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D1711405

https://rapids-appointments.dmdc.osd.mil/appointment/building.aspx?BuildingId=184

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Welcome Center NSA Orlandoat Naval Support Activity Orlando, FL12217 SCIENCE DR. Orlando, FL 32826Commercial: (407) 380-4315Fax: (407) 380-8318Hours of Operation: M-F 0730-1540 Closed on Federal Holidays. Walk-in times may vary depending upon the number of customers awaiting services. We service our last customer at 1530 and close at 1600. Appointments are highly recommended to reduce frustration and wait time. Closed Memorial Day 2018We will be closed on Monday, May 28, 2018 in order to observe Memorial Day. We will reopen on Tuesday, May 29, 2018. Location Instructions From Alafaya Trail/SR 434 proceed onto Science Drive. Crossover Technology Parkway. Turn left into NSA Orlando/Science Gate Entrance. Bear to the right off the roundabout to a single story gray building. DO NOT GO THROUGH THE GATE. Scheduling for Multiple IDs/Transactions To ensure the appropriate amount of time is booked to complete multiple ID Cards or transactions, please book back to back appointments. Please schedule one (1) appointment for every two (2) IDs under the same record. Appointment Late Policy Please arrive on time for your scheduled appointment. Appointments may not be honored more than 5 minutes past the scheduled appointment time. In Need of Same Day Service? Same day appointments are not available. If you choose to arrive as a walk-in, please note that walk-in customers are serviced between appointments and may be subject to cut-off prior to closing, if maximum walk-in capacity is reached. Infomational Details Please note the following informational details have a restriction on total characters. Due to the shortened nature, not all information may be shown. Please go to www.cac.mil for a complete and detailed list of requirements. RECENT CHANGE: Identification Requirements ALL Sponsors, Spouses, and Dependent Children OVER 18 must have two UNEXPIRED forms of ID to receive a new ID card. One must be a state/government issued photo ID. IDs no longer acceptable Due to a recent system upgrade, ID card offices can no longer accept the following: Student ID, Expired IDs, Veterans Identification Card (VIC). Note: Concealed Weapons Permits are not acceptable. Acceptable Identification Examples Primary: Military ID, Driver's License, Passport. Secondary: A second Primary ID or Social Security Card, Voter's Registration Card, Birth Certificate, or Veterans Health Identification Card (VHIC). All must be unexpired with the exception of the DOD ID. Changes to your DEERS record If any changes need to be made to a record, the sponsor must be present or a valid Power of Attorney must be presented each time. Additionally, valid supporting documentation MUST be provided.90 Day Renewal Policy The policy regarding the timeline for renewing your ID is 90 days prior to the expiration date. Exclusions: Tricare Young Adult initial issuance, Medicare (age 65), and contract extensions. ID Card Scanning All Military Installations have begun scanning ID cards for Base access. If you currently hold an older ID with the SSN printed, it may not scan properly and will be confiscated. Renewal of the ID will then be required. Dependents without sponsor present All Dependents without a Sponsor present must have a valid POA or DD Form 1172-2 preprinted by a DEERS station that has been signed by the Sponsor and a Verifying Official ahead of time. 1172-2 forms can be hand filled out but must be notarized and be ori ID Card Office Online DD Form 1172-2 can now be completed online at: https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/milconnect - Sponsors with CAC or DS log-in access can digitally sign the 1172-2 and the electronic copy will be available for use in their DEERS record. Retiree ID Cards Due to a recent system update, Pre-Medicare Retiree ID cards with a previous "INDEF" end date will now be issued with an expiration date. The front expiration date will now reflect the date of the end of Tricare/Begin date of Tricare for Life. Lost of Stolen CACAll personnel whose CAC has been stolen must bring a theft report from a Police Station. For lost CAC Cards documentation from sponsoring agency reporting it lost. (Ex: Request Chit/Memo format on Letterhead). Adding Children to DEERSChild enrollment required documents: birth cert. & social security card. Stepchild: the marriage cert. is also needed. Illegitimate child: Voluntary Acknowledgement of Paternity or Judicial Determination of Paternity is required as well. Adding Spouse to DEERSWhen adding a spouse to DEERS, the sponsor must bring the following documents for their spouse: Marriage Certificate, Birth Certificate, Social Security Card, & a Photo ID. Tricare for Life (TFL) and Medicare You must be enrolled in Medicare A & B for TFL. DEERS can be updated the month prior to your Medicare start date. Present your Medicare Card & 2 IDs from the list at www.cac.mil to an ID Card Office to update DEERS and receive a new ID.100% Disable American Veteran For first time Do D 100% DAV ID issuance the following documents are required: DD214, VA Award Letter/Award Packet, State or Federal Government Issued Photo ID and Social Security Card. Foreign Documentation All foreign documents MUST have a certified English translation (if applicable) AND an Apostille or Consular certification. Contact the document issuing facility to obtain authentication certification. Full Time College Student Requirements Letter from Registrar or National Student Clearinghouse stating enrolled/registered full time in an accredited college in pursuit of an Associate Degree or higher. Sponsors must also certify on the 1172-2 form they provide over 50% support to the child. Policy Change: Full Time College Students Full time student IDs are now issued to the end of the current semester, graduation date (if information is provided on school letter) or 23 if occurs sooner. Young Adult Program As part of the Health Care reform, there is now a young adult program available for your dependents. For children 21 to 26 who are not married or covered by an employer sponsored health plan. Contact TRICARE for more info. TYA IDs cannot be issued prior t Cancel/reschedule appoinments Customers will need to know their confirmation number to cancel or reschedule an appointment. Please keep a copy of your appointment confirmation in the event you need to cancel or reschedule your appointment. Verify Requirements If the information above does not pertain to your situation, please call the ID Card Office BEFORE arriving to ensure the Do D requirements will be met for your requested DEERS transaction to take place.

D833818

https://www.raileurope.com/europe-travel-guide/france/paris/train-station/nord-train-station.html

Paris Nord Train Station

Paris Nord Train Station Paris Nord Train Station is a train station located in Paris. Keep in mind that some larger cities can have more than one station. WHEREFrom↔To WHENDepart Return (optional)WHO1 Adult I have a rail pass Station / Airport guide Station map Station location Getting there You can get to Paris Nord Train Station from Frankfurt, Brussels and Cologne. Best price and travel duration below. From London02:16$ 61From Amsterdam03:17$ 42From Frankfurt05:49$ 42From Brussels01:22$ 35From Cologne03:15$ 42From Brugge02:26$ 35From Lille01:01$ 18From Rotterdam02:37$ 56From Dusseldorf03:47$ 42From Antwerp02:02$ 49From Hanover07:28$ 42From Mannheim06:23$ 42From Calais01:32$ 18From Aachen02:36$ 42From Ebbsfleet International02:05$ 80From Ghent02:02$ 35From Boulogne02:00$ 18From Noyelles01:59$ 23From Maubeuge01:58$ 18From Charleroi01:54$ 36From Ashford01:52$ 61From Etaples02:21$ 18From Ostend02:41$ 49From Duisburg04:06$ 42From Essen04:20$ 42From Namur02:24$ 48From Valenciennes01:48$ 18From Liege02:08$ 35From Rue02:08$ 23From Rang Du Fliers02:13$ 18From Cambrai02:06$ 38From Abbeville01:47$ 12From Longueau00:59$ 12From Longueil Ste Mari00:52$ 16From Noyon00:59$ 21From Soissons01:04$ 22From Beauvais01:10$ 17From Amiens01:06$ 12From Arras00:50$ 18From St Just En Chauss00:47$ 17From Villers St Paul00:34$ 12From Creil00:25$ 12From Clermont De Lois00:36$ 15From Compiegne00:39$ 17From Bornel Belle Egli00:40$ 11From Douai01:10$ 18From Lens01:11$ 18From Tourcoing01:32$ 31From Laon01:28$ 28From Dunkerque01:42$ 18From Chantilly00:23$ 11From Aulnoye01:47$ 18From Roubaix01:27$ 42From Bethune01:25$ 18From Chauny01:15$ 25From St Quentin01:13$ 12From Anizy Pinon01:16$ 25From Mons01:21$ 33From Tergnier01:22$ 26From Hazebrouck01:48$ 18Station / Airport guide The Paris Nord Train Station (Gare du Nord) was originally built in 1846. Shortly after, it was rebuilt three times to increase the size of the station due to increasing traffic. The new and improved station was fully functional by 1864. The name was decided with the notion that travelers would be able to travel to Belgium, the Netherlands, Northern Germany and the Scandinavian countries. And of course that is just what happened, and with the ever-growing high-speed rail network, more and more destinations are reachable from the Paris Nord Train Station. Accessibility Travelers reduced mobility, please call the station at +33 890 640 650 at least 48 hours in advance to arrange assistance for either departure or arrival from trains at the Paris Nord Station. Tourism office : Hours : 9:00am to 8:00pm Baggage consignment : Hours : Monday to Friday : 6:15am to 11:15pm Saturday & Sunday : 6:45am to 11:15pm Location : Level 1 Lost and found : Hours : 8:00am to 1:00pm & 2:00pm to 8:00pm Location : Level -1 near car rental and taxi station exit Restrooms : Hours : 6:00am to 11:30pm Location : Track 36 Places to eat in the station : Autogrill Grignotin Autogrill Chips & Snacks Bonne Journée Currency exchange : Thomas Cook Travelex Hours : 7:30am to 11:40pm Location : Level 0, taxi parking exit Transportation and connections Transportation from Gare du Nord to the Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport train station : RER (Regional Express Railway) ; Line B train Departs : every 7 to 15 minutes Travel time : 35 minutes Hours : 5:00am to midnight, approximately To other railway stations from the Paris Nord Train Station : Metro : Lines 2, 4 and 5 RER : lines D,E and B Bus : 65>Gare de Lyon, 26>St-Lazare, 43>Gare de l’Est We recommend getting a Paris Visite to travel around Paris. Trains using this station : Eurostar TGV Thalys Countries commonly traveled to from this station : Belgium Netherlands Northern Germany UKStation map Station location Address: 112, rue de Maubeuge 75010 Paris

D1800524

https://www.verizonwireless.com/support/prepaid-plans-and-service-faqs/

Prepaid Plans and Service FAQs

Prepaid Plans and Service FAQs General Information Expand All What is Verizon Wireless prepaid service? Where can I use my prepaid service? What features are available with my prepaid service? What phones can I use with Verizon Wireless prepaid service? What prepaid plans are available? How do I get a prepaid plan? How do I activate my new Verizon Wireless prepaid phone? Do I need to make a call from my device to fully activate my service? What is Carryover Data? What is Always-On Data? Can I call international locations with my prepaid service? Can I use my prepaid service while traveling internationally? Can I call directory assistance (411 Search) from my Verizon Wireless prepaid phone? Am I charged for retrieving my voicemail messages from my prepaid phone? Can I use HD Voice on my prepaid device? Prepaid Monthly Plans Expand All What are prepaid monthly plans? What monthly plan options are currently available for prepaid smartphones? Is there a monthly plan option for prepaid basic phones? How much data do I need with my prepaid plan? How can I monitor my data usage on my prepaid account? How much Carryover Data can I have? Does my Carryover Data expire? Are all prepaid monthly plans eligible for Carryover Data? What will my Always-On Data experience be like with reduced speeds of 128 kbps? If my high speed data allowance runs out, should I use Always-On Data at a reduced speed at no charge, or should I buy more high speed data? Will I be notified that my speeds may be slowed down and the Always-On Data option is on? How do I purchase more high speed data if I need to? Can I use Mobile Hotspot on my prepaid unlimited data plan? Can I purchase "pay as you go data" if I don't pay the full monthly access fee of my monthly plan? Making Payments Expand All How do I make payments to my prepaid account? How long does it take for a payment to be applied to my prepaid account? When do payments I've made to my prepaid account expire? What is Auto Pay and how does it work for a prepaid account? How do I set up Auto Pay and start using it on my prepaid account online? Where can I find the prepaid Auto Pay Terms & Conditions? Where can I purchase a refill card for my prepaid account? How do I add a refill card or PIN to my prepaid account online? What should I do if I can't use the refill card or PIN to add money to my prepaid account? My prepaid plan has a monthly access fee. What if I can't pay the full amount on my due date? What happens if I don't make a payment before the expiration date on my prepaid account? Managing Your Prepaid Account Expand All How can I view detailed account information for my prepaid account? What are the rates, allowances and other plan details for my current prepaid plan? How can I check my account balance and expiration date for my prepaid plan? Can I change my current prepaid plan to a new prepaid plan? What happens when I change my monthly prepaid plan? Can I change my prepaid mobile number? Prepaid Lost/Stolen Suspension Expand All What is a Lost/Stolen Suspension? My prepaid phone has been lost or stolen. How do I suspend my service? If I suspend my prepaid service because my device was lost or stolen, will my device be usable? Can Verizon help track down my lost prepaid device? How do I reconnect my suspended prepaid device? Can I add money to my prepaid account when it is in a suspended status? What functions will be disabled when my phone has been suspended? What if I have Auto Pay on my account? How do I manually turn off Auto Pay when I suspend my prepaid service? Why am I still being charged when my service is suspended? What should I do if I find my lost prepaid device after suspending service? What if I want to discontinue my service? Moving Your Service Expand All Can I use my Verizon prepaid phone with a different wireless carrier? Android is a trademark of Google, Inc. Apple and i Phone are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. i OS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco in the US and other countries and is used under license. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.

D323403

http://www.odmp.org/officer/23564-police-officer-chase-maddox

Police Officer Chase Lee Maddox

Previous Next Police Officer Chase Lee Maddox Locust Grove Police Department, Georgia End of Watch Friday, February 9, 2018Page Actions Write a Reflection Add to My Heroes Suggest Updates Share Chase Lee Maddox Police Officer Chase Maddox was shot and killed while assisting two deputies from the Henry County Sheriff's Office serve a warrant at a home on St. Francis Court. The deputies had gone to the home to arrest the subject for failing to appear in court on a traffic violation. The man refused to cooperate and the deputies requested assistance from the Locust Grove Police Department. Several minutes after Officer Maddox arrived at the scene the officers attempted to take the man into custody. The subject opened fire on the officers, killing Officer Maddox and wounding both deputies before being shot and killed. Officer Maddox had served with the Locust Grove Police Department for five years. He is survived by his expectant wife and two sons. His second son was born four days after his death. Bio Age 26Tour 5 years Badge 216Incident Details Cause Gunfire Weapon Gun; Unknown type Offender Shot and killedwarrant service Most Recent Reflection View all 258 Reflections Rest in peace. Investigator Stephen Trejo Donna I. S. D. Police Dept. Tx March 28, 2018Create an account for more options, or use this form to leave a Reflection now. Your Reflection Your rank & name (will show below Reflection)Your agency or relationship (will show below Reflection)Your e-mail (e-mail remains private)I have read and agree to the Reflections Terms of Use (revised 5/31/2012)Submit Reflection Previous Recent LODD Deaths Deputy Sheriff Ryan Douglas Zirkle Marin County Sheriff's Office, CAEOW: March 15, 2018Police Officer Scotty Hamilton Pikeville Police Department, KYEOW: March 13, 2018Reserve Officer Christopher Michael Lawton Zachary Police Department, LAEOW: March 12, 2018Police Officer Keith Earle Huntsville Police Department, ALEOW: April 9, 2018Corporal Dale Hallman Saluda County Sheriff's Office, SCEOW: April 6, 2018Police Officer Phillip Lynn Meacham Hopkinsville Police Department, KYEOW: March 29, 2018Trooper First Class Kevin M. Miller Connecticut State Police, CTEOW: March 29, 2018Special Agent Melissa S. Morrow United States Department of Justice - Federal Bureau of Investigation, USEOW: March 22, 2018Police Officer Andres Laza-Caraballo Juncos Municipal Police Department, PREOW: March 21, 2018Deputy Sheriff Ryan Douglas Zirkle Marin County Sheriff's Office, CAEOW: March 15, 2018Police Officer Scotty Hamilton Pikeville Police Department, KYEOW: March 13, 2018Reserve Officer Christopher Michael Lawton Zachary Police Department, LAEOW: March 12, 2018Police Officer Keith Earle Huntsville Police Department, ALEOW: April 9, 2018Corporal Dale Hallman Saluda County Sheriff's Office, SCEOW: April 6, 2018Police Officer Phillip Lynn Meacham Hopkinsville Police Department, KYEOW: March 29, 2018Next

D3146812

https://store.leviton.com/products/15-amp-125-volt-co-alr-duplex-receptacle-straight-blade-residential-grade-grounding-ivory-white-12650

15-Amp 125-Volt, Co/Alr Duplex Receptacle, Straight Blade, Residential Grade, Grounding, Ivory/White, 12650

15-Amp 125-Volt, Co/Alr Duplex Receptacle, Straight Blade, Residential Grade, Grounding, Ivory/White, 12650SKU: 017-12650-00I$5.90Color Quantity+-Add to Cart Leviton's comprehensive Residential Grade Receptacles portfolio includes devices rated for all residential applications in a variety of standard configurations. They are produced in an array of colors in both Decora and traditional styles. These receptacles are specifically designed to work with aluminum conductors and are identified by CO/ALR stamped on the device.15 Amp, 125 Volt, Co/Alr Duplex Receptacle, Straight Blade, Residential Grade, Grounding. For direct connection to No. 12 or No. 10 aluminum conductors Terminal screws accept up to No. 12 copper or copper-clad wire Double-wipe power contacts for maximum conductivity and plug retention Heavy-gauge, rust-resistant steel mounting strap Shallow design for maximum wiring room For California residents, click here for Proposition 65 Warning.

D2786311

https://lawton.craigslist.org/search/bts

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D2128778

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070519190014AAg6X05

Why do I bruise so easily?

Health General Health Care Injuries Why do I bruise so easily?for the past few months I've been bruising VERY easily, I get bruised from hugs, lightly knocking my hand against my desk, even someone just poking me can result in an ugly purple green bruise. what causes this? its been going on for almost 9 months Follow 11 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Everyone bruises from times to time. If one is constantly banging against furniture or involved in heavy contact sports, bruises are expected. Some people bruise easily, while others can be knocked about frequently with no apparent bruising. However, there may be some factors to explain why you bruise easily. The amount of fat covering your body may be a contributing factor if you tend to bruise easily. If you do not have an adequate layer of body fat, then bruises will sometimes appear with the slightest knock. This is one of the reasons why some elderly people and children bruise easily. They may not have adequate fat on their arms and legs and may tend to bruise easily in these areas. Bruising occurs when blood vessels under the skin break or burst due to a knock or injury. When damaged, the capillaries leak blood under the skin, and purplish or red bruising results. The colors of the bruise will change as the swelling dies down and the bruise fades. Bruising does not only occur on the skin's surface. Deeper bruising can affect the tissues and organs. Although you will not be able to see these bruises, they can still swell and cause pain. A doctor should be consulted for any internal injury or pain. Another reason that some people bruise easily is a rare genetic disorder called von Willebrand disease, which prevents the blood from clotting properly. This disorder affects at least 1% of the population. The symptoms of von Willebrand disease include excessive bleeding, especially in the nose and gums. The condition can also cause sufferers to bruise easily, typically in unusual locations. Symptoms of von Willebrand disease can be very mild, and for this reason, the condition often goes undetected. Von Willebrand disease is treated with a medication called Desmopressin. Bruising is not abnormal. In some cases, you may bruise easily for no apparent reason from time to time. The colors of a bruise can sometimes look frightening, but they depend on the severity of the injury. If you experience any bruising that seems unusual, consult a doctor. Bruising can sometimes be a symptom of other illness, such as an irregularity in the liver or the blood clotting mechanism. If you bruise easily due to accidental or sports-related injuries, it is best to limit the amount of bleeding that occurs. This can be achieved simply by applying an ice pack to the area. If you have no ice available, simply take a bag of frozen vegetables from the freezer and apply it to the bruise. Piojita · 1 decade ago1 1 Comment Asker's rating Bruise Very Easily Source (s):https://shrinke.im/a9LSoradovich · 1 year ago0 0 Comment I bruise easily as well and even had to make a trip to the emergenct room for big black mysterious bruises. After a battery of tests, everything came back as normal. I take two mutli vitamins for women every morning and that helps. I have no idea which vitamin is helping, but clearly one is. It might be worth it to see your GP for some general bllod work and a test for anemia.ukoenig11 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment I bruise really easily too. I drink multiples vitamins everyday though. My moms like that too. C · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Do you eat properly? Take a Vitamin suppliment? If the answer to both of those is yes...then you need to see a doctor. Otherwise, eat right, there's no substitute...bookish · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentif you use a lot of Tylenol for pain this will causes easy bruising ===if you don't use aspirin of any kind see your Drcaffsans · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentthis can be happen if you ahve an eating disorder. Make sure you are eating healthily. you may also had a blad problem. You should really see a doctorflipflop2438 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment It may be a candida albicans syndrome, but it could be other things. Check it out at webmd or www.mayoclinic.com. Pegasus90 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Have you been taking medication. Sometimes that is the side effect. Fastily · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentget checked out, it could be a sign of diabetes.sparkydog_1372 · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment1 2 next Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Find Moving Container Services Time for a Caribbean cruise? Find Treatments for COPD Want to build your own website?

D961419

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_does_RNA_adenine_pair_with

What does adenine pair with in RNA?

What does adenine pair with in RNA? In RNA, adenine pairs with Uracil. Wudustan 6 Contributions In RNA adenine always pairs with? Uracil in Watson-Crick base-pairing though non-standard pairs exist. Responsum 120 Contributions Does thymine base pairs with adenine in RNA? In RNA, there are four kinds of base: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. There are no thymine bases. Therefore, there are no thymine and adenine base pairs. Addtional …Hannah Layton 588 Contributions What bases pairs with adenine in RNA? In RNA, there are four kinds of base: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. There are no thymine bases. Therefore, there are no thymine and adenine base pairs as there are in …What is the nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA? In RNA, adenine binds to Uracil. In DNA it binds to thymine. Toby71771 280 Contributions What base pairs with Adenine in RNA? Uracil. In normal DNA it would be Thymine, but in RNA Uracil becomes the base pair for Adenine. Brandon Vanden Boogard 2 Contributions In RNA adenine pairs with? Uracil. Melina P 37 Contributions What RNA pairs with adenine? The phosphate base that pairs with Adenine in RNA is Uracil. In a DNA strand Adenine would pair with Thymine. Betaclamp 22,524 Contributions What base in RNA pairs with adenine? Uracil. There are five bases in RNA/DNA. They are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil. In DNA: Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine In R …Toby71771 280 Contributions Which nucleotide base in RNA pairs with adenine in DNA? In DNA: Thymine pairs with Adenine. In RNA: Uracil pairs with Adenine. What Nitrogenous base does adenine pair up with in an RNA molecule? Uracil. Which of these RNA bases pairs with Adenine? In DNA it will be Thymine and in RNA it will be Uracil that "combines" with Adenine

D573443

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis

Sleep paralysis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Sleep paralysis The Nightmare by Henry Fuseli (1781) is thought to be a depiction of sleep paralysis perceived as a demonic visitation. Specialty Sleep medicine Symptoms Awareness but inability to move during waking or falling asleep [1] [2]Duration Less than a couple of minutes [2]Risk factors Narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, alcohol use, sleep deprivation [2] [1]Diagnostic method Based on description [2]Differential diagnosis Narcolepsy, atonic seizure, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, night terrors [2] [1]Treatment Reassurance, sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants [1]Frequency 8–50% [2]Sleep paralysis is when, during awakening or falling asleep, a person is aware but unable to move or speak. [1] [2] During an episode, one may hear, feel, or see things that are not there. [1] It often results in fear. [1] Episodes generally last less than a couple of minutes. [2] It may occur as a single episode or be recurrent. [1]The condition may occur in those who are otherwise healthy, those with narcolepsy, or may run in families as a result of specific genetic changes. [2] The condition can be triggered by sleep deprivation, psychological stress, or abnormal sleep cycles. [2] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a dysfunction in REM sleep. [2] Diagnosis is based on a person's description. [2] Other conditions that can present similarly include narcolepsy, atonic seizure, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis. [2]Treatment options for sleep paralysis have been poorly studied. [1] It is recommended that people be reassured that the condition is common and generally not serious. [1] Other efforts that may be tried include sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, and antidepressants. [1]Between 8% and 50% of people experience sleep paralysis at some time. [2] [3] About 5% of people have regular episodes. [2] Males and females are affected equally. [2] Sleep paralysis has been described throughout history. [1] It is believed to have played a role in the creation of stories about alien abduction and other paranormal events. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Signs and symptoms2 Pathophysiology2.1 Hallucinations2.2 Threat hyper-vigilance3 Diagnosis3.1 Classification4 Prevention5 Treatment5.1 Medications5.2 Cognitive-behavior therapy5.3 Meditation-relaxation therapy6 Epidemiology7 Society and culture7.1 Etymology7.2 Cultural significance and priming7.3 Literature7.4 Documentary films8 References9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit]A picture of a succubus -like vision, in contrast to the incubus. My Dream, My Bad Dream, 1915, by Fritz Schwimbeck The central symptom of sleep paralysis is being unable to move during awakening. [1]Imagined sounds such as humming, hissing, static, zapping and buzzing noises are reported during sleep paralysis. [4] Other sounds such as voices, whispers and roars are also experienced. [5] These symptoms are usually accompanied by intense emotions: such as fear, and panic. [6] People also have sensations of being dragged out of bed or of flying, numbness, and feelings of electric tingles or vibrations running through their body. [7]Sleep paralysis may include hallucinations, such as a supernatural creature suffocating or terrifying the individual, accompanied by a feeling of pressure on one's chest and difficulty breathing. [8] Another example of a hallucination involves a menacing shadowy figure entering one's room or lurking outside one's window, while the subject is paralyzed. [9]The body image distortion (affecting parietal regions and the temporoparietal junction) may result in the sleeper having bodily hallucinations, such as illusory limbs and out-of-body experiences. [10] The content and interpretation of these hallucinations are driven by fear, somatic sensations, REM-induced sexual arousal, and REM mentation which are embedded in the sleeper's cultural narrative. [10]REM sleep physiology and somatic symptoms coupled with the awareness that one is paralyzed, can generate a variety of psychological symptoms during sleep paralysis, including fear and worry that are aggravated by catastrophic cognitions about the attack. [10] This can activate a fight-flight reaction and panic-like arousal. Consequently, when the person attempts to escape the paralysis, somatic symptoms and arousal are exacerbated, as execution of motor programs in the absence of dampening proprioceptive feedback can lead to heightened sensations of bodily tightness and pressure, and even pain and spasms in limbs. [10]Pathophysiology [ edit]The pathophysiology of sleep paralysis has not been concretely identified, although there are several theories about its cause. [11] The first of these stems from the understanding that sleep paralysis is a parasomnia resulting from dysfunctional overlap of the REM and waking stages of sleep. [12] Polysomnographic studies found that individuals who experience sleep paralysis have shorter REM sleep latencies than normal along with shortened NREM and REM sleep cycles, and fragmentation of REM sleep. [13] This study supports the observation that disturbance of regular sleeping patterns can instigate an episode of sleep paralysis, because fragmentation of REM sleep commonly occurs when sleep patterns are disrupted and has now been seen in combination with sleep paralysis. [13]Another major theory is that the neural functions that regulate sleep are out of balance in such a way that causes different sleep states to overlap. [7] In this case, cholinergic sleep on neural populations are hyper activated and the serotonergic sleep off neural populations are under-activated. [7] As a result, the cells capable of sending the signals that would allow for complete arousal from the sleep state, the serotonergic neural populations, have difficulty in overcoming the signals sent by the cells that keep the brain in the sleep state. [7] During normal REM sleep, the threshold for a stimulus to cause arousal is greatly elevated. Under normal conditions, medial and vestibular nuclei, cortical, thalamic, and cerebellar centers coordinate things such as head and eye movement, and orientation in space. [7]However, in individuals with SP, there is almost no blocking of exogenous stimuli, which means it is much easier for a stimulus to arouse the individual. [7] There may also be a problem with the regulation of melatonin, which under normal circumstances regulates the serotonergic neural populations. [14] Melatonin is typically at its lowest point during REM sleep. [14] Inhibition of melatonin at an inappropriate time would make it impossible for the sleep off neural populations to depolarize when presented with a stimulus that would normally lead to complete arousal. [14] The vestibular nuclei in particular has been identified as being closely related to dreaming during the REM stage of sleep. [7] According to this hypothesis, vestibular-motor disorientation, unlike hallucinations, arise from completely endogenous sources of stimuli. [15]This could explain why the REM and waking stages of sleep overlap during sleep paralysis, and definitely explains the muscle paralysis experienced on awakening. [14] If the effects of sleep on neural populations cannot be counteracted, characteristics of REM sleep are retained upon awakening. Common consequences of sleep paralysis includes headaches, muscle pains or weakness and/or paranoia. As the correlation with REM sleep suggests, the paralysis is not complete: use of EOG traces shows that eye movement is still possible during such episodes; however, the individual experiencing sleep paralysis is unable to speak. [16]Research has found a genetic component in sleep paralysis. [17] The characteristic fragmentation of REM sleep, hypnopompic, and hypnagogic hallucinations have a heritable component in other parasomnias, which lends credence to the idea that sleep paralysis is also genetic. [18] Twin studies have shown that if one twin of a monozygotic pair experiences sleep paralysis that other twin is very likely to experience it as well. [18] The identification of a genetic component means that there is some sort of disruption of function at the physiological level. Further studies must be conducted to determine whether there is a mistake in the signaling pathway for arousal as suggested by the first theory presented, or whether the regulation of melatonin or the neural populations themselves have been disrupted. Hallucinations [ edit]Several types of hallucinations have been linked to sleep paralysis: the belief that there is an intruder in the room, the presence of an incubus, and the sensation of floating. [15] A neurological hypothesis is that in sleep paralysis the mechanisms which usually coordinate body movement and provide information on body position become activated and, because there is no actual movement, induce a floating sensation. [15] [10]The intruder and incubus hallucinations highly correlate with one another, and moderately correlate with the third hallucination, vestibular-motor disorientation, also known as out-of-body experiences, [15] which differ from the other two in not involving the threat-activated vigilance system. [19]Several theories have been proposed to explain the hallucinations that may accompany sleep paralysis, but there is currently no research that supports a neurological model. [20] [ unreliable medical source? ]Threat hyper-vigilance [ edit]A hyper-vigilant state created in the midbrain may further contribute to hallucinations. [7] [10] More specifically, the emergency response is activated in the brain when individuals wake up paralyzed and feel vulnerable to attack. [15] This helplessness can intensify the effects of the threat response well above the level typical of normal dreams, which could explain why such visions during sleep paralysis are so vivid. [15] The threat-activated vigilance system is a protective mechanism that differentiates between dangerous situations and determines whether the fear response is appropriate. [15]The hyper-vigilance response can lead to the creation of endogenous stimuli that contribute to the perceived threat. [7] A similar process may explain hallucinations, with slight variations, in which an evil presence is perceived by the subject to be attempting to suffocate them, either by pressing heavily on the chest or by strangulation. [15] A neurological explanation hold that this results from a combination of the threat vigilance activation system and the muscle paralysis associated with sleep paralysis that removes voluntary control of breathing. [15] Several features of REM breathing patterns exacerbate the feeling of suffocation. [15] [10] These include shallow rapid breathing, hypercapnia, and slight blockage of the airway, which is a symptom prevalent in sleep apnea patients. [7]According to this account, the subjects attempt to breathe deeply and finds themselves unable to do so, creating a sensation of resistance, which the threat-activated vigilance system interprets as an unearthly being sitting on their chest, threatening suffocation. [7] The sensation of entrapment causes a feedback loop when the fear of suffocation increases as a result of continued helplessness, causing the subjects to struggle to end the SP episode. [15]Diagnosis [ edit]Sleep paralysis is mainly diagnosed via clinical interview and ruling out other potential sleep disorders that could account for the feelings of paralysis. [11] [12] The main disorder that is checked for is narcolepsy due to the high prevalence of narcolepsy in conjunction with sleep paralysis. The availability of a genetic test for narcolepsy makes this an easy disorder to rule out. [18] Several measures are available to reliably diagnose (e.g., the fearful isolated sleep paralysis interview [19] [21]) or screen ( Munich Parasomnia Screening [22]) for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. Classification [ edit]Episodes of sleep paralysis can occur in the context of several medical conditions (e.g., narcolepsy, hypokalemia ). When episodes occur independent of these conditions or substance use, it is termed "isolated sleep paralysis" (ISP). [14] [21] When ISP episodes are more frequent and cause clinically-significant distress and/or interference, it is classified as "recurrent isolated sleep paralysis" (RISP). Episodes of sleep paralysis, regardless of classification, are generally short (1–6 minutes), but longer episodes have been documented. [7] With RISP the individual can also suffer back-to-back episodes of sleep paralysis in the same night, which is unlikely in individuals who suffer from ISP. [14]It can be difficult to differentiate between cataplexy brought on by narcolepsy and true sleep paralysis, because the two phenomena are physically indistinguishable. [14] The best way to differentiate between the two is to note when the attacks occur most often. Narcolepsy attacks are more common when the individual is falling asleep; ISP and RISP attacks are more common upon awakening. [19]Prevention [ edit]Several circumstances have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of sleep paralysis. These include insomnia, sleep deprivation, an erratic sleep schedule, stress, and physical fatigue. It is also believed that there may be a genetic component in the development of RISP, because there is a high concurrent incidence of sleep paralysis in monozygotic twins. [18] Sleeping in the supine position has been found an especially prominent instigator of sleep paralysis. [23] [8]Sleeping in the supine position is believed to make the sleeper more vulnerable to episodes of sleep paralysis because in this sleeping position it is possible for the soft palate to collapse and obstruct the airway. [23] This is a possibility regardless of whether the individual has been diagnosed with sleep apnea or not. There may also be a greater rate of microarousals while sleeping in the supine position because there is a greater amount of pressure being exerted on the lungs by gravity. [23]While many factors can increase risk for ISP or RISP, they can be avoided with minor lifestyle changes. [12] By maintaining a regular sleep schedule and observing good sleep hygiene, one can reduce chances of sleep paralysis. It helps subjects to reduce the intake of stimulants and stress in daily life by taking up a hobby or seeing a trained psychologist who can suggest coping mechanisms for stress. However, some cases of ISP and RISP involve a genetic factor—which means some people may find sleep paralysis unavoidable. Practicing meditation regularly might also be helpful in preventing fragmented sleep, and thus the occurrence of sleep paralysis. [10] Research has shown that long-term meditation practitioners spend more time in slow wave sleep, and as such regular meditation practice could reduce nocturnal arousal and thus possibly sleep paralysis. [10]Treatment [ edit]Medical treatment starts with education about sleep stages and the inability to move muscles during REM sleep. People should be evaluated for narcolepsy if symptoms persist. [24] The safest treatment for sleep paralysis is for people to adopt healthier sleeping habits. However, in more serious cases tricyclic antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be used. [25] Despite the fact that these treatments are prescribed there is currently no drug that has been found to completely interrupt episodes of sleep paralysis a majority of the time. [25]Medications [ edit]Though no large trials have taken place which focus on the treatment of sleep paralysis, several drugs have promise in case studies. [26] Two trials of GHB for people with narcolepsy demonstrated reductions in sleep paralysis episodes. [26]Cognitive-behavior therapy [ edit]Some of the earliest work in treating sleep paralysis was done using a culturally sensitive cognitive-behavior therapy called CA-CBT. The work focuses on psycho-education and modifying catastrophic cognitions about the sleep paralysis attack. [27] [28] This approach has previously been used to treat sleep paralysis in Egypt, although clinical trials are lacking. [29]The first published psychosocial treatment for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis was cognitive-behavior therapy for isolated sleep paralysis (CBT-ISP). [21] CBT-ISP is manualized, has an adherence manual for research purposes, and is intended to both prevent and disrupt ISP episodes. [30] It begins with self-monitoring of symptoms, cognitive restructuring of maladaptive thoughts relevant to ISP (e.g., "the paralysis will be permanent"), and psychoeducation about the nature of sleep paralysis. Prevention techniques include ISP-specific sleep hygiene and the preparatory use of various relaxation techniques (e.g. diaphragmatic breathing, mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation). Episode disruption techniques [31] are first practiced in session and then applied during actual attacks. No controlled trial of CBT-ISP has yet been conducted to prove its effectiveness. Meditation-relaxation therapy [ edit]Meditation-relaxation (MR) therapy is a published direct treatment for sleep paralysis. [10] The treatment was partly derived from the neuroscientific hypothesis suggesting that attempting movement during sleep paralysis (e.g., due to panic-like reactions) can lead to neurological distortions of one's "body image", possibly triggering hallucinations of shadowy human-like figures. [32] [ unreliable medical source?] [33] [34] The therapy is based on four steps applied during sleep paralysis: (1) reappraisal of the meaning of the attack (cognitive reappraisal); which entails closing one's eyes, avoid panicking and re-appraising the meaning of the attack as benign. (2) psychological and emotional distancing (emotion regulation); the sleeper reminds him- or herself that catastrophizing the event (i.e., fear and worry) will worsen and possibly prolong it; (3) inward focused-attention meditation; focusing attention inward on an emotionally salient positive object; 4) muscle relaxation; relaxing one's muscles, avoid controlling breathing and avoid attempting to move. There are preliminary case reports supporting this treatment, although no randomized clinical trials yet to show its effectiveness. [10] [35]Epidemiology [ edit]Sleep paralysis is equally experienced in both males and females. [3] [36] Lifetime prevalence rates derived from 35 aggregated studies indicate that approximately 8% of the general population, 28% of students, and 32% of psychiatric patients experience at least one episode of sleep paralysis at some point in their lives. [3] Rates of recurrent sleep paralysis are not as well known, but 15%-45% of those with a lifetime history of sleep paralysis may meet diagnostic criteria for Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis. [19] [11] In surveys from Canada, China, England, Japan and Nigeria, 20% to 60% of individuals reported having experienced sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. [6] In general, non-whites appear to experience sleep paralysis at higher rates than whites, but the magnitude of the difference is rather small. [3] Approximately 36% of the general population that experiences isolated sleep paralysis is likely to develop it between 25 and 44 years of age. [37]Isolated sleep paralysis is commonly seen in patients that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy. Approximately 30–50% of people that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy have experienced sleep paralysis as an auxiliary symptom. [37] A majority of the individuals who have experienced sleep paralysis have sporadic episodes that occur once a month to once a year. Only 3% of individuals experiencing sleep paralysis that is not associated with a neuromuscular disorder have nightly episodes. [37]Sleep paralysis could lead the individual to acquire conditioned fear of the experience ("worry attacks"), resulting in more nighttime awakening and fragmented sleep (because of nocturnal arousal and hyper-alertness to symptoms of paralysis), making the person more likely to have sleep paralysis in the future. [10]Society and culture [ edit]Etymology [ edit]A 19th century version of Füssli's The Nightmare (1781)The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by Samuel Johnson in his A Dictionary of the English Language as nightmare, a term that evolved into our modern definition. Such sleep paralysis was widely considered the work of demons, and more specifically incubi, which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In Old English the name for these beings was mare or mære (from a proto-Germanic*marōn, cf. Old Norse mara ), hence comes the mare in the word nightmare. The word might be etymologically cognate to Greek Marōn (in the Odyssey) and Sanskrit Māra. [14]Cultural significance and priming [ edit]Le Cauchemar ( The Nightmare ), by Eugène Thivier (1894)Although the core features of sleep paralysis (e.g., atonia, a clear sensorium, and frequent hallucinations) appear to be universal, the ways in which they are experienced vary according to time, place, and culture. [38] [8] Over 100 terms have been identified for these experiences. [21] Some scientists have proposed sleep paralysis as an explanation for reports of paranormal phenomena such as ghost s, [39] [40] parasites, alien visits, [41] demons or demonic possession, [8] [33]alien abduction experiences, [42] the Night Hag and shadow people haunting. [15] [11]The night hag is a generic name for a fantastical creature from the folklore of various peoples which is used to explain the phenomenon of sleep paralysis. A common description is that a person feels a presence of a supernatural malevolent being which immobilizes the person as if sitting on his/her chest. [43] Various cultures have various names for this phenomenon and/or supernatural character. For example, sleep paralysis is referred to as a Pandafeche attack in Italy. [8]Among Italians the Pandafeche may refer to an evil witch, sometimes a ghost-like-spirit or a terrifying cat-like creature. [8] Sleep paralysis among Cambodians is known as, “the ghost pushes you down,” [40] and entails the belief in dangerous visitations from deceased relatives. [40] In Egypt, sleep paralysis is conceptualized as a terrifying Jinn attack. The Jinn (i.e., evil genies) may terrorize and even kill its victims. [38] Sleep paralysis is sometimes interpreted as space alien abduction in the United States. [44]According to some scientists culture may be a major factor in shaping sleep paralysis. [33] When sleep paralysis is interpreted through a particular cultural filter, it may take on greater salience. For example, if sleep paralysis is feared in a certain culture, this fear could lead to conditioned fear, and thus worsen the experience, in turn leading to higher rates. [8] [33] Consistent with this idea, high rates and long durations of immobility during sleep paralysis have been found in Egypt, where there are elaborate beliefs about sleep paralysis, involving malevolent spirit-like creatures, the Jinn. [33]Research has found that sleep paralysis is associated with great fear and fear of impending death in 50% of sufferers in Egypt. [33] A study comparing rates and characteristics of sleep paralysis in Egypt and Denmark found that the phenomenon is three times more common in Egypt versus Denmark. [33] In Denmark, unlike Egypt, there are no elaborate supernatural beliefs about sleep paralysis, and the experience is often interpreted as an odd physiological event, with overall shorter sleep paralysis episodes and fewer people (17%) fearing that they could die from it. [38]Literature [ edit]Various forms of magic and spiritual possession were also advanced as causes in literature. In nineteenth century Europe, the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge attributes the ghost he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." In a similar vein, the Household Cyclopedia (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares:"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible." [45]J. M. Barrie, the author of the Peter Pan stories, may have had sleep paralysis. He said of himself ‘In my early boyhood it was a sheet that tried to choke me in the night.’ [46] He also described several incidents in the Peter Pan stories that indicate that he was familiar with an awareness of a loss of muscle tone whilst in a dream-like state. For example, Maimie is asleep but calls out ‘What was that.... It is coming nearer! It is feeling your bed with its horns-it is boring for [into] you’. [47] and when the Darling children were dreaming of flying, Barrie says ‘Nothing horrid was visible in the air, yet their progress had become slow and laboured, exactly as if they were pushing their way through hostile forces. Sometimes they hung in the air until Peter had beaten on it with his fists.’ [48] Barrie describes many parasomnias and neurological symptoms in his books and uses them to explore the nature of consciousness from an experiential point of view. [49]Documentary films [ edit]The Nightmare is a 2015 documentary that discusses the causes of sleep paralysis as seen through extensive interviews with participants, and the experiences are re-enacted by professional actors. In synopsis, it proposes that such cultural memes as alien abduction, the near death experience and shadow people can, in many cases, be attributed to sleep paralysis. The "real-life" horror film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2015 and premiered in theatres on June 5, 2015. [50]References [ edit]^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sharpless, BA (2016). "A clinician's guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis". Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 12: 1761–67. doi: 10.2147/NDT. S100307. PMC 4958367. PMID 27486325.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Avidan, Alon Y.; Zee, Phyllis C. (2011). Handbook of Sleep Medicine (2 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. Chapter 5. ISBN 9781451153859.^ a b c d Sharpless, Brian A.; Barber, Jacques P. (October 2011). "Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: A systematic review". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 15 (5): 311–315. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.007. PMC 3156892. PMID 21571556.^ Thorpy, M. J. (ed). (1990). 'Sleep paralysis'. ICSD-International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Rochester, Minn.: American Sleep Disorders Association.^ Spanos N. P., Mc Nulty S. A., Du Breuil S. C., Pires M. (1995). " ' The frequency and correlates of sleep paralysis in a university sample ' ". Journal of Research in Personality. 29 (3): 285–305. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1995.1017.^ a b Blackmore Susan J., Parker Jennifer J. (2002). " ' Comparing the Content of Sleep Paralysis and Dream Reports ' " (PDF). Dreaming. 12 (1): 45–59. doi: 10.1023/A:1013894522583. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-29.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cheyne, J.; Rueffer, S.; Newby-Clark, I. (1999). "Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations during Sleep Paralysis: Neurological and Cultural Construction of the Night-Mare". Consciousness and Cognition. 8 (3): 319–337. doi: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0404. PMID 10487786.^ a b c d e f g Jalal, Baland; Romanelli, Andrea; Hinton, Devon E. (2015-12-01). "Cultural Explanations of Sleep Paralysis in Italy: The Pandafeche Attack and Associated Supernatural Beliefs". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 39 (4): 651–664. doi: 10.1007/s11013-015-9442-y. ISSN 1573-076X. PMID 25802016.^ Cheyne J. A. (2003). " ' Sleep Paralysis and the Structure of Waking-Nightmare Hallucinations ' ". Dreaming. 13 (3): 163–79. doi: 10.1023/a:1025373412722.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jalal, Baland (2016-01-01). "How to Make the Ghosts in my Bedroom Disappear? Focused-Attention Meditation Combined with Muscle Relaxation (MR Therapy)—A Direct Treatment Intervention for Sleep Paralysis". Psychology for Clinical Settings. 7: 28. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00028. PMC 4731518. PMID 26858675. Archived from the original on 2016-06-07.^ a b c d A.,, Sharpless, Brian. Unusual and rare psychological disorders : a handbook for clinical practice and research. ISBN 9780190245863. OCLC 952152912.^ a b c Goldstein, K. (2011). "Parasomnias". Dis Mon. 57 (7): 364–88. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.04.007. PMID 21807161.^ a b Walther, B.; Schulz, H. (2004). "Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings". Somnologie – Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin. 8 (2): 53–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00017.x.^ a b c d e f g h Terrillon, J.; Marques-Bonham, S. (2001). "Does Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis Involve More Than Cognitive Neurosciences?". Journal of Scientific Exploration. 15: 97–123.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cheyne, J. (2003). "Sleep Paralysis and the Structure of Waking-Nightmare Hallucinations". Dreaming. 13 (3): 163–179. doi: 10.1023/A:1025373412722.^ Hearne, K. (1990) The Dream Machine: Lucid dreams and how to control them, p18. ISBN 0-85030-906-9^ (Sehgal 2011)^ a b c d Sehgal, A.; Mignot, E. (2011). "Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders". Cell. 146 (2): 194–207. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.004. PMC 3153991. PMID 21784243.^ a b c d Sharpless, B.; Mc Carthy, K.; Chambless, D.; Milrod, B.; Khalsa, S.; Barber, J. (2010). "Isolated sleep paralysis and fearful isolated sleep paralysis in outpatients with panic attacks". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 66 (12): 1292–1306. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20724. PMC 3624974. PMID 20715166.^ Jalal, Baland; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (2014-12-01). "Sleep paralysis and "the bedroom intruder": The role of the right superior parietal, phantom pain and body image projection". Medical Hypotheses. 83 (6): 755–757. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.002. PMID 25459150.^ a b c d Sharpless, B., and Doghramji, K (2015). Sleep Paralysis: Historical, Psychological, and Medical Perspectives. Oxford University Press.^ Fulda, Stephany; Hornyak, Magdolna; Müller, Karin; Cerny, Lukas; Beitinger, Pierre A.; Wetter, Thomas C. (2008-03-01). "Development and validation of the Munich Parasomnia Screening (MUPS)". Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin. 12 (1): 56–65. doi: 10.1007/s11818-008-0336-x. ISSN 1432-9123.^ a b c Cheyne, J. (2002). "Situational factors affecting sleep paralysis and associated hallucinations: position and timing effects". Journal of Sleep Research. 11 (2): 169–177. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00297.x. PMID 12028482.^ Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: Epidemiology and Management. CNS Drugs [serial online]. December 2002;16 (12):803–810.^ a b Stores, G. (2003). "Medication for sleep-wake disorders". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88 (10): 899–903. doi: 10.1136/adc.88.10.899. PMC 1719336. PMID 14500311.^ a b Sharpless, Brian (2016-07-19). "A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 12: 1761–1767. doi: 10.2147/ndt.s100307. PMC 4958367. PMID 27486325.^ Hinton, Devon E.; Pich, Vuth; Chhean, Dara; Pollack, Mark H.; Mc Nally, Richard J. (2005). "Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity". Depression and Anxiety. 22 (2): 47–51. doi: 10.1002/da.20084. ISSN 1091-4269. PMID 16094659.^ Hinton, Devon E.; Pich, Vuth; Chhean, Dara; Pollack, Mark H. (2005-03-01). " ' The ghost pushes you down': sleep paralysis-type panic attacks in a Khmer refugee population". Transcultural Psychiatry. 42 (1): 46–77. doi: 10.1177/1363461505050710. ISSN 1363-4615. PMID 15881268. Archived from the original on 2017-07-08.^ Jalal, Baland; Samir, Sherine W.; Hinton, Devon E. (2017-02-01). "Adaptation of CBT for Traumatized Egyptians: Examples from Culturally Adapted CBT (CA-CBT)". Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 24 (1): 58–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.001.^ Sharpless, Brian A.; Doghramji, Karl (2017). "Commentary: How to Make the Ghosts in my Bedroom Disappear? Focused-Attention Meditation Combined with Muscle Relaxation (MR Therapy)—A Direct Treatment Intervention for Sleep Paralysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00506. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5376615. PMID 28421022. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.^ Sharpless, Brian Andrew; Grom, Jessica Lynn (2016-03-03). "Isolated Sleep Paralysis: Fear, Prevention, and Disruption". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 14 (2): 134–139. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2014.963583. ISSN 1540-2002. PMID 25315810.^ Jalal, Baland; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (2014-12-01). "Sleep paralysis and "the bedroom intruder": The role of the right superior parietal, phantom pain and body image projection". Medical Hypotheses. 83 (6): 755–757. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.002. PMID 25459150.^ a b c d e f g Jalal, Baland; Hinton, Devon E. (2013-07-25). "Rates and Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis in the General Population of Denmark and Egypt". Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 37 (3): 534–548. doi: 10.1007/s11013-013-9327-x. ISSN 0165-005X.^ Jalal, Baland; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (2017). "Sleep Paralysis, "The Ghostly Bedroom Intruder" and Out-of-Body Experiences: The Role of Mirror Neurons". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00092. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 5329044. PMID 28293186. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28.^ Jalal, Baland (2017). "Response: Commentary: How to Make the Ghosts in my Bedroom Disappear? Focused-Attention Meditation Combined with Muscle Relaxation (MR Therapy)—A Direct Treatment Intervention for Sleep Paralysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00760. ISSN 1664-1078. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28.^ Dauvilliers, Y.; Billiard, M.; Montplaisir, J. (2003). "Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy". Clinical Neurophysiology. 114 (11): 2000–2017. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457 (03)00203-7. PMID 14580598.^ a b c Ohayon, M.; Zulley, J.; Guilleminault, C.; Smirne, S. (1999). "Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population". Neurology. 52 (6): 1194–2000. doi: 10.1212/WNL.52.6.1194.^ a b c Jalal, Baland; Simons-Rudolph, Joseph; Jalal, Bamo; Hinton, Devon E. (2014-04-01). "Explanations of sleep paralysis among Egyptian college students and the general population in Egypt and Denmark". Transcultural Psychiatry. 51 (2): 158–175. doi: 10.1177/1363461513503378. ISSN 1461-7471. PMID 24084761.^ David., Hufford,. The terror that comes in the night : an experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions / monograph. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 081221305X. OCLC 862147963.^ a b c Hinton, Devon E.; Pich, Vuth; Chhean, Dara; Pollack, Mark H. (2005-03-01). " ' The Ghost Pushes You Down': Sleep Paralysis-Type Panic Attacks in a Khmer Refugee Population". Transcultural Psychiatry. 42 (1): 46–77. doi: 10.1177/1363461505050710. ISSN 1363-4615. PMID 15881268.^ Blackmore, Susan. (1998) "Abduction by Aliens or Sleep Paralysis?" Archived 2010-08-13 at the Wayback Machine .. Skeptical Inquirer, May/June 1998. (Retrieved 13 May 2014)^ Mc Nally RJ, Clancy SA (2005). "Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction". Transcultural Psychiatry. 42 (1): 113–122. doi: 10.1177/1363461505050715. PMID 15881271.^ Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1, edited by Thomas A. Green, p. 588 Archived 2015-05-19 at the Wayback Machine.^ Mc Nally, Richard J.; Clancy, Susan A. (2005-03-01). "Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction". Transcultural Psychiatry. 42 (1): 113–122. doi: 10.1177/1363461505050715. ISSN 1363-4615. PMID 15881271. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03.^ "The Household Cyclopedia – Medicine". mspong.org. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02.^ Barrie, James (1887). My Ghastly Dream. Edinburgh Evening Post.^ Barrie, James (1906). Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. Hodder and Stoughton.^ Barrie, James (1911). Peter and Wendy. Hodder and Stoughton.^ Ridley, Rosalind (2016). Peter Pan and the Mind of J. M. Barrie. An Exploration of Cognition and Consciousness. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-9107-3.^ "Watch: First Trailer for Creepy Sleep Paralysis Doc 'The Nightmare ' ". firstshowing.net. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. External links [ edit]Classification V · T · DICD - 10: G47.8, G83.8 Diseases DB: 12182Sleep information and links from Stanford University Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences from University of Waterloo [ show]v t e Psychophysiology: Sleep and sleep disorders ( F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327)Categories: Sleep physiology Sleep disorders Neuropsychology Psychiatric diagnosis

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https://www.quora.com/How-many-calories-are-in-a-serving-of-bread-with-butter-What-are-some-ways-of-reducing-the-calories

How many calories are in a serving of bread with butter? What are some ways of reducing the calories?

Stacey Hancock, Holistic & Diagnostic Nutritionist / Freelance Health Writer Answered Feb 23, 2016As the other answers say, depends on the type of bread, and also how much butter you're using. I would be interested to know what your goal is in reducing calories, because our metabolism does reduce when we reduce calories, and if we reduce too low then you may not get the results you're looking for (can I assume it's weight loss? or a slowing down of weight gain?) You are better off eating a slow digestible carbohydrate like sweet potato, vegetables or soaked and unmodified wholegrains, and use oils like avocado, coconut oil and quality artisan cheese (I know that sounds weird, but research has some interesting results on this). And of course, in moderation. As for bread and butter, its not about the bread and butter per se, but what the entire diet looks like in general. I had a client once who focused in on the whole watermelon she ate but ignored the fact she was eating crap for the other days - we tend to shine our spotlight on areas that aren't relevant, or at least not 100% relevant. Two slices of good quality sourdough bread, the thickness of your finger along with 2tsp of butter (preferably organic) is actually a perfectly fine amount of calories. The question I believe you need to ask is more related to what you want the reduction of calories for, eg "How do I lose weight?". :)5.4k Views Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? Related Questions More Answers Below What is the best way to reduce the calories in fried bread? How many calories are there in buttered toast, on average? Are there any calories in Eclipse mints? If so, how many calories are there per serving? What are some ways Yoplait can reduce the calories in its Raspberry yogurt? How many calories are burnt in kissing? Ask New Question Josh Crowe, father, podcaster, gamer, student of life Answered Feb 28, 2016 · Author has 560 answers and 384.3k answer views My rule of thumb is that a pat of butter is 100 calories and a slice of bread is 100 calories. This is just a ballpark because calories are mostly irrelevant. If you want less calories from bread and butter, eat less. Real natural butter is actually fairly healthy and makes you feel satiated. So clearly don't swap that out. Whole wheat is slightly "better" than white, but not that much. You are better of eating a tiny amount of good tasty bread, if it keeps you from consuming lots of low quality bread. If your goal is health or weight loss, rather than knowing a pointless number (calories). Eat bread as part of a meal that has meats and vegetables mixed in. Or, skip the bread, it's empty calories anyway.4.1k Views Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?promoted by 23and Me Explore your DNA with 23and Me. Learn how your genes play a role in your well-being and lifestyle choices. Learn More at 23andme.com Yaash Mittal, Computer Science Engineer. Answered Sep 16, 2016 · Author has 70 answers and 25.7k answer views Hi Divya ,there are around 100 calories in 1 serving of 2 bread with butter,bt there are various ways to reduce the intake of calories-drink more water,it will keep you satiated,always have 1–2 glass of water before any major meal,it will prevent overeating,also have fat free milk,eat salad,eat more veggoes (preferably boiled),eat eggs (especially egg whites),eat a lot of watery seasonal friits like orange,watermelon, mausambi..1.6k Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Divya Gautam Michelle Berman, Dietitian in Private Practice at Nutritional Healing (2005-present)Answered Mar 26, 2017 · Author has 99 answers and 61.2k answer views It really depends upon what kind of bread and how much butter. Generally, a tablespoon of butter is approximately 100–120 calories and a normal sized slice of bread is about 70–80 calories. There are 3 teaspoons in a tablespoon so you can figure it out from there. All pre-packaged breads should have their calories listed on the label.12.3k Views · View Upvoters Phillip Abbott, studied Department of Applied Mathematics and Computational Science at University of St Andrews (1974)Answered May 16, 2017 · Author has 1.6k answers and 456.3k answer views Well it depends. How big is your slice of bread, and how much butter did you spread? Reducing the calories is really simple. Use smaller slices of bread (some “diet” loaves are marked with the calories/slice for your convenience), and less (or even skip) the butter. It is easier to spread butter thinly if it is warmed, although I understand on good authority that marmalade is tasty if it’s very thickly spread (according to friends of Pooh). But it will not help with your dietary concerns.1.4k Viewspromoted by Universe Host a memorable event with us. Simple setup and affordable pricing for your event ticketing, online and onsite. Get started today!Start Now at universe.com Ishan Mishra, Foodie/ Health freak Answered Feb 23, 2016A slice of wheat bread counts roughly 72Kcals and a normal white bread is around 80Kcals and a tablespoon of butter would be 110Kcals. You can reduce the calorie intake by using low fat butter/spread. Please be advised that any low fat product available in market is not healthy as the process/chemicals involved in reducing the fat content are unhealthy and can cause allergies/reaction later on in your life. So its better to have natural food in small portion than optimg for these low fat or chemically treated food items.1.9k Views Catherine Richards, Believe in using common sense to figure out problems Answered Oct 29, 2016 · Author has 888 answers and 486.4k answer views The number of calories will vary depending on the type of bread and the variety of butter. It will also depend on how much butter you are putting on the bread. Please read the nutritional labels on the products you are using to determine the number of calories you are consuming. Instead of just reducing the calories, you might consider ways to use more calories. When comparing types of bread, consider the dietary fiber amounts. The higher these are, the more calories your body will use to convert the food into energy. They will also help you feel full so you may eat less. Another advantage is that they will assist in regulating your bowel movements. Also look at the amount of protein in your foods. Protein is necessary for the body to build and repair muscle. This will also give you more energy to be more active and burn more calories. Instead of just butter, you might consider other types of spreads like almond butter or peanut butter. These will give you more protein than plain butter.2.3k Views Stephane Dauzat, engineer. Updated Jan 22, 2017 · Author has 543 answers and 392.9k answer views Depending on the type of bread: rye, wholemeal or white, one average 32 gram slice packs between 70 to 80 calories. Regular butter is 7 calories per gram so the total can be anywhere between 90-100 calories for a very lightly buttered whole wheat slice and 200 calories for a thickly buttered, white bread toast. Going for wholemeal, grain or rye bread will lower the calories compared to white bread, but not much - they have other health benefits especially on your blood sugar level. Obviously, type and quantity of butter can make a bigger difference so butter lightly and maybe use canola or olive oil based spreads instead.7.3k Views · View Upvoters Dale Grillot, Mechanical Engineer and advocate of Low Carb lifestyle Answered Oct 29, 2016 · Author has 867 answers and 267.5k answer views You can easily get this information from the nutritional labels on product packaging. Here’s some information not found on the bread wrapper. Bread consists primarily of complex carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates may be referred to as dietary starch and are made of sugar molecules strung together like a necklace or branched like a coil. A more technical explanation, “Complex carbohydrates have more complex chemical structures, with three or more sugars linked together (known as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides).”When these carbohydrates are exposed to stomach acid, the bonds are broken and converted into simple carbohydrate, which is sugar. So to the body, bread is little more than sugar with some fiber thrown in. In our area, the local bread company has some breads that are lower calorie, around 35 calories per slice. I am not sure how they lower the calorie level in these breads, but these breads are usually sliced thinner as well. For me, the most important thing to check for in most foods is the amount of carbohydrate (minus the amount of fiber).9.4k Views Neri Kasa, Qualified Nutritionist Answered Aug 10, 2016 · Author has 203 answers and 110.6k answer viewsnot sure what kind of bread you talking? don’t count calories, eat real, unprocessed food. Give your body nutrients from nature food, such as avocado, beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, coconut oil, coconut meat, coconut water. And reduce everything has been processed.2.3k Views Martha Artyomenko, I have been baking for over 30 years. Answered Aug 10, 2016 · Author has 1.2k answers and 1m answer views I think the amount of calories remain pretty much the same if you are doing bread with butter. But you can make it healthier for you. A total whole grain bread with seeds, in it, might be higher in calories, but your body will use it better. It will digest better, and keep your blood sugar more stable. The healthy fats in the butter will be higher calories than a low calorie substitute, but your skin, brain and other organs will thank you for using the real butter.6.9k Views · View Upvoters

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http://coachmenrv.com/product-details.aspx?LineID=65&Image=754

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https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/identify-explain-4-strategies-tactics-used-by-367597

What are some strategies/tactics used by interest groups to influence public policy?

Expert Answersthanatassa | Certified Educator There are many different strategies interest groups can use to influence public policy. They include: Petitions. Many groups create petitions they can deliver to officials to ask for changes in legislation or enforcement. Elected officials, in particular, can be sensitive to this sort of pressure as people who sign petitions and are politically active are more likely to vote. Demonstrations, marches, and pickets: All of these can raise awareness of a particular issue. Social and New Media: Social media campaigns are a good way to spread awareness of issues and influence legislation, as are websites and blogs. Conventional Media Campaigns: Writing opinion pieces and op eds and sending out press releases can influence legislators and public opinion. Lobbying: This can directly influence legislators. Most large interest group have active lobbyists. Ballot Initiatives: In twenty-six states, citizen groups can sponsor ballot initiatives. Lawsuits: Often test cases or class action suits can clarify laws or enhance the level of enforcement. Further Reading:https://ballotpedia.org/States_with_initiative_or_referendumhttps://www.enotes.com/research-starters/u-s-politics-spe...list Citelink Linkpohnpei397 | Certified Educator Interest groups engage in a variety of tactics to try to influence public policy. Among the most important of these are: Lobbying. Interest groups pay people to interact directly with politicians. These lobbyists try to persuade lawmakers to support policies the interest groups support. Campaign contributions. Interest groups give money to politicians to help fund their campaigns. They hope to gain access to political officials and to help sympathetic politicians get elected. Mobilizing members’ opinion. Interest groups often try to make their members aware of policy issues that are important to the groups. They encourage members to contact politicians and put pressure on them. Litigation. Interest groups sometimes sue the government to try to force it to take actions that the groups approve of.list Citelink Link

D2103701

https://teaser-trailer.com/incredibles-2-movie/

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Incredibles 2 Movie The first opus of the Incredibles was released in 2004. It was welcome by the public and it kind of became cult. Because of Pixar’s previous policy of spitting on sequels there was little hope for a movie sequel to the Incredibles. But since Pixar has been acquired by Disney, that policy has changed. And sequels are definitely part of Pixar’s new road map (like Cars 2, or Toy Story 3). Does it mean that Incredibles 2 will enter into production soon? Well, unfortunately, not really… There is still a certain way of working at Pixar, and for a sequel to be greenlit, it must have been more or less validated by the director of the original film… So if the movie Incredibles 2 hasn’t been released yet it’s most likely because Director Brad Bird (who helmed the first Incredibles film) isn’t ready to do it yet…Incredibles 2 Trailer Here’s what he said, back in 2007, about a potential Incredibles 2 movie:“I love the world. I love the characters, and if I could come with a story that was as good or better than the original, I’d go there in a second. I have pieces of things that I would love to see in a sequel. But I haven’t got them all together yet. And I certainly wouldn’t want to come out there with something that is less than the original.” Director Brad Bird Maybe time that someone from Disney Pixar reminds him about Incredibles 2? Scores of fans are yearning for a sequel to the Incredibles!Anyway, what plot would you suggest for the movie Incredibles 2? :)Please share: Tweet25 December 2009 tags: Incredibles 2After reading this article, people also read:--> Incredibles 2 Incredibles 2 Genre: Animation/Adventure/Action/Comedy Directed by: Brad Bird Starring: Craig...

