻãããŽã§ããããŽãĩããããĒããŽãģãã¸ãããĄãããĻãã˛ããããããžãããåæŦãŽæãããĩãããŽčĻåŽãŽéĻãŽãããã¸ãŽãŗãĻãããŽã§ãã
ããŽčˇéčģã¯ãįãããŽåŖããäēēéããããããģãŠããã¤ãã§ããĻãããŽã§ãããããĢãĩãããŽäēēéãããããĻããĻããããžããã严æãåēãããŽã§ãã
äēåéĸį¸ããžããŖãĻããããĩãããŽčĻåŽãŽéĻãŽä¸ĄãããããäēæŦãŽæããããããä¸æšãŽæãĢã¯ãããŗãĢããŽãããĒįŊãå¸ããĢããããĻããžããã
ããŖã¨ããããžãĢãããŽįŊãå¸ãããĩãããŽčĻåŽãŽåŖãĢãããã¤ãããã严æã§ã°ãã¨ãããããããžããã
čĻåŽã¯ããŠãããĻãããŽæãã¯ããŽãããã¨ããžãããããããããåã§ããã¤ããĻãããŽã§ããŠããããã¨ãã§ããžãããåŖãĢããĻãããįŊãå¸ããã¯ããĒãã¨ããããĒãããããĒãĢãããããŽãŠãŽããã¸ãã¯ããŖãĻãããžãããããĻããã°ããããã¨ããšãŧãã¨æ°ãã¨ãããĒãŖãĻãããžãããããŽå¸ãĢã¯éēģé
å¤ããããŋããžããĻããŖããŽã§ãã
ãžããĒãããĩãããŽčĻåŽã¯ãã°ããŋãĒã¨ãĒãŖãĻããããŽä¸ãĢããŽãŗãĻããžããžããã
ããããããã ãããããļã ãããŽãĩããããããããžãžãčģããŠããããŗããã¨ãããĢããĻããã ããããĻããĢãã ããŽã ãææēãŽãã¤ãããžããã¯ãããŽãããéģ芹ãĢæ°ãã¤ãããããããĒãããããĻæąäēŦãã
ããŽčĻå¯ãĢãæé
ããããŽãããããĒãããã¤ãžã§ãããŽčģãĢãŽãŖãĻããĻã¯ãããļãĒããŽã ãã
äēåéĸį¸ã¯ããããŽããããŽåŖãŽä¸ãĢããããĻããé¨ä¸ãĢãã¯ãĒããããĒããããĢããŗã¨ãæé ãã¯ãããĻããžããžãããããã¯æé ãŦããŽåäēēãĒãŽã§ãã
ããããããããŽåãĢããããã§ãã¯ããˇã§ãŗãŽä¸ãŽããããæ¸ãã˛ããã大ããĒã˛ãã ãããã˛ãŖãąãã ããžããã
ããŽä¸ãĢå¤čŖ
ãŽéå
ˇãã¯ããŖãĻãããŽã§ããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããããããããŋãåēããĻãčĒåãŽéĄããã¤ããĒãããå¤čŖ
ãã¯ãããžããããããĻãå
âä¸åãŽããã ãĢããĄããŖãæãããããĄããŖãéĄãŽããžãŖãããšã¤ãŽäēēéãĢãĒãŖãĻããžããžããã
ããžãžã§ã¯å¤åąąååŖĢãĢã°ããĻãããŽã§ããããããŠã¯å
åããããŽčäēēãĢãããŖããŽã§ãã
ããŽã¨ããčģã¯ããŗããåãŖãąãĢãã¨ãžãŖãĻããžããã
ãããããŋããĒããããã ãããŽčģã¯ããĻãĻããã°ãããããŽããĄãã ããããŋã¤ããĻãããŽããžããããããĄããããããĻãããã ãããã
čäēēãĢã°ããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ãããããŽããĸãã˛ãããĻãå¤ãĢã¨ãŗãããžãããéčģĸå°ãŽãĩãããŽé¨ä¸ããã¨ãŗã ããĻããžãããããŽãĩããã¨ãããã¤ãŽãžãĢããčĻåŽãŽåļæããŦãã§ãã¸ãŖãŗããŧå§ŋãĢããããŖãĻããžããã
ããŽãã¨ãããį§å¯ãŽãããå ´æããŦãã ããããĩãããŽé¨ä¸ããããĻããžãããããŽãĩãããã¸ãŖãŗããŧãããĻããžãããããĻäēåéĸį¸ã¨åäēēãŽé¨ä¸ã¯ãæãåãŖãąãããããããŠãã¨ãããããããĄããŖãĻããžããžããã
ææēæĸåĩã¯ãŋãã¨ãĢäēåéĸį¸ãŽį§å¯ããã°ããžããããããĻããããã¨ããããŽã§ãããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããã¤ããŽãããĢãããããŽãããŽæãį¨æããĻããžããããĢãčˇéčģãŽãããŽæã§ãã
ææēã¯ããããéģ芹ãŽįēčĻããããĢãčˇéčģãĢãããæ°ãã¤ãããããã§æé
ããããŽã§ãããã¨ãã¨ããžãĢãããžããã§ãããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ãĢãčˇéčģãããããããĒãããĻãĻããĢãã ããĻããžãŖãããã§ãã
### ããããå°å
åĻæäēēRã¯åŽįŗãŠããŧããŽããããã§ãããåæĸåĩææēå°äēéã¯ãããŽį§å¯ãįēčĻããĻãä¸åēĻã¯ãŠããŧããã¤ããžãããããĒãĢããããããĻã¯æĒäēēäēåéĸį¸ã¨ããéčĄå¸ĢãŽãããĒãŠããŧãã ããããĄããã¨ãããŽæãį¨æããĻããĻãã¨ãã¨ãããĢãããŖãĻããžãŖãã¨ãããã¨ããæĨæŦãŽæ°čã¯ããĄãããä¸įãã
ããŽæ°čãĢãŽããžããã
ä¸įãŽäēēããããčĒãã§ãããŖã¨ããŠãããžãããããĒãã¨ããããĒããããããĢãã˛ãŠã˛ãŠįŦãã ããĻããžããžãããããããįŦãã ãįŦãŖãĻããžãã¨ããããŠã¯ããĒãã ããããããŋããããĒãŖãĻãããŽã§ããã
ãã¨ãĢæąäēŦãŽäēēã¯ãčēĢãĢããžããļããŋãããããããĒãã§ã¯ããããžããã§ãããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããã¤ãæąäēŦãĢãããããããã§ãããããĻãéæŗã¤ãããŽãããĒããĩãããĒãããããããããĻããŋããĒããŽã§ãã¨ãããããã§ãã
äēåéĸį¸ããĢããŽčˇéčģã§ãĢãã ããĻãããä¸æãģãŠããĄãžããããããŽããããžãããĻãããĩãããĒãã¨ããã¯ããžãŖããŽã§ãã
å°æå°åš´ãã¯ãããå°åš´æĸåĩåŖãŽãããĒå°åš´ããĄãŽã¨ããã¸ãããĒããããĒå°å
éĩäžŋãã¤ããžãããã˛ãããĻãŋãã¨ãä¸ãĢã¯ããŧãĢįŽąãã¯ããŖãĻããĻãããŽä¸ãĢä¸ã´ããŽãĢãããããĻããŖããŽã§ããããæģãã§ãããŽãããã°ããžã įããĻããĻãå°å
ããããã¨ãã´ãŊã´ãŊã¨ãã¯ãã ããŽããããžããã
ããã ãäēēã¯æ¸ããĻãããžãããæį´ãã¯ããŖãĻããžããããã ãĢããä¸ã´ããã¯ããŖãĻããã°ããã§ãããžãŖããããããããããžãããããããã˛ããããĢãļããŋã§ãããĢããčĻãã¨ãããĢãæĒäēēããããã ãããã§ãã
ããŽãããããæĒįŠãããããããã¨ããĢã¯ãããŽãžããļãã¨ããĻãå°ãããĢãããããããã¯ãã ããĻããžãããããã¨ãããŽå°å
ã§ããããããĢãã¯ãããŖãąããĢãæĒäēēãŽããããããžããļããĒãŽã§ããããã
ãããããĢãæĒäēēã¨ãããŽã¯ãäēåéĸį¸ãã°ããĻãããŽã§ããã§ã¯ãããã¯ãäēåéĸį¸ãããĒãĢãããããããã¨ãããããžããļããĒãŽã§ããããã
ããããĢããĻãããĢãããããããå°åš´ããĄã¯ãæ°åŗãããããĻãããããããžãããå°æåŖéˇãŽã¨ããã¸ãããããŖãĻãį¸čĢããžãããããšã¤ãĢããįĨæĩããããŗãžãããããããããããããčĻããã¨ãĢããĻãããããžããã
ããæĨãŽãã¨ãå°æå°åš´ã¨äēä¸ä¸éåã¨ããæ¸č°ˇåēãŽã¯ãããŽãããŗãããããįēãæŠããĻããĻãã¸ããĒããŽããŋã¤ããžããã
ãäēä¸åãããŖããŽįēããŠãĢããããã¨ããĒãįĩĩããããĻããŖããããĒãã ãããã
å°æåããįēããŠãŽãŋããŽãĩãĄãŽįŗãããŗãããžãããããŽįŗãĢãããĒįĩĩããããĻãããŽã§ãã
ããĢããŽããã ããã
ãããããĢãã ãããĢãã¨ããã°ãããŽããã ãå°å
ã§ãĢãããããŖãĻããã°ããã ãããããã¤ãŽãã¨ããããã ãããã
ãããã¤ãŖãĻ?ã
ãæĒäēēäēåéĸį¸ãããĢãããããŖãĻãããŽã¯äēåéĸį¸ãĢããžãŖãĻããããããã¤ããŧãããĄãĢææĻããĻãããŽããææēå
įãããã ãããŖãĻãããŖãĻããããã
ããããããŽįŗãĢãã§ãŧã¯ã§ããĢããŽįĩĩãããããŽããäēåéĸį¸ããããã¤ãŽé¨ä¸ãããããĒãããã
ããããæ°ãã¤ããĻãå°éĸãčĻãĻãããããžã ãģããĢãããããĻãããããããĒããã
ãĩããã¯ãã¤ããŽįēããŠã§įĢãĄãŠãžããžããããããŽããŗããŧãĢãŽéãŽãĩããŽä¸ãĢãããĒããããĒįĩĩããããĻããŖãããã§ãã
ãããŖããããŖããããŽãĢããŽįŽįãŽãģãã¸ãžããŖãĻããã°ãããŖã¨ãã¤ããŽãžããããŠãĢããžãããŽįĩĩããããĻããããããŖãããããŧãããĄã¯ããĢããŽįŽãŽãããĻãããģãã¸ãããããĻãããã ããããã
ããããŖãĻãã¤ããŽįēããŠã¸ããŖãĻãŋãžãã¨ãæãŖãã¨ããããããĢããįĩĩããããĻãããžããã
ãĩããã¯ããĒãĢããĢã˛ãããããããããĢããĢããŽįĩĩãŽããįēããŠã¸ã¨ãããŠãŖãĻãããŖãããä¸ãããģãŠããããããžãããããã¨ããããŠã¯ããã大ããĒããããŽéãŽįŗãŽæąãĢįĩĩããããĻããŖãã§ã¯ãããžãããã
ãäēä¸åããããįĩįšãããããĒãããã
ãããããããããããããŽããĄã¸ãã¯ããŖãĻãŋããããã
éãĢã¯éãŽã¨ãŗããããžãŖãĻããĻããããĻãŋãĻãããŗãã¨ãããžãããããŽã¸ããĢãããŗããã¯ãĒããã¨ãããããĻãããŋã¤ãããžããã
ãããŋãã ãããĢãããĻãŋãããããããĢãŋããŗåąãããŖããããããããããããããã¸ããŖãĻããããĻãŋãããã
ãĩããã¯ããŋããŗåąãžã§ããŠãŖãĻããããããĢããããžããã
ãããããŽįŗãŽéãĢéãŽæ¸ãŽããžãŖãĻããåŽļããããããĢã¯ããŠãããäēēãäŊãã§ãããŽã§ãããã
ãããŽåŽļãããã
ããããã¯ããĢããĢãįŦããĒããããĩãããŽå°åš´ãŽéĄãčĻãããšãžããã
ãããããĢã¯ãã ããäŊãã§ããĒãããã
ãããããįŠēåŽļã§ãããã
ããžãŠããįŠēåŽļãĒããĻããããããã¨æããžããã
ãããããžããįŠēåŽļã ããã ããäŊãŋãĻããĒããåããäēēãã財ãäēēãããĒããŽã ãã
ããããã¯ãããŋããããĢãįįŽãã¤ãļãŖãĻãŋããžããã
ããŽã¸ãã¯ããããįēãŽã¤ãĨãã§ãåēåąã¨ããŖãĻã¯ãããŽãŋããŗåąãä¸čģããããã§ããããå¤æšã§ããããã¯ããããããããããĒãŖãĻããžããããĒãã ãåĨä¸įã¸ãã¯ããŖãĻãããããĒæ°ãããžããããŊã¤ãã¨ãŋããŗåąãããŖãĻããããããã˛ã¨ãããã§ãåēįĒãããĻããžããããŽãããããŽããĄãŗãããã˛ãŠãčĩ¤ããŽããéæ§ãŽããŽãŽããã§ãæ°åŗãããããŽã§ãã
ããŠãããĻãäŊãŋãĻããĒããŽã§ãããã
äēä¸åããããããĻãŋãžããã
ãããŽåŽļãĢã¯ããããããã¨ããããŽãããĒãã ããããããããŽããäŊãã§ããã¨ãããã¨ã ããã
ããããããããŽãŖãĻ?ã
ãããã¯čĻããã¨ã¯ãĒããäēēãŽãããã ããããããã¤ãžã§ããŖãĻããäŊãŋãĻããĒãã¨ããããŋãã¨ããžãããããããã°ããã§ã¯ãĒãããã ããã
ããããããã¯ãããŽããĄãŽéãŽæąãĢãã§ãŧã¯ã§ãĢããŽįĩĩããããĻãããŽãããŖãĻããžãããããã¸ããéãĢãããããããŽãĢããŽįĩĩããããĻããŖãĻããŧãããĄã¯ãããŽįĩĩãĢãŋãĄãŗãããĻããããžã§ãããŖãĻãããŽã§ãããã
ãããããã¨ããĒããããããããŽéĄč˛ãããããžããããããããããããĢãįŽã¯ã˛ã¨ã¨ãããčĻã¤ããĻãčĩ¤ãããĄãŗããããĢããĢãĩãããĻããžãã
ããĢãã ãŖãĻ? ããããããããããããããããĒããããŋããĄã¯ãã¯ãããåŽļã¸ããããã ããããĒã¨ãããĢããĻããĻãããĻã¯ãããĒãããŠããĒãããããããĢããããããããããããŽãããĒããããããĒãããããããĒãããã
å°æåã¨ãäēä¸åã¯ãéĄãčĻããããžããã
ããããããããŠãããĻããããĒãĢãããããã§ãããĒãĢãããŖãĻãããã§ããããã
ããããã¯ãããããĢæããĩããžããã
ããããĒããããã¯ãĒããĢããããĒããããããããããããģãã¨ãĢãããããã¨ã¯ãããĒããã¯ããããããĒãããããããĻããĻãããããĒãŖãĻããããããã¸ãã ããããããĒãããããĒãã
ãĩããã¯ããžããéĄãčĻããããžããããããĻãįŽã§ããããããĒããããããããåŽåŋããããããĢãåŋãĢããĒããã¨ããããžããã
ããããããããããããããããããããããĒããã
ãããĻãäēå°åš´ã¯ãããŽãžãžãŋããŗåąãŽåãįĢãĄãããžããããããŖããĻããããæ°ã¯ãããžãããã°ãĢãã¨ä¸ãžããããĻãããŽįŗãŽéãŽåãĢãã˛ãããããžããããĒãã¨ãããĻãããŽããĄãŽä¸ã¸ãããŽãŗãããã¨æąēåŋããĻãããŽã§ãã
### ãĄããŖãšã
ãããããĢã¯ããããĢããĄã¸ããããããĢčĻããããĻããžããéãããĻããã°ããããã¸ããĄããĨããĻãããžããã
ããŽã¨ãĄã
ãã§ãå°æåã¯ãčĩ¤éģ芹ã§ãææēæĸåĩäēåæãããŗã ããææēå
įãĢãããããããããããã°ãããããæĸæ¤ãããã¨ãã¤ãããããŽå ´æãããããããããããĻããããŽã§ãã
ãã°ãããããŽæ´é¤¨ãŽéãŽéãããããĻãŋãžãã¨ãããžããããĻãĒãã¨ãŋããĻããĒããĒãã˛ãããžããããĩããã¯ããŽä¸ã¸ããŽãŗããã§ãããžããããããããããéããäēåãĄãŧããĢãģãŠãããŋãžãã¨ãããããããĒããĸãŽã¤ãããįéĸããããžããå°æåããĄã¯ãããŽããĸããããŖã¨ãããžãããããã¨ãããããžãããšãŧãã¨ãéŗããĒãã˛ãããã§ã¯ãããžãããã
ãããããã ãããã
å°æåãã大ããĒåŖ°ã§ããŠãĒããžããã
ãããããã ãããã
ãããããããããã§ããã˛ããåŽļãŽä¸ã¯ããˇãŧãŗã¨ãããžããããŖãĻããĻãã ããã§ãĻããžãããįŠēåŽļãŋãããĒãããã§ãã
ãã¯ããŖãĻãŋããããã
ããããããããããã
ãĩããã¯ãããĒããããŖãĻããã¤ããŦãã§ãä¸ãĢãããŖãĻãããžããã
įéĸãĢãã˛ããããŧãĢãããŖãĻããããããåģä¸ãããããŽãģãã¸ã¤ãĨããĻããžãããĩããã¯ãããžããããããŽåģä¸ã¸ãã¯ããŖãĻãããžããã
åģä¸ãŽä¸ĄãããĢã¯ãããã¤ãããĸããĒããã§ããžããããŋããĒãããŋãĒã¨ããžãŖãĻãããŽã§ãããŠããä¸ãĢäēēããããããã¯ãããžããã
ãĒããããããŽãģãã¸ããããã§ãããžãã¨ãããĸãã˛ãããŖãąãĒããĢãĒãŖãã大ããĒé¨åąãŽåãĢåēãžããããŽãããĻãŋãã¨ããžããĒããĢ大ããŧããĢããããĻããŖãĻãããããããã§ããĸãŧã ãã§ãĸããĒããšãĻãããžãããäēēãŽå§ŋã¯ãããžããã
ãã¯ããŖãĻãŋããããã
å°æåããããããåŖ°ã§ãããžãã¨ãäēä¸åãããĒãããžããã
ãĩããã¯ãã˛ããé¨åąãĢã¯ããŖãĻãããŽä¸ããã°ãĢã°ãĢããããžãããžããã
įĒãĢã¯ããã¤ããĢãŧããŗããããããŖãĻãããŽã§ãå¤ĒéŊãŽå
ã¯ããããã¯ãããžãããããĻãããããããããŖããããŖãąãĒãˇãŖãŗããĒãĸãĢãéģį¯ãã¤ããĻãããŽã§ããŽé¨åąã ãããå¤ãŽãããĒãããã§ãã
ãĩããã¯ããĸãŧã ãã§ãĸãĢãããããĻãéĄãčĻããããžããã
ããĒãã ãã¸ãã ããå¤ãŋãããĢéģį¯ãã¤ããĻããĻãã
ããã°ããã§ããŽãããããĒãããã
ããŽã¨ãã§ããé¨åąãŽããŋãĢããˇãĨãŧãã¨ããããŋãããĒéŗããããã¨ãããã¨ããĸã¤ãĸã¤ã¨įŊãį
ãããĄãŽãŧããžããã
äēå°åš´ã¯ãããĻã¯ããã¨ãããŖãĻãããŽį
ãčĻã¤ããžããã
įŊãį
ã¯ããžããžããããĒãŖãĻãããããŽåŖãčĻããĒããĒããžãããããã°ããããã¨ããããŠã¯ãį
ããã ãã ããããããĒããããŽį
ãŽãããããããããã¨ããĻãäēēãŽå§ŋããããããžããã
ååæŗããããŽããããĻãčãŽéĢãįˇã§ãã
ãããĄãŽãããĒããŖãŊãŽããéģãã¤ãããŗã°ãããĻããĄããŖãšã(čĨŋæ´æĒé)ãŽãããĒéĄãããĻããžãããããŽäēã¤ãĢããããããã˛ããããŗã¨ã¯ããããŖãåŖã˛ããé ãŽæ¯ã¯ããŋãããĒåŊĸãĢãããã¯ã§ããããĻããŖãĻããžãã§äēæŦãŽãããŽãããĢčĻããžãã
ãĩã¨ããžãæ¯ãŽä¸ãĢãåč§ãĒãĩãĄãĒãããããã˛ããŖãĻããžããåēĻãŽã¤ããå¸ãŦãŗãēããããããŽããããŽãããŽä¸ĄæšãŽįŽã¯ãããããã大ããčĻãããŽã§ãããããĻãããŽįŽãĢã¯ããĒãĢãããŖã¨ãããããĒå
ããããããĻããžããã
ããããĒãŖãį
ããã¯ãããŽãããããĢããĒãããããŽããããįˇã¯ãããŖããã¨ãããĄãã¸ããããĻããžãã
ããĸãããã......ãã¨ãã¨ããããŖãĻããããããããĢæčŋãããããžããããŖãããããã§ããããžããã
įˇã¯ã˛ããããšãŽåŖ°ã§ãããããĒããå°æåããĄãŽããããããŽãĸãŧã ãã§ãĸãĢãããŖããã¨ãč
°ãããããžããã
ããããããŧãããĄãŽãããŽãããžãŖãĻãããã§ãããã
å°æåããããĻãĢãžããĒãããããããĄã¤ããåŖ°ã§ãããžããã
ãããã ããããŋããĄã¯ãããŽãĢããŽįŽããããĢããŋãĄãŗãããĻãããã¸ããŖãĻãããã ãããããå°æåãããĄãã¯ããããäēä¸åã ãŖãããã
ãããŖããŧãããĄãŽåãžããããŖãĻãããã§ãããã
ãããã¨ããããŋããĄãĢã¯ããããããããããĢãĒãŖãããããį¤ŧãããĒããĄããĒããĒãã¨ãããŖãĻãããã ããã
ãããĒãã¯ãã ãã§ããããã......ãã
å°æåããčēĢããžããããĻããããĻããĢããŋã¤ããžããã
ããĸãããã......ãããã ãããããŖããŽã¨ãããããã¯äēåéĸį¸ããã ãããããąããããã¨ã¯ãĒãããį¤ŧã¨ããŖãĻããããŋããĄããŠããããããã¨ãããããããĒããããã¯ããŖããĻãäēēãããã¤ãããããããããããĒããŽã ãããã
ã˛ãŠãããĢãããããŽã§ã¯ãĒããĻããããããããŽãčĻããĻããããŽã ã
ããŋããĄã¯ããŋããŗåąãŽãããããĢãããŽããĄããã°ããããã ã¨ãããĻãããããããĒãã§ãã¯ããŖãĻããããããã¯å°åš´æĸåĩåŖã ããã ããããããããããããããŽãčĻããĻããã¨ããŖãĻããããŖããĻãããããŋãĒããããĒãã ããããã