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https://www.facebook.com/EANDMPEST/posts/687253824621160

How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? By an e How Contributor XContributing Writer Writer/editor Share Print this article How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Fleas generally don't survive past 100 days, even if they live on a host (the animal on which they feed). However, without a host, they have no food source and may die in two to 14 days. The same can't be said for flea eggs and larvae, which do not require a host and can reach high populations. Have a question? Get an answer from a Veterinarian now!Other People Are Reading How to Rid Your Home of Fleas How to Know If You Have Fleas in Your House Adult Flea Once an adult flea is deprived of its host, it will basically starve to death. It will generally die in two to 14 days. Flea Eggs Though a flea itself has a short life span, a female flea can produce at least 50 eggs a day, which can remain viable in the environment for several months to several years under the right conditions. That is why fleas can be difficult to get rid of. Sponsored Links Free Samples Start Here To Get Free Samples! We Have Several Available Todayshopathome.com/Free Samples Flea Larvae Once the eggs hatch, they become flea larvae. Larvae do not need a host for survival--they spend much of their time in a "cocoon" stage, during which they mature into adult fleas. Summary At any moment, there will be many more flea eggs and larvae than adult fleas. An individual flea's lifespan is minimal, while a flea population could last for years if no steps are taken to remove them. Solutions If your pet is suffering from fleas, take it to the veterinarian and find out what to do about the flea population. At the very least, you will have to isolate your infested pets while washing and vacuuming your entire home. Sponsored Links Get Rid Of Fleas Looking for Get Rid Of Fleas? 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Help Your Pet the Natural Way.www.allergicpet.com Related Searches How to Get Rid of Fleas Fleas Control in Home Fleas Treatment Kill Fleas Dog Fleas e How Now Ask a Veterinarian • online now Ask our online Veterinarians – get your answers in real time!Ask Now Sponsored Content Sponsored Content Promoted Content Promoted Content Moneynews Pastor Mocked for His ‘Biblical Money Code,’ Gets Last Laugh Moneynews Qui Bids DISCOVERED: How to Pay Less than $40 for an i Pad Qui Bids Fisher-Price A Wish List Full of Imaginext Toys!Fisher-Price Health First Shocking Discovery Allows Researchers To Triple Your Energy Health Firstby Taboolaby Taboola References Mother Earth News: Flea and Tick Control All Pets Info: Understanding the Flea Life Cycle Photo Credit Dog image by yellowj from Fotolia.com More Like This How Long Do Freshwater Fish Live Without a Filter? How Long Do Gardenias Live? How Long Do Fleas Live? How Long Can Scabies Live Without a Host? Comments You May Also Like •How Long Can Fleas Live? How Long Can Fleas Live?. Part of the series: Flea Control. A flea can live up to a year, ... How Long...•How Long Do Fleas Live? How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Featured. You're Allergic to What?! by Mom.me. Check It Out. Important Facts About Breast...•How Long Do Cat Fleas Live? Unless interrupted by chemical or natural means, the life cycle of a flea can last from 20 days to a year. Just...•How Long Can Lice Live Away From Their Hosts? How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Comments. You May Also Like. How Long Can Fleas Live? A flea can live...•Do Cat Fleas Live on Humans? Fleas can only live for a couple of weeks without a host. ... Can Fleas Live in Human Hair? How To Clean...•What Is the Life Span of a Flea? How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Fleas generally don't survive past 100 days, even if they live on a host...•How to Kill Fleas in Your House Without Using Flea Bombs Fleas are small parasites that live off the blood of host animals. If you have pets in your home, you probably have...•How Long Can Scabies Eggs Live? How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Fleas generally don't survive past 100 days, even if they live on a host...•How Long Do Nits Survive? How Long Will Head Lice Live in a Bed Without Human Contact? ... If adult lice are separated from the host, they...•How Long Does Frontline Take to Kill Fleas? Frontline is the brand name of an internationally sold product line designed to stop the life cycle of fleas, specifically formulated for...•Lifespan of a Tapeworm You’re not likely to find tapeworms without finding fleas. ... This is the start of the tapeworm's lifespan. The fleas then find...•How Long Is the Flea Cycle? How Long Can Fleas Live? Related Ads. Check It Out What Health Care Means to Moms by Mom.me You May Like. How...•How to Control Fleas in Your House Naturally Fleas live in the grass in your yard and then come into your house on your pets. ... without resorting to chemicals....•Can Fleas Live in Human Hair? Many other species of fleas can hitch a ride in human hair to get to a species of warm-blooded creature with blood...•The Life Cycle of the Flea How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Life Cycle of a Flea on a Dog; Print this article; Eggs. All fleas...•Home Remedies to Kill Fleas in Your Home The fleas jump from host to host for travel, and can also jump to carpet and grass. ... How to Save a...•How to Live Without Food How Long Can a Fetus Survive Without Food? Print this article; Instructions. 1. Begin to limit your intake of food slowly. ......•Do Ticks Live in the Grass? How Long Do Fleas Live Without a Host? Fleas generally don't survive past 100 days, even if they live on a host...•How to Treat a Crawlspace for Fleas You can also place the items in a sealed bag for two weeks; without a host, the fleas and eggs will die....•Can Fleas Live in Human Hair? Can Fleas Live in Human Hair?. Part of the series: Flea Control. ... How Long Do Fleas Live? Using Borax to Kill... Related Ads How to Get Rid of Fleas Fleas Control in Home Fleas Treatment Kill Fleas Dog Fleas View Photos 14 Aww-Inducing Pet Costumes You May Like How to Kill Fleas Naturally Can Fleas Live on People? How to Kill Fleas in 24 Hours Can Fleas Live on People? How to Kill Fleas Naturally in Carpets How Hard Is it to Get Rid of Fleas in Your House? How to Kill Flea Larvae What Can I Do for a Stubborn Outbreak of Fleas? Featured How Long Does Puppy Teething Last? Read Article Smitten by Kittens? Get the Care Basics View Photos Natural Flea Remedy for Cats Read Article Others Also Viewed How to Kill Fleas Without Killing Chickens How to Get Rid of Fleas on Young Dogs How to Identify Cat Fleas How to Kill Carpet Fleas With Boric Acid Do Fleas Bite Humans During the Winter? ehow.com •About e How •e How Blog •How to by Topic •How to Videos •Sitemap © 1999-2013 Demand Media, Inc. Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the e How Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Report Copyright. Ad Choices en-USX Have a pet question? Ask our Veterinarians now!Read more: http://www.ehow.com/facts_4854672_long-do-fleas-live-host_.…

D553900

https://www.glassdoor.com/Reviews/State-of-Wisconsin-Department-of-Corrections-Reviews-E158109.htm

State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections Reviews

State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections Reviews Updated March 10, 201864 reviews Filter Full-time Part-time2.5Rating Trends Rating Trends Recommend to a friend Approve of CEO Jon E. Litscher7 Ratings Close Your trust is our top concern, so companies can't alter or remove reviews.64 Employee Reviews Sort: Popular Rating Date Pros" Great benefits, flexible schedule " (in 8 reviews)"Great hours, decent pay, good benefits, nights and weekends off " (in 4 reviews)Cons"The horrible conditions of massive forced overtime, understaffing just will get worse " (in 8 reviews)"Walker hates us, very understaffed, to many changes to fast including a new payroll system that does not work " (in 3 reviews)More Pros and Cons Mar 22, 2017"Correctional Officer"Current Employee - Correctional Officer in Hartford, CTRecommends Neutral Outlook I have been working at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than 3 years)Pros Good Benefits, Pension At The Moment , Vacation and Sick Time. Cons Off Shift Hours, Negative Environment, Too Much Politics, Below Average Pay, Working Holidays Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Mar 10, 2018"Good start but careful the job you choose"Former Employee - Anonymous Employee in Monroe, WADoesn't Recommend Negative Outlook CEOI worked at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than 5 years)Pros Decent pay, longevity with agency, ability to move within other state agencies, learn a lot about the criminal justice system, certain jobs allow you to do really good things while others will make you want to quit Cons Depending on the job this will depend. First and foremost do not trust anyone and don’t tell your business to anyone. This place is a drama fest so be careful to remain clear of it. Management is shady be careful. Certain supervisors will help you while others will try and screw you over Advice to Management Listen to your staff, stop being part of the problem, and be leaders! You have horrible leadership Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Join the State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections team See Our Latest Jobs Feb 16, 2018"Probation and Parole Agent"Former Employee - Anonymous Employee Doesn't Recommend Negative Outlook CEOI worked at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time Pros Benefits, while diminished from where they were when I started, were still satisfactory. Retirement program is fair. Cons Decreasing pay, decreasing autonomy, decreasing safety due to staffing shortages. Advice to Management I don't know how to fix what you broke with what used to be a respectable position. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Jan 27, 2018Helpful (1)"It was alright"Current Employee - Correctional Officer in Sturtevant, WIRecommends Negative Outlook CEOI have been working at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than 3 years)Pros Overtime for people who want it Cons Overtime for people who don't want it Advice to Management Give a raise every now and then Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 1)Dec 28, 2017"correctional officer"Former Employee - Correctional Officer in Green Bay, WIDoesn't Recommend Negative Outlook CEOI worked at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than a year)Pros Insurance- benefit package and job security Cons Forced overtime. 16 hour shifts. below average pay. Never knowing when you can go home. This is your life. No free time spend your day off sleeping Advice to Management Its against the law to allow truck drivers to drive over 12 hours a day. but officers are required to work 16 hour shifts and drive home? Very unsafe for officers and the public Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Oct 31, 2017"OK"Current Employee - Probation and Parole Officer in Milwaukee, WIDoesn't Recommend Neutral Outlook CEOI have been working at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than 5 years)Pros The department is very flexible and the amount of vacation and sick time is more than adequate. Most of the people you work with are enjoyable. Cons Serious lack of take home pay. Starting pay is poor and senior agent pay helps but is still unacceptable. Not enough to raise a family on. Advice to Management Be more victim orientated. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Nov 19, 2017"Correctional sergeant"Current Employee - Anonymous Employee Doesn't Recommend Negative Outlook CEOI have been working at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time Pros Currently there isn't anything good to say. Cons No support or future anymore. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Sponsored Jobs Recent Grads Truck Driving Jobs C. R. England – Brodnax, VAPhysical Therapist Assistant - Home Health - PRNLHC Group – North Henderson, NCLPN/Licensed Practical Nurse Consulate Health Care – Lawrenceville, VAFull-Time Advanced Practitioner Acadia Healthcare – South Boston, VAOct 29, 2017"Use to be a good job"Current Employee - Anonymous Employee Doesn't Recommend Negative Outlook CEOI have been working at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than 10 years)Pros Overtime-always available Insurance is good Cons Haven't seen a pay raise in 8+ years 16.5 hour shifts 8 days on 2 days off 7 days on 4 days off You are a number, you're not recognized or appreciated going above and beyond. Advice to Management Be leaders not dictators. Be consistent. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Oct 10, 2017Helpful (1)"Social Worker"Former Employee - Anonymous Employee Doesn't Recommend Negative Outlook CEOI worked at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time Pros The state of WI offers internships for social workers so that you can be paid while doing training. Cons Since the Unions have lost power the pay scale has lowered and safety for staff has become almost non-existent. Hence, there is a severe shortage of front line employees making the environment even more dangerous. Advice to Management Security, order, and staff safety MUST come first, before inmate programming, education, and treatment can happen. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 1)Jul 16, 2017Helpful (2)"A great starting point for employment with the State of Wisconsin. "Former Employee - Anonymous Employee in Madison, WIRecommends Positive Outlook I worked at State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections full-time (More than 3 years)Pros If you are looking to work for the State of Wisconsin Corrections is a great place to start. They provide better starting wages than most state agencies, and a lot of advancement opportunities if you look for them. Cons As with any job that deals with supervising convicts, it is easy for staff to become negative and abrasive. Advice to Management Continue working on providing alternative scheduling options for staff. The schedule was the key to driving staff attitudes in my operation. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Copy Link Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 2)Showing 64 of 64 reviews Reset Filters Previous1 2 3 4 5Next Reviews >State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections RSS Feed < / > Embed

D961679

https://www.verywell.com/electroconvulsive-therapy-2795172

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy?

Psychotherapy What is Electroconvulsive Therapy? Electroconvulsive Therapy is a Controversial Psychiatric Treatment By Kendra Cherry Updated October 12, 2017Share Pin Email Print An example of an ECT machine used during the 1960s. Image: Nasko/Wikimedia Commons Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a form of psychiatric treatment that involves inducing seizures with the use of electrical stimulation while a patient is under general anesthesia. Originally known as electroshock therapy, ECT was first introduced by a pair of Italian psychiatrists in 1938. However, the use of induced seizures to treat mental illness dates back as far as the early 1500s. It became a popular psychiatric technique during the 1940s and 1950s, particularly in the treatment of severe depression. Stigma attached to the use of ECT led to a decline in its use during the 1960s. The emergence of effective psychiatric medications to treat depression also contributed to its decline. Today, electroconvulsive therapy is still used as a treatment for cases of severe depression, mania and schizophrenia, although its use remains controversial. ECT Statistics Approximately 70 percent of ECT patients are women. Remission rates are estimated to be between 60 and 70 percent. In one report, between 29 and 55 percent of patients believed that they had experienced permanent memory loss as a result of ECT. In England, more than 11,000 people receive ECT each year. Between 1975 and 1980, there was a 46 percent decline in ECT use in the United States. ECT use remained steady throughout the 1980s, and even began to rise through the next decade. More than a third of ECT patients are age 65 and older. Use in children and teens remains relatively rare. In a 1993 study, less than 0.20 percent of patients receiving ECT were under the age of 18. On Effectiveness While the use of ECT remains controversial, many recent studies and literature reviews suggest that it can be a safe and effective treatment, particularly in the case of severe depression. By 1941 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was used by nearly half of the mental health institutions in the United States. ECT has been found effective for some patients who are unresponsive to other therapies, including antidepressant drugs. One ways to decrease the possibility of brain damage is the areas of stimulation and use it minimally, only when other treatment methods have failed. The evidence supporting the efficacy of ECT in depression is overwhelming. In several studies, ECT was found to be far more effective than other methods. There is still significant stigma attached to its use, so it is used sparingly. On Side Effects Side effects from ECT include memory loss, even permanent loss, fractured bones, headaches and even death. Serious complications do exist, particularly the risk for permanent brain damage. Before undergoing ECT, talk with your doctor to make sure you have exhausted other options and to discuss your risks. More About ECTFor a real account of a patient's experience with electroconvulsive therapy, be sure to check out Anna's ECT Diary. One reader shares her experience with the ECT procedure, including why she chose to undergo the procedure, the aftereffects of the treatment and her feelings at the completion of the treatment. Our Guide to Depression, Nancy Schimelpfening, also has more information on what happens before, during, and after ECT. Source: Carney, S. "Electroconvulsive Therapy". British Medical Journal. 1343-1344. 2003. Mental Health America. Electroconvulsive Therapy. 2015.

D1299170

https://www.fatsecret.com/calories-nutrition/usda/black-beans?portionid=37554&portionamount=2.000

Black Beans

Food database and calorie counter Source: USDA2 tbsps Black Beans Nutrition Facts Serving Size: 2 tbsps Amount Per Serving Calories from Fat 3Calories 83% Daily Values*Total Fat 0.34g 1 %Saturated Fat 0.089g 0 %Polyunsaturated Fat 0.148g Monounsaturated Fat 0.03g Cholesterol 0mg 0 %Sodium 1mg 0 %Potassium 359mg Total Carbohydrate 15.09g 5 %Dietary Fiber 3.7g 15 %Sugars 0.54g Protein 5.23g Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 0%Calcium 3% Iron 7%* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.4% of RDI* (83 calories)Calorie Breakdown: Carbohydrate (71%) Fat (4%) Protein (25%)* Based on a RDI of 2000 calories What is my Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)? Photos+Submit Photo Nutrition summary: Calories83Fat0.34g Carbs15.09g Protein5.23g There are 83 calories in 2 tablespoons of Black Beans. Calorie breakdown: 4% fat, 72% carbs, 25% protein. Other Common Serving Sizes: Serving Size Calories1 tbsp 411 oz 97100 g 3411 cup 662Related Types of Black Beans: Black Beans (Mature Seeds, Without Salt, Cooked, Boiled)Black Beans (Mature Seeds, with Salt, Cooked, Boiled)Rosarita Low Fat Refried Black Beans Black Beans (Canned)Cuban Style Black Beans (Habichuelas Negras Guisadas A La Cubana)Wegmans Black Beans Cannedview more black beans nutritional info Related Types of Beans: Refried Beans (Canned)Baked Beans Green String Beans Green Snap Beans Red Kidney Beans (Canned)view more beans nutritional info See Also: Black Turtle Soup Beans Black Turtle Soup Beans (Canned)Black Bean Soup (Canned, Condensed)Black Bean Soup (with Equal Volume Water, Canned)Black Bean Soupview more results Used in these Member Recipes: Mango Black Bean Salsa Spicy Steak Chili Breakfast Quesadillas Black Bean Chocolate Brownies Spicy Beef & Bean Chili Southwest Chili Vegetable Chili Pot Black Bean Brownies Vegetarian Chili with Refried Beans Spicy Vegetarian Chili II

D484350

http://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/publix-bakery-5-grain-italian-bread-corrected-602447276?v2=false

Calories in Publix Bakery 5 Grain Italian Bread (Corrected)

Calories in Publix Bakery 5 Grain Italian Bread (Corrected)Nutrition Facts Publix Bakery - 5 Grain Italian Bread (Corrected)Servings: Calories 170 Sodium 320 mg Total Fat 3 g Potassium 0 mg Saturated 0 g Total Carbs 30 g Polyunsaturated 0 g Dietary Fiber 2 g Monounsaturated 0 g Sugars 3 g Trans 0 g Protein 6 g Cholesterol 0 mg Vitamin A 0% Calcium 0%Vitamin C 0% Iron 10%*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. Search our food database by name: More from Publix Bakery Almond Bear Claw Bakery Cheesecake Texas Toast Onion Bagels-di Cuban Hoagie Rollchocolate fudge See all items from Publix Bakery Other Brands John O's Family Tradition Austin Nuts Jimmy Johns #4Casa Bols100 Calorie Mini Bites Kookaburra Australian Cadbury Safeway Steams in the Bag Perfection Deli Mitchells Lyons Marburger Bless Your Heart Tabasco Ritter Yoplait Light Thick & Creamy-100 caloriesmaster choice MCK & WStride Gum Brusters Tropical Traditions Warbutons HMR 800 Chocolate Shake Zorbastombstone deep dish indivudally wrappedcloverland LA Weightloss Dos Pinos Fruit Stix

D965961

https://usstn.com/concrete-leveling/

Concrete Leveling & Concrete Repair

Uneven sidewalks, driveways, pool decks, and patios can be inconvenient at best and dangerous liabilities at worst. Concrete repair does not need to disrupt your life. A cost-effective way to address these potentially dangerous issues is Concrete Leveling — a convenient concrete repair alternative to the expensive and disruptive process of removing existing slabs and re-pouring new ones. Concrete Leveling & Raising Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:29How to Level Uneven Concrete Concrete repair for uneven slabs can usually be solved by concrete leveling. Concrete leveling is sometimes simply called “concrete jacking,” although concrete leveling encompasses numerous methods of concrete repair services. New concrete slabs are poured on top of soil or loose gravel, which can shift over time, causing uneven and cracked concrete. If shifting soil has created a void, the sinking concrete above it can crack or slide into it, producing an uneven, sometimes dangerous, surface. Typically, United Structural Systems recommends raising concrete slabs with foam (sometimes called foam jacking) for concrete repair projects involving uneven slabs. Concrete leveling corrects uneven concrete by injecting polyurethane foam into the void caused by shifting soil or gravel, lifting the slab back into place. Using our proprietary Poly Lift system, we inject the foam through small access holes drilled into the top of the concrete. After the holes are patched, leveled concrete can be walked on immediately and driven on after 30 minutes. Concrete lifting with polyurethane is a fast, effective concrete repair method for sinking, uneven concrete slabs and sidewalks. Request a Free Evaluation Concrete Leveling Costs As a rule of thumb, the concrete repair process known as concrete leveling or concrete jacking costs about half as much as concrete replacement and will not incur supplementary costs such as new landscaping. Quotes for concrete leveling largely depend on the size of the area and slab in question and are delivered on a cost-per-square-foot basis. The costs can also vary slightly based on the amount of foam needed and the length of the job. The good news is that these factors rarely have a significant effect on the price. Ready for effective concrete repair from United Structural Systems, Inc.? Contact us for a free service estimate for concrete repair and concrete leveling!Request a Free Evaluation

D1599910

http://iceandfire.wikia.com/wiki/Tywin_Lannister

Tywin Lannister

Tywin Lannister Biographical Information Born In 242 ACAt Casterly Rock Died In 300 ACIn the Red Keep Title Lord of Casterly Rock Shield of Lannisport Lord Paramount of the Westerlands Warden of the West Hand of the King (to Aerys II, Joffrey I, and Tommen I) Savior of the City (for King's Landing)Ser Allegiance House Lannister House Baratheon of King's Landing House Targaryen (formerly)Culture Westeros Andals Alias The Lion of Lannister The Old Lion The Great Lion of the Rock Office Predecessor { Tytos Lannister } (as Lord of Casterly Rock) { Edgar Sloane } (as Hand of the King)Tyrion Lannister (as Hand of the King)Successor { Owen Merryweather } (as Hand of the King)Cersei Lannister (as Lady of Casterly Rock)Harys Swyft (as Hand of the King)Daven Lannister (as Warden of the West)Family Father { Tytos Lannister }Mother { Jeyne Lannister }Siblings { Kevan Lannister } { Tygett Lannister } { Gerion Lannister } Genna Lannister Spouse { Joanna Lannister }Children Jaime Lannister Cersei Lannister Tyrion Lannister Physical Description Hair Golden (greying and balding)Eye Color Green flecked with gold Features Tall, slender and broad-shouldered, with golden side-whiskers Lord Tywin Lannister was lord of Casterly Rock and Warden of the West, and one of the most influential nobles of the Seven Kingdoms around the time of the War of the Five Kings . Contents [ show]Appearance and Character Edit Tywin is extremely tall and imposing, with cold green eyes flecked with gold. His golden hair was shaved when it began to turn grey, except for great golden whiskers on the sides of his face. He is described to be flat-stomached and slender, with broad shoulders. He is seldom seen without the Lannister colours of red or gold, or wearing some kind of ornamentation of his house; in battle, he wears red armour with gold highlights and a cloth-of-gold cape. Tywin is efficient, ruthless, controlling, proud, fiercely intelligent and stoic to a fault. With enormous authority at his disposal and the reputation for having extinguished vassal houses for defying him, Tywin is one of the most feared men in the Seven Kingdoms, the most respected and one of the most hated men also. He has a reputation for being extremely financially powerful and it was even remarked that he defecated gold as he had so much of it. He is extremely cold, though, and has an indifferent relationship with all of his children, especially Tyrion, whom he sees as an embarrassment. However, it is remarked by his own sister Genna that he shares most of his similarities (his cleverness, his ruthlessness, his independent power) with Tyrion. Tywin is remarked to be so proud of his family name that he will do absolutely anything politically to improve his legacy, which he is practically obsessed with. Humourless and implacable, Tywin never laughs and mistrusts laughter, having suffered japes and jokes his entire life because of Aerys Targaryen's envy, and Tytos Lannister's stupidity. It is remarked that he had an incredibly close friendship with Aerys when they were boys, but as it became clear that Tywin was better at ruling than Aerys could ever be, that relationship was soured and eventually destroyed by insult upon insult on Aerys' part. He loved his wife Joanna, and when she died he became cruel and pitiless to anyone who crossed him - even in comparison to how he was before. Having served as Hand to the Mad King, Tywin is almost undisputed in his efficiency in that position. He devotes himself completely to a task at hand, so much that little else will matter to him. Tywin is not affectionate, and almost never has been, and will never shy from giving his opinion, even if it means facing off against the king he is serving. Biography Edit Early life Edit Tywin was the eldest son of Lord Tytos Lannister and Lady Jeyne Marbrand. While still in his teens, Tywin put down uprisings by two of his father's most powerful bannermen, House Reyne of Castamere and the Tarbecks of Tarbeck Hall. He extinguished both houses completely (acts depicted in the song " The Rains of Castamere "). Tywin was named Hand of the King by the newly-crowned Aerys II Targaryen. Tywin wed his own cousin, Lady Joanna . He became Warden of the West and Lord of Casterly Rock upon his father's death. Lord Tywin was by all accounts an able Hand, credited by many with giving the Seven Kingdoms twenty years of peace and prosperity, though it caused tension between Tywin and an increasingly-paranoid King Aerys II. After the investiture of his eldest son and heir, Ser Jaime, into the Kingsguard, Tywin resigned the Handship and returned to Casterly Rock. During Robert's Rebellion, Lord Tywin ignored calls for support from both rebels and royalists. After the Battle of the Trident, he led a force of roughly 12,000 men to King's Landing, declaring his loyalty to Aerys II. Once the king opened the gates, however, Lord Tywin's forces proceeded to sack the city. Lord Tywin ordered the deaths of Princess Rhaenys Targaryen and Prince Aegon Targaryen, presenting their corpses, draped in cloaks of Lannister crimson, to the victorious Robert Baratheon . War of the Five Kings Edit After the arrest of his younger son, Tyrion, by Catelyn Tully, Lord Tywin launched the assault on the Riverlands which marked some of the earliest battles in the conflict later named the War of the Five Kings. He was named Hand of the King by the small council of his grandson, King Joffrey. Lord Tywin defeated the northern forces under the command of Lord Roose Bolton at the Battle of the Green Fork. He sent his son, Tyrion, to King's Landing to serve as acting Hand of the King. For a brief time, Lord Tywin held the castle of Harrenhal. Repulsed by forces led by Ser Edmure Tully when he attempted to move his forces west to confront Robb Stark, Lord Tywin instead proceeded to King's Landing, joining forces with a great host under the command of Lord Mace Tyrell of Highgarden. Together, the Lannister and Tyrell armies defeated King Stannis Baratheon at the Battle of the Blackwater . Lord Tywin was later confronted in his own privy chamber by his son, Tyrion, after the latter had discovered that he slept with Tyrion's former lover, Shae. During their final conversation, Tywin once again, and against his son's warning, called Tyrion's former wife Tysha a "whore". In return, Tyrion shot him with a crossbow, killing him. [1]Notes and References Edit↑ A Storm of Swords

D934058

https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=amble

Amble Family History

Amble Family History14-Day Free Trial GIVE ME ACCESSAmble Name Meaning Norwegian: possibly a habitational name from a farm in Sogn, named from and ‘against’ + blad ‘leaf’, with reference to the shape of an inlet or bay. Indian (Maharashtra): Hindu (Maratha) name of unknown meaning. Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press10K Historical Documents3K Birth, Marriage, and Deaths343 Military Records619 Immigration Records2K Census and Voter Lists3K Member Trees Ready to discover your family story? Simply start with yourself and we'll do the searching for you. First Name Last Name Age Gender Male Female Amble Family Origin Where is the Amble family from? Location SHOW MOREAmble Family Occupations What did your Amble ancestors do for a living? Census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your Amble ancestors, such as occupation. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. SHOW MOREUnited States Canada England Farmer50 %Hat Manufacturing13 %Miller13 %Minister Of The Gospel13 %In 1880, the most common Amble occupation in the USA was Farmer. 50% of Amble's were Farmers. A less common occupation for the Amble family was Minister Of The Gospel. Farmer, Hat Manufacturing and Miller were the top 3 reported jobs worked by Amble. Source: Census data for Amble | Data not to scale Amble Historical Records What Amble family records will you find? Census records can give you a fascinating window into the day-to-day lives of your Amble ancestors - like hours worked per week, level of education, veteran status, employers, and more. Search 1940's US census records for Amble Census Passenger List Draft Card Sample Census Record Sample Passenger List Sample Draft Card Solve your own mystery as you explore your history. Start Now Amble Life Expectancy What is the average Amble lifespan? An unusually short lifespan might indicate that your Amble ancestors lived in harsh conditions. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. SHOW MOREUnited States Between 1962 and 2004, Amble life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1964, and highest in 2001. The average life expectancy for Amble in 1962 was 76, and 84 in 2004. Source: Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Amble Famous Amble Family Is anyone famous hiding in your tree? SHOW MORENikola Tesla 1856 - 1943 ( 86) Albert Einstein 1879 - 1955 ( 76) Babe Ruth 1895 - 1948 ( 53) Ansel Easton Adams 1902 - 1984 ( 82) Nikola Tesla 1856 - 1943 ( 86) Albert Einstein 1879 - 1955 ( 76) Babe Ruth 1895 - 1948 ( 53)John Philip Sousa 1854 - 1932 ( 77) Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929 - 1968 ( 39) Ella Fitzgerald 1918 - 1996 ( 78) Abraham Lincoln 1809 - 1865 ( 56) John Philip Sousa 1854 - 1932 ( 77) Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929 - 1968 ( 39) Ella Fitzgerald 1918 - 1996 ( 78)Look up another name Follow Us On Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Youtube Ancestry Blog

D3345400

http://www.minijetboatbuilder.com/

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D1320679

http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Corrigan

Last name: Corrigan

Last name: Corrigan SDB Popularity ranking: 1091This name, with the many and varied variant spellings which include (with and without the prefix O') Corrigane, Currigan, Corrigan, Corragan and Courigan, Kirgan, Cargen, Cargon, and no doubt many others, is an anglicized form of the old Gaelic O' Corragain. The Gaelic prefix "O" indicates "grandson" or "male descendant of", plus the personal byname Corragain, from "Corr", a spear or lance. This sept originated in the Ulster county of Fermanagh and were of the same stock as the Maguires. The chieftains of these two septs joined forces with the powerful O' Neills of Tyrone and resisted Norman attempts to conquer Fermanagh in the 12th and 13th Centuries. In the 1659 "Census" of Ireland, Corrigan and O'Corrigan were among the most numerous names in that part of Ulster, however, its prevalence in 16th and 17th Century records of Counties Monaghan, Longford, Offaly, Meath and Roscommon show that the sept had scattered widely. The place called Ballycorrigan near Nenagh (Co. Tipperary) indicates that a leading family of Corrigan were seated there. Examples of the surname recording include Sir Dominic John Corrigan (1802 - 1880) was a leading Dublin physician, and M. P. for Dublin city, whilst Michael Corrigan (1839 - 1902) was the Archbishop of New York and originally from County Meath. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of O' Corragain, abbot of Fermanagh, which was dated circa 1150 - "The Annals of the Four Masters", during the reign of Turlough Mor O' Connor, High King of Ireland, 1119 - 1156. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2017Surname scroll for: Corrigan Enjoy this name printed onto our colourful scroll, printed in Olde English script. An ideal gift.

D1205897

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_(musician)

Birdy (singer)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Birdy (musician))navigation search Birdy Birdy at the SWR3 New Pop Festival in Baden-Baden, 2013Background information Birth name Jasmine Lucilla Elizabeth Jennifer van den Bogaerde Born 15 May 1996 (age 21)Lymington, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom [1]Genres Folk indie folk [2] indie popindie rock Occupation (s)Musician singer songwriter Instruments Vocals piano guitar Years active 2008–present Labels Lady of the Lake 14th Floor [3]Warner Bros. [4] Warner Website officialbirdy .com Jasmine Lucilla Elizabeth Jennifer van den Bogaerde [5] (born 15 May 1996), better known by her stage name Birdy, is an English musician, singer and songwriter. She won the music competition Open Mic UK in 2008, at the age of 12. Her debut single, a cover version of Bon Iver 's " Skinny Love ", was her breakthrough, charting all across Europe and earning platinum certification six times in Australia. Her self-titled debut album, Birdy, was released on 7 November 2011 to similar success, peaking at number 1 in Australia, Belgium and the Netherlands. Her second studio album, Fire Within, was released on 23 September 2013 in the UK. At the 2014 Brit Awards she was nominated for Best British Female Solo Artist. Her third studio album, Beautiful Lies, was released on 25 March 2016. Birdy is a soprano. [6]Contents [ hide ]1 Early life2 Career2.1 2008–122.2 2013–152.3 2016–20183 Gallery4 Films5 Personal6 Awards and nominations7 Discography8 References9 External links Early life [ edit]Birdy was born on 15 May 1996, in London, UK. [7] Her father is Rupert Oliver Benjamin van den Bogaerde, a writer (author of Daybreak Into Darkness under the name Rupert Bogarde); her mother is Sophie Patricia (née Roper-Curzon), [5] a concert pianist. Birdy learned to play the piano at the age of seven, and began writing her own music at the age of eight. [8] Her parents were married in 1995 and have two other children: Jake, born in 1997, and Caitlin in 1999. She also has two elder half-brothers, Moses and Sam, from her father's first marriage. [9]Birdy studied at both Priestlands School and Brockenhurst College, a sixth form college in the New Forest, as of 2013. Her maternal grandfather is Captain John Christopher Ingram Roper-Curzon, the 20th Baron Teynham and a member of the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and she grew up on the family estate near Lymington, Hampshire. [10] Her great-uncle was the actor Sir Dirk Bogarde. She has English, Belgian (Flemish), Dutch and Scottish ancestry. [11]Birdy's second given name, Lucilla, was the name of her father's stepmother, whom her father described as an extremely gentle, loving and thoughtful stepmother. [12]Birdy's stage name comes from the nickname her parents gave her as a baby, because she opened her mouth like a little bird when being fed. [13] Her family and friends called her Birdy, while only teachers called her Jasmine. Career [ edit]2008–12 [ edit]In 2008, while still a 12-year-old pupil at Durlston Court Prep School [14] Birdy won the UK talent contest Open Mic UK, a spinoff of the Live and Unsigned competition. She won both the under-18s category and the Grand Prize, against 10,000 other competitors. [15] [16] She performed her own song, called "So Be Free", at the competition in front of 2,000 people. [17]In 2009, Birdy performed live on piano for BBC Radio 3 's Pianothon in London. [18] In January 2011, at the age of 14, Birdy released a cover version of Bon Iver 's song " Skinny Love ". [19] The song became her first hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at 17. The single was chosen as "Record of the Week" [20] by UK radio DJ Fearne Cotton, [17] resulting in it being added to BBC Radio 1 's B‑list playlist [3] as soon as it was released in March 2011. [4] The official music video for the song was directed by Sophie Muller. [21] The song was also featured on The Vampire Diaries episode " The Sun Also Rises ", which aired on 5 May 2011. "Skinny Love" peaked at number 1 in the Netherlands. It also featured in an episode of Being Human, and was sung by Birdy on The Ellen De Generes Show; the episode aired on 20 March 2012. Since then, Birdy has covered a number of songs, including " The A Team " by Ed Sheeran and The xx 's "Shelter". On 19 July 2011, Birdy performed in BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge. In the session, she performed both " Shelter " and "The A Team". Her cover of "Shelter" was also featured on The Vampire Diaries episode " The End of the Affair ", which aired on 29 September 2011. [22]Birdy's eponymous debut album of cover versions (plus one original song written by her) was released on 7 November 2011; the album peaked at No. 13 in the UK, No. 40 in Ireland and number 1 in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Australia. On 21 December 2011, Birdy received a Golden Single from 3FM during Serious Request in the Netherlands for selling more than 25,000 copies from her debut album, which she promptly donated to be auctioned online. [ citation needed] A day later, Birdy received a Golden Single from Studio Brussel during Music for Life in Belgium for selling more than 15,000 copies from her debut album, which she also donated to be auctioned online. [ citation needed] In August 2012 her debut album peaked at number one in Australia, while the singles " Skinny Love " and " People Help the People " peaked at numbers 2 and 10 respectively. The Australian Special Edition of Birdy's debut album includes a bonus cover song entitled " What You Want ", originally by the John Butler Trio. Circa 2011, Birdy wrote her song "Just A Game" on her own initiative after reading the Hunger Games novels. Her manager sent the song to the film producers entirely on spec, and they liked it so much they decided to use it in the film, over the closing credits. [23]On 7 August 2012, Birdy released her "Live in London" EP, which contained eight songs. This included her cover of Ed Sheeran's "The A Team" and her song from The Hunger Games soundtrack, "Just a Game". On 29 August 2012 Birdy performed Antony Hegarty 's song "Bird Gerhl" (from Antony and the Johnsons' I Am a Bird Now album ), in the opening ceremony of the London Paralympic Games. [24] In October 2012, Birdy sang live on Taratata, performing " Call Me Maybe " by Carly Rae Jepsen. [25]Birdy paid a visit to Australia in August 2012, during which Dolly (magazine) took her on a visit to Taronga Zoo in Sydney. The visit also included what she called a "wonderful meal" overlooking Bondi Beach. [26] [27] She also made appearances on shows like Sunrise [28] and X Factor, [29] singing Skinny Love and People Help the People.2013–15 [ edit]On 16 February 2013, Birdy sang at Sanremo Music Festival 2013. She then announced the release of her second studio album, entitled Fire Within, via a You Tube video on 10 July 2013. The video included footage of Birdy in the studio along with a preview of two songs, " Wings " and "No Angel", which are both featured on the album. The first official single, "Wings", was released on 22 July 2013 and a second song, "All You Never Say", was sent to subscribers of Birdy's mailing list and posted on You Tube on 15 August 2013. The song "Wings" was also featured on The Vampire Diaries episode " Home ", which aired on 15 May 2014 (her eighteenth birthday). The album was released in the UK and other surrounding countries on 23 September 2013 and received mostly positive reviews. [30] In North America, the album was released on 3 June 2014. A subsequent EP titled Breathe was released on 16 October. Birdy did tours of America and Australia in 2013. After her concert in the Palais Theatre in Melbourne, Australia, a reviewer described her as a sensational pianist who appears to be shy and timid, but whose voice "rings throughout the theatre." The only criticism was that what was "severely lacking" was any sense of crowd interaction. [31] The tour also included appearances on TV shows like Sunrise, on which she sang "Wings." [32] While in Melbourne, Birdy also sang "Skinny Love" at the Logie Awards in April 2013. After three sell-out concerts in the Sydney Opera House, one reviewer stated that her finesse at the piano and her art for arranging were "clearly beyond her years." She was described as a talented songwriter "to say the least" who had a flawless voice and who performed with flawless grace and experience. [33]In September 2013, Birdy covered a song entitled " Let Her Go " by Passenger, live on BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge. [34] This track features on the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge 2013 album. Also in September 2013, Birdy performed a live cover of " Wake Me Up " by Avicii at 3FM Radio Station. [35] In December 2013, Birdy performed " Mandela Day " with James Blunt, originally by Simple Minds, at the NRJ Music Awards. [36] Also in December 2013, she performed " L'Idole Des Jeunes " with Johnny Hallyday on Le Grand Show. [37] After Hallyday's death in 2017, Birdy said on Instagram: "So sad to hear that Johnny Hallyday has passed. It was a real honour and a joy to have sung with him. I was 17 and very nervous and he was so sweet to me." [38] In October 2014, Birdy covered " Lucky Star " by Madonna, appearing on the BBC Radio 2's Sounds of the 80s album. In the same year, Birdy was featured on four of the tracks on the Shadows album by Native Roses, in which her elder brother, Moses, is a drummer. [39]Birdy contributed three songs to the soundtrack for the movie The Fault in Our Stars: "Tee Shirt", "Best Shot" (with Jaymes Young) and " Not About Angels ". [40] Videos for both have been officially released. [41] In March 2012, Birdy was one of the artists who contributed to The Hunger Games film soundtrack with her single "Just a Game". [42] In June 2012, Birdy contributed the song "Learn Me Right" with Mumford & Sons to the Pixar film Brave for which she received her first Grammy Award nomination. [43] Birdy appears on the 2014 David Guetta album Listen, featured on the song " I'll Keep Loving You ". "Wings" has been used as the soundtrack to the Lloyds Bank 250-year anniversary Horse Story advertisements as of 30 June 2015. In August 2015, Birdy co-wrote "Let It All Go" with Rhodes. [44] The single was released on 11 September 2015 via digital download in the UK. [45] In October 2015, Birdy performed a cover of Firestone, originally by Kygo ft. Conrad Sewell on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. [46] This track featured on the BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge 2015 album. [47]Birdy's net worth as of 2015 was estimated at $5,000,000 before tax. [48] [49]2016–2018 [ edit]In January 2016, Birdy released "Keeping Your Head Up", [50] the first single from her third album, Beautiful Lies, which she had started writing material for in 2014 while touring in America. "Beautiful Lies", the second single from the album was released in February. [51] "Wild Horses", the third single from the album was released in March. [52] The album itself was released on 25 March 2016. On 20 April 2016, the Japanese Edition of Beautiful Lies was released, containing a bonus track entitled "Lights". On her official website, Birdy said, in regard to "Beautiful Lies": "In the past I didn't know how to take control. Now I'm an adult, then I was a child. Also, I'm quite an introverted person, but I've learned to assert myself, to work out what I want and find a way to make it happen." [53]Speaking about Beautiful Lies, Birdy later said this album was what she was most proud of. She added: "The album is about growing up and not accepting change. It's about not really wanting to grow up; it's about lying to yourself. I'd missed a lot of growing up with my family so it's about that. It's also inspired by 'Memories of a Geisha' so it has an Asian feel to it and it's about feeling a much stronger person." [54]On 1 April 2016, Birdy performed a cover of ' Adventure of a Lifetime ' originally by Coldplay for 3FM. [55] On 16 April 2016, Birdy released a limited edition vinyl for Record Store Day of the songs 'Lost It All' and 'Take You Everywhere I Go'. [56] On 25 April 2016, Birdy performed a cover of " Fast Car " by Tracy Chapman for BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge, and on 27 April she performed a cover of " Sorry " by Justin Bieber at Sirius XM Studios. [57] [58]On May 8 2016, Birdy performed 'Wild Horses' at the opening ceremony of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA) awards night, at the Royal Festival Hall in London. [59] She was also the face of the REDValentino spring/summer campaign for 2016 and 2017. [60]In June 2016, Birdy released three digital albums without fanfare. The albums consisted entirely of instrumental works featuring her on the piano, and were called "Ornithology," "Vogelfrei" and "Nightbird." The albums were available commercially at outlets like Amazon.com [61] and Google Play in the MP3 format. In April 2018, she uploaded these albums to her Youtube channel in a collaboration with Believe SAS, a French company that distributes digital music for independent labels and artists. On 23 September 2016, "Beautiful Birds" was released by Passenger, featuring Birdy. [62] On 4 November 2016, " Find Me " was released by Sigma, featuring Birdy. [63] The song peaked at number 36 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in its 20 May 2017 issue. [64]Birdy undertook extensive touring after the release of Beautiful Lies, including a tour of the United States and an Asian tour from Japan to Singapore. By this time, her band had grown from four to five, with an almost completely new lineup. The band members were : Charlotte Hatherley (guitar), Joel Grainger (violin), Richard Evans (bass), Jay Sikora (drums) and Hazel Mills (keyboards). She has said she found Asia like another planet, "such a different world." The audiences were very reserved and quiet, there would be a huge gap after each song, then they would start clapping; it made her wonder if they liked her. She said they don't really clap that much, then after the show they were going crazy and screaming. She found it "really strange." [65]In an interview with Interviewmagazine.com, on 22 March 2016, Birdy explained how she had always had ideas but was never confident enough to assert them. With 'Beautiful Lies', she felt that she was a lot stronger and everything felt better. She felt like on her second album she was a bit lost in herself, trying to work out who she was and experimenting, which could be quite frustrating. Referring to the song 'Unbroken', she said it was about realizing that everything was fine for her, everything is natural and you will find where you are and what you want eventually. She went on to say that the new album was 'truly me', the production and writing were always very equal, always 'from what I brought'. Birdy stated that where she had gone wrong with her second album had been that she had compromised too much, allowing others to influence her too much. In contrast, with 'Beautiful Lies' she had been 'really bossy'. In conclusion, she added that she loves writing for film and would love to do more of it; it was a 'really natural' progression for her work. [60]Reviewing "Beautiful Lies" and comparing Birdy to Adele, one reviewer stated that "van den Bogaerde shows herself to be more energetic and versatile than her omnipresent peer, the potential is there one day for her to snatch away the crown...it's clear there's a vitality in van den Bogaerde's artistry that Adele, who nevertheless is divinely gifted, lacks in her recent work... Heaven's the limit." [66]Birdy was featured on the cover of Wonderland magazine in the Autumn 2016 issue, with an accompanying shoot and interview. Speaking to the magazine, Birdy explained that her mother was a concert pianist and a lot of her family were very musical. They all played an instrument, so she didn't really have much choice; she was surrounded by it. She thought she had been quite drawn to the piano because of her mother, who started giving her lessons from "before she could remember." Her mother would play classical music and her father would play "poppier records" like Tracy Chapman and The Beatles. It was a real mix of genres, she told the magazine. [67] [68]In September 2017, Birdy said she felt a lot more confident on stage than she did when she was fifteen. It took her a long time to feel confident performing without the piano, which was something she now loved doing, as well as playing guitar on stage. She had also found talking on stage terrifying at first. She still found it hard, but playing festivals had definitely helped because the atmosphere was more relaxed and put her at ease. [69]Birdy performed two songs at the BFI Luminous fundraising gala on 3 October 2017. Interviewed at the function, she said she was writing material for her new album, but it was still in the early stages. [70] [71]In December 2017, Variety.com reported that Warner/Chappell Music, the publishing arm of Warner Music Group, had signed Birdy to a global publishing deal. Mike Smith, Warner/Chappell UK managing director, said that Birdy was an incredible talent, there was a lot more to come from her and he looked forward to working with her in the years ahead. [72] [73]By 2018, Birdy had sold 10.5 million records worldwide. [74]Gallery [ edit]Films [ edit]Birdy's music has been used in a number of films: [75]The Hunger Games (2012)Brave (2012)The Fault in Our Stars (2014)Beyond the Lights (2014)The Edge of Seventeen (2016)Personal [ edit]Birdy took an apartment in London in 2014, because she spent a great deal of time there and had family there. It was her first time living away from home. However, she still loved being in the country and went home when she had spare time; she found that she cherished time with her family a lot more after being away. In London, she sometimes felt she could not breathe and had to go home; she felt she needed the air and would always be a country girl. She has said she was quite affected by place and where she is. On living alone, she said it was quite strange at first, having "that silence", because she was so used to noise and fighting and always having someone to talk to. However, she liked having time on her own, and her brothers were "just down the road." [76]In 2015, she said that all her friends were at university and she never saw them because they had taken different paths in life. She found this quite hard. [77]She has said she loves painting, especially painting people and drawing them, although she says she is "not that good." [77]In 2016, when asked what she would like to be doing in ten years time, she said she hoped that in ten years she would have a family, would love to be still making music, and especially would like to do more music for films. Her dream was to do a movie score. [76] She has also said she would like a place in the country and to have children when she was about twenty-eight. She added that perhaps she would like to shock everyone and do a huge stage dive and crowd surf at a concert. [78]In her spare time, she liked to be with her boyfriend, but has said she had to keep him a secret. He loved what she did and he worked in a similar field to hers. [76]Awards and nominations [ edit]Year Award Category Result2012 Satellite Awards Best Original Song ("Learn Me Right" with Mumford & Sons) Nominated2013Houston Film Critics Society Best Original Song ("Learn Me Right" with Mumford & Sons) Nominated Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Song ("Learn Me Right" with Mumford & Sons) Nominated2014Brit Awards British Female Solo Artist Nominated Echo Music Prize Best International Rock/Pop Female Artist Won LOS40 Music Awards Best International New Artist Won Best International Album ( Fire Within) Nominated Discography [ edit]Main article: Birdy discography Studio albums Birdy (2011)Fire Within (2013)Beautiful Lies (2016)References [ edit]^ Indy Almroth-Wright Twelve year-old 'Birdy' wins UK talent contest. BBC News. December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ Murphy, Casey. "Review: Passenger's latest Album Delivers Powerful Lyricism". The Ithican. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.^ a b Radio 1 playlist shows 14th Floor as Birdy's record label. BBC.co.uk (24 February 2007). Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ a b Birdy makes Radio 1 sing. Musicweek.com (9 March 2011). Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ a b Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, Kelly's Directories, 2000 pg. 1629^ therangeplace^ Daybreak Into Darkness, Rupert Bogarde (Pan) 2002, pp.385-387 ISBN 0-330-48789-2^ Humes, Marvin (6 February 2011). "A new teen star is about to go top 10". Global Radio. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2011.^ "Birdy spreads her wings: We catch up with the teen singer-songwriter".^ Smyth, David (13 September 2013). "Birdy takes flight: 'It feels like the beginning again ' ". London Evening Standard.^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2014.^ Daybreak Into Darkness, Rupert Bogarde (Pan) 2002, pp. 77,102 ISBN 0-330-48789-2^ Shahesta Shaitly. "Rising star: Birdy | Culture". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2015.^ Hilary, Porter. "Hampshire's Birdy talks exclusively to the Daily Echo ahead of Southampton date". Daily Echo. dailyecho.co.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2017.^ Hewitt, Phil (29 November 2009). "Review: Open Mic UK national grand final, Guildhall, Portsmouth". Chichester Observer. Retrieved 17 February 2011.^ "News | Birdy set to fly high, and take on the UK top 40, after winning singing competition in 2008!". Openmicuk.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.^ a b "Festival Guest Appearance". Pylewell Park Food & Drink Festival 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2016.^ BBC Radio 3's Pianothon. BBC 3 Classical Music. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ Maverick Sabre: Singer/Songwriter/Rapper Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine .. Titanium-music.blogspot.com. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ Birdy-Song of the week on Radio 1. River Studios News, 2011. Riverstudios.co.uk. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ Digital Birdy unveils 'Skinny Love' music video. Digital Spy (5 April 2011). Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ Archived Live Lounge recording. BBC. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^ songfacts.com^ youtube.com^ "Birdy "Call Me Maybe" (Live on TARATATA Oct. 2012)". You Tube. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ Facebook^ dolly.com^ Sunrise^ X Factor^ "Birdy – All You Never Say Official Lyric Video". You Tube. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2015.^ "Live Review: Birdy + Lewis Watson + Lakyn - Palais Theatre (08.04.13) - the AU review". the AU review.^ Sunrise^ smooth.com^ "Birdy – Let Her Go (Passenger) in the Live Lounge". You Tube. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Birdy "Wake Me Up" at FM3". You Tube. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Birdy et James Blunt- Mandela Day". You Tube. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ youtube^ birdyinstagram^ Gordon, Jane (28 September 2013). "Birdy spreads her wings: We catch up with the 17-year-old singer-songwriter, whose career is certainly taking flight". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ " ' Fault in Our Stars' soundtrack line up: Ed Sheeran, M83, more". Hypable.com. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.^ Birdy music video references:"Tee Shirt": Wass, Mike. "Birdy's Beautiful 'The Fault in Our Stars' Ballad Gets A Simple But Moving Video: Watch "Tee Shirt " ". Idolator. "Not About Angels": Wass, Mike. "Birdy's Moving 'The Fault in Our Stars' Ballad "Not About Angels" Gets An Intimate Video: Watch". Idolator.^ Johnston, Gordon (9 May 2012). "Open Mic UK winner Birdy is flying high!". Glasswerk. Retrieved 17 May 2012.^ Bryko (1 May 2012). "First Details on 'Brave' Soundtrack! (UPDATE)". Upcoming Pixar. Retrieved 5 May 2012.^ "Birdy on Twitter: "I wrote this song with Rhodes.."Let it all Go" Here's the acoustic session. Hope you like it ... More news soon xx " ". Twitter. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Let it all go single". i Tunes NZ. Retrieved 8 September 2015.^ "Birdy covers Kygo's Firestone in the Radio 1 Live Lounge". You Tube. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge 2015". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Birdy net worth, Endorsement (Singer, songwriter)". 23 December 2014.^ "Birdy Net Worth". 16 October 2015.^ Wass, Mike (4 January 2016). "Birdy Drops (Surprisingly) Upbeat Anthem "Keeping Your Head Up " ". Idolator. Retrieved 15 January 2016.^ "Listen to "Beautiful Lies," the Title Track from Birdy's Upcoming Album". Teen Vogue. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.^ "Listen to "Wild Horses", third track from Birdy's Upcoming Album". Spotify. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016. [ dead link]^ officialbirdy.com^ "Hampshire's Birdy talks exclusively to the Daily Echo ahead of Southampton date". Daily Echo.^ "Birdy covert Coldplay". You Tube. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Birdy". Record Store Day. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Birdy covers Fast Car in the Live Lounge". You Tube. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ "Birdy Covers Justin Bieber's "Sorry" Live @ Sirius XM // The Pulse". You Tube. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.^ Jefferson Levi (10 May 2016). "Birdy - Wild Horses (BAFTA Television Awards)" – via You Tube.^ a b "Birdy Takes Flight - Interview Magazine". 22 March 2016.^ Amazon.com^ "Young As The Morning Old As The Sea". 23 September 2016 – via Amazon.^ Sigma VEVO (3 November 2016). "Sigma - Find Me ft. Birdy" – via You Tube.^ "Dance Club Songs – May 20, 2017". Billboard. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.^ dailyecho.co.uk^ sputnikmusic.com^ wonderland magazine^ wonderland magazine^ weheartbirdy.tumblr.com^ youtube.com^ zimbio.com^ Variety.com^ warnerchappell.com^ admin (21 June 2017). "Birdy".^ imdb.com^ a b c dailyecho.co.uk^ a b interviewmagazine.com^ we heart birdy External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birdy (musician). Official website Profile, thepeerage.com. Retrieved 19 April 2015. Birdy at You Tube [ hide]v t e Birdy Discography Albums Birdy (2011) Fire Within (2013) Beautiful Lies (2016)Extended plays Breathe (2013)Singles" Skinny Love " " Shelter " " People Help the People " " 1901 " " Wings " " No Angel " " Light Me Up " " Words as Weapons " " Let It All Go " " Keeping Your Head Up " " Wild Horses "Other songs" Not About Angels " " I'll Keep Loving You "Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 240626067 LCCN: no2012053340 GND: 1021368237Music Brainz: 1b8bdee5-783a-4eca-88e5-3e9460739546Categories:1996 births Living people English female pop singers People from Lymington English people of Scottish descent English people of Belgian descent 21st-century English singers

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Home > Accountant Seattle, WA Salary Accountant Seattle, WA Salary95 66 79Accountant Seattle, WA average salary is $95,307, median salary is $92,000 with a salary range from $21,720 to $868,500. Accountant Seattle, WA salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. Each salary is associated with a real job position. Accountant Seattle, WA salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. They are presented "as is" and updated regularly. Low21,720Average95,307Median92,000High868,500 Accountant at Seattle, WA Jobs Total 36 Salaries. Sorted by Salary, page 1 Ranked By: Jobtitle Company Salary City Year Accountant Floats & Fuel Cells $100,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 05/15/2015Accountant Ulab, Inc. $81,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/01/2016Accountant Kirlin Builders $75,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 08/30/2016Accountant Ulab, Inc. $72,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/01/2013Accountant Clrs Technology $70,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/01/2010Accountant Hispanics In Philanthropy $65,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/01/2015Accountant Idt911 $65,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/21/2015Accountant Covesna $58,126 Seattle, WA, 98060 03/10/2011Accountant EMC $57,346 Seattle, WA, 98060 01/24/2011Accountant Nutty Guys $56,160 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/02/2012Accountant Vorne Industries $55,432 Seattle, WA, 98060 08/15/2010Accountant Whitestone Reit $55,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 04/01/2014Accountant Reunion Recycled Scrap International, $52,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/18/2013Accountant Ulab, Inc. $52,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/09/2014Accountant Kotobuki-reliable Die Casting $51,850 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/01/2011Accountant Lioni Latticini $50,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/01/2012Accountant Cellu Tissue Holdings $50,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 08/27/2014Accountant Lohas Fresh Mart-alhambra $50,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/11/2016Accountant Lohas Fresh Mart-alhambra $50,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/11/2016Accountant Unisoftek $49,920 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/18/20131 2 Next Related Accountant Seattle, WA Salary Accountant Salary Seattle, WA Salary3d Technical Designer Salary Account Representative Salary Accountant Salary Accounting Analyst Salary Accounting Consultant Salary Manager Of Process Improvement Salary Specialist Salary Senior Etl Developer Salary Business Analyst Jc65 Salary Staff Consultant Salary Chiropractor Salary Systems Programmer Salary Associate Product Manager Salary Quality Assurance Analyst & Tester Salary Calculate how much you could earn It's FREE. Based on your input and our analysis. How we do it? All fields are required for calculation accuracy. Employer Job Title City Experience Email We will send you an email to access your personalized report. Send Me Now We won’t share your email address Accountant Seattle, WA salary is full-time annual starting salary. Intern, contractor and hourly pay scale vary from regular exempt employee. Compensation depends on work experience, job location, bonus, benefits and other factors. Real Jobs Salary - Salary List8.5 million company & government reported salaries with date & location Salary calculator rank & calculate your salary151 million W-2s pay scale statistics in U. S. Salary Map helps you navigate location based salary information State & City Salary provides wage data by metropolitan areas Company Salaries has salaries data from over 200,000 companies Accountant Seattle, WA Jobs See more Accountant Seattle, WA Jobs»Search All Jobs Jobs Open Hiring – Find open jobs faster Search

D1575221

https://quizlet.com/77143737/all-mastering-biology-flash-cards/

All mastering biology

178 terms spa19All mastering biology Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed? Sympatry What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations? Gene flow True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring False Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true? They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes. What would be the ploidy of the viable gametes produced by a tetraploid individual if nondisjunction of all chromosomes occurred in meiosis I? Tetraploid How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species? Nondisjunction event during mitosis How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 2 and 10, respectively? Haploid number of 6Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). How many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 1Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 23_____ is the process by which haploid gametes form a diploid zygote. Fertilization Which of these terms applies to an organism with extra sets of chromosomes? Polyploidy Mutant tetraploid plants _____. are unable to interbreed with a diploid plant Most polyploid plants arise as a result of _____. hybridization Which of the following is true? Both hermit crabs and king crabs are asymmetrical Which of the following arthropods has two distinct life stages? coconut crab You are a mammalogist and you discover a new species you believe is closely related to the hyrax, elephant, and manatee. Which of the following would most likely be true? The male of the newly discovered species has testes inside of its body. Which of the following is typically true regarding gestation time in mammals? As size increases, gestation length increases. As size increases, gestation length increases. As size increases, gestation length increases. Charles Darwin raised ____________, which inspired some of his ideas regarding natural selection. Pigeons Which statement is correct? A monophyletic group consists of an ancestral population, all of its descendants, and only those descendants. The ability to cause disease is called __________. virulence What differentiates Archaea from both Bacteria and Eukarya? The nature of the plasma membrane The process of converting N2 into ammonia is called __________. nitrogen fixation What is the natural role of antibiotics? To reduce competition between microbes How is a Gram-positive cell wall different from a Gram-negative cell wall? Gram-negative cell walls have two membranes whereas Gram-positive cells have one You have an infection caused by a Gram-negative cell. What drug should your doctor prescribe? Erythromycin You find a microbe that uses sunlight as an energy source and carbon dioxide as a carbon source. This is a __________. photoautotroph Which of the following organisms were formerly known as blue-green algae? Cyanobacteria Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is called anoxoygenic; because water is not used as an electron source. How is a Gram-positive cell wall different from a Gram-negative cell wall? Gram-negative cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan but Gram negative cells have a thick layer. What distinguishes proteobacteria? None of them are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis Molecules that kill bacteria or stop them from growing are called antibiotics Which of the following are also referred to as high GC positives? Actinobacteria You have a patient who is clearly sick, but you cannot grow a causative pathogen in culture. Is this a violation of Koch's postulates? Yes, because Kosh's postulates require a microbe to be grown in culture. In eukaryotes, cellular respiration uses the electron transport chain in the mitochondria for efficient ATP synthesis. In bacteria, __________. The electron transport chain is located in the plasma membrane. Which of the following traits differentiates bacteria from archaea? Structure of RNA polymerase What is the natural role of antibiotics? To reduce competition between microbes Bioremediation is __________. using bacteria to clean up polluted sites Which organisms are estimated to make up to 10 percent of the world's total mass of living material? Sub-oceanic marine microbes Which of the following is not one of Koch's postulates? The microbe must be prokaryotic. For the first __________ years of Earth's existence, the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere was __________. 2.3 billion, nearly zero Which of the following correctly identifies a metabolic difference that separates bacteria and arachea from eukaryotes? Bacteria and archaea can use ethanol, acetate, and even amino acids in fermentation. You have a patient who has a microbe in their stool that causes typhoid fever in many people. They have no symptoms of the disease. Is this a violation of Koch's postulates? Yes, because one of Koch's postulates states that if organisms from a pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, the disease symptoms should appear. Toxoplasma is a pathogen causing infections in people living with __________. HIVWhich of the following groups is matched with a correctly corresponding anatomical feature? Phaeophyta (brown algae) = blade Consider the following: Among the protists, brown algae, red algae, and amoebae include unicellular and multicellular organisms. Which of the following conclusions is consistent with the data presented? Multicellularity evolved multiple times as a eukaryote diversified. Why are protists considered paraphyletic? They represent some but not all of the decedents of a single common ancestor. The leading hypothesis that provides an explanation for the origin of the nuclear envelope is based on the __________. Infolding of the plasma membranes Which of the following statements is not true about the transmission of malaria? Plasmodium cells change into a distinctive cell type that infects a person's erythrocytes. In the conjugation of ciliates, __________ are exchanged. Micronuclei Organisms that produce chemical energy through photosynthetic processes are called __________. primary producers The Irish potato famine of 1845 was caused by Phytophthora infestans. To what group of protists does this parasite belong? Water molds The three major infectious diseases currently affecting the world population are __________ and are caused by __________. Tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria; a bacterium, a virus, and a protist. What modes of locomotion are used by protists? Cilia, pseudopodia, and flagella What material is not used by protists to manufacture hard outer coverings? Lignin Which of the following is not a pathogenic protist? Trichonympha In the conjugation of ciliates, __________ are exchanged. Micronuclei According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, the eukaryotic chloroplast was formed as a result of __________. prokaryotes living as endosymbionts within eukaryotes Carbon atoms in CO2 molecules move to organisms on land or in the oceans and then back to the atmosphere. What is this process called? Global Carbon cycle The most important primary producers in marine ecosystems are __________. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates The manufacture of which of the following products involves materials that once belonged to a phaeophyte? Cosmetics The species causing malaria belong to which eukaryotic lineage? Apicomplexa During a camping trip, you consumed untreated stream water. As a result, you developed severe diarrhea after a few days. Microscopic examination of your fecal sample is likely to reveal __________. Giardia, a parasitic diplomonad A new idea gaining support is that the first eukaryote may have been formed as a result of an endosymbiosis between two prokaryotes. With this information in mind, which is the largest and most morphologically challenging group in existence? Eukaryotes A member of the ciliate group of protists is __________. The paramecium Tsetse flies, mainly found in __________, transmit trypanosomiasis Africa There is a good chance that you will consume carrageenan and, if you haven't already, nori as well. Consumption of either means you have eaten a product of __________. red algae Cyanobacteria are __________. The only prokaryotes with plant like oxygen generating photosynthesis. A protist from a rotting log is collected and cultured in a petri dish containing E. coli, which is engulfed. For a while, the protists multiply as single cells. The E. coli is depleted, and the protists aggregate and form a slug. What kind of protist do you have? A cellular slime mold What is the relationship between speciation and adaptive radiation? Adaptive radiation is a form of speciation. Human impacts such as habitat loss and pollution are causing the extinction of many species. Based on your understanding of background extinctions and mass extinctions, which statement is most accurate? Extinction is normal, but the extinction rate and cause of extinction suggests that a mass extinction is underway Which addition to the map would be best? The tree of life contains three major branches called bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Which statement is the best summary of the map? New branches are still forming on the tree of life, and many branches are being lost. New ecological opportunities and key innovations often trigger which process? Adaptive radiations Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct? Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage. Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation? Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics. True Which Anolis lizard ecomorph has long legs? Trunk/ground Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true? The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place. What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolislizard species in the Caribbean? Specific ecological niches True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection. False Which evolutionary mechanism creates new alleles? Mutation Researchers have identified closely related plant species native to Hawaii that have very diverse adaptations to their particular environments. Significant diversity among closely related species is a characteristic of adaptive radiation. Which of the following statements about speciation is true? Speciation will occur more slowly if gene flow is high. Which statement is an accurate description of deposit feeders? Are found in a variety of places Which set of traits distinguishes animals from other organisms? Animals are multicellular, eat other organisms, and move on their own power An essay question asks biology students to design an animal with at least one characteristic from each of the following: an acoel, a ctenophore, and a sponge. Which answer correctly accomplishes the task? a bilaterally symmetric animal that feeds through predation and carries out asexual reproduction Which of the following statements about heterotrophs is correct? Heterotrophs occupy the upper levels of food chains in most habitats What is the adaptive value of metamorphosis? Metamorphosis reduces competition for food between larvae and adults of the same species. Though cnidarians are not closely related to plants, what aspect of a jellyfish's life cycle might lead a new biology student to compare the two groups? How the jellyfish reproduces What type of cleavage is found in only in protostomes? Spiral cleavage Which of the following shows the correct order of events of a typical animal life cycle? Fertilization - embryogenesis - growth - gametogenesis Select the best description of the adaptive value of animal movement. Movement allows adult animals to find food, mates, and escape predators. Which animal taxa display segmentation? Vertebrates, annelids, and arthropods Which group of animals has evolved a specialized cell used for prey capture? Jellyfish Which of the following represents one of the four fundamental characteristics of body plan origin in the major lineages of animals? How the earliest developmental events proceed Which of the following is not hypothesized to have played a key role in animal diversification? The disappearance of most prokaryotic lineages opened up niches for eukaryotes. Which feeding method is shared by krill and baleen whales? Suspension feeding What type of small organism lives inside a host from whom it harvests nutrients? Endoparasites Which of the following groups of cnidaria are more closely related to the cubozoa (box jellies)? Scyphozoa (jellyfish)Which term describes an animal with three embryonic tissue layers? Triploblast Which type of symmetry in animals is unique to sponges? Asymmetrical An unusual feature of sponges is that they __________. can grow into complete individuals from fragments broken off from an adult Biologists have proposed that the closest living relatives to sponges are a group of protists called the choanoflagellates. What characteristic is shared by the most complex choanoflagellates and the simplest sponges? They feed the same Which statement is an accurate explanation of how animals can be described by what they eat? Parasites can be herbivories or carnivores Which of the following statements about limbs is correct? Jointed limbs are found in vertebrates and arthropods. Which of the following statements about heterotrophs is correct? Heterotrophs occupy the upper levels of food chains in most habitats. Though cnidarians are not closely related to plants, what aspect of a jellyfish's life cycle might lead a new biology student to compare the two groups? How the jellyfish reproduces What is a unique feature of marsupial reproduction? Marsupial young spend more time developing outside the mother's body than inside. Which structure represents a key innovation that arose during vertebrate diversification? Limbs that move on land, bony exo and endoskeleton, jaws, amniotic egg. What is the name given to the group of species on the branch leading to contemporary humans? Hominins Which characteristic is common to all animals in the deuterostome lineage? All deuterostomes undergo early embryonic development in a similar way. How do viviparity and the placenta affect mammalian reproduction? Placental mammals produce small numbers of large offspring. Of the four phyla in the Deuterostomes recognized by biologists, which phylum includes animals with backbones? Chordata Which of the following statements about reptiles is true? Reptile skin is made watertight by a layer of scales made of keratin. Which vertebrates lack jaws? Lampreys What organism would possess these structures: a ring of nerve cells around the mouth, a series of fluid-filled canals, and tube feet? Adult echinoderm An owner of a small zoo houses a lemur, some gibbons, and two chimpanzees. What behavior or trait would zoo visitors likely see exhibited by all of these animals as well as by the zookeeper? Socializing with peers__________ include the largest-bodied and some of the most morphologically complex of all animals. Deuterostomes In the evolution of echinoderms, an event occurred which resulted in animals with no heads. Which of the following best describes this event? Pentaradial symmetry Which of the following statements about tetrapod limbs is true? Tetrapod limbs evolved from fish fins. Over 95% of all animal species are which of the following? Invertebrates Of the four phyla in the Deuterostomes recognized by biologists, which phylum includes animals with backbones? Chordata Which of the following deuterostomes is most likely to be found in nature? An ectotherm that has a swim bladder and protrusible jaws and carries out external fertilization Amniotic eggs have four membranes. Which membrane is correctly matched with its function? The allantois contains nitrogenous waste. Which of the following statements about bone found in early vertebrates is correct? The bone in early vertebrates formed a protective exoskeleton. In the evolution of echinoderms, an event occurred which resulted in animals with no heads. Which of the following best describes this event? Pentaradial symmetry Which of the following statements best represents evidence supporting the leading hypothesis regarding the evolution of jaws in vertebrates? Both jaws and gill supports are derived from the same type of specialized embryonic cells. The evolution of which of the following structures was a key innovation in vertebrate evolution? Large, three-part brain Which of the following statements about bone found in early vertebrates is correct? the bone in early vertebrates formed a protective exoskeleton. Which trait is a diagnostic feature of echinoderms? Water vascular system In addition to the evolutionary features of the echinoderms, which include pentaradial symmetry and a water vascular system, echinoderms also evolved which feature that, as a whole, makes this phylum monophyletic? Endoskeleton Which statement about deuterostomes is correct? Deuterostomes share key features of embryonic development. The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria diplomonads ...parabasalids The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes Alveolata Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____. photosynthetic Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? Kinetoplastids Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds? brown algae, red algae, and green algae Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. cellular slime molds Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? Diatoms Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____. apicomplexan A paramecium is a (n) _____. ciliate The largest seaweeds are _____. brown algae All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia. Ciliates Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella? Stramenopila Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? red algae Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight? Oomycetes Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup? Chlorophytes Which of the following accurately describes a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells have nucleoids and eukaryotic cells have nuclei. What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually? Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment. Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote? Syngamy Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations? Gametophyte Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow? Holdfast Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true? Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells. How does the haploid form of Ulva"switch" to its diploid form? Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage False Which vertebrates lack jaws Lampreys Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false? All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification? Exoskeleton True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions. False Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages? Their body plan Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true? The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water Which characteristics define a chordate? The presence of four specific morphological traits Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange? Pharyngeal gill slitn pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a (n) _____. Iarchegonia ... egg In pines, an embryo is a (n) _____. immature sporophyte In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. micropyle Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? It functions as a haploid food reserve. Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive (s). one In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. haploid ... meiosis The two major lineages that make up the living Amniota are reptiles and _____. mammals Is speciation always slow? Why or why not? Describe an example of adaptive radiation No, because adaptive Radiations happen when one ancestral species leads to many descendant species. This happens because of random genetic drift in small founder populations, and new and strong selection encountered by the organisms entering a new ecological niche. There is also relaxed selection. Adaptive radiations can happen via ecological opportunity for divergence, or morphological opportunity. An example of an adaptive radiation is the Galapagos finches that descended from one ancestral species that colonize an island. Individuals arriving at the other islands diverged from the ancestral species, and differ in morphology. What are the uses of phylogenetic trees? Tracing evolutionary relationships, Studying trait evolution and studying evolutionary timing (molecular clock)3. Describe the cladistics approach for estimating phylogenies. The focus is on synapomorphies (shared derived characters) of the species under study. You need to identify traits unique to each monophyletic group and then place the groups on a tree in the correct relationship to one another Describe the basic protist life cycle. What variation is seen in this pattern in the protists? Refer to the figures in text that show the pattern: haploid gametophyte makes haploid gametes that fuse to form the diploid sporophyte that produces haploid spores that develop into the gametophyte. Some protists are dominated by the gametophyte stage while others the haploid stage. Describe the major problems ancestral land plants had to overcome before they could make the transition from water to land. Describe the major solutions to the problems that can be found in today's land plants. In other words, what mutations occurred that allowed organisms to make the transition to land? Water was less available on land, and most of the available water was no on the surface. In addition, desiccation (water loss) was a problem in the atmosphere. On land, there were greater variations than in the ocean—for example, in environmental temperature and chemistry. On land, new types of transport mechanisms were required—for example, for food, water, gametes, and so on. Water was no longer available to support the plants' "bodies" against gravity. In water, most of the ultraviolet light is filtered out in the first few centimeters of the water column. On land, the higher UV levels could easily bleach chlorophyll and damage or mutate nucleic acids. To reduce evaporative loss, a waxy cuticle covers the surface of cells in contact with the environment. Flavonoids, pigments that selectively filter UV light, are found in all land plants. Resistant walls on land spores to protect them from desiccation. To protect haploid gametes against both desiccation and UV light, all land plants have protected gametangia (for example, in archegonia or antheridia in lower plants). This feature must have evolved prior to or concomitant with the move onto land. Air spaces and guard cells with associated stomata provide additional protection against desiccation while also allowing for gas exchange in photosynthesis. The evolution of lignin added structural support to cells and supported them against gravity. Subsequent evolution of xylem and phloem allowed for greater efficiency in food and water transport. The seed, with its waxy coating and low water content, enabled the next generation of embryos to withstand environmental fluctuations in water availability and temperature until conditions were suitable for germination.6. Explain the importance of the HOX genes in the Cambrian explosion animal lineages. But not just changes in number but also changes in functions involved in building new body plans. The Cambrian Explosion may have been ignited by this increase in the number of Hox genes and shifting zones of expression. Describe the major transitions in the evolution of animals from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. The effects of gravity create significant demands on the skeletal structure of a land vertebrate. The backbone must be able to support the animal's internal organs and to effectively distribute weight downward into the limbs, which in turn transmit the weight of the animal to the ground. Early land vertebrates are believed to have arisen from a line of fishes that possessed lungs so the ability to breathe air was possibly quite developed at the time land vertebrates were first making their foray onto dry soil. Dealing with water loss (also referred to as desiccation) presented early land vertebrates with challenges as well. Describe how genetic diversity varies geographically across human populations, and how this relates to hypotheses about the origin and dispersal of humans. The further from Africa, the less genetic diversity in human populations. Populations also have more genetic differences within than between. This supports the out-of-Africa hypothesis for dispersal of human populations.