äēåéĸį¸ãŽããã¨ããã§ããå°æåããĄã¯ãããžããããĢãã ãæ°ã¯ãããžããã
ããããããããŽãŖãĻããĒãã§ããã
ããĸãããã......ãããžãžã§ãããŋããĄãŽä¸åēĻãčĻããã¨ãŽãĒãããŽããã˛ããããĢãããããããŽã ãããããŽããŋããĄããããŖã¨ããŖããžããĻãč
°ããŦãããããĒããĩãããĒããŽã ãã
ãããã¯ããŠããĢãããŽã§ããã
ããããĢãããã ããããããããģãããã ãã
ãĄããŖãšããŽå§ŋãããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããĻãããããčĻãããĻãæãžãããããžããã
ããã¨ããĻãããããããããĢããĢã˛ããŖããį´åžåãģãŗãããããŽįãããšãŧãã¨ãããŧããĢãŽä¸ã¸ãããĻãããŽã§ãã
įãĢã¯ããģããã˛ããã¤ããĻããĻãããļããæŠæĸ°ãããã§ããĻãããããããããŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
įã¯ããŧããĢãŽä¸ãäēåãģãŗãããããŽã¨ããã§ã¨ãžãŖãĻãåŽãĢãããŖããžãžãã°ãĢã°ãĢã¨ããžããŖãĻããžãã
å°ããéĄããäŊįžåãããããã¤ãããããĒįã§ãããããˇãŖãŗããĒãĸãŽå
ããããĻãåŽįŗãŽãããĢãã¤ããããããŠããŠã¨ã˛ããŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
ãããŋããĄã¯ãåĻæäēēRãĒããĻããããã¤ããã ããããããŖãąãĄã ã¨ãããŖãĻããã ãããããĢãæĒäēēã¯ãããæŖäŊãčĻããããããĻããŠãŖãã¸ããããĻãĒããĒãŖãĻããžãŖãã¨ããããŖãĻããã ãããã
ã ãããããããĻããžããŽã¯ããžã ã¯ããããäēåéĸį¸ãŽããããã ã¨ãããŖãĻãä¸įãã
ããŽäēēãã大įŦãããããããããããã¯ããģãã¨ããĢããããŽããããã ãŖããŽã ããããããŖã¨ãĩããããŋãããŖããŽãããĒãã ããããããžãĢãããããããžãĢããŽãããããããã
ããããããããããããããããŽãčĻããĻããããããããããŋããĄãĩããã¨ãããããĢãããŖãĻãããã˛ããįãčĻã¤ãããŽã ãã¸ãŧãã¨ãã¤ãžã§ãčĻã¤ããĻãããŽã ãã
ãĄããŖãšããŽäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããĢããĢãã¨ããããŋãããįŦãããããšãĒããããžãã§éŗæĨŊãŽãŗãŗãã¯ãŋãŧãŽãããĢã严æããããĻããããããããĢãããããããŽã§ããã
å°æåã¨äēä¸åã¯ããããããžãžãĢãã˛ããįãčĻã¤ããĻããžããã
ãŠãããããã˛ããããĸããŽéŗãããããĢããããĻããžãããããããĒããããĒãĒãēã ã§ãã
ãĩãããŽįŽã¯ãã˛ããįãĢããããĨããĢãĒãŖãĻããžããããŠãããŽããããããĢããĄããŖãšããŽä¸ĄæšãŽæããããããĢããããŖããããããŖãããããŽãčĻããĻããžãã
ãĒãã¨ããããĒãã¸ããĒæ°æãĢãĒãŖãĻããžããã
ã˛ããįãé ãŽãããžã§ãã¨ãŗããã§ãããããĒãããã§ãããããĻãé ãŽä¸ãããŽãŠãŽãŠããå
ã§ããŖãąããĢãĒãããģããŽããŽã¯ããĒããĢãčĻããĒããĒãŖãĻããžããžããã
### ééģãæļ˛äŊ
ãããããããããããŽããčĻããĻãããããããĄãã¸ãããžããã
ããŽåŖ°ãĢããĩãŖã¨įŽãããããããĢããããĻãŽå§ŋãããããžãããããžãžã§ããĒãĢãčĻããĒããŖãįŽãŽåãĢãäēåéĸį¸ãŽãĄããŖãšããįĢãŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
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¨čēĢãŽããļæ¯ãããã ã¤ãããĒæ°ãããžããã
ãããŖããããĒããŖãããĄãã¸ããŖãĻãããŖãã
äēä¸åããããŗãžããã
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æããĻããčĒåãŽä¸ãä¸ãĢãã˛ã¨ããã¤å°åš´ããļãããããåäēãŽãĢãåį¤ããéŖãã§ãããŽã¯ããčĻããžããããĄã¤ããå°åš´ã¯ãåŽãĢãļããããããĻããããŖã¨ããĻããžããããããŗãããĒå°åš´ã¯ãæŗŖããããŗãĒãããããããĻããžãããããã°ããããŖãĻããļãĒããŽã§ããããããĒãã¨ãčãããããããĒããŽã§ããããããĄã°ã大ããĒåŖ°ã§ãæŗŖããããã§ãããŽã¯ãéåä¸åšŗåãŽãããĄããã§ããã
ä¸ãčĻãã¨ããžãŖããã§ãããããããããããŠãŽãããéĢãã¨ãã§ãããŽããčĻåŊãã¤ããžããããĩã¤ããĒãããŠããĒå¤ä¸ã§ããįēãŽįĢãčĻããã¯ãã§ãããä¸ã¤ãŽįĢãčĻããžããããããģãŠéĢããŽãŧãŖãĻããžãŖããŽã§ããããã
ãã¯ãããã......ãã
ããŽãããããŧããŽããäēåéĸį¸ãŽåŖ°ãããŠãããããã˛ãŗããĻããžããã
ãã¯ãããã......ããŠãã ããããããããããŽå°åš´æĸåĩåŖãããããĒãŖããããããããĒãããããŋããĄãããããããããŽãããžããããããã ããããŖãããããžãĢãããŖã¨ããããããã¨ããããããã
ãããĻãããĄãžãĄãããŽããããããã¨ããããŖããŽã§ãã
å°æåãŽã严æšãŽč
ãã¯ããã§ããããĢããŽã¯ããŋããããã¨ã˛ãããå°æåãŽããã ã¯ããžãŖãããĒįŠēä¸ãããĩãŧãã¨ä¸ã¸ããĄãĻããžããã
ãããããŽãããĒãæˇąãã§ããã¯ããã¯ããžãŖãããĢããĄãĻããžãããããã¤ãŽãžãĢãããããé ãŽãģããä¸ãĢãĒãããžãŖããããžãĢã¤ãčŊããĻãããŽã§ãã
ãããĒãĒãã§ããããããŽįŠēä¸ãčĻãžããã¨ãåäēäēēãŽå°åš´ããĄãããããļããĄãĻãããŽãããããžããããŋããĒããžãŖããããžã§ããéĸ¨ãããŖãĻãããĄãĻãããžãããããĄãããŽæŗŖããããļåŖ°ããįŠēä¸ãĢå°žãã˛ããĻãä¸ã¸ä¸ã¸ã¨ãããĄãĻãããŽã§ãã
ããĄãéåēĻã¯ããŋããŋãéããĒãŖãĻãããžããããĨãŧããããĨãŧãã¨ãéĸ¨ãåãéŗããčŗãããããžãããããããã¤ãžã§ããĄãĻããä¸ã¸įããĒããŽã§ããå°éĸãĢãļãŖã¤ããŖãããæģãã§ããžããĢããžãŖãĻããžãããããŽã¨ããããã¤ãžã§ããŖãĻããããĒããŽã§ããéåēĻã¯ããããéããĒããžãããããäēēéãŽåã§ã¯ããããããĒããģãŠãŽéãã§ããããããŽå°æåããã¨ãã¨ãæ°ããããĒãŖãĻããžããžããããģããŽå°åš´ããĄã¯ãããŖã¨æŠãæ°ããããĒãŖãĻããžãããåäēå°åš´ã¯ãå¤ąįĨãããžãžããžãŖãããĒįŠēéãããã¤ãžã§ããä¸ã¸ä¸ã¸ã¨ããĄãĻãããŽã§ããã
ãããããŠãŽãããããŖããããããžãããå°æåã¯ããĩãŖã¨įŽãã˛ãããžããã
ããéĸ¨ãåãéŗã¯ããããžããããˇãŧãŗã¨ãããžããããŖãĻããžããããã¯åãŖãąã§ãĒããĻãåēãé¨åąãŽä¸ãŽããã§ãããããããéģį¯ãŽå
ã§ããã°ãĢãããããŽå°åš´ããĄããã´ãã´ãããããŖãĻãããŽãčĻããžãããŋããĒããžã æ°ããããĒãŖããžãžãĒãŽã§ãããã
é¨åąãŽä¸ãĢä¸ãĩæããšããããŠã¤ããããĻããããĢããžãļãããģãŠããããã¨ããããããžããã
ãããŖãææēå
įãŖãã
ããã§ãããããĢåæĸåĩææēå°äēéãįĢãŖãĻãããŽã§ãããããĢãããããŖãĻįĢãŖãĻãããŽã¯ããĄããŖãšãå§ŋãŽæĒäēēäēåéĸį¸ã§ããããããåˇ¨äēēã¨æĒäēēã¯ãäēåãģãŗããŽčŋãã§ãéĄã¨éĄã¨ããããããĻãããŖã¨ãĢããŋããŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
äēåéĸį¸ãŽåč§ãããããŽãããŽįŽã¯ãã¨ãŗã ããģãŠčĻã˛ããããĻããžãããããĻããããŽã˛ããããã¯ããŋãŠãŋãŠã¨ãæąãæĩããĻãããŽã§ãã
ææēæĸåĩãŽįŽãããããããå
ãã¯ãĒãŖãĻãäēåéĸį¸ããĢããŋã¤ããĻããžãããæĸåĩãŽéĄãĢã¯ãæąã¯ãĒãããĻããžããã
### 大éäē
ãããŖãå
įãããŧãããĄããããããĢããĻãã ããŖããŽã ãŖãã
å°æåã¯ããããĢãããĢæ°ãã¤ããžãããããŖããčĩ¤éģ芹ã§ãå
įãĢãããŽãã°ããããããããšãã¨ãå ąåããĻãããããã§ãã
ææēæĸåĩã¨äēåéĸį¸ã¯ãã˛ã¨ãã¨ããããŽããããĒãã§ããã¤ãžã§ãããĢããŋããŖãĻããžããã
ãĩããã¨ãããĒãã¨ãããããããįŽãããĻãããŽã§ãããããžãã§ããããĻãããĢããŋæŽēããã¨ããĻããããã§ãã
ãã¨ãĢææēæĸåĩãŽįŽã¯ããžããããããããŠãŗãŠãŗã¨ãããããĻããããããããĒãŗãããŽãããĒããŽãããããĻãŽéĄãããããĻãã¨ãŗã ããĻãããããĢčĻããžããã