D627645

http://www.ign.com/wikis/pokemon-x-y/Cut

Cut

Cut Edit Page Last Edit: February 3, 2014 - 4 years ago Cut is a Physical Attack that can be used inside and outside of battle. Outside of battle, it is used to cut down prickly bushes. Type Category Power 50 PP 30Accuracy 95 Range Normal Direct Contact Yes Long Range Attack No

D61945

http://www.fieldturf.com/de/artificial-turf/faq

Answers to the questions youâve always wanted to ask about turf

Why Field Turf/FAQAnswers to the questions you’ve always wanted to ask about turf How much does a turf field cost? This is one of the first questions most potential clients have. How much does Field Turf cost? Prices vary from region to region and from product to product. It also depends on the sports your field turf surface will be used for. Most of our installations are for football, soccer, baseball, lacrosse and field hockey. Here is a general estimate of the initial cost of an artificial turf football field. It is broken down into two parts: Drainage base The drainage base consists of compacted stone materials found beneath the turf carpet, providing a level surface which allows precipitation to trickle through it before reaching the drainage system. For a typical full-sized football or soccer turf field, approximately $4 per square foot should be budgeted for the drainage base. Drainage bases can have a life expectancy of 20-30 years (the life of 2-3 turf fields). Turf The turf panels (carpet) are laid on top of the drainage base and the infill materials are layered into the carpet to provide footing to the athlete and protection from the stone base below. For typical, full-sized football or soccer turf fields, a conservative price of $4.75 per square foot should be budgeted. Football and soccer fields are approximately 80,000 square feet. For a detailed breakdown of the costs and return on investment, view our Cost Analysis page. How long does a turf field last? Once they know the price of a turf field, potential clients usually follow up asking; “For how many years will a Field Turf field last?”The industry standard is an eight (8) year warranty on the turf materials. Field Turf’s attention to quality control allows us to boast the most number of fields which have outlasted their warranty. We have more fields that have lasted 10, 11, 12 or even 13 years than all of our competitors combined! Read more information on the Durability of our fields. Why choose synthetic turf over natural grass? The costly and intricate maintenance of natural grass makes it difficult for many institutions and municipalities to keep their fields in a playable condition which is safe enough for its players. A Field Turf field provides a near-perfect surface for years, and with limited maintenance and no customer expertise needed. Artificial turf represents a higher initial capital cost than natural grass, but this is often recuperated through extended hours of use of the fields (no down time, no recovery time, and playing longer into different seasons), lowered maintenance costs (no watering, no mowing, no chemicals), and revenue generation (renting the field). Read more on the detailed breakdown of costs of a turf field and the potential revenue generation in our Cost Analysis page. What should I look for in choosing an artificial turf system provider? Building a quality artificial turf field is complex and demands a high level of experience and quality control. Far too many companies enter the industry, hiring suppliers for fiber manufacturing, tufting, coating and installation. You will want a company that has full control on all aspects of your field. From manufacturing the turf to installing the system. Furthermore, you will want a company capable of producing your turf fields with proven materials and with the highest quality control measures through ISO certifications. Finally, you will especially want a company with exclusive, experienced installation crews, installing turf systems which are proven in all seasons and all regions of the world. For more information on why Field Turf should be your synthetic turf manufacturer of choice, visit the Why Field Turf page. Where Can I See Field Turf Installed? Field Turf is the choice of thousands of clients around the world. With over 4000 installations in the USA, you will find Field Turf football fields, soccer fields and baseball fields in all 50 states. To view some of our highlight construction projects, see our Featured Installations or contact your local representative for a comprehensive list in your area. What Kind of Maintenance Am I Looking At? A synthetic turf field is far less maintenance than a natural grass field, however, this does not mean that it should go without care. Brushing, aerating, raking and sweeping the surface should all be part of the standard process of maintaining your artificial turf field. For more information, download the Guidelines PDF. What is the difference between Field Turf and the astro turf of old days? Field Turf invented the newest generation of artificial turf fields, which are now far more commonly known. In 1997, Field Turf introduced infilled, long pile artificial turf which contained polyethylene (plastic) fibers, with sand and rubber particles between these fibers acting as artificial earth, giving the athletes shock absorption and natural footing. This replaced the astro turf of old, which consisted of abrasive nylon turf fibers and no infill. What teams are playing on Field Turf? The majority of our 4500 artificial grass systems have been installed for high schools, colleges and municipalities around North America. Our quality has also been coveted by the highest profile sports teams. Here is a sample of the NFL, MLS, and NCAA teams playing on Field Turf. Professional Teams New England Patriots (NFL)Seattle Seahawks (NFL)Atlanta Falcons (NFL)Detroit Lions (NFL)Indianapolis Colts (NFL)Seattle Sounders (MLS)New England Revolution (MLS)Portland Timbers (MLS)NCAA Football Teams Ohio State Buckeyes Texas Longhorns Oregon Ducks Arizona Wildcats Michigan Wolverines Washington Huskies Washington State Cougars Minnesota Golden Gophers NCAA Baseball Teams Creighton Blue Jays Louisville Cardinals Illinois Illini Columbia Lions US Air Force Falcons Cincinnati Bearcats Rhode Island Rams Oregon State Beavers For more information on some of our highlight fields, visit our Featured Projects section What is involved in the installation process? Installing an artificial turf field is a highly complex and meticulous process. Field Turf only has its exclusive, certified installers perform the work, for clients to benefit from the full spectrum of quality components Field Turf uses in its system. Read more in Manufacturing. How do you clean synthetic turf? Football, soccer, lacrosse, baseball and field hockey players sweat and spit on the surface. Some will spit gum on the turf, while others will be using muddy cleats from natural grass. And when a championship is won, sports drinks are spilled all over the coach, and the surface. You will need to clean your turf field at time. Download our Maintenance Guidelines PDF for more information. How long does a Field Turf installation take? Each installation is customized for each client and subject to weather conditions. An approximate installation time for a typical, new football turf field or soccer turf field is 60 days from start to finish. To obtain more details, see our Manufacturing section. How safe is Field Turf? Field Turf is the only company to have had real life, third party testing for player safety on its fields. The results of these tests all indicate that Field Turf (and only Field Turf) is as safe or safer than natural grass in most areas of player safety. See our Proven Safety page for all the results and findings of the independent testing conducted on Field Turf.9Field Financing Make your dream field a reality with Field Turf financing

D1254569

https://www.britannica.com/science/retrovirus

Retrovirus

Alternative Title: Retroviridae Retrovirus, any of a group of viruses that belong to the family Retroviridae and that characteristically carry their genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid ( RNA ). Retroviruses are named for an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, which was discovered independently in 1971 by American virologists Howard Temin and David Baltimore. Reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ), a process that constitutes a reversal of the usual direction of cellular transcription (DNA into RNA). The action of reverse transcriptase makes it possible for genetic material from a retrovirus to become permanently incorporated into the DNA genome of an infected cell; the enzyme is widely used in the biological sciences to synthesize genes. HIV/AIDS; retrovirus Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 virions (green) budding from a cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on the cell surface represent sites of virion assembly and budding. C. Goldsmith/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Retroviruses cause tumour growth and certain cancers in animals and are associated with slow infections of animals, such as equine infectious anemia. In humans, a retrovirus known as human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes a form of cancer called adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). It can also cause a neurodegenerative condition known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). A closely related virus named HTLV-2 is associated with relatively mild neurological disorders but has not been identified as a causative agent of human disease. As many as 20 million people worldwide are thought to be infected with HTLVs, but only a small percentage of infected individuals actually develop ATL or HAM/TSP. The retrovirus known as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS) in humans. HIV is closely related to simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ), a retrovirus found in chimpanzees and gorillas. Following retrovirus infection, reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into proviral DNA, which is then incorporated into the DNA of the host cell in the nucleus. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. So-called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are persistent features of the genomes of many animals. ERVs consist of the genetic material of extinct, or “fossil,” viruses, the genomic constitution of which is similar to that of extant retroviruses. Human ERVs (HERVs) have become distributed within human DNA over the course of evolution. They are passed from one generation to the next and make up an estimated 1 to nearly 5 percent of the human genome. HERVs are suspected of having influenced the evolution of certain elements of the human genome. They also have been implicated in certain human diseases, including multiple sclerosis. HTLV-1 was the first human retrovirus to be discovered, having been detected and isolated in 1979 by American virologist Robert C. Gallo and colleagues. HIV was first isolated in 1983. Learn More in these related articles:heredity: Expression of the genetic code: transcription and translation…type of virus called a retrovirus (of which the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is an example) is composed of RNA instead of DNA. In a retrovirus, RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA, which can then integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell that the retrovirus infects. The…Read Morecancer: RNA viruses Retrovirus es have provided some of the most-important insights into the molecular cell biology of cancer ( see Retrovirus es and the discovery of oncogenes), and yet only one human retrovirus, the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), is linked to a human tumour. This virus is…Read Morevirus: The nucleic acid…single-stranded RNA viruses is called Retroviridae; the RNA of these viruses is positive, but the viruses are equipped with an enzyme, called a reverse transcriptase, that copies the single-stranded RNA to form double-stranded DNA. Read Morevirus: Annotated classification Family Retroviridae Enveloped virions about 80–100 nm in diameter with 2 identical copies of single positive-strand RNA in nondefective virions and a reverse transcriptase, which promotes synthesis of double-stranded DNA from the viral RNA template. A hallmark of the virion RNA templates is long terminal repeat…Read Morevirus Virus, an infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.” The earliest indications of the biological nature of viruses came from studies in 1892 by Read More ADDITIONAL MEDIAMore About Retrovirus10 references found in Britannica articles Assorted Referencescancer-causing agent In cancer: RNA viruses DNAIn DNAHIV infection In AIDS: Life cycle of HIVoncogene pathology In oncogene In cancer: Retroviruses and the discovery of oncogenesreverse genetic transcription In heredity: Expression of the genetic code: transcription and translationreverse transcriptase In reverse transcriptasevirology In virus: The nucleic acid In virus: Annotated classificationwork of Baltimore In David Baltimore External Websites Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article!Contact our editors with your feedback.

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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2010714/Transformers-3-Did-Michael-Bay-recycle-footage-The-Island.html

Did Michael Bay recycle footage from an old movie for Transformers 3?

Did Michael Bay recycle footage from an old movie for Transformers 3? By Brian Clark Howard Updated: 05:56 EDT, 3 July 201113View comments Recycling is usually a good idea that helps save the planet, but when it comes to film footage, does it cheat fans? The Internet is buzzing with rumours that famed director Michael Bay may have recycled some special effects footage from a previous film of his in the latest instalment of his Transformers franchise, Transformers 3. Mr Bay may have reused clips from his 2005 film, The Island, in the film officially titled Transformers: Dark Side Of the Moon, reports Huffington Post. Scroll down for video Familiar? A screen grab from Michael Bay's 2005 film The Island, which we can compare with his new film Transformers 3 (below)A screen grab from Michael Bay's 2011 film Transformers [3]: Dark Side of the Moon The scenes in question involve a high-speed car chase, and do show a high degree of similarity through several sequences, in terms of car placement, damage from impacts and flying debris, including a tire. In Transformers 3, the film's large robots are shown crashing into the cars. They might have been digitally superimposed through CGI (computer generated imagery) on the earlier footage in post processing. RELATED ARTICLESPrevious 1 Next Wife forces sale of £200k Transformer collection to pay off... 'It's been devastating': Josh Duhamel in tears as he tells... How I resisted lady killer Shia La Beouf: Megan Fox successor... Transformers 3: Oh Rosie, it's pants!Share this article In fact, according to HD Room, because Transformers 3 was shot in 3D, the original scenes would have had to have been converted post-production. Movie blog Slash Film has pointed out that Mr Bay seemed to have recycled footage from his films before. The site has linked to a You Tube video that shows what appears to be the reuse of a brief clip of warships from his 2001 film Pearl Harbor in the original Transformers movie, released in 2007. Presumably, a director would have to get permission from the studio that owns the footage in order to reuse it, even if it were modified. It's unclear if that was the case here. According to the IB Times, Transformers 3 has earned $98 million since its release on Tuesday. In contrast, The Island was substantially less successful. Experts point out that it would be possible to superimpose CGI effects of Transformers robots over earlier footage of a car crash. Pictured: Scene from The Island Pictured: A scene from Transformers 3. Is this the same footage, with new digital effects? Another screen shot from the 2005 film The Island A similarly composed shot from Transformers 3 in 2011That 2005 film, which starred Ewan Mc Gregor and Scarlett Johansson, cost $126million to produce but earned only $36 million at the United States box office. It earned $127million overseas, for a worldwide total of $162million. On its opening day Wednesday, Transformers 3 grossed $37.3million, making it the best opening-day gross of 2011 and the sixth best Wednesday opening of all time. Despite its solid numbers, the film has disappointed some observers, who expected even bigger numbers. The second Transformers film, Revenge of the Fallen, grossed $62million on its opening day. Transformers: Dark Side of the Moon made $32.9million on Friday, while 2009's Revenge of the Fallen made $36.7million on its first Friday. Some 60 per cent of Dark Side of the Moon's revenue came from 3-D ticket sales, which is impressive because sales in that format have been sliding. Transformers 3 was produced by Steven Spielberg and is presented in regular 2D, Real D 3D and IMAX. It stars Shia La Beouf, Josh Duhamel, John Turturro, Tyrese Gibson, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Patrick Dempsey and John Malkovich. The CGI robots are voiced by Peter Cullen, Leonard Nimoy, Hugo Weaving and others. A car gets smashed in The Island A car gets smashed in Transformers 3The film had raised some eyebrows after Megan Fox was replaced in the third instalment, after star turns in the first two pictures. Ms Fox was reportedly fired by Steven Spielberg after she allegedly compared working under director Mr Bay to working for Hitler. Filming of Transformers 3 was marred by one serious accident on September 2, 2010 in Hammond, Indiana, when an extra suffered a head injury during a stunt. According to reports, a steel cable snapped from a car being towed, hitting extra Gabriella Cedillo's car. A frame of a wrecking car in The Island A frame of a wrecking car in Transformers 3Ms Cedillo suffered a head injury and underwent brain surgery, but is said to be permanently brain-damaged and paralyzed on her left side. The accident was allegedly due to a failed weld. Paramount Studios covered all medical costs incurred by Ms Cedillo, but her family still filed a lawsuit alleging negligence and seeking damages in excess of $350,000. Watch video here Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:00Advertisement Share or comment on this article Most watched News videos Embed this Car smashes into both sides of motorway as driver has a 'seizure' Moment child given cigarette before pushing her down... Dreadful footage shows moment before dog is cruelly killed... 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There's a Facebook page called "Support the recovery of Gabriela Cedillo" if you want to say something nice.016Click to rate Kryptoniteking, Haltom City, TX, USA, 6 years ago The "Bayhaters" out there just need to be quiet and do some research. Remember the rehashed Klingon Bird of Prey destruction at the end of Star Trek: Undiscovered Country was reused at the end Star Trek: Insurrection? Several X-Wing explosions reused in Return of the Jedi that were in A New Hope? Even Disney has rehashed animation movements in their movies! Go to Youtube and do a search for "Recycled Movements on Disney's Movies". So, since you're going to "never watch another Michael Bay film again" you need to throw out your Disney collection as well. Not to mention various costumes from movies/TV shows showing up in different movies/TV shows as well as same sets with slight alterations. Star Wars sound effects used in the original Transformers and G. I. Joe cartoons and many others. Even movie lines from movies have been reused in totally different movies. Get over yourselves people.2032Click to rate Susanne, Thundersley , 6 years ago Think he owes people Money as they went to watch a "New Film".2826Click to rate Portland Bear, england, 6 years ago Simply put - I'll never watch another Michael Bay film again. Selling second hand tat as original pieces of work is pretty criminal.. You SUCK.4428Click to rate Susanne, Thundersley , 6 years ago ITS DARK OF THE MOON. Rubbish newspaper1028Click to rate FRANK, SLOUGH, 6 years ago I thought recycling was GOOD If you have nothing better to do than watch movies for mistakes or continuity blunders then you need to get a life.1542Click to rategetbentex, Austin, TX, USA, 6 years ago For God's sake, don't tell them about the Wilhelm scream.740Click to rate Sean, Kent, 6 years ago It's 'Dark of the Moon', not 'Dark Side of the Moon' Stop adding words!320Click to rate Colin Brown, Somewhere,out there., 6 years ago Sorry,have not watched any of the Films shown. Have better things to do in relaxation.2010Click to rate Lalna, NSW, 6 years ago So he used footage as stock... and this is new how? Saving on money and time?? *gasp* The nerve! He also used Ben Affleck in Armageddon and then reused him in Pearl Harbor ZOINKS1151Click to rate View all The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of Mail Online. 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RHONY's Bethenny Frankel opens up about getting more plastic surgery Emily Ratajkowski poses TOPLESS in her latest provocative selfie after stepping out in New York City Returned to the east coast from Los Angeles Miniature Donald Trump grandson Luke - complete with junior quiff - says 'hi y'all' to his grandparents on the other side of family in photo shared by Lara Advertisement Instagram star Skye Wheatley showcases her gym honed physique and bronzed frame in red bikini as she lounges in a bean bag in Bali Royal bride practice! Meghan Markle takes the lead at cutting the celebration cake on her school graduation day aged just 11 Unearthed 1993 video Eva Longoria looks ready to pop on TV's Ellen but still has weeks to go before birth of first child Draped baby bump in a figure-hugging red dress Inside hospital where Duchess Kate will give birth: Mom reveals VERY luxurious facilities inside $8,360-a-night maternity ward (including a wine list)Camila Cabello rocks black lace costume to kick off first solo tour Never Be The Same in Vancouver Former Fifth Harmony singer wowed fans Heidi Pratt cradles her baby son Gunner as she enjoys a hike in Santa Monica... after revealing she's got her pre-baby body back Cooing over her baby DJ Khaled brings his 17-month-old son Asahd to his FIRST-EVER basketball game in their native Miami Raooer cheered on the Heat with fiancee Nicole Radiant in red! Queen Maxima makes a statement in scarlet as she visits the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam King Juan Carlos is all smiles as he leaves hospital following knee operation - after royal family's awkward encounter was caught on camera Charlize Theron dons an all-black outfit for grocery shopping in Los Angeles with daughter August She is a single mom-of-two Advertisement Model misery: Victoria's Secret hottie Barbara Palvin reveals she is 'constantly at war with her body trying to adhere to fashion industry's criteria'Kim Zolciak calls Marlon Wayans 'pretty disgusting' for comparing her face to White Chicks character He transformed into a white woman Chloe Moretz emerges for the first time since ex Brooklyn Beckham was spotted kissing model Lexi Wood... and her friendship ring is OFFElsa Hosk steps away from her modelling duties to enjoy thrilling basketball game with pals in NYC Sitting front row with her pals Milla Jovovich and her Resident Evil filmmaker husband Paul W. S. Anderson list their 1960s, three-bedroom Beverly Hills pavilion for $4.5 million Fans left stunned by Chris Hemsworth's youthful mother and father after Hollywood hunk posts picture of his very good-looking family Cardi B jokes about her pregnancy reveal as she makes Tonight Show history as first ever co-host alomgside Jimmy Fallon Growing baby bump Rose Mc Gowan steps out in an orange jacket after preliminary hearing for drug possession is rescheduled All smiles in NYCSelma Blair shows off her boho style in billowing yellow gown with chic sandals for LA juice run The Cruel Intentions star was a vision Thandie Newton rages at British Airways after flight is delayed for six hours then CANCELED - just months after she starred in video for airline'Yesterday I officially became divorced': Russell Crowe finalizes split from Danielle Spencer ... five years after their marriage broke down Helen Mirren, 72, steps out in printed pants and stilettos as she heads for lunch with Taylor Hackford, 73, in LA The actress cut a trendy figure Usain Bolt's girlfriend Kasi looks like a Victoria's Secret model for Carnival in Jamaica Wore a skimpy white and metallic swimsuit with white wings strapped on Debby Ryan shows off her toned tummy in tiny crop top at Cover Versions premiere Former Disney star showed she's all grown up Gabrielle Union stuns in a figure-hugging red dress as she joins Kelly Bensimon at Night of Opportunity Gala in New York On the red carpet Khloe Kardashian shows cleavage in sports bra as she posts on Snapchat while waiting to give birth Pregnant star is expecting first child Angelina Jolie heaps praise on Queen Elizabeth: Actress calls monarch 'really lovely lady' for her dedication to forest conservation in Africa Game Of Thrones star Sophie Turner's SECRET Instagram account revealed... which has already racked up 22,000 followers Prince William praises 'extraordinary example' of author who rebuilt his life after a stranger talked him out of jumping off a bridge Remarkable story'Out of this world!' Shanina Shaik stuns fans with her flawless complexion as she sizzles in beachside selfie Model took to Instagram Tyra Banks struts her stuff in plunging top and pencil skirt following Daily Show appearance in NYC Busy promoting her new book Perfect Is Boring Tallulah Willis puts her phenomenal legs on parade in minuscule shorts on low-key day out Stepping out in Los Angeles Big pals! Selma Blair and Parker Posey hug each other as they dazzle on the red carpet at Lost In Space premiere in LA Sweetest Thing stars Julie Bowen from Modern Family treats her three sons to a fun-filled trip to Disneyland after split She recently split from her husband of 13 years Christie Brinkley, 64, is a beauty in pinstripes and leather at America Inside Out premiere in NYC The Uptown Girl was clad in an all-black Getting of fresh air: Jennie Garth is seen without wedding ring for the first time since Dave Abrams filed for divorce Her husband filed for divorce on Friday Ex-Cosby Show actress stages topless protest at Bill Cosby's retrial as she charges at actor with word 'rapist' and names of alleged victims written on body Kourtney Kardashian one-ups sister Kim with sexy bikini snap as she calls herself Sporty Spice Mom-of-three looked stunning in Caribbean Dakota Fanning and beau Henry Frye bundle up while strolling arm-in-arm through New York Dakota went for a stroll though Manhattan Prince Charles lays a wreath at Darwin war memorial in Australia to honor fallen soldiers during final day of his tour Down Under He wore service medals Outgoing Vogue Editor-In-Chief Anna Wintour sparkles in shiny colorful dress and trademark shades at awards show in NYC Fashion icon D&G darlings! Lady Amelia Windsor sparkles in sequins as she joins Lady Kitty Spencer for a party celebrating the designer in New York Extra co-host Mark Wright exhibits his chiseled abs as he wipes away sweat during soccer game in Los Angeles Feeling the heat Young love! Chandler Powell, 21, dotes on girlfriend Bindi Irwin, 19, as they step out in Queensland...after fans urge the pair to get married Laura Ingraham returns to Fox News after David Hogg attack with rambling monologue about the 'left's plot to silence conservatives'Jessica Biel and Jamie Chung play with adorable puppies at American Express event in New York Delighted as they frolicked with puppies Falcons QB Matt Ryan and his wife announce they are proud parents of TWIN boys after keeping news secret because they were born two months premature Mariska Hargitay and husband Peter Hermann attend special NYC screening of I Am Evidence She produced the HBO documentary All smiles! Kendra Wilkinson takes 8-year-old son Hank to Lost In Space premiere after filing for divorce She has recently filed for divorce Gory scenes! Gina Rodriguez drenched in 'blood' as she films stabbing scene for new Netflix rom-com Someone Great Cameras rolling Amber Heard quietly donates millions to Children's Hospital Los Angeles after making pledge in 2016 to give Johnny Depp divorce settlement to charity Antonio Banderas, 57, refused to retire after heart attack because he didn't want to live like he's 'already dead' Actor, 57, was rushed to hospital last year Justin Bieber stops to check on man who collapsed in the street in Los Angeles He was on his was to his car after leaving Barry's Bootcamp Desilu trademark created by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz at center of trademark infringement lawsuit Has become the focus of a legal dispute Jenna Dewan looks pensive as she hits Los Angeles day spa without her wedding ring following shock Channing Tatum split Enjoying some 'me time'So now he's a family guy! Conor Mc Gregor shares snap with girlfriend and son after attacking bus of MMA rivals, as troubled star remains in NYCWedding belles! Paris Hilton confirms Nicole Richie will be invited to her upcoming wedding as she says 'all my girls will be invited' Should be emotional Mark Hamill continues galactic adventures with wife Marilou York at Lost In Space premiere Attended the Netflix Lost In Space season one premiere in Los Angeles Hailey Baldwin and Ashley Graham are effortlessly stylish with matching hairdos at the Infinity Awards in NYC The models were on the same style page Masters champion Patrick Reed visits the Stock Exchange and Empire State building before heading to Madison Square Garden to watch the Knicks Five cases of sex abuse allegations against writer and director James Toback are dropped because they are outside the statute of limitations Melania Trump looks radiant in figure-hugging red as she welcomes a group of middle school kids to the White House for discussion about their daily 'struggles'Rachel Weisz and Daniel Craig hold hands as they show their support at Night of Opportunity Gala in New York The Bond star He's the daddy! Rod Stewart, 73, poses with his four sons aged 37 to seven in sweet family snap shared by photographer wife Penny Lancaster Festival fun! Daphne Joy is feeling the Coachella vibe in curve-highlighting strapless bikini The model made the announcement on Instagram Pink lady! Naomi Watts is pretty in pink as she wears stylish gown with black floral detailing to Tribeca Ball The actress hit the town in New York Kim Kardashian shares stunning bikini snap taken by sister Kourtney during Turks and Caicos vacation She has a habit of showing off her curves Model behavior! Kaia Gerber channels mom Cindy Crawford in black motorcycle jacket at dinner with dad and brother She's fresh off the jet Proud mama! Heidi Montag proudly reveals that she is back to her post-baby body after welcoming son in October She gave birth last year Re-living the glory days! Today's Dylan Dreyer and husband Brian dress up in VERY flamboyant outfits for 80s prom-themed party The meteorologist Ready to drop! Khloe Kardashian producing new series about murderous sisters... as she prepares to give birth Expecting first child David Schwimmer says society needs to 'recognize a spectrum of bad behavior' amid #Me Too movement The Friends star gave his view Bill Cosby flashes a smile leaving court on first day of his sexual assault retrial where accuser's lawyer reveals he paid Andrea Constand $3.4 MILLIONJenny Mollen explains why she doesn't show her 4-year-old son's face in Instagram snaps The actress wants to do her best to keep her children's life private Mean Girls Broadway musical reveals 'first look' video of the show after star-studded opening night Clip was posted to You Tube Baring it all! Stormy Daniels will pose NUDE for upcoming Penthouse Magazine issue and has revealed details about Trump 'that Anderson Cooper didn't ask'Kate Beckinsale's ex Michael Sheen, 49, 'dating Aisling Bea, 34': Did the actor swap Sarah Silverman, 47, for a younger comic? Four years with Sarah'Sounds like President Trump!' Queen quips joke about The Donald and his helicopter in rare candid footage shot with David Attenborough'Tell him I am free for dinner!' Real Housewives Of New York's Bethenny Frankel reveals she wants to date Russell Crowe Declared herself single'I'll just talk because I can't hear you!' Australian interviewer's VERY awkward chat with Real Housewives of New York's Bethenny Frankel Diego Boneta of Scream Queens in talks for human role in Terminator reboot New film will apparently see Diego as a man rather than a machine Newlywed bliss! Amy Schumer and husband Chris Fischer are sophisticated chic as they arrive in style to Late Show Promoting I Feel Pretty Proud grandpa! Beyonce's father Matthew Knowles thinks Blue Ivy will become a star Follow in her famous parents footsteps Flying high! Emily Blunt and John Krasinski carry daughters as they arrive at JFK Airport in NYC after their movie A Quiet Place tops box office Brooke Burke, 46, breaks her silence on split from Dave Charvet as she says she is 'deeply saddened' Ex-DWTS star filed for divorce after seven years On tour! Lea Michele and Darren Criss to hit the road together for nine-date summer tour Starting in late May, the duo will play nine shows in nine different cities'It's a big thrill!' Jinger Duggar and her husband Jeremy Vuolo happily reveal they are expecting a baby girl as mom-to-be shares new image of growing bump'I've just been taking some quiet time to myself': Jessica Origliasso thanks fans for their support as she breaks her silence after her split with Ruby Rose'It's a waste of your time': Mom-to-be Cardi B opens up about being in a GANG linked to Bloods but says she would not recommend it to others Brighter than the sun! Rita Ora turns heads in bold yellow coat as she steps out for another busy day in New York Hot Right Now singer wore retro glasses Actress Natalie Portman cradles toddler daughter Amalia in papoose while out in Los Angeles Little girl turned one year old last month'Get married already!' Fans urge Bindi Irwin to wed her longtime beau as couple pack on the PDA at Chandler Powell's brother Cameron's nuptials Back to it! Makeup free Naomi Watts cuts a casual figure in a coat and leggings in New York...after enjoying a break in Mexico The holiday's over Juice on the go! Diane Kruger shows off her fashionable flare in pink coat and ripped jeans while out in New York She opted for casual chic Pamela Anderson's ex Tommy Lee appears to sport black eye while out in LA... after dropping charges against son Brandon Been in the wars again? Posing up! Malin Akerman makes a bold statement in a bright blue dress as she stops by Sirius XM in New York She stars alongside The Rock in the sci-fi flick, Rampage Model Elsa Hosk gets motors running at Ferrari shoot in Malibu... before dazzling on the D&G runway at the Met in the New York Swedish stuuner is 29'They are doing great': Kylie Jenner and Travis Scott have been brought 'closer together' by baby daughter Stormi Got pregnant quickly Tia Mowry reveals 'it was hard for me to get pregnant' as she expects baby girl Has second child on way with husband Cory Hardrict James Stunt's 'girlfriend' Samantha Rowley flaunts her ample assets in skimpy string bikini as she soaks up the sun in Miami Cardi B's sister Hennessy appears to accidentally reveal sex of rapper's baby in gushing Instagram post Admitted she was pregnant on SNLKarlie Kloss looks fab in plaid as she delivers talk on getting more young women into the tech world during visit to London Stunning supermodel Janice Dickinson gets styled by Nikki Lund as model is expected to appear in court for Bill Cosby's retrial She accused TV star of sexual harassment Back with a bang! Ivanka Trump heads to work in a bold form-fitting red dress after vacation with Jared Kushner's family in Wyoming Conor Mc Gregor breaks his silence with cryptic Instagram post featuring photo of himself and a PRAYING emoji...after explosive incident in NYCKhloe Kardashian says she was NOT close to Kim and Kourtney as a kid because she looked 'different' Mom-to-be opened up about her sisters Dazzling Reese Witherspoon, 42, looks ever youthful in spring dress... after wearing a 'fantastic' shirt while leaving a workout in Los Angeles Gina Rodriguez laughs on New York City set of her new Netflix rom-com as she goes for the layered look She is producing her new comedy HBO's president of programming says Big Little Lies stars 'earned' their massive raises - after another exec said the network was 'raped' by show's new budget Kim Kardashian reveals she's 'living hardcore in the gym' after upset star received fan backlash over THOSE 'unflattering' bikini pictures Kylie Jenner poses in new green lipstick which some fans have said looks like Stormi's 'baby poop' The green/brown has attracted comments Teaming up! Fleetwood Mac fires guitarist Lindsey Buckingham... and enlists Mike Campbell and Neil Finn for tour Back together Mariah Carey pokes fun at herself with a hilarious meme, sharing a VERY unflattering throwback snap alongside airbrushed album artwork Jennifer Lopez flashes cleavage in Vegas... after beau Alex Rodriguez gushes about their romance The 48-year-old star posted a closeup Luann de Lesseps beams in LA... after claiming she was groped by Russell Simmons in 2015 She has had a turbulent few months Ariana Grande is a kid again as she wears Minnie Mouse ears on Disneyland trip with pals Singer, 24, was spotted enjoying a day at Disney Amy Schumer and husband Chris Fischer take hand-in-hand stroll before comedy actress has poker game with her father Tied the knot February Kim Kardashian shows off her tiny waist and shapely curves as she paddleboards in a bikini Reality star posted a video clip from vacation Tyra Banks flaunts her legs in flirty cut-out LBD as she leaves The View in New York The 44-year-old TV personality looked flawless Lily James and Jessica Brown Findlay enjoy a Downton Abbey reunion at The Guernsey Literary & Potato Peel Pie Society world premiere Amal Clooney cuts a chic figure in LBD and cream coat as she steps out in New York City Another busy day for mom of two and human rights lawyer Jennifer Lawrence is in great spirits as she's pictured on a date with a hunky pal in New York City Hunger Games hottie, 27, looked very happy Vivica A. Fox's Sharknado 6 castmates Tara Reid, Ian Ziering, and Cassie Scerbo attend her book bash She defied her 53 years Scott Disick, 34, is stony-faced as he is stopped by police while driving with girlfriend Sofia Richie, 19, in Los Angeles after doing an 'illegal turn''No airbrushing, no problem!' Plus-size model Iskra Lawrence confidently flaunts her booty and 'thick thighs' in bikini shots Displayed her curves'I was shedding skin': Former Vogue editor Alexandra Shulman says that stepping down from her post made her look like a '190-year-old woman'Samuel L Jackson says Hollywood still has a long way to go dealing with racial equality... despite Black Panther's staggering success Setting box office records Sex pest Josh Duggar joins his family on visit to Chip and Joanna Gaines' Magnolia compound in Waco Joined by Michelle, Deanna, Mary and Josh Advertisement DON'T MISSModel royal! Lady Amelia Windsor, 22, sparkles in an elegant jewel-studded corset - and flashes a hint of thigh - as she attends D&G show in New York Emily Blunt drinks 'disgusting' oil of oregano to cure her colds... despite the fact it 'burns your throat' Actress has VERY interesting remedy Gabrielle Union praises 'one of my favorite co-stars' Jessica Alba on Today Pai are appearing n a TV pilot spun off from the Bad Boys films Mom-to-be Cardi B admits she didn't trust fiancé Offset until he proposed... and reveals his friends once 'called her a DOG' Expecting first child Paula Patton is totally transformed as she unveils new blonde hair while shopping for groceries in Malibu Robin Thicke's ex looked VERY different Kris Jenner says daughter Khloe Kardashian is 'scared' about having her baby... as reality star preps for imminent birth First tot for reality star Kathleen Turner is still called 'dad' by Matthew Perry... after Friends guest stint when she played his father Charles Pair have stuck to joke Caitlyn Jenner, 68, dons denim shorts for dinner with constant companion Sophia Hutchins, 22, in Los Angeles Close since last June American Pie singer Don Mc Lean's MUCH younger girlfriend Paris Dylan, 24, flaunts her cleavage in playful lingerie He is 73 this year Bryce Dallas Howard admits she has been 'scared off' asking for better pay... as she feared being replaced The 27-year-old actress opened up to Redbook Khloe Kardashian reveals she is due ANY MINUTE as she shares kissing photo with Tristan She has been staying with him in Cleveland Amy Adams goes glam-free in Los Angeles as she totes takeaway snack and green drink Cut casual figure as she grabbed takeout snack Kate and Wills WON'T know if they are having a boy or a girl until the baby is delivered as countdown begins with parking suspended outside hospital Just like mom! Catherine Zeta-Jones, 48, and look-alike daughter make elegant pair at the Dolce & Gabbana Alta Moda event Ariana Grande to release her first new music since the Manchester Arena terror attack in England last year Singer, 24, back in fold Cardi B covers up her bump in an elaborate denim jacket as pregnant rapper heads out after big reveal She confirmed her pregnancy this weekend A VERY racy royal girlfriend! Son of Norway's Crown Princess Mette Marit is dating a former Playboy model known for her bikini snaps'Overwhelmed by him': Actress Teresa Palmer gushes about one-year-old son Forest as the adorable pair cheekily poke their tongues at each other Amy Schumer takes on her dad Gordon in a game of poker as she visits his assisted living facility in Beverly Hills He suffers from multiple sclerosis. Stunning Anna Lynne Mc Cord shows off her lean legs as she poses in glamorous lace gown for VERY glmaorous photo shoot Actress looked amazing Vacation mode! America's Got Talent judge Heidi Klum, 44, goes topless as she puts on a sexy display with younger beau Tom Kaulitz, 28, in Mexico Carrie Underwood to perform LIVE for first time in FIVE MONTHS... as she's recovered from accident Blonde beauty is set to make a big comeback Angry animal lover Ricky Gervais shares shocking video of cruel Chinese meat trade featuring a man slaughtering tied-up dog with cleaver Harry and Meghan reveal passion for women's rights and the environment as they name charities people can donate to instead of giving wedding gifts Celebs DO love to get dolled-up! Talented artist creates tiny replicas of A-list stars including Jennifer Lawrence and Natalie Portman using acrylics, and dry pastels Real Housewives of Atlanta star Kenya Moore, 47, and husband Marc Daly are expecting their first child together Reality star married restaurant owner in 2017Is that really you, Mariah? New ad campaign shows diva throwing a tantrum after an assistant booked her into a $40-a-night hostel in Barcelona Chloe Moretz breaks silence on Brooklyn Beckham kiss: Actress listens to Cardi B's new 'cheating' track after ex was seen kissing model Lexi Wood Who is Neri Oxman? The MIT professor that stole Brad Pitt's heart after Angelina Jolie split The matinee idol is said to be dating the academic Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie have a mini Simple Life reunion...11 years after the show ended Hugely popular show ran for four years Ed Westwick steps out with girlfriend Jessica Serfaty in LA... as fashion stylist accusing him of sexual abuse files official complaint to the LAPDWild thing! Princess Marie of Denmark, 42, steps out in a leopard print skirt with a snakeskin bag as she visits a school in Copenhagen Meghan's got talent! Harry's wife-to-be shows off star quality as she sings and dances at her school graduation in front of proud parents aged just 11'Holy s**t, your ex is going to be a princess!' RHONY's Bethenny Frankel reveals she dated Meghan Markle's ex-husband Trevor Engelson Has Meghan asked ex Burberry chief to make her wedding dress? Designer Henry Holland reveals why he believes Christopher Bailey may have landed the job Back on top! Ronda Rousey wins her debut WWE match as the crowd cheered 'This is awesome!' a year after her disappointing UFC comeback Shine actor Geoffrey Rush 'virtually housebound, barely eats, struggles to sleep and wakes up with a sense of dread' over sex abuse allegations Party time! Ali Fedotowsky throws beach baby shower with pals including Kaley Cuoco She won hearts as The Bachelorette Drake parties with bevy of girls as he enjoys raucous night out in London... after surprising fans with new single Enjoying himself in UKConor Mc Gregor's father shows he is standing by his shamed UFC fighter after he attacked rival fighters' bus with Instagram post about 'DNA'Kris Jenner, 62, flashes her legs in chic mini dress alongside beau Corey Gamble, 33, at Daily Front Row Awards Date night for the duo The morning after the night before! Princess Di's niece Lady Kitty Spencer gets caught in the rain in Gucci loafers following appearance at a NYC fashion show Introducing Princess Alice? Oddsmakers reveal most popular name for Kate and Wills' baby (and it's closely followed by PHILIP in a nod to Queen's hubby)Ryan Seacrest shows he's a man of many talents as he impressively sings Hello with Lionel Richie on American Idol The pair did a little duet Chewbacca gets into a passionate embrace and his age is FINALLY revealed in new trailer for Solo: A Star Wars Story Eagerly awaited movie Victoria and Albert in color: Incredible archive of thousands of never-before seen digitized photographs give a glimpse into life in the Royal household Pregnant Chrissy Teigen shows off her bump in plunging white form-fitting dress as she joins husband John Legend at Daily Front Row Awards Kelly Osbourne beams as she puts on affectionate display with mystery man in Malibu Carrying a black jacket and her beloved Pomeranian dog, Polly Queen Letizia of Spain beams as she attends an awards ceremony in Madrid - after putting on a united front with her mom-in-law following taped 'tense' exchange You Keep Me Hangin' On singer Kim Wilde, 57, wows fans with her 'amazing' ageless appearance on TV... as she claims she has had NO plastic surgery'We've never had a fight': Bernie Taupin reveals secrets to his 50-year partnership with Elton John, and how he has to write their songs in complete seclusion Bella Hadid shows off her supermodel figure in skimpy checked dress as she makes animated appearance at TAG bash in Tokyo Enviably slender frame Revealed: The Queen's perfumer has created a bespoke fragrance for Meghan to wear on her wedding day - and it's a citrus scent inspired by the Mediterranean Brooke Burke beams as she steps out with kids after David Charvet split The pair annouced they are divorcing after seven years Matt Damon is given an Australian tour by new BFF Chris Hemsworth as the two spend time with their families at a school sports day in Byron Bay, Australia PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Janice Dickinson jets in to Pennsylvania to give evidence at Bill Cosby's retrial after claiming she was raped by the comic Getting 24/7 security Catching up! Kourtney Kardashian has dinner with her kids and Kendall Jenner in Malibu after her island getaway with boytoy Younes Stormy Daniels' lawyer says he'll release composite sketch of the man who 'threatened' her and offer a reward to identify him TOMORROWIt's still the word! As Grease turns 40 years old, FEMAIL catches up on the lives and careers of the hit musical's biggest stars They have changed a lot Showdown time!Things get heated on Real Housewives Of Atlanta Reunion as Ne Ne Leakes says she's 'ready for the battle' with Kim Zolciak Blac Chyna 'is confident' her Magic Mountain brawl will not affect joint custody agreement with Rob Kardashian over daughter Dream How THOR-tful! Chris Hemsworth treats parents to a night at the Commonwealth Games in Sydney as they watch track events from grandstands Amelia Hamlin rocks chic blazer dress as she joins mother Lisa Rinna and sister Delilah at Daily Front Row Awards after revealing anorexia battle Beach babe! Blanca Blanco sprints on the sand while showing fit physique in tiny pink striped bikini in Malibu The 37-year-old actress hit the beach Boy George admits he accidentally watched How To Get Away With Murder instead of Scandal... and got through two SEASONS before he realized Pretty in pink! Hilaria Baldwin showcases baby bump with Alec on red carpet at Mean Girls Broadway opening night She's pregnant with the couple's third boy Katy Perry squirms on American Idol after her religious parents call her 'mouthy' as top 24 begin performing They embarrassed their superstar daughter Paris Hilton, Emily Ratajkowski and pregnant Chrissy Teigen take the plunge as they lead the A-list glamour at the Daily Front Row Fashion Awards A busty display! Sean 'Diddy' Combs shows off girlfriend Cassie's voluptuous curves in white bikini on Instagram Enjoying their vacation Jersey Shore's Pauly D keen to join forces with stars from the UK's Geordie Shore for wild new show... but fears 'someone will end up DYING'Hiding out? Donald Trump Jr dons camouflage and poses on cliff's edge during trip in Spain after wife Vanessa filed for divorce in ugly split'She's allowing Harry to take the lead': Body language expert reveals Meghan's 'deference' for Prince (compared to her 'lack of warmth' for her first husband)Making a splash! Kourtney Kardashian drops jaws in tiny bikini during fun-filled getaway to Turks and Caicos Star looked amazing Sofia Vergara cuddles up to hubby Joe Manganiello in weekend getaway snaps she shares to Instagram The couple tied the knot in 2015Back to business! Princess Mary of Denmark dazzles crowds at a finance conference in Copenhagen following a family break in Verbier Ripped! Justin Bieber strips down for a dip in Malibu swimming hole... after earlier run in with crazed fan The popstar went for a refreshing dip Brooklyn Beckham is engrossed in his phone after being pictured with new girlfriend... as he joins dad David and brothers at LA Galaxy game Watch out Willy Wonka! Gwyneth Paltrow gives son Moses the sweetest 12th birthday party ever at sugar pop-up Candytopia in LA'She's had a really rough time': Friends fear for 'heartbroken' Ruby Rose after her split with singer Jessica Origliasso OITNB star was rocked Paris Jackson nails rocker chic in a khaki green cami dress and matching bomber jacket at Daily Front Row Awards Michael Jackson's girl Charlize Theron puts on a very leggy display in sexy leather shorts and killer heels as she's feted at San Francisco Film Festival Red carpet appearance Jimmy Kimmel reveals death threats he has received against his wife and young son after Sean Hannity feud as he apologizes to the gay community Puckering up! Heidi Klum, 44, kisses new boyfriend Tom Kaulitz, 28, as they arrive in Mexico for romantic vacation Putting on the PDAThe Late Late Show's James Corden and wife Julia enjoy romantic beach stroll as they vacation in Cabo with Molly Sims and Rachel Zoe Trump's sons spent '$73,000 of TAXPAYERS money' on their trip to Dubai to attend lavish wedding of their billionaire business partner's daughter Black Panther surpasses Titanic to enter top three of all-time grossing films at domestic box office The Disney-Marvel motion picture Nicole Scherzinger is hippie chic in a tie-dye maxi as she steps out in West Hollywood after being axed from the X Factor UK Singer, 39, looked happy'Her dad, the billionaire, seems like a great guy': Jeremy Meeks' murdering rapist father says he's 'looking forward' to meeting Chloe and Philip Green'I have no idea!' Blake Lively admits fears she's 'not equipped' for motherhood as she and husband Ryan Reynolds act to protect their young daughters Prince Charles dons a traditional feather headband for an Aboriginal welcome ceremony before enjoying a spiritual blessing Naomie Harris exudes elegance in a patterned ballgown as she joins co-star Dwayne Johnson at Rampage photocall in Shanghai Moonlight actress Couple goals! Blake Lively hilariously trolls Ryan Reynolds as she compliments HERSELF instead of husband She took to Instagram Sunday Nicole Richie is stylish in purple gown embellished with silver flowers at awards show in LA The 36-year-old flashed a little cleavage Khloe Kardashian's ex-boyfriend French Montana launches a menswear line for Boohoo MAN inspired by his Moroccan heritage Includes tropical prints SPOILER The Walking Dead: Negan fights right-hand man Simon and vows to kill 'every last one' of Rick's crew Sunday's episode of the show Dakota Fanning glitters in embellished pink frock at Dolce & Gabbana Alta Moda event in NYC At the Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center Doting dad! Josh Duhamel holds hands with four-year-old son Axl... amid rumors he's dating actress Eiza Gonzalez Transformers actor George Clooney accepts a gift from homeless man turned actor Radioman in New York City He was stood outside star's residence Adrien Brody, 44, and model girlfriend Lara Lieto, 24, share passionate kiss during errand run The couple looked very much in love Diane Kruger showcases ample bosom in off-the-shoulder patterned blouse at D&G event in NYC The actress is 41She's a material girl! Madonna, 59, puts on a busty display in black lace corset as she poses for sultry snap in Lisbon Took to Instagram Prolific voice actor and comedian Chuck Mc Cann who recorded the famous line 'I'm cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs!' dies aged 83 Very familiar TV face Still causing trouble! Guest reveals Conor Mc Gregor was 'being rowdy' at Manhattan hotel just hours after getting released from jail Rita Ora showcases her off-duty style in bold panelled joggers and a sporty bumbag during low-key stroll in New York Hot Right Now hitmaker Baywatch babe! Charlotte Mc Kinney shows off her endless legs in retro mini dress at Daily Front Row Awards Donned tiny dress Alex Rodriguez Face Times Jennifer Lopez during Ellen show as De Generes quizzes pair on how they met Ex-MLB star opened up Kylie Jenner's daughter Stormi is lavished with love as she meets her father Travis Scott's family Rapper took Stormi to meet his relatives A beaming Erica Packer enjoys a day on the water with friends in Sydney as ex-husband James continues treatment for mental health issues Full of Glee! Lea Michele and Zandy Reich share a quick kiss at lunch before heading off on a hike with her father The duo puckered up for all to see Slam dunk! Eddie Murphy and girlfriend Paige Butcher stroll hand-in-hand into afternoon basketball game Seen in LA'My perverted chihuahua has a thing for my underwear': Ruby Rose goes on bizarre rant after finding her dirty lingerie scattered across yard Elsa Pataky, 41, flaunts her trim pins in a leather jacket and electric blue boots as she swaps her trademark bohemian style for an edgy look for photo shoot Playing with fire! Kim Kardashian sizzles as she showcases torso in red string bikini during Turks and Caicos trip The 38-year-old shared images and videos Tiger Woods and ex-wife Elin Nordegren are 'friends now' and 'get along really well' 'Closer now than they were when they were married,' an insider says Sure to be a page-turner! Chrissy Metz wears colorful tropical fish-themed dress for book signing in Los Angeles The This Is Us star Vanessa Trump 'filed for divorce from Donald Trump Jr after her family's multi-million dollar windfall' from her late father's investments A family affair! Jennifer Garner and her ex Ben Affleck put on a united front as they take their children to church In Pacific Palisades on Sunday Rumors continue to swirl that Matt Damon is planning a move Down Under where his 'great friend Chris Hemsworth enjoys the quiet life away from Hollywood'Picture perfect! Leonardo Di Caprio shares snap with Dame Jane Goodall and Moby at 'inspiring' LA fundraiser Titanic actor went casual Brooklyn Beckham flashes new pin-up tattoo which looks VERY similar to Playboy model new flame Lexi Wood Seen sharing a kiss Puppy love! Liev Schreiber, 50, and girlfriend Taylor Neisen, 26, dote on pet pooch during bundled up NYC outing Quick trip to the dog park Justin Bieber dodges crazed female fan with gift waiting for him in parking lot after spin class The pop star dodged a determined female fan Today's headlines Most Read PICTURED: Strip club worker who 'kissed and went to a hotel with Tristan Thompson days before girlfriend...'This has gone too far!' Trump is considering firing Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein after he approved FBI raid on... REVEALED: Trump 'sought to fire Mueller in December after a round of subpoenas related to the president's... European Commission investigators raid Rupert Murdoch's Fox HQ in London as part of continent-wide probe... The divided states of America: Major health study warns US is at breaking point as the wealthy coasts thrive...'Why are you doing this?' Final words of Morgan Freeman's granddaughter as she was stabbed to death in the... Mark Zuckerberg tells Congress Facebook is 'working with' Mueller's investigators as lawmakers demand... Zuckerberg is quizzed repeatedly on perceived left-wing bias on Facebook after claims it censored Trump... Check your Facebook account NOW: Site launches a tool to reveal if your private data has been compromised in... Americans 'have different sensibilities' to Europeans on Facebook data privacy, Zuckerberg tells Senators as... Facebook will 'always' be free (at least, for those who don't mind seeing ads), says Zuckerberg The real booster! Mark Zuckerberg sits tall on an inches-thick extra cushion for his Congressional testimony Apple i OS 11.3 update BREAKS i Phone 8 devices that have had screens repaired by a third-party Fox anchors come under fire after they call a Houston teenager who was accepted to 20 colleges 'obnoxious'Katie Cassidy turned down the chance to date Prince Harry because she didn't want to be known as his 'girl'Former Silicon Valley star TJ Miller is arrested at La Guardia Airport for 'calling in a fake bomb threat'...'He tried to force himself into my mouth': Disturbing day of testimony by one of Bill Cosby's alleged... Candy fans hoard Necco Wafers now that the New England confectionery company famous for its chalky sweets... You’ve been washing your towels all wrong! Expert reveals how to keep them fluffy – and the first step is... 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D338866

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_training

Horse training

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A horse being trained on the longe line. Horse training refers to a variety of practices that teach horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans. Horses are trained to be manageable by humans for everyday care as well as for equestrian activities from horse racing to therapeutic horseback riding for people with disabilities. Historically, horses were trained for warfare, farm work, sport and transport. Today, most horse training is geared toward making horses useful for a variety of recreational and sporting equestrian pursuits. Horses are also trained for specialized jobs from movie stunt work to police and crowd control activities, circus entertainment, and equine-assisted psychotherapy. There is tremendous controversy over various methods of horse training and even some of the words used to describe these methods. Some techniques are considered cruel, other methods are considered gentler and more humane. However, it is beyond the scope of this article to go into the details of various training methodology, so general, basic principles are described below. The see also section of this article provides links to more specific information about various schools and techniques of horse training. Contents [ hide ]1 Goals2 Stages2.1 Training of foals and younger horses2.2 Ground training2.3 "Backing" or riding the young horse3 Training for a specific discipline4 See also5 References6 Notes Goals [ edit]Effective communication and harmony between horse and rider are among the goals of proper training The range of training techniques and training goals is large, but basic animal training concepts apply to all forms of horse training. The initial goal of most types of training is to create a horse that is safe for humans to handle (under most circumstances) and able to perform a useful task for the benefit of humans A few specific considerations and some basic knowledge of horse behavior helps a horse trainer be effective no matter what school or discipline is chosen: Safety is paramount: Horses are much larger and stronger than humans, so must be taught behavior that will not injure people. Horses, like other animals, differ in brain structure from humans and thus do not have the same type of thinking and reasoning ability as human beings. Thus, the human has the responsibility to think about how to use the psychology of the horse to lead the animal into an understanding of the goals of the human trainer. Horses are social herd animals and, when properly handled, can learn to follow and respect a human leader. Horses, as prey animals, have an inborn fight or flight instinct that has to be adapted to human needs. Horses need to be taught to rely upon humans to determine when fear or flight is an appropriate response to new stimuli and not to react by instinct alone. Like most animals, a young horse will more easily adapt to human expectations than an older one, so human handling of the horse from a very early age is generally advised. Stages [ edit]Regardless of the goal of training, most horses go through a predictable series of steps on their way to being "finished" animals for a given discipline. Training of foals and younger horses [ edit]Most young domesticated horses are handled at birth or within the first few days of life, though some are only handled for the first time when they are weaned from their mothers, or dams. Advocates of handling foals from birth sometimes use the concept of imprinting to introduce a foal within its first few days and weeks of life to many of the activities they will see throughout their lives. Within a few hours of birth, a foal being imprinted will have a human touch it all over, pick up its feet, and introduce it to human touch and voice. Others may leave a foal alone for its first few hours or days, arguing that it is more important to allow the foal to bond with its dam. However, even people who do not advocate imprinting often still place value on handling a foal a great deal while it is still nursing and too small to easily overpower a human. By doing so, the foal ideally will learn that humans will not harm it, but also that humans must be respected. Horses too young to be ridden are trained to accept a halter, taught basic skills, manners, and become accustomed to human activity. Some, like this yearling, are shown in conformation classes. While a foal is far too young to be ridden, it is still able to learn skills it will need later in life. By the end of a foal's first year, it should be halter-broke, meaning that it allows a halter placed upon its head and has been taught to be led by a human at a walk and trot, to stop on command and to stand tied. The young horse needs to be calm for basic grooming, as well as veterinary care such as vaccinations and de-worming. A foal needs regular hoof care and can be taught to stand while having its feet picked up and trimmed by a farrier. Ideally a young horse should learn all the basic skills it will need throughout its life, including: being caught from a field, loaded into a horse trailer, and not to fear flapping or noisy objects. It also can be exposed to the noise and commotion of ordinary human activity, including seeing motor vehicles, hearing radios, and so on. More advanced skills sometimes taught in the first year include learning to accept blankets placed on it, to be trimmed with electric clippers, and to be given a bath with water from a hose. The foal may learn basic voice commands for starting and stopping, and sometimes will learn to square its feet up for showing in in-hand or conformation classes. If these tasks are completed, the young horse will have no fear of things placed on its back, around its belly or in its mouth. Some people, whether through philosophy or simply due to being pressed for time, do not handle foals significantly while they are still nursing, but wait until the foal is weaned from its dam to begin halter breaking and the other tasks of training a horse in its first year. The argument for gentling and halter-breaking at weaning is that the young horse, in crisis from being separated from its dam, will more readily bond with a human at weaning than at a later point in its life. Sometimes the tasks of basic gentling are not completed within the first year but continue when the horse is a yearling. Yearlings are larger and more unpredictable than weanlings, plus often are easily distracted, in part due to the first signs of sexual maturity. However, they also are still highly impressionable, and though very quick and agile, are not at their full adult strength. Rarer, but not uncommon even in the modern world, is the practice of leaving young horses completely unhandled until they are old enough to be ridden, usually between the age of two and four, and completing all ground training as well as training for riding at the same time. However, waiting until a horse is full grown to begin training is often far riskier for humans and requires considerably more skill to avoid injury. Ground training [ edit]A young horse in Europe being longed with a surcingle and side reins After a young horse is taught to lead and other basic skills, various tasks can be introduced to the horse as it matures while it is still too young to be ridden. Some schools of training do a great deal of work with young horses during their yearling and two-year-old years to prepare them for riding, others merely reinforce the basic lessons taught to the horse as a foal and simply keep the horse accustomed to the presence of humans. Many times, a young horse did not have all necessary basic skills described above taught to it as a foal and its "adolescent" years are spent learning or re-learning basic lessons. Several ground training techniques are commonly introduced to a young horse some time after it is a year old, but prior to being ridden. All horses usually have some or all of this ground work done prior to being ridden, though the time spent can range from hours to months. While a foal or yearling can be introduced to a small amount of ground work, a young horse's bones and joints are quite soft and fragile. So, to prevent joint and cartilage injury, intense work, particularly intense work in a confined circle (such as advanced roundpenning or longeing ), should wait until the horse is at least two years old. Common ground training techniques include: Liberty work, sometimes called free longeing, round pen work or roundpenning, but regardless of terminology, is the process of working a loose horse in a small area (usually a round pen 40–60 feet/15–20 meters in diameter) with the handler holding only a long whip or a rope lariat, teaching the horse to respond to the voice and body language of the handler as he or she asks the horse to move faster or slower, to change direction, and to stop. Longeing (Lungeing- UK), pronounced "lungeing", the training of a young horse to move in circles at the end of a long rope or line, usually about 25 to 30 feet long. Desensitization, sometimes called sacking out, the process of introducing a horse to flapping objects such as blankets, teaching the horse to allow itself to be touched by an object and not to fear things that people move about a horse. Introduction to a saddle and bridle or harness, without actually getting on the horse or hooking up a cart. Ground driving, also called long-lining, teaching a young horse to move forward with a person walking behind it, a precursor to both harness driving and having reins used by a mounted rider. Bitting, the process of accustoming a horse to a bit and bridle, sometimes with the addition of side reins that attach to a saddle, harness, or surcingle (a wide leather or nylon band that goes around the horse's barrel) and accustom the horse to the feel of pressure on the bit. A horse is not ready to be ridden until it is accustomed to all the equipment that it needs to wear and is responsive to basic voice, and usually rein, commands to start, stop, turn and change gaits. For some disciplines, ground work is also used to develop specific types of muscling as well as to instill certain behaviors. When ground work incorporates both mental and muscular development, it may take considerably longer for the horse to be ready to be ridden, but advocates of these methods maintain that the additional time on the ground allows the horse to advance more quickly or with better manners once under saddle. "Backing" or riding the young horse [ edit]A young Lipizzan at the Spanish Riding School in training equipment, wearing saddle, bridle and longeing cavesson so that it may be longed prior to being ridden. The age that horses are first ridden, or "backed" (UK) varies considerably by breed and discipline. Many Thoroughbred race horses have small, light riders on their backs as early as the fall of their yearling year. Most stock horse breeds, such as the American Quarter Horse, are ridden at the age of two. Most horses used in harness have a cart first put behind them at age two, and even some horses not ridden until age three will be trained to pull a light cart at two, in order to learn better discipline and to help develop stronger muscles with less stress. The vast majority of horses across disciplines and throughout the world are first put under saddle at the age of three. However, some slower-maturing breeds, such as the Lipizzan, are not ridden until the age of four. The act of getting on a horse for the first time goes by many names, including backing, breaking, mounting, and simply riding. There are many techniques for introducing the young horse to a rider or to a harness and cart for driving, but the end goal of all methods is to have the horse calmly and quietly allow a rider on its back or behind it in a cart and to respond to basic commands to go forward, change gaits and speed, stop, turn and back up. Ideally, a young horse will have no fear of humans and view being ridden as simply one more new lesson. A properly handled young horse that had adequate ground work will seldom buck, rear, or run away when it is ridden, even for the very first time. Discipline-specific training can take years to perfect. Horses that have never been taught to be ridden can learn at any age, though it may take somewhat longer to teach an older horse. An older horse that is used to humans but has no prior bad habits is easier to put under saddle than is a completely feral horse caught "wild" off the open range as an adult. However, an adult feral horse may be easier to train than a domesticated animal that has previously learned to treat humans with disrespect. [1] [2]Training for a specific discipline [ edit]There are many horse training philosophies and techniques and details are far too extensive to describe in a single article. Also, horses have different conformation, athletic potential, temperaments and personalities, all of which may influence what techniques are used. For further information on horse training and specific disciplines, see the Bibliography and the articles below, which cover many of the concepts and different schools of thought on training and handling horses. See also [ edit]Animal training Classical dressage Clicker training Dressage English riding Equestrianism Glossary of equestrian terms Hippology Horse Horse behavior Kikkuli the Mitanni Longeing Natural horsemanship On Horsemanship (Xenophon)Spanish Riding School Western riding References [ edit]^ Meredith, Ron. "The Training Tree: Putting it all Together" Meredith Manor^ "How do I choose the right one?" Archived 2014-05-25 at the Wayback Machine. Notes [ edit]Hill, Cherry. Making, Not Breaking: The First Year Under Saddle. Breakthrough Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-914327-43-7. Covers basic modern horse training, suitable for most disciplines. Lyons, John and Jennifer J. Denison. Bringing Up Baby. Primedia Enthusiast Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-929164-12-2. Describes methods of training a young horse from birth up until it is old enough to ride. Miller, Robert and Richard Lamb. Revolution in Horsemanship. Lyons Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59228-387-X. Reviews the various methods and schools of what today is known as " Natural horsemanship ," with a useful overview of the history of horse training from antiquity to the present. Miller, Robert M. Imprint Training of the Newborn Foal. Western Horseman Books, 2003. ISBN 1-58574-666-5 Explains imprint training of young foals in the first days of life. Podhajsky, Alois. The Complete Training of Horse and Rider. Doubleday, 1967 ISBN 0-87980-235-9. 20th century text by the former director of the Spanish Riding School covering the training of horses from basic dressage through the haute ecole or "high school" movements. Wynmalen, Henry. Dressage: A study of the finer points of riding. Wilshire Book Company, 1971. ISBN 0-87980-187-5. Methods to train horses in the classic dressage tradition. [ hide]v t e Equine Equine science and management Equine anatomy Equine nutrition Horse behavior Horse care Horse breeding Horse genome Equine conformation Equine coat color Horse gait Equestrianism and sport Glossary of equestrian terms Horse industry List of equestrian sports Horse tack Bit Bridle Saddle Harness English riding Western riding Driving Horse training Horse racing Equestrian at the Summer Olympics ( medalists, venues) Horse show Equitation Evolution and history Domestication of the horse Horses in warfare Horses in the Middle Ages Horses in the United States Horses in East Asian warfare History of the horse in South Asia Horses in the Napoleonic Wars Horses in World War I Horses in World War II History of the horse in Britain Horse worship Horse burial Horse breeds, types and other Equidae Horses List of horse breeds Draft horse Feral horse Gaited horse Mountain and moorland pony breeds Sport horse Stock horse Warmblood Wild horse Other Equus List of donkey breeds Donkey Zebra Onager Hybrids Hinny Mule Zebroid Category Horses portal Categories: Horse behavior Horse training

D1080290

https://www.trademarkia.com/puristar-76375978.html

PURISTAR Trademark Information

PURISTAR Trademark Information BASF SEchemicals in the form of powders, namely granules or shaped pieces, being catalysts for use in chemical processes Perfect for these industries Chemical Products Words that describe this markchemicals form powders granules shapedpieces catalysts use chemical processes This is a brand page for the PURISTAR trademark by BASF SE in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, ,. Write a review about a product or service associated with this PURISTAR trademark. Or, contact the owner BASF SE of the PURISTAR trademark by filing a request to communicate with the Legal Correspondent for licensing, use, and/or questions related to the PURISTAR trademark. On Tuesday, February 26, 2002, a U. S. federal trademark registration was filed for PURISTAR by BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein. The USPTO has given the PURISTAR trademark serial number of 76375978. The current federal status of this trademark filing is REGISTERED AND RENEWED . The correspondent listed for PURISTAR is JOHN P. MURTAUGH of PEARNE & GORDON LLP, 1801 EAST 9TH STREET, SUITE 1200, CLEVELAND, OH 44114-3108 . The PURISTAR trademark is filed in the category of Chemical Products . The description provided to the USPTO for PURISTAR is chemicals in the form of powders, namely granules or shaped pieces, being catalysts for use in chemical processes. Word mark: PURISTARStatus/Status Date: REGISTERED AND RENEWED2/17/2017Serial Number: 76375978Filing Date: 2/26/2002Registration Number: 3220368Registration Date: 3/20/2007Goods and Services: chemicals in the form of powders, namely granules or shaped pieces, being catalysts for use in chemical processes Mark Description: NOT AVAILABLEType Of Mark: Trade Mark Published For Opposition Date: 8/17/2004Last Applicant/Owner: BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Why is this contact information displayed? Mark Drawing Code: Typeset (Words/letter/Number)Design Search: (NO DATA)Register Type: Principal Disclaimer: (NOT AVAILABLE)Correspondent: JOHN P. MURTAUGHPEARNE & GORDON LLP1801 EAST 9TH STREET, SUITE 1200CLEVELAND, OH 44114-3108Use in Commerce Trademark - Applicant has provided proof of use of this mark in commerce to USPTO. Classification Information Primary Class: Class (001) - Chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins; unprocessed plastics; manures; fire extinguishing compositions; tempering and soldering preparations; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry. First Use Anywhere: 4/26/2006First Use In Commerce: 4/26/2006Trademarkia is the largest search engine for U. S. trademarks. Each month hundreds of trademarks around the world are filed by licensed attorneys in the Legal Force/Trademarkia network! You can register your trademark in 170+ countries in the world through Legal Force Network. Legal Force Network can help you incorporate a business around your PURISTAR trademark in less than 5 minutes. Trademarkia makes the process easy and convenient, so start now!Trademarkia.com is a free search engine of publicly available government records. Trademarkia.com is not a law firm and does not represent owners & correspondents listed on this page. Trademark Document Retrieval >>

D1757244

http://www.wildflorida.com/wildlife/birds/White_Pelican.php

.