äēåéĸį¸ãŽéĄã¯ããžãŖããĢãĒããæąãŗãŖãããã§ããããžãĢãææēãĢããĢããŋãããããããĢãĒããŽããã˛ãŖããĢãĒãŖãĻãããã°ãŖãĻãããŽã§ãã
ããã¨ãããããããã¨ããããããžãããäēåéĸį¸ãŽéæŗãŽåã§ãããŽã§ãŖãããã°ããŦãããããããã¨ãå§ŋããããããĻãããŽã§ããä¸ã´ããäēã˛ããä¸ãŗããåã˛ããäēã˛ãããããããããĒãããããŽäēēéãŽäŊåããã大ãŦãããäēã˛ãããããããĻãåˇ¨å¤§ãĒã¯ããŋããã˛ãããããã¨ãããããĒãããææēæĸåĩãŽãģãã¸ãã¸ãĒã¸ãĒã¨ããĄããĨããĻããã§ã¯ãããžãããã
ããĻãããããããŠãã ãææēå
įããããŽéæŗããããŖãããããžãĢããŋã¯ããĢããĢããããĻããžããŽã ããã
ãĄããŖãšããŽäēåéĸį¸ãããã°ããŦããŽãããããããļããŋãĒåŖ°ã§ãããããããžããã
ããã¨ããŠãã§ãããããããŠã¯ãææēæĸåĩããéæŗãäŊŋãŖããŽã§ãã
įĢãŖãĻããææēãŽããã ããããšãŧãã¨ãããã˛ã¨ããŽææēãããããĻãããŽã¨ãĒããĢįĢãĄãžããã
ããããããžããããã˛ã¨ãããžããããã˛ã¨ããã¨ã¤ãã¤ããĢãģãã¨ããŽææēæĸåĩãŽãģããĢãäēäēēãŽææēãããããĢãĒããã ãŽã§ãã
ãã¯ããããããéæŗãäŊŋããŽã¯ãããŋã°ãããããĒããããģãããããčĻããžããã
ææēãŽåŖ°ãã˛ãŗããããã¨ãäēäēēãŽææēãããĩãã¨ãäēã˛ããŽå¤§ãŦããĢãã¨ãŗãããŖãĻãããžããã
ãĢãã¨äēēéã¨ãŽå¤§æ ŧéã§ãããããžããäēãã§ãã大ãŦãã¯ãäēæŦãŽã¯ããŋãããĩãããĻãĻããĄããŖãĄããŖãĢãããããžãããžããã
äēäēēãŽææēã¯ãããŽã¯ããŋãã严č
ã§ãã°ãã¨ã ããããĻããããããåã§ããĢããŠãããããŽå ´ãĢããããããããŽã§ããã
ããããĢãã¤ãŖįĢãŖãĻããããčĻãĻããææēæĸåĩãŽéĄãĢããæąãæĩããĻããžãããããããããŽãããŠãįŽã¯ãããŖãąãããžããããããããĄããŖãšããŽäēåéĸį¸ãããĢããŋã¤ããĻããžããææēãŽä¸Ąįŧãããéģæ°ãŽįĢčąããã¨ãŗã ããĻããããã§ãã
äēåéĸį¸ãŽãæąãĢãŦããéĄã¯ããããį´Ģč˛ã§ããįŽãåŖãããããããĢã˛ããžããŖãĻããžããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ãžãããŽã§ããææēæĸåĩãŽįŽãŽå
ãĢãžãããŽã§ãã
äēã˛ããŽå¤§ãŦãã¯ãäēäēēãŽææēãŽãããĢããŋããĒãããŋãĩããããĻããžããžããããĢããŠãã¯å
ĢæŦãŽčļŗããĸãŦãĸãŦããŖãĻãããããã§ããžãããããããĻããĩãããĒãã¨ãĢãããŽã§ãŖãããĢãããĄãŽå§ŋããã ãã ããããŧãã¨ããããĒãŖãĻããŖãĻããã¤ãŽãžãĢããæļããĻããžããžããã
ãĢããããã°ã¤ããĻããžãŖãäēäēēãŽææēã¯ããããŠã¯ããĄããŖãšããŽäēåéĸį¸ãŽãžããããã°ãĢãã¨ã¨ããžããĻããĄã¯ã ãããžããã
ãã¯ãĸãĸãĸãĸãĸ......ãã
äēåéĸį¸ãããããããããŗåŖ°ãããĻãžããããããĻãã¯ãĢãã¨ããããããã¨ããããĒããæģãĢããŽãããã§ããĢãã ãããŽã§ãã
äēäēēãŽææēã¯ããããŽãããĢãããŽãã¨ãããŖãĻããããã¸ãæļããĻãããžããã
ãå
įãŖãã
å°æå°åš´ãããããŗãĒãããææēæĸåĩãŽãã°ãĢããããããžããã
ããããå°æåãããŋããĄã¯ããŋããĒãäēåéĸį¸ãŽåŦį čĄãĢãããŖãĻãããŽã ããŧãã¯ãããŋããĄãããããĢããããããĻãäēåéĸį¸ã¨åŦį čĄãããšãããŖãĻãåãŖããŽã ããããããã¤ãããŖãããããããŋããĄããããŖãããĢãããžããã
ããããŖãĻãææēæĸåĩã¯ãäēåéĸį¸ãŽãĢãããģãã¸ãã¯ããã ããžããã
åäēäēēãŽå°åš´ã¯ãããžãžã§ãåŦį čĄããããããĻãããŽã§ãããææēãäēåéĸį¸ãŽčĄãããļãŖãĻããžãŖããŽã§ãå¤ĸããããããããĢæŖæ°ãĢããããžããã
夊äŊæé éĄãĢãã¤ãŖãįŠēéŖãļåį¤ããå°ãããĢããæļ˛äŊãŽãããĢããããããĻãããŽããįĒãã大ãŦããã¯ããŖãĻãããŽããįŠēãããĢããŽå¤§įž¤ããĩãŖãĻãããŽãããŋããĒåŦį čĄã§čĻãããããžãŧãããĢãããĒããŖããŽã§ãã
äēåéĸį¸ãŽåŗæšãããäēã˛ããŽå¤§ãŦãããææēæĸåĩãŽããã ãããããããĻåēãäēäēēãŽææēãããĩãããŽãããããåŋãŽããããããããããžãŧããã§ãããå°åš´ããĄãããžã åŦį čĄãããããããŖãĻããĒããŖããŽã§ããããĒãžãŧãããčĻãããŽã§ãããããĢããĻãåäēäēēãŽå°åš´ãĢãä¸åēĻãĢåŦį čĄããããã¨ã¯ãäēåéĸį¸ã¯ããģãŠãŽåäēēã§ãããããææēæĸåĩã¯ãããĢãããäģĨä¸ãŽåäēēã ãŖããŽã§ããããããŽå°æå°åš´ããææēå
įããããģãŠãŽåŦį čĄå¸Ģã¨ã¯ãããããįĨããžããã§ããã
### ãããžã¤ãŽįĢ
ææēæĸåĩã¨å°åš´ããĄã¯ãäēåéĸį¸ãããŖãĻãåģä¸ãčĩ°ããžããã
åģä¸ã¯ä¸æŦéã§ããäēåéĸį¸ã¯ãã¤ãããããŽé¨åąãĢãĢãããŋãžãããããŽãããå§ŋãčĻãããŽã§ãã
ããããããŽé¨åąãĢã¯ããŖãĻãŋãã¨ãã ããããžãããä¸ã¤ããįĒã¯ãããžãŖããžãžã§ãä¸ããããããããããŖãĻããžããäēåéĸį¸ã¯æļããĻããžãŖããŽã§ããããã
ææēæĸåĩããåŖãĢããããããããŋãŗãããããĻãããããããžããã
ããã¨ããŦãŋãŗã¨éŗãããĻãåēãĢä¸ãĄãŧããĢåæšãģãŠãŽįŠ´ããããã§ã¯ãããžããããå°ä¸åŽ¤ã¸ãŽå
ĨåŖã§ãã
ãããčĻãã¨ãææēãå°åš´ããĄãĢããããããžããã
ãå°ä¸åŽ¤ã¸ã¯å°æåã¨ãäēä¸åã ããĢããĻããã¨ãŽčĢ¸åã¯ãåēãĢåēãĻããžãŖãĻããĻããããžããäēåéĸį¸ãŽããããŽåãæã¯ãåēãĢããããĻãããã ããŧããããããĢããããĻį¨æãããĻããããŧãã¯å°æåãŽéģ芹ãããã¨ããžããĒããčģãŽä¸ãĢ大ããĒéå
ˇãã¤ãã§ããããĢããŖãĻããããããããŠããĒéå
ˇã ãã¯ãããžãĢãããã
ãžããčĻčĻåēãŽä¸æčĻé¨ã¨ããéŖįĩĄãããĻããããããĻããããĢãŧããããã¸ããŖãĻããã¯ãã ããããããããããã¨ã¯ãĒããŽã ããã
ææēãŽåŊäģ¤ãĢããããŖãĻãåä¸äēēãŽå°åš´æĸåĩåŖåĄã¯ãåēãåēã¸åēãĻãããžãããããå¤ãŽäšæããã§ããããŽãžãŖãããĒåēãĢããŖããããŠããĒåãæãããããĻããã¨ãããŽã§ãããã
ææēæĸåĩã¨å°æãäēä¸ãŽäēå°åš´ã¯ãåēãŽįŠ´ãããå°ä¸åŽ¤ã¸ãããĻãããžãããããã¤ããé¨åąãŽããåēãå°ä¸åŽ¤ã§ãã
ææēã¯åŧˇãå
ãŽæä¸éģį¯ãį¨æããĻããžãããããããĩããĻãããĒãããããã§ãããžãã¨ããŋãããĒé¨åąãĢãã¯ãããžããã
ããŽé¨åąãĢã¯ãæ´æåąãŽãˇã§ãŧãĻã¤ãŗããŧãĢãããããĒãįˇãåĨŗãŽäēēåŊĸãããĻã¸ãŖãĻã¸ãŖã¨įĢãŖãĻãããŽã§ããã¯ã ãã§ã¯ãĒããĻããŋããĒæ´æãããĻããžãã
äēåéĸį¸ã¯ãããŖã¨ãããŽä¸ãĢããããĻãããŽã§ãããã
ææēæĸåĩã¯æä¸éģį¯ã§ãã˛ã¨ã¤ã˛ã¨ã¤ãäēēåŊĸããĻãããĻãããžããã
ããžããããããŗãŽéĄããã¤ãã¤ãã¨ãå
ãŽä¸ãĢãããããžãã
ãããŖãåč§ãĒããããããããĄããŖãšããŽäēēåŊĸã§ããããã¤ããæä¸éģį¯ãŽå
ãããžãļããããĢããĻãããããã¨ããžããããããžããã
ãããŖããããžãäēåéĸį¸ã ãĒãŖãã
ææēã¨äēå°åš´ããã¨ãŗããããã¨ããã¨ãäēåéĸį¸ã¯ãã°ããčēĢãã˛ããĻããĢãã ããžããã
ãã¯ããããããããã¯äēēåŊĸã ãããĄããŖãšããŽäēēåŊĸã ããã¯ããããããã
ãĢããĒãããäēåéĸį¸ãŽéĢįŦãã§ãã
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### ãäēããæ´ģįæ
ã¸ã§ããŗããåĻæ ĄãŽéãåēãã¨ããåãįĩãŽä¸å
Ģäēēã¯åŽļã¸å¸°ãããĢã ãããĢãŠããžãä¸ãĢããĻæ ĄåēãŽé
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ĨåŖãŽč¨įŽå°ããĢåą
ãã ãļã ãļãŽįŊããˇãŖããįãäēēãĢãããããããĻã¸ã§ããŗãã¯é´ããŦãã§ä¸ããžãã¨ãįĒãåŊããŽå¤§ããĒæããããžãããä¸ãĢã¯ãžã æŧãĒãŽãĢéģįãã¤ããĻãããããŽãčŧĒãčģĸå¨ãã°ããã°ããã¨ãžã¯ããããã§é ããã°ãŖãããŠã ããˇã§ãŧããããããããäēēããĄããäŊãæãĩãããĢčĒãã ãæ°ã¸ããããĒããããããåããĻåą
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ĨåŖããä¸įĒįŽãŽéĢãååãĢåē§ãŖãäēēãŽæã¸čĄãŖãĻããããããžãããããŽäēēã¯ãã°ããæŖãããããĻããã
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### ä¸ãåŽļã
ã¸ã§ããŗããåĸãã帰ãŖãĻæĨããŽã¯ãããčŖįēãŽå°ããĒåŽļã§ãããããŽä¸ã¤ãĒããã å
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ĨããĻããããã¨æãŖãĻãã
ãããããåãããĢããããããããã¯ãžã ãģãããĒããã ãããã
ããæ¯ãããå§ããã¯ãã¤å¸°ãŖããŽãã
ãããä¸æãã帰ãŖããããŋããĒããããããĻãããĻããã
ããæ¯ãããŽįäšŗã¯æĨãĻããĒããã ããããã
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ããŧãčĄãŖãĻã¨ãŖãĻæĨãããã
ããããããã¯ããŖããã§ãããã ãããåãããĢãããããå§ããããããããã§äŊããããããĻããã¸įŊŽããĻčĄãŖãããã
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ĨããããĒãããĒæĒããã¨ãããįããĒããã ãããŽåãįļãããæãŖãĻããĻåĻæ Ąã¸å¯č´ããåˇ¨ããĒčšãŽį˛ãã ãŽã¨ãĒãã˛ãŽč§ã ãŽäģã ãŖãĻãŋããĒæ¨æŦ厤ãĢãããã ãå
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ãããã ãäģæŠã¯éæ˛ŗãŽãįĨã ãããã
ãããããŧãįäšŗãã¨ããĒããčĻãĻããããã
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ããããŧãå˛¸ããčĻãã ããĒãã ãä¸æéã§čĄãŖãĻããããã
ãããŖã¨éãã§ããã§ããĢã ãããĢãŠããã¨ä¸čĢ¸ãĒãåŋé
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### ãåãããąãŗãŋãĻãĢįĨãŽå¤
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãåŖįŦãåšããĻãããããĒããŗããåŖäģãã§ãæĒãŽãžãŖéģãĢãĒããã įēãŽåãä¸ããĻæĨããŽã§ããã
åãŽä¸ãĢ大ããĒä¸ã¤ãŽčĄįããéįŊãįĢæ´žãĢå
ãŖãĻįĢãŖãĻããžãããã¸ã§ããŗããããŠããŠãéģįãŽæšã¸ä¸ããĻčĄããžãã¨ãããžãžã§ã°ãããŽãŽãããĢãéˇããŧãããããããã¸åŧããĻããã¸ã§ããŗããŽåŊąã°ããã¯ãã ãã ãæŋãéģãã¯ãŖãããĒãŖãĻãčļŗãããããæãæ¯ãŖãããã¸ã§ããŗããŽæ¨ĒãŽæšã¸ãžã¯ãŖãĻæĨããŽã§ããã
(ãŧãã¯įĢæ´žãĒæŠéĸčģã ãããã¯åžé
ã ããéããããŧãã¯ããžããŽéģįãéãčļãããããããããŠã¯ãŧããŽåŊąæŗå¸Ģã¯ãŗã ããšã ããããĒãĢãããŖã¨ãžã¯ãŖãĻãåãŽæšã¸æĨãã)
ã¨ã¸ã§ããŗããæã˛ãĒããã大čĄãĢããŽčĄįãŽä¸ãéãéããã¨ãããããĒãã˛ããžãŽãļããĒããæ°ããããããŽå°ãŖããˇãŖããįãĻéģįãŽåãĩå´ãŽæãå°čˇ¯ããåēãĻæĨãĻãã˛ããŖã¨ã¸ã§ããŗãã¨ãããĄãã˛ãžããã
ããļããĒãįįãĒãããĢčĄããŽããã¸ã§ããŗãããžã ããäēãŖãĻããžã¯ãĒãããĄãĢã
ãã¸ã§ããŗãããįļãããããããŖããŽä¸įãæĨããããããŽåãæãã¤ãããããĢãããããåĢãŗãžããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãã°ãŖã¨č¸ãã¤ããããĒãããããä¸ãããã¨éŗ´ããããĢæã˛ãžããã
ãäŊã ãããļããĒããã¨ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯éĢãåĢãŗčŋããžããããããļããĒã¯åãĩãŽã˛ã°ãŽæ¤ãŖãåŽļãŽä¸ã¸ã¯ããŖãĻããžããã
ããļããĒã¯ãŠãããĻãŧãããĒããĢãããĒããŽãĢãããĒãã¨ãäēãĩãŽã ãããčĩ°ãã¨ãã¯ãžãã§éŧ ãŽãããĒãããĢããŧãããĒããĢãããĒããŽãĢãããĒãã¨ãäēãĩãŽã¯ãļããĒãã°ããĒããã ãã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããã¯ãããããããŽãã¨ãčã¸ãĒãããããžããžãŽį¯ãæ¨ãŽæã§ãããŖããããããĢéŖžãããčĄãéãŖãĻčĄããžãããæč¨åąãŽåēãĢã¯æããããĒãŗįãã¤ããĻãä¸į§ãã¨ãĢįŗã§ãããããĩãããĩãŽčĩ¤ãįŧãããããŖãããŖã¨ãããããããããããĒåŽįŗãæĩˇãŽãããĒč˛ãããåãįĄåãŽį¤ãĢčŧãŖãĻæãŽãããĢããŖããåžĒãŖããããžãåãĩå´ãããé
ãŽäēēéĻŦãããŖããããŖãĄã¸ãžã¯ãŖãĻæĨãããããŽã§ãããããŽãžãä¸ãĢåãéģãæåē§æŠčĻãéããĸãšããŠãŦãšãŽčã§éŖžãŖãĻãããžããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãããåŋããĻãããŽæåē§ãŽåŗãĢčĻå
Ĩããžããã
ããã¯ã˛ãåĻæ Ąã§čĻãããŽåŗããã¯ãããŖã¨å°ãããŖããŽã§ããããŽæĨã¨æéãĢåããĻį¤ããžã¯ãã¨ãããŽã¨ãåēãĻãããããããŽãžããæĨãååŊĸãŽãĒããĢãããŖãĻããã¯ãããããĢãĒãŖãĻåą
ããã¯ãããŽãžãä¸ãĢã¯ä¸ããä¸ã¸ãããĻéæ˛ŗããŧãã¨ãããŖããããĒ帯ãĢãĒãŖãĻããŽä¸ãŽæšã§ã¯ããããĢįįēããĻ暯æ°ã§ããããĻãããããĢčĻãããŽã§ããããžãããŽããããĢã¯ä¸æŦãŽčãŽã¤ããå°ããĒæé éĄãéģãããĢå
ãŖãĻįĢãŖãĻããžãããããĄã°ãããããŽåŖãĢã¯įŠēãĸãã
ãããŽæåē§ããĩãããĒįŖãčãéãįļãŽåŊĸãĢæ¸ãã大ããĒåŗããããŖãĻããžããããģããããĢãããĒãããĒčã ãŽååŖĢã ãŽãããĢããŖããåą
ãã ãããããããŧãã¯ããŽä¸ããŠããžã§ãæŠããĻčĻããã¨æãŖãĻããããĻãã°ãããŧãããįĢãŖãĻåą
ãžããã
ããããäŋããĢãæ¯ãããŽįäšŗãŽãã¨ãæã˛ã ããĻã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããŽåēãã¯ãĒããžããããããĻãããã¤ãĒä¸įãŽčŠãæ°ãĢããĒããããã§ãããã¨č¸ãåŧĩãŖãĻ大ããæãæ¯ãŖãĻįēãéãŖãĻčĄããžããã
įŠēæ°ã¯æžãŋããŖãĻããžãã§æ°´ãŽãããĢéããåēãŽä¸ãæĩããžããããčĄįã¯ãŋãĒãžãŖéãĒããŋãæĨĸãŽæã§å
ãžããéģæ°äŧį¤žãŽåãŽå
æŦãŽããŠãŋããšãŽæ¨ãĒãŠã¯ãä¸ãĢæ˛ĸåąąãŽčąéģįãã¤ããĻããģããããĢãããã¯äēēéãŽéŊãŽãããĢčĻãããŽã§ãããåãŠããã¯ããŋããĒæ°ãããæãŽã¤ããįįŠãįãĻãæããããŽåŖįŦãåšãããã
ããąãŗãŋãĻãĢãšãé˛ããĩããããã¨åĢãã§čĩ°ãŖãããéããã°ããˇã¤ãŽčąįĢãįãããããĻãããŽããããĢéãã§ãããŽã§ããããããŠãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããã¤ããžãæˇąãéĻãåããĻãããããŽãĢããããã¨ã¯ãžãã§ãĄããŖããã¨ãčã¸ãĒãããįäšŗåąãŽæšã¸ãæĨããŽã§ãããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããã¤ãįēã¯ãĨããŽãããŠãŽæ¨ãåšžæŦãåšžæŦããéĢãæãããĢæĩŽãã§ããã¨ãããĢæĨãĻããžãããããŽįäšŗåąãŽéģãéãå
ĨããįãŽåãŽãããããããå°æãŽåãĢįĢãŖãĻãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯å¸ŊåããŦãã§ãäģæŠã¯ããã¨äēã˛ãžããããåŽļãŽä¸ã¯ãããã¨ããĻčĒ°ãåą
ãããã§ã¯ãããžããã§ããã
ãäģæŠã¯ãããããĒããããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãžãŖãããĢįĢãŖãĻãžãåĢãŗãžãããããã¨ãã°ããããŖãĻãããåš´čãŖãåĨŗãŽäēēãããŠããåˇĨåãæĒããããĢããããã¨åēãĻæĨãĻäŊãį¨ãã¨åŖãŽä¸ã§äēã˛ãžããã
ãããŽãäģæĨãįäšŗãåãã¨ãã¸æĨãĒããŖããŽã§ã貰ã˛ãĢãããŖããã§ãããã¸ã§ããŗããä¸įããåŊåĸããäēã˛ãžããã
ãããžčĒ°ãããĒãã§ããããžãããããããĢããĻä¸ãããã
ããŽäēēã¯ãčĩ¤ãįŧãŽä¸ãŽã¨ããæĻããĒãããã¸ã§ããŗããčĻããããĻäēã˛ãžããã
ãããŖããããį
æ°ãĒãã§ãããäģæŠã§ãĒãã¨å°ããã§ããã
ãã§ã¯ããå°ãããŖãĻããæĨãĻãã ããããããŽäēēã¯ããčĄãŖãĻããžã˛ããã§ããã