White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Photo Fiona Sunquist ©These huge, spectacular looking white birds are seen in Florida between December and March. During these months, large flocks of white pelicans can be seen on Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge on Sanibel Island. White pelicans spend the winter in Florida and along the Gulf coast, then fly north to nest in the mid-west and central Canada. In the mating season, male white pelicans develop a fibrous plate on the upper portion of their beak (see above)White pelicans have a wingspan of 9 feet, and males and females are similar in appearance. In flight they can be confused with wood storks or whooping cranes as all three birds have similar distinctive black wingtips that stand out against the all-white plumage. However pelicans fly with their necks tucked in, unlike cranes and storks. In fall and spring large flocks of white pelicans can often be seen circling high above the central Gulf coast near Fort Myers and further north. White pelicans are cooperative feeders. They do not plunge dive like the brown pelican, but rather, they use a coordinated feeding strategy and swim in a line or half circle, ‘herding’ fish towards the shore. Two groups of pelicans will sometimes ‘herd’ fish towards each other.top of page | back to birds

D1843791

http://www.mikemooneyham.com/1996/06/23/murdoch-was-larger-than-life/

Murdoch Was Larger Than Life

Headlines Murdoch Was Larger Than Life SHARE ON: Mike Mooneyham — June 23, 1996Dick Murdoch An article by Mike Mooneyham Published June 23, 1996EDITOR’S NOTE: Dick Murdoch, who passed away June 14, 1996, at the age of 49, was an integral part of a generation of wrestlers who helped pave the way for today’s stars. A colorful performer whose love for his home state of Texas was reflected in his character, “Dirty” Dick Murdoch’s passing leaves a void in wrestling that will never again be filled. Dick Murdoch is remembered in the first of a two-part series. One of Dick Murdoch’s favorites things, besides wrestling, was talking about the old days and growing up in Waxahatchie, Texas, where boys were molded into men at an early age and modern-day cowboys still roamed the ranges. Like his home Lone Star state, Murdoch epitomized a larger-than-life figure in the sport of professional wrestling. A barroom brawler affectionately known to many fans as “Dirty Dick” and “Captain Redneck,” Murdoch spent 30 years in a profession he loved with a passion. [ad#Mike Mooneyham-336×280] Murdoch, who retired from a full-time schedule several years ago but continued to wrestle on an occasional basis, died of a massive heart attack at his home in Canyon, Texas, after having worked a rodeo show earlier that day in Amarillo. A star athlete out of high school, Murdoch was heavily recruited by the University of Texas. His grades, however, didn’t get him in, so he opted for West Texas State, which at that time featured future pro footballers Duane Thomas and Mercury Morris and would spawn such future stars as the Funk Brothers, Stan Hansen, Manny Fernandez, Ted Di Biase, Tito Santana, Tully Blanchard, Barry Windham, Scott Casey, Kelly Kiniski and the late Bruiser Brody (Frank Goodish). But whether Murdoch actually attended West Texas State is a matter of conjecture.“I don’t know if he ever went to school there a day in his life,” said WWF announcer Jim Ross, who worked with Murdoch in Bill Watts’ popular UWF promotion during the mid-’80s. “He played in one of their alumni games one time and talked his way into that deal.”It was at West Texas State where Murdoch was to form a lifelong partnership with a fellow athlete by the name of Virgil Runnels Jr., who, like Murdoch, had big dreams that transcended the boundaries of a college football field. After a stint with the Marine Corps, Murdoch rejoined Runnels, but this time in a professional wrestling ring. Runnels, however, was no longer Runnels – he was now Dusty Rhodes, who was later to become “The American Dream” and was to revolutionize the sport in a way Muhammed Ali changed boxing. Together, known as “The Texas Outlaws,” “Dirty” Dusty Rhodes and “Dirty” Dick Murdoch swept through opposition like a Texas tornado, leaving in their wake a path of broken bones and sellout crowds from Detroit to Australia. They were to become one of the greatest tag teams in wrestling history.“Dusty and I had a great time together,” Murdoch said in 1989 interview. “We broke into wrestling together and were partners for nine years in a row. We traveled together every day, wrestled together every day and we lived next door to each other. But we finally just had to shake hands and go our separate ways.”Although Rhodes and Murdoch were also on opposite sides of the ring at times during their careers, they remained close friends and even bought some land together in the mountains of Colorado, where they would hunt and fish. But they always called Texas their home. Murdoch lived in Canyon, only six miles from longtime friend Terry Funk, who once broke Murdoch’s ankle with a spinning toehold.“Dusty’s a heck of an athlete, a heck of a wrestler and a heck of a nice guy,” Murdoch said in the 1989 interview. “Who knows, maybe one day before we both retire, we’ll get back together as `The Outlaws’ one more time. That would be fantastic.”Murdoch’s inclination toward the sport came naturally. His father was famous mat villain Frankie Hill Murdoch, and his uncle was the legendary “Farmer” Jones, who gained notoriety by bringing a pig into the ring. Scars and a couple of missing front teeth represented the rugged part of the business that the big Texan proudly carried with him. But family always remained the most important part of Murdoch’s life.“I make a living to take care of my family, and that’s what I really care about,” said Murdoch. “I think I live a good, clean life. The only thing that’s ever been strong in my body is a few beers and every now and then a shot of whiskey.”Murdoch was also active in drug awareness programs, working with Elk’s lodges throughout Texas.“I try to teach my kids to grow up a good American way and to keep away from drugs. Anyone even associated with drugs is not welcome in my house.”One of Murdoch’s fondest recollections of this area involved a not-so-successful fishing trip during the early ’80s.“ (Blackjack) Mulligan and I had this boat and we went down to the Santee-Cooper, which was supposed to be the greatest bass fishing lake in the history of the United States,” he joked. “We went down there and didn’t catch nothin’ but a heat stroke. The game warden checked us and couldn’t believe we didn’t have one fish.“We were wrestling in Charleston later that night. Everyone knew we had gone fishing and we didn’t have any fish. We went down to a bunch of fish markets, but unfortunately they were all closed.“It had been a hot summer day and we had to wrestle in that old building (County Hall). We were wrestling (Ric) Flair and (Greg) Valentine that night, and I think the match went an hour, and it was all Mulligan and me could do to get to the shower. I was in the Marine Corps in Twentynine Palms in the middle of the Mojave Desert in California. But that night here in Charleston, after that sunburn; man, it was a memory, and I wouldn’t trade for it. I loved it.”The news of Murdoch’s passing had a numbing effect throughout the wrestling community – especially among those who came up through the ranks with the big Texan. [ad#Mike Mooneyham-468×15]Former mat star Jerry Brisco, who now works as a road agent for the WWF, was particularly saddened by the loss.“My brother and I have been really down in the dumps about that,” Brisco said from his home in Tampa. “Jack (former NWA world champion Jack Brisco) and I were devastated because we go way back with Dickie. Not only did we have a good time and wrestle him and wrestle with him all over the world, he was a very close personal friend of both Jack and I. All I can say is there’ll never be another Dick Murdoch.“No matter how he was feeling, he was always able to bring you up and make you feel good. “It was always a pleasure to be around Dick. He will be missed by a lot of people.”Part Two Published June 30, 1996Professional wrestling lost one of its true originals with the recent passing of Dick Murdoch. Murdoch, 49, died of a massive heart attack the evening of June 14 at his home in Canyon, exas. He reportedly had no prior heart problems, but had suffered from high blood pressure in recent months. Murdoch, who had worked a rodeo event the day of his death, had promoted and wrestled a show the night before at the Amarillo Sports Arena. It was the same building where he had spent many of his favorite times as a child watching his father, the late Frankie Hill Murdoch, engage in a legendary feud with the late Dory Funk Sr., and where he, too, had main-evented on many occasions. Murdoch had, in fact, planned to bring a series of shows to the Sports Arena this summer as part of a “Blast from the Past Wrestling” series.“Dirty Dick” Murdoch was known as much for his easygoing and endearing personality as his ability as a top-notch worker inside the ring. A master storyteller who could spin tales to match the size of his home state of Texas, Hart Richard Murdoch continued to live out his cowboy dream even after his days as a main-event wrestler had ended. As proprietor of a colorful establishment appropriately named Dirty Dick’s Dive, Murdoch perpetuated the legends of men who had long ago made their marks on Texas Panhandle wrestling history. Murdoch, who had a lifelong passion for steer roping, was a member of the Coors Team Roping Association and the Elks Lodge in Amarillo. He took an active role in helping the lodge kick start a statewide anti-drug program in 1988. The news of Murdoch’s passing had a numbing effect throughout the wrestling community. Former mat star Jerry Brisco, who shared a 30-year friendship with Murdoch, said the 6-4, 270-pound Texan changed very little the entire time he had known him.“From the first day I met him back in 1966, he looked the same and acted the same,” Brisco said. “I never heard of a single health problem about Dick Murdoch. That’s what really hit everybody by surprise. You could look at Dickie and see that he was a little out of shape, but Dick was like that his entire life.“I saw Dickie about six months ago. One of my older brothers, Bill, who is in the car business and works out in Amarillo for a dealership, called (brother) Jack and I from Dirty Dick’s Dive less than a month ago. That place was packed with Dickie’s personality. He could really draw in those cowboys. Everything was going well with him. They were getting ready to have a big barbecue in Canyon, and he had even run a show in Amarillo and had wrestled in it. This all hit us pretty hard.”Brisco, 49, said the loss hit close to home.“We lost one of the best ones. Dickie was just one of those guys you get the pleasure of meeting and you’ll never forget. He always brought up everyone he came in contact with. Dickie was one of those guys you think is going to be around forever. He’ll be missed. It makes you realize that you can’t go through life being away from your family all the time. I guarantee you it hit home.”Dory Funk Jr., who held the NWA world title from 1969-73 and whose brother Terry lives six miles from Murdoch’s home in Canyon, has many fond memories of his Texas friend, noting that many of Murdoch’s wild antics as a youngster – such as throwing chairs at wrestlers and being the first in line for a good fight – remained with Murdoch throughout his life.“I used to watch my father (Dory Funk Sr.) wrestle his father (Frankie Hill Murdoch) back around 1950,” said Funk, who now lives in Ocala, Fla., but whose younger days were spent on the famed Flying Mare Ranch in Umbarger, Texas. “I was older by about seven years, but I used to watch Dick running around the (Amarillo) Sports Arena when he was around 7 or 8 years old. He was a hell-raising kid who used to throw seat pebbles at the guys after the matches. My father wrestled his father in Amarillo something like 30 times one year and packed the house at the Sports Arena every time. Dick grew up in wrestling and he died in wrestling.”Funk called the funeral “just as crazy as Dick Murdoch’s life.”“The funeral was the craziest thing I’ve ever seen,” said Funk. “The place was full as you would imagine it would be. There were tears and people crying, but at the same time whenever somebody talked about Dick, because of the way he lived his life, it was a funny story. There were people laughing one minute and crying the next minute. It was evident that Dick Murdoch was a friend of the fans. Many fans came a long way to get there. Dick helped lots and lots of guys.”WWF announcer Jim Ross called Murdoch “a natural.”“I knew him very well,” WWF announcer Jim Ross said. “He was a great athlete and certainly seemed to be born to be in wrestling. He was a natural if there ever was one as far as his timing and his aptitude. It was absolutely amazing. He’s going to be missed. The stories that he told in the locker room were legend. He was a heck of a good guy.“He’s one of those colorful characters that you really miss and just can’t be replicated. He was a natural, he was a prodigy, he was born to be in the business.”

D1854565

http://www.lazygirldesigns.com/pdf-files/how-to-make-a-perfect-yo-yo-every-time

How To Make A Perfect Yo-Yo Every Time

How To Make A Perfect Yo-Yo Every Timeby Joan Hawley — 61 Comments »Lazies, It’s easy to make perfect yo-yo’s for your next sewing or quilting project. You know I love yo-yo’s. So, while I was making some recently, I put together a tutorial. Here is a step-by-step tour of using the Clover Yo-Yo Maker tools. Subscribe to our blog so you don’t miss a juicy morsel. Yo-Yo Maker: Each Clover Yo-Yo Maker has two parts: a disk, shown in dark yellow to the left, and a tray, shown in light yellow to the right. Place a piece of fabric between the disk and tray, snap together and go. The tray and disk need to be aligned with each other on the round yo-yo makers only. Match the ridge lines on the disk to the notches at the edge of the tray. You can see a couple of details better with the disk snapped into the tray. Details: 1. Use the hole in the center of the tray to pop the disk out when done. 2. This slightly raised ridge is the finished size (outside edge/ fold line) of the yo-yo made with this tool. Each tool has a finished-sized indicator (either a ridge, or a hole the size and shape of the yo-yo). 3. Area inside the ridge will be the back of the finished yo-yo. 4. Area between the ridge and the edge of the tray will be on the front of the finished yo-yo. See Note below. 5. Use these notches to align the disk for round yo-yo makers only. Cut a piece of fabric slightly larger than the disk. Place fabric, right side down against the tray. Place disk on top of the tray. Be sure to match the ridge lines on the disk to the notches on the tray (for round yo-yo makers only as shown in the first photo above). These little crescent shaped openings (circled above) on the tray are the stitch guides. Bring your needle up at one end of the crescent and back down through the other end of the same crescent as shown above. Catch the seam allowance in this stitching. Note: Remember the round ridge line marked #2 on the tray in the second photo from the top? You’ll be able to see your fabric through the tray making it easy to know which part of your fabric will end up on the back (area #3 above) and the front (area #4 above) of the finished yo-yo. Use the tray to fussy-cut your fabric if desired. Fold the fabric seam allowance over the disk and pinch with your finger and thumb to secure for stitching. – With a needle and thread (knot the end or leave a tail) stitch from the disk side, through the folded seam allowance, finding the opening of the crescent on the tray and pull needle/thread through. Continue holding the seam allowance flat against the tray. – Finish the stitch by sewing through the other end of the same crescent. Work your way around the rest of the yo-yo. Pop the disk out of the tray by pushing through the hole on the tray. If you have too much seam allowance, trim the excess now. Be sure not to cut the stitching thread. Gently fold the seam allowance over the edge of the disk to remove the disk. Your project should resemble the picture above at this point. Gently pull on each end of the stitching thread to gather the fabric into a yo-yo. Gently shape the yo-yo as you go to keep the gathers in the center. Tie the threads and feed them into the center of the yo-yo for a clean finish. The finished size of the yo-yo matches the round ridge on the tray for this tool.‘Quick Yo-Yo Makers’ from Clover Needlecraft Inc. Original Sizes: Round – Small, #8700 Round – Large, #8701New in Summer 2007: Round – Extra Small, #8702 Round – Extra Large, #8703 Heart Shaped – Small, #8704 Heart Shaped – Large, #8705 Flower Shaped – Small, #8706 Flower Shaped – Large, #8707More about the six new shapes and sizes here. Subscribe to our blog so you don’t miss a juicy morsel. Fat Quarter Bundles: A Love/Hate Relationship And What To Do About It Toilet Paper Wedding Gowns and More NQA Show: Beautiful Quilts, Great Buttons, Munchies and More Don’t Be Timid When It Comes To Applique Create Texture And Fun With This Unique Way To Use Yo-Yos Adorable And Clever Gifts Are Just A Yo-Yo Away Fabric shown is ‘Garden Party’ by Gerri Robinson of Planted Seed Designs from Troy Corporation. Freebies Tutorials & Hacks Tags: tutorial, Yo Yoposted by Joan Hawley on May 21, 2007 — 61 Comments »

D2512770

http://www.yesterdaystractors.com/articles/artint16.htm

Pitfalls of Tractor Engine Rebuilds

Contributed Article Pitfalls of Tractor Engine Rebuildsor The rebuild from... well you know what I mean Rebuilding the engine of a project or working tractor is one of the more rewarding processes you can undertake. The first pop after you have put the machine together with your own hands is exciting and pleasing. The whole experience can be marred if one moves too fast and makes too many assumptions that they can just use "as is" some parts they should be closely scrutinizing and possibly attended to. In such cases, rework makes what could have been a fun project turn into an irritant or even a nightmare. Minor Irritants To give you an example of an minor but irritating problem, picture this; You are standing there revelling in the pride of your newly rebuilt engine, listening to the purr of those bearings, pistons, and rings all working in smooth harmony and you look down to a drip of oil coming from the rear seal or possibly a puddle of anti-freeze forming from a small but steady drip from the water pump. Arrgh. I call this an irritant because even though you will have to pull things apart, this type of problem does not impact the primary work of the rebuild and likely won't mean repurchasing bearings or rings etc. The Engine from ... You won't even get to the point of hearing the "nightmare" engine run. With a nightmare engine, you may have tolerances set "by the book" on the ring gap, the mains and rod bearings, but every time you torque the bolts, you have to use a 4 foot pipe wrench on the crank pulley to turn it over. How does a normal rebuild become a nightmare? You may know or have heard of the scenario. You waste three gasket sets putting it together... tearing it down... putting it together... tearing it down etc, each time waiting for the UPS truck and new parts that you should've put in right off or replacements for new parts you destroyed on your first attempt. (Note: there's nothing I dislike more than cleaning gasket surfaces that I cleaned the weekend before). What should have been a weekend project has taken months, much of the time spent trying to avoid the shop so you can forget this perplexing failure. Many times, you are not at fault for a rebuild working out this way. It can happen frequently with engines that seized up in a hurry. Fortunately most rebuilds are undertaken because the tractor was just getting tired and nothing catastrophic happened to force the rebuild. By catastrophic, I mean something happened that made the engine stick hard and stick fast... while it was spinning at 1500 RPM. Since tractors don't always get the best maintenance but still have to work hard, these catastrophes do happen. If you are the one that has put it back together, you are called upon to do a much far more detailed diagnosis than the normal rebuild would require. In these situations, metal will distort, crack, break, twist, and bend. If you try to just get by with problems like those described above ("Well ... its just a nice tight engine") the results will be disastrous. If you proceed with putting it together ("I'll just pull start it with the 4-by the first time to loosen her up a bit") You will likely destroy your new rebuild and probably end up junking the engine or tractor out. If you want to make sure that when you put it back together, it stays together and works right, you have to check tolerances and alignments that you could just take for granted on a normal rebuild. The things you don't have to worry about One nice thing to remember is that your serious rebuild is probably going to have a complete engine kit so this eliminates many items from close scrutiny. You will have new pistons, rings, pins, sleeves (or a bore job), valves, guides, bearings, and gaskets. For these items, someone else was responsible to make sure that everything was the way it should be, either the manufacturer, or in the case of the bore, your machine shop. Your crankshaft will also be "taken care of" since it will have been turned or welded and turned (more on that later) and by default must be straight or they wouldn't have been able to turn it. What you do have to worry about There is certainly more to rebuilding than just stuffing in the new parts, especially when you have a machine that froze on the move. I will list a few that I have found through great pain and many gasket sets. Note that some of these items may bear looking at on your "normal" rebuild also since;Assembling an engine once is fun. Assembling that same engine twice a serious bother. Assembling three times is a downright pain in the ... Piston Rods Piston rods may give the appearance of being very strong and rigid but not so. Just to realize how flexible they are, lock a solid shaft in a vice, slip the piston pin over the shaft with the rod attached and torque the rod bearing caps on to manufacturers specs (you will have to do this anyway to determine if the surfaces that hold the bearings are perfectly circular). You will see as you are torqueing that you could twist and damage the rod quite easily. If you are working on a machine that seized while running you will likely find at least one of the rods that is visibly bent or twisted. If you can see the bend, you cannot use the rod. Even if you can't see the bend, rods from such an engine should be checked for straightness. The manuals say "use a suitable jig for determining straightness" or some such gibberish. Since they don't have any tools listed as "suitable jig...", I have never found one and simply replace the rods or have them reconditioned (during the reconditioning process, they will tell you if you have a rod that is unusable). Another critical thing to look for on the rod is the out-of-roundness of the surfaces that hold the bearings. To do this, use the inside micrometer to measure the circle at right angles. As described above, the bearing cap must be torqued on to do this. More than .001 is probably not acceptable and may cause your bearing to lock up tight even though the plastigage measurements check out during assembly. A symptom of either of these problems will be that the crankshaft will not turn easily when you have all bearings and pistons assembled. Push Rods Push rods bend pretty easily if the valve timing was off or even a valve was adjusted to be open all the time (you may end up with a tractor that was someone's mechanical learning experience). Visibly bent push rods should be tossed and others should be checked. Checking them can be done with a very flat surface and feeler gauges. I have heard people say they can straighten push rods but I have always just replaced them from a tractor junk yard. Camshaft Camshafts can bend but it is unlikely since the push rods tend to sacrifice themselves much sooner. The real problem on the camshaft is the bushings that they ride on. If the surface went too long without oil or had a foreign object lodged in between, the scoring may be too severe for quiet operation. While it is possible to get the shaft turned you need to check first if oversize bearings are available since normally only standard size are sold for old tractors. If no oversize is available, you can still have a machine shop make new bushings and as an alternative a used or reconditioned camshaft may be purchased. Crankshaft While a bent crankshaft is unlikely, it is possible. If you aren't getting a rebuilt but rather having it turned or welded and turned, the straightness will be determined for you. Nonetheless, when you get your freshly welded and turned crankshaft back, examine it very carefully for imperfections in the surface. These do happen and will cause you to re-replace your bearings before you ever start the engine. A symptom of this problem is that the crankshaft will not turn easily when you have all bearings and pistons assembled and you will have horrible scoring on your new bearings. Block There are a few things that can go wrong with the basic block. The first and most obvious is the lack of flatness of the head and block mating surface. These are checked with a straight edge and feeler gauges. Your manual will provide the tolerance that is allowed. If the engine is sleeved, this tolerance takes on an extra importance because the stand-up (or how far they stick out) of the sleeves must be taken into account. If there are radical differences between the cylinders, you have probably assembled the sleeves either with dirt under the flange and down where the o-rings fit or the lower mating surface is distorted for some reason. This can cause leaking at the head gasket, seepage of oil into the coolant at base of the sleeve, and distortion of the sleeve that hampers free movement of the piston. This is easily recognized before you install the sleeves by slipping the sleeves in without the o-rings to be sure they fit with the required stand-up tolerance. Don't depend on a "bigger hammer" or the head bolts to fix this problem since neither will work. Fix it before assembling the sleeves. Another problem with the block can be hairline cracks. Such cracks must be repaired before any new parts go in or the welding and surfacing will surely damage them. Though there are probably many weak points on several machines, a common example is the lower right corner on a Farmall Cub engine. This flange commonly cracks and will be a persistent oil leak once your engine is assembled (One that can't be corrected without complete disassembly). Rocker Arms Rocker arms can be distorted which can make adjustment difficult and sometimes even cause the push rod to slip by (make an enormous racket) when combined with a slightly bent push rod. Check these for straightness and smooth profile. Oil Pump If the oil pump won't pump sufficiently, your new parts are at risk. Usually you can either resurface the pump facing to bring it into tolerance or take it to a machine shop and let them do it. It is a simple job while the engine is off but on most tractors requires removal of the engine to perform. Water Pump The seal of the water pump may be unwilling to hold the anti-freeze in after sitting in one position for many years (as happens with many of the machines we rebuild). It's not too expensive or difficult to take care of while the tractor is disassembled. Fortunately, the bearings in tractor water pumps are frequently still good and reusable so the fix is cheap. Governor Bushings While you are reassembling the engine, check to see if you have too much slop in the governor shaft. Replace this simple bushing so your governor will work correctly. Slop in this bearing will change the centrifugal force action of the governor causing it to compensate too slowly when fast compensation is required. Crankshaft Seals I find this to be one of the most irrating mistakes to make when rebuilding. The mating surfaces on each end of the crankshaft must be smooth and perfectly round or you end up with a nagging oil leak. You don't see the leak till you start the tractor and get it hot but fixing it requires complete disassembly. TRACTOR PARTS TRACTOR MANUALSFast Shipping! Most of our stocked parts ship within 24 hours (M-Th). Expedited shipping available, just call! Most prices for parts and manuals are below our competitors. Compare our super low shipping rates! We have the parts you need to repair your tractor. We are a company you can trust and have generous return policies. Shop Online Today or call our friendly sales staff toll free (800) 853-2651. [ About Us ]Home | Forums Copyright © 1997-2018 Yesterday's Tractor Co. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of any part of this website, including design and content, without written permission is strictly prohibited. Trade Marks and Trade Names contained and used in this Website are those of others, and are used in this Website in a descriptive sense to refer to the products of others. Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy TRADEMARK DISCLAIMER: Tradenames and Trademarks referred to within Yesterday's Tractor Co. products and within the Yesterday's Tractor Co. websites are the property of their respective trademark holders. None of these trademark holders are affiliated with Yesterday's Tractor Co., our products, or our website nor are we sponsored by them. John Deere and its logos are the registered trademarks of the John Deere Corporation. Agco, Agco Allis, White, Massey Ferguson and their logos are the registered trademarks of AGCO Corporation. Case, Case-IH, Farmall, International Harvester, New Holland and their logos are registered trademarks of CNH Global N. V. Yesterday's Tractors - Antique Tractor Headquarters

D3551186

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.apple.android.music&hl=en

Apple Music

Apple Music Apple Inc. Music & Audio Teen225,325Add to Wishlist Install Get unlimited access to millions of songs and your entire music library—totally ad-free. Apple Music works seamlessly with your i Tunes library to give your personal music collection a major upgrade. Start your trial today, cancel anytime. Features: • Stream over 45 million songs from the Apple Music catalog. • Save cellular data and take your music anywhere. Just download your favorites to your smartphone. • Create your own playlists, or listen to mixes Apple Music creates based on what you’ve been listening to. • Create a profile and follow friends to see music they’re listening to and playlists they’ve shared. • Get personalized recommendations based on the music you already love, updated daily. • Watch exclusive content, like documentaries about your favorite artists, concert films, and original TV shows. • Hear your favorite artists and DJs on Beats 1, live or on demand. • Availability and features may vary by country. Membership renews automatically after trial. Read more Reviews Review Policy3.5225,325 total5 108,9844 23,5043 20,3322 14,6501 57,855What's New Apple Music now includes a new music video experience. Find what’s new and popular in Music Videos within Browse, and play videos back-to-back with exclusive music video playlists. Additional Information Updated April 2, 2018Size41MInstalls10,000,000+Current Version2.4.2Requires Android4.3 and up Content Rating Teen Learn More Interactive Elements Digital Purchases Permissions View details Report Flag as inappropriate Offered By Apple Inc. Developer Visit websitesupport@apple.com Privacy Policy1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014

D2992370

http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/alternative/turmeric5.htm

Turmeric Overview

Turmeric for Diarrhea Prev NEXTHaving intestinal issues is never fun, but turmeric could help. Eastern cultures have been using the spice to relieve diarrhea for hundreds of years. Diarrhea can be caused by a couple different factors. In most cases, it is directly related to the fluids involved in digestion. A balance of fluids in our digestive tracks help break down food and turn it into energy for our bodies. Some of these fluids are created naturally inside our bodies, while others are ingested. If for some reason our bodies excrete too much of these fluids or don't absorb enough of what we consume, diarrhea will result [source: Mama Herb ]. Turmeric's ability to aid in digestion provides relief by helping to balance out these fluid levels in our bodies. Sometimes bacteria in our intestines can cause diarrhea. Salmonella is one of the worst culprits. Lucky for us, turmeric's antiseptic properties can provide relief [source: Hub Pages ]. Not only will the spice fight bacteria that have already set up shop, but it can be taken preventatively as well. A diet with even moderate doses of turmeric can help keep your system working properly. Aside from eating curry, there are a few other ways to take turmeric. The simplest method involves mixing a single teaspoon of the spice with a glass of warm water [source: IBS Tips ]. Some people prefer mixing it with milk or yogurt. Of course, if you're lactose intolerant, these could just make the problem worse. There are also pill supplements and a number of herbal teas that contain turmeric. Read on to find out how turmeric is helping in the fight against cancer. Turmeric in Tandem A recent study showed that turmeric combined with Taxol, or Paclitaxel, used as chemotherapy for breast cancer, has very promising results. Not only does the spice seem to make the chemotherapy more powerful, but it diminishes the procedure's side effects as well [source: Mac Gregor ].1 2 … 6 7 8 NEXTPrint | Citation & Date | Reprint More to Explore Related Content Could meditating before or during surgery decrease your pain? How does ginger fight cancer? Progesteron Creams

D89608

http://academic.regis.edu/jriley/libcons.htm

Liberalism and Conservatism

Moderate Political Ideologies: Liberalism and Conservatism Dr. Jim L. Riley Regis University Denver, CO© 1990Moderate Ideologies along with moderate political viewpoints may be correctly seen as occupying positions between the more extreme wings of the spectrum. In terms of the extent of power of the State moderate ideologies strike a balance between individual rights, freedoms and obligations and the coercive power of the State to mandate or prohibit certain behaviors by people. This "balanced" view brings forth various implications regarding governmental structure, electoral procedures, the rule of Law, economic concerns, and other important issues present in all organized societies. Likewise considerations regarding time help define the boundaries of moderate ideologies. Change is inevitable in society, in governmental arrangements and relationships, in leadership, in public policies and throughout the political world. Ideologies of the moderate varieties seek change at a pace that enables progress to occur but neither so fast that the destruction of stability and order in society becomes more likely, nor so slow as to foster stagnation and status quo permanence. Clearly then, there is considerable room for disagreement and dispute over what is the proper balance in all of these concerns. These disputable arenas contribute profoundly to struggles among those who support different moderate ideologies. Liberalism Liberalism has occupied an important position in the moderate varieties of political ideologies for well over two centuries. Although its dimensions differ from society to society (where it is permitted to endure), there do exist core elements which can be identified, examined and understood. At the outset let it be noted that common parlance often misapprehends and violates the reality of liberalism. Calling someone a "bleeding heart liberal" is worse than an insult, it is largely meaningless insofar as conveying accurate information. Describing one public policy or another as "liberal" sheds precious little light on the nature of governmental activities. The first glimmerings of liberalism may be discovered in the expansive political role being sought by increasingly large numbers of individuals and, more significantly, discreet groups of people with identifiable common interests. In the latter part of the 18th Century great forces were at work undermining existing political arrangements in Europe. Whereas the British had been experiencing a gradual expansion of the rights of ordinary citizens as well as the landed nobility as against the Monarch, such forces were largely held in check in France until the Revolution of 1789. Unlike in France the British had no central instrument of oppression such as a centrally controlled standing army ready to do the bidding of the monarch. British liberalism sought not to overthrow the Monarchy but to reign in its powers by expanding the role of the representatives of the people. Certainly it was John Locke (1632-1704) who best expressed the principles of Liberalism in the British (and American) tradition. His Two Treatises of Government (first published in 1690) constitutes a most important statement on the liberal political philosophy that has so much influenced politics in succeeding centuries. At the center of his writings are basic values that today remain as under girding for the entire liberal view. Government exists to serve the people and community it governs. Its power is limited by concepts of natural rights of individuals and moral or natural law. Among these natural rights was the concept of the right to acquire and dispose of property. "Life, liberty and estate" belonged to individuals quite apart from any grant from society or its instrument Government. The basic duty of government is to protect the common good and private rights which were seen to be inextricably related if not the same thing. Individuals agree to limits on their behavior by granting to government certain limited powers but only if the government rules on behalf of the common good and in the protection of private rights. For reasons of convenience and mutual benefit people enter into a compact whereby they willingly relinquish some of their freedom of action and in return gain security and stability in their daily lives. As Locke wrote: "Men being, as has been said, by Nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this Estate, and subjected to the Political Power of another, without his own Consent. "The only way whereby any one divests himself of his Natural Liberty, and puts on the bonds of Civil Society is by agreeing with other Men to join and unite into a Community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living amongst another, in a secure Enjoyment of their Properties, and a greater Security against any that are not of it. (Locke, Two Treatises of Government, NY: New American Library, 1963, pp.374-75. )Should government become tyrannical and deviate from this Compact with the people, then the people had the right of revolution to overthrow the government which had broken the Compact. This right of revolution is based solidly on the notion that people may, when confronted with injustice, take actions to bring about basic changes in government. Society and government were separate entities and the dissolution of the latter did not imply the destruction of the former. Governments were bound by laws just as were individuals. Moreover, these laws, could not legitimately violate principles of natural justice; indeed if a contravening of principles of natural justice were was done then the actions of the government were not laws in the true sense of the term. For Locke principles of natural justice were grounded in a right to own and dispose of property. Debate over what constitutes these principles has continued to the present time. In France the development of liberalism took decidedly different turns. A corrupt and parasitic nobility sought to maintain its grip on power at all costs and with no recognition of the rights of the populace at large. The demand for equality as part of the concept of liberalism was an invitation to complete rejection of the ancien regime and to do so in an uncompromising and violent manner. A revolution devoted in 1789 to principles of individual rights degenerated by 1793 into the dictatorship of the Jacobins and the accompanying terror of mob rule. At this point in time the ideology supporting the French Revolution became extremist rather than moderate and laid the foundation for the eventual success of Napoleon Bonaparte who offered stability and order in place of the chaos of post-revolutionary France. Because of common ethnic, cultural, legal, political and even geographic factors, liberal development in the United States initially took more from the British than the French. While the early stages of the American Revolution did borrow heavily from British political thought subsequent development had more in common with the French. Thomas Jefferson certainly was influenced by developments in both countries. The Declaration of Independence written by Jefferson in 1776 contains concepts developed by Locke and others in the British liberal tradition. However, following his tenure as Ambassador to France during the 1780's Jefferson was evidently deeply influenced by French political thought and attempted to channel American liberal political development in directions parallel to those in France. These views contained a greater emphasis on popular control of government, deeply ingrained suspicions of institutionalized power, a decidedly anti-clerical orientation and in general an almost fanatical faith in the common people and their wisdom. These initial successes of liberal movements had, as the name itself implies, a fundamental purpose: to liberate people from oppression. While the methods of liberation, as well as the sources of the oppression may be quite different depending on the time and the place in question, liberation is inevitably the fundamental purpose of liberal political thinking and liberal political movements. To seek such a goal certain assumptions, not necessarily provable, had to be made. Natural rights as expanded upon by Locke is the first of these. As Jefferson wrote, there are "inalienable" rights that each individual has that may not be legitimately denied by government or any other instrument of society. Initially these rights were to be protected primarily from governments whose tendency it was to diminish, ignore or abuse these rights. Restraints on government in the form of Constitutions or other devices were necessary to the goal of individual freedom. Among the early restraints on government were those protecting largely unfettered rights to acquire and dispose of property, both real and personal. These so-called "economic freedoms" were supplemented with a host of political freedoms including rights to express controversial political views and to organize political opposition to the prevailing group in power. Natural rights and limited government are corollary concepts. The acceptance of one concept necessarily implies acceptance of the other. Whenever there is a parent there is a child; whenever there is a husband there is a wife. Similarly, whenever there is a right belonging to an individual there is a duty on the part of some other entity -- government or person -- to respect and/or protect that right. If people have the right to freely express their ideas then it necessarily follows that government cannot legitimately suppress such expression or punish those who utter unpopular remarks or otherwise offend government officials. Not only is government power to restrain and to punish limited, but government also has the duty to protect those who, because of their unconventional views, may be in danger from non-governmental threats. In Europe by the late 19th Century and in the United States by the early 20th Century liberalism began to shift its emphasis from protecting individuals from oppressive governments to using government as a device to enable individuals to achieve a more meaningful and rewarding life. Government was seen as a positive force in shaping human affairs and society, but only if it was used properly and controlled by the people. Liberalism had come to recognize that powerful institutions in society had to be controlled and regulated by the instrument of the people if true liberation was to occur. In particular the growth of vast economic empires in the hey-day of capitalism generated a widely held view that only government could reign in these powerful enterprises and provide the citizenry with the means to deal with them effectively. Rights to form labor unions for the purpose of collective bargaining were among the major liberal goals. Regulations were promulgated regarding safety rules, wages, maximum hours, minimum wages and working conditions generally. The liberal credo thus shifted dramatically from a call for less government to cries for more government but in the name of empowering people to deal effectively with the vast powers of modern society. Faith in the potential reasonableness and goodness of people runs as another constant thread throughout the liberal ideology. This is not to say that the liberal view rested on the assumption that all people were reasonable and good, but that it is the responsibility of society in general and government in specific, to adopt structures and policies that maximize this potential. Taken to its ultimate conclusion this position reaches the absurdity of a totally rationalistic society where all is planned carefully and with perfect premeditation. Rationality constitutes a similar if not identical cornerstone of liberal philosophy. This emphasis on mankind's rational potential supports quite well the modern liberal position calling for the use of government to solve social, political and economic problems. Government is viewed as the only representative agent of people capable of bringing to bea both rational problem solving techniques and the authority to carry such policies out at the societal level. Social development ought not to be left to chance but planning and governmental power must be brought to bear on problems that are too large, too intractable, or too complex for the private or non-public sector to deal with effectively and/or equitably. Capitalism or the free market economy runs counter to this Twenthieth Century version of liberalism. A free market, by definition, is uncontrolled by government and is, therefore, in opposition to the modern liberal emphasis on rational social planning. The original liberal orientation toward freedom from social, economic, religious and governmental institutions fit much more comfortably with capitalism than does the modernist version of liberalism. It must be remembered that liberalism and capitalism were products of roughly the same period of history: the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Each had as its core the concept of liberation. What were called the "excesses" of capitalism -- massive concentrations of wealth in the hands of a relative few individuals and corporations, urban blight, worker alienation and exploitation, environmental degradation, etc. -- became targets for liberal rationalists. These social maladies demanded, in the liberal view, governmental remedies. Uncontrolled economic activity was thus viewed as a new form of oppression and thereby in need of regulation, restraint and control by government. The nature and scope of the limits on government have inevitably been and will continue to be a source of never ending debate and disagreement. Students of politics have a never ending dispute over what constitutes the proper balance between necessary governmental power and restraints needed to protect individual rights. In general, the Twenthieth Century liberal view has been to stress the need for governmental restraints in the "political" realm such as freedoms of expression, but to seek expansive governmental powers in "economic" and "social" arenas in the name of protecting the disadvantaged and powerless groups who otherwise find themselves at the mercies of entrenched institutions criticized for running roughshod over hapless and helpless adversaries. Corporations must be controlled. The economy must be regulated. Moneyed interests must be tightly restricted. Private discrimination against individual members of minority groups that have been traditionally borne the brunt of societal bigotry must be outlawed and vigorously pursued by governmental agents. Thus, governments must be selectively limited in this modern liberal view. The initial liberal concept that the government which governs least, governs best has been discarded by liberals and, ironically, claimed, at least in part, by conservatives. Government itself, in the liberal view, must be popularly controlled and directed. While modern liberal purists might opt for direct democracy in which each adult member of the citizenry takes a personal hand in making policies, the existence of governmental units with populations in the millions makes this impracticable if not undesirable. Even Locke did not support "direct democracy." Indeed, he would have denied the right to vote to the poor unpropertied segments of society. The modern liberal position is that representatives, chosen in freely contested elections permitting universal adult participation, should act in the name of and on behalf of the people. Majority rule through popularly elected representatives is imperative for a legitimate government to exist. People would be morally obliged to follow the limited dictates of the majority dominated government but only if its policies observed the rights of the people. One of the most important political rights is that of the minority to criticize government polices and to try and become the majority. Minority rights are part of the concept of majority rule in the liberal view. The nature of these rights is subject to change over time as has been seen. Change in society is warmly embraced by liberal supporters. A brighter day can be obtained by combining the various precepts discussed above. Society is constantly evolving. Thoughtful and responsible people should nurture and guide this process in the name of human liberation and progress. That which exists is not sacred nor perfect. Nothing is protected by divine intervention. Through careful analysis, using mankind's rational capabilities institutions, beliefs, and values can be consciously shaped and molded to produce a better world. In summary, liberalism has embraced several fundamental but imprecise elements. Moreover, at different points in history the liberal ideology has emphasized different aspects of its basic principles. Those elements which have appeared as fundamental to liberalism may be seen as: 1. the idea of a compact between the people and their government 2. the right of revolution if the compact is violated 3. natural rights as belonging to all people 4. faith in and support of human rational potential 5. limited powers of government 6. majority rule tempered by minority rights 7. support of change in society Conservatism Frederich Hegel's (1770-1831) view was that the process of dialectics constitutes the mechanism by which ideas change. Out of each thesis (or idea) necessarily arises an anti-thesis (or challenging idea) which inevitably becomes a synthesis of the two. Whether this is indeed the driving force in human intellectual development may never be known, but the development of conservatism bears a close resemblance to this process. Whereas liberalism sought to liberate mankind from oppressive institutions (be they governments, religious institutions, oppressive social customs and traditions, or vast economic enterprises), conservatism developed as a reaction to what was perceived as dangerous tendencies within the liberal movements toward radicalism and a wholesale rejection of the past as valuable. There was and is an element within conservatism that holds the past in reverence and views with skepticism most change, particularly if it was planned change. If, however, conservatism means nothing more than a rationale' justifying the maintenance of the status quo then it cannot be correctly adjudged an ideology for it would be content neutral. Conservatism could, in that instance, be used to support political systems ranging from democratic to communist to fascist to anarchistic. A closer examination of conservatism does reveals a more meaningful doctrine than merely conserving that which exists. Whereas liberalism embraces societal and governmental change as both necessary and desirable, conservatism does indeed adopt a much more doubtful view of the desirability of altering proven institutions and societal values. Respect for authority, custom, and tradition permeate a conservative value system. In particular, changes in the moral ordering of society are seen as very suspicious and probably harmful. Aside from this ingrained suspicion of change there are at rock bottom values within the conservative tradition that remain constant. Once again it is an Englishman who first expounded the moderate political doctrine in question. Edmund Burke (1729-97) did not create conservatism but as Locke did for liberalism, became its most eloquent spokesman and advocate. In numerous pamphlets this scholar-politician put on paper what was to become the anti-thesis to liberalism run riot (in Burke's view). Throughout his long and lustrous career within the British political system Burke expressed a profound admiration for the success of the British "Glorious Revolution" of 1688-89 in which the Parliament asserted its power as against royal prerogatives. The Bill of Rights was adopted which limited the power of the Monarch and protected itself from arbitrary royal enactments. His was a passion for justice, sound governmental administration, devotion to religion and unrelenting opposition to tyranny. For over twenty-five years he was the leading intellectual force in Whig party politics in Great Britain. As a Member of Parliament he supported the American independence movement largely on practical grounds. He continuously advocated policies that produced peace and prosperity. What galvanized Burke most intensely was the French Revolution. In his work Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) ideas were set forth that shaped political thinking down to the present time. His intense opposition to and condemnation of the French Revolution as destructive to French society did irreparable damage to his political career and caused estrangements with old friends. Ultimately the Whig party itself was split asunder over this issue. Burke had long be reluctant to engage in a discussion of the general principles of his ideas. He initially felt that broad abstractions were to be avoided. The French Revolution, however, forced his basic views out in the open. In his refutation of the justifications of the French Revolution Burke attempted to destroy the logic behind the revolutionist reliance on reason and logic as tools guiding social change. Human beings did have rights, Burke did readily admit, but they were conventional not natural. These rights were organically related to society and could not be divorced from it. People need to have a sense of belonging to something larger than themselves; something that will endure beyond their own short lives. Base feelings of love and loyalty bind members of society together giving them a sense of purpose that permits and encourages self-sacrifice for the larger purposes of the community. Deep emotional attachment will nurture a sense of duty and responsibility that ultimately produce a better society for all. Society is not held together by abstract principles such as a "social contract" but by people bound together through a sense of history, shared experiences and common beliefs. The role of irrationality in society can be ignored only at the risk of misunderstanding a most important inherent characteristic in all mankind. Human institutions have evolved over time and are not the product of rationally constructed plans of action. Society is indeed a contract. Subordinate contracts for objects of mere occasional interest may be dissolved at pleasure -- but the state ought to be considered as something far better and more significant "than a partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, calico or tobacco, or some other such low concern." The State us not to be taken as something of a little temporary interest, and to be dissolved by the fancy of the parties. It is to be looked on with other reverence. . . "It is a partnership in all science; a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue, and in all perfection. . . . Each contract of each particular state is but a clause in the great primeval contract of eternal society, linking the lower with the higher natures connecting the visible and invisible world, according to a fixed compact sanctioned by the inviolable oath which holds ass physical and all moral natures, each in their appointed place." (Reflections 1790, Works, Vol. II p. 368)In this statement Burke makes little distinction between state and society. The overall message is crystal clear: that which binds humans together is far more than any commercial contract which is subject to abrogation at will. No well-reasoned rationale' can justify overturning what time immemorial has produced. Moreover, reason running rampant becomes raging radicalism inevitably destined to destroy much of what generations of human experience has produced. The religious foundations of society almost inexorably come to support conservative political doctrine. Burke himself exhibited a devotion to religion and to the religious foundations of the just state. Government, the State and society in general were all part of a divine order though which God's will exhibits itself. This religious orientation in Burke's conservatism may be found in most, if not all, conservative movements. Regimes that call themselves "Marxist" have been seen to resort to religious-like defenses when confronted with serious challenges. Stalin urged Soviet citizens in the second world war to come to the defense of "Mother Russia." More commonly those espousing a conservative position refer to some "divine" purpose inherent in their society and state. At best this places moral obligations on the state to follow policies that are just and fair (however these terms may be defined). At worst this "divine" purpose becomes a justification for domination of peoples outside the "chosen" ones. Without this religious anchor the development of some "special" social cause or purpose becomes very difficult to maintain. Just as mankind's need to have some transcendental system of belief in an ordered universe was seen an necessary, so too was a government which emphasized order, custom, and tradition. Order is needed to reign in mankind's ingrained selfish tendencies and proclivity toward savagery. The state, which is the enforcement arm of society, must rule in a strong and resolute manner providing swift, sure and harsh punishment for those who violate the law. Proper respect for the roles and responsibilities of private institutions must be observed by government and support should be provided. Custom and tradition should receive their due for they are the outgrowth of generations of experience. Reverence for that which has stood the test of time is ignored at the risk of instability, disorder and social disintegration. A sense of community that is both broad and deep is needed if long-term adherence to social values is to be obtained. This sense of community is no conscious, voluntary and rational decision that one chooses to accept. Society is no debating group says the conservative. Moreover, people must feel they are a part of something larger and more important than themselves. Pride in and love for the institutions and traditions of one's society go beyond mere knowledge and willful acceptance of these things. From the earliest childhood and continuing throughout life individuals need to be made a part of the great traditions of his/her people. Accomplishments in the arts and sciences, cherished customs, linguistic uniqueness, religious traditions, economic practices, and especially established human relationships including marriage and family values must be embraced and supported with fervor. Symbols need to be revered and treated with the utmost respect for they represent the very basic elements of society. The nature of humanity, according to conservative doctrine, is far less admirable than seen in the liberal view. All humans are essential self oriented and in pursuit of their own best interests as they see those interests These irrational drives and self-serving tendencies must be tempered by social control mechanisms that are the outgrowth of centuries of experience. In addition to this selfish characteristic of humans, conservatives believe that the concept of equality is both inaccurate and undesirable. People are not equal in their abilities or value to society. Those who are more able and who contribute more to the well being of their community are deserving of greater rewards. These rewards include not only enhanced material wealth, elevated social status but also a greater role in the governance structure. While traditional conservative doctrine supported the notion of a hereditary aristocracy, modern conservatives support what might be called an aristocracy of talent and morality. Societies leaders should be chosen from those individuals who have by their own talents demonstrated superior abilities through recognized achievements. But even they cannot properly be given unlimited powers because like all humans they are flawed and cannot be trusted to do what is right. They too must be restrained in their powers by the same institutions and customs operating to maintain stability in society. Just as great societal changes (industrialization, organization, technological innovations, and modernization generally) forced liberalism to alter its stance regarding the proper role of government in economic matters, so too has conservatism changed its position in the face of such great forces. Regarding the important question of the proper relationship between government and the economy conservative doctrine has taken the somewhat ambivalent position of supporting government actions that simultaneously encourage and yet does not control or even closely regulate business activities. This often amounts to a "hands off" policy insofar as government regulation is concerned, but a "helping hand" policy regarding such matters as favorable taxation rates, beneficial tariffs (legislation protecting home business from foreign competition), price supports and countless other schemes. As liberalism began to espouse the need for increased governmental regulation of business enterprises conservatives, particularly during the depression years in the United States, adopted increasingly anti-regulatory positions. Cries of "creeping socialism" were raised against liberal efforts to increase governmental control over the economy. Aside from questions of economics conservatism has retained, and in recent years emphasized, its original emphasis on maintaining traditional values and institutions. Social maladies that seem to accompany Twentieth Century intensive urbanization (family disintegration, drug and alcohol abuse, soaring street crime rates, and a general loss of a sense of safety) are seen by conservatives as clear evidence of a need to return to basics: faith in God, hope for a better future, love of country and family, instillation of self-discipline in the young, willingness to sacrifice immediate gratification for future goals, industriousness, and a sense of belonging. Exactly how these values are to be implanted remains controversial even among conservatives but the goal of returning them to their proper place in society drives conservatives to offer a wide range of governmental policies: swift and harsh punishment for criminals, "no frills" education with strict discipline in schools, governmental protection of institutions devoted to maintaining traditional values (including churches), elimination of welfare programs believed to encourage immorality and indolence, expansive (and expensive) military policies ostensibly protecting the home country from foreign threats and a host of other proposals. In summary, conservatism does contain basic beliefs and values beyond a mere mistrust of change. Certain core concepts remain throughout the long spectrum of the conservative ideology. They may be seen as: 1. high value on existing institutions as produced by custom and tradition 2. a belief in mankind's essential base and irrational nature 3. faith in some supernatural force guiding human affairs 4. acceptance of human inequality and the attending consequence of social hierarchy 5. recognition of the need for a sense of community among individuals that will bind them emotionally to their society. Concluding Remarks It has been said that no one who has a heart can resist being a liberal and that no one who has a brain can avoid being a conservative. Like most aphorisms this one contains a trace of truth wrapped in a maze of misperceptions. These two political ideologies offer to government leaders, policy makers, and thoughtful citizens a set of guides permitting some semblance of coherent conclusions regarding compelling social, economic and political issues. Their common features include rejection of radicalism and its attending violent uprooting of established institutions and practices, acceptance of the need for restraints on the powers of government, advocacy of balance in society regarding individual rights and societal powers, and ultimately some root concerns for individual dignity. Most certainly disagreement abounds between the two ideologies when the outlines of such values are given clarity, but support of such basic principles enables supporters of each doctrine to work within the same governmental framework. This agreement to disagree in a civil manner surely constitutes one of mankind's most noble political achievements.

D308637

http://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/breakdown.htm

BREAKDOWN

Audio English.org » Dictionary » B » Breadth Index ... Breastfeed BREAKDOWNPronunciation (US): Dictionary entry overview: What does breakdown mean?• BREAKDOWN (noun) The noun BREAKDOWN has 4 senses:1. the act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue 2. a mental or physical breakdown 3. a cessation of normal operation 4. an analysis into mutually exclusive categories Familiarity information: BREAKDOWN used as a noun is uncommon. Dictionary entry details• BREAKDOWN (noun)Sense 1 breakdown [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: The act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue Classified under: Nouns denoting acts or actions Synonyms:breakdown; dislocation Context examples:the social dislocations resulting from government policies / his warning came after the breakdown of talks in London Hypernyms ("breakdown" is a kind of...):disruption; perturbation (the act of causing disorder)Sense 2 breakdown [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A mental or physical breakdown Classified under: Nouns denoting stable states of affairs Synonyms:crack-up; breakdown Hypernyms ("breakdown" is a kind of...):collapse (an abrupt failure of function or health)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "breakdown"):nervous breakdown (a severe or incapacitating emotional disorder)Sense 3 breakdown [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A cessation of normal operation Classified under: Nouns denoting natural events Synonyms:equipment failure; breakdown Context example:there was a power breakdown Hypernyms ("breakdown" is a kind of...):failure (an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "breakdown"):brake failure (brakes fail to stop a vehicle)engine failure (engine does not run)dud; misfire (an explosion that fails to occur)outage (a temporary suspension of operation (as of computers))power failure; power outage (equipment failure resulting when the supply of power fails)fault ( (electronics) equipment failure attributable to some defect in a circuit (loose connection or insulation failure or short circuit etc. ))Sense 4 breakdown [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: An analysis into mutually exclusive categories Classified under: Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents Synonyms:partitioning; breakdown Hypernyms ("breakdown" is a kind of...):analysis; analytic thinking (the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "breakdown"):resolution; resolving (analysis into clear-cut components)Learn English with... Proverbs of the week"Every rule has its exception." (English proverb) "The sun shines even when it is cloudy." (Albanian proverb) "Dog won't eat dog's meat." (Armenian proverb) "Homes among homes and grapevines among grapevines." (Corsican proverb)BREAKDOWN: related words searches» dud: pronunciation in phonetic transcription » What does resolving mean? » disruption definition » What does fault mean? » Definition of perturbation BREAKAWAYBREAKAXBREAKAXEBREAKBONE FEVERBREAKDOWNBREAKERBREAKER POINTBREAKERSBREAKFASTBREAKFAST AREAEnglish learning courses About Practical English About Telephone English About Accounting English Learn English Free English Language Dictionary British and American English pronunciation Other popular searches:» what does poinsettia mean » dark comedy » what does discontent mean » sexualise » quasi meaning Page delivered in 0.0622 seconds

D3165999

http://www.tmz.com/2015/07/20/blake-shelton-miranda-lambert-divorce/

Blake Shelton & Miranda LambertDivorcing

Blake Shelton & Miranda Lambert Divorcing1 7/20/2015 9:41 AM PDTBlake Shelton & Miranda Lambert -- Divorcing EXCLUSIVEBlake Shelton and Miranda Lambert are getting divorced ... TMZ has learned. The couple filed divorce docs a while ago, and a judge is expected to officially end their 4 year marriage today. We're told Blake is the one who filed. We're also told all the financial arrangements have been worked out ... made easy by the fact that they have a prenup. The divorce was filed in Oklahoma. Our sources say he will get the ranch in Oklahoma and she'll get the family home in Nashville. Our sources say Miranda has been moving her show animals -- horses, a camel and a llama -- off the ranch in the last few days. The couple says, "This is not the future we envisioned and it is with heavy hearts that we move forward separately. We are real people, with real lives, with real family, friends and colleagues. Therefore, we kindly ask for privacy and compassion concerning this very personal matter. "Blake's famously talked about falling in love with Miranda in 2005, when they performed a duet of "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma. "SHARE ON FACEBOOK TWEET THISRelated Articles Poison Drummer Rikki Rockett -- Every Divoooorce Has Its PRENUP!!! Bobby Flay, Stephanie March -- Divorced Settled ... Stephanie Scores Blake Shelton Miranda Lambert Celebrity Divorce Music Exclusive Comments Click To View ADVERTISEMENTMore From

D585321

http://www.rdhmag.com/articles/print/volume-29/issue-5/columns/oral-exams/lichen-planus-of-the-lip.html

Lichen planus of the lip

Lichen planus of the lip May 1, 2009by Nancy W. Burkhart, RDH, Ed D nburkhart@bcd.tamhsc.edu Your patient today is a 56-year- old woman, Mrs. Polk. She is a new patient to your office who was diagnosed with lichen planus approximately eight years ago. As you assess the lips of the patient, you realize that there are ulcerations on the vermilion borders and that the lesions extend intraorally. The patient tells you that she has not had lip lesions previously, but has noticed the current lesions for over a month (see Figure 1). Mrs. Polk informs you that she has the appointment today because she needs to have some resolution of these lip lesions due to the discomfort and unsightly appearance. Even though the appointment was made for radiographs, an exam, and a prophy, you realize that Mrs. Polk has some other issues to address (see Figures 1 and 2). Etiology: Lichen planus may be found in any lining tissue — for example, the mouth, the esophagus, the eyes, ears, and the genitalia. Skin surfaces such as the scalp, arms, legs, and torso may also be involved. Figure 1 Before treatment. Courtesy of Dr. Alexander Ross Kerr, New York University College of Dentistry Click here to enlarge image The etiology of lichen planus is unknown; however, the disease is classified as a cell-mediated immune response. Since a specific antigen has not been identified, many researchers do not classify lichen planus as a true auto-immune disease. Figure 2 After treatment. Courtesy of Dr. Alexander Ross Kerr, New York University College of Dentistry Click here to enlarge image Epidemiology: Lichen planus affects approximately 2% of the population, with 57% or more being women over the age of 50. Figure 3 Dr. T. D. Rees, Baylor College of Dentistry Click here to enlarge image Between 25% to 45% of patients have both oral and skin lesions. Since many cases of lichen planus are not reported and may not be included in the research data, the true demographics and incidence are unknown. Some cases of “lichen planus” may actually be what is termed “lichenoid reactions” from dental products, medications, and environmental components. These lesions are difficult to differentiate in most cases from lichen planus. But a careful medical/dental history may help to identify the causative agent, and the condition can then be resolved by removing the offending item. Method of transmission: Lichen planus is not contagious, cannot be given to another person, and is not transferred via saliva, kissing, touching, or close contact with other individuals. A tendency toward lichen planus has been reported to occur in families, but a hereditary component has not been clearly established. Pathogenesis: We know that lichen planus occurs when the cell surveillance system, for unknown reasons, goes awry. An antigen has not been found for lichen planus at this time. The disease behaves in a different way when compared to true autoimmune diseases and is not yet clearly understood. Extraoral characteristics: External skin lesions have been reported to exist in up to 45% of patients at any given time. Partial or full body lesions may exist and symptoms may range from mild to severe. Lesions on the vermilion border of the lip are relatively uncommon although the inner aspects of the lip are often involved. As in other sites, lesions of the vermilion border may appear as classic nonulcerative, painless, white stria (Wickham's stria). They resemble the lacy lichen moss that grows on rocks in gardens (see Figure 3). Perioral and intraoral characteristics: Lichen planus was originally described as presenting in several forms: The reticular pattern consisting of white, keratotic lines or striae A plaque pattern of smooth, flat surfaces that resemble a leukoplakia Erythematous or atrophic form appearing as highly erythematous-colored tissue with alternating striae Ulcerative form appearing as a highly erythematous-colored tissue with alternating striae Bullous forms have single or multiple vesicles or bullae. This form is rare and not often seen clinically Distinguishing characteristics: Cutaneous lichen planus is described as polygonal, pruritic, purple plaques. The lesions may appear anywhere on the body, but often are found on the flexor surfaces of the arms and legs. It may also affect the nails and scalp with varying degrees of destruction. Significant microscopic characteristics: Lichen planus is generally recognized as a disorder that microscopically resembles a hypersensitivity reaction. Heavy lymphocyte production is diagnostic for lichen planus with liquefaction/degeneration of the basal cell layer. Additional features are a “saw-tooth” rete ridge pattern, and apoptotic keratinocytes in the basal zone are histological features. Dental implications: The patient seen today is very uncomfortable and needs some treatment in order to minimize the lesions. It would be much too painful to continue with a maintenance appointment since the patient is having trouble eating, speaking, and sleeping at this time. Research supports frequent professional cleaning because dental cleanings assist in tissue maintenance and repair of lichen planus. Additionally, patients with any mucosal diseases should be checked for oral lesions and tissue changes. Differential diagnosis: In the case presented, the patient has been previously diagnosed with lichen planus. But in a patient of unknown etiology, a biopsy would be needed along with immunofluorescence diagnosis to rule out other types of skin and mucosal diseases. Several disease states such as lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, and mucous membrane pemphigoid share similar characteristics. Combinations of tests are necessary to differentiate between these skin diseases. Since lichen planus is an inflammatory disease state, adjunct cancer screening devices do not provide any useful information other than identifying cellular changes associated with undetermined inflammation. Treatment and prognosis: Typically, lichen planus is treated when lesions are symptomatic. Generally, patients are treated using topical corticosteroids. In the case of painful, erosive lesions, more potent corticosteroids are used and sometimes systemic steroids are needed. Asymptomatic forms are usually only monitored. Occasional biopsies may be needed when lesions are persistent or a change is noted in the tissue. Corticosteroids used in treatment decrease the inflammation by suppressing the immune response. With the use of any steroid product, candida infection may develop and should be treated with antifungal products. Since lichen planus may be chronic for some patients, treatment may consist of bouts of remission and re-treatment. Patients should use a bland, unflavored toothpaste and also be advised to limit flavoring agents in foods. Keeping a diary of foods, and other environmental exposures may help identify causative agents that may cause a flare-up. The vermilion borders of the lip are thin and very sensitive to medications such as topical corticosteroids. The use of a highly potent topical steroid may thin the tissue even further. For most patients, a low potency topical steroid such as desonide cream (0.05% dosage) should be the first treatment attempted using only one or two applications daily. This treatment is not likely to resolve the severe ulcerations being experienced by the patient; however, stronger topical agents may be required but limited to use only until the ulcerations have healed. Additionally, the patient may be able to control any future outbreaks by using a low dose corticosteroid at the first sign of any lip lesions. Hypersensitivity to dental products, lip balms, or other agents may mimic lichen planus of the lip lesions, especially in the early stages, so a complete evaluation is needed. Recent studies by Choonhakarn (2008) have advocated the use of aloe vera for some patients. Improvements were seen in control studies of patients who used aloe vera gel compared to placebo groups. The authors suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of aloe vera contributed to improvement in the patients studied. Again, this would depend on the severity of the case. Additionally, Rajar (2008) reported success of aloe vera in the treatment of vulval lichen planus. Monitoring lesions of lichen planus: Digital slides should be made of the affected areas. These can be compared to the existing lesions during follow-up appointments to assess treatment progress or lack of progress. Inflammatory lesions that are widespread are difficult to follow and monitor without previous notations and photographs. Asymptomatic lesions may be monitored annually while erosive lesions need to be assessed every few months. Normally, the lesions are monitored in conjunction with maintenance appointments or at any time when changes are noticed by the patient. For more information on maintenance guidelines and information on lichen planus, visit the International Support Group for Oral Lichen Planus (www.bcd.tamhsc.edu/outreach/lichen). References Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P. The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized control trial. BR J Dermatol Mar; 158 (3):573-7, 2008. Delong L, Burkhart NW. General and Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 2007. Hayes SM. Lichen planus: Report of successful treatment with aloe vera. General Dentistry, May/June 1999; 268-72. Ujiie H, Sawamura D, Shimizu H. Development of lichen planus and psoriasis on lesions of vitiligo vulgaris. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 31: 375-377, 2006. Rajar UD, Majeed R, Parveen N, Sheikh I, Sushel C. Efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of vulval lichen planus. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. Oct;18 (10):612-4, 2008. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 4th ed. Saunders, St. Louis, 2003. Kahanek N, Gelbard C, Hebert A. Desonide: a review of formulations, efficacy and safety. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;17 (7):1097-104.