ãããã§ãããã§ã¯ãããããããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããčžįžŠãããĻå°æããåēãžããã
ååãĢãĒãŖãįēãŽããŠãããžãããã¨ããžããããåãĩãŽæŠã¸čĄãæšãŽé貨åēãŽåã§ãéģãåŊąããŧãããįŊããˇãŖããå
ĨãäšąããĻãå
ä¸äēēãŽįåžãããåŖįŦãåšãããįŦãŖããããĻãããããįįãŽįįĢãæãŖãĻããŖãĻæĨããŽãčĻãžãããããŽįŦã˛åŖ°ãåŖįŦãããŋããĒčãããŧããŽããããŽã§ãããã¸ã§ããŗããŽåį´ãŽåäžãã ãŖããŽã§ããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯æã¯ããŠããŖã¨ããĻæģããã¨ããžããããæã˛į´ããĻãä¸ããåĸããããŖãĄã¸æŠããĻčĄããžããã
ãåˇã¸čĄããŽããã¸ã§ããŗããäēã¯ãã¨ããĻãå°ããŽãŠãã¤ãžãŖããããĢæãŖãã¨ãã
ãã¸ã§ããŗããããŖããŽä¸įãæĨããããããŖããŽãļããĒããžãåĢãŗãžããã
ãã¸ã§ããŗããããŖããŽä¸įãæĨãããããããŋããĒããįļããĻåĢãŗãžãããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãžãŖčĩ¤ãĢãĒãŖãĻãããæŠããĻãããããããããæĨãã§čĄãããããã¨ããžããããããŽãĒããĢãĢã ãããĢãŠãåą
ããŽã§ãããĢã ãããĢãŠã¯æ°ãŽæ¯ãããĢãã ãžãŖãĻå°ããããŖãĻãæããĒãã ãããã¨ããĩãããĢã¸ã§ããŗããŽæšãčĻãĻããžããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãéãããããĢããŽįŧãéŋãããããĻãĢã ãããĢãŠãŽãããŽéĢããããĄãéããĻčĄãŖãĻéããĒãããŋããĒã¯ãĻãã§ãĢåŖįŦãåšããžãããįēããŠãæ˛ãã¨ãããĩããã¸ãŖãĻčĻãžãããããļããĒããã¯ããĩããã¸ãŖãĻčĻãĻããžããããããĻãĢã ãããĢãŠããžããéĢãåŖįŦãåšããĻåãĩãĢãŧãããæŠãŽæšã¸æŠããĻčĄãŖãĻããžãŖããŽã§ãããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããĒãã¨ãäēã¸ãããŗãããĒãŖãĻããããĒãčĩ°ãåēããžãããããã¨čŗãĢæãããĻãããããã¨äēã˛ãĒããįčļŗã§ã´ããã´ããčˇŗãã§ããå°ããĒåäžãã¯ãã¸ã§ããŗããéĸįŊããĻããããŽã ã¨æãŖãĻãããã¨åĢãŗãžããããžããĒãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããéģãä¸ãŽæšã¸æĨããžããã
### ãäēãã夊æ°čŧĒãŽæą
į§å ´ãŽãããã¯ãããä¸ãĢãĒãŖãĻãããŽéģãåšŗããĒé ä¸ã¯ãåãŽå¤§įæãŽä¸ãĢããŧããããĩã ããããäŊãéŖãŖãĻčĻããžããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãããé˛ãŽéããããŖãå°ããĒæãŽããŋãĄãããŠããŠããŽãŧãŖãĻčĄããžããããžãŖãããĒčãããããããĒåŊĸãĢčĻããããļãŽãããŋãŽéããããŽå°ããĒãŋãĄããä¸ããįŊãæããããĢį
§ããã ãããĻããŖããŽã§ããčãŽä¸ãĢã¯ãã´ãã´ãéãŗãããåēãå°ããĒčĢãããĻãããčã¯éããããããåēãããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãããŖããŋããĒãŽæãŖãĻčĄãŖãįįãŽããããŽããã ã¨ãæã˛ãžããã
ããŽãžãŖéģãĒãæžãæĨĸãŽæãčļããã¨ãäŋããĢãããã¨įŠēãã˛ãããĻã夊ãŽåˇãããããã¨åããåã¸äēãŖãĻãããŽãčĻãããžãé ãŽã夊æ°čŧĒãŽæąãčĻããããããŽã§ãããã¤ããããããéããããŽčąãããããããĄãããĢãå¤ĸãŽä¸ããã§ãčĢãã ããã¨ããĩãããĢå˛ããéŗĨãä¸įãä¸ãŽä¸ãéŗ´ãįļããĒããéãŖãĻčĄããžããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãé ãŽå¤Šæ°čŧĒãŽæąãŽä¸ãĢæĨãĻããŠããŠãããããã ããã¤ãããčãĢæããžããã
įēãŽį¯ã¯ãæãŽä¸ããžãã§æĩˇãŽåēãŽã厎ãŽããããŽãããĢã¨ãããåäžããŽæãĩåŖ°ãåŖįŦããããããŽåĢãŗåŖ°ãããããĢčããĻæĨããŽã§ãããéĸ¨ãé ãã§éŗ´ããä¸ãŽčãããĨããĢããããã¸ã§ããŗããŽæąã§ãŦãããˇãŖããã¤ãããåˇãããžãããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯įēãŽã¯ãĨãããé ãéģãã˛ãããŖãéåãčĻããããžããã
ããããæąŊčģãŽéŗãčããĻããžãããããŽå°ããĒåčģãŽįĒã¯ä¸åå°ããčĩ¤ãčĻããããŽä¸ãĢã¯ãããããŽæ
äēēããčšæãåĨãããããããŖããããããããĒéĸ¨ãĢããĻããã¨čã¸ãžãã¨ãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãããäŊã¨ãäēã¸ãããĒãããĒãŖãĻããžãįŧããããĢæããžããã
ããããŽįŊããããŽå¸¯ããŋããĒæãã ãã¨ããĩãããã
ã¨ããããããčĻãĻããĻããããŽããã¯ã˛ãå
įãŽäēãŖããããĒããããã¨ããåˇãã¨ãã ã¨ã¯æã¯ããžããã§ããããããŠããã§ãĒããčĻãã°čĻããģãŠãããã¯å°ããĒæãį§å ´ããããéåãŽãããĢčã¸ãããĻäģæšãĒããŖããŽã§ãããããĻã¸ã§ããŗãã¯éãį´ãŽæããä¸ã¤ãĢãåã¤ãĢããĒãŖãĻããĄããĄãįŦããčãäŊãšããåēããåŧãŖčžŧãã ãããĻãããããčãŽãããĢéˇãåģļãŗããŽãčĻãžããããžãããįŧãŽä¸ãŽãžãĄãžã§ãããŖãąããŧããããããããããŽæãŽéããä¸ã¤ãŽå¤§ããĒãããããŽãããĢčĻãããããĢæã˛ãžããã
### ãå
ããéæ˛ŗãšããŧãˇã§ãŗ
ãããĻã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããããããŽå¤Šæ°čŧĒãŽæąããã¤ããŧãããããä¸č§æ¨ãŽåŊĸãĢãĒãŖãĻããã°ããčãŽãããĢããēããēãæļãããã¨ããŖããããĻãããŽãčĻãžãããããã¯ã ãã ãã¯ãŖããããĻãããããããã¨ããããĒããããĢãĒããæŋãéŧéãŽãããŽéåãĢããĄãžãããããžæ°ãããįŧããã°ãããŽéãéŧãŽæŋãŽãããĒããããŽéåãĢããžãŖãããĢãããŖã¨įĢãŖããŽã§ãã
ããã¨ãŠããã§ããĩãããĒåŖ°ããéæ˛ŗãšããŧãˇã§ãŗãéæ˛ŗãšããŧããˇã§ãŗãã¨äēãĩåŖ°ãããã¨æãĩã¨ãããĒãįŧãŽåãããąãŖã¨æãããĒãŖãĻããžãã§åä¸ãŽčįčŗãŽįĢãä¸ãēããĢåįŗãããĻãããä¸ãĢæ˛ããã¨ããĩåˇĨåããžããã¤ãĸãĸãŗãäŧį¤žã§ããã ããããããĒããĒããããĢãããã¨įŠĢããĒããĩããããĻãããããĻįŊŽããéåįŗããčĒ°ãããããĒãã˛ãŖãããã¸ããĻãã°ãæããã¨ããĩéĸ¨ãĢãįŧãŽåããããŖã¨æãããĒãŖãĻãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãæã¯ãäŊãšããįŧãæĻãŖãĻããžã˛ãžããã
æ°ãã¤ããĻãŋãã¨ãããŖãããããã¨ãã¨ãã¨ãã¨ãã¸ã§ããŗããŽäšãŖãĻããå°ããĒåčģãčĩ°ãã¤ãĨããĻãããŽã§ããããģããããĢã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãå¤ãŽčģŊäžŋééãŽãå°ããĒéģãããŽéģįãŽãĒããã čģ厤ãĢãįĒããå¤ãčĻãĒããåē§ãŖãĻãããŽã§ããčģ厤ãŽä¸ã¯ãéã夊čįĩ¨ãåŧĩãŖãč
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ããŠãã¸čĄãŖããã ããããäēäēēã¯éĄãčĻåããžããããįå°åŽã¯ããĢããĢãįŦãŖãĻãå°ãäŧ¸ãŗããããããĢããĒãããäēäēēãŽæ¨ĒãŽįĒãŽå¤ããŽãããžãããäēäēēãããŖãĄãčĻãžããããããŖãããžãŽéŗĨæãããéģããã¨éãããŽããã¤ãããįå
ãåēããããĄãããŽãã¯ãã¯ã¯ããããŽä¸ãĢįĢãŖãĻããžãããĒéĄãããĻ严æãã˛ãããĻãããŖã¨ãããčĻãĻãããŽã§ãã
ããããã¸čĄãŖãĻãããããļãåĨäŊã ãããããŖã¨ãžãéŗĨãã¤ããžã¸ãã¨ãã ãããæąŊčģãčĩ°ãŖãĻčĄããĒãããĄãĢãæŠãéŗĨããããã¨ãããĒããã¨äēãŖãéįĢ¯ããããã¨ããæĄæĸãããŽįŠēãããããŖãčĻããããĒéˇēãããžãã§éĒãŽéããããĢãããããããåĢãŗãĒãããããŖãąããĢčã˛ãããĻæĨãžãããããã¨ããŽéŗĨæãã¯ãããŖããæŗ¨æéãã ã¨ããĩãããĢãģããģãããĻã严čļŗãããŖããå
ååēĻãĢéããĻįĢãŖãĻãéˇēãŽãĄãĸããĻéããĻæĨãéģãčã严æã§įãŖįĢ¯ããæŧã¸ãĻãå¸ãŽčĸãŽä¸ãĢå