D2757206

https://www.npr.org/2016/06/12/481718785/clinton-scandals-a-guide-from-whitewater-to-the-clinton-foundation

Clinton Scandals: A Guide From Whitewater To The Clinton Foundation

Politics Clinton Scandals: A Guide From Whitewater To The Clinton Foundation June 21, 2016 3:00 PM ETCarrie Johnson Twitter Enlarge this image Former Arkansas employee Paula Jones (center, with long hair) sued Bill Clinton for civil money damages in 1994 alleging that Clinton had propositioned her in a Little Rock hotel room years earlier. The Washington Post/Washington Post/Getty Images Donald Trump has promised to speak Wednesday about, in his words, "the failed policies and bad judgment of Crooked Hillary Clinton. "He had previously billed the speech, which was postponed after last week's Orlando shooting, as addressing "all of the things that have taken place with the Clintons." Specifically, Trump had vowed to cover everything from what he calls the couple's "politics of personal enrichment" to Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server as secretary of state, which he argued was "designed to keep her corrupt dealings out of the public record, putting the security of the entire country at risk." Trump has previously attacked Clinton on the campaign trail for her husband's scandals with women, calling her an "enabler." And just this week, Trump referenced a new book by a former Secret Service employee who said he witnessed allegedly abusive behavior when the Clintons occupied the White House. The ongoing FBI investigation into Clinton's email practices may be well known. But over decades in public life, dating to Bill Clinton's tenure as a state official in Arkansas, numerous other public controversies — from the death of Vince Foster and Whitewater to Benghazi — have swirled around the Clintons. Here's our shorthand guide to some of those scandals and their outcome. Alexander Tin and Ashley Young contributed to this report. A Guide To The Clintons' Scandals Whitewater, 1992Allegation: The granddaddy of all Clinton scandals surfaced during Bill Clinton's bid for the presidency. It centered on financial contributions by Bill and Hillary Clinton into a real estate entity known as Whitewater Development Corporation during his time as an Arkansas state official. Eventually, the Justice Department and independent counsel launched investigations. Outcome: Neither Bill nor Hillary Clinton faced prosecution for their involvement in Whitewater. But their public statements about the matter, and the handling of documents that went missing and later reappeared, came under intense scrutiny. Their partners in the real estate investment were Jim Mc Dougal and his then-wife Susan. Jim Mc Dougal was convicted of fraud charges for making bad loans and he died of heart disease in a Texas prison. Susan was convicted of fraud in connection with obtaining a $300,000 federally-backed small business loan. She refused to answer grand jury questions in the Whitewater affair and was held in contempt of court, spending 18 months in jail. Bill Clinton pardoned her before he left the White House in early 2001. Travelgate, 1993Allegation: Not long after Bill Clinton entered the White House, in May 1993, seven workers in the travel office were fired. The White House attributed the ouster to ethics and financial record-keeping problems in the office. Critics said the Clintons got rid of government workers to make room for cronies. The FBI was tapped to investigate. Outcome: The Justice Department, at least one congressional panel, and special prosecutors all probed the reason for the firings. Independent Counsel Ken Starr found no blame rested with Bill Clinton. Another independent counsel scrutinized Hillary Clinton's involvement and statements about the firings but seven years after the event, he found no basis to bring any charges against her. Vince Foster Death, 1993White House aide Vince Foster was found dead at a Virginia park. APAllegation: White House lawyer Vince Foster was found dead in a Virginia park in 1993. Republican lawmakers and conservative interest groups suggested foul play in the death, perhaps tied to swirling ethics investigations of the Clintons that Foster had handled. In a document found in his briefcase, Foster wrote, "I was not meant for the job or the spotlight of public life in Washington. Here ruining people is considered sport. "Outcome: Investigators and family members said Foster had struggled with depression and fears about keeping his security clearance if he sought help for the problem. Multiple investigations by the FBI, the Justice Department and special prosecutors concluded that Foster died at his own hand. Paula Jones/Monica Lewinsky, 1994Enlarge this image President Clinton embraces Monica Lewinsky and other guests at a White House lawn party in 1996. APAllegation: Former Arkansas employee Paula Jones sued Bill Clinton for civil money damages in 1994 alleging that Clinton had propositioned her in a Little Rock hotel room years earlier. Clinton fought the case, but the Supreme Court ruled that the lawsuit could proceed. In the course of the long and bitter litigation, Jones's lawyers identified other women with whom Bill Clinton allegedly had intimate relationships. They included Gennifer Flowers, a cabaret singer whose contacts with Clinton were detailed in a tabloid report, and former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Outcome: In a deposition for the Jones civil lawsuit, in early 1998, Bill Clinton denied having "sexual relations" with Lewinsky. Her name had already come to the attention of Independent Counsel Ken Starr, who sought her cooperation in his own investigation. Months later, in front of a federal grand jury, Clinton acknowledged the personal relationship with Lewinsky and later appeared on television to offer a public apology. The statement failed to head off a vote in the U. S. House of Representatives to impeach the president. Clinton settled the Jones lawsuit for $850,000 but he did not acknowledge wrongdoing. In February 1999, the U. S. Senate acquitted Clinton of perjury and obstruction of justice. Filegate, 1996Allegation: Investigators delving into a different scandal found hundreds of FBI files on former White House workers. The information also covered the backgrounds of Republicans in Congress. Outcome: Two staff members who obtained the files quit their jobs. An independent counsel uncovered no wrongdoing by the Clintons themselves. Benghazi, 2012Allegation: Extremists seized the U. S. diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya, in on Sept. 11, 2012, killing Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans. Members of Congress have accused Clinton of offering misleading comments about the nature of the attack and failing to protect the Americans. Outcome: The House Select Committee on Benghazi interviewed Clinton in an 11-hour-long hearing last year but it has not yet issued a public report on its findings. The work of the committee has been criticized as partisan by House Democrats. Their suspicions were fueled by remarks from House Majority Leader Rep. Kevin Mc Carthy, who publicly suggested the panel's work had helped drive down Clinton's poll numbers in the presidential race. An investigation by the Accountability Review Board outlined "systematic" security failings by managers at the State Department. Earlier work by other congressional committees found that intelligence analysts had shifting views about the nature and motivation for the attack. Clinton Foundation, 2015Allegation: Republican lawmakers and watchdog groups have asked whether Clinton Foundation, established in 1997, engaged in conflicts of interest or quid pro quo deals during Hillary Clinton's tenure as secretary of state. Speeches by both Bill and Hillary Clinton to private groups and foreign governments have also been called into question. Iowa Sen. Charles Grassley, the Republican chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and conservative watchdogs at Judicial Watch are investigating the matters. Outcome: Congressional and outside investigations are ongoing. Republican lawmakers have asked whether the FBI is investigating dealings between the Foundation, its donors, and State Department officials, but federal authorities have not publicly confirmed those topics are under law enforcement scrutiny. Private Email Server, 2015Allegation: The FBI and Justice Department are investigating whether Clinton's private email server compromised government secrets during her tenure at the State Department. Outcome: FBI agents are continuing their work on the investigation and have interviewed several of Clinton's top aides. Clinton has said she will cooperate as well. The State Department inspector general recently concluded that Clinton did not follow the rules for safeguarding information, that she had not asked for approval to use the private server, and would not have been granted permission had she sought it. This story was originally posted on June 12. Facebook Twitter Flipboard Email Subscribe to the NPR Politics Podcast Listen on NPR One Apple Podcasts Google Play Music RSS

D604194

https://www.healthwarehouse.com/clomiphene-50mg-tablets.html

Clomiphene 50mg Tablets

Clomiphene 50mg Tablets Product ID: *CLOMIPHENE50Generic Equivalent To Clomid, Serophene Price: Select Quantity Below Prescription Required In Stock- Select Quantity (Tablets) -10 Tablets $ 14.70 Select15 Tablets $ 15.90 (Save 27%) Select30 Tablets $ 30.90 (Save 29%) Select45 Tablets $ 39.60 (Save 40%) Select90 Tablets $ 76.50 (Save 42%) Select Custom Tablet Quantity Select Add To My Cart Download Mail In Order Form Product Information Customer Reviews Wikipedia Info Product Summary This product requires a valid prescription for shipment, please note that Health Warehouse.com may not accept prescriptions faxed or emailed by patients. PRESCRIPTION REQUIREDSee Instructions Below IMPORTANT: HOW TO USE THIS INFORMATION: This is a summary and does NOT have all possible information about this product. This information does not assure that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you. This information is not individual medical advice and does not substitute for the advice of your health care professional. Always ask your health care professional for complete information about this product and your specific health needs. CLOMIPHENE - ORAL (KLOE-mi-feen)COMMON BRAND NAME (S): Clomid, Serophene USES: This medication is used to treat infertility in women. It works by stimulating an increase in the amount of hormones that support the growth and release of a mature egg (ovulation). This medication is not recommended for women whose ovaries no longer make eggs properly (primary pituitary or ovarian failure). HOW TO USE: Clomiphene must be taken by mouth exactly as directed by your doctor in order to be most effective. It is important to follow your dosing schedule carefully. Your dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy. Do not take it more often or for a longer time than prescribed by your doctor. Long-term treatment with this medication is not recommended and should not be more than 6 cycles. You may be directed to record your body temperature, perform ovulation tests, and properly time sexual intercourse for best results. Ask your doctor if you have any questions. SIDE EFFECTS: Stomach upset, bloating, abdominal/pelvic fullness, flushing ("hot flashes"), breast tenderness, headache, or dizziness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects. Vision changes (e.g., blurred vision, seeing spots or flashes) may sometimes occur during clomiphene treatment, especially if you are exposed to bright light. These side effects usually go away a few days or weeks after treatment is stopped. However, in rare cases, vision changes may be permanent. Tell your doctor immediately if any of the following occur: vision problems/changes, eye pain. Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: abnormal vaginal bleeding, mental/mood changes. This medication may cause a condition known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Rarely, serious OHSS causes fluid to suddenly build up in the stomach, chest, and heart area. This may occur during therapy or after treatment has been stopped. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop any of the following side effects: severe pain/swelling in the lower abdomen (pelvic) area, sudden/rapid weight gain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, change in the amount of urine, pain/redness/swelling of the legs, chest pain, fast/irregular heartbeat. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing. This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. In the US - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345. PRECAUTIONS: Before taking clomiphene, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details. This medication should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: ovarian cysts or enlarged ovaries (not due to polycystic ovary syndrome), abnormal vaginal bleeding, liver disease, uncontrolled thyroid or adrenal gland problems, tumor in the brain (pituitary tumor). Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: polycystic ovary syndrome, uterus problems (e.g., uterine fibroids, endometriosis). Use of clomiphene may result in multiple births (e.g., twins, triplets). Consult your doctor for more details. This drug may make you dizzy or cause vision changes. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness or clear vision until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit alcoholic beverages. Stop using this medication when you become pregnant. This medication must not be used during pregnancy. If you think you may be pregnant, tell your doctor immediately. It is not known whether this drug passes into breast milk. This drug may reduce milk production. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval. Some products that may interact with this drug include: gonadorelin. OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly. Symptoms of overdose may include: vomiting, abdominal/pelvic pain, vision problems. NOTES: Do not share this medication with others. Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., hormone levels, pelvic examination/ultrasound) should be performed regularly to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details. MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, contact your doctor promptly for further instructions. Do not double the dose to catch up unless your doctor directs you to do so. STORAGE: Store at room temperature between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C). Keep in a closed container protected from heat, light, and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets. Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product. Information last revised March 2012. Copyright (c) 2012 First Databank, Inc.

D526340

https://www.npr.org/2016/09/15/494166005/trump-still-wont-say-president-obama-was-born-in-the-u-s

Trump Still Won't Say He Believes Obama Born In U.S. Despite Campaign Claim He Does

Politics Trump Still Won't Say He Believes Obama Born In U. S. Despite Campaign Claim He Does September 15, 2016 9:15 PM ETJessica Taylor Twitter Enlarge this image Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump still won't say whether or not he believes President Obama was born in the United States. NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images Updated at 10:50 p.m. Donald Trump refused to say whether he believes President Obama was born in the United States in an interview with The Washington Post on Thursday. Politics Tracking The Rebirth Of The 'Birther' Conspiracy But in a statement hours later from the GOP nominee's spokesman, the campaign claimed Trump does indeed believe the president was born in Hawaii. The ongoing "birther" saga is one that's spanned years, going back to 2011, when Trump very publicly embraced the conspiracy theory about the country's first African-American president. When asked point-blank by The Post 's Robert Costa during an interview in Ohio, Trump again dodged the question of whether he accepts that the president is indeed a natural-born U. S citizen. "I'll answer that question at the right time," Trump said. "I just don't want to answer it yet. ""I don't talk about it anymore," he tried to explain. "The reason I don't is because then everyone is going to be talking about it — as opposed to jobs, the military, the vets, security. "Trump campaign then released a statement — not from Trump himself, but from senior communications adviser Jason Miller — claiming victory for Trump forcing Obama to release his long-form birth certificate, and saying that, because of that evidence, Trump now "believes that President Obama was born in the United States. "Here's Miller's full statement:"Hillary Clinton's campaign first raised this issue to smear then-candidate Barack Obama in her very nasty, failed 2008 campaign for President. This type of vicious and conniving behavior is straight from the Clinton Playbook. As usual, however, Hillary Clinton was too weak to get an answer. Even the MSNBC show Morning Joe admits that it was Clinton's henchmen who first raised this issue, not Donald J. Trump. "In 2011, Mr. Trump was finally able to bring this ugly incident to its conclusion by successfully compelling President Obama to release his birth certificate. Mr. Trump did a great service to the President and the country by bringing closure to the issue that Hillary Clinton and her team first raised. Inarguably, Donald J. Trump is a closer. Having successfully obtained President Obama's birth certificate when others could not, Mr. Trump believes that President Obama was born in the United States. "Mr. Trump is now totally focused on bringing jobs back to America, defeating radical Islamic terrorism, taking care of our veterans, introducing school choice opportunities and rebuilding and making our inner cities safe again. "The notion that it was Clinton's 2008 campaign that began the birther movement is one that has been disproved. In 2015, Politi Fact found such a claim to be false. "Clinton's campaign, one of the most thoroughly dissected in modern history, never raised questions about the future president's citizenship. The idea that it did is based largely on a series of disconnected actions by supporters of Clinton, mostly in the months between Obama's reaction to the Jeremiah Wright story and the Democratic National Convention," The Post 's David Weigel reported last year. It's All Politics Sen. Rand Paul Asks For Donald Trump's Long-Form GOP Registration It's All Politics Half Of GOP Primary Voters Wrongly Say Obama Non-U. S. Born: Poll VIDEO: Wolf Blitzer Battles Donald Trump Over 'Birther' Issue The statement coming from Miller — and not from Trump himself — is roughly the same as what other top Trump aides have been saying for the past week. "He believes President Obama was born here," campaign manager Kellyanne Conway said on CNN last week. "I was born in Camden, by the way, New Jersey. He was born in Hawaii. "Trump's response to his campaign manager's comments in the Post invterview: "It's OK — she's allowed to speak what she thinks. I want to focus on jobs. I want to focus on other things. "His running mate, Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, said earlier this month that he accepts the fact that Obama was born in Hawaii. Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani also claimed just last week that the GOP nominee now accepts the president's legal birthplace. "Donald Trump believes now that [Obama] was born in the United States," Giuliani said on CNN. "I believe it. He believes it. We all believe it. It took a long time to get out. "But while his top surrogates are circulating assertions that Trump has dropped any birther beliefs, the Republican nominee still refuses to say the words, and is keeping the issue alive. And Trump already has reiterated this cycle that he — not campaign managers or spokesmen — is the only one who truly speaks for his campaign. Don't believe the biased and phony media quoting people who work for my campaign. The only quote that matters is a quote from me!— Donald J. Trump (@real Donald Trump) May 28, 2016Trump championed the fringe theory about Obama — who some believed was born in Kenya and might even be a secret Muslim — during the 2012 election cycle, and was its largest driving force, as the New York Times explored earlier this year:"In the birther movement, Mr. Trump recognized an opportunity to connect with the electorate over an issue many considered taboo: the discomfort, in some quarters of American society, with the election of the nation's first black president. He harnessed it for political gain, beginning his connection with the largely white Republican base that, in his 2016 campaign, helped clinch his party's nomination. "The White House eventually released President Obama's long-form birth certificate in 2011 — showing that he was, indeed, born in Honolulu in 1961. Just as that was happening, Trump landed in New Hampshire while flirting with a presidential bid, and claimed victory. "I'm very proud of myself," Trump said. "I've accomplished something that nobody else has been able to accomplish. "Even after that, he continued to raise doubts about the birth certificate's authenticity. An 'extremely credible source' has called my office and told me that @Barack Obama 's birth certificate is a fraud.— Donald J. Trump (@real Donald Trump) August 6, 2012Hillary Clinton didn't waste any time Thursday night responding to Trump's initial comments. Less than two hours after The Post published its interview with Trump, Clinton spoke at an event hosted by the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute: "He still wouldn't say 'Hawaii.' He still wouldn't say 'America.' This man wants to be our next president? When will he stop this ugliness, this bigotry? "She also referred to how Trump has tried to refocus his campaign on an affirmative message and avoid more controversial statements. "This is the best he can do. This is who he is," Clinton said. Arnie Seipel contributed.birther Donald Trump Barack Obama Facebook Twitter Flipboard Email Sign Up for the NPR Politics Newsletter We follow politics; you follow us. Catch up the latest stories, news and analysis from NPR politics reporters around the country. By subscribing, you agree to NPR's terms of use and privacy policy. More Stories From NPRPolitics Trump Calls For Military Forces On U. S.-Mexico Border National Justice Department Rolls Out Quotas For Immigration Judges Popular on NPR.org Media Video Reveals Power Of Sinclair, As Local News Anchors Recite Script In Unison National Suspect Dead, Multiple Wounded, In Shooting At You Tube HQ In San Bruno, Calif. National A Border Patrol Agent Dies Mysteriously. The Sheriff Has A Simple Theory National The Cosby Trial: What You Need To Know NPR Editors' Picks News Mexican Ambassador To U. S. Predicts Caravan Will 'Conclude' Within Days Europe U. K. Lab Says It Doesn't Know Nerve Agent's 'Precise Source,' Drawing Russian Retort National Tell Us: Are You Unable To Retire Or Retired But Back To Work? National Jill Mc Cabe, Wife Of Fired Deputy FBI Director, Speaks Out

D2786929

https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081109095317AANaUyP

How much money did it cost Vince to buy WCW? And how much for ECW?

Sports Wrestling How much money did it cost Vince to buy WCW? And how much for ECW? Update: 10K for ECW!? Wow 10K is nothing to Vince Mc Mahon! Especially when buying out a company with it!1 following 5 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: You could check out here for the details on both promotions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Champ...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Cha... Romana · 9 years ago0 0 Comment I honestly do not know the exact amount, but I did read the Hulk Hogan book and 'supposedly' he was offered WCW for about 10 to 15 million dollars (pretty sad for a once near billion dollar company, huh). Vince probably spent the same. The 'running joke' was the Vince had loaned Paul Heyman so much money when ECW was being screwed by TNN (The Nashville Network...now SPIKE TV) that he pretty much owned ECW before it folded. Source (s): History Cajun Asian · 10 years ago2 0 Comment4.2 million for WCW lmfao. 10k for ECWHunter Mcmahon · 10 years ago4 0 Commenttrolls are taking over hahahahaha get hacked [remix] the return · 10 years ago0 3 Commentalotjeff35sd · 10 years ago1 2 Comment Perhaps you would like to learn more about one of these? Official March Madness Gear Interested in dating sites? Interested in Life Alert? Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms?

D3100126

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-browsing-and-surfing-the-Internet

What is the difference between browsing and surfing the Internet?

Tanmay Pramanick, Internet has all the answers waiting. Am one of the many medium to answers. ;)Answered Nov 23, 2015 · Author has 55 answers and 42.2k answer views Hello Ankit, Actually if you consider, the literary meaning of these two terms, they will be like this as follows:-Browsing - Reading superficially or at random Surfing - Look around casually and randomly, without seeking anything in particular. And both the terms have no real difference when connected, compared and thought of. When connected to internet terminology, both the terms still mean the same have no significant difference between them to get differentiated. Though Web Browsing can be related to the fact that when a person reads a following Article and all related about it or a Social Media site, Browsing on and on till the very end, which is never : P. That is surfing on related topics on net. Whereas Web Surfingmeans to search for random various topics and search and get info about. That is surfing randomly on various topics. And Surfingcan mean like going over through different aspects of Web, only a general term to use with and make the user understand the aspects. Moreover they both mean the same, that is going over the Blog through various random topics. Hope this answer has somehow helped you and you will get over it. :)Regards. So keep questioning and get answers for the following. Get updates about his type of internet terminology, stay tuned to Aptitude Amplifier.22.6k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?

D3316783

http://www.thetimenow.com/united_states/california/walnut_creek

Current local time in Walnut Creek, California, United States | Time Zone: PST

The Time Now > United States >Time & More Weather & Forecast Current local time in Walnut Creek, California, United States | Time Zone: PST12 hour 24 hour3:50:15 AMUTC/GMT -8 hours29Thursday Mar 2018Display Time on your Website Convert Times & Time Zone Converter Calendar Tool Meeting Planner Tool Facts Country Capital State Currency Washington DCCalifornia USD (Dollar) Use the currency converter International dialing code +1 (United States) How to dial to Walnut Creek?am pm 2428 Thu / 29 30 31 01 02Walnut Creek, United States PDT Thu, Mar 29 03:50am8pm9pm10pm11pm Thu291am2am3am4am5am6am7am8am9am10am+12.5 Mumbai, India IST Thu, Mar 29 04:20pm9am10am11am12pm1pm2pm3pm4pm5pm6pm7pm8pm9pm10pm11pm Add Location Daylight Saving Time in Walnut Creek - Time Change Standard time zone Daylight saving time (DST)Time zone abbreviation UTC / GMT -8 hours No daylight saving time to observe right now PST - Pacific Standard Time Popular city time zones New York, NY London Tokyo Washington DC Paris Berlin Moscow Amsterdam Manila Miami, FLAtlanta, GA Las Vegas, NV Seattle, WA Houston, TXBoston, MA San Francisco, CA Chicago, ILLos Angeles, CA Mumbai Kuala Lumpur Karachi Toronto Montréal Sydney Mexico City Rio de Janeiro São Paulo Singapore Largest country time zones India Australia United States United Kingdom Japan Germany China France Canada Ghana Italy South Africa Spain Thailand Pakistan Brazil Mexico Malaysia Kenya Afghanistan Greece Nigeria Chile South Korea Ukraine Portugal Morocco Uganda Russia Egypt Philippines Vietnam Indonesia Popular Time Zones EST PDT GMT PST EDT CDT CST CUT UCT IDTPopular Countries Time India Singapore United Kingdom United States Australia Ghana Nigeria Spain Popular Cities Stockholm Sydney Kolkata Nairobi Mumbai Brisbane London About | Privacy Policy | Contact | Plugins | © Copyright The Time Now 1998-2018

D978560

http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-cfa-exam-2015-6

159,889 Wall Streeters are crowding auditoriums and classrooms to take a grueling 6-hour test. If they pass, it could change their lives â but half will fail

159,889 Wall Streeters are crowding auditoriums and classrooms to take a grueling 6-hour test. If they pass, it could change their lives — but half will fail Portia Crowe Jun. 5, 2015, 10:00 AM 96,782These are not actual CFA test takers. Reuters Thousands of Wall Streeters will crowd gymnasiums and auditoriums around the world to write a grueling 6-hour exam on Saturday. Their odds of passing are less than 50%. The three levels of the Chartered Financial Analyst exam are administered once a year in 174 countries around the world (Level I is offered twice a year). This Saturday, 159,889 people are registered to take the test. That's the highest number of registrants on record, according to the CFA Institute, which administers the exam. Kurt Schacht, a managing director at the CFA Institute, said that interest in the exam has been growing pretty steadily throughout his ten years with the institute. Much of that is fueled by growth in Asia, which on Saturday will account for 43% of test takers. He said that becoming a CFA charter holder is a huge leg up for anyone hoping to build a career in investment management. As for other credentials, like MBA degrees, he said, "I honestly think there is no comparison in terms of the cost-benefit analysis." (The CFA costs $2,300 altogether, including registration fees and test fees. )But the tests are tough. Last year, only 46% of people passed the tests — or 42% of Level I test takers, 46% of Level II test takers, and 54% of Level III test takers. Level I tends to have the lowest pass rate, Schacht said, because that's the stage where the amateurs are weeded out from the serious players. "There's a great demand on the employer side for people that make it through this course of study, and I think that's all reflected in how difficult it is," he said. Only about one in five people who start the CFA program make it through all three levels and successfully complete the other requirements to become charter holders, he said. Here are the historical pass rates dating back to 1963 from the CFA Institute: Good luck, everybody!SEE ALSO: The 3 grueling exams are just the first step to becoming a CFA charterholder NOW WATCH: Here's How Many Bottles Of Wine It Takes To Pass The World's Toughest Exam More: Wall Street CFA CFA Institute Testfacebook linkedin twitter Recommended For You Powered By Sailthru

D1246324

https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/holy-mountain-the-third-403rd41-nail/321921/

Holy Mountain The Third (3rd) Nail

overall9699Brewed by Holy Mountain Brewing Company Style: Belgian Ale - Top 50Seattle, Washington USAServe in Trappist glass, Tulip, Tumblerbottling unknownon tap unknowndistribution unknownsend corrections | shelftag | edit barcodes | update pic RATINGS: 15 MEAN: 3.87/5.0 WEIGHTED AVG: 3.68 / 5 SEASONAL: Special EST. CALORIES: 180 ABV: 6%COMMERCIAL DESCRIPTIONIn celebration of the third anniversary of one of our very favorite bars, we present the Third Nail: a Belgian-style Pale Ale brewed with American hops, aged in white wine barrels sourced from the Napa Valley with Brett taken from one of our favorite Belgian breweries. Most Recent Top Raters Highest Score Rated By Ticked By3.9djd07 (16581) - Houston, Texas, USA - DEC 30, 2016Bottle at the Mar Claire. Pours a cloudy gold with large frothy white head after gushing. The aroma is brett, oak, citrus. Medium body, tropical fruit, oak, light funk, nice tartness, very good.3.8jtclockwork (18058) - , New Jersey, USA - MAY 11, 2016Bottle - pours yellow white head - nose/taste of white wine, citrus, tangerine, oak and lemongrass - med body3.9vtafro (7453) - Wayne, New Jersey, USA - MAY 11, 2016Bottle. Golden pour with white head. Herbal, citrus, sweet aromas. Herbal, yeast, fruit, Brett, funk Flavors.3.9tcon25 (1029) - Duvall, Washington, USA - MAR 22, 2016Draft pour at Pine box happy anniversary, second year in a row to make it to, hopefully ment more to come. Peace chile pour, sour brett peach aroma, some bit on the tongue, apricot tast with some citrus fruits. Nice beer.3.9luttonm (7180) - Seattle, Washington, USA - JUL 27, 2015Draft at the brewpub. Darker orange-brown. Small stringy head. Nice yeasty-amber aroma, kind of a house flavor. Body washes over with complexity. White wine yeasty-tartness throughout, some earthy grain. Dries out nicely. Tart, juicy, hop note comes through too. I really dig this.3.8brokensail (16695) - Dublin, California, USA - JUL 7, 2015Bottle @ RBSG 2015. Thanks to Eugene. Milky straw colored beer with a ton of white foam. Has a lot of straw, some strawberry, and a bit of grass. Light citrus rind and oak, too. Flavor has more grape/wine flavor than the nose lets on. There’s a nice touch of citrus, melon, and fruit skins. Quite dry and highly carbonated. Subtle yeast and funk. Pretty nice all around.3.8mcberko (20633) - Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA - JUN 22, 2015750m L bottle, pours a clear blonde with a medium white head. Aroma brings out lots of Belgian yeast and white wine barrels. Flavour is very vinous, with lots of white wine and Belgian yeast. Highly carbonated but fitting for what it is. Excellent.3.9Ferris (18138) - Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA - JUN 20, 2015Bottle - Lots of nice green melon and funk. Cloudy yellow with a decent white head. Tart grapefruit and a nice soured wheat. Good.3.7Buckeye Boy (9418) - Boise, Idaho, USA - JUN 20, 2015750ml bottle pours out cloudy straw topped with a long lasting white head. Nose is floral belg yeast lemongrass citrus. Taste is more of the lemongrass citrus spice and some barnyard.4after4ever (8025) - Mukilteo, Washington, USA - MAY 6, 2015Draft at hmbc. Pours a cloudy medium amber with a loose and sudsy white head. Lots of lace. Barnyard and birdcage on the nose. White wine dances up with a light lemony nkte in back. Creamy medium body with lively carb. Toast, caramel, barnyard, and soft lemons on the mid palate. Long minerally dry finish. Complex and interesting throughout. We Want To Hear From You Join us! Rate Beer is made by beer enthusiasts for the craft beer community. Your basic membership is free and allows you to read all beer ratings. Click here to create your account... and give your opinion! Join Us »Page 1 2

D3427464

http://www.lyricsmania.com/what_is_love_lyrics_empire_cast.html

What Is Love Lyrics

What Is Love Lyrics Empire Cast Original Soundtrack From Season 1 Of Empire Lyrics to What Is Love What Is Love Video: I would tell you that I love you tonight But I know that I've got time on my side Where you goin'? Why you leavin' so soon? Is there somewhere else that's better for you? What is love if you're not here with me? What is love if it's not guaranteed? What is love if it just ups and leaves? What is love if you're not here no more? What is love if you're not really sure? What is love? What is love? Tell myself I wouldn't cry when you're gone But I know it's easier said than done Look at me, look at me, choked up now Try to tell you but it won't come out What is love if you're not here with me? What is love if it's not guaranteed? What is love if it just ups and leaves? What is love if you're not here no more? What is love if you're not really sure? What is love if it just ups and goes? I can't live without you (I can't live without you) I can't live with you (I can't live with you) What goes around will come right back around, you won't know 'til it hit you We were supposed to be (an empire) We were supposed to be (an empire) We were supposed to be an empire What is love if you're not here with me? What is love if it's not guaranteed? What is love if it just ups and leaves? What is love? What is love if you're not really sure? What is love if it just ups? Print

D381525

http://www.kickiteasy.com/install-stock-samsung-firmware-using-odin/

How to install stock Samsung firmware using Odin

How to install stock Samsung firmware using Odin Saransh Bhatt January 17, 2016 Android, How To Guide 45 Comments Facebook Twitter Google + Stumbleupon Linked In Pinterest If you have messed up and done something wrong with your Samsung android phone and you want to install the stock Samsung firmware then you have to do nothing but follow this simple tutorial very carefully. Doing these tricky things with Samsung androids are very easy, Odin is the software that makes it easy to play with Samsung android phones. Odin is the software that is used by the Samsung to flash all those ROM’s and firmware stuffs. But somehow the software has been leaked on the internet and we guys are using it to install custom ROM very easily in Samsung androids. I have already covered how to root Samsung android phone in my previous tutorial and if something has gone wrong, you can always refer to one of my tutorial on how to fix Samsung android phone stuck at Samsung logo or how to unbrick Samsung android phone. Now in this tutorial I’m gonna tell you how to install stock Samsung firmware using Odin. If something is wrong with your Samsung android and flashing the recovery.tar file doesn’t help then you might need to install or flash the stock Samsung firmware that you can do with the use of Odin (designed especially for Samsung android phones). Basically it is a very easy process to install a ROM using Odin, so you don’t have to worry about anything. Now, let’s get started. Installing the stock Samsung firmware using Odin Stuff you need–A Samsung android phone A laptop/PCOdin software installed in your PC/laptop [ download Odin_v3.07.zip]Stock Samsung firmware file [ download your Samsung phone’s firmware from here]Common Sense The Tutorial –Visit the link provided above and start typing your android’s model name in the “ Model Selection ” tab, select your phone’s model and hit OK. Now download your android’s official firmware specific to your country and save the file in your PC/laptop. You’ll notice the downloaded firmware file is a zipped file, extract it and make sure the extracted file is a MD5 file type. Now hold your phone, remove your phone’s battery and put it back after a minute. Now go to download mode by pressing – Volume down + Home Screen Button + Power Button, release the Power button when the device vibrates but keep pressing the other two buttons, hold on a second and your device will boot into the Download Mode. Press Volume up button to continue. Extract the Odin_v3.07.zip file and open it. Connect your phone to your PC via data cable. You’ll see a green tab around the ID:com tab on the Odin screen, that means your phone is successfully connected. Make sure the following options are selected before starting the flashing process –Auto Reboot – enabled Re-Partition – disabled F. Reset Time – enabled Flash Lock – disabled LED Control – disabled Nand erase all – disabled T Flash – disabled Now click on the PDA and navigate to the extracted stock Samsung firmware file (MD5 type). Select it and wait for a while, the Odin will take some time (around a minute) to check and process the MD5 file. After around a minute or two you’ll see a message “ checking MD5 finished successfully ” in the message window. When you see that message just hit Start. Sit back and relax and make sure you don’t interrupt the process. The flashing process will take around 20 minutes. Your phone will reboot after the flashing process. Now you can use your Samsung android normally. Hopefully there would be no problem any more. I hope I was able to save your phone’s life. Share your views in the comment section. Please also notify me for any broken links, it would be very appreciated. Share Facebook Twitter Google + Stumbleupon Linked In Pinterest

D1655504

https://www.puppyspot.com/puppies-for-sale/breed/frenchton/overview/

Frenchton Characteristics

Select a Breed Frenchton Characteristics Size Small Energy Moderate Weight15-25 lbs Coat Short, smooth, glossy, soft. Find Frenchton Puppies About Frenchtons The Frenchton is a mix between a French Bulldog and a Boston Terrier. This breed originated in recent years in the United States. As with any mixed breed, it is not uncommon for the appearance and personality of one puppy to vary greatly from that of its littermate but, in general, Frenchtons are very friendly, loving and intelligent. They are also very laid back and have low exercise requirements, making them ideal apartment pets that can also excel in homes. Find Frenchton Puppies Did You Know? Frenchtons, unlike other designer dog breeds which are have one breed and half another, are 75 percent French bulldog and 25 percent Boston terrier. Origin This dog was developed in the 1990's in order to create a healthier, more energetic breed than its parent breeds.

D1299927

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8121

Medical Definition of Antibiotic

Antibiotic: A drug used to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections. Originally, an antibiotic was a substance produced by one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another. Synthetic antibiotics, usually chemically related to natural antibiotics, have since been produced that accomplish comparable tasks. In 1926, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, a substance produced by fungi that appeared able to inhibit bacterial growth. In 1939, Edward Chain and Howard Florey further studied penicillin and later carried out trials of penicillin on humans (with what were deemed fatal bacterial infections). Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize in 1945 for their work which ushered in the era of antibiotics. Another antibiotic, for example, is tetracycline, a broad-spectrum agent effective against a wide variety of bacteria including Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and many others. The first drug of the tetracycline family, chlortetracycline, was introduced in 1948. Bacterial Infections 101 Pictures Slideshow Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures Quick Guide Ebola Virus: Outbreak, Symptoms, and Treatment From Tips to Better Manage Your Migraine Start Now Subscribe to Medicine Net's General Health Newsletter By clicking Submit, I agree to the Medicine Net's Terms & Conditions & Privacy Policy and understand that I may opt out of Medicine Net's subscriptions at any time. From Infectious Disease Resources8 Serious HIV Symptoms to Watch For Is It a Cold, Strep, or Tonsillitis? Tips to Prevent Cold Sores Featured Centers How Could You Live Better With Migraine? Not Being Defined by Your Cancer Track Cold & Flu in Your Area Health Solutions From Our Sponsors Frequent Constipation? Greater Food Accessibility Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016Popular Collections Beware of Deadly Bug Bites & Stings Recognize These Common Eye Conditions Natural Cold & Flu Remedies Managing Blood Sugar Swings Cholesterol: What the Numbers Mean Omega-3 Foods for a Stronger Heart Low-T and Erectile Dysfunction Joint Friendly Exercises The Most Effective Birth Control Lung Cancer Stages & Treatments Migraine Triggers You Can Avoid Why Heart Attacks Happen Foods to Help You Concentrate Your Cancer Questions Answered Stop Wrecking Your Teeth The Dangers of Blood Clots Learn More About Eating Disorders Surgery or Medication for Crohn's?

D2439400

http://www.dunrobincastle.co.uk/

Dunrobin Castle is the most northerly of Scotland's great houses and dates back to the 1300s

Dunrobin Castle is the most northerly of Scotland's great houses and dates back to the 1300s"A very warm welcome to Dunrobin Castle, home of my ancestors for over seven hundred years. I'm so proud that people from all over the world pay us a visit and I enjoy being able to share the magnificent castle and gardens with others. I look forward to seeing you too at Dunrobin. "Welcome by Lord Strathnaver Contact Dunrobin Castle Enquiries Visitor information Opening times and prices Shop and restaurant Parking and directions Useful links Golspie, Sutherland, KW10 6SF, Scotland - Tel: +44 (0)1408 633177 - Fax: +44 (0)1408 634081 - email: info@dunrobincastle.co.uk

D279431

http://www.todaysseniors.com/wp/gold-silver-platinum/should-i-clean-my-silver-or-gold-coins/

.

You'd think a collector of old coins would know the answer to “should I clean my silver or gold coins?” But, some ruin their coins by polishing them. What happens to old coins when you clean them? You may make them beautiful and shiny, but you just lost at least 50 percent of their value. That's okay if you're keeping them for sentimental value, but if you expected to sell them it would be a big mistake. The Process of Minting Mint luster is the shine created during the striking process of the coin. The process actually changes the molecular level of the metal. The result of the flowing metal creates a very unique event in the coin when the shine is acquired. There are lines created on the coin referred to as the cartwheel effect. Should I Clean My Silver Or Gold Coins? The answer is “no” because it can damage the surface of the coin and this can be seen by a professional when checking a coin by evaluating the condition of the cartwheel effect. Numismatists, coin specialists, emphasize the importance of preserving the surface of your coins. What If The Coin Is Extremely Dirty? Should I clean my silver or gold coins if they are extremely caked with dirt? If you feel the coin is valuable, you should send it to have it cleaned by a professional such as the Numismatic Conservation Service. They will only minimally clean the coin to rid it of the dirt so that it doesn't corrode and pit the coin. Should I Remove Tarnish From My Silver Coins? If you try to remove tarnish from silver you will damage the surface of the coin. If you must clean it, use the “dip” method of cleaning. Using a liquid cleaning solution made for silver, you simply dip the coin into the liquid and then wash the chemical off. Don't rub it dry with any type of cloth as that will scratch the surface of the coin. Cleaning Coins That Your Grandfather Gave You Should I clean my silver or gold coins that my grandfather gave me? There are some coins that have more sentimental value than monetary. Besides the dipping process, you can do the following: soak gold coins in soapy water; and soak silver coins in white vinegar, or lemon juice. You may have to soak your coins for days or weeks. Rinse the coins with malt vinegar and pat dry. Send this page to a friend ... Enter friend's email address© Copyright todaysseniors.com. All Rights Reserved.

D1818413

https://www.etsy.com/search?q=sinamay+fabric

.

All categories “sinamay fabric” (388 Results) Sort by: Relevancy Sinamay Fabric Medium Sizing Millinery Fabrics Color Natural White by meter | SH001Zoria Millinery (109)$ 9.99See more colors Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Ivory Petershams (15,403)$ 6.61See similar items +1 Meter x 90cm Navy Blue Stiffened Sinamay Fabric for Millinery and Floral - Standard Weave Available in 9 Colors Humboldt Haberdashery (506)$ 16.95Eligible orders get 20% off See similar items +1 Meter x 90cm Ivory Stiffened Sinamay Fabric for Millinery and Floral - Standard Weave Available in 9 Colors Humboldt Haberdashery (507)$ 16.95Eligible orders get 20% off See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Latte Petershams (15,357)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - White Petershams (15,405)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Rose Petershams (15,405)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Black Petershams (15,407)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Bottle Green Petershams (15,405)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Burgundy Petershams (15,422)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Light Blue Petershams (15,428)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Plum Petershams (15,357)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Chartreuse Petershams (15,364)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Pale Peach Petershams (15,364)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Light Pink Petershams (15,428)$ 6.61See similar items +1 Meter x 90cm Gold Stiffened Sinamay Fabric for Millinery and Floral - Standard Weave Available in 9 Colors Humboldt Haberdashery (506)$ 16.95Eligible orders get 20% off See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Pewter Grey Petershams (15,428)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Turquoise Petershams (15,362)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Royal Blue Petershams (15,405)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Dusky Pink Petershams (15,362)$ 6.61Only 1 left See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Red Petershams (15,357)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Coral Petershams (15,405)$ 6.61See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Navy Blue Petershams (15,357)$ 6.61Only 1 left See similar items +Sinamay Fabric for Millinery, Hat & Fascinator Making 1/2 Metre - Purple Petershams (15,362)$ 6.61See similar items +

D2583742

http://www.fastweather.com/index.php?city=San+Bernardino_CA&g

Current Weather for San Bernardino, CA

Current Weather for San Bernardino, CAYour Recent Locations: San Bernardino, CAAstronomy: Sunrise: 6:36 am Sunset: 7:09 pm Moon: Full Today's Almanac: Average High: 69 °F Average Low: 45 °F Record High: 89 °F (2011) Record Low: 42 °F (2013)Yesterday's Almanac: Click here for yesterday's data!Want more detail? Get the Complete 7 Day and Night Detailed Forecast!Want to Receive our Free Daily Forecast Emails in your inbox by 5 a.m.? There are no ads! Learn More We respect your privacy and will not share or sell your email with anyone. Current U. S. National Radar--Current The Current National Weather Radar is shown below with a UTC Time (subtract 5 hours from UTC to get Eastern Time). National Weather Forecast--Current The Current National Weather Forecast and National Weather Map are shown below. National Weather Forecast for Tomorrow Tomorrow National Weather Forecast and Tomorrow National Weather Map are show below. North America Water Vapor (Moisture)This map shows recent moisture content over North America. Bright and colored areas show high moisture (ie, clouds ); brown indicates very little moisture present; black indicates no moisture. Amazing Weather Videos (updated daily)Amazing pics and movies of weather, mother nature, mother earth and people with cameras in the right place at the right time. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:0020 Amazing And Unusual Weather Phenomena Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 3:05Weather Topic: What are Altostratus Clouds? Home - Education - Cloud Types - Altostratus Clouds Next Topic: Cumulus Clouds Altostratus clouds form at mid to high-level altitudes (between 2 and 7 km) and are created by a warm, stable air mass which causes water vapor to condense as it rise through the atmosphere. Usually altostratus clouds are featureless sheets characterized by a uniform color. In some cases, wind punching through the cloud formation may give it a waved appearance, called altostratus undulatus. Altostratus clouds are commonly seen with other cloud formations accompanying them. Next Topic: Cumulus Clouds Weather Topic: What are Cumulonimbus Clouds? Home - Education - Cloud Types - Cumulonimbus Clouds Next Topic: Stratus Clouds The final form taken by a growing cumulus cloud is the cumulonimbus cloud, which is very tall and dense. The tower of a cumulonimbus cloud can soar 23 km into the atmosphere, although most commonly they stop growing at an altitude of 6 km. Even small cumulonimbus clouds appear very large in comparison to other cloud types. They can signal the approach of stormy weather, such as thunderstorms or blizzards. Next Topic: Stratus Clouds

D820642

http://www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm

Standings

Hockey Sites Network Sites Player Sites Community About NHL.com Terms of Service NHL.com Privacy Policy FAQ Contact Us Copyright Policy NHL.com is the official web site of the National Hockey League. NHL, the NHL Shield, the word mark and image of the Stanley Cup, the Stanley Cup Playoffs logo, the Stanley Cup Final logo, Center Ice name and logo, NHL Conference logos, NHL Winter Classic name, and The Biggest Assist Happens Off The Ice are registered trademarks and Vintage Hockey word mark and logo, The Game Lives Where You Do, NHL Winter Classic logo, NHL Heritage Classic name and logo, NHL Stadium Series name and logo, NHL All-Star logo, NHL Face-Off name and logo, NHL. TV, NHL Premium, NHL After Dark, NHL Game Center, NHL Game Center LIVE, NHL Network name and logo, NHL Tonight name and logo, On The Fly, NHL Awards name and logo, NHL Draft name and logo, Hockey Fights Cancer, Because It's The Cup, NHL Green name and logo, NHL Vault, Hockey Is For Everyone, NHL Thanksgiving Showdown name and logo, NHL Centennial Classic name and logo, NHL Centennial Season logo, NHL100 Classic name and logo, NHL Global Series name and logo, NHL China Games name and logo, and Don't Miss A Moment are trademarks of the National Hockey League. All NHL logos and marks and NHL team logos and marks depicted herein are the property of the NHL and the respective teams and may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of NHL Enterprises, L. P. © NHL 2018. All Rights Reserved. All NHL team jerseys customized with NHL players' names and numbers are officially licensed by the NHL and the NHLPA. The Zamboni word mark and configuration of the Zamboni ice resurfacing machine are registered trademarks of Frank J. Zamboni & Co., Inc.© Frank J. Zamboni & Co., Inc. 2018. All Rights Reserved. Any other third party trademarks or copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved.

D1901827

https://www.diamondspas.com/swimming-pool-spa-collection/custom-pools/custom-cold-plunge-pools/

Custom Cold Plunge Pool

Custom Cold Plunge Pool Limitless design. Spa/Cold Plunge Pool: 98.5" x 103" x 36" Water Feature: 24" x 180" Landscape Architect: Newton Landscape Group Photo credit: Chipper Hatter

D1474911

https://www.leaf.tv/articles/types-of-orange-liquors/

Types of Orange Liquors

Orange liquors have long been a staple at parties and restaurants, showing up in cocktails, desserts, and even neat, without ice or water. There is a wide variety in the taste of orange liquors due to the oranges used, and variations in the alcohol base. Some utilize neutral alcohols while other distilleries include Cognac or brandies. Among the most popular and widely available are Grand Marnier, Gran Gala, Cointreau, and Patrón Citrónge. Orange rinds distilled with varying types alcohol give orange liquors their distinct flavor. Grand Marnier The most famous of all orange liquors, Grand Marnier was first created by Louis Alexandre Marnier in Angers, France. He first sold his orange liquor in 1880 under the name Curaçao Marnier. The unique taste comes from bitter orange peels and Cognac aged together in oak barrels. The result is a copper-colored liquor with a subtle bitter orange taste and smooth Cognac finish. Gran Gala Gran Gala is often compared to Grand Marnier because they share similar characteristics. However, Gran Gala is Italian and was first produced in 1884 by Stock Spirits of Trieste. Stock produces Gran Gala with Sicilian oranges and their own brandy. The liquor has a strong orange flavor and a smooth finish good for cocktails and a sweetness that transfers well to desserts. Cointreau Also initially distilled in Angers, France, Cointreau was first produced by Adolphe and Edouard-Jean Cointreau in 1875. Using a combination of bitter and sweet orange rinds and alcohol distilled from beets, Cointreau has an extremely strong and complex taste. The recipe has not changed since its inception and the distillery is still run by the Cointreau family. The orange liquor is required in a number of cocktail recipes including Cosmopolitans and some margaritas. Patrón Citrónge Patrón Citrónge is by far the newest orange liquor in the bunch. Patrón was not even founded until 1989 and is more well-known for its top-shelf tequila used frequently in margaritas. Patrón has a much subtler orange taste followed by a burst of bitter orange peels, and, contrary to popular belief, it is not made with tequila. Instead, sweet oranges from Jamaica and bitter peels from Haiti are combined with neutral alcohol and sugar cane to give it a much lighter color.

D2117337

http://budgeting.thenest.com/much-social-security-tax-pay-25964.html

How Much Social Security Tax Do You Have to Pay?

Social Security tax is a percentage of your gross income. Look at your paycheck and you will see a chunk of money taken out for Social Security tax. If you're self-employed, you also pay Social Security tax. The Social Security tax is a percentage of your gross wages, so how much Social Security tax you pay depends on how much you earn. Tax Rate The usual rate for Social Security tax is 6.2 percent of your gross wages, including tips, bonuses and other compensation. This means your employer withholds 6.2 percent of your gross pay before withholding allowances are subtracted. For example, if your gross pay is $500, you pay $31 in Social Security tax. In 2011 and 2012, Congress temporarily lowered the Social Security tax rate for employees to 4.2 percent. You had to pay Social Security tax on the first $110,100 of gross income as of 2012. The income limit is adjusted annually, so check with the Internal Revenue Service for the current figure. Employer Contribution If you own a business, you also have to pay 6.2 percent of each employee's gross income in Social Security tax. The employer share is levied on the first $110,100 an employee earns. This portion of the tax is your responsibility as a businessperson and is not deducted from the paychecks. Congress didn't lower the employer’s share of the Social Security tax for 2011 and 2012, so the rate stayed at 6.2 percent. Medicare Medicare is administered by the Social Security Administration, so the Medicare tax is usually figured along with Social Security tax. In fact, the IRS sometimes combines these taxes for convenience. You pay 1.45 percent of your gross income in Medicare tax and your employer pays another 1.45 percent. There is no income limit for Medicare tax, so you pay it on all of your gross income. Self-Employment Tax When you earn money from self-employment, there is no employer to share the responsibility of paying Social Security and Medicare taxes. That's why you must pay the entire amount on net earnings. The Social Security tax rate for self-employment as of 2012 was 12.4 percent and had to be paid on the first $110,100 of net earnings. The self-employment Medicare tax rate was 2.9 percent in 2012. References Social Security: 2012 Social Security Tax Rate and Maximum Taxable Earnings Internal Revenue Service: Payroll Tax Cut Temporarily Extended into 2012Internal Revenue Service: Self-Employment Tax About the Author Based in Atlanta, Georgia, W D Adkins has been writing professionally since 2008. He writes about business, personal finance and careers. Adkins holds master's degrees in history and sociology from Georgia State University. He became a member of the Society of Professional Journalists in 2009. Photo Credits Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images MORE MUST-CLICKS: A List of the Federal Taxes Withheld From Most Employee Paychecks How to Determine Take Home-Pay from Gross Income Rules on the Medicare Tax Withheld Do Household Employees Pay a Self Employment Tax? What Percentage of a Worker's Gross Income Is Withheld for Medicare? Are Social Security Taxes Figured on Gross or Net Profit? If I Was Only Self-Employed Half the Year Do I Still Pay Self-Employment Tax? How Much to Set Aside for Taxes for Freelancing