ĨãããŽã§ãããããã¨éˇēã¯ãčãŽãããĢãčĸãŽä¸ã§ãã°ãããéããēããēãå
ãŖããæļãããããĻããžãããããããžã˛ããããããŋããĒãŧãããįŊããĒãŖãĻãįŧãã¤ãļããŽã§ãããã¨ããããã¤ããžã¸ãããéŗĨããã¯ãã¤ããžã¸ãããĒãã§įĄäēãĢ夊ãŽåˇãŽį ãŽä¸ãĢéããããŽãŽæšãå¤ããŖããŽã§ããããã¯čĻãĻããã¨ãčļŗãį ã¸ã¤ããåĻãããžãã§éĒãŽčãããããĢãį¸ŽãžãŖãĻæãšãŖãããĒãŖãĻãéããĒãįéąįããåēãé
ãŽæąãŽãããĢãį ãį åŠãŽä¸ãĢã˛ãããããã°ããã¯éŗĨãŽåŊĸããį ãĢã¤ããĻãããŽã§ãããããããäēä¸åēĻæãããĒãŖããæããĒãŖããããĻããããĄãĢãããããŖãããžã¯ãã¨åããããĢãĒãŖãĻããžãĩãŽã§ããã
éŗĨæãã¯äēåįã°ãããčĸãĢå
ĨããĻããžãĩã¨ãæĨãĢ严æããããĻãå
ĩéãéį ˛åŧžãĢãããŖãĻãæģãŦã¨ããŽãããĒåŊĸãããžãããã¨æãŖããããããããĢéŗĨæããŽåŊĸã¯ãĒããĒãŖãĻãå´ãŖãĻã
ãããããããããããŠããããã ãĢæ°åēĻåãĩãģãŠį¨ŧãã§ãããããããããã¨ã¯ãããžãããĒããã¨ããĩããããŧããŽããåŖ°ããã¸ã§ããŗããŽéŖããĢããžãããčĻãã¨éŗĨæãã¯ãããããã§ã¨ãŖãĻæĨãéˇēããããĄãã¨ããã¸ãĻãä¸ã¤ãĨã¤éãį´ããĻãããŽã§ããã
ããŠãããĻããããããããŖãēããĢããã¸æĨããã§ããããã¸ã§ããŗããããĒãã ãããããžã¸ãŽãããĒãããããžã¸ã§ãĒããããĒãããããĒæ°ãããĻåã˛ãžããã
ããŠãããĻãŖãĻãæĨããã¨ããããæĨããã§ããããããããĒãæšã¯ããŠãĄãããããã§ã§ãããã
ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãããčŋäēãããã¨æã˛ãžãããããŠããããããããããŠãããæĨããŽãããããŠãããĻãčã¸ã¤ããžããã§ããããĢã ãããĢãŠããé ŦããžãŖčĩ¤ãĢããĻäŊãæã˛åēããã¨ããĻãããŽã§ããã
ããããé ãããã§ããããéŗĨæãã¯ããããŖãã¨ããĩãããĢéäŊãĒãããĒãĨããžããã
### ãäšããã¸ã§ããŗããŽåįŦĻ
ããããããã¯įŊéŗĨåēãŽãããžã˛ã§ããããããĒããããããåéĢããĸãĢããŦãĒãŽčĻŗæ¸Ŧæã§ããã
įĒãŽå¤ãŽããžãã§čąįĢã§ããŖãąããŽãããĒãããžãŽåˇãŽãžãä¸ãĢãéģã大ããĒåģēįŠãåæŖã°ããįĢãŖãĻãããŽä¸ã¤ãŽåšŗåąæ šãŽä¸ãĢãįŧãããããããĒãéåŽįã¨éģįãŽå¤§ããĒäēã¤ãŽããã¨ãģãŖãįããčŧĒãĢãĒãŖãĻããĨããĢããããã¨ãžã¯ãŖãĻããžãããéģãããŽãã ãã ãåãĩã¸ãžã¯ãŖãĻčĄãŖãĻãéãå°ãããŽãããŖãĄã¸é˛ãã§æĨãéããĒãäēã¤ãŽã¯ãã¯ãéãĒãåãŖãĻãããããĒįˇãããŽä¸Ąéĸå¸ãŦãŗãēãŽãããĄãã¤ããããããã ãã ãããžãä¸ããĩãããŋåēããĻãããããéããŽã¯ãããŖãããããŧãšãŽæŖéĸãĢæĨãžãããŽã§ãįˇãŽä¸åŋã¨éģãããĒæããį°ã¨ãã§ããžãããããããžãã ãã ãæ¨Ēã¸å¤ããĻãåãŽãŦãŗãēãŽåŊĸãéãĢãįš°ããčŋããããããããŖã¨ã¯ãĒããĻããĩããĄã¤ãĸã¯åãĩã¸ããããéģãããŽã¯ããŖãĄã¸é˛ãŋããžãä¸åēĻããŖããŽãããĒéĸ¨ãĢãĒããžãããéæ˛ŗãŽããããĄããĒãéŗããĒãæ°´ãĢãããžããĻããģããããĢããŽéģãæ¸ŦåæããįĄãŖãĻãããããĢãããĨããĢãããã¯ãŖããŽã§ãã
ãããã¯ãæ°´ãŽéããã¯ããå¨æĸ°ã§ããæ°´ã......ããéŗĨæããäēã˛ãããã¨ãã
ãåįŦĻãæčĻããããžãããä¸äēēãŽå¸ãŽæ¨ĒãĢãčĩ¤ãå¸ŊåãããļãŖããããŽéĢãčģæãããã¤ããžãŖãããĢįĢãŖãĻããĻäēã˛ãžãããéŗĨæãã¯ãã ãžãŖãĻããããããå°ããĒį´ãããåēããžãããčģæã¯ãĄããŖã¨čĻãĻãããįŧãããããĻã(ããĒãæšãŽã¯?)ã¨ããĩãããĢãæããããããĒãããæãã¸ã§ããŗãããĄãŽæšã¸åēããžããã
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ĨãŖãĻãããã¨ããã˛ãĒãããæãå
ĨããĻčĻãžããããäŊã大ããĒįŗãã į´ãããĢããããžããããããĒããŽå
ĨãŖãĻãããããã¨æãŖãĻãæĨãã§åēããĻãŋãžããããããããã¯åã¤ãĢæãŖãã¯ããããããŽå¤§ããŽįˇãããŽį´ã§ãããčģæãæãåēããĻããããã§ãããäŊã§ãæ§ã¯ãĒããããŖãĄãžã¸ã¨æãŖãĻæ¸Ąããžããããčģæã¯ãžãŖãããĢįĢãĄį´ãŖãĻåŽå¯§ãĢãããéããĻčĻãĻããžããããããĻčĒãŋãĒããä¸įãŽãŧããããĒããããããĢį´ãããããĻããžãããįå°įåŽãä¸ãããããįąåŋãĢãŽãããĻããžãããããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããããĢããã¯č¨ŧææ¸ãäŊãã ãŖãã¨čã¸ãĻå°ãč¸ãįąããĒããããĒæ°ãããžããã
ãããã¯ä¸æŦĄįŠēéãŽæšãããæãĄãĢãĒãŖããŽã§ããããčģæãããĨããžããã
ãäŊã ãããããžãããããã大ä¸å¤Ģã ã¨åŽåŋããĒããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããŖãĄãčĻãããĻãã¤ãã¤įŦã˛ãžããã
ãããããããããžããåååã¸įããžããŽã¯ãæŦĄãŽįŦŦä¸æãããĢãĒããžãããčģæã¯į´ãã¸ã§ããŗããĢæ¸ĄããĻåãĩã¸čĄããžããã
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ŧããã¨ããĩãããĢæĨãã§ãŽããããŋãžãããã¸ã§ããŗããå
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ãäŊã ãããããžããããã¸ã§ããŗããčĩ¤ããĒãŖãĻįã¸ãĒãããããåįŗãã§ããããĢå
ĨããžããããããĻããžããæĒããŽã§ãĢã ãããĢãŠã¨äēäēēããžãįĒãŽå¤ããĒãããĻããžããããããŽéŗĨæããŽæã
大ããããã ã¨ããĩãããĢãĄããĄãããŖãĄãčĻãĻãããŽããŧãããããããžããã
ããããĸã顲ãŽåčģå ´ã ããããĢã ãããĢãŠãåãĩå˛¸ãŽãä¸ã¤ãĒããã å°ããĒéãããä¸č§æ¨ã¨å°åŗã¨ãčĻčŧãšãĻäēã˛ãžããã
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ã夊ãŽåˇãŽæ˛ŗåãĢįĢãŖãĻįžåš´ã¤ãããĻįĢãŖãĻéŗĨãã¨ãŖãĻããŖãĻãããã¨ããĩãããĒæ°ãããĻããŠãããĻãããéģãŖãĻããããĒããĒããžããããģããããĢããĒããŽãģããããŽã¯ä¸äŊäŊã§ãããã¨č¨ããã¨ããĻãããã§ã¯ãããžãåēãæãã ããããŠããããã¨čã¸ãĻæ¯ãčŋãŖãĻčĻãžãããããããĢã¯ããããŽéŗĨæããåą
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ãããŽäēēãŠãã¸čĄãŖããããããĢã ãããĢãŠããŧãããããäēãŖãĻããžããã
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ããããåãããæãŖãĻããããã
ãåã¯ããŽäēēãéĒéãĒãããĒæ°ããããã ãã ããåã¯å¤§ã¸ãã¤ããããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãããĒå¤ãĻããĒæ°ããĄã¯ããģããããĢã¯ãããĻã ãããããĒãã¨äģãžã§äēãŖããã¨ããĒãã¨æã˛ãžããã
ãäŊã ãčšæãŽåããããåããžčšæãŽãã¨čã¸ãããã ããããããĢãŗãããĢãŠãä¸æč°ãããĢããããčĻãžã¯ããžããã
ããģããããĢčšæãŽåã ããããããéč¨ãŽåãããããã¸ã§ããŗããããããčĻãžãããããŖãąãããã¯įĒããã§ãå
ĨãŖãĻæĨãããããŽã§ãããããžį§ã ããéč¨ãŽčąãŽåãŽããįã¯ãĒãã¨ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯æã˛ãžããã
ããããäŋããĢãããĢãã¤ãã¤ãããéģãéĢĒãŽå
ã¤ã°ãããŽįˇãŽåãčĩ¤ãã¸ãŖãąããŽãŧããããããã˛ãŠããŗãŖãããããããĒéĄãããĻãããããĩãããĻã¯ã ãã§įĢãŖãĻããžãããéŖããĢã¯éģãæ´æãããĄãã¨įããããŽéĢãéåš´ãä¸ãąããĢéĸ¨ãĢåšãããĻããããããŽæ¨ãŽãããĒå§ŋåĸã§ãįˇãŽåãŽæãããŖããã˛ããĻįĢãŖãĻããžããã
ãããããããŠãã§ããããžãããããã ãããéåš´ãŽããããĢãã˛ã¨ãåäēã°ãããŽįŧãŽčļãããĒå¯æãããåĨŗãŽåãéģãå¤åĨãįãĻéåš´ãŽč
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ããããããã¯ãŠãŗãĢãˇãŖã¤ã¤ã ãããããŗãŗãã¯ããĢããåˇã ããããããããŧãããĄã¯ããã¸æĨããŽã ããããããĄã¯å¤Šã¸čĄããŽã§ããããããĒãããããŽãããã¯å¤Šä¸ãŽãããã§ãããããĒããĢãããããããã¨ãããžãããããããããĄã¯įĨããžãĢåŦãããĻãããŽã§ãããããéģæãŽéåš´ã¯ããããŗãĢãããããĻããŽåĨŗãŽåãĢäēã˛ãžããããããŠããĒãããžãéĄãĢæˇąãįēãåģãã§ããããĢ大ã¸ãã¤ãããĻããããããįĄįãĢįŦã˛ãĒããįˇãŽåãã¸ã§ããŗããŽã¨ãĒããĢåē§ãããžããã
ããããåĨŗãŽåãĢãããããĢã ãããĢãŠãŽã¨ãĒããŽå¸ãæãããžãããåĨŗãŽåã¯ããĒãģãĢããã¸åē§ãŖãĻãããĄãã¨ä¸Ąæãįĩãŋåããžããã
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ãåãåãã§ããããĻįĒãŽå¤ãčĻãĻããžãããããŽįĒãŽå¤ãĢã¯æĩˇčąãŽãããĄãããčĻããĒããĒãŖãĻåˇã¯äēã¤ãĢããããžãããããŽãžãŖãããĒåŗļãŽãžãä¸ãĢéĢãéĢãããããä¸ã¤įĩãžããĻããŽä¸ãĢä¸äēēãŽå¯ãæãįãĻčĩ¤ãå¸ŊåãããļãŖãįˇãįĢãŖãĻããžããããããĻ严æãĢčĩ¤ã¨éãŽæãããŖãĻãããčĻä¸ããĻäŋĄåˇããĻãããŽã§ãããã¸ã§ããŗããčĻãĻããéããŽäēēã¯ããããĢčĩ¤ãæããĩãŖãĻããžãããäŋããĢčĩ¤æãããããĻããããĢããããããĢãéãæãéĢãéĢããããĻãžãã§ãĒãŧãąãšããŠãŽææŽč
ãŽãããĢįããæ¯ããžãããããã¨įŠēä¸ãĢãããŖã¨é¨ãŽãããĒéŗãããĻäŊããžãŖãããĒããŽããããããžãããããããžããéį ˛ä¸¸ãŽãããĢåˇãŽåãĩãŽæšã¸éŖãã§čĄããŽã§ãããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯æã¯ãįĒããããã ãåååēããĻããŖãĄãčĻãããžãããįžããįžããæĄæĸãããŽãããã¨ããįŠēãŽä¸ãåŽãĢäŊä¸ã¨ããĩå°ããĒéŗĨãŠããåšžįĩãåšžįĩãããããããããããããéŗ´ããĻéãŖãĻčĄããŽã§ããããéŗĨãéŖãã§čĄããĒããã¸ã§ããŗããįĒãŽå¤ã§äēã˛ãžãããããŠããããĢã ãããĢãŠããããčĻãžãããããŽã¨ãããŽããããŽä¸ãŽãããæãŽįˇã¯äŋããĢčĩ¤ãæããããĻįæ°ãŽãããĢãĩããããããžãããããã¨ã´ããŖã¨éŗĨãŽįž¤ã¯éããĒããĒãããã¨åæãĢã´ããããã¨ããĩæŊ°ãããããĒéŗãåˇä¸ãŽæšã§čĩˇãŖãĻãããããã°ãããããã¨ããžãããã¨æãŖããããŽčĩ¤å¸ŊãŽäŋĄåˇæããžãéãæããĩãŖãĻåĢãã§ãããŽã§ãããããžããããããããéŗĨãããžããããããããéŗĨããããŽåŖ°ãã¯ãŖããčããžãããããã¨ããŖãããĢãžãåšžä¸ã¨ããĩéŗĨãŽįž¤ãããããžãŖãããĢããããŽã§ããäēäēēãŽéĄãåēããĻãããžãä¸ãŽįĒããããŽåĨŗãŽåãéĄãåēããĻįžããé ŦãããããããĒãããããäģ°ããžãããããžããããŽéŗĨãããããã§ããããããããžããããŽããããĒãã¨ããåĨŗãŽåã¯ã¸ã§ããŗããĢã¯ãĒããããžãããããŠãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯įææ°ãĒããã ãã¨æã˛ãĒããã ãžãŖãĻåŖããããã§ãããčĻãããĻããžãããåĨŗãŽåã¯å°ãããģãŖã¨æ¯ãããĻã ãžãŖãĻå¸ã¸æģããžããããĢã ãããĢãŠãæ°ãŽæ¯ãããĢįĒããéĄãåŧãŖčžŧããĻå°åŗãčĻãĻããžããã
ãããŽäēēéŗĨã¸æã¸ãĻããã§ãããããåĨŗãŽåãããŖã¨ãĢã ãããĢãŠãĢããĨããžãããããããéŗĨã¸äŋĄåˇããĻããã§ããããŖã¨ãŠãããããŽããããããããã§ãããããĢã ãããĢãŠãå°ãããŧã¤ããĒãããĢįã¸ãžããããããĻčģãŽä¸ã¯ãããã¨ãĒããžãããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ããé ãåŧãŖčžŧããããŖããŽã§ããããŠãæããã¨ãã¸éĄãåēããŽãã¤ãããŖããŽã§ã ãžãŖãĻããããĻããŽãžãįĢãŖãĻåŖįŦãåšããĻããžããã
(ãŠãããĻåã¯ãããĒãĢããĒãããŽã ãããåã¯ããŖã¨ãããããĄãããããĢ大ãããããĒããã°ãããĒããããããŽå˛¸ãŽãããŖã¨åãĩãĢãžãã§ããããŽãããĒå°ããĒéãįĢãčĻãããããã¯ãģããããĢããĨãã§ã¤ããããåã¯ãããããčĻãĻãããããĄãããĨãããã ã)ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯įąãŖãĻįããããžã严æã§æŧã¸ããããĢããĻããŖãĄãŽæšãčĻãžããã(ãããģããããĢãŠããžã§ããŠããžã§ãåã¨ããŖãããĢčĄãã˛ã¨ã¯ãĒãã ãããããĢãŗãããĢãŠã ãŖãĻãããĒåĨŗãŽåã¨ãããããããĢčĢããĻãããåã¯ãģããããĢã¤ãããĒãã)ã¸ã§ããŗããŽįŧã¯ãžãæŗĒã§ããŖãąããĢãĒã夊ãŽåˇããžãã§é ãã¸čĄãŖããããĢãŧãããįŊãčĻããã ãã§ããã
ããŽã¨ãæąŊčģã¯ã ãã ãåˇããã¯ãĒããĻå´ãŽä¸ãéããããĢãĒããžãããåãĩå˛¸ããžãéģããããŽå´ãåˇãŽå˛¸ãä¸æĩãĢä¸ããĢããããŖãĻã ãã ãéĢããĒãŖãĻčĄããŽã§ããããããĻãĄããŖã¨å¤§ããĒãããããããŽæ¨ãčĻãžãããããŽčã¯ãããããĢį¸ŽãčãŽä¸ãĢã¯ããįžããįˇãããŽå¤§ããĒčãčĩ¤ãæ¯ãåããĻįį ãŽãããĒåŽããĄããŖã¨čĻãããŽã§ãããããã¯ããã ãã ãæ°ãåĸããĻæĨãĻããããžã¯åãŽãããĢå´ã¨įˇčˇ¯ã¨ãŽéãĢãĒããŗæã¯ãã¸ã§ããŗããįĒããéĄãåŧãŖčžŧããĻåãĩå´ãŽįĒãčĻãžããã¨ãã¯įžãããããŽéåãŽå°åšŗįˇãŽã¯ãĻãžã§ããŽå¤§ããĒãããããããŽæ¨ããģã¨ããŠããĄãããĢæ¤ããããĻããããéĸ¨ãĢãããããŽįĢæ´žãĒãĄãããčãŽããããã¯ãžãã§ã˛ããŽéãĢããŖãąãæĨå
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ãŖãĻãããŽã§ããããĢã ãããĢãŠããããããããããã ãããã¨ã¸ã§ããŗããĢäēã˛ãžãããããŠãã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãŠãããĻãæ°æããĒãģããžããã§ãããããããļãŖããæŖãĢéåãčĻããžããããã ããããã¨įã¸ãžãããããŽã¨ãæąŊčģã¯ã ãã ãããĨããĢãĒãŖãĻããã¤ããŽãˇã°ããĢã¨ãĻããĻã¤å¨ãŽį¯ãéãå°ããĒåčģå ´ãĢã¨ãžããžããã
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ãããĻããŽãããĒãæąŊčģã¯ããæ°ä¸įäē¤éŋæĨŊãŽãããĢéŗ´ããžãããčģãŽä¸ã§ã¯ããŽéģæãŽä¸éĢãéåš´ãčĒ°ããŋããĒããããå¤ĸãčĻãĻãããŽã§ããã(ãããĒããĨããĒããã¨ãã§åã¯ãŠãããĻããŖã¨æåŋĢãĢãĒããĒãã ããããŠãããĻãããĒãĢã˛ã¨ãããŗãããŽã ããããããŠããĢã ãããĢãŠãĒãããããžãã˛ãŠããåã¨ããŖãããĢæąŊčģãĢäšãŖãĻããĒãããžãã§ãããĒåĨŗãŽåã¨ã°ããčĢããĻãããã ããŽãåã¯ãģããããĢã¤ããã)ã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ãžã严æã§éĄãååããããããĢããĻåãĩãŽįĒãŽãã¨ãčĻã¤ããĻããžãããããã¨ãģãŖãįĄåãŽãããĒįŦãéŗ´ãŖãĻæąŊčģã¯ããĨããĢåãåēããĢã ãããĢãŠãããŗããããĢæããããŽåŖįŦãåšããžããã
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ãã čšæãŽãããĒéĄãããããĻã¸ã§ããŗããŽčĻãæšãčĻãĻãããŽã§ãããįĒįļããããããããĒããĒãŖãĻåˇ¨ããĒéģãéåãããŖãąããĢã˛ãããžãããæ°ä¸įäē¤éŋæĨŊã¯ããããã¯ãŖããå°åšŗįˇãŽã¯ãĻãã暧ãããŽãžãŖéģãĒéåãŽãĒããä¸äēēãŽã¤ãŗããĸãŗãįŊãéŗĨãŽįžŊæ šãé ãĢã¤ããããããŽįŗãč
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ãŠããŠããŠããŠãæąŊčģã¯éããĻčĄããžãããå´ãŽã¯ããĢééããããã¨ãã¯åˇãæããä¸ãĢãŽããããŽã§ããã¸ã§ããŗãã¯ã ãã ããããããĄãæãããĒãŖãĻæĨãžãããæąŊčģãå°ããĒå°åąãŽåãéãŖãĻããŽåãĢããããŧãã˛ã¨ããŽåäžãįĢãŖãĻããŖãĄãčĻãĻããã¨ããĒãŠã¯æã¯ããģãã¨åĢãŗãžããã
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