D1864424

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043452609570052

Chapter 5 Understanding Oil Absorption During DeepâFat Frying

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Volume 57, 2009, Pages 209-234Chapter 5 Understanding Oil Absorption During Deep‐Fat Frying Pedro Bouchon Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526 (09)57005-2 Get rights and content Abstract One of the most important quality parameters of fried food is the amount of fat absorbed during the process, which undermines recent consumer trends toward healthier food and low‐fat products. In order to obtain a product with a low fat content, it is essential to understand the mechanisms involved during the frying process, so that oil migration into the structure can be minimized. To get such an understanding, this chapter briefly describes the frying process from technological and scientific perspectives. First, it gives a general overview of the frying process and describes the most important quality attributes of fried food. Thereafter, it centers on key nutritional aspects, particularly on the effect of excessive oil consumption on human health, oil degradation, and toxic compounds generation in fried food. Finally, this chapter discusses the most important factors affecting oil absorption, oil absorption kinetics, and different strategies that may be adopted to decrease oil content. Previous chapter Next chapter I. Food Deep‐Fat Frying: A General Overview Deep‐fat frying, also known as immersion frying, is one of the oldest and most common unit operations used in the preparation of food. The process was first developed around the Mediterranean area due to the influence of olive oil there, but today numerous processed foods are deep‐fat fried because of the unique flavor–texture combination imparted to the food ( Varela, 1988 ). Certainly, fried products are of great importance to the food industry because of their popularity among consumers and the huge quantities of fried food and oils that are used at industrial and commercial levels. A critical aspect of deep‐fat fried food is the high amount of oil that is absorbed during the process, reaching in some cases 40% of the total food product weight. Numerous studies have revealed that excess consumption of fat is a key dietary contributor to coronary heart disease and perhaps cancer of the breast, colon, and prostate ( Browner et al., 1991 ), imposing an alert to human consumption. Despite this, consumption of oils and fats is still high. For instance, in the United States, consumers eat four or more snacks a day and consume more than 6.5 billion pounds of snack food annually. As such, salty snacks account for slightly over half of the total snack sales and are consequently a large part of the American diet ( Mintel International Group Ltd, 2006 ). A wide variety of food materials can be used to produce fried products, including vegetables, meat, dairy, and grains. Key growth categories are those that offer the most product variations adhering to convenience, flavor, and health trends. In terms of health, interests in salty snack products that are organic or all natural, low‐calorie, low‐fat, low‐carbohydrate, low‐sodium, or offer health‐promoting benefits such as elimination of trans fat are in greater demand by consumers. Although consumers are interested in healthier snack products, they are not willing to sacrifice flavor. Intense and full‐flavor snacks remain an important trend in the salty snack market ( Mariscal and Bouchon, 2008 ). A. The deep‐fat frying process Deep‐fat frying can be defined as a process of cooking food by immersing them in edible oil at a temperature above the boiling point of water, and therefore, may be classified as a dehydration process ( Farkas, 1994 ). Frying temperatures usually range between 130 and 190 °C, but most common frying temperatures are in the 170–190 °C range. Deep‐fat frying is a complex unit operation involving high temperatures, significant microstructural changes to both the surface and the body of the food, and simultaneous heat and mass transfer resulting in flows in opposite directions of water vapor (bubbles) and oil at the surface of the piece as depicted in Fig. 5.1 ( Bouchon et al., 2003 ). The high temperatures of the frying oil lead to the evaporation of water at the surface of the food. Due to evaporation, water in the external layers of the product moves to the surrounding oil and surface drying occurs, inducing crust formation. Additionally, oil is absorbed by the food, replacing part of the water ( Mellema, 2003 ). One of major aim of deep‐fat frying is to seal the food surface while immersing the food into the oil bath so that its flavor and juices can be successfully retained within the food. As a matter of fact, most of the desirable characteristics of fried food are derived from the formation of a composite structure: a dry, porous, crisp, and oily outer layer or crust and a moist cooked interior ( Bouchon and Aguilera, 2001 ). Download full-size image Figure 5.1. Schematic diagram of simultaneous heat transfer (left‐hand side of the figure) and mass transfer (right‐hand side of the figure) during deep‐fat frying (with the courtesy of M. C. Moreno). Frying technology is important to many sectors of the food industry, including the suppliers of oils and ingredients, fast‐food shop and restaurant operators, industrial producers of fully fried, par‐fried, and snack foods, and manufacturers of frying equipment ( Blumenthal, 1991 ). Deep‐fat fryers basically consist of a chamber where heated oil and food are placed and the size depends on their use. Accordingly, the frying equipment is divided into two broad categories: (1) batch frying equipment, normally used in catering restaurants and small plants and (2) continuous fryers, which are used on an industrial scale to process large amounts of food. Fryers normally operate under atmospheric conditions; however low‐ or high‐pressure conditions may be used.1. Fried food A wide spectrum of fried food is available in the market. They are usually classified into three categories: (1) thin products, such as potato, tortilla, and banana chips, (2) thick products, such as French fries, and (3) battered/breaded food, such as fish fingers. Thin products are nearly fully dehydrated (moisture content lower than 5%), a requirement for shelf‐life stability, which is around 2 months. Their fat content is high, achieving up to 40% w.b. ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006 ). Oil stability is the key factor during storage, rather than fungal spoilage, because of the development of off‐flavors. Thick as well as buttered/breaded products have a higher water content (ranging between 30% and 50% w.b.) and lower oil content. Frozen par‐fried French fries may have oil content as low as 5% w.b. ; however, these products must be either oven‐cooked or go through a second frying step before consumption, which necessarily increases the fat intake per portion (there is further dehydration and, if fried, additional oil intake). In fact, when using a second frying stage, the final oil content is generally higher than in fresh fried products. Doughnuts are also an extremely popular fried food category. They have a high oil content that ranges from 15% to 20% w.b., but about 10% of the fat is used in the preparation of the dough. Battered and breaded foods (fish/chicken) contain similar oil contents of around 15–20% w.b. A critical aspect of these products is the contrast between the crispy and oily outer layer and the soft cooked interior ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006 ).2. Frying equipment Modern batch fryers are constructed with high‐grade stainless steel to avoid oxidation catalysis. Usually, the operators immerse and remove the baskets manually from the oil, but new equipment may include an automatic basket‐lift system. The device may consist of one or more chambers with an oil capacity ranging from 5 to 25 l, and oil may be directly heated through electricity, gas, or fuel ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006 ). Important factors to consider when selecting a batch fryer are power source, speed of temperature recovery, and safety. The simplest heating system consists of gas flames directly placed underneath the bottom of the vessel. Oil can also be directly heated through an electrical resistance heater that may be installed few inches above the bottom of the fryer, allowing the arrangement for a cool zone at the bottom of the vessel where debris can fall, minimizing oil damage. This is a clear advantage compared to the previous heating system, where the provision of a cold zone under the heaters is not possible ( Rossell, 1998 ). New developed high‐efficiency fryers include turbo‐jet infrared burners that use up to 40% less energy than the standard gas‐fired fryers with the same capacity ( Moreira et al., 1999 ). In order to increase shelf life, avoid smoking, charring, and off‐flavor development, oil filtration and removal of food scraps are essential practices that need to be carried out every day. New equipment can also have a built‐in pump filtration unit for the removal of sediments ( Kochhar, 1998 ). Continuous fryers are used to process large amounts of food, having a throughput that varies from 250 to 25,000 kg product per hour ( Moreira, 2006 ). These are automated machines that consist of a frying vessel where oil is maintained at the desired temperature, a conveyor belt that transports the food through the oil (the product is often pushed through the bath by means of a screen and/or paddles), and an extraction system that eliminates the fumes, primarily made up of moisture and a fine mist of fatty acids ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006; Moreira et al., 1999 ). The oil may be heated directly using a battery of gas burners or an electric heater in the frying vessel, or by means of an external heat exchanger where oil is continuously pumped through. Some continuous fryers are designed with multiple heating zones along the fryer that can be adjusted separately, providing optimal temperature control to improve product quality. Continuous fryers may be also provided with an indirect oil heating system unit. In those systems, oil is heated by pumping a heated thermal fluid into a tube arrangement immersed in the oil bath ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006; Moreira et al., 1999 ). It is important to mention that in continuous fryers, the oil that is constantly absorbed by the fried product needs to be replaced with fresh oil continuously. The amount of fresh oil added to the vessel is the oil turnover, defined as ( weight of oil in the fryer )/ ( weight of oil added per hour) ( Banks, 1996 ), and therefore represents the time needed to replace all the oil contained in the equipment. Fast oil turnovers are desired since they preserve the oil quality better. Normally, the oil turnover is kept between 3 and 8 h ( Kochhar, 1998 ). Deep‐fat fryers may also operate at a higher pressure (9−32 psi). These devices have been developed to meet particular needs primarily in certain catering outlets, especially those devoted to chicken frying because of the uniform color and improved texture (higher moisture content) conferred to products. Pressure fryers may reduce the frying time considerably, but they can also increase frying oil deterioration rate since steam retention within the fryer increases free fatty acids content ( Moreira et al., 1999 ). Another technology that is being increasingly adopted is vacuum frying, which consists of a deep‐fat frying process carried out in a closed system under pressure well below the atmospheric levels (preferably lower than 1 psi), making it possible to reduce substantially the frying temperature due to water boiling‐point depression. The low temperatures employed and minimal exposure to oxygen account for most of its benefits, which include natural color, flavor, and nutrient preservation ( Mariscal and Bouchon, 2008; Shyu and Hwang, 2001 ), as well as oil quality protection ( Shyu et al., 1998) and reduction of toxic compound generation ( Granda et al., 2004 ). The equipment was first developed by Florigo B. V. during the sixties to produce high‐quality chips; however, due to the improvement in blanching technology and in raw material quality, the use of this technology almost disappeared ( Moreira et al., 1999 ). Nowadays, vacuum frying technology is being used to maintain natural colors, flavors, and nutrients in high added‐value products, such as vegetables and fruits ( Dueik and Bouchon, 2009 ). B. Heat and mass transfer during deep‐fat frying From an engineering perspective, deep‐fat frying can be defined as a unit operation where heat and mass transport phenomena occur simultaneously. Convective heat is transferred from the frying media to the surface of the product, which is thereafter conducted within the food. Mass transfer is characterized by the loss of water from the food as water vapor and the movement of oil into the food ( Singh, 1995 ). Water evaporation initiates at the surface of the product after initial heating occurs, and the boiling point of the interstitial liquid is reached, which is slightly higher than the boiling point of water. After the initial surface water is lost, water starts escaping vigorously and heat transferred through natural convection gives path to a forced convection regime due to the high turbulence associated with nucleate boiling. As frying progresses, the evaporation front moves toward the interior of the product and a dehydrated crust layer is formed, whose temperature rises above the boiling point of water. It is important to note that the maximum surface temperature only approaches that of the frying oil, remaining 10–15 °C below it, because of the heat transfer resistance at the boundary oil layer in contact with the surface of the food ( Fig. 5.2 ). On the other hand, the temperature inside the food material (known as core region), where liquid water is still there, is restricted to values around the boiling point of the liquid. As frying proceeds, the water loss rate decreases (falling‐rate period) leading to bubble‐end point, that is, when water escape stops ( Singh, 1995 ). This is actually the processing condition that must be fulfilled in chip like products (crisps in the U. K.), where a maximum of 5% moisture content is permitted. Download full-size image Figure 5.2. Predicted and experimentally determined temperatures (mean values) when frying a raw potato cylinder at 155 °C (top), 170 °C (middle), and 185 °C (bottom); from Bouchon and Pyle (2005a). Mass transfer during frying is not only characterized by the movement of water in the form of vapor from the food into the oil, but also by the movement of oil into the food. Frying is a dehydration process where water escape leaves empty spaces within the crust structure, which in turn determines the volume available for oil absorption. In fact, the amount of oil uptake has been shown to be directly proportional to the amount of moisture lost, as will be discussed in the following sections ( Gamble et al., 1987 ). One of the key parameters that distinguishes frying from other unit operations is the high heat transfer rates that are achieved, which are far higher than those found during baking and drying. Heat transfer rates to the surface of the food will depend on the thermal properties and chemical composition of the frying medium, and on the turbulence generated by the vigorous vapor escape. Several authors have attempted to measure natural convective heat transfer coefficients mainly using a metal transducer. Evidently, the absence of water vapor surrounding the metal piece yields a natural convective heat transfer coefficient that is different from that when a food is undergoing frying and that is only meaningful during the early stages of frying when few bubbles are present. Using the lumped capacity method with a spherical aluminum transducer, Miller et al. (1994) estimated natural convective heat transfer coefficients for canola oil, palm oil, corn oil, and soybean oil at 170, 180, and 190 °C. They obtained values ranging from 250 to 280 W/ (m 2 K). Using a similar approach, Moreira et al. (1995a) estimated the natural convective heat transfer coefficient for soybean oil, which was 280 W/ (m 2 K) when heated at 190 °C. Comparable values were obtained by Bouchon and Pyle (2005a), who determined natural convective heat transfer coefficients of 262, 267, and 282 W/ (m 2 K) when heating palm olein at 155, 170, and 185 °C, respectively. Several studies have attempted to estimate boiling convective heat transfer coefficients for immersion frying. Hubbard and Farkas (1999) obtained maximum average values of 610, 650, and 890 W/ (m 2 K), when frying potato cylinders at 120, 150, and 180 °C, respectively, which are far higher than natural convective ones. In addition, they found that the time to reach these maxima decreased as the frying temperature increased and that the convective heat transfer coefficient gradually decreased to 300 W/ (m 2 K) over the duration of the process. Costa et al. (1999) reported maximum average values of 443 and 650 W/ (m 2 K) and average values of 353 and 389 W/ (m 2 K), after approximately 5 min when frying French fries at 140 and 180 °C, respectively. Interestingly, they explained that the heat transfer coefficient might be expected to be position dependent due to the difference in turbulence occurring at different locations in the product. In fact, Sahin et al. (1999) found differences when determining the boiling convective heat transfer coefficient at the top and bottom surfaces of potato slices during frying (150–190 °C). Contrary to what might be expected, they determined higher coefficients at the bottom surface (450–480 W/ (m 2 K)) as compared to the top surface (300–335 W/ (m K)) until crust was formed. They attributed this to the fact that a strong insulating effect was produced by the vigorous escape of bubbles at the top surface, while at the bottom surface bubbles remained in a single layer, providing a lower resistance. Bouchon and Pyle (2005a) estimated boiling convective heat transfer coefficients for increasing frying times at different temperatures, which ranged approximately from 260 to 600 W/ (m 2 K), similar to those found by Costa et al. (1999) and Sahin et al. (1999). They adjusted a first‐order kinetic model to experimental data to describe the change with frying time, which they used when testing a mathematical model of the process. Overall, all studies have found that convective heat transfer coefficients are up to two or three times greater that those measured in the absence of bubbling. This research has made it possible to get a better understanding of the different heat transfer rates and vapor escaping regimes encountered during the different periods of frying. C. Structure development during frying The structure of the crust and core regions of fried food products is the result of several alterations, most of which occur at the cellular and subcellular levels. Aguilera and Gloria (1997), using fast freezing after frying and cryosectioning, demonstrated that three distinct microstructures exist in finished fried commercial French fries: (1) a thin outer layer (approx. 250 μm) formed by the remnants of cell walls of cells damaged by cutting; (2) an intermediate layer of shrunken intact cells, which extends to the evaporation front; (3) the core with fully hydrated intact cells containing gelatinized starch. Microstructural changes in the core region are similar to those occurring during simmering since this inner structure is restricted to temperatures below the boiling point of water. Main changes include starch gelatinization (in starchy products), softening of the middle lamellae (which is greatly responsible for the so‐called mealy texture), and protein denaturation. Microstructural changes at the crust are certainly more aggressive than those occurring in the inner structure due to the exposure to temperatures well above 100 °C (in atmospheric deep‐fat frying). Besides the physical damage produced when the product is cut, chemical and physical changes include starch gelatinization and subsequent dehydration, protein denaturation, breakdown of cellular adhesion, water evaporation and rapid dehydration of cells located in the forming crust, and oil uptake itself ( Bouchon and Aguilera, 2001 ). Desired organoleptic properties, particularly textural ones, are a direct consequence of these microstructural changes. A chip must be firm and snap easily when deformed, emitting a crunchy sound ( Krokida et al., 2001a ), whereas in thick products the better the contrast between a rich and soft inner structure and a crispy outside, the better the product ( Moreira, 2006 ). Firmness is often related to starch swelling and gelatinization, as well as to the stability of pectic substances of the cell wall and middle lamellae. The importance of microstructural changes occurring during deep‐fat frying has been greatly recognized when studying oil absorption mechanisms. In fact, as commented by Baumann and Escher (1995), the explanation of factors affecting oil uptake needs to be validated by a structure analysis in relation to the location of oil deposition and to the mechanism of oil adhesion to the surface. Numerous studies have shown that oil uptake during deep‐fat frying is confined to the surface region of the fried product and in cavities and open pores within the two outer layers that constitute the crust ( Bouchon et al., 2001; Farkas et al., 1992; Keller et al., 1986; Saguy et al., 1997 ). Bouchon and Aguilera (2001) and Pedreschi et al. (1999) used noninvasive confocal laser scanning microscopy to study oil location directly in fried potatoes, where they observed that oil seemed to flow through the passages that imposed the lowest resistance and was concentrated in concave shells around the cells, with no presence of oil in their interior ( Fig. 5.3 ). Microstructural evidence plus the fact that oil uptake is related to the amount of moisture lost, are key aspects to consider the microstructure of the crust region (mean pore size, connectedness, and permeability) as the single most important product‐related determinant for the final oil uptake into the food ( Bouchon et al., 2001 ). Specific aspects related to oil absorption kinetics will be discussed in Section III. Download full-size image Figure 5.3. Orthogonal sections (A, B, and C) of a reconstituted image obtained by CLSM, showing the oil location in the crust of a fried potato; from Bouchon and Aguilera (2001). II. Nutritional Aspects of Food Deep‐Fat Frying One of the most important quality parameters of fried food is the amount of fat absorbed during the process, which is incompatible with recent consumer trends toward healthier food and low‐fat products ( Bouchon and Pyle, 2004 ). In fact, current nutrition recommendations point to a reduction of total dietary fats, including trans and saturated fatty acids. In addition, important nutritional compounds degrade during the process, and toxic molecules may generate either in the foodstuff or in the frying oil itself, whose intake should be at least limited. A. Frying oils and oil degradation Food can be fried in a wide range of fats and oils, which include vegetable oils, shortenings, animal fats, or a mixture thereof. Most important criteria used to select frying oils are long frying stability, fluidity, bland flavor, low tendency to foam or form smoke, low tendency to gum (polymerize), oxidative stability of the oil in the fried food during storage, and certainly price ( Kochhar, 1999 ). Saturated fatty acids provide a greater stability in frying applications, but they are undesirable from a nutritional standpoint ( Sanibal and Mancini‐Filho, 2004 ). Conversely, oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids show lower thermo‐oxidative stability than rich monoenoic unsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids oils ( Kita et al., 2005 ). Antioxidants such as tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) may be added to improve oil stability; however, some of them are limited or prohibited under certain regulations. TBHQ is regarded as the best antioxidant for protecting frying oils against oxidation and, like others, it provides carry‐through protection to the finished fried product ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006 ). Most popular oils used for frying are palm oil and its fractions, sunflower oil (especially high‐oleic sunflower oil), rapeseed (canola), and soybean oils. The last two have a high level of linolenic acid (8–10%), making them vulnerable to oxidation and off‐flavor development, and therefore, can be slightly hydrogenated for industrial frying. This procedure can also be applied to sunflower oil and may be attractive when requiring a high polyunsaturated‐to‐saturated ratio for dietary purposes ( Rossell, 1998 ). Olive oil has excellent attributes, which make it suitable for frying, that is, a low level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a mixture of phenolic antioxidants that make it resistant to oxidation. However, extravirgin and virgin olive oils are far too expensive for industrial use, converting refined solvent‐extracted olive oil as a plausible candidate for certain industrial frying operations ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006 ). Animal fats, despite their high level of saturated fatty acids, may also be used in deep‐fat frying due to the characteristic flavor imparted to the food and/or low cost. In turn, fish oils are rarely used as frying medium, since their high level of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids makes it prone to oxidation ( Rossell, 1998 ). Care must be taken when selecting frying oils, since they undergo thermal, oxidative and hydrolytic degradation due to their exposure to elevated temperatures in the presence of air and moisture ( Kita et al., 2005 ). Water, which is released from the foodstuff, attacks ester linkages of triacylglycerols giving rise to di‐ and monoglycerides, glycerols, and free fatty acids, free molecules that are more susceptible to oxidative and thermal degradation than when esterified to the glycerol molecule ( Choe and Min, 2007 ). Oil thermal oxidation to form peroxides takes place by loss of hydrogen in the presence of trace metals, heat, and light, giving rise to hydroperoxides. Hydroperoxides are compounds that are not stable under deep‐fat frying conditions and may undergo fission to produce a wide variety of secondary lipid peroxidation products, including aldehydes, ketones, and other carbonyl‐containing compounds ( Mahungu et al., 1999 ). These compounds contribute to the volatile fraction of degraded frying oils, determining the development of off‐flavors in the fried product ( Melton et al., 1994; Subramanian et al., 2000 ). In addition, dimers, oligomers, and polymers may be formed, giving rise to excess darkening, increasing oil viscosity, and decreasing smoke point of the frying oil ( Choe and Min, 2007; Mahungu et al., 1999 ). No‐calories fat substitutes, such as sucrose polyesters (Olestra), which are synthesized from sucrose and fatty acid methyl esters, have been widely studied and several snacks fried in this medium are available in the market place. This product has no calories since digestive enzymes are not able to break it down due to structural impairment. A major disadvantage that prevents a wide acceptance of this product is related to the gastrointestinal discomfort that may be caused to some individuals ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006, p. 104). B. Consumption of fried food and human health Fat has a strong influence on the palatability of fried foods. The inclusion of cooking fat into the crusty surface, which is developed during the frying process, helps in building up the crunchiness that is highly appreciated by consumers. On the other hand, the linkage between overconsumption of fat and several diseases has been well‐documented. Oil consumption, especially saturated fat, is considered to be one of the key dietary contributors to diseases like obesity, coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension ( Saguy and Dana, 2003 ). In addition, several studies have provided strong evidence that trans fatty acids increase plasma concentration of low‐density lipoproteins and reduce the concentration of high‐density ones ( Ascherio and Willett, 1997 ). Trans fatty acids are produced during hydrogenation, a process that is commonly used to increase thermal stability of frying oils, but they can be also generated during high thermal processing, such as deep‐fat frying ( Choe and Min, 2007 ). It is estimated that diet‐related diseases cost the society over US$250 billion annually in medical expenses and loss of productivity ( Anand and Basiotis, 1998 ). As a consequence, consumer trends are moving toward healthier food and low‐fat products, creating the need to reduce the amount of oil in end products. Despite such market forces, the consumption of snack food is increasing in developed and developing countries, and fried products still contain large amounts of fat varying from 5% in frozen French fries to up to 40% in potato chips ( Dobraszczyk et al., 2006 ). Due to the large contribution of fried foods to the total saturated and trans fatty acids intake, the use of healthier oil sources offers immense potential to favorably alter population fat intake ( Minihane and Harland, 2007 ). In relation to cancer, there is some evidence that highly oxidized and heated fats may have carcinogenic characteristics. HNE (4‐hydroxy‐2‐ trans ‐nonenal), a secondary lipid peroxidation product derived from linoleic acid oxidation, has assumed particular interest because it has shown cytotoxic and mutagenic properties. Its toxicity, as well other secondary lipid peroxidation products (HHE: 4‐hydroxy‐2‐ trans ‐hexenal and HOE: 4‐hydroxy‐2‐ trans ‐octenal), is explained through the high reactivity with proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA. Research links them to different diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, and liver diseases ( Seppanen and Csallany, 2006 ). Research is rapidly progressing, but results are still not conclusive. In addition to generation of toxic compounds in the frying oil, toxic molecules may be generated in foodstuff. In April 2002, Swedish scientists sounded an alarm when they discovered that certain cooked food, particularly potato chips and French fries, contained high levels of acrylamide, a chemical compound that is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a probable human carcinogen ( Mitka, 2002 ). This substance has been shown to be produced when food is heated above 120 °C due to a reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars ( Mottram et al., 2002 ). WHO has not yet called for any reduction in food containing high levels of acrylamide; however, several studies that aim at reducing its content in fried food are now available ( Dueik and Bouchon, 2009 ). Acrylamide may be converted into glycilamide by living organisms, a compound that is thought to be considerably more toxic than acrylamide; however, little research is yet available in the scientific literature ( Besaratinia and Pfeifer, 2004; Koyama et al., 2006 ). Other heat‐induced harmful compounds may be found in certain food. Among them, we can find droxymethylfurfural in carbohydrate‐rich foods and heterocyclic amines in protein‐rich foods. An in‐depth discussion about toxic compound generation may be found in Dueik and Bouchon (2009). III. Oil Absorption As explained in previous sections, frying is a complex unit operation involving simultaneous heat and mass transfer, leading to the removal of water from the food and oil absorption at the surface of the piece. It is characterized by the existence of two different regions, the crust and the core, separated by a moving evaporation front, which propagates inward as frying progresses. A key quality factor of fried food is the amount of oil uptake, which should be minimized. In order to obtain food products with a low fat content, it is essential to understand the mechanisms involved during the frying process, especially the kinetics aspects, so that oil migration into the structure can be minimized. A. Kinetics of oil absorption Even though it is not fully understood when and how the oil penetrates into the food structure, it has been shown that most of the oil is confined to the surface region of the fried product ( Bouchon et al., 2001; Farkas et al., 1992; Keller et al., 1986; Saguy et al., 1997) and there is strong evidence that it is mostly absorbed during the cooling period ( Aguilera and Gloria, 1997; Bouchon et al., 2003; Moreira et al., 1997; Ufheil and Escher, 1996 ). For that reason, it is believed that during frying, after initial heating occurs, the vigorous escape of water vapor would generate a barrier to prevent oil migration into the porous crust and as a consequence oil absorption would be limited during most of the immersion period. As a result, oil uptake would mainly result from the competition between drainage and suction into the porous crust once the food is removed from the oil and cools down, being essentially a surface‐related phenomenon. The mechanism of oil absorption was first explained by Gamble et al. (1987). They suggested that the largest amount of oil was pulled into the product when it was removed from the fryer because of the vacuum effect due to steam condensation. Accordingly, they suggested that oil absorption depended on the amount of water removed and on the way moisture was lost. In 1996, Ufheil and Escher ( Ufheil and Escher, 1996) studied the dynamics of oil uptake during deep‐fat frying of potato slices using a fat‐soluble and heat‐stable dye (Sudan Red B). They determined that most of the oil was absorbed when the product was removed from the oil bath and proposed that oil uptake was primarily a surface phenomenon, involving equilibrium between adhesion and drainage of oil upon removal of the product from the oil. Matz (1993), when focusing on postfrying cooling kinetics, determined that potato chips only absorbed 15% of the total oil when they were rapidly removed from the fryer, while their temperature was still rising. Moreira et al. (1997) determined that only 20% of the total oil content of tortilla chips was absorbed while they were immersed in the oil bath and that almost 64% of the total oil content was absorbed during postfrying cooling, the rest remaining on the surface (outer layers of the product). Later, Bouchon et al. (2003) combined and adapted the methods developed by Ufheil and Escher (1996) and Moreira et al. (1997) and were able to distinguish three different oil fractions when frying potato cylinders (155, 170, and 185 °C), that is, (1) structural oil (STO), which represents the amount of oil absorbed during frying, (2) penetrated surface oil (PS O), which represents the amount of oil suctioned into the food during cooling following its removal from the fryer, and (3) surface oil (SO), that is, the oil that remains on the surface. A schematic diagram showing these oil fractions is presented in Fig. 5.4. Results showed that only a small amount of oil was able to penetrate during frying since most of the oil was picked up at the end of the process, suggesting that oil uptake and water removal were not synchronous phenomena. After cooling, oil was located either on the surface of the product or was suctioned into the porous crust microstructure, with an inverse relationship between them for increasing frying times. According to experimental facts, several approaches have been used to describe and model oil absorption. Moreira and Barrufet (1998) explained the mechanism of oil absorption during cooling in tortilla chips in terms of capillary forces. This hypothesis was supported by experimental results, where they determined that oil uptake occurred during the first 20 s of cooling, that is, when the temperature was still above the condensation temperature (~100 °C). Ni and Datta (1999) developed a multiphase porous media model to predict energy transfer, water loss, and oil absorption during frying. They assumed that vapor and air transport took place through convection and diffusion, whereas liquid phase transport (water and oil) was mediated by convective and capillary flows. In their model, they considered that oil absorption could take place during the immersion period as water moved out from the food, and therefore, they did not take into account oil absorption during postfrying cooling, as determined experimentally by several authors. In recent years, Bouchon et al. (2005b) developed a modified form of the Washburn equation, where they expressed the pressure difference needed to initiate oil infiltration during postfrying cooling ( P atm – P pore > 0), as a function of capillary pressure and vapor pressure, enriching the total driving pressure. A schematic diagram showing the capillary penetration phenomena when having different arrangements is shown in Fig. 5.5. Download full-size image Figure 5.4. Diagram showing the three locations of oil in the product microstructure after deep‐fat frying; from Bouchon et al. (2003). Download full-size image Figure 5.5. Schematic diagram showing the capillary penetration phenomena when having different arrangements. Left: upward configuration, the action of gravity restricts capillary penetration. Right: downward configuration, the action of gravity enhances capillary penetration; from Bouchon and Pyle (2005b). If a reference datum plane ( h = 0) is set at the bottom of each of the capillaries shown in the previous Fig. 5.5, the expression for the total driving force, that is the piezometric pressure difference along the penetration length h for a capillary with an upward (+ρ gh cos α) or a downward (−ρ gh cos α) orientation, can be represented by following equation ( Bouchon and Pyle, 2005b ), (1) where is piezometric pressure at the bottom of the capillary (Pa);, piezometric pressure at the liquid side of the meniscus (Pa); P v, vapor pressure (Pa); P atm, atmospheric pressure (Pa); r, radius of the capillary (m); σ, oil surface tension (N/m); θ, contact angle (rad); ρ, oil density (kg/m 3 ); g, acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2 ); h, oil penetration distance (m); and α, angle between normal and vertical axes (rad). Since P pore depends heavily on vapor pressure, this is expected to occur after some cooling takes place. As P pore decreases and vapor condenses, the pressure difference is expected to force the oil within the structure. The condensation mechanism should predominate in thick samples and short frying times, since in thinner samples or longer frying times, moisture loss rate may diminish considerably (and therefore P pore ), allowing oil absorption to begin early. Oil drainage upon removal of the food from the oil bath certainly plays an important role, since this defines the surface oil layer to be sucked upon cooling. It has been suggested that surface roughness may importantly increase the surface area, enhancing oil absorption ( Saguy et al., 1998 ). In an effort to quantify the irregular conformation of the surface, Pedreschi et al. (2000) and Rubnov and Saguy (1997) have used fractal geometry, confirming the significant role of crust roughness in oil absorption. Wetting properties are certainly important since they affect the oil capability to drain. Pinthus and Saguy (1994) used a fundamental approach based on surface chemistry to describe the relationship between the initial interfacial tension between a restructured potato product and various frying media, and the medium uptake during deep‐fat frying. They found that total oil uptake was higher for lower initial interfacial tensions, showing a power relationship. This result suggests that a lower interfacial tension between the fluid and the solid would increase wetting adhesion and, therefore, increase the total oil content, reflecting the importance of the wetting phenomena. In addition, the authors found a linear relationship between medium uptake and σ.cosθ, suggesting the importance of capillary displacement in the mechanism of medium uptake. As can be seen, the surface properties of the product and the physical and chemical properties of the frying media are extremely relevant to the oil uptake mechanisms. Blumenthal (1991) noticed the importance of oil surface tension during deep‐fat frying, and developed what he called the “surfactant theory of frying.” He explained that several classes of surfactants are formed during frying of food as a result of the degradation of the frying oil itself or as a result of the reactions occurring between the food components and the oil. These compounds act as wetting agents, reducing the interfacial tension between the food and the frying oil, causing increased contact between the food and the oil and finally producing excessive oil absorption by the fried product. In fact, Tseng et al. (1996) evaluated the effect of oil degradation on the thermal and physical properties of soybean oil, and they determined how the quality attributes of tortilla chips were affected by oil degradation. They found that surface tension decreased and viscosity increased significantly with oil degradation, a fact that may well affect oil tendency to drain. Fracturability, moisture content, and oil uptake of tortilla chips were not significantly affected by the oil degradation time. However, after allowing the chip to cool down, only 19% of the total oil was on the surface of the chips fried in fresh oil, while 49% remained on the surface of those fried in degraded oil. Also as frying oil degrades, polymer formation increases oil viscosity, affecting its tendency to drain. Extended discussions about oil absorption mechanisms are reviewed by Mellema (2003) and Zaiifar et al. (2008). B. Factors affecting oil absorption There has been much research to examine the different factors affecting oil absorption during frying and many empirical studies have correlated oil absorption measurements with process and/or product characteristics. According to the oil absorption mechanisms explained in the previous section, some factors that may be relevant to the amount of oil absorbed will be now presented.1. Moisture content The amount of oil uptake has been shown to be directly proportional to the amount of moisture lost. Several studies claim that higher initial moisture content results in an increased oil uptake; however, oil absorption seems to be better related to the amount of water loss than to the initial moisture content ( Gamble et al., 1987 ). As explained in the previous section, it is well‐established that oil absorption will occupy the empty space left by water, which in turn determines the maximum available volume for oil absorption. The effective water vapor transport through the forming crust is, therefore, an important parameter that affects water escape and probably oil uptake, and as explained by Saguy et al. (1998), diffusion rate is markedly affected by the mechanical properties of the product and the crust. Because of the aforementioned relationship between moisture loss and oil absorption, many studies aim at reducing initial water content in order to decrease the uptake. The effectiveness of these pretreatments though, which is usually achieved through drying, is not due to a reduction of the moisture content on its own (as commonly believed), but due to the structural changes occurring at the surface of the food, which reduce surface permeability ( Moreno and Bouchon, 2008 ).2. Crust microstructure It has been found that a decrease in the initial porosity in the food may reduce oil absorption ( Pinthus et al., 1995 ). However, as explained by the authors, crust formation plays an additional and fundamental role as soon as frying commences. As the moisture turns to steam and exits the product, it leaves behind a sponge‐like tunnel network, which constitutes the oil reservoir. In accordance, the microstructure of the crust region, which is formed while the food is cooking in the frying oil, has been pointed out as the single most important product‐related determinant for the final oil uptake into the product ( Bouchon et al., 2001 ). In fact, pore development ( Thanatuksorn et al., 2007) and pore size distribution ( Saguy et al., 1998) have been found to directly influence oil absorption during frying. Some natural ingredients are added to reduce oil uptake because of their film‐forming capability and/or because they reduce the porosity of the external layers. In formulated products, the permeability of the outer layer of the product depends on the thickness of the sheeted dough since it determines the structural resistance to vapor escape. A stronger and more elastic network can result in a less permeable outer layer that may act as an effective barrier against oil absorption ( Bouchon and Pyle, 2004 ).3. Product geometry The surface area of the food plays an important part in oil uptake. As explained previously, oil absorption is a surface phenomenon involving equilibrium between adhesion and oil drainage as the product is removed from the fryer. Therefore, products with a greater surface‐to‐volume ratio will absorb more oil as revealed by the linear relationship found between exposed surface area and amount of oil uptake ( Gillat, 2001 ). Also, several studies have shown that oil absorption decreases with increasing product thickness ( Baumann and Escher, 1995; Gamble and Rice, 1988; Selman and Hopkins, 1989 ). Surface roughness is another factor that can result in an increased oil uptake, since it not only impairs oil drainage but also increases overall surface area ( Saguy et al., 1998 ).4. Frying oil temperature and frying time These two process parameters are closely related since products must be fried until they reach certain final moisture content, so a lower oil temperature implies a longer frying time. A clear influence of oil temperature on oil absorption has not been found. Gamble et al. (1987) found no correlation between oil temperature and oil content when frying potato slices, but concluded that a lower oil temperature resulted in lower oil content in the early stages of frying with a greater difference between 145 and 165 °C than between 165 and 185 °C. Similarly, Moreira et al. (1997) determined higher differences in oil absorption between 130 and 160 °C than between 160 and 190 °C. In addition, Moreira et al. (1995b) determined that the oil absorption rate was unaffected by the oil temperature when frying tortilla chips and that a frying temperature of 190 °C gave a higher oil content (3−5%) than a frying temperature of 155 °C. Nonaka et al. (1977) also found that oil content in French fries increased with increasing frying temperature. Bouchon et al. (2003), in deep‐fat frying potato cylinders, showed that total oil absorption is a temperature‐independent process for short frying times (1 min at 155, 170, and 185 °C). For longer frying times, they found that oil content of potato cylinders fried at 155 °C was significantly lower than those fried at 170 and 185 °C, but no difference was found between the two higher temperatures. Krokida et al. (2000), when frying potato strips for increasing time (from 0.3 to 20 min), also concluded that a lower oil temperature resulted in a lower oil content for long frying times (over 3 min), the difference being higher as frying proceeded. They also found that equilibrium moisture content varied as the oil temperature increased from 150 to 190 °C. In accordance, they concluded that the lower oil content could be explained by the lower moisture loss and not necessarily as an effect of the oil temperature itself. They also determined that oil content increased for increasing frying times, especially for thinner products. The effect of frying time in the amount of oil absorbed may be related to the microstructure developed during frying, as previously explained. Pinthus et al. (1995) concluded that crust porosity increased linearly with frying time and, as the crust structure has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the oil uptake, a thicker porous crust would lead to higher oil content. It is important to point out that some conclusions about the effect of oil temperature on oil uptake may be biased by the way results are expressed. Some researchers have reported that oil absorption results as a percentage of the total weight of the product, that is, a wet basis. Conclusions must be analyzed with care in these situations since when frying at a higher temperature for the same frying time, a higher dehydration results. When results are expressed on wet basis (w.b. ), there is a systematic reduction in the basis as the water content diminishes. When oil uptake results are measured as a percentage on a dry‐weight basis (d.b.) and the solids remain constant throughout the whole process, it may provide a consistent basis for comparison ( Moreno and Bouchon, 2008 ).5. Oil type and deterioration The influence of the oil type and quality on oil absorption and residues absorbed by fried foods is widely documented (e.g., Blumenthal, 1991; Blumenthal and Stier, 1991; Krokida et al., 2000; Nonaka et al., 1977; Pokorny, 1980 ). No relationship has been found between oil type and oil absorption; however, it has been shown that an increase in the initial interfacial tension between oil and restructured potato products decreases oil absorption ( Pinthus and Saguy, 1994 ). Further, as mentioned earlier, oil degradation produces surfactants that act as wetting agents, which also increase the absorption ( Blumenthal, 1991 ). Food materials leaching into the oil, breakdown of the oil itself, and oxygen absorption at the oil−air interface contribute to change the pure triglyceride oil into a mixture of hundreds of compounds. These materials increase heat transfer and also reduce the surface tension between the food and the oil ( Blumenthal, 1991 ). These surface‐active agents may have a pronounced effect on fat absorption. By improving the wetting capabilities of oil and reducing the surface tension, these surfactants may lead to a higher oil uptake ( Saguy et al., 1998 ). Also, oil viscosity increases as a result of dimer and polymer formation in aging oils ( Blumenthal, 1991 ). A higher viscosity would make oil drainage from the product surface difficult, increasing the oil taken up. C. Oil absorption reduction Oil reduction in deep‐fat‐fried products may be obtained through prefrying and/or postfrying treatments. Prefrying treatments are mainly based on the marked effect that the crust microstructure has in oil absorption, and mainly intend to reduce surface permeability. Postfrying treatments aim to remove surface oil before postcooling suction begins. Drying (microwave, hot‐air treatment, baking) prior to frying is shown to be effective in oil uptake reduction in several food products ( Gamble and Rice, 1987; Krokida et al., 2001a; Moreno and Bouchon, 2008 ). It is important to note that the effectiveness of these pretreatments is not due to a reduction of the moisture content on its own (as commonly believed), but due to the structural changes occurring at the surface of the food, which reduce surface permeability. Interestingly, osmotic dehydration had also been extensively reported as an effective pretreatment in oil absorption reduction, whose effectiveness greatly depends on the solution employed ( Bunger et al., 2003; Krokida et al., 2001b; Moyano and Berna, 2002 ). However, as revealed in a recent study, the decrease in oil absorption has been shown to be really due to the increase in solid content occurring during the osmotic dehydration process, rather than a reduction in the amount of oil taken up ( Moreno and Bouchon, 2008 ). Actually, the study demonstrated that osmotic predehydrated samples may absorb as much oil as freeze‐dried samples. In addition, during the last decade, much attention has been given to the use of hydrocolloids with thermal gelling or thickening properties, such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), long‐fiber cellulose, corn zein, and alginates, among others, to inhibit oil uptake ( Albert and Mittal, 2002; García et al., 2002; Mellema, 2003 ). The hydrocolloid mixture can be added to the product in several ways: (1) added directly in the formula, such as in doughnuts and restructured potato products, (2) included in the batter or breading, (3) sprayed on the product as a solution ( Pinthus et al., 1993 ). A pioneering work in relation to direct incorporation was carried out by Pinthus et al. (1993), where they determined that the addition of HPMC and powdered cellulose to doughnuts and falafel balls reduced oil absorption, being more effective with HPMC as an oil barrier. In a more recent study, Bouchon and Pyle (2004) examined the oil‐absorption capacity of three different restructured potato chips during deep‐fat frying using low‐leach potato flake and native or pregelatinized potato starch. Interestingly, they found that the product containing native potato starch as an ingredient picked up the lowest amount of oil when sheeted into a thick chip, whereas it absorbed the largest amount of oil when sheeted into a thin chip. They explained that thin chips are vulnerable to high levels of stretching, as they result in highly permeable and brittle outer surfaces susceptible to oil infiltration. In contrast, thick restructured potato chips could withstand higher steam pressures due to their stronger solid structure, which was not ruptured. In addition, a flat and smooth outer surface was obtained, which allowed oil to drain easily from the surface and was less vulnerable to oil absorption, as revealed qualitatively by SEM and quantitatively by reflective confocal microscopy. Recently, Gazmuri and Bouchon (2009) studied the oil absorption capacity of a restructured matrix made with different proportions of native wheat starch and vital wheat gluten, which were either directly fried or fried after a predrying step. Results showed that gluten had a predominant role in the structure, making the dough more elastic and less permeable to oil absorption. Interestingly, they found that even though predried products with high gluten content had higher moisture content before frying, they absorbed the lowest amount of oil, suggesting that oil uptake is not clearly related to the amount of moisture lost but rather to the product microstructure. Even though some results can be found in relation to restructured sheeted products, most research has been focused on coatings and batters. The effectiveness of a coating depends on its mechanical and barrier properties, which in turn depend on its microstructure and composition, along with food substrate characteristics ( García et al., 2002 ). Mallikarjunan et al. (1997) explained that when edible films made of cellulose derivatives are used, a protective surface layer is formed due to thermally induced gelation above 60 °C, which inhibits fat absorption. They determined that an edible coating made of MC was more effective than corn zein and HPMC when applied on mashed potato balls. Williams and Mittal (1999) also determined a higher reduction in oil uptake when applying an edible film of MC, compared to HPMC and gellan gum films, on a pastry mix. Similarly, García et al. (2002) determined that MC was more effective than HPMC when applied on the surface of potato strips and dough discs. Albert and Mittal (2002) evaluated the effect of several edible coatings applied to the surface of a pastry mix. They determined that soy protein isolate (SPI), whey protein isolate (WPI), and MC were the most effective coatings. Postfrying treatments, such as hot air ( Nonaka et al., 1977) and superheated steam drying ( Kochhar, 1999) have been shown to be effective in oil uptake reduction. These processes are aimed to remove surface oil before postcooling suction takes place. The equipment, know as “low‐fat box,” is mounted at the discharge end of the fryer and it removes the fat excess from the recently fried food normally using superheated steam at 150–160 °C. The oil−vapor mixture that is obtained is then filtered, and the oil is pumped back to the fryer. 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Hopkins Factors affecting oil uptake during the production of fried potato products Technical Memorandum 475, Campdem Food and Drink Research Association, Gloucestershire, UK ( 1989)Seppanen and Csallany, 2006 C. M. Seppanen, A. Csallany The effect of Intermittent and continuous heating of soybean oil at frying temperature on the formation of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐ trans ‐nonenal and other α‐, β‐unsaturated hydroxyaldehydes J. Am. Oils Chem. Soc., 83 ( 2006), pp. 121 - 127Shyu and Hwang, 2001 S. L. Shyu, L. S. Hwang Effects of processing conditions on the quality of vacuum fried apple chips Food Res. Int., 34 ( 2001), pp. 133 - 142Shyu et al., 1998 S. Shyu, L. Hau, L. Hwang Effect of vacuum frying on the oxidative stability of oils J. Am. Oils Chem. Soc., 75 ( 1998), pp. 1393 - 1398Singh, 1995 R. P. Singh Heat and mass transfer in foods during deep‐fat frying Food Technol., 49 ( 1995), pp. 134 - 137Subramanian et al., 2000 R. Subramanian, K. E. Nandini, P. M. Sheila, A. G. Gopalakrishna, K. S. M. S. Raghavarao, M. Nakajima, T. Kimura, T. Maekawa Membrane processing of used frying oils J. Am. Oils Chem. Soc., 77 ( 2000), pp. 323 - 328Thanatuksorn et al., 2007 P. Thanatuksorn, K. Kajiwara, T. Suzuki Characterization of deep‐fat frying in a wheat flour‐water mixture model using a state diagram J. Sci. Food Agric., 87 ( 2007), pp. 2648 - 2656Tseng et al., 1996 Y. Tseng, R. Moreira, X. Sun Total frying‐use time effects on soybean‐oil deterioration and on tortilla chip quality Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 31 ( 1996), pp. 287 - 294Ufheil and Escher, 1996 G. Ufheil, F. Escher Dynamics of oil uptake during deep‐fat frying of potato slices Lebensmittel‐Wissenschaft Technologie, 29 ( 1996), pp. 640 - 644Varela, 1988 G. Varela Current facts about the frying of food G. Varela, A. E. Bender, I. D. Morton (Eds. ), Frying of Food: Principles, Changes, New Approaches, Ellis Horwood, Chichester ( 1988), pp. 9 - 25Williams and Mittal, 1999 R. Williams, G. S. Mittal Low‐fat fried foods with edible coatings: Modelling and simulation J. Food Sci., 64 ( 1999), pp. 317 - 322Zaiifar et al., 2008 A. M. Zaiifar, N. Achir, F. Courtois, I. Trezzani, G. Trystram Review of mechanisms, conditions, and factors involved in the oil uptake phenomenon during the deep‐fat frying process Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 43 ( 2008), pp. 1410 - 1423Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

D1986732

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyside_Plantation

Sunnyside Plantation

Sunnyside Plantation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The Sunnyside Plantation was a cotton plantation near Lake Village in Chicot County, Arkansas, in the Arkansas Delta region. Built as a cotton plantation in the Antebellum South, it was farmed using the forced labor of African slaves. After the American Civil War of 1861-1865, freedmen farmed it. From the 1890s to the 1910s, it used convict laborers and employed immigrants from Northern Italy, many of whom were subject to peonage. They were later replaced by black sharecroppers. The plantation was closed down and it was broken up in the 1940s. Nowadays, only a historical marker reminds Lake Village residents and visitors of its history. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Antebellum South1.2 Reconstruction1.3 Convict laborers and Italian immigrants1.4 Sharecroppers and dissolve2 References History [ edit]Antebellum South [ edit]The land belonged to Native Americans, followed by the French, until Emperor Napoleon sold it to the United States as a result of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. By 1819, the Arkansas Territory was established. A year later, in 1820, slavery became the law of the land as a result of the Missouri Compromise. The land near modern-day Lake Village in Chicot County, Arkansas was acquired in the 1820s and 1830s by Abner Johnson, a planter from Kentucky. [1] [2] [3] Johnson served as the Sheriff of Chicot County from 1830 to 1834. [4] His plantation spanned 2,200 acres, with 42 African slaves working in the cotton fields. [2] By 1836, the Arkansas Territory had become a state of the United States of America. In 1840, the plantation was acquired by Elisha Worthington for US$60,000. [2] [3] Worthington also agreed to give 250 bales of cotton to Johnson annually for the next ten years. [3] Alongside the land and several buildings, Worthington purchased 42 of Johnson's slaves in the transaction. [3] He built a dock on the Mississippi River to facilitate the transportation of cotton. [2]During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, the plantation was badly damaged by Union forces. [3] Worthington moved his slaves and livestock to Texas from 1862 to 1865, and let his two mulatto children, including his son James W. Mason, take care of the land. [3] On June 5, 1864, Union forces invaded the plantation to disrupt landings on the Mississippi River by the Confederate States Army. [2] Meanwhile, on June 5–6, the Battle of Old River Lake, also known as the Battle of Ditch Bayou, took place not far from the plantation. [2] By 1865, it had been declared "abandoned land" by the Freedmen's Bureau. [3] Even though Worthington was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson, he decided to sell his plantation, partly due to the loss of his workforce, the dwindling price of cotton, and his worsening health. [2]Reconstruction [ edit]In 1866, Worthington sold the plantation to Robert P. Pepper of Kentucky. [3] Two years later, in 1868, it was acquired by Major William Starling of the William Starling Company, [5] through inheritance. [3]In 1881, the plantation was acquired by John C. Calhoun II, the grandson of John C. Calhoun, and his brother, Patrick Calhoun. [2] The brothers were seen as prominent financiers and builders of the " New South ". [6] Together, they founded the Calhoun Land Company, and attempted to bring former slaves back to their old plantations. [2] John C. Calhoun II testified before the United States Senate Committee on Education and Labor in September 1883, explaining that his goal was to empower freedmen to save and become self-sufficient tenants. [3] The testimony was so well-received that it was published by civil rights leader Timothy Thomas Fortune in his 1884 Black and White: Land, Labor, and Politics. [3] In reality, while some freedmen managed to become tenants, other were sharecroppers, or even wage laborers. [2]By the mid-1880s, the Calhoun brothers decided to sell the plantation, partly due to the flood of 1882. [2]Convict laborers and Italian immigrants [ edit]By 1886, it was acquired by New York banker Austin Corbin as repayment of debt incurred by Calhoun. [2] [3] Corbin built a mansion, called Corbin House, and moored his boat, Austin Corbin, on Lake Chicot. [2] He added a railroad from the cotton fields to the cotton gin to save time and boost production. [2] He also established a telephone line to Greenville, Mississippi, the county seat of nearby Washington County, Mississippi, home to the cotton industry. [2] However, most freedmen refused to work for Corbin, because he was not a Southerner, but a carpetbagger. [2]In 1894, Corbin entered into an agreement with the state of Arkansas to use convict laborers. [2] He was given 250 convicts, who picked cotton on the plantation. [2] The profits were split between Corbin and the state. [2] With the help of Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa, who served as the Mayor of Rome from 1892 to 1899, Corbin brought Italian immigrants to work on the plantation. [3] The immigrants came from Marche, Emilia and Veneto, setting sail from Genoa and arriving in New Orleans, Louisiana. [7] They lived in a house on their own twelve-and-a-half acre lots of cotton, which they were obligated to pay back over the next twenty years, with an annual rate of five percent. [2] Each immigrant picked the cotton on his own lot, which Corbin agreed to purchase. [2] When Corbin died in 1896, many Italians stayed on the plantation. [2] Moreover, Prince Ruspoli visited the plantation in 1896. [3]In December 1898, Corbin's heirs leased the plantation to Hamilton R. Hawkins, Orlando B. Crittenden, Morris Rosenstock, and Leroy Percy. [8] [9] Percy, a prominent planter from Greenville, Mississippi, suggested European peasants were more industrious than blacks. [8] However, the businessmen were accused of " peonage ". [9] In 1907, after hearing many complaints from immigrants, Edmondo Mayor des Planches, the Italian Ambassador to the United States, visited the plantation. [8] As he explained in his 1913 report, Attraverso gli Stati Uniti per L'Emigrazione Italiana, he was unimpressed by Percy's rosy rewriting of reality. [8]Shortly after, Mary Grace Quackenbos, an attorney with the United States Department of Justice, visited the plantation to look into repeated reports of peonage. [9] In her report, she agreed that it was practised, and added that only prosecution could put an end to it. [9] Not surprisingly, Percy disagreed with her, suggesting that the Italian immigrants were able to save a lot of money from their labor. [8] Albert Bushnell Hart, a Professor of History at Harvard University, agreed with Percy. [8] Congressman Benjamin G. Humphreys II agreed with them, arguing that immigrants were able to pay off their debts by selling their cotton. [8] Due to limited economic opportunities in Northern Italy, not much was done to support Quackenbos's views. [7] Prosecution was stopped in its tracks, possibly due to Percy's friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt, with whom he had hunted bears on his Smedes Plantation in Mississippi. [9] Over the years, many of the Italian workers moved to St. James, Missouri, Irondale, Alabama and Tontitown, Arkansas. [3] [7] Others moved to Birmingham, Alabama, where they worked in coal and iron mines. [8]Sweet Hope (Guernica Editions, 2011), a historical novel by Mary Bucci Bush, tells the story of Italian immigrants working on a Mississippi Delta cotton plantation in the early 1900s. It is based on the experiences of Bush's grandmother, who worked on the Sunnyside Plantation as a child. [10] [11]Sharecroppers and dissolve [ edit]By the 1910s, the Italians were replaced by black sharecroppers. [3] In 1920, the plantation was acquired by W. H. and J. C. Baird. [3] Four years later, it was acquired by the Kansas City Life Insurance Company at an auction. [3] In 1935, they leased it to the Arkansas Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. [3] The plantation was visited by the Federal Writers' Project in the late 1930s. [3]The plantation was finally broken up, as tracts of land were sold to individual buyers from 1941 to 1945, in the midst of World War II. [3] Nowadays, only a historical marker reminds residents and visitors of its lost history. [2]References [ edit]^ Donald P. Mc Neilly, Old South Frontier: Cotton Plantations and the Formation of Arkansas Society, Fayetteville, Arkansas, University of Arkansas Press, 2000, p. 39^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Marc R. Matrana, Lost Plantations of the South, Oxford, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2009, pp. 40-43^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Gatewood, Willard B, Jr. (Spring 1991). "Sunnyside: The Evolution of an Arkansas Plantation, 1840-1945". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 50 (1): 5–29. JSTOR 40022326. (Registration required ( help )).^ Charlie Daniels, Jennifer Hughes, The Historical Report of the Arkansas Secretary of State 2008, Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press, 2009, p. 346^ Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Mississippi, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 1999, Part 2, p. 819^ John N. Ingham, Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, Volume 1, 1983, pp. 124-125^ a b c Milani, Ernesto R. (Spring 1991). "Peonage at Sunnyside and the Reaction of the Italian Government". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 50 (1): 30–39. JSTOR 40022327. (Registration required ( help )).^ a b c d e f g h Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (Spring 1991). "Leroy Percy and Sunnyside: Planter Mentality and Italian Peonage in the Mississippi Delta". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 50 (1): 60–81. JSTOR 40022329. (Registration required ( help )).^ a b c d e Boehm, Randolph H. (Spring 1991). "Mary Grace Quackenbos and the Federal Campaign against Peonage: The Case of Sunnyside Plantation". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 50 (1): 40–59. JSTOR 40022328. (Registration required ( help )).^ Bona, Mary Jo (2007). The Voices We Carry: Recent Italian American Women's Fiction. Utp Distribution. pp. 338–339. ISBN 9781550710991.^ Vernon, Thom (2012). "Sweet Hope in Delta: An Interview with Mary Bucci Bush on Italians, African Americans, and Ghosts". Arkansas Review. 43 (3): 181–195. Categories: Plantations in Arkansas Buildings and structures in Chicot County, Arkansas Calhoun family Penal labor in the United States Italian-American culture in Arkansas Cotton plantations in the United States Lake Village, Arkansas

D935910

http://www.xe.com/currency/czk-czech-koruna

CZK - Czech Koruna

CZK - Czech Koruna▼Czechia, Koruna The Czech Koruna is the currency of Czechia. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Czech Republic Koruna exchange rate is the CZK to EUR rate . The currency code for Koruny is CZK, and the currency symbol is Kč. Below, you'll find Czech Koruna rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take CZK rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website. Full currency list Top CZK Exchange Rates▼Click on a currency code to learn about it. Currency Facts CZK Stats Name: Czech Koruna Symbol: Kč Haléru: h Minor Unit: 1/100 = Haléru Top CZK Conversion: CZK/EURTop CZK Chart: CZK/EUR Chart CZK Profile Inflation: 0.30%Coins: Freq Used: 1Kč, 2Kč, 5Kč, 10Kč, 20Kč, 50KčBanknotes: Freq Used: 100Kč, 200Kč, 500Kč, 1000Kč, 2000Kč, 5000KčCentral Bank: Czech National Bank Website: http://www.cnb.cz/en/Users: Czechia Have more info about the Czech Koruna? Email us ▶XE Currency Converter More currencies▼ ↔ ▼Convert Why are you interested in the CZK? I want to ... Send a cheap Money Transfer to the USA ▶Send a cheap Money Transfer to the UK ▶Send a cheap Money Transfer to Canada ▶Send a cheap Money Transfer to Australia ▶Send a cheap Money Transfer to New Zealand ▶Get a CZK currency data API for my business ▶Subscribe to CZK email updates ▶Read Currency Market Analysis ▶Get CZK rates on my phone ▶More Tools & Services AD

D3444219

http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2006/11/why-tuition-costs-so-much-three-cornell-experts-explain

How competition for the best students, faculty and facilities -- and rankings -- sends tuition soaring

How competition for the best students, faculty and facilities -- and rankings -- sends tuition soaring By Susan S. Lang |November 8, 2006News & Events Media Inquiries Michael Whalen/Cornell University Division of Planning and Budget Cornell's tuition has consistently risen since the late 1960s as a result of many factors, including competition for top students, faculty and facilities. The top line shows Cornell's tuition for students in endowed colleges on the Ithaca campus; the middle line is for non-New York state residents in the statutory colleges, and the bottom shows tuition for New York state residents in the statutory colleges. For the past 40 years Cornell's tuition has outpaced the Consumer Price Index (CPI) by 2 to 3 percent annually. Why? The simple answer is that Cornell offers a premium product (an education at an elite institution) in an extremely competitive market, and to stay ahead of the pack, the university must keep getting the best students, faculty and facilities -- and the best rankings. And that costs a lot of money. So reported three Cornell experts in higher education, economics and budgetary finance in a presentation to the Cornell Board of Trustees Oct. 27. Offering trustees insights into the forces behind sharply rising tuition rates were elected trustee Ronald G. Ehrenberg, the Irving M. Ives Professor of Industrial and Labor Relations and Economics, Robert Frank, the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management and professor of economics, and Carolyn Ainslie, vice president for planning and budget. The average tuition at private universities, the three experts noted, jumped 474 percent from 1970 to 1990, compared with the CPI's increase of 248 percent. In 1980 college tuition took an average bite of 26 percent of the median family income; in 2004, it more than doubled to 56 percent. However, competition for students, faculty and top facilities explain only some of the reasons behind these staggering increases; the fuller explanation is far more complex. Here are the experts' explanations as to why tuition costs so much and keeps going up: The higher education perspective Ehrenberg, who also is director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, said the "root cause" of the continual increase in tuition "is the failure of faculty productivity to grow." In other words, "Our output in terms of the numbers of students we are educating doesn't change." Although Cornell keeps getting better, it does not become more efficient by teaching more students, because that is not in students' best interest. Many other factors also contribute to tuition inflation, he said. These include: Graduate education -- More graduate education is offered than in the past, which is more expensive than undergraduate education. Faculty salaries -- Over the past 40 years Cornell has had to increase tuition by 2 to 3 percent annually to help prevent faculty salaries from slipping behind those at other leading universities. Keeping faculty happy is critical to retaining them. Student expectations -- Although the quality of life and education on campus keeps improving -- with food courts, state-of-the-art classrooms, modern living-learning residence halls and new fitness centers, for example -- changes in tuition do not adjust for or give "credit" for improved product quality. Less research support -- The federal government gives higher education less money for research even while the cost of research has skyrocketed. That puts more pressure on the rest of the budget, making less money available to defray the cost of tuition. Alumni support -- Alumni give generously, but often to specific programs. Gifts often fail to support a program in full, so the university must make up the shortfall. Maintaining rankings -- Higher rankings lead to more applications, allowing Cornell to be more selective; as a result, the quality of students goes up. However, this tends to increase financial-aid expenditures in order to compete with other elite universities for top students. Also, how much the university spends per student for education and maintaining a low student/ faculty ratio both weigh heavily in determining rankings. Any slippage in the rankings is extremely costly to the institution. The economic perspective Frank noted that Adam Smith's theory that the pursuit of self-interest usually results in a socially efficient allocation of resources does not apply to the university domain. Instead, elite universities fiercely compete with each other for the best and the brightest, which prompts them also to vie for top positions in the national college rankings. "The fact that elite schools are increasingly the gateway to professional positions offering six-figure starting salaries has fueled the explosive growth in demand for elite educational credentials," said Frank. "And the growth in demand for elite educational credentials explains the growing importance of academic rankings. "…Universities face increasing pressure to bid for the various resources [top students and faculty] that facilitate the quest for high rank. These pressures have spawned numerous positional arms races that have already proved extremely costly, and promise to become more so. "While the race benefits individuals who get admitted, it works to the disadvantage of the group because it inflates expenses. Frank called the educational marketplace, in which universities compete for a high ranking, a "winner-take-all market where small differences in performance -- or even small differences in the credentials used to predict performance -- translate into extremely large differences in reward. "Universities must spend more and more in financial and merit aid to attract the best students, he said. Though Cornell doesn't offer merit aid, it must compensate by allocating more and more resources to attract and retain the very best students it can. "They (elite universities) need top students every bit as much as top students need them," he said. "A school without top-ranked students cannot hope to achieve elite status. ... Higher education is an industry in which success breeds success and failure breeds failure. "Frank also blamed these other factors for the rising cost of education: The rapid growth of administrative staff (including staff to support a sophisticated technology infrastructure), which has risen 123 percent in the last 15 years. Increasingly expensive laboratories and library materials. Increase in marketing to woo top students. "While the additional spending adds to the cost burden, it has little impact on the ultimate distribution of students. "Enhanced career counseling and job placement services in the effort to attract top students. He concluded: "In sum, universities face increased pressure to pay higher salaries to star faculty, to spend more on marketing, more on student services and amenities, and more on financial aid to top-ranked students. It is little wonder, then, that their financial situations have grown more precarious, despite the record growth in the value of their endowment portfolios. "The budget perspective Ainslie observed that although tuition keeps rising, "the cost to educate a Cornell student is actually twice that of the sticker price to attend the university. "Her other points: Education is extremely labor intensive -- 60 percent of Cornell's budget goes to supporting faculty and staff, and Cornell's "steadfast commitment to its labor intensive product in teaching, research and public service. "Financial aid -- Since 1991, when the federal government prohibited colleges from sharing information about which students will be offered generous financial aid packages, the competition for top students has become increasingly fierce. Yet, federal assistance (Pell and TAP awards, for example) has failed to keep up with inflation, and more tuition dollars are needed for financial aid. In 1976-77, tuition and fees provided 27 percent of the university's revenue and government appropriations provided 28 percent; in 2006-07, tuition and fees provided 35 percent of the revenue while government support had shrunk to 10 percent. As a result, Cornell makes up the difference: It provided 81 percent of its students' grant aid in 2005-06, up from 62 percent in 1987-88. This academic year, 13 percent of the university's general operating expenses went to financial aid compared with only 9 percent in 1977-76. "For every tuition dollar we bring in ... about 16 cents on that dollar gets recycled to subsidize financial aid," Ainslie said. Employee benefits -- Employee benefits take a bigger bite out of the budget: In 1976-77, they took 5 percent of the pie; this academic year, they require 12 percent. Comments We invite your comments on this story and will post your thoughts here. Only signed e-mail will be considered. Dec. 14, 2006: Comment from Robert Nelson, < Robert. Nelson@centresolutions.com >: With all due respect to the experts from the field, I think there is a more compelling and simple answer to the question posed. College education costs rise faster than [the cost of living] because there are no productivity gains to speak of. Innovation and technology offset price increases in most other endeavors. But the college educators are using the same methods today that they used 100 years ago. A professor teaches three classes, each class has 22 pupils. In the end, while the rest of society becomes more productive -- farmers get higher yields, robotics improve manufacturing productivity -- college educators do not. Thank you........... Bob Nelson Dec. 11, 2006: Comment from Tom Sennett, < tsennett@kunkleandsennett.com >: I am heartbroken that I cannot justify incurring the expense of sending my son to Cornell. I loved my Cornell experience, my mother went there, my brother, my sister and myself, but none of my mother's grandchildren will go there, simply because of cost. The nutshell is in this quote from the article itself: "In 1980 college tuition took an average bite of 26 percent of the median family income; in 2004, it more than doubled to 56 percent." This statistic appears to be for all colleges, so I would assume that the percentages are even more extreme for a high priced school like Cornell. I don't know what the fix is for this problem. Certainly there is a cost to attracting qualifed students, but there is also a cost in driving them away. It appears from the article that tuition at Cornell has risen twice as fast as inflation. Is the education twice as good as when I went to Cornell? I doubt it........... Tom Sennett Dec. 3, 2006: Comment from Richard Heck '68, < rheck@stny.rr.com >: Perhaps one important variable missing in the economic analysis is the quality of the educational experience. Students benefit from learning in an environment that is cutting-edge in terms of knowledge. As knowledge expands, the value of that product also expands. Yes, there are many intervening and interacting variables that help set tuitions price (and net price) such as government policies, supply and demand, perceived value (both present and future), and social mobility. Often these are taken into account, however it is not always recognized that in todays world there is so much more to know. How to approach this mushrooming knowledge and to hone in on key developments takes a sharpening of skills such as analytical and critical thinking. For example how can, and should, we now: Do we still expect these issues to be dealt with as they were when tuition was below $3,000 per year? Even after inflation, one could reasonably expect the price of education to increase as the complexity of knowledge and learning grows. The small list above include only a few examples of how knowledge, methodology, and understanding have developed in recent years. Is there not value to be assigned to developing resources and tools to study and learn continuously from advances in science, and the arts? I would suggest that a factor be added into the regression equation to help predict a net price that accounts for the influence of the collective knowledge, skills and experience that both our faculty and our students bring to the classroom........... Richard Heck (Heck, a Cornell National Scholar and graduate of the College of Arts and Sciences, has spent more than 35 years in higher education administration and research, serving in admissions, financial aid, budget, research and planning at Colgate University; as associate dean of the college at Dartmouth; and, more recently, as director of alumni and parent relations at Binghamton University.)Dec. 1, 2006: Comment from Corinne Austein '52, B. Arch. '54, < basmom@hactrn.net >: What are you trying to achieve? Are the elite universities playing a zero sum game with only one university to be declared the winner? This strikes me as a bandwagon to get off. Cornell seems to have become a brand name, like Nike, Coca Cola or Microsoft. In all this competition, the purpose of the university is getting lost. Way back when, wasn't it to provide an education? Your description sounds more like the way to win an advertising war. Money spent looking for the "best" students would seem to be wasted considering the number of outstanding applicants for each place in the freshman class and the number of very well qualified students turned down each year. Who else do you want to attract? I enjoyed my time at Cornell very much, and no small part of the experience was the quality and diversity of the student body. I didn't come there for an all star faculty, although there were some such people there in the 1950s. The non star faculty was mostly good, but we may have learned more from each other than in any class. It was the whole Cornell package that attracted me. Although I certainly hoped to get a decent job, I didn't come to earn a six figure salary right out of school; it was unheard of then anyway. We didn't have to be so greedy, since we were able to get through college without today's huge debt load. Obviously we can't go back to the old days; they weren't good in every way anyway, but I find the present competition for faculty, students and being "TOP" to be appalling. Being the best is wonderful, but I don't see that this is a quest to be the best. It is to be the WINNER and there is a difference. As a CAAAN [Cornell Alumni Admissions Ambassador Network] member, I find it harder and harder to tell talented but neither rich nor poor students (who don't qualify for need based aid) that Cornell will bring them enough more than Penn State (or any other equally good public college) that they should take on the long term financial burden of going there. Some merit aid for such students would help to keep Cornell accessible to other than only the very rich and very poor. but I feel that the crazy competition between the "elite" universities may make some university a winner, but the students will be losers.......... Corinne Austein Dec. 1, 2006: Comment from John Detmold, < johndetmold@msn.com >: The cost of education these days is scandalous! When Vice President Carolyn Ainslie says "The cost to educate a Cornell student is actually twice that of the sticker price to attend the University," she should list what she considers the University's education costs that add up to exactly twice "the sticker price" for each student to attend Cornell. I'll bet than many of the items on her list have nothing to do with education: items such as what she spends on advertising, on student aid spent to "fill the beds," on putting up new buildings, and on adding even more members to the staff. Such expenses have little to do with the education that goes on in the classrooms: where faculty members teach their students. When I entered Cornell in 1939, the tuition was $400. Four years later it was still $400. It did not increase by 5 or 6% each year, as it does today. Yet I had the very best education in the liberal arts and sciences from teachers like Harry Caplan, Lane Cooper, Alec Drummond, Walter French, Donald Lord Finlayson, Loren Petry, John C. Adams, Carl Becker, Harold Thompson, Otto Kinkeldey, Carl Becker, Fred Marcham, Carl Stephenson, Henry Myers, and Richard Robinson; and I graduated with a Phi Beta Kappa key.......... John Detmold Dec. 1, 2006: Comment from Greg Mc Conville '91, < gmcconvi@yahoo.com >: I have a better understanding of some of the causes of tuition rising after reading this article, so I very much appreciate your publishing it. One of my thoughts about why tuition has risen at elite universities has to do with simple supply and demand. The supply of available student positions at elite universities is limited in that few new top-name universities are being created and most are not growing student bodies significantly. At the same time, demand is growing for at least two reasons. US and worldwide population have grown substantially in the past 40 years, and per capita wealth has grown, so more people can afford to pay tuitions, even as the cost rises........... Greg Mc Conville Story Contacts Susan S. Langssl4@cornell.edu607-255-3613

D1275425

https://www.southlandloghomes.com/log-cabin-living/log-cabin-kits-prices-estimator

Log Home Cost Estimator

Log Home Cost Estimator Click to Use Pricing Estimator Tool This range does not include the land, site work, or foundation, but is for the log home construction only. While the above price should provide you with an accurate idea for the completion of your home, there are many variables that go into specific pricing for an individual log home. Examples of some of the variables are provided below. No single variable will determine your cost; rather, it is the total impact of all of the variables taken together that will determine the final cost. Besides the location of the build, which may cause price variance due to the local and regional requirements and regulations of the area, pricing is affected by many other variables, some of which are listed below. The best way to get an accurate cost estimate for your log home is to schedule a planning appointment with a Southland Log Home expert to sit down and discuss the specifics of your log home dream. Factors That Can Affect Pricing Type of foundation: Log homes generally are constructed on one of three types of foundations: Basement – A finished basement provides additional living space for the home and is often considered a wise investment during construction. Basements are easily heated and cooled and utilize the foundation to add livable square footage to the home. They do require more materials than the other foundation choices and add cost to the home. An unfinished basement allows the potential for more space later at a reduced cost. It also provides usable storage space and easy access to many of the mechanical systems of the home. Crawlspace – Along with the basement, a concrete block foundation, often called a crawl space, is one of the popular foundation choices in log homes. They can be either a solid wall around the perimeter of the log home, or may utilize block piers set at predetermined points to secure the log home. Many times, poured concrete is used in place of the blocks. Slab – In areas where a basement or crawl space are not desirable, a poured concrete slab may be utilized. This 4 to 6 inch slab of concrete secures the log home and provides a floor system to add finish flooring to. Slabs are also convenient whenever steps into the home are not desirable. Complexity of Design: Log homes are as unique as the customer who builds them. They look great with a simple straight roof line, or you can customize them with elaborate roof systems utilizing multiple gables, dormers, hips and valleys. Roof systems often rise to great heights with 12/12 pitches or even higher, while others give the low “tucked in” look of a lower pitch like a 6/12. Many designs feature multiple log corners and angles, while others utilize clean simple lines. Some customers choose gable ends with maximum log wall exposure, while others feature a wall of windows to illuminate their home and provide an amazing view of their own “great outdoors”. Finish: Log homes lend themselves well to a wide variety of finishing styles. Whether you choose a rustic decorating motif or appoint your log home lavishly depends on your personal taste in decorating. Finishing choices in plumbing, electrical, and lighting fixtures, cabinets and countertops, flooring and other decorating components personalize your log home and make it truly unique. Fireplaces may feature a simple, even contemporary look, while others tout massive stone structures rising to the ceiling of a vaulted Great Room. Often customers choose multiple fireplaces as focal points for the rooms they occupy. These are just a few of the factors that go into determining what your actual log home price will be. Your Southland Log Home Consultant is expert in developing the best log home at the best price to meet your budget. Let him guide you today by scheduling a Planning Appointment today or call or visit your nearest Southland Log Home Location.

D3541776

http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-people-who-suffer-from-thalassophobia-or-fear-of-the-sea

The People Who Suffer From Thalassophobia, or Fear of the Sea

The People Who Suffer From Thalassophobia, or Fear of the Sea We talk to a hypnotist about curing the phobia about what lies beneath the water’s edge.by Eric Grundhauser July 21, 2016If this photo gives you the shakes, you might have thalassophobia. (Photo: Krzysztof Odziomek/Shutterstock)When you think of swimming in the sea, do you get a sinking feeling? Does the thought of what monstrous behemoth might be hiding just beneath the waves fill you with dread? Are you acutely aware that the ocean is the most terrifying place on the planet? Then you might suffer from thalassophobia, the compulsive fear of the sea (or really any deep, dark body of water). But that doesn’t mean you have to live with your fear forever. Like all phobias, thalassophobia is a fear response triggered by a single, specific stimulus. In this case it’s the mysteries of the depths that can cause someone to have an adverse reaction. Thalassophobia differs from a fear of water itself (hello, aquaphobia), in that what most sufferers focus on what might be hiding below the surface, be that a shark, a sea monster, or simply the vast abyss itself. Those with true thalassophobia can experience extreme symptoms when confronted with large bodies of water, including sweating, shaking, and vomiting, although most people who would identify with the phobia probably just get really scared. Searching for solutions to thalassophobia, or really any irrational fear will direct you almost exclusively to psychologists and hypnotists who can help people get the tools they need to get a grip on what scares them. “A phobia is a little different than a fear, in that it’s an irrational fear,” says Marc Carlin, a consulting hypnotist who specializes in helping people overcome their fears and phobias with a mix of cognitive therapy techniques and hypnotherapy. He has helped people overcome a number of common phobias such as a fear of spiders or snakes or bees. While Carlin admits that he has never treated a patient suffering from thalassophobia specifically, the psychology is much the same as with other fears.“A lot of our fears are irrational to an extent,” says Carlin. “We create this reality where we think they are real but they’re really not.” For those suffering from a fear of the ocean, there is probably nothing dangerous in the vast majority of open water, but that doesn’t make the danger feel any less real. Terror. (Photo: Oscity/Shutterstock)In reality, the odds of getting attacked by a malevolent sea creature are exceedingly low. Between 1958 and 2014, there have only been 35 fatal shark attacks in the waters around the United States. But the fear of sharks has become wildly disproportionate, leading to many people’s anxieties about open water. Specifically many people’s fear of the ocean can likely be traced back to a certain movie about a killer shark. “A lot of people can identify with [thalassophobia]. Especially if they grew up the period when Jaws was a big thing on the scene,” says Carlin. Enjoying This Story? Subscribe to our newsletter and get our latest, sent right to your inbox. Even though the numbers might not support the fear response associated with thalassophobia, Carlin says that fear of the sea is actually very understandable. “In context [a fear of the sea] is not irrational. It’s primal,” says Carlin. “We all have this fear of darkness because we can’t see and we rely on our vision to protect us. If you shut your eyes and you can’t see, now you have to rely on senses that you don’t normally rely upon.” As he describes it, thalassophobia is related to this very basic emotion. Given the average person’s comparative helplessness in water, and the limitations being in a large body of water puts on our senses, that fear of the dark can easily translate to a fear of the deep. The good news is that for all of the terror the oceans might hold, that fear is not an impossible obstacle to overcome. In fact, according to Carlin, the truly phobic might have an easier time getting past their worries than those who just think it’s unsettling. “A true phobic response is learned in an instant,” he says. “But because we learn it very quickly, we can unlearn it very quickly. Sometimes a fear might take a number of sessions. A true phobic response can be done in like 5-10 minutes.” Since most of the normal fears people harbor that keep them safe while navigating the world were learned over time and repetition, training them out of people is equally challenging. A phobia is an intense emotional response, usually related to a single memory, be it an object or experience. Nightmares. (Photo: Jiri Flogel/Shutterstock)The actual steps to overcoming thalassophobia can differ from person to person, but in general Carlin counsels taking it step-by-step. “If your challenge is a fear of the water, [I want] to give you a way to access a safe and secure feeling,” he says. “I want to give you the ability to access that feeling, where you can turn it on as an act of will. Then gradually bring you into more challenging situations.” This can be achieved by finding out what experience triggered your fear, and slowly facing it with more and more confidence, hopefully with the emotional tools provided by a therapist or a hypnotherapist, until the experience, and the larger fear is no longer such an impediment. There are no hard numbers on how many people suffer from thalassophobia, or just a real fear of the ocean, but as some indication, the Reddit group devoted to the phobia currently has over 88,000 subscribers (not a recommended destination for anyone suffering from true thalassophobia). Most sufferers of this fear probably take the easy way out and just stick to dry land where all the giant squid, Nessies, and nightmare sharks can’t touch them. But for those still need to heed the siren call of the seas, a little hypnotism never hurt. As Carlin told us, “If you let your thoughts run wild, without any control, they will definitely control you.”underwater week underwater features Read Next A 51-Foot Joint Will Be in Philly for the Democratic National Convention Recent Stories Why Do Fantasy Novels Have So Much Food? Writers since Tolkien have conjured magical feasts for readers.10 hours ago In New Orleans, Crawfish Boils Can Be a Jewish Tradition Too Even if it's not exactly kosher.11 hours ago Step Inside a Sculpture Garden Made Entirely Out of Trash Cat food cans, detergent containers, and thousands and thousands of plastic bottles.11 hours ago Most Read Stories130,000 Hidden Images Reveal the World of a Soviet-Era Photographer The secret trove of film and negatives, stashed in a Russian attic.2How Famine Under the Nazis Revealed the Cause of Celiac Disease A food shortage helped one doctor prove his theory.3The Dinner Party That Served Up 50,000-Year-Old Bison Stew When life gives you frozen bison, make dinner.4Inside the World of Virginia’s Roadside Attraction King For more than 30 years, Mark Cline has been keeping the state weird.5The Controversial Process of Redesigning the Wheelchair Symbol It has its own emoji, but where did the new Accessible Icon come from?

D178104

http://www.babynamespedia.com/meaning/Constantine/m

Constantine - Meaning of Constantine

What does Constantine mean? Pronounce Constantine [ 3 syll. con - (s)tan- ti - ne, co -nstant- ine ] The baby boy name Constantine is sometimes used as a girl name. Its pronunciation is K AA N-STah N-Tiy N in English †. Constantine is used chiefly in the English language and it is derived from Latin origins. It is derived from the elements 'constare' meaning to withstand ; 'constantis' steadfast, constant. Constantinus (Latin) is an older form of Constantine. The name was borne by many Roman rulers, the earliest and most famous being Constantine the Great (272-337), the first Christian Roman emperor; he reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian. He also transformed the ancient Byzantium into a capital city, and named it Constantinople; the modern name of the city is Istanbul. The name gained in royal associations as it was later borne by three early Scottish kings as an Anglicized form of the name Conn, by the Pictish King Constantine mac Fergus (781-820), and by two kings of Greece. It dropped off in use after the Reformation, and was adopted by English speakers in the 19th century amidst a revival in classical names. The name Constance (English and French) is the female form of Constantine. The name Constantine is used to a great extent; it has 53 variants that are used in English and other languages. Variants used in English include Considine, Constadine, Constans, Constantino, Constantinus, Constantio, Constantios, Constantius, Constanty, Constanz, Constanze, Constanzo, Costandinos, Costantinos, Konstantine, and Tino. The short forms Con and Constant, and the diminutive form Connie (used in Irish too) are other English variants. Foreign variants of Constantine include Constantijn (Dutch), Constantin (French and Romanian), Constantinos (Greek), Costante (Italian), Costantino (Italian), Costanzo (Italian), Costel (Romanian), Costica (Romanian), Costin (Romanian), Còiseam (Gaelic and Scottish), Cystenian (Welsh), Cystennin (Welsh), Dinu (Romanian), Konstandin (Albanian), Konstandinos (Greek), Konstantin (Czech, German, Hungarian, Russian, Scandinavian, and Slavic), Konstantinos (Greek), Konstanty (German and Polish), Konstantyn (Polish), Konstatin (Finnish), Kosta (Slavic), Kostadin (Slavic), Kostandin (Albanian), Kostas (Greek), Kostis (Greek), Kostos (Greek), Kostya (Russian), Kostyantyn (Ukrainian), Stancio (Spanish), and Stijn (Dutch). Specific foreign variants include the short forms Costa (Greek) and Gus (Greek), and the diminutive forms Dinos (Greek) and Kostja (Russian). See also the related categories, rulers (king), steadfast (honorable), revival, christian (missionary), modern, roman, ancient, and anglicized. Constantine is uncommon as a baby name for boys. At the modest height of its usage in 1915, 0.012% of baby boys were given the name Constantine. It ranked at #545 then. The baby name has since experienced a substantial loss in popularity, and is today of sporadic use. In 2016, within the group of boy names directly linked to Constantine, Gus was the most widely used. Constantine has mostly been a baby boy name in the past century.† Pronunciation for Constantine: K as in "key (K. IY)" ; AA as in "odd (AA. D)" ; N as in "knee (N. IY)" ; S as in "see (S. IY)" ; T as in "tee (T. IY)" ; AH as in "mud (M. AH. D)" ; IY as in "eat (IY. T)"

D2748261

http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/plavix/constipation/

.

Plavix and Constipation - from FDA reports Summary Constipation is found among people who take Plavix, especially for people who are female, 60+ old , have been taking the drug for 6 - 12 months, also take medication Aspirin, and have High blood cholesterol. This review analyzes which people have Constipation with Plavix. It is created by e Health Me based on reports of 106,870 people who have side effects when taking Plavix from FDA , and is updated regularly. What to expect? If you take Plavix and have Constipation, find out what symptoms you could have in 1 year or longer. You are not alone!Join a support group for people who take Plavix and have Constipation Personalized health information On e Health Me you can find out what patients like me (same gender, age) reported their drugs and conditions on FDA since 1977. Our tools are simple to use, anonymous and free. Start now >>>On Oct, 21, 2017106,870 people reported to have side effects when taking Plavix. Among them, 1,641 people (1.54%) have Constipation Number of reports submitted per year: Time on Plavix when people have Constipation *:< 1 month: 23.53 %1 - 6 months: 11.76 %6 - 12 months: 27.94 %1 - 2 years: 10.29 %2 - 5 years: 14.71 %5 - 10 years: 11.76 %10+ years: 0.0 %Gender of people who have Constipation when taking Plavix *:female: 52.74 %male: 47.26 %Age of people who have Constipation when taking Plavix *:0-1: 0.08 %2-9: 0.0 %10-19: 0.0 %20-29: 0.24 %30-39: 1.35 %40-49: 4.91 %50-59: 17.1 %60+: 76.33 %Top conditions involved for these people *: High Blood Cholesterol (176 people, 10.73%)High Blood Pressure (128 people, 7.80%)Pain (102 people, 6.22%)Multiple Myeloma (93 people, 5.67%)Osteoporosis (84 people, 5.12%)Top co-used drugs for these people *: Aspirin (406 people, 24.74%)Lipitor (368 people, 22.43%)Lasix (256 people, 15.60%)Lisinopril (216 people, 13.16%)Zocor (199 people, 12.13%)Top other side effects for these people *: Nausea (415 people, 25.29%)Diarrhea (382 people, 23.28%)Weakness (360 people, 21.94%)Fatigue (354 people, 21.57%)Breathing Difficulty (321 people, 19.56%)* Approximation only. Some reports may have incomplete information. How to use the study: print a copy of the study and bring it to your health teams to ensure drug risks and benefits are fully discussed and understood. Subscribe to the study: get notified of updates to the study. Do you have Constipation when taking Plavix? Check symptoms - is constipation caused by a drug or a condition? Get alerts to symptoms - forecast your symptoms and get alerts Join related support groups - you are not alone, join a support group on ehealth.me Report the side effect - help people in need and in real time Ask a question - ask a question related to the studywrite a review - share your experience related to the study More tools... Expand the study to include all drugs with the same ingredients Constipation and drugs with ingredients of clopidogrel bisulfate. Expand the study to include reports from both FDA and e Health Me Constipation and Plavix from FDA and e Health Me reports Plavix Plavix has active ingredients of clopidogrel bisulfate. It is often used in blood clots. ( latest outcomes from Plavix 110,430 users)Constipation Constipation has been reported by people with pain, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, multiple myeloma ( latest reports from 152,384 Constipation patients ). Browse all side effects of Plavixa b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v wx y z Drugs that are associated with Constipation Constipation Could your condition cause Constipation Constipation Related studies Plavix side effects Plavix and Aspirin Plavix and Lipitor Plavix and Lasix Plavix and Lisinopril Plavix and Zocor Plavix and Nausea Plavix and Diarrhea Plavix and Weakness Plavix and Fatigue Plavix and Breathing difficulty High blood cholesterol and Constipation High blood pressure and Constipation Pain and Constipation Multiple myeloma and Constipation Osteoporosis and Constipation What would happen? Forecast new side effects and undetected conditions when you take Plavix and have Constipation. Questions to the study I am currently taking 75mg of plavix and 81mg of aspirin every day and would like to know if taking gaba with hose would cause any reaction. If it would could you advise of any other natural anto-anxiety supplement I might take? Thank you I have been advised to take plavix 4 months back. So far i have been taking ecosprin with atorvostatin. I have doubt regarding the medicine in plavix. Clopidogrel in plavix, i am told is also a blood thinner.can i take two blood thinners at a tie?. Is plavix safe to take for a longtime? Does anyone know how long the effects of Finasteride stay in a person's body? I've been taking it to reduce the size of my prostate for almost a year now and got severely constipated four months ago. I have been addicted to eating and consuming fluoride toothpaste for three years now. I don't eat a whole tube at once, but I finish them quickly. I'm afraid it's hurting me really bad. What do I do? I have not found any way to relieve the constipation brought on by desipramine. it forces me to lower my dose and accept the lowering of my mood and mental state. has anyone else had a similar problem and found a solution? More questions >User reviews to the study This is only my second occurrence with this. The first time I had an eye injury and almost lost my right eye. The night after the surgery I was very constipated. That night had extreme nightmares which worried the doctors because I was flailing about and they worried that my blood pressure would ... This is only my second occurrence with this. The first time I had an eye injury and almost lost my right eye. The night after the surgery I was very constipated. That night had extreme nightmares which worried the doctors because I was flailing about and they worried that my blood pressure would ... Hello.. I am on Plavex and a baby aspirin.. I am wondering if I have to take this for the rest of my life... I do need a procedure done..that they refuse to do if I am on this medication..any help will be appreciated.. I've taken it since October of 2017I have myelofibrosis and am very constipated. Took some gentle laxative last night but nothing. Took 2 Dulcolax this morning and still nothing Is this normal? I have 3 stents in my leg. Have been on plavix and aspirin for 21 months. For the last 5 months I've had severe spinal pain. Had 3 epidural injections. Did not help. I've tried to control this stenosis with Tylenol. Which does not reach the pain. I've had to start taking ultram. I have searched ... More reviews >

D343249

http://www.pacificpartycanopies.com/resources/choosing-linens/

Resources ⺠Choosing the Right Linen Size

Resources › Choosing the Right Linen Size Start by locating your table size in the left column. Then follow the chart to the right to determine sizes for mid-length, floor-length and overlay linen options. Click on the linen sizes for photos. Can't find your table size below? Call us at (360) 707-2115 and we'll help you find a table covering solution. After determining your linen size, go to our Linens rental page for fabric and color options and prices. Table Size Mid Length Floor Length Overlay30" Round60" Round 90" Round 48" x 48"60" Round30" Cocktail (42" height)60" Round90" Round 108" Round48" x 48"72" x 72"90" Round48" Round (seats 6)90" Round 108" Round60" x 60" 60" round72" x 72"60" Round (seats 8) 90" Round108" Round72" x 72"120" Round 72" x 72"90" Round72" Round (seats 10) 108" Round 132" Round 90" x 90" 108" Round30" Square 60" x 60" 72" x 72" 48" x 48"60" Square (seats 8-12) 90" x 90" special order 72" x 72"4' Banquet (seats 4)60" x 78" 90" x 108" 48" x 48"Runner6' Banquet (seats 6)60" x 120" 90" x 132"48" x 48"60" x 60"Runner8' Banquet (seats 8)60" x 120"90" x 156" 48" x 48" 60" x 60" 60" x 120"View photos as a gallery: Cocktail Table Linens Gallery Round Table Linens Gallery Banquet Table Linens Gallery There's no need to stick to the suggestions above. Try your own combinations.6' Banquet Table: Black Pintuck 90" x 132", two Gold Satin sashes48" Round Table: Ivory Solid 108" round, Plum Solid 90" round gathered with six Gold Satin sashes

D2752611

https://www.quora.com/If-heat-kills-bacteria-why-do-bacteria-thrive-in-warm-enviornments

If heat kills bacteria, why do bacteria thrive in warm enviornments?

Jigisha Ghadge Answered Sep 17, 2016Bacteria are found everywhere including geysers ( thermal vents) , deep in the snow and even in highly acidic conditions. Yet bacteria thrive for warmth because their enzymes function most efficiently between an optimum temperature and their growth rate is increased considerably in this temperature range. At very low temperatures the action of bacterial enzymes are inhibited and so they cannot grow further while they still survive . On the contrary at high temperatures they are killed (heat killed). This can be easily understood with the help of a graph showing variation of bacterial growth with temperature. 2.1k Views · View Upvoters Related Questions More Answers Below Why do bacteria grow faster in heat? Why and how does alcohol kill bacteria? Does cellulose kill bacteria? How much heat is required to kill bacteria in food? How does Clorox kills bacteria? Ask New Question Atin Sharma, In a learning stage!Answered Feb 9, 2016 · Author has 62 answers and 111.3k answer views Originally Answered: Why does bacteria grow better in warm areas? There are bacteria that thrive better in Hot (not just warm) and the others that require colder temperatures to grow. The point is, most of the bacteria are adapted to the environment they live in and a lot of pathogenic bacteria you probably know about are adapted to live and cause infection in human body where the temperature is 37C. So, these bacteria require warm conditions to grow as their metabolism is adapted to that temperature (enzymes and stuff as other people have answered). But that doesn't mean that all bacteria require warm conditions to grow!http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/... http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/...7.1k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?promoted by Truth Finder Have you ever googled yourself? Do a “deep search” instead. This new site reveals so much more. Enter a name and state to begin. Learn More at truthfinder.com Sonal Verma, Trainee Scientific Officer in Pancea Biotec Ltd Updated Aug 28, 2016Theoretically, bacteria can grow at all temperatures between the freezing point of water and the temperature at which protein coagulates. Somewhere between these maximum and minimum points lies the optimum temperature at which the bacteria grow best. E. Coli grow more rapidly in environments at around 37°C. This is because their enzymes work most effectively at this temperature. Above this, their enzymes become denatured. Temperatures below the minimum stop bacterial growth but do not kill the organism. However, if the temperature is raised above the maximum, bacteria are soon killed. Most cells die after exposure to heat treatments in the order of 70°C for 15 seconds, although spore-forming organisms require more severe heat treatment, e.g. live steam at 121°C for 15-20 minutes (Autoclave). Bacteria can be classified according to temperature preference: Psycrophilic bacteria grow at temperatures below 16°C Mesophilic bacteria grow best at temperatures between 16 and 40°C and Thermophilic bacteria grow best at temperatures above 40°C , optimim growth at 50-60°C.3.4k Views · View Upvoters Rudra Prasad Ghosh, studied at Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata Answered Sep 16, 2016those are thermophilic bacteria that “love” to live in high temperatures such as in hot spring.bacterias are basically classified on that basis as :psychophilemesophilethermophilehyperthermophilebacteria that infects our body are mesophiles and hence then are killed when body temperature increases during fever1k Views · View Upvoters Mark Wong, BSc (Hons) in Microbiology and Ph D in Environmental Microbiology. Answered Feb 12, 2016 · Author has 100 answers and 26.8k answer views Originally Answered: Why does bacteria grow better in warm areas? Because enzymatic activity is facilitated by higher temperatures. We were taught in school that enzyme activity and hence biological activity including cellular division proceeds according to the graph below. The optimum temperature does shift a little depending on whether you are considering psychrophiles, mesophiles or thermophiles, but the general rule holds.3.3k Views · View Upvoterspromoted by UC Berkeley Extension Prepare for grad school & health careers. Medical microbiology classroom & online courses at UC Berkeley Extension. Learn More at extension.berkeley.edu Annabelle Smyth Answered Oct 7, 2015 · Author has 471 answers and 251.1k answer views An increasing temperature means an increase in molecular movement. This means that enzymes will become more efficient in higher temperatures. However, when it gets too hot, and enzyme will denature, or unfold, rendering it useless. Thus bacteria thrive in warmer environments, until it gets so hot that their essential proteins denature.1.4k Views · View Upvoters Dehao Chen, I majored in Environmental Health at Emory University Answered Feb 6, 2016Originally Answered: Why does bacteria grow better in warm areas? Because in the warm environment's temperature, the bacteria's in vivo enzymes is activated. However, in the colder places, the enzymes are inhibited so that the metabolism rate of the bacteria is been slowed.1.8k Views · View Upvoters Rhett Winthrop-St. Gery, Primarily a Medical Person, albeit I do related sciences, electronics, computers Answered Aug 21, 2016 · Author has 603 answers and 603.1k answer views Your ideal conditions are not all organisms ideal conditions. I like 34 to 60 degrees F for instance. Some bacteria are thermophiles, others are cryophiles (liking hot or cold respectively). Most all organisms like water, but each one has temperature preferences.70 degrees F seems to be the top of the major bulge on the bell curve.494 Views Pippi M. R. Groving, M. Scient in Biomedicine Answered Oct 6, 2015 · Author has 8k answers and 7.6m answer views For the same reason that humans thrive in warm environments but would die if they are boiled. There is somewhat of a difference between pleasant heat like a warm day of 25 degree Celsius, and then standing without protective gear in a burning building that might reach 100 to 300 degree Celsius.3.1k Views · View Upvoters Bohumil Drasar, Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology Answered Oct 13, 2015 · Author has 635 answers and 184.3k answer views Some bacteria have heat resistant DNA replication systems. This is the basis of PCR used for DNA amplification in archaeology and Forensics. It also enables some bacteria to live in hot springs and volcanic vents.557 Views Jolean Rizelle Endique, Undergraduate Chemical Biology, The University of British Columbia Answered Aug 22, 2016Some bacteria cannot survive in environments past the boiling point temperature. However,there are archaeabacteria that can survive in environments hotter than boiling point temperatures, and they are called thermophiles.545 Views

D3452755

https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Durham-School-Services/salaries

Durham School Services Salaries in the United States

Find Companies Durham School Services3.4 789 reviews Follow Get job updates from Durham School Services Snapshot Why Join Us 789 Reviews2.4K Salaries7 Photos305 Jobs72 Q&ADurham School Services Salaries in the United States Salary estimated from 2,434 employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. Last updated: April 3, 2018Job Category Location Popular Jobs Average Salary Salary Distribution Bus Driver1,701 salaries reported$14.28 per hour Most Reported$7.25 $27.10General Manager23 salaries reported$69,027 per year$18,000 $113,000Diesel Mechanic56 salaries reported$20.06 per hour$10.10 $36.45Operations Supervisor13 salaries reported$42,368 per year$18,000 $113,000Driver99 salaries reported$14.63 per hour$7.25 $27.10Driving Average Salary Salary Distribution Bus Driver1,701 salaries reported$14.28 per hour Most Reported$7.25 $27.10Driver99 salaries reported$14.63 per hour$7.25 $27.10Truck Driver15 salaries reported$16.93 per hour$7.25 $27.10Owner Operator Driver3 salaries reported$16.25 per hour Min and max salaries are hidden when we have fewer than 5 salaries Driver Trainer4 salaries reported$12.82 per hour Min and max salaries are hidden when we have fewer than 5 salaries All Durham School Services - Driving salaries Installation & Maintenance Average Salary Salary Distribution Diesel Mechanic56 salaries reported$20.06 per hour Most Reported$10.10 $36.45Mechanic6 salaries reported$19.68 per hour$10.10 $36.45Lead Maintenance9 salaries reported$58,805 per year$20,200 $72,900Maintenance Supervisor6 salaries reported$56,524 per year$20,200 $72,900Senior Diesel Technician4 salaries reported$17.52 per hour Min and max salaries are hidden when we have fewer than 5 salaries All Durham School Services - Installation & Maintenance salaries Security & Public Safety Average Salary Salary Distribution Bus Monitor53 salaries reported$10.30 per hour Most Reported$7.25 $16.50Bus Aide26 salaries reported$10.30 per hour$7.25 $16.50Monitor8 salaries reported$10.11 per hour$7.25 $16.50Management Average Salary Salary Distribution General Manager23 salaries reported$69,027 per year Most Reported$18,000 $113,000Operations Supervisor13 salaries reported$42,368 per year$18,000 $113,000Supervisor6 salaries reported$50,066 per year$18,000 $113,000Operations Manager4 salaries reported$46,397 per year Min and max salaries are hidden when we have fewer than 5 salaries Education & Instruction Average Salary Salary Distribution Assistant Teacher10 salaries reported$11.33 per hour Most Reported$7.00 $34.50Training Supervisor5 salaries reported$41,774 per year$14,000 $69,000Training Manager3 salaries reported$52,604 per year Min and max salaries are hidden when we have fewer than 5 salaries Browse all Durham School Services salaries by category Popular Durham School Services Jobs Administrative Assistance Cleaning & Sanitation Customer Service Driving Education & Instruction Installation & Maintenance Logistic Support Management Security & Public Safety Software Development How much does Durham School Services in the United States pay? Average Durham School Services hourly pay ranges from approximately $10.11 per hour for Monitor to $21.68 per hour for Training Supervisor. The average Durham School Services salary ranges from approximately $15,000 per year for Van Driver to $69,027 per year for General Manager. Salary information comes from 2,434 data points collected directly from employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to Indeed. These figures are given to the Indeed users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures. Claimed Profile Salary satisfaction Most people think they are paid fairly at Durham School Services Based on 384 ratings Add your rating Common benefits at Durham School Services401K Plan Dental Insurance Employee Discounts Health Insurance Life Insurance Vision Insurance Benefit information is collected from job descriptions and reviews about Durham School Services on indeed.com. Add your benefits Questions about Durham School Services What would you suggest Durham School Services management do to prevent others from leaving for th...17 people answered Why did you leave your job at Durham School Services?12 people answered Why is a bus driver allowed to apply for monitors job and keep her bus drivers pay if Durham is c... Answered by Durham School Services Show more What people say about working at Durham School Services I loved the job. Working with the kids was never dull! !The day would start with a pre-trip inspection of the bus. Then we would head out to get the kids. There was a great deal of public relations involved in regard to managment of the children, safely maneuvering the bus in traffic and weather condition... School Bus Driver/Office Relief (Former Employee)Everett, WA USA - December 18, 2012wonderful place to work This is a great place to work if you have little ones and can live on a guaranteed 20 hours at least job. The management was wonderful and its great to do if you like kids. School Bus Driver (Former Employee)Davenport, IA - April 2, 2018Read more Durham School Services reviews about Pay & Benefits Durham School Services Salaries

D278635

https://www.verywell.com/how-many-walking-steps-are-in-a-mile-3435916

How Many Steps Are in a Mile?

Walking Pedometers and Fitness Bands How Many Steps Are in a Mile? Your steps per mile depend on your stride length By Wendy Bumgardner Updated November 03, 2017Share Pin Email Print Ruslan Dashinsky/E+/Getty Images The average person takes between 2,000 and 2,500 walking steps per mile as counted by a pedometer or fitness band. Running steps have a longer stride length and you may take between 1,400 and 1,700 steps per mile. A total of 10,000 steps equals 4 to 5 miles. But the number of steps per mile varies from person to person and depends on your stride length. Measuring your stride length will give you a much more accurate number for your personal steps per mile. Your stride length is the distance is from the heel print of one foot to the heel print of the other foot. This is the distance traveled forward by a single leg. Your stride length varies depending on whether you are walking or running, and whether you are on hills or rough trails, or crossing streets with starts and stops. If you know your stride length, your steps per mile will be:5,280 divided by your stride length in feet.63,360 divided by your stride length in inches. See more rules of thumb and ways to estimate your typical steps per mile. Typical Steps per Mile Walking and Running For a quick rule of thumb, a research study found these average steps per mile at walking and running speeds: Walking 20 minutes per mile (3 miles per hour): 2,250 steps per mile Walking 15 minutes per mile (4 miles per hour): 1,950 steps per mile Running 12 minutes per mile (5 miles per hour): 1,950 steps per mile Running 10 minutes per mile (6 miles per hour): 1,700 steps per mile Running 8 minutes per mile (7.5 miles per hour): 1,400 steps per mile Using these averages, here is how far you might go using various step totals. Steps Walk (Shorter Stride)Brisk Walk/Jog (Moderate Stride)Run (Long Stride)Fast Run (Very Long Stride)1,0000.4 miles0.5 miles0.6 miles0.7 miles2,0000.91.01.21.43,0001.31.51.82.14,0001.82.12.42.95,0002.22.62.93.66,0002.73.13.54.37,0003.13.64.15.08,0003.64.14.75.79,0004.04.65.36.410,0004.45.15.97.112,0005.36.27.18.615,0006.77.78.810.720,0008.910.311.814.325,00011.112.814.717.930,00013.315.417.621.440,00017.820.523.528.6Steps per Mile Estimated by Height A widely quoted estimate of stride length is 42 percent of height, although further research shows that ratio is only moderately accurate. Many pedometers use these estimates and ask for your height during setup. Rough estimates of steps per mile based on a stride to height ratio are: Height Steps per Mile4 feet 10 inches 2,601 steps4 feet 11 inches 2,557 steps5 feet even 2,514 steps5 feet 1 inch 2,473 steps5 feet 2 inches 2,433 steps5 feet 3 inches 2,395 steps5 feet 4 inches 2,357 steps5 feet 5 inches 2,321 steps5 feet 6 inches 2,286 steps5 feet 7 inches 2,252 steps5 feet 8 inches 2,218 steps5 feet 9 inches 2,186 steps5 feet 10 inches 2,155 steps5 feet 11 inches 2,125 steps6 feet even 2,095 steps6 feet 1 inch 2,067 steps6 feet 2 inches 2,039 steps6 feet 3 inches 2,011 steps6 feet 4 inches 1,985 steps How to Measure Your Steps per Mile The best way to find your average steps per mile is to count them over a course of a known distance, several times, and find your own average. You can use a step-counting pedometer or the pedometer function of your mobile phone to count your steps, or you can count them in your head. Track: To find a measured mile, you can use a regulation quarter-mile track at a local school. You may have to ask the coach to ensure it is a quarter-mile track (1,320 feet) rather than a 400-meter track (1,308 feet). Walk in the inside lane only. Count your steps. It's best to go around four times to get a full mile on a quarter-mile track, so you won't need to do any math. For a 400 meter track, go around four times and multiply your steps by 1.009. Football Field: A football field is 300 feet from goal line to goal line. Count your steps as you walk or run at your usual pace from goal line to goal line. Multiply your steps by 17.6 to get your steps per mile. App: You can use a mobile app such as Map My Walk that will count your steps and measure a mile with your phone's GPS at the same time. However, the mile distance can be off by 10 percent using GPS. For better accuracy, choose a place to walk that is in an open area with a clear view of the sky and no twists or turns. GPS signals travel between your phone and multiple satellites in orbit. They can get confused by buildings, trees, and hillsides, resulting in a less accurate distance measurement. Measured Mile: Another method is to use an online mapping site to map you a mile course in your local area, then walk it with a pedometer or pedometer app. It's wise to choose a straight course without turn and curves for the best accuracy. Steps per Mile From Stride Length Most pedometers request that you enter your stride length during setup in order to calculate distance based on your step count. An average that you will see listed in many places is 2.2 feet (0.67 meters) for women and 2.5 feet (0.762 meters) for men, but it depends very much on height. Steps per mile would be 5,280 feet divided by your stride length in feet. A pedometer takes the number you have entered as stride length and divides a mile by that number to calculate the distance you have walked. To measure your stride length, you can use various methods such as walking a football field (300 feet) and using these equations:300/step count = stride length in feet3600/step count = stride length in inches Correcting Your Pedometer and Fitness Band Distance If you find that your pedometer is telling you that you have gone farther than a mile in a measured mile, then increase the stride length programmed in the pedometer. If it is telling you that you have gone less than a mile in a measured mile, then reduce your stride length programmed into the pedometer. For Fitbit fitness bands and pedometers, you can adjust your stride length via the Edit Profile function on the online Dashboard. In the Fitbit app, it can be set in the Account, Advanced Settings, Stride Length menu. You can set different lengths for walking and running strides. Fitness trackers you wear on your wrist may be counting arm motion rather than steps. Read the instructions to see how to set its sensitivity, so it isn't over-counting steps. Research says that wearing it on your non-dominate wrist is better for accuracy. For example, if you are right-handed, wear it on your left wrist. Your steps per mile will be inaccurate when wearing a wrist-based fitness tracker if you don't use arm motion, such as when you are holding onto the handrails of a treadmill or pushing a baby stroller. They may also be inaccurate when you are using trekking poles and not moving the poles every step. A Word From Verywell Knowing how many steps are typical for a mile, you can begin to envision how much you need to walk to log 10,000 steps per day on a pedometer. It also works in reverse. The miles might not seem so long if you realize how many you manage to log during your daily activities. Keep moving and you will make it to your daily goal. Sources: Barreira TV, Rowe DA, Kang M. " Parameters of Walking and Jogging in Healthy Young Adults ," International Journal of Exercise Science. Vol. 3 (2010) Iss. 1. Bassett DR, Toth LP, Lamunion SR, Crouter SE. Step Counting: A Review of Measurement Considerations and Health-Related Applications. Sports Medicine. 2016;47 (7):1303-1315. Hoeger WK, Bond L, Ransdell L, Shimon JM, Merugu S. " One-Mile Step Count at Walking and Running Speeds " ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, January/February 2008, Vol. 12, No. 1.

D2937248

https://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/housekeeping/1394459-Advice-please-how-to-clean-stained-toilet

Talk

Add message | Reportcutteduppear Sun 29-Jan-12 10:11:06I'm sure I saw a thread on this here recently but I can't find it. Anyway our downstairs loo has dark (it's stained limescale) deposit in the bowl, and a yellow stain around the rim - above the place where you squirt the stuff under the rim, it's all along the rim itself. This toilet is the worst one as my DS uses it before going to school, forgets to flush in his eagerness to save the planet, and the wee sits there all day. Any hints you could pass on to me? Add message | Report Auntiestablishment Sun 29-Jan-12 10:14:01If it's basically limescale, then limescale remover, leave til limescale as dissolved, rinse and follow up with bleach. Add message | Report Auntiestablishment Sun 29-Jan-12 10:15:06*has. Add message | Report Piglet John Sun 29-Jan-12 11:52:30if you are in a hard water area, look in the cistern. If it is encrusted with scale, I find a Parazone Cistern Bleach Block (no colour or scent) will slowly dissolve the old scale. If you have another look in the cistern a month later I think you will be surprised to see the difference. As the water flushes down, it slowly clears the waterways round the rim, which is otherwise very difficult to do. If the pan is very old, the scale might have eroded or penetrated the glaze (odd but it does happen) so it is permanemtly roughened. The chlorine bleach does cause rubber parts to perish earlier than usual. Add message | Report Js Other Half Mon 30-Jan-12 22:33:04Urine stains are usually removed by a magic eraser sponge. Add message | Reportcutteduppear Tue 31-Jan-12 08:41:27Ok, what is a magic eraser sponge ?? You can't just leave me hanging like that, I do not have this magic thing! Even though I went in Lakeland yesterday and accidentally spent £37 on cleaning stuff. Not my fault, I didn't even know they had real shops!Add message | Report Js Other Half Tue 31-Jan-12 10:35:02Rofl @ accidentally spending money there. It is very easily done. You can get the sponges in most supermarkets, and places like poundland, etc http://www.amazon.co.uk/10-Magic-Eraser-Sponges-Chemical/dp/B003QITQC6/ref=dp_cp_ob_diy_title_1Add message | Reportvaliumredhead Tue 31-Jan-12 14:29:47Harpic over night then bleach every day. Add message | Reportcutteduppear Tue 31-Jan-12 18:23:51Bleach every day?? No way. I'm eco, me. Which might be why I've got limescale in the loo, but I'd rather that than kill the fishes. Add message | Report Auntiestablishment Tue 31-Jan-12 18:25:30You can probably get much the same effect with vinegar & other Kim-and-Aggie tips. Just takes longer. Add message | Reporthillyhilly Tue 31-Jan-12 18:26:34I think a bottle of cheap cola is supposed to work wonders?? Not sure how long you leave maybe overnight. Add message | Report Big Boobied Bertha Tue 31-Jan-12 18:31:27Denture cleaning tablets are supposed to do the job especially if you can put a couple in over night so they have a chance to work. I suppose that makes sense as your false teeth would take all night to soak. <disclaimer I don't have false teeth so I haven't tried out the effectiveness of this>Add message | Report Fo0ffy Shmo0ffer Tue 31-Jan-12 18:33:05I second the Harpic Limescale remover. Definitely leave it over night and a damn good scrub in the morning. Brilliant. Add message | Report Afternoon Nap Tue 31-Jan-12 18:40:04Bottle of supermarket coca cola - unscrew it and leave to go flat, then empty into the loo, leave overnight - et voila (as we say here in Brussels! )Add message | Reportbig Tilly Mint Tue 31-Jan-12 18:42:52If it is in the bottom of the loo, scoop out all the water, apply harpic limescale remover or other chemical, and scrub with a pan scrubber till it is all gone. IME you have to scrub the limescale off - it doesn't just disappear Add message | Report Happyasapiginshite Wed 01-Feb-12 00:40:36Another voice for Harpic Limescale remover. Use a whole bottle, leave overnight and it will work. It's great stuff. Add message | Reportpengymum Wed 01-Feb-12 00:55:03If you don't want to use Harpic Extra Strong limescale remover (can get fizzy blocks you put in loo overnight or the liquid), you can use white vinegar neat to remove limescale (like descaling kettle!) But you need to get most of the water out of bottom of loo first, for quicker result. Either scoop out or use a plunger to get most round the u-bend and then soak up the rest with old towels or rags. Then either spritz vinegar over the limescale, repeating at intervals or pour in loads so that the area is covered. This will dissolve the limescale so can rinse and flush away. To remove limescale from cistern, you will need to do something similar or use a block in tank. Will need to repeat this periodically as will build up again. Using bleach will not remove any limescale, it just bleaches any colour away, the scale is still there and will stain again straightaway. The alternative to vinegar is scrubbing but that is also dangerous as can damage the glaze. Do not use cola as it contains colour and may well end up with brown stains as opposed to yellow ones ... I use the Harpic fizzing blocks in the loo overnight every so often and bleach in between - loo sparkles! Good luck! HTHAdd message | Reportcutteduppear Wed 01-Feb-12 13:15:22I have just bought some rather exciting things from Lakeland that you put in the cistern to keep yourself clear of limescale. They are round hollow ball things with strong magnets in, £14 for 2 but worth it I hope in the long run. You can also put one in the washing machine to keep pipes clear. <bows down before goddess Lakeland> I will do all this cleaning stuff tpo to get me started though!Add message | Reportdizzyday07 Wed 01-Feb-12 13:57:22We have cisterns that you operate with a button on top and not a handle so I can't get a block in there. Does Parazone do anything else that will get limescale off from under the rim? Add message | Reportvaliumredhead Wed 01-Feb-12 15:29:55I'd rather have a clean loo than a manky loo Add message | Report Gwennie F Wed 01-Feb-12 15:34:36I remember seeing a programme a few years ago where Kim and Aggie were doing their thing - the one with the bun poured coke down the loo and left it for a while and it came up good as new after a quick scrub. My mother tried it when she bought a house a few years ago and swore it worked... Add message | Reportkrisskross Wed 01-Feb-12 22:29:39in my sadly considerable experience if its really bad limescale the only way to et rid is to scoop out all the water, sloosh loads of white vinegar on it, leave it for few hours, then scrub off, its quite miraculous and blows away the toilet cleaners. Add message | Reportcutteduppear Wed 01-Feb-12 22:37:00I think I might have a go at the white vinegar thing tomorrow, am looking forward to it (except trying to get all the water out maybe...)Add message | Reportstarlingsintheslipstream Wed 01-Feb-12 22:41:47Yes, white vinegar is the business! But don't put vinegar down straight after commercial/bleach type products as the mix can be a bit noxious. Add message | Reportcutteduppear Thu 02-Feb-12 08:21:44Well I don't even possess any bleach as I don't believe I have the right to regularly chuck harmful chemicals into the ecosystem, so no worries there.

D34032

http://www.songlyrics.com/perry-como/christ-is-born-lyrics/

Perry Como - Christ Is Born Lyrics

Perry Como - Christ Is Born Lyrics Artist: Perry Como Album: The Perry Como Christmas Album Heyo! SONGLYRICS just got interactive. Highlight. Review: RIFF-it. RIFF-it good. It is "He", Christ who is born today See Him crying in the manger King of Heaven Son of God Hallelujah! Hallelujah! There He lies there with the lam'kin Only swaddle for his garment With his Holy Mother Mary Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Glory, Glory, Almighty God! And on Earth, Peace to All Men Hear the joyful angels singing Hallelujah! Hallelujah! He is born, let us adore Him Christ the Lord King of Kings Prince of Peace for All the Universe Hallelujah! Hallelujah!Lyrics powered by www.musixmatch.com Submit lyrics correction →

D3412837

http://www.city-data.com/city/Centerburg-Ohio.html

Centerburg, Ohio

Follow city-data.com founder on our Forum or@Lech Mazur Centerburg, Ohioadd your Submit your own pictures of this village and show them to the World See promotion details and to upload your Centerburg, Ohio photos OSM Map General Map Google Map MSN Map54°F10 miles Wind: 8 mph Pressure: 30.00 in Humidity: 58%Current weather forecast for Centerburg, OHPopulation in 2014: 1,989 (0% urban, 100% rural). Population change since 2000: +38.9%Males: 1,025 (51.6%)Females: 964 (48.4%)Median resident age: 37.4 years Ohio median age: 39.3 years Zip codes: 43011. Estimated median household income in 2016: $37,868 ( it was $39,750 in 2000)Centerburg: $37,868OH: $52,334Estimated per capita income in 2016: $21,740 ( it was $16,764 in 2000) Centerburg village income, earnings, and wages data Estimated median house or condo value in 2016: $160,175 ( it was $95,500 in 2000 )Centerburg: $160,175OH: $140,100Mean prices in 2016: All housing units: $152,813; Detached houses: $154,611Median gross rent in 2016: $649. Recent home sales, real estate maps, and home value estimator for zip code 43011Centerburg, OH residents, houses, and apartments details Options XUser-defined colors Preset color patterns Most recent value% change since 2k Data: Options Get link Loading data... Based on 2000-2016 data Loading data...123Hide US histogram Races in Centerburg, OH (2010)1,71796.8%White alone251.4%Two or more races221.2%Black alone50.3%Asian alone30.2%Hispanic10.06%American Indian alone Races in Centerburg detailed stats: ancestries, foreign born residents, place of birth Mar. 2016 cost of living index in Centerburg: 85.3 (less than average, U. S. average is 100)Recent articles from our blog. Our writers, many of them Ph. D. graduates or candidates, create easy-to-read articles on a wide variety of topics. The return of the vinyl: a period of constant growth in sales Apr 2Police officer fatalities: facts and figures Mar 29The vegan lifestyle: Is it healthy or not? Mar 26Measuring seasonality in new housing starts Mar 23U. S. economic growth: gross domestic product Mar 20Recent posts about Centerburg, Ohio on our local forum with over 2,000,000 registered users. Centerburg is mentioned 12 times on our forum: Centerburg (1 reply)What does Ohio think of Southwest Ohio? (Cincy, dayton....ect. (221 replies)Benefits of living close to Downtown Columbus for family? (14 replies)looking for small town in OH to make home (202 replies)Marysville or Delaware? (11 replies)Please Help Not sure where to look to move too (9 replies)Latest news from Centerburg, OH collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations Newton Falls standout Kline named All-Ohio First Team WYTV com Cardington; Dani Hall, Columbus Ready; Cierra Joiner, Centerburg; Bekah Muselin, Marion Elgin; Tayler Pierce, Grandview Heights. (wytv.com)wkyc com Westerville chief: Fallen officers were heroes not in death but in life Eva, Elena and Ella, graduate from high school in Centerburg. His wife, Jami, would mark that milestone without him. (wkyc.com)Champion baseball headlines Final OHSAA Coaches Poll WYTV com (3), Zane Trace (2), West Jefferson (2), Northeastern (1), Centerburg (1), Wickliffe (1) (wytv.com)Ancestries: German (24.7%), English (15.2%), American (14.3%), Italian (13.2%), Irish (4.9%), Scottish (3.7%). Current Local Time: 1:26:32 AM EST time zone Elevation: 1210 feet Land area: 0.64 square miles. Population density: 3,095 people per square mile (average). For population 25 years and over in Centerburg: High school or higher: 90.8%Bachelor's degree or higher: 16.4%Graduate or professional degree: 3.7%Unemployed: 4.3%Mean travel time to work (commute): 27.0 minutes For population 15 years and over in Centerburg village: Never married: 26.0%Now married: 43.9%Separated: 4.1%Widowed: 12.4%Divorced: 13.6%2 residents are foreign born This village: 0.1%Ohio: 4.2%According to our research of Ohio and other state lists there were 5 registered sex offenders living in Centerburg, Ohio as of April 11, 2018. The ratio of number of residents in Centerburg to the number of sex offenders is 360 to 1. Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2016: $1,647 (1.0%) Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2016: $1,773 (1.1%)Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Columbus, OH (26.8 miles, pop. 711,470). Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Chicago, IL (280.7 miles, pop. 2,896,016). Nearest cities: Hartford, OH (2.1 miles ), Sparta, OH (2.5 miles) , East Liberty, OH (2.6 miles ), Marengo, OH (3.0 miles ), Sunbury, OH (3.1 miles ), Johnstown, OH (3.3 miles ), Galena, OH (3.4 miles ), Chesterville, OH (3.5 miles) . Single-family new house construction building permits:1997: 1 building, cost: $66,2001998: 1 building, cost: $66,2001999: 1 building, cost: $66,2002000: 1 building, cost: $66,2002001: 1 building, cost: $66,2002002: 1 building, cost: $66,2002003: 1 building, cost: $66,2002004: 5 buildings, average cost: $150,0002005: 9 buildings, average cost: $170,4002006: 9 buildings, average cost: $165,0002007: 7 buildings, average cost: $165,0002008: 2 buildings, average cost: $162,5002009: 2 buildings, average cost: $162,5002010: 25 buildings, average cost: $100,0002011: 24 buildings, average cost: $100,0002012: 27 buildings, average cost: $100,0002013: 28 buildings, average cost: $100,0002014: 29 buildings, average cost: $100,000Number of permits per 10,000 residents Average cost (in $1000s)Latitude: 40.30 N, Longitude: 82.70 WArea code: 740This village's Wikipedia profile Unemployment in September 2015: Here: 3.9%Ohio: 4.3%Unemployment by year (%)Population change in the 1990s: +90 (+6.7%). Most common industries in 2016 (%)Males Females Manufacturing (23%)Construction (22%)Retail trade (10%)Administrative and support and waste management services (8%)Health care and social assistance (6%)Transportation and warehousing (5%)Accommodation and food services (4%)Health care and social assistance (25%)Retail trade (18%)Accommodation and food services (10%)Finance and insurance (8%)Professional, scientific, and technical services (8%)Educational services (6%)Other services, except public administration (5%)Most common occupations in 2016 (%)Males Females Management occupations (15%)Construction and extraction occupations (14%)Office and administrative support occupations (12%)Production occupations (9%)Architecture and engineering occupations (8%)Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (7%)Business and financial operations occupations (7%)Office and administrative support occupations (27%)Food preparation and serving related occupations (13%)Health technologists and technicians (9%)Management occupations (8%)Personal care and service occupations (7%)Business and financial operations occupations (6%)Health diagnosing and treating practitioners and other technical occupations (5%)Work and jobs in Centerburg: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute Average climate in Centerburg, Ohio Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations Tornado activity: Centerburg-area historical tornado activity is near Ohio state average. It is 20% greater than the overall U. S. average. On 5/31/1985, a category F3 ( max. wind speeds 158-206 mph) tornado 9.4 miles away from the Centerburg village center killed one person and injured 20 people and caused between $5,000,000 and $50,000,000 in damages. On 6/13/1981, a category F3 tornado 17.3 miles away from the village center killed 4 people and injured 56 people and caused between $5,000,000 and $50,000,000 in damages. Earthquake activity: Centerburg-area historical earthquake activity is near Ohio state average. It is 84% smaller than the overall U. S. average. On 9/25/1998 at 19:52:52, a magnitude 5.2 (4.8 MB, 4.3 MS, 5.2 LG, 4.5 MW, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 145.6 miles away from the city center On 7/27/1980 at 18:52:21, a magnitude 5.2 (5.1 MB, 4.7 MS, 5.0 UK, 5.2 UK) earthquake occurred 159.8 miles away from Centerburg center On 1/31/1986 at 16:46:43, a magnitude 5.0 (5.0 MB) earthquake occurred 120.4 miles away from the city center On 7/12/1986 at 08:19:37, a magnitude 4.5 (4.5 MB, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 89.7 miles away from the city center On 4/18/2008 at 09:36:59, a magnitude 5.4 (5.1 MB, 4.8 MS, 5.4 MW, 5.2 MW, Depth: 8.9 mi) earthquake occurred 305.6 miles away from Centerburg center On 9/7/1988 at 02:28:09, a magnitude 4.6 (4.5 MB, 4.6 LG) earthquake occurred 162.4 miles away from the city center Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW)Natural disasters: The number of natural disasters in Knox County (9) is smaller than the US average (13). Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 5 Emergencies Declared: 4 Causes of natural disasters: Storms: 4, Floods: 3, Snowstorms: 2, Winds: 2, Blizzard: 1, Hurricane: 1, Mudslide: 1, Power Outage: 1, Tornado: 1, Tropical Depression: 1, Winter Storm: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category). Birthplace of: Daniel H. Reynolds - Confederate States Army brigadier general, Josh Hegenderfer - College basketball player (Kent State Golden Flashes). Hospitals and medical centers in Centerburg: CANTERBURY VILLA (80 MILLER STREET)CANTERBURY VILLA OF CENTERBURG (80 MILLER ST)CENTERBURG POINTE (4531 COLUMBUS ROAD)HEARTLAND OF CENTERBURG (212 FAIRVIEW AVENUE)Political contributions by individuals in Centerburg, OHairports located in Centerburg: Chapman Memorial Field Airport (6CM) ( Runways: 1, Itinerant Ops: 1,500, Local Ops: 2,500)Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Centerburg: Otterbein University ( about 18 miles; Westerville, OH; Full-time enrollment: 2,933)Denison University ( about 19 miles; Granville, OH; FT enrollment: 2,268)Central Ohio Technical College ( about 21 miles; Newark, OH; FT enrollment: 2,995)Ohio State University-Newark Campus ( about 21 miles; Newark, OH; FT enrollment: 2,028)Ohio Dominican University ( about 26 miles; Columbus, OH; FT enrollment: 2,045)Ohio State University-Main Campus ( about 27 miles; Columbus, OH; FT enrollment: 50,395)Capital University ( about 28 miles; Columbus, OH; FT enrollment: 3,029)Public high school in Centerburg: CENTERBURG HIGH SCHOOL ( Students: 380, Location: 3782 COLUMBUS RD, Grades: 8-12)Public elementary/middle schools in Centerburg: CENTERBURG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ( Students: 506, Location: 207 S PRESTON ST, Grades: KG-5)CENTERBURG MIDDLE SCHOOL ( Students: 254, Location: 3782 COLUMBUS ROAD, Grades: 6-8)See full list of schools located in Centerburg Library in Centerburg: CENTERBURG PUBLIC LIBRARY ( Operating income: $310,087; Location: 49 E. MAIN ST.; 28,832 books; 473 audio materials; 1,434 video materials; 266 state licensed databases; 1 other licensed databases; 113 print serial subscriptions; 1 electronic serial subscriptions)Click to draw/clear village borders Churches in Centerburg include: Centerburg United Methodist Church (A), Centerburg Christian Church (B), Grace Lutheran Church (C). Display/hide their locations on the map Knox County has a predicted average indoor radon screening level greater than 4 p Ci/L (pico curies per liter) - Highest Potential Air pollution and air quality trends (lower is better)AQI Ozone PM 2.5Air Quality Index (AQI) level in 2013 was 78.9. This is about average. City: 78.9U. S.: 74.7Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2016: 19.7% (19.6% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 15.7% for Black residents, 37.0% for two or more races residents)Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Centerburg, OHAverage household size: This village: 2.6 people Ohio: 2.4 people Percentage of family households: This village: 69.3%Whole state: 65.0%Percentage of households with unmarried partners: This village: 7.4%Whole state: 6.8%Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)Lesbian couples: 0.3% of all households Gay men: 0.2% of all households135 people in nursing facilities/skilled-nursing facilities in 2010 105 people in nursing homes in 2000Banks with branches in Centerburg (2011 data): The Park National Bank: 1503 Centerburg Branch at 35 West Main Street, Drawer F, branch established on 1953/09/05. Info updated 2008/09/29: Bank assets: $6,281.7 mil, Deposits: $4,611.6 mil, headquarters in Newark, OH, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 123 total offices, Holding Company: Park National Corporation First Federal Savings and Loan Association: First Federal Savings And Loan Assoc at 5 East Main Street, branch established on 1934/06/01. Info updated 2011/07/21: Bank assets: $27.2 mil, Deposits: $22.7 mil, local headquarters, negative income in the last year, Mortgage Lending Specialization, 1 total offices Educational Attainment (%) in 2016School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2016Education Gini index (Inequality in education)Here: 8.1Ohio average: 10.7Presidential Elections Results1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 20161996 Presidential Elections Results2000 Presidential Elections Results2004 Presidential Elections Results2008 Presidential Elections Results2012 Presidential Elections Results2016 Presidential Elections Results Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results Religion statistics for Centerburg village (based on Knox County data)Religion Adherents Congregations Evangelical Protestant 13,143 76Mainline Protestant 6,260 39Catholic 3,250 2Other 389 2Black Protestant 123 1None 37,756 -Source: Clifford Grammich, Kirk Hadaway, Richard Houseal, Dale E. Jones, Alexei Krindatch, Richie Stanley and Richard H. Taylor. 2012. 2010 U. S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center. Graphs represent county-level data Food Environment Statistics: Number of grocery stores: 12Knox County: 2.04 / 10,000 pop. Ohio: 1.89 / 10,000 pop. Number of convenience stores (no gas): 3Knox County: 0.51 / 10,000 pop. Ohio: 1.25 / 10,000 pop. Number of convenience stores (with gas): 19Knox County: 3.23 / 10,000 pop. State: 2.93 / 10,000 pop. Number of full-service restaurants: 27Here: 4.58 / 10,000 pop. State: 6.25 / 10,000 pop. Adult diabetes rate: This county: 9.9%Ohio: 10.3%Adult obesity rate: Knox County: 28.6%Ohio: 29.1%Low-income preschool obesity rate: This county: 11.7%State: 11.9%Health and Nutrition: Healthy diet rate: Centerburg: 45.0%Ohio: 49.6%Average overall health of teeth and gums: Here: 40.5%State: 46.4%Average BMI: Centerburg: 28.3State: 28.8People feeling badly about themselves: This city: 17.5%Ohio: 21.0%People not drinking alcohol at all: Centerburg: 8.8%Ohio: 10.7%Average hours sleeping at night: This city: 6.4Ohio: 6.8Overweight people: Centerburg: 30.6%State: 34.2%General health condition: Centerburg: 52.3%Ohio: 56.1%Average condition of hearing: This city: 81.0%Ohio: 78.7%More about Health and Nutrition of Centerburg, OH Residents Local government employment and payroll (March 2012)Function Full-time employees Monthly full-time payroll Average yearly full-time wage Part-time employees Monthly part-time payroll Financial Administration 1 $2,466 $29,592 2 $2,549Other Government Administration 1 $613 $7,356 11 $121Streets and Highways 4 $4,550 $13,650 0 $0Sewerage 4 $4,550 $13,650 0 $0Water Supply 4 $4,550 $13,650 0 $0Totals for Government 14 $16,729 $14,339 13 $2,6704.96% of this county's 2011 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2010 ($35,921 average adjusted gross income)Here: 4.96%Ohio average: 4.72%10 or fewer of this county's residents moved from foreign countries between 2010 and 2011. Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2010 and 2011:from Franklin County, OH 0.84% ($32,120 average AGI)from Licking County, OH 0.55% ($29,512)from Richland County, OH 0.30% ($29,925)4.84% of this county's 2010 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2011 ($36,067 average adjusted gross income)Here: 4.84%Ohio average: 5.14%0.06% of residents moved to foreign countries ($242 average AGI)Knox County: 0.06%Ohio average: 0.04%Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2010 and 2011:to Franklin County, OH 0.75% ($30,097 average AGI)to Licking County, OH 0.66% ($31,869)to Delaware County, OH 0.33% ($44,847)Strongest AM radio stations in Centerburg: WTVN (610 AM; 50 k W; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: CITICASTERS LICENSES, L. P.)WRFD (880 AM; daytime; 23 k W; COLUMBUS-WORTHINGTON, OH; Owner: SALEM MEDIA OF OHIO, INC.)WOSU (820 AM; 5 k W; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY)WDLR (1550 AM; 4 k W; DELAWARE, OH; Owner: THE FIFTEEN FIFTY CORPORATION)WKNR (850 AM; 50 k W; CLEVELAND, OH; Owner: CARON BROADCASTING, INC.)WTAM (1100 AM; 50 k W; CLEVELAND, OH; Owner: JACOR BROADCASTING CORPORATION)WLW (700 AM; 50 k W; CINCINNATI, OH; Owner: JACOR BROADCASTING CORPORATION)WHK (1220 AM; 50 k W; CLEVELAND, OH; Owner: CARON BROADCASTING, INC.)WBNS (1460 AM; 5 k W; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: RADIOHIO, INCORPORATED)WWVA (1170 AM; 53 k W; WHEELING, WV; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)WJR (760 AM; 50 k W; DETROIT, MI; Owner: ABC, INC.)WFDF (910 AM; 50 k W; FLINT, MI; Owner: ABC, INC.)WHTH (790 AM; 1 k W; HEATH, OH; Owner: RUNNYMEDE, INC.)Strongest FM radio stations in Centerburg: WSMZ (103.1 FM; JOHNSTOWN, OH; Owner: STOP 26- RIVERBEND, INC.)WQIO (93.7 FM; MOUNT VERNON, OH; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)WWBK (98.3 FM; FREDERICKTOWN, OH; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)WODB (107.9 FM; DELAWARE, OH; Owner: FRANKLIN COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)W201AK (88.1 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: THE CEDARVILLE UNIVERSITY)WOSU-FM (89.7 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY)WSNY (94.7 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: FRANKLIN COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)WEGE (103.9 FM; WESTERVILLE, OH; Owner: NORTH AMERICAN BROADCASTING CO. INC.)WBZX (99.7 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: NORTH AMERICAN BROADCASTING CO., INC)WBNS-FM (97.1 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: RADIO OHIO, INC.)WCOL-FM (92.3 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: CITICASTERS LICENSES, L. P.)WXMG (98.9 FM; UPPER ARLINGTON, OH; Owner: BLUE CHIP BROADCASTING LICENSES, LTD)WLVQ (96.3 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: INFINITY RADIO OPERATIONS INC.)WUFM (88.7 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: SPIRIT COMMUNICATIONS, INC)WCVO (104.9 FM; GAHANNA, OH; Owner: CHRISTIAN VOICE OF CENTRAL OHIO)WRVT (88.7 FM; RUTLAND, VT; Owner: VERMONT PUBLIC RADIO)WNCI (97.9 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: CITICASTERS LICENSES, L. P.)WNZR (90.9 FM; MOUNT VERNON, OH; Owner: MT. VERNON NAZARENE COLLEGE)WFJX (105.7 FM; HILLIARD, OH; Owner: CITICASTERS LICENSES, L. P.)WCBE (90.5 FM; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: BD. OF EDUC.,CITY SCH. DIST.,COLUMBUS)TV broadcast stations around Centerburg: WOSU-TV ( Channel 34; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY)WMFD-TV ( Channel 68; MANSFIELD, OH; Owner: MID-STATE TELEVISION,INC. )WBNS-TV ( Channel 10; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: WBNS-TV, INC.)WCMH-TV ( Channel 4; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: OUTLET BROADCASTING, INC.)WSYX ( Channel 6; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: WSYX LICENSEE, INC.)WTTE ( Channel 28; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: COLUMBUS (WTTE-TV) LICENSEE, INC.)WCPX-LP ( Channel 48; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: PAXSON COMMUNICATIONS LICENSE COMPANY, LLC)WINJ-LP ( Channel 8; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: THE NEW LIFE FELLOWSHIP OF CHURCHES)WCLL-LP ( Channel 19; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: JONATHAN W. OWENS)WDEM-LP ( Channel 17; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: TRIPLETT & ASSOCIATES, INC.)WXCB-LP ( Channel 42; DELAWARE, OH; Owner: CENTRAL OHIO ASSOCIATION OF CHRISTIAN BROADCASTERS)W43BZ ( Channel 43; COLUMBUS, OH; Owner: VENTANA TELEVISION, INC.)Centerburg fatal accident list: Sep 17, 1983 05:30 AM, 36, Vehicles: 1, Persons: 1, Fatalities: 1National Bridge Inventory (NBI) Statistics2 Number of bridges4m13ft Total length9,280 Total average daily traffic625 Total average daily truck traffic12,881 Total future (year 2033) average daily traffic FCC Registered Antenna Towers:65 ( See the full list of FCC Registered Antenna Towers in Centerburg)FCC Registered Private Land Mobile Towers:3CENTERBURG WT, Muni Watertower, Corner Of Main St. & Johnsville Rd. ( Lat: 40.310333 Lon: -82.691556), Type: Tank, Structure height: 41.1 m, Overall height: 46.1 m, Call Sign: WQDM383 Assigned Frequencies: 159.330 MHz Grant Date: 08/13/2015, Expiration Date: 09/29/2025, Certifier: David B Barber Registrant: Vasu Communications, Inc., Avon, OH 44011-0236, Phone: (440) 934-5268, Fax: (440) 924-4679, Email: karenk@vasucom.com Sr 314 N ( Lat: 40.351111 Lon: -82.688611), Type: Tower, Structure height: 83.8 m, Call Sign: WQEU705 Assigned Frequencies: 151.250 MHz Grant Date: 02/03/2016, Expiration Date: 04/19/2026, Certifier: Larry Hatton Registrant: Vasu Communications Inc, Avon, OH 44011, Phone: (440) 934-5268, Fax: (440) 934-4679, Email: karenk@vasucom.com Lat: 40.294694 Lon: -82.705500, Call Sign: WQLV869 Assigned Frequencies: 467.212 MHz Grant Date: 05/06/2010, Expiration Date: 05/06/2020, Certifier: Michael Hebenthal Registrant: Fit, 1565 Oak Street, Eugene, OR 97401, Phone: (541) 485-8441, Fax: (541) 485-7556, Email: license@landmobile.com FCC Registered Microwave Towers:7900' Ne Of Int Of Sr 314 And Olive Green Rd ( Lat: 40.351167 Lon: -82.688500), Overall height: 83.8 m, Call Sign: WPOQ442 Assigned Frequencies: 949.500 MHz Grant Date: 10/09/1998, Expiration Date: 10/01/2012, Cancellation Date: 01/22/2009 Registrant: The Wosu Stations, 2400 Olentangy Road, Columbus, OH 43040, Phone: (614) 292-9678900 Ft Ne Of Int Of Sr 314 & Olive Green Rd ( Lat: 40.351167 Lon: -82.688500), Overall height: 83.8 m, Call Sign: WPOQ444 Assigned Frequencies: 951.500 MHz Grant Date: 10/09/1998, Expiration Date: 10/01/2012, Cancellation Date: 01/22/2009 Registrant: The Wosu Stations, 2400 Olentangy Road, Columbus, OH 43040, Phone: (614) 292-9678CENTERBURGWT, Watertower Corner Of Main Street & Johnsville Road ( Lat: 40.310333 Lon: -82.691556), Type: Tank, Structure height: 34 m, Call Sign: WQEP662 Assigned Frequencies: 934.862 MHz, 934.962 MHz, 953.950 MHz Grant Date: 02/03/2016, Expiration Date: 03/20/2026, Certifier: Larry Hatton Registrant: Vasu Communications Inc, Avon, OH 44011-0236, Phone: (440) 934-5268, Fax: (440) 934-4679, Email:karenk@vasucom.com OH0132, 6421 Columbus Road ( Lat: 40.337556 Lon: -82.653472), Type: Tower, Structure height: 121.9 m, Overall height: 128 m, Call Sign: WQNQ631 Assigned Frequencies: 11345.0 MHz, 5974.85 MHz, 6315.84 MHz Grant Date: 04/20/2011, Expiration Date: 04/20/2021, Cancellation Date: 02/16/2012, Certifier: Madanraj Jothi Registrant: Open Range Communications Inc., 6430 S. Fiddlers Green Circle, Suite 500, Greenwood Village, CO 80111, Phone: (303) 376-2112, Fax: (303) 376-2109, Email: tom@openrange.us ATC83128, 6421 Columbus Road ( Lat: 40.337556 Lon: -82.653472), Type: Gtower, Structure height: 121.9 m, Overall height: 128 m, Call Sign: WQQP299, Licensee ID: L01604555 Assigned Frequencies: 6345.49 MHz, 6404.79 MHz Grant Date: 02/06/2013, Expiration Date: 02/06/2023, Certifier: Brian Sullivan Registrant: Comprehensive Wireless LLC, 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, DE 19801, Phone: (302) 658-7581BENNINGTON T, 8067 Bennington Chapel Rd (Oh16296-B) ( Lat: 40.238583 Lon: -82.645056), Type: Gtower, Structure height: 121.9 m, Overall height: 123.7 m, Call Sign: WQXE393 Assigned Frequencies: 6004.50 MHz Grant Date: 02/10/2016, Expiration Date: 02/10/2026, Certifier: Steven A Regitz Registrant: Verizon Wireless, 1120 Sanctuary Pkwy #150 Gasa5reg, Alpharetta, GA 30009-7630, Phone: (770) 797-1070, Fax: (770) 797-1036, Email:licensingcompliance@verizonwireless.com STATION, 900 Ft Ne Junction Sr 314 And Olive Green Rd ( Lat: 40.351167 Lon: -82.688500), Overall height: 83.8 m, Call Sign: KNN34 Assigned Frequencies: 6745.00 MHz, 6685.00 MHz, 6705.00 MHz, 6635.00 MHz Grant Date: 10/09/1996, Expiration Date: 10/31/2001, Cancellation Date: 09/27/2000 Registrant: Phone: (614) 644-6488FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:48 ( See the full list of FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses in Centerburg)FAA Registered Aircraft:29 ( See the full list of FAA Registered Aircraft in Centerburg )Drinking water stations with addresses in Centerburg and their reported violations in the past: TABLE ROCK GOLF CLUB ( Population served: 112, Groundwater): Past health violations: MCL, Monthly (TCR) - In JUN-2009, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Compliance achieved (MAR-19-2010)MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between APR-2009 and JUN-2009, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (JUN-15-2009), St Public Notif requested (JUN-18-2009), St Compliance achieved (MAR-19-2010)MCL, Monthly (TCR) - In SEP-2008, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Compliance achieved (MAR-31-2009)Past monitoring violations: One routine major monitoring violation THE DINER ( Population served: 25, Groundwater): Past health violations: MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between JUL-2013 and SEP-2013, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (NOV-08-2013), St Public Notif requested (NOV-08-2013)Past monitoring violations:10 routine major monitoring violations3 regular monitoring violations Drinking water stations with addresses in Centerburg that have no violations reported: CENTERBURG VILLAGE PWS ( Address: DRAWER D, Population served: 1,773, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)THE WINERY AT OTTER CREEK PWS ( Population served: 52, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System Incidents: Fire: 60Hazardous Condition: 30Service Call: 1Good Intent Call: 1Incident types - Centerburg See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for Centerburg, OHMost common first names in Centerburg, OH among deceased individuals Name Count Lived (average)William 42 76.0 years Charles 40 76.5 years Robert 39 72.3 years Mary 32 77.9 years John 31 70.3 years James 25 67.6 years Donald 21 68.3 years Helen 20 81.2 years Ruth 19 79.0 years George 17 78.4 years Most common last names in Centerburg, OH among deceased individuals Last name Count Lived (average)Smith 20 70.5 years Hall 18 77.3 years Brown 14 77.4 years Myers 11 73.2 years Miller 10 73.8 years Pruett 10 78.9 years Jones 9 81.1 years Jackson 9 82.1 years Wright 8 79.2 years Moreland 8 73.8 years Most commonly used house heating fuel: Utility gas (74%)Electricity (24%)Wood (1%)Other fuel (1%)Businesses in Centerburg, OHUPS: 1Centerburg compared to Ohio state average: Unemployed percentage significantly below state average. Black race population percentage significantly below state average. Hispanic race population percentage significantly below state average. Median age below state average. Foreign-born population percentage significantly below state average. Institutionalized population percentage significantly above state average. There are 21 pilots and 19 other airmen in this city. Cost of Living Calculator Your current salary: State of origin: Destination state: Top Patent Applicants Christopher T. Cordle (4)Lawrence Bullen (2)Amy Marchio (1)Joseph W. Martin (1)Lee Lempke (1)William E. Miller (1)Jonathan R. Wolf (1)Total of 11 patent applications in 2008-2018.

D367031

https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/student-resources/central-bank-history/history-of-central-banking

A History of Central Banking in the United States

A History of Central Banking in the United States A New Nation | The First Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States | "Free" Banks National Banks | Laying the Groundwork The Federal Reserve: 1913-present Prelude Nearly every country around the world, and certainly every developed industrial nation, has a central bank. Most serve one or more of the following functions: acting as a bank for bankers, issuing a common currency, clearing payments, regulating banks and acting as a "lender of last resort" for banks in financial trouble. The one thing they all do is serve as banker to their own governments. But even though these central banks have common functions, each still operates in distinct ways, and those distinctions largely stem from the banks' historical foundations. If you want to understand the nature of a modern central bank, you have to study its history and relationship to commerce and government. This is especially true of the United States, where the Federal Reserve System's unique structure has been shaped by this country's earlier experiments with central banking, and by the political response to those experiments. Indeed, the Federal Reserve itself has changed in profound ways since it was signed into law in 1913. Still, as you will see, the Federal Reserve has similarities to the country's first attempt at central banking, and in that regard it owes an intellectual debt to Alexander Hamilton. "There is scarcely any point in the economy of national affairs of greater moment than the uniform preservation of the intrinsic value of the money unit," Hamilton wrote in 1791, one week after the Senate approved his bank bill, and sounding like a modern-day Fed chairman. "On this, the security and steady value of property essentially depend. "Top A New Nation: 1775-1790To finance the American Revolution, the Continental Congress printed the new nation's first paper money. Known as "continentals," the notes were originally intended to be redeemable on demand in specie. However, the congress reneged on its promise and issued notes in such quantity that they led to inflation, which, though mild at first, rapidly accelerated as the war progressed. Eventually, people lost faith in the notes, and the phrase "not worth a continental" came to mean "utterly worthless. "After the Revolutionary War ended, the nation had substantial debt, a significant portion of which was issued by the individual states. There was no common currency, as many states printed their own money. These were two of the chief financial problems facing the nation's founders around the time the Constitution was written. Alexander Hamilton thought having the federal government take over the states' war debts would be a good way to fix these problems while establishing federal power preeminent over that of the states, another of his goals. Top The First Bank of the United States: 1791-1811The Constitution itself prohibited state governments from issuing their own currency. The Bank of the United States was conceived in 1790 to deal with the war debt and to put the government on sound financial footing. It was intended to help fund the government's debt and issue currency notes. Hamilton, then President George Washington's Treasury secretary, was the architect of the Bank, which he modeled after the Bank of England. The Bank was to have start-up capital of $10 million, financed by selling stock. This was quite a large sum at the time. The federal government would own $2 million, giving it substantial control, with the remainder owned by private investors. In addition to the main office in Philadelphia, the Bank had eight branches, one in each of the nation's major cities. Though the intent of the Bank was to facilitate government finances, Hamilton had another goal in mind—to function as a commercial bank. At the time of the revolution, there were barely any banks in the colonies; Britain had used its authority to protect its own banks and prevent the development of financial rivals. Hamilton's vision was to create a central source of capital that could be lent to new businesses and thereby develop the nation's economy. So while in some ways the First Bank prefigured the Federal Reserve, it also differed from it significantly by offering commercial loans, which the Fed, along with most modern central banks, does not do. The Bank can be largely judged a success both in paying off war debts and in its commercial operations, which were much larger than its public activities. However, from the beginning, there were those who argued that the Bank was unconstitutional. The Constitution granted power to tax and print money to Congress, not a private corporation, critics argued. Also, with the war debt largely taken care of, many no longer saw the need for a national bank. So in 1811, when faced with the decision to renew the Bank's charter, Congress refused, by one vote, to renew it, and the bank ceased operations. Top The Second Bank of the United States: 1816-1836With the War of 1812, federal debt began to mount again. At the same time, most state-chartered banks, which were issuing their own currency, suspended specie payments. So public opinion again became favorable toward the idea of a national bank, and Congress chartered a new one, charged primarily with promoting a uniform currency by getting banks to resume specie payments. The Second Bank functioned as a clearinghouse; it held large quantities of other banks' notes in reserve and could discipline banks that it was concerned were over-issuing notes with the threat of redeeming those notes. In this way, it functioned as an early bank regulator, a crucial function of the modern Fed. The Second Bank was similar in structure to the First Bank, but bigger; it had capital of $35 million, with the government again holding one-fifth of the shares. Like the First Bank, it was headquartered in Philadelphia; over the time it operated, it had offices in 29 major cities around the country. Unlike the First Bank, however, the Second Bank was poorly managed at its outset and was on the verge of insolvency within a year-and-a-half after it opened. But after a congressional inquiry into the Second Bank's problems, Langdon Cheves was brought in as president in 1819 and saved it from collapse. Cheves was succeeded by Nicholas Biddle in 1822, and the Second Bank is generally considered to have operated effectively under their leadership. However, the Second Bank still had powerful opponents, primarily in the form of President Andrew Jackson. Jackson hadn't forgotten the lessons from the early years of the Bank's existence—that such a powerful private institution was susceptible to corruption and would be difficult to control. At the time Jackson was elected, the Bank was operating successfully and was one of the most powerful organizations in the country. Jackson made his opposition to the Bank clear from the beginning. When Bank President Nicholas Biddle heard Jackson intended to close the Bank, he began to use the Bank's resources against Jackson, which ignited a bitter struggle. When Jackson refused to renew the Bank's charter in 1832 and later began to pull federal deposits from its vaults, it was effectively crippled and withered until the charter expired in 1836. Top"Free" Banks: 1837-1863While there had always been state-chartered banks in the United States, with loss of the Second Bank's charter, there was a need for more banking. Consequently, during the period from 1837 to the Civil War, commonly known as the free banking era, states passed "free bank laws," which allowed banks to operate under a much less onerous charter. While banks were regulated, they were relatively free to enter the business by simply depositing government bonds with state auditors. These bonds were the collateral backing the notes free banks issued. In addition, free banks were required to redeem their notes on demand in specie. As a result of the free banking laws, hundreds of new banks opened their doors, and free bank notes circulated around the country, often at a discount: The discount on a given bank note varied in part with the distance from the issuing bank and in part with the perceived soundness of the bank. Over this period a private institution, known as the Suffolk Bank in New England, took on some of the roles typical of a central bank, such as clearing payments, exchanging notes and disciplining banks that were over-issuing their notes. Also, in response to a rising volume of note and check transactions beginning in the late-1840s, the New York Clearinghouse Association was established in 1853 to provide a way for the city's banks to exchange notes and checks and settle accounts. Top National Banks: 1863-1913The outbreak of the Civil War and the need to finance it led again to a renewed interest in a national bank. But this time, with the lessons of the Second Bank, the designers took a different approach, modeled on the free banking system. In 1863, they established what is now known as the "national banking system. "The new system allowed banks to choose between a national charter and a state charter. With a national charter, banks had to issue government-printed bills for their own notes, and the notes had to be backed by federal bonds, which helped fund the war effort. In 1865, state bank notes were taxed out of existence. Thus, in spite of all previous attempts, this was the first time a uniform national currency was established in the United States. Top Panic! 1873, 1893, 1907While the national banking system served its role in financing the war and establishing a uniform currency, it was fraught with at least one bank panic in every decade after the Civil War. A bank panic would often begin when depositors would learn that their bank was unable to meet withdrawal requests. This, in turn, caused a " run " on the bank, in which a large number of depositors attempted to pull out their money, causing an otherwise solvent bank to fail. Seeing this, depositors at other banks were led to withdraw their funds, causing a systemwide panic. In 1893, a bank panic coincided with the worst depression the United States had ever seen, and the economy stabilized only after the intervention of financial mogul J. P. Morgan. After another particularly bad panic and ensuing recession in 1907, bankers and the Congress decided it was time to reconsider a centralized national bank. Top Laying the Groundwork: 1908-1912This reconsideration led to the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908, which provided for emergency currency issues during crises. The act also established the National Monetary Commission to search for a long-term solution to the nation's banking and financial problems. The 1912 election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson replaced the Republican Aldrich plan, with what was to emerge as the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Though not personally knowledgeable about banking and financial issues, Woodrow Wilson solicited expert advice from Virginia Rep. Carter Glass, soon to become the chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Finance, and from the Committee's expert adviser, H. Parker Willis, formerly a professor of economics at Washington and Lee University. Throughout most of 1912, Glass and Willis labored over a central bank proposal, and by December 1912 they presented Wilson with what would become, with some modifications, the Federal Reserve Act. From December 1912 to December 1913, the Glass-Willis proposal was hotly debated, molded and reshaped. By December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law, it stood as a classic example of compromise—a decentralized central bank that balanced the competing interests of private banks and populist sentiment. Top The Federal Reserve: 1913-present In the intervening 70 years since the Second Bank closed, central banks in other countries such as England began to take on new roles. Their preferred status as the government's banker caused others to view them as more secure, which led to their holding deposits and serving as a "banker's bank." That, along with an expanded role in payments and lending, led to their taking on a regulatory role, since they needed to ensure the quality of banks with which they were doing business. And finally, their power over the issuing of currency and tremendous capital holdings led to the development of monetary policy, for which central banks are now best known. In designing the new Bank, Glass and Willis took lessons from the First and Second banks. They removed the private role of the bank in commercial lending, so that the new bank would be a largely public institution. Profits in excess of cost were handed over to the U. S. Treasury. In addition, the Fed was given authority over the nation's payments system. Financial transfers and check processing that were handled by private clearinghouses would now be conducted by the Fed, with the fees for such services going to run the Bank. Wary of repeating a battle like the one between Jackson and Biddle, the Federal Reserve's founders designed a decentralized central bank to prevent the concentration of power. There was concern that the new central bank would be run by, and for, Wall Street, and so it was important to the founders that the Bank not be focused on New York. Thus, the system was decentralized into District Banks, which operated independently, and with an oversight board located in Washington, D. C. Each District Bank issued its own money, backed by the promise to redeem this money in gold. After Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, Congress established 12 District Banks to reflect the distribution of population and banking in the country. [For more on the Federal Reserve's history, visit Federal Reserve Education.org . ]Today, what the Federal Reserve is best known for is monetary policy, but that wasn't an original role of the institution. New York Fed President Benjamin Strong began conducting open market operations in the 1920s. Many historians blame the Fed's botched monetary policy for the length and severity of the Great Depression. But it was when President Franklin Roosevelt took the nation off the gold standard in 1933 that monetary policy really matured. Now that the nation was explicitly using fiat money for the first time, a formal authority became necessary to ensure that policy would be carried out responsibly. In 1935, Congress created the Federal Open Market Committee, to be the Fed's monetary policy arm. Like its predecessors, the Federal Reserve has had a sometimes stormy relationship with the executive office and Congress over the years. The federal government took more control of the Federal Reserve during the Great Depression and World War II, but since 1951— and the resolution of a power struggle with the Treasury Department —the central bank has operated largely independent of the political process. Still, the Federal Reserve regularly reports to Congress and must answer questions and address issues important to the House and the Senate. This System, an independent central bank, has become a model for countries around the world. Top Conclusion While it's clear from this chronology that central banking in the United States has evolved over time, a shared motivation throughout this history is also apparent—to better serve commerce and government. That was the inspiration behind Alexander Hamilton's campaign to establish the First Bank of the United States, behind the efforts of the Second Bank and the banking legislation that followed, and the core purpose behind the Federal Reserve Act. And those objectives will certainly continue to motivate Congress and the Federal Reserve as they contemplate future changes in the operations of the nation's central bank. While Hamilton would not recognize many functions of modern central banking, he would certainly recognize its goals. Currency images courtesy of the American Currency Exhibit, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. For larger images and more information, please visit the American Currency Exhibit. Top

D1361802

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060905123104AAlRaQd

How long can meat be stay frozen?

Food & Drink Other - Food & Drink How long can meat be stay frozen? I have some chicken and hamburger meat in the freezer (regular kitchen type), and I'm wondering how long it will stay "good" for. I think it was purchased in June (its now September). Besides the taste not being great, is there any other down side or something to be worried about? Update: TYPO!!!...... I meant.... " How long can meat stay frozen"....... sorry. Follow 15 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: FREEZER STORAGE CHART (0° F) NOTE: Freezer storage chart is for quality only. Frozen foods remain safe indefinitely. Bacon and Sausage 1 to 2 months Casseroles 1 to 2 months Egg whites or egg substitutes 12 months Gravy, meat or poultry 2 to 3 months Ham, Hotdogs and Lunchmeats 1 to 2 months Meat, uncooked roasts 9 months Meat, uncooked steaks or chops 4 to 6 months Meat, uncooked ground 3 to 4 months Meat, cooked 2 to 3 months Poultry, uncooked whole 12 months Poultry, uncooked parts 9 months Poultry, uncooked giblets 3 to 4 months Poultry, cooked 3 to 4 months Soups and Stews 2 to 3 months Wild game, uncooked 8 to 12 months BACTERIA AND PARASITES Food stored constantly at 0° F will always be safe. Only the quality suffers with lengthy freezer storage. FOOD QUALITY Freshness and quality at the time of freezing affect the condition of frozen foods. If frozen at peak quality, foods emerge tasting better than foods frozen near the end of their useful life. So freeze items you won't use quickly sooner rather than later. Store all foods at 0° F or lower to retain vitamin content, color, flavor and texture. The freezing process itself does not destroy nutrients. In meat and poultry products, there is little change in nutrient value during freezer storage. ENZYME ACTIVITY Enzyme activity can lead to the deterioration of foods quality. Enzymes present in animals, vegetables and fruit promote chemical reactions, such as ripening. Freezing only slows the enzyme activity that takes place in foods. It does not halt these reactions which continue after harvesting. Enzyme activity does not harm frozen meats or fish and is neutralized by the acids in frozen fruits. But most vegetables that freeze well are low acid and require a brief, partial cooking to prevent deterioration. This is called "blanching." For successful freezing, blanch or partially cook vegetables in boiling water or in a microwave oven. Then rapidly chill the vegetables prior to freezing and storage. Consult a cookbook for timing. PACKAGING FOOD FOR FREEZING Proper packaging helps maintain quality and prevent "freezer burn." It is safe to freeze meat or poultry directly in its supermarket wrapping but this type of wrap is permeable to air. Unless you will be using the food in a month or two, overwrap these packages as you would any food for long-term storage using airtight heavy-duty foil, plastic wrap or freezer paper, or place the package inside a plastic bag. Use these materials or airtight freezer containers to repackage family packs into smaller amounts or freeze foods from opened packages. It is not necessary to rinse meat and poultry before freezing. Freeze unopened vacuum packages as is. If you notice that a package has accidentally torn or has opened while food is in the freezer, it is still safe to use; merely overwrap or rewrap it. FREEZER BURN Freezer burn does not make food unsafe, merely dry in spots. It appears as grayish-brown leathery spots and is caused by air reaching the surface of the food. Cut freezer-burned portions away either before or after cooking the food. Heavily freezer-burned foods may have to be discarded for quality reasons. COLOR CHANGES Color changes can occur in frozen foods. The bright red color of meat as purchased usually turns dark or pale brown depending on its variety. This may be due to lack of oxygen, freezer burn or abnormally long storage. Freezing doesn't usually cause color changes in poultry. However, the bones and the meat near them can become dark. Bone darkening results when pigment seeps through the porous bones of young poultry into the surrounding tissues when the poultry meat is frozen and thawed. The dulling of color in frozen vegetables and cooked foods is usually the result of excessive drying due to improper packaging or over-lengthy storage. FREEZE FOODS RAPIDLY Freeze food as fast as possible to maintain its quality. Rapid freezing prevents undesirable large ice crystals from forming throughout the product because the molecules don't have time to take their positions in the characteristic six-sided snowflake. Slow freezing creates large, disruptive ice crystals. During thawing, they damage the cells and dissolve emulsions. This causes meat to "drip"--lose juiciness. Emulsions such as mayonnaise or cream will separate and appear curdled. Ideally, a food 2-inches thick should freeze completely in about 2 hours. If your home freezer has a "quick-freeze" shelf, use it. Never stack packages to be frozen. Instead, spread them out in one layer on various shelves, stacking them only after frozen solid. REFRIGERATOR FREEZERS If a refrigerator freezing compartment can't maintain zero degrees or if the door is opened frequently, use it for short-term food storage. Eat those foods as soon as possible for best quality. Use a free-standing freezer set at 0° F or below for long-term storage of frozen foods. And keep a thermometer in your freezing compartment or freezer to check the temperature. REFREEZING Once food is thawed in the refrigerator, it is safe to refreeze it without cooking, although there may be a loss of quality due to the moisture lost through defrosting. After cooking raw foods which were previously frozen, it is safe to freeze the cooked foods. And if previously cooked foods are thawed in the refrigerator, you may refreeze the unused portion. If you purchase previously frozen meat, poultry or fish at a retail store, you can refreeze if it has been handled properly. Source (s):http://www.foodreference.com/html/artfre...kekkygcm · 1 decade ago2 0 Comment Asker's rating Since you have had the meat in teh freezer for a few months, there is nothing wrong with the meet. Because your meets bad taste you did not store it properly causing your meet to have freezer burn. Freezer Burn does give food an odd taste. As for as health you can eat the meat. I just won't taste as good as if you had cooked the meat when it was fresh. Cordario W · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Package and freezer type makes all the difference. Freezer paper works best and will keep meat from freezer burn longest. I have only gone for a year, but I'm sure it lasts longer. Same with vacuum seal packages I get from Omaha Steaks. Store package is the worst. Zipper bags work well if you get the air out. Plastic containers are very poor, too much air inside. A freezer that is frost free does not work as well a non frost free one. Even if you keep it too long, it won't hurt you it just becomes freezer burned and tastes bad. Victoria · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Dependant on how well you stored it....if when you go use it you notice it has turned brown and ice got in then your meat has been compromised and is gonna taste bad. But overall I would say about 6 months I know I always buy meat when it is on sale and use it many months later but I make sure I leave no air in the freezer bags and try to prevent any air or moisture from getting in.leoan_rasan · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Basically meat can be kept frozen for about 3 months ( depending on your freezer). After that it will not spoil but will start to lose it's taste and nutritional values. Courage · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Turkeys 6 months ,beef 3 to 4 months ,if you get a vacuum seal machine a lot longer your meat will last , and you can add to the meat seasons. Jeffery Y · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment I think it's 3 - 6 months, but I have had stuff older than that and it tasted fine. If it was from June, I wouldn't worry about it at all!Lola76 · 1 decade ago1 0 Comment Thanks for correcting that. It looked like some kind of ebonics. Meat will keep indefinitely in the freezer if you use some kind of vacuum sealer. Surveyor · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment About a year but its flavour disappears the longer it is frozen.lollipoppett2005 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment I would guess 6-8 weeks...ask the butcher next time you buy it. It also freezes better if you immediately freeze it instead of letting it sit in the fridge a few days then transfer it. Signilda · 1 decade ago0 2 Commentit can stay frozen forever..as long as the package is not open - then you get freezer burngeom1974 · 1 decade ago1 0 Comment1 2 next Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms? Try online nursing courses? What's the scoop? Probiotics! Train To Be a Project Manager

D1208299

https://www.highlights.com/parents/articles/5-crazy-easy-cause-and-effect-games-will-fascinate-your-baby

5 Crazy Easy Cause-and-Effect Games That Will Fascinate Your Baby

Try these DIY activities to inspire learning and curiosity. Lights on. Lights off. Door open. Door shut. Cause and effect? Yep, and babies get that. Check out our super fun mini-experiments for babies and toddlers. Your little one will love them.1. Name of the game: The Indoor Light Show How to play: Carry your baby or toddler from room to room, pausing when you reach a light switch. Show your little one how the lights go on when you flip the switch one way and off when you flip it in the opposite direction. Play tour guide and visit all desk and table lamps, too. Narrate your journey. What baby learns: A little science (cause and effect), and a little vocabulary—words such as on, off, light, dark, and other descriptors. Between 18 and 24 months, your little guy may want to flip lights on and off without your help—just because he can make something happen.2. Name of the game: The Shoebox Challenge How to play: Select one baby-size box—a shoebox, for example—and two smaller boxes that fit inside it (jewelry boxes are perfect). Open and shut the largest box, repeating the words open and close. Now let your baby do it. Loosen the box top to make it easier. Place a ball, toy car, or other safe object inside one of the smaller boxes to surprise her. What baby learns: Cause and effect, vocabulary, and fine motor skills.3. Name of the game: The Empty Cup Olympics How to play: Set out six small lightweight cups on the floor or high-chair tabletop. Build a tower. Gently topple the cups. Act surprised, and say, Oh look, I pushed them over! Set the cups up again, and encourage your baby to touch them, using his hands or feet. Applaud his efforts when the tower tumbles. What baby learns: Cause and effect (tap or push to demolish the tower) and hand-eye coordination.4. Name of the game: Wild, Wild Waters How to play: Fill a sink, large bowl, or a bucket with water, or use a tub at bath time. Settle your cutie into your lap, or hold her to keep her safe near water. Gently toss a waterproof toy into the basin to make it splatter or cause ripples. Let her splash around and make waves or rescue a ducky from the roiling current. (Just be sure to never leave baby alone around water. )What baby learns: Cause and effect (the ripples) and hand-eye coordination.5. Name of the game: Walk the Puppy How to play: Grab a toy that has a pull string, or create one by attaching a short ribbon or scarf to a favorite toy from your child’s collection, say, a pup or kitty (do not leave baby alone with the new toy as it could be strangulation hazard). Sit on the floor next to your baby or toddler, grab the end of the string, and coax the toy toward you. Hand over the reins. Say pull and help your playmate ease the toy forward. If he walks independently, let him “walk” the doggie. What baby learns: Cause and effect, some vocabulary, and large and small motor skills. Tagsbaby play games Share with your friends Print Stacey Feintuch Stacey Feintuch is a print and digital writer and editor. She has two children. You may also like3 Key Skills Babies and Toddlers Need High-Chair Science Finger Games

D1996951

http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/schoolyard/RockDescription.html

When Rocks Tell Stories: Describing Rock Properties

USGS Home Contact USGSSearch USGSUSGS Education USGS Education Home Primary Education Secondary Education Undergraduate Education When Rocks Tell Stories: Describing Rock Properties Look at the three images of rocks shown below. What are the similarities? What are the differences? Click on an image to enlarge it. NOT ALL ROCKS LOOK THE SAME!Close your eyes and picture "a rock". Did you picture a boring, grey stone? Not all rocks look the same, and the things that make rocks look a little different from each other give clues about each rock's "story." By making careful observations of a rock, geologists can tell where a rock came from and what has happened to it since that time. Since every rock has a slightly different story, it's important to notice the differences in the rocks. You can do it, too! Once you learn a little about the processes that shaped one rock, you can find other rocks that had similar experiences by looking for rocks that look similar. Individual pieces of a rock are called GRAINSMany rocks are made up of smaller pieces. Sometimes the grains of a rock are all the same and sometimes a rock is made up of all sorts of different grains. The individual grains from different classes of rocks (i.e., igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) develop by different processes. For example, a sedimentary rock might have individual grains of sand held together by a natural cement. Grains of an igneous rock are individual crystals that have grown as a magma cooled. Observations of grains help tell a story about the entire rock, but the observations must be interpreted in different ways for these different rock classes. This lesson focuses on sedimentary rocks because most rocks you find in your schoolyard are sedimentary rocks (often made by humans, such as cement, asphalt, etc). COLOR gives clues about composition What is your rock made out of? You can't tell just by looking, but grains with different chemical compositions are often different colors. Knowing a rock's composition can tell you if the rock came from deep within the earth, formed at the bottom of the ocean, or was exposed to wind and rain. For example, some grains are the same color as rusted metal (reddish-brown). The similarity in color is also related to similar history -- the rust-colored grains might be a mineral called "hematite," which is composed entirely of iron and oxygen. Just like rusted metal, iron in the grains rusts when exposed to oxygen in air and water. We call this process chemical weathering. Not all red grains are made from the same elements, but color does give clues about composition and is the easiest thing to notice. Color is a clue about composition: Gold v. Silver GRAIN SHAPE tells us about the mechanical weathering history People rub wood with sandpaper to smooth it, and the same thing happens to rocks. When rocks first break apart, they are split into sharp, angular pieces. So most grains start out angular. Over time, they get worn smooth by wind, water, and other rocks. We classify grains based on their "Roundness." Rounded grains have very few sharp edges and corners. The opposite of "Round" is "Angular." The process of breaking rocks apart and smoothing them down is called mechanical weathering and usually happens when rocks are moved (transported) by forces like wind, water, glaciers, or in a landslide. Rounded rocks have been exposed to more mechanical weathering; they have traveled further, they have been around for longer, or existed in areas with more rubbing and abrasion. GRAIN SIZE tells us about how much energy it took to move the grains Some grains are big and some are small. To move a giant boulder takes a lot more energy than to move a tiny sand particle. Which is more likely to move a giant boulder: a trickling stream or a raging river? So if you see a massive boulder in the middle of a dry creek bed, you know that there had to be a whole lot of water rushing through it at one point. In addition to the amount of water, gravity also gives streams energy to move boulders. Streams on steeper hills can be higher energy than streams on gentle slopes. Big grains take a lot of energy to move. Click to enlarge. Click to enlarge. A high energy river system is able to move bigger rocks. Look at the boulders in the white water of this stream. The largest rocks moved last when the river was moving even faster than it is in this photograph. Click to enlarge. This is a very low energy creek. The water moves more slowly and there is less of it, so there are no boulders here. Looking closely at the shadows beneath the water surface, you can see the shape of individual rocks that are all smaller than about 10 cm. That means that not only is it slow now, but that it has probably never had enough energy to move large boulders (otherwise, they would have been left behind in the creek). SCHOOLYARD "Rocks" The man-made materials like cement, concrete, asphalt, and brick that you find around your schoolyard are not that different from natural sedimentary rocks. They are all made from natural rocks: Cement comes from ground up rock called "limestone", concrete usually has sand or small pebbles in it, asphalt has crushed rock mixed with tar, and brick is made from baked mud. You can learn about where these natural rocks came from by looking at the rock-like materials in your schoolyard. Above, we said rust-colored rocks are often the product of chemical weathering. Can you find any rust colored building materials in your schoolyard? How about bricks? Bricks are clay that has been baked at very high temperatures. The color of a brick is related to chemical weathering of iron and other elements that are commonly found in clays. The chemical weathering process happens much faster when the temperature is really hot (like 1500 degrees! ), so brick manufacturers are able to cause weathering that might take thousands of years at the earth's surface in just a few hours in their hot brick kilns. The color of a brick depends on the original clay composition and the temperature to which it is heated. You can sometimes even learn something about the history of your city from looking at schoolyard building materials. For example, some older concrete is made with very rounded grains. Because they are rounded, we know that they came from an environment that smoothed them out -- probably the bottom of river bed. However, a lot of newer cement has very angular grains. Why the change? It turns out that most cities and towns have grown so much over the years that they have used up all of the easily accessible river gravels nearby. It is often cheaper to dig huge chunks of rock out of the ground and crush them into smaller pieces than to transport the naturally small gravel from far away places. In other words, many of the angular grains we see in concrete today are the product of instant "mechanical weathering" caused by machines. The smoother, rounded grains from older concrete are the product of lots of mechanical weathering over thousands of years by nature. A crushed rock quarry in San Rafael, California. Picture taken from a small airplane, and you can see nearby roads and a golf course in the background to get a sense of the size of the operation. The pit is about 200 feet deep. Image From: County of Marin. Click to enlarge. Related Student Activity Rock Stories - Lesson Instructions that draw on the background on this page. Downloads: Lesson 2 - Download a prepared presentation in Powerpoint or PDF format with the content of this lesson. Rock Description Table with Preformatted Student Instructions - Now that you know about rock properties, you'll want to continue on to the student instructions. Schoolyard Geology Home • Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Downloads Accessibility FOIA Privacy Policies and Notices U. S. Department of the Interior | U. S. Geological Survey URL: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/schoolyard/Rock Description.html Page Contact Information: Education Webmaster Page Last Modified: Tuesday, 02-May-2017 15:52:59 EDT

D19950

https://www.mapquest.com/us/fl/miramar-beach-282038431

Miramar Beach

Miramar Beach Miramar Beach, FLFavorite Share More Nearby Directions Sponsored Topics Description Miramar Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Walton County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,435 at the 2000 census. Although many other localities in Florida have appended "Beach" to their names to distinguish themselves from an adjacent inland or cross-bay municipality – such as Miami Beach, St. Pete Beach, Pensacola Beach, and Jacksonville Beach – the city of Miramar, Florida is actually over 600 miles away in South Florida. There are other Miramar beaches in Goa, India and in Santa Barbara, California. Miramar Beach is located at 30°22′58″N 86°21′21″W / 30.38278°N 86.35583°W / 30.38278; -86.35583 (30.382698, -86.355962). According to the United States Census Bureau, the total area of 4.7 square miles (12.2 km²). 4.6 square miles (11.9 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (2.54%) is water.

D1467897

https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Treatment/Mental-Health-Medications/Citalopram-(Celexa)

Citalopram (Celexa)

Citalopram (Celexa)Brand name: Celexa ®Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg Liquid: 10 mg per 5 m LGeneric name: citalopram (sye TAL oh pram)Medication class: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant All FDA black box warnings are at the end of this fact sheet. Please review before taking this medication. What is Citalopram and what does it treat? Citalopram is an antidepressant medication that works in the brain. It is approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Symptoms of depression include: Depressed mood - feeling sad, empty, or tearful Feeling worthless, guilty, hopeless, and helpless Loss of interest or pleasure in your usual activities Sleep and eat more or less than usual (for most people it is less)Low energy, trouble concentrating, or thoughts of death (suicidal thinking)Psychomotor agitation (‘nervous energy’)Psychomotor retardation (feeling like you are moving and thinking in slow motion)Citalopram may also be helpful when prescribed “off-label” for obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia (also known as social anxiety disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and alcohol dependence. “Off-label” means that it hasn’t been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for this condition. Your mental health provider should justify his or her thinking in recommending an “off-label” treatment. They should be clear about the limits of the research around that medication and if there are any other options. What is the most important information I should know about Citalopram? Do not stop taking citalopram even when you feel better. Only your healthcare provider can determine the length of treatment that is right for you. Missing doses of citalopram may increase your risk for relapse in your symptoms. Stopping citalopram abruptly may result in one or more of the following withdrawal symptoms: irritability, nausea, feeling dizzy, vomiting, nightmares, headache, and/or paresthesias (prickling, tingling sensation on the skin). Depression is also a part of bipolar illness. People with bipolar disorder who take antidepressants may be at risk for "switching" from depression into mania. Symptoms of mania include "high" or irritable mood, very high self esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressure to keep talking, racing thoughts, being easily distracted, frequently involved in activities with a large risk for bad consequences (for example, excessive buying sprees). Medical attention should be sought if serotonin syndrome is suspected. Please refer to serious side effects for signs/symptoms. Are there specific concerns about Citalopram and pregnancy? If you are planning on becoming pregnant, notify your healthcare provider to best manage your medications. People living with MDD who wish to become pregnant face important decisions. Untreated MDD has risks to the fetus, as well as the mother. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of treatment with your doctor and caregivers. For women who take antidepressant medications during weeks 13 through the end of their pregnancy (second and third trimesters), there is a risk that the baby can be born before it is fully developed (before 37 weeks). For mothers who have taken SSRIs during their pregnancy, there appears to be less than a 1% chance of infants developing persistent pulmonary hypertension. This is a potentially fatal condition that is associated with use of the antidepressant in the second half of pregnancy. However, women who discontinued antidepressant therapy were five times more likely to have a depression relapse than those who continued their antidepressant. If you are pregnant, please discuss the risks and benefits of antidepressant use with your healthcare provider. Caution is advised with breastfeeding since citalopram does pass into breast milk. What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking Citalopram? Symptoms of your condition that bother you the most If you have thoughts of suicide or harming yourself Medications you have taken in the past for your condition, whether they were effective or caused any adverse effects If you experience side effects from your medications, discuss them with your provider. Some side effects may pass with time, but others may require changes in the medication. Any other psychiatric or medical problems you have, including a history of bipolar disorder All other medications you are currently taking (including over the counter products, herbal and nutritional supplements) and any medication allergies you have Other non-medication treatment you are receiving, such as talk therapy or substance abuse treatment. Your provider can explain how these different treatments work with the medication. If you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding If you drink alcohol or use drugs How should I take Citalopram? Citalopram is usually taken 1 time per day with or without food. Typically patients begin at a low dose of medicine and the dose is increased slowly over several weeks. The dose usually ranges from 20 mg to 40 mg once daily. For patients older than 60 years, the maximum recommended dose is 20 mg once daily. Only your healthcare provider can determine the correct dose for you. The liquid should be measured with a dosing spoon or oral syringe which you can get from your pharmacy. Consider using a calendar, pillbox, alarm clock, or cell to help you remember to take your medication. You may also ask a family member or friend to remind you or check in with you to be sure you are taking your medication. What happens if I miss a dose of Citalopram? If you miss a dose of citalopram, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is closer to the time of your next dose. Discuss this with your healthcare provider. Do not double your next dose or take more than what is prescribed. What should I avoid while taking Citalopram? Avoid drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs while you are taking antidepressant medications. They may decrease the benefits (e.g., worsen your condition) and increase adverse effects (e.g., sedation) of the medication. What happens if I overdose with Citalopram? If an overdose occurs, call your doctor or 911. You may need urgent medical care. You may also contact the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. A specific treatment to reverse the effects of citalopram does not exist. What are the possible side effects of Citalopram? Common Side Effects Headache, nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, increased sweating, feeling nervous, restless, fatigued, sleepy or having trouble sleeping (insomnia)These will often improve over the first week or two as you continue to take the medication. Sexual side effects, such as problems with orgasm or ejaculatory delay often do not diminish over time. Rare/Serious Side Effects Increased bleeding (e.g., gums may bleed more easily), low sodium blood levels (symptoms of low sodium levels may include headache, weakness, difficulty concentrating and remembering), teeth grinding, angle closure glaucoma (symptoms of angle closure glaucoma may include eye pain, changes in vision, swelling or redness in or around eye), Serotonin syndrome (symptoms may include shivering, diarrhea, confusion, severe muscle tightness, fever, seizures, and death)Seizure QT prolongation (Abnormal heart rhythm)Are there any risks of taking Citalopram for long periods of time? To date, there are no known problems associated with long term use of citalopram. It is a safe and effective medication when used as directed. What other medications may interact with Citalopram? Citalopram should not be taken with or within 2 weeks of taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These include phenelzine (Nardil ® ), tranylcypromine (Parnate ® ), isocarboxazid (Marplan ® ), rasagiline (Azilect ® ), and selegiline (Emsam ® ). Although rare, there is an increased risk of serotonin syndrome when citalopram is used with other medications that increase serotonin, such as other antidepressants, migraine medications called “triptans” (e.g., Imitrex ® ), some pain medications (e.g., tramadol (Ultram ® ), the antibiotic linezolid (Zyvox ® ), and amphetamines. Citalopram may increase the effects of other medications that can cause bleeding (e.g., ibuprofen (Advil ®, Motrin ® ), and warfarin (Coumadin ®) and aspirin). Increased risk of QT prolongation when used with: Certain antiarrhythmics: quinidine (Quinidex Extentabs ®, Quinaglute ®, Quinalan ® ), procainamide (Procanbid ®, Pronestyl ®, Pronestyl-SR ® ), amiodarone (Cordarone ®, Pacerone ® ), sotalol (Betapace, Sorine)Certain antipsychotics: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril))Certain antibiotics: gatifloxacin (Tequin ® ), moxifloxacin (Avelox ®)Methadone How long does it take for Citalopram to work? Sleep, energy, or appetite may show some improvement within the first 1-2 weeks. Improvement in these physical symptoms can be an important early signal that the medication is working. Depressed mood and lack of interest in activities may need up to 6-8 weeks to fully improve. FDA Alerts Suicidal Thoughts or Actions in Children and Adults Depression and certain other psychiatric disorders are themselves associated with increases in the risk of suicide. Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), both adult and pediatric, may experience worsening of their depression and/or the emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior (suicidality) or unusual changes in behavior, whether or not they are taking antidepressant medications. This risk may persist until significant remission occurs. In short-term studies, antidepressants increased the risk of suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults when compared to placebo. Short-term studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidality with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults beyond age 24. Adults age 65 and older taking antidepressants have a decreased risk of suicidality. Patients, their families, and caregivers should be alert to the emergence of anxiety, restlessness, irritability, aggressiveness and insomnia. If these symptoms emerge, they should be reported to the patient’s prescriber or healthcare professional. All patients being treated with antidepressants for any indication should watch for and notify their healthcare provider for worsening symptoms, suicidality and unusual changes in behavior, especially during the first few months of treatment. Risk of Abnormal Heart Rhythms with Citalopram August 2011: Citalopram at doses greater than 40 mg per day could potentially cause a dangerous abnormality in the electrical activity of the heart. Citalopram use is discouraged in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Patients with low levels of potassium and magnesium in the blood are also at increased risk. If you are currently taking citalopram at a dose greater than 40 mg per days, talk to your healthcare professional. Seek immediate care if you experience an irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting while taking citalopram. If you are taking citalopram, your healthcare professional may occasionally order an electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) to monitor your heart rate and rhythm. Your healthcare provider may also order tests to check levels of potassium and magnesium in your blood. Provided by ( June 2017)This information is being provided as a community outreach effort of the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists. This information is for educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. This information contains a summary of important points and is not an exhaustive review of information about the medication. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified medical professional with any questions you may have regarding medications or medical conditions. Never delay seeking professional medical advice or disregard medical professional advice as a result of any information provided herein. The College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists disclaims any and all liability alleged as a result of the information provided herein.

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Chinese Porcelain Marks

Chinese Porcelain Marks HOMEGotheborg.com HOMEJapanese marks Discussion Board Introduction Ming Dynasty 1368-1644Introduction Hongwu 1368-1398Yongle 1403-1424Xuande 1426-1435Chenghua 1465-1487Hongzhi 1488-1505Zhengde 1506-1521Jiajing 1522-1566Longqing 1567-1572Wanli 1573-1620Tianqi 1621-1627Chongzhen 1628-1644Qing Dynasty 1644-1911Introduction Shunzhi 1644-61Kangxi 1662-1722Yongzheng 1723-1735Qianlong 1736-95Jiaqing 1796-1820Daoguang 1821-50Xianfeng 1851-1861Tongzhi 1862-1874Empress Dowager Cixi Guangxu 1875-1908Xuantong 1909-1911Hongxian (Yuan Shikai) 1915-16Later Chinese Porcelain Introduction Bleu de Hue Brown etched marks Cathay brand CHINAChun Lung Sang Da Ya Zhai Grand Elegant Court Daoguang Nian Zhi Factory marks Guangdong Gong Yi Guangdong Qi Chang Guangxu Nian Zhi Guanyao Nei Zao Hall marks Hong Kong, Decorated in Hong Kong, Decorated in, on Japanese porcelain Hong Kong, Made in Hongxian Nian Zhi Hua Ping Tang Zhi Impressed Fujian Club Impressed marks Jiangxi ciye gongsi Jiangxi Jingdezhen Chu Pin Jiangxi Jingdezhen min ci Jiangxi Jingdezhen Min Ci #Jiangxi Jingdezhen Min Ci # Hao Cai Jiaqing Nian Zhi, Da Qing Jingdezhen Ci Ye Gong Si Chu Pin Jingdezhen Zhi Jiujiang Chan Yucheng Jurentang Kangxi Liling Made in China Ming character Nanjing Road" Pin " marks Qing Dynasty Qianlong Nian Zhi Qianlong Nian Zhi, Da Qing Qianlong Yu Zhi Qianlong, Da Qing Royal Satsuma Shende Tang Zhi Taiwan Tang Shan Porcelain Factory Tongzhi Nian Zhi Tongzhi Nian Zhi, Da Qing United Wilson" Wah Lee Co. Factory "Wan Shou Wu Jiang decoration" Wanyu "" Wen "WL1895Xianfeng Nian Zhi Xiang Gang Jia Gong Xing Huang Yao Zhi Ya Wan Zhen Cang Yang Cheng (Goat City)Yong [?] Tang Zhi Yong Sheng Cai Ci Chang Yongzheng Nian Zhi Yongzheng Nian Zhi, Da Qing You Xian Ju Yue Dong Qi Chang Zhongguo, Made in China Zhongguo, Jingdezhen Zhongguo, Jingdezhen CHINA =#=Zhongguo, Jingdezhen Made in China =#=Zhongguo, Jingdezhen Zhi Zhongguo, Jingdezhen Zhi Zhongguo, Liling Zhongguo, Swatow Zhongguo, Zhi Zao L-RZhongguo, Zhi Zao R-LRecent additions - printed Recent additions - underglaze blue Recent additions - red rubber stamp Recent additions - unsorted Macau [Macao] / style Yongzheng mark, six character Qianlong mark, six character Qianlong mark, four character Jiaqing mark, six character Tongzhi mark Heng Ming Jian Fang Imitate Made in China TOYORecent Additions Brown etched marks Introduction Chenghua Nian Zhi Kangxi Nian Zhi Qianlong Nian Zhi Recent Addition/Unknown South East Asian market Introduction Reign marks Mark of Tongzhi 1862-74Mark of Guangxu 1875-1908Mark of Xuantong 1909-12Mark of Republic 1912-49Company marks Guan Yao Nei Zao Jiangxi Guan Yao Jdz Hui Shun Chang Tong Xin Fa Co. Tu Mao Xing Co. Zhan Fu Xing Co. Cheng Yi Tai Co. Hu Shun Chang Co. Shu Yi Shun Co. Zhou Shun Ding Co. Privately Commissioned Recent additions Yixing (Buccaro)Dated porcelain Introduction Tongzhi (1860-1874) period Guangxu (1875-1908)Xuantong (1909-1911)Republic (1912-48)Early Peoples Republic (1949-65)Cultural Revolution (1966-76)Post C R / State Capitalism (1976 - )21st Century Recent additions Cyclical Dates on Porcelain Jianding seals Artists and Dated Marks Artists Gallery Numerals Modern Porcelain Factories The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) and their reign marks Although they are now thoroughly identified with China, the emperors of the Qing dynasty were not Chinese but descendants of the Jurchen, a group from the far north-east of China who had abandoned the term Jurchen, associated with historical submission to Chinese rule, and instead called themselves Manchu. Their leader then proclaimed himself emperor of the Qing (pure, clear) dynasty and in 1644 replaced the Ming dynasty as rulers of China. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the problem of identity, of the balance between ancestral heritage and Chinese culture, was gradually resolved. In the early stages of Manchu rule, the emperors still encountered considerable loyalty to the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Aisin-Gioro clan, to which the Qing emperors belonged, had consolidated their power from the 1590s through the organization of the Eight Banners. The Banners, military groups named for their distinctive banners, also formed the basis of social organisations that had been in place before the Manchu conquest of China, where warriors" families were included in the groups and provided with educational opportunities and agricultural land. As the Qing moved southwards, the Banners incorporated many Chinese (who eventually outnumbered the Manchus) into the Banners, providing for them and their families and thereby instilling loyalty. These were the troops that the Kangxi emperor led against three rebellious Chinese generals, finally crushing their revolt in 1681. This chart shows the relative length and sequence of the various period during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)Much of the early part of the Kangxi Emperor's rule was spent in consolidating and extending his territory. The Qianlong Emperor also undertook major military expansion, north-east and north-west. Both emperors led extensive expeditions themselves. The Yongzheng Emperor by contrast centered his time on Beijing and is best known for his transformation of government Imperial marks from the Qing dynasty are mostly written in either Kai shu ( kaishu) (normal script) or Zhuan shu ( zhuanshu) (archaic seal script). It is worth noticing that kaishu is writing and is therefore subject to the differences in penmanship and is therefore more difficult to fake, while zhuanshu technically is drawing and is therefore easier to emulate. Sometimes a third Song style occurs, but so far only examples of the 'normal' and the 'seal script' versions are shown below. The 'seal script' is stylistically related to the interest in the archaic which not in this matter pre-dates the Yongzheng period, so I would personally feel uncertain about any seal script mark being older than the Yongzheng. All genuine Imperial marks occurs in several versions and are written by a limited number of different hands. It is therefore felt that the individual handwriting of those entrusted with this work are possible to recognize. From around 1995 there seems to have been a rise in computer aided designs while no marks can be trusted anymore as the single feature on which to base any judgement of authenticity while overall style and quality should be the true criteria. Jan-Erik Nilsson gotheborg.com Shunzhi 1644-61Shunzhi 1644-61The Shunzhi Emperor's given name was Fulin. Born in March 15, 1638 he was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper. Only six when he ascended the throne the Shunzhi reign lasted from 1644 to 1661. The eighteen years of his reign brought great changes to China and its history. Genuine Shunzhi period marks are rare if they indeed exist at all. To the left: Kaishu (normal script) style, to the right zhuanshu (archaic seal script), possibly not occuring on any porcelain before the Yongzheng period. In the first year of Shun Zhi reign (1644), a peasant army led by Li Zicheng overthrew the Ming rule in Beijing, which was in turn betrayed by traitor Wu Sangui and the Qing Army defeated Li Zicheng and occupied Beijing. Shortly, Shun Zhi came to Beijing from Shenyang and made Beijing the capital. The 5th of February in the 18th year (1661) of his reign Shun Zhi (possible) died in Yangxindian (the Hall for Cultivating Character) in the Forbidden City. In the summer of the second year of Kang Xi reign (1663), Shun Zhi's coffin was buried in Xiaoling. However, a rumor has it that he instead, heartbroken by his young wife's death, had left the forbidden city to become a Buddhist monk. Xiaoling in located at Malanyu, northwest Zunhua, Hebei Province, 125 kilometers from Beijing and is the East burial complex of the Qing dynasty. Among the tombs are the Xiaoling of Emperor Shun Zhi, Jingling of Emperor Kangxi, Yuling of Emperor Qianlong, Dingling of Emperor Xianfeng, Huiling of Emperor Tongzhi and four tombs of empresses including Empress Dowager Cian and Empress Dowager Cixi. In 1928 some of the underground palaces were blown open by warlord Sun Dianying and looted, why the tombs have suffered severe damages. Kangxi 1662-1722Kangxi 1662-1722The Kangxi Emperors name was Xuanye AIXIN-JUELUO or Hiowan Yei AISIN-GIORO, in Manchu. He was born May 4, 1654 as the son of the late Emperor Shunzhi, who died in his early twenties and his mother, the 14 year old Imperial Consort Tong, a concubine from the Tongiya clan (1640 - 1663). He was the second emperor of the Qing dynasty to rule over all of China. His reign lasted 61 years, from February 7, 1661 until his death December 20, 1722, making him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history. The Kangxi era, that is counted as full Chinese years, lasted from February 18, 1662 to February 4, 1723. The Kangxi Emperor succeeded the imperial throne at the age of seven, on February 17, 1661, twelve days after his father's death. Being too young to take power himself, the control over the empire was fulfilled by four guardians and his grandmother the Dowager Empress Xiao Zhuang, that the Shunzhi Emperor had appointed before his death to rule during Kangxi's minority. However, after a fierce power struggle one of them, Oboi, seized absolute power as a sole regent. In the spring of 1662 the Kangxi rulers ordered a massive attempt to gain control over the largely Ming loyalist southern China under the leadership of Zheng Chenggong (also known as Koxinga), something that involved moving the entire population of the coastal regions of southern China, inland. At age 15 the Kangxi emperor had Oboi arrested in 1669 and began to take control of the country himself. Of major concerns was the flood control of the Yellow River, the repairing of the Grand Canal and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories which broke out in 1673 in the south of China, and also the Chakhar Mongols rebellion in 1675. In 1673 the Kangxi government mediated a truce in the long-running war in Vietnam, which had been going on for 45 years with nothing to show for it. The Chakhar Mongols was incorporated in the 'Eight Banners' Chinese Army. In the South the incorporation of the region went so far that in 1684 the Qing Dynasty annexed Taiwan, the last outpost of Koxinga. Soon afterwards, the displaced families were encouraged to move back towards the coast. All these campaigns and many more took a great toll on the treasury. From Kangxi period's peak during the last decades of the 17th century the treasury shrunk to a tenth or less, by the end of his reign. Corrupt officials were also quite noticeable in the final years of Kangxi. The problem of dealing with this as well as the civil war in Tibet was left with some advices, to the future emperor. Eventually, through the long years of Kangxi's reign factions and rivalries had formed at the court. The Kangxi Emperor had 20 sons surviving into adulthood. Of these, his second son Yinreng was at age 2 named Crown Prince of the Great Qing Empire. After that his mother had died in childbed giving birth to him, he was brought up personally by the Kangxi Emperor to become the perfect heir to the Imperial throne. Yinreng did not however prove co-operative. Rumor had it that he had cruel habits; to beat and kill his subordinates, he was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of Kangxi's concubines, something that was defined as incest and a capital offense, and to purchase young children from the Jiangsu region for his pleasure. The heir apparent Yinreng gradually fell into disfavor and in 1708, on the semi-annual hunting expedition at Rehe, the Kangxi Emperor charged Yinreng with immorality, sadism, sexual impropriety, usurping power and treason, after which he was deprived of his position as heir apparent and imprisoned. His condition worsened and the Emperor became eventually convinced that he was insane. In 1712 he was placed in perpetual confinement to die in prison in 1725, not long after that his younger brother, the 4th Imperial Prince Yinzhen, had ascended the throne to become the Yongzheng Emperor. To this day, whom Kangxi actually chose as his successor is still a topic of debate amongst historians and is along with three other events, known as the Four greatest mysteries of the Qing Dynasty. In addition to his military prowess the Kangxi Emperor was famous for his scholarly abilities and his patronage of the arts. Left mark: Kaishu (normal script) style; Right zhuanshu (archaic seal script), as far as I have been able to confirm, not occurring on genuine Kangxi period pieces. Sir Harry Garner has suggested that Kangxi marks could be divided into three chronological groups on the basis of their calligraphy. Early period: bold Middle period: freely written marks, rather loose Late period: Precise, tight, rather small and less "free" than the other two groups. Occurs especially on small sized pieces of superb quality; for example the "peach bloom" pieces and the "month's cups". The Kangxi marks seems not to have been copied during the 18th century. One possibly explanation could be that both Yongzheng and Qianlong seems to have been busy being concerned with their own image and quite possible saw their own porcelain designs as superior to those of previous periods. In the early Kangxi period the six character Ming mark of Chenghua is seen and occasionally Jiajing, but towards the end of the reign the Kangxi six character kaishu mark is the one that is used. All genuine Kangxi period marks should be of six characters. The only genuine four character "Kangxi Nian Zhi" marks is done within a double line square border and used exclusively for palace workshop decorated wares, the highest level of Imperial porcelain. All four character Kangxi marks without borders are from and around the Guangxu (1875-1908) period when four character kaishu marks were widely used. Kangxi 1662-1722. Imperial Kangxi mark. Middle period: freely written marks, rather loose. Kangxi 1662-1722. Imperial Kangxi mark. Late period: Precise, tight, rather small and less "free" than the other two groups. Kangxi 1662-1722, "Da Qing Kangxi Nian Zhi" mark. During the Kangxi period, the habit of adding reign marks on porcelain not commissioned by the emperor are known to have been addressed and forbidden by public edicts. It is likely that this is an example of one of these period but not Imperial marks that these regulations was aimed at quelling. It is also worth pondering of this mark is not written by the same person as the above, but just a little bit faster. Click here to see large picture. Kangxi 1662-1722, Artemisia leaf mark, and of the period. During the early Qing dynasty, up until the early 1680's conditions were unsettled in China and the existence of Imperial wares as well as the use of reign marks on porcelain was restricted in various ways. During this period a number of different marks came into use, as well as two empty rings which in a way could be considered a period marking if not Imperial. Kangxi 1662-1722, Lingzhi fungus mark, and of the period. During the early Qing dynasty, up until the early 1680s conditions were unsettled in China and the making of Imperial wares as well as the use of reign marks on porcelain was restricted in various ways. During this period a number of other marks came into use, as well as the drawing of two empty rings on the bases which in a way could be considered a marking of the Kangxi period. Also this practice was copied during the latter part of the Qing dynasty. Click here to see large picture. Yongzheng 1723-1735Yongzheng 1723-1735The Yongzheng Emperor (December 13, 1678 - October 8, 1735) was 44 years old when he ascended the Dragon Throne in 1722 and died two months before his 58th birthday. He reigned for 13 years. During the latter part of the Yongzheng period the zhuanshu seal mark is introduced. According to Manchu tradition, the Kangxi emperor was succeeded by his fourth son, the Yongzheng emperor (who ruled from 1723 to 1736). His imperial title, Yongzheng, means 'harmonious and correct', whilst his family name, Yinzhen, means "inheritance of luck". In some ways, his reign can be seen as a reaction against that of his father: where the Kangxi emperor was conciliatory, the Yongzheng emperor acted firmly against corruption, offering bonuses to demonstrably incorruptible officials and thereby greatly improving the flow of revenue. Capable of extremely hard work, he not only dealt with dozens of daily memorials (government reports) from all over the country, but he developed the system whereby "Palace Memorials" established by his father came directly to him, bypassing officials of the Outer Court and providing him with private information. It is clear that there was considerable rivalry between the Kangxi emperor's twenty sons (he had had thirty-six but only twenty survived), since on his accession the Yongzheng emperor imprisoned a number of his brothers, and remained touchy about accusations that he had usurped the throne. In order to control imperial heirs, he insisted upon their all being taught in the school inside the Forbidden City and instructed in Confucian morals by the best Chinese teachers. He also instituted the practice of concealing the name of the designated heir in a box kept in the Qianqing hall, to be opened only after the emperor's death. To the left: Kaishu (normal script) style mark, to the right zhuanshu (archaic seal script). Qianlong 1736-95Qianlong 1736-95The Yongzheng emperor nominated his fourth son, Hongli, meaning "Great Successor", as his heir and he ruled from 1736 to 1796 as the Qianlong or " eminent sovereign " emperor. He had been a great favorite of his grandfather, the Kangxi emperor, with whom he would go hunting as a boy. Some say that the Kangxi emperor chose Yongzheng as his successor so that he would eventually be succeeded by his grandson, although that would seem a rather risky prospect, as the Yongzheng emperor had ten sons (though only four survived into adulthood). When Qianlong was on the throne China was flourishing, but as he left the throne it was beginning to decline. The long reign of the Qianlong emperor (who retired in 1796, three years before his death) may be considered the height of the Qing. Though his Ten Great Campaigns were not all as successful as he claimed, he brought much of Central Asia under Qing rule, vastly increasing the size of his empire. The costs of his campaigns were met by an increase in cultivated land, with new crops, such as maize and peanuts, being grown and with firm controls on revenue collection. Well versed in Chinese culture, the Qianlong emperor is supposed to have written essays and as many as 42,000 poems. He developed the imperial collection, commissioning paintings and artefacts from Chinese and foreign artists, as well as collecting ancient Chinese objects and ordering the cataloguing of palace paintings and calligraphy. Like his grandfather Kangxi, the Qianlong emperor made five great tours of inspection of southern China, reversing the tradition of the Ming emperors who only left the Forbidden City to visit the imperial altars but did not venture outside Peking. His daily routine was described in detail by the Jesuit priest Fr Benoist. He rose at six, ate alone at eight (his meal taking about 15 minutes) and then read reports and memorials, discussing them with his ministers. He held an audience for newly appointed officials and had another brief solitary meal at two. Then he would read, write verse or paint and perhaps take some 'light refreshment' before bed. Unlike the Chinese, the Qianlong emperor took milk in his tea, with special herds of dairy cows providing the Manchu imperial family with milk. A menu for one of his meals in 1754 included a dish of fat chicken, boiled duck and bean curd, swallows nests and shredded smoked duck, smoked chicken, shredded stewed chicken, Chinese cabbage, salted duck and pork, bamboo-shoot steamed dumplings, rice cakes with honey and side dishes of pickled eggplant, pickled cabbage and cucumbers in soy sauce In the 60th year of his reign (1796), the Qianlong Emperor enthroned his son and became overlord for four years. In the 4th year of the Jiaqing reign (1799) the Qianlong Emperor died at age 89. During this period the archaic zhuanshu seal mark is by far the most common, largely ousting the regular kaishu script. It is thought that the few genuine kaishu marks dates to the two first years of the reign before the official seal mark of the Qianlong period becomes standardized by an official decree. Seal marks are often written in iron-red but under glaze blue or gilt can occur as well as incised, stamped or molded in relief. On a small group of porcelain genuine marks in raised blue enamel can appear. Seal marks from the period can also be written in a cartouche or with the seal broken up, and on the base of stem-cups written in a horizontal row from right to left. On later Qianlong copies the seal mark in red enamel is something of a favorite. Jiaqing 1796-1820Jiaqing 1796-1820During this period most imperial wares are marked with the zhuanshu "archaic seal", a continuation of its popularity from the Qianlong period. Daoguang 1821-50Daoguang 1821-50During this period most imperial wares are marked with the zhuanshu "archaic seal", a continuation of its popularity from the Qianlong period. Xianfeng 1851-1861Xianfeng 1851-1861The Xianfeng was proclaimed in March 1850. The first year of his reign was 1851. Died in August 1861 during the eleventh year of his reign. The Xianfeng (Universal Prosperity) Emperor, name was Yizhu AISIN GIORO. He was born in July 17, 1831 at the Imperial Summer Palace Complex, 8 kilometers northwest of the walls of Beijing as the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was the Imperial Concubine Quan, made Empress in 1834. Chosen as the Crown Prince in the later years of the Daoguang reign, Yizhu had reputed ability in literature and administration which surpassed most of his brothers. At age 19 he succeeded the throne, in 1850, left with a crumbling dynasty facing challenges internally and also from Europeans. In 1851 the The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Rebellion (1851-1864) began, spreading to several provinces with amazing speed. Xianfengs attempts to crush the rebellion was met with limited success. In 1855 several Muslim rebellions began in the southwest. Western forces, led by France, after inciting a few battles on the coast near Tianjin, attempted "negotiation" with the Qing Government. Under the influence of the Concubine Yi (later the Ci Xi Dowager Empress) Xianfeng believed in Chinese superiority and would not agree to any western demands. In October 18, 1860, the Imperial Summer Palaces of Qingyi Yuan and Yuanming Yuan was looted and burnt by the Western forces. Emperor Xianfeng and his Imperial entourage fled to the northern traveling palace in Jehol. While becoming more physically ill, Xianfeng's ability to govern deteriorated, while two competing ideologies in court formed two distinct factions, one under the rich Manchu Sushun, Princes Yi and Zheng; and one under the Concubine Yi, supported by Gen. Ronglu and Yehenala Bannermen. In August 22, On the 11th year of his reign (1861) at age 30 Yizhu died at the the imperial Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei Province, (Jehol Travelling Palace), 230 km northeast of Beijing. One day before his death the Xianfeng emperor had summoned a group to his bedside, giving them an Imperial Edict to rule during his only surviving son, Prince Zaizhun minority, at that time barely 6 years old. By tradition, after the death of an Emperor, the body is to be accompanied to the Capital by the regents. Concubine Yi however traveled to Beijing ahead of time, staging a coup that would make her the acting ruler of China for the next 47 years, under the title of Empress Dowager Cixi. During Xianfeng's reign the Qing government was on the verge of collapse. In the 4th year of the Tongzhi reign (1865), Xianfeng was buried in Dingling. Tongzhi 1862-1874Tongzhi 1862-1874The Tongzhi (To Rule Together a State of Order) Emperor, born Zaichun AISIN GIORO in April 27, 1856, became emperor at the age of five as the only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and the Noble Consort Yi ( Empress Dowager Cixi ). He was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the eight Qing emperor to rule over China. During his period in practice his mother, the Empress Dowager Cixi, wielded the real power, ruling sitting behind a curtain in the audience hall. Under his reign some attempts to political reforms was made, which are know as the Tongzhi Restoration. In January 12, 1875, the Tongzhi Emperor died at age 19 of small pox without a son. It has been rumored that his cause of death was actually syphilis "due to his excessive and bizarre sexual appetite and alleged affairs with prostitutes outside of the palace". Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Cixi After the death of Xianfeng in 1861, Zaichun, Nalashi's six-year-old son, succeeded to the throne under the reign title of Tongzhi (1862-1874) so Nalashi was promoted to Empress Dowager with her honorary title Cixi. In the 11th year of the Xianfeng reign (1861) she worked hand in glove with her brother-in-law Yixin, launched a coup d'etat, wiped out her political enemies and commenced directing state affairs from behind a screen. Thus, she became an unofficial empress during reigns by Tongzhi and Guangxu during 48 years. Cixi died in 1908. Three years after she died, the Qing Dynasty came to its end with the Revolution of 1911. Cixi's tomb was exquisitely constructed in a unique style. It ranks as the best for building details among the tombs of the Qing Dynasty. Railings around Long'en Palace are replete with carved motifs of roaring waves, floating clouds, dragons and phoenixes symbolizing auspicious omens. The stone steps in front of the palace are carved with three dimensional phoenixes and dragons flanking the pearl. Carved on walls are intricate designs marking happiness, prosperity, and longevity. On the arch beams and ceilings are gilded golden paintings such as a golden dragon coiled around all exposed pillars. These kinds of designs are not seen in other mausoleum palaces. The tomb was plundered in 1928. The time when the Empress Dowager Cixi ruled China has among us at the Gotheborg.com site been named the Kangxi revival period since there was an obvious vogue for Kangxi style porcelain at this time. Not only blue and white pieces and enamelled porcelain in famille verte enamels were produced but also replicas in monochrome enamels such as Sang-de-Boef or Ox-blood. The good part with these early copies is that they are pretty easy to recognize since they were not really trying to produce perfect fakes, but appears to have more wanted to continue to make pieces in the Kangxi period style and tradition. Now that turned out quite difficult. Many processes and traditions were never written down and had been lost and forgotten. Sources for paste and glaze had changed. While the blue and white porcelains turned out pretty good, the red ox-blood monochromes got a too thick glaze that ran and often needed to be ground off of the foot rim. For other style replicas there were other problems making them distinguishable. Another aspect is, that there was indeed a great interest in the West, in particular among American collectors, for antique Chinese porcelain at this time. Prices at auctions were soaring. So, there was a ready market for antiques, even newly made ones. I don't think this was among the main reasons why the Kangxi period was revived as a whole, but it was a part of the picture why so many grand pieces was made. Guangxu 1875-1908Guangxu 1875-1908The reign of the Guangxu (Glorious Succession) Emperor lasted from 1875 to 1908. His name was Zaitian AISIN-GIORO. He was born August 14, 1871 and ascended the throne in 1875 at the age of four as the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He was adopted by the Empress Dowager Cixi as her son. Until age nineteen, in 1894, the Guangxu Emperor was "aided" in his rule by the Empress Dowager Cixi. Four years later, in 1898 at age 23, he initiated the Hundred Days' Reform in an attempt to modernize China which was abruptly stopped same year by Cixi, after which he was put under house arrest until his death in November 14, 1908. The cause of his death remains a mystery until this day. He was succeeded by Empress Dowager Cixi's hand picked heir, his nephew Puyi, who became the Xuantong Emperor. Guangxu 1875-1908, mark in regular, kaishu, script. Accepted by Christie's as genuine in 2013. Demonstrates clearly a feature that is often called hollow or fractured, line. Notice the marks slightly elongated - high and narrow - shape with more space between each pair of character. Click here to see large picture. Xuantong 1909-1912Xuantong 1909-1912Puyi (Wade-Giles P'u-I), also called Henry Puyi, reign name Xuantong, was the last emperor (1908-1911/12) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644-1911/12) in China and pro forma emperor of the Japanese-controlled state of Manchukuo (Chinese: Manzhouguo) from 1934 to 1945. He was born Feb. 7, 1906, Beijing, China. His father was the second Prince Chun, brother of the Emperor Guangxu and nephew of the Empress Dowager Cixi, who had been the de facto governor of China for many years; her son Guangxu being mostly isolated from all governmental and family affairs. Puyi died October 17, 1967, Beijing. In 1909 Puyi succeeded to the Manchu throne at the age of three, when his uncle, the Guangxu emperor, died on Nov. 14, 1908 and reigned under a regency for three years. In 1911 the Qing dynasty was overthrown and China declared to be a republic. When the republicans occupied Peking they required the abdication of Puyi but guaranteed his title, safety, income, etc., in the Articles of Favorable Treatment which was accomplished on February 12, 1912. Thus the Republic of China despite many competing warlord armies came into being, with the recent Imperial general Yuan Shikai, becoming President. Puyi continued to live in the palace in Beijing and chose 'Henry' as a given name. From this, he became known as Henry Puyi in the West. After a coup in November 5, 1924 by General Feng Yuxiang Puyi was made a regular citizen of the Republic of China and the same day expelling him from the Forbidden City. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. In 1924 he left Beijing to reside in the Japanese concession at Tianjin. In March 9, 1932-1934 Puyi was put in place as the leader of the Japanese-controlled Manchukuo in Manchuria (China's Northeast) under the reign name Datong and in 1934 to 1945 made 'emperor' of the same region under the reign title of Kangde. His autobiography, From Emperor to Citizen, was published in English in 1964-65, and he was the subject of the movie The Last Emperor (1987). Xuantong 1909-1912, kaishu mark in regular script. Accepted by Sotheby's as genuine in 2013. Demonstrates clearly a feature that is often called hollow or fractured, line. The decoration of the piece, iron red bats among clouds is in a distinctly different style as compared to similarly decorated pieces of the previous reign. Click here to see large picture. Hongxian (Yuan Shikai) 1915-16Hongxian (Yuan Shikai) 1915-16Pictures and pieces making up this section are from my personal reference collection and are not for sale. Pieces have also been donated by Simon Ng, City University of Hong Kong, N K Koh, Singapore, Hans Mueller, USA. Hans Slager, Belgium, William Turnbull, Canada and Tony Jalin Zhang, Beijing. Readers are encouraged to contribute any insights or further information you might have. Any and dated Chinese Porcelain for sale can be offered to the gotheborg.com reference collection by e-mail to Jan-Erik Nilsson Web page © Jan-Erik Nilsson, 2004 - 2013.

D1045005

http://www.countyoffice.org/bancroft-ne-assessor/

Bancroft Assessor Office

Bancroft Assessor Office Home Business, Finance, & Real Estate Offices Assessor Offices Nebraska Cuming County Bancroft Find Bancroft Nebraska assessor, assessment, auditor's, and appraiser's offices, revenue commissions, GIS, and tax equalization departments. Assessors provide information on property and land tax assessment, property listings, values, valuations, property search, and records. Thurston County Assessor's Office 106 5th Street Pender NE 6804710.0 miles from Bancroft 402-385-2251Cuming County Assessor's Office 200 South Lincoln Street West Point NE 6878813.8 miles from Bancroft 402-372-6000Burt County Assessor's Office 111 North 13th Street Tekamah NE 6806124.2 miles from Bancroft 402-374-2926Monona County Assessor's Office 610 Iowa Avenue Onawa IA 5104024.7 miles from Bancroft 712-433-2271Wayne County Assessor's Office 510 North Pearl Street Wayne NE 6878727.6 miles from Bancroft 402-375-1979Dakota County Assessor's Office 1601 Broadway Street Dakota NE 6873129.1 miles from Bancroft 402-987-2101Stanton County Assessor's Office PO Box 895Stanton NE 6877933.1 miles from Bancroft 402-439-2210Woodbury County Assessor's Office 620 Douglas Street Sioux IA 5110134.7 miles from Bancroft 712-279-6505Dixon County Assessor 302 West 3rd Street Ponca NE 6877038.8 miles from Bancroft 402-755-5601Washington County Assessor's Office 1555 Colfax Street Blair NE 6800839.6 miles from Bancroft 402-426-6800Dodge County Assessor's Office 435 North Park Avenue Fremont NE 6802540.1 miles from Bancroft 402-727-3911Colfax County Assessor's Office 411 East 11th Street Schuyler NE 6866146.2 miles from Bancroft 402-352-8500Union County Equalization Department 209 East Main Street Elk Point SD 5702547.0 miles from Bancroft 605-356-2252Madison County Assessor's Office PO Box 250Madison NE 6874847.1 miles from Bancroft 402-454-3311Harrison County Assessor's Office 111 North 2nd Avenue Logan IA 5154647.6 miles from Bancroft 712-644-3101Pierce County Assessor's Office 111 West Court Street Pierce NE 6876750.6 miles from Bancroft 402-329-4215Cedar County Assessor's Office 101 South Broadway Avenue Hartington NE 6873955.0 miles from Bancroft 402-254-7431Saunders County Assessor's Office 433 North Chestnut Street Wahoo NE 6806655.4 miles from Bancroft 402-443-5703

D1833657

https://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/48706/

ZIP Code 48706

ZIP Code 48706Population Real Estate Employment Schools Post Office City: Bay City, MI ( View All Cities)County: Bay County Timezone: Eastern (8:28pm)Area code: 989 ( Area Code Map)Coordinates: 43.6, -83.9 ZIP (~8 mile radius)

D3458781

http://www.surgicaltechsuccess.com/justa.html

Just A Surgical Tech?

Just A Surgical Tech? Are you JUST A SURGICAL TECH? Think about that for a second... If you're in a position in your professional life where you feel like you're: "JUST A SURGICAL TECH"....., PLEASE, just give me a few minutes of your time to read how you can change things around, INSTANTLY!As many of you know, I talk to surgical techs on all levels on a regular basis. Now when I say all levels, I'm referring to surgical techs who are working full time as a scrub, surgical techs who are educators, surgical techs who are professional sales reps in & around the O. R., surgical techs who are travelers, surgical techs who are in nursing school or FA school, and just about every other level of surgical techs that you can possibly think of. And I must say, one thing that really gets to me is when I hear a surgical tech refer to themselves or their position as "Just a Surgical Tech".... WOW!After months or years of an education and/or on the job training.... After hours & hours of studying to make it through scrub school..... After nights upon nights of endless call.... After all the prep work to finally get your national certification.... After all the nerve wracking first case experiences.... After getting yelled at by a surgeon & still hanging in there... After getting a "hard time" by an educator who (hopefully) only has your best interest of becoming a great tech at heart.... And after all the other challenging, difficult, or uneasy moments of becoming a surgical tech, IT JUST KILLS ME to hear somebody say "Well, I'm just a surgical tech"... Listen up for one moment here, please!If you're a surgical tech student, new grad, seasoned veteran, loving your job, hating your job, and/or moving up the surgical tech career ladder, we all know it's not easy. I mean if the field of surgical technology were a walk in the park, everyone would be doing it.... HOWEVER, if you think you are: "only..." or "Just a...", then you are setting yourself up for failure!Many of you know my background and are well aware that I've been in & around the surgical tech world for decades. I mean I'm talking about 20+ years of blood, sweat & tears learning my craft and the dynamics of surgical technology & the operating room, and applying everything I've learned since surgical tech school to put myself in a very successful position in the world of surgery. Now I'm not trying to sound arrogant but if I can take a surgical tech education from the 1980's and grow myself into a professional & lucrative position based on a surgical tech education & experience, then you can too!! !What's stopping you? For most people it's a matter of how you view yourself. For others it's a matter of what you think others are thinking about you. That might sound crazy but you'd be surprised at how many people view themselves as "only a..." or "Just a...." because of what they think others are thinking. Now I'm no psychiatrist but I've been exposed to enough personalities in & around the surgical world in my lifetime to know people pretty well. And for most, you are your own worst enemy!Trust me because I too was once my own worst enemy and felt as though I didn't deserve to be successful. Yep, there was a time in my surgical career when I had a hard time being "Just a surgical tech.."I mean, that's exactly how I viewed myself and that's exactly how I felt. But throughout my experiences in the surgical world, I came to realize how specialized, technical, and valuable the skills of a good surgical tech can become. However, the first step is realizing that you are NOT: "Just a...."Listen, just to keep things real here, I know for a fact there is a good percentage of surgical techs who will always view there position as: "Just a..."And these are the individuals who will be miserable getting up every day for work going to the O. R. dreading the case assignments, looking for that first break, counting the minutes to lunch time, sitting around the lounge talking about everyone else, and then making a big stink if they are not relieved exactly at the end of the shift. I know because there was a time when I was that person & a large percentage of my co-worker scrub techs were too. Therefore I took the long road early in my surgical tech career and learned the hard way. AND the reason I'm telling you all of this is because you can take a short cut by learning from & hopefully avoiding my mistakes._______________Today, I LOVE working in and around the O. R. as an educator for surgeons, scrubs, & the entire O. R. team when I'm covering a case. I love being the "go-to" man when they are using the device I represent in surgery. I'm the educator in the room high-fiving the O. R. team when I help a scrub tech and a surgeon successfully use a product._______________Today, I love being the contact person for surgical techs who want to become first assistants. I'm the educator on the phone motivating surgical techs who are thinking about becoming a first assistant & looking for the opportunities of advancing their career._______________Today, I love encouraging potential surgical tech students to follow their dreams & professional passions. I'm the educator who gets all warm & fuzzy when I get a thank you email from a surgical tech grad telling me that I helped motivate them into this field and its the best thing they've ever done._______________Yep, I'm the educator who does what he does with passion because I enjoy seeing others succeed. And above all I'm the educator who is telling you that you are not "JUST a....."RATHERI'm the educator who is telling you that if I can do it YOU CAN DO IT TOO!!! !_______________So, I'll ask you again~What's stopping you from being more than "Just a..."_______________To be successful in & around the O. R. you have got to look for the opportunities. If you're content working as a scrub tech for the rest of your professional career, MORE POWER TO YOU!! !Seriously, do it with the passion of an all time surgical tech champion. Be the scrub who the doc's request on their cases. Learn every last detail about your chosen specialty and rock on.... :)If you're not content working as a scrub tech for the rest of your professional career, utilize the back door access you have in surgery, look around, and decide upon another route. I often tell you about other opportunities, i.e. First Assisting, RN, PA, NP, MD, Sales, Consulting, Teaching, etc.... But it doesn't have to stop there... If you see an opportunity, a need to fill, or a way to make something better in or around the O. R., why not come up with a solution and market that solution. The only limit you have is what you limit yourself to think of. Early in my career I never thought I'd make any money or do much on a professional level in or around the surgical world. Early in my career I got exactly what I thought about. But once I started to want more on a professional level, I started to learn more. I'd carry my Alexander's to work every day and read up on the cases I was assigned to prior to starting the day. I'd look at the assignments for the next day if possible, go home and do a little more studying from my Alexander's. The point is, I applied myself to learning more and it started to show in my performance. As my scrub knowledge grew, me performance grew. As my surgical tech performance grew, the more valuable of an O. R. team member I became. The more valuable I made myself in surgery, the more marketable I became. The more marketable I became, the more I started to create my own professional path. And to think, it all started with a basic surgical tech education, a few hard knocks in the O. R., an adjustment in my attitude & thinking, a little self-study discipline, and "wallah". ... SURGICAL TECH SUCCESS!Again, if I can do it, You Can TOO!! !And I'll ask you one more time~What's stopping you from being more than: "Just a..."Please enlighten me, good or bad, lets hear it!I look forward to hearing your thoughts~Until next time... Your friend,Robert Content Copyright 2004 - 2017 © www. Surgical Tech Success.com All Rights Reserved

D616397

http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/feed-and-nutrition/feeding-dairy-goats/

Feeding dairy goats

Extension > Agriculture > Dairy Extension > Feed and Nutrition > Feeding dairy goats Feeding dairy goats Laura Kieser, Extension Educator, Carver/Scott Counties Published in Dairy Star April 30, 2010Goats are ruminants just like dairy cows. The four-compartment stomach is designed to digest large quantities of forages. Ruminants eat quickly and swallow their food at first without much chewing. Later, they regurgitate their food and thoroughly chew it and swallow. Healthy ruminants will spend as much time chewing their cud as they do grazing or eating hay. Utilizing Pasture with Dairy Goats Contrary to the popular image of goats thriving on tin cans, goats actually require a more nutritious diet than do other ruminants. Their shorter digestive system does not retain food for as long, and therefore does not digest nutrients fully. This quicker digestion allows them to eat larger quantities of food to make up for their reduced absorption of nutrients, but it is goats’ unique grazing behavior that really enables them to thrive on pasture. With their small mouths and flexible lips, grazing goats are able to select the highly nutritious parts of plants and leave parts that are less nutritious, giving them an advantage over cattle that graze which end up with large mouthfuls of various quality forage. Each goat is able to consume up to 3 to 5% of its body weight in dry matter daily (perhaps more if the forage is highly digestible). To consume that amount, however, goats must be pastured in an area with a large quantity of available vegetative forage. Goats will eat less when they are moved to poor pastures. Goats prefer browsing (eating woody plants) but will also graze on grasses and weeds. Goats are known to stand on their hind legs to reach leaves and brush. Since goats, cattle, and sheep prefer different forages, in many pasture situations these species do not compete for the same food. Therefore, they can be managed quite successfully in a multispecies grazing system, allowing the land to be used more fully and generate more income. Supplemental Feeding While good quality forages are usually adequate, goats may sometimes need supplemental feeding, especially if they are producing high volumes of milk or during the winter. Goats need a proper balance of energy in the form of roughage or grain, as well as protein, vitamins, minerals, and clean water. Protein and energy requirements vary, depending on the type of goat and its stage of production (see Table 1). Dairy goats need both high-quality forage and supplemental grain to reach their full potential, especially during peak lactation or growth. Goats can be picky eaters, and they may not immediately accept new feeds. Any feed changes should be made gradually to avoid upsetting the rumen microbes. Feeding very high levels of grain can also upset the rumen. Grain should never be more than 50% of the total diet, except for heavily-producing dairy goats. Table 2 gives guidelines for balancing protein requirements when utilizing pasture, hay and grain supplementation. Here are some general “rules of thumb” for supplementing lactating does: Start the doe on grain a month before kidding and have her consuming about 1.5 pounds of grain by the time she kids. This allows the rumen organisms to slowly adapt. After kidding, increase grain slowly to about 3 pounds per day by 4 weeks post-kidding. After peak lactation, feed according to milk production. Feed 0.5 pound of grain for every pound of milk over 3 pounds milk per day, along with good quality forage. For example, a goat producing 8 pounds a day would get all the good forage she could eat plus 2.5 pounds (8 – 3 = 5 lb. x 0.5 lb feed/lb milk) of grain, split into two feedings. Try not to feed a doe more than 4 pounds of grain per day (Smith, 1994). Table 1. Dietary Protein and Energy Requirements of Goats% Protein in Roughage Dry Matter Basis % Protein Needed in Concentrate Crude Protein% Total Digestible Nutrients %Growing Doe Kid, 45 lb (0.25 lb/day ROG) 2.4 8.8 56Growing Buck Kid, 66 lb (0.33 lb/day ROG) 2.9 9 57Yearling Doe, 90 lb (last trimester, growing) 4.6 10 563 Yr Old Doe, 110 lb (milking 0.5 gal/day) 5 11.7 69Mature Buck, 220 lb (no wt. gain, moderate activity) 5.3 9 55Dairy Doe, 150 lb (milking 1 gal/day, 4% BF) 7.5 11.6 71Table 2. Supplying Protein Needs For Lactating Goats% Protein in Roughage Dry Matter Basis % Protein Needed in Concentrate15% + Excellent legume hay or excellent pasture High Production (over 8 lb/day) 14Low Production 1212 - 15% Legume-grass mixed hay or good pasture High Production 16Low Production 1410 - 12% Good grass hay or fair pasture High Production 18Low Production 16Below 10% Fair quality grass hay or poor pasture High Production 20Low Production 18Sources include: National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service; USDA Cooperative State Research Service, The Office for Small-Scale Agriculture; 1993 American Dairy Goat Association National Convention Proceedings; Supplemental Winter Feeding of Goats, 2000, Clemson University; and Goat Medicine, 1994.

D194750

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase

DNA polymerase

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search DNA-directed DNA polymerase3D structure of the DNA-binding helix-turn-helix motifs in human DNA polymerase beta (based on PDB file 7ICG)Identifiers EC number 2.7.7.7CAS number 9012-90-2Databases Int Enz Int Enz view BRENDA BRENDA entry Ex PASy Nice Zyme view KEGG KEGG entry Meta Cyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology Ami GO / Quick GO [ show] Search In molecular biology, DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNAmolecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]These enzymes catalyze the following chemical reactiondeoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA n ⇌ diphosphate + DNA n+1DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' - end of a DNA strand, one nucleotide at a time. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerases are required to help duplicate the cell's DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell. In this way, genetic information is passed down from generation to generation. Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form, in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases. This opens up or "unzips" the double-stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Function2.1 Structure2.2 Processivity3 Variation across species3.1 Prokaryotic Polymerase3.1.1 Pol I3.1.2 Pol II3.1.3 Pol III3.1.4 Pol IV3.1.5 Pol V3.2 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase3.2.1 Polymerases β, λ, σ and μ (beta, lambda, sigma, and mu)3.2.2 Polymerases α, δ and ε (alpha, delta, and epsilon)3.2.3 Polymerases η, ι and κ (eta, iota, and kappa)3.2.4 Polymerases Rev1 and ζ (zeta)3.2.5 Telomerase3.2.6 Polymerases γ and θ (gamma and theta)3.2.7 Polymerase ν (nu)3.2.8 Reverse transcriptase4 See also5 References6 Further reading7 External links History [ edit]In 1956, Arthur Kornberg and colleagues discovered DNA polymerase I (Pol I), in Escherichia coli. They described the DNA replication process by which DNA polymerase copies the base sequence of a template DNA strand. Kornberg was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for this work. [7] DNA polymerase II was also discovered by Thomas Kornberg (the son of Arthur Kornberg) [8] and Malcolm E. Gefter in 1970 while further elucidating the role of Pol I in E. coli DNA replication. [9]Function [ edit]DNA polymerase moves along the old strand in the 3'-5' direction, creating a new strand having a 5'-3' direction. DNA polymerase with proofreading ability The main function of DNA polymerase is to synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. The DNA copies are created by the pairing of nucleotides to bases present on each strand of the original DNA molecule. This pairing always occurs in specific combinations, with cytosine along with guanine, and thymine along with adenine, forming two separate pairs, respectively. By contrast, RNA polymerases synthesize RNA from ribonucleotides from either RNA or DNA. When synthesizing new DNA, DNA polymerase can add free nucleotides only to the 3' end of the newly forming strand. This results in elongation of the newly forming strand in a 5'-3' direction. No known DNA polymerase is able to begin a new chain ( de novo ); it can only add a nucleotide onto a pre-existing 3'- OH group, and therefore needs a primer at which it can add the first nucleotide. Primers consist of RNA or DNA bases (or both). In DNA replication, the first two bases are always RNA, and are synthesized by another enzyme called primase. Helicase and topoisomerase II are required to unwind DNA from a double-strand structure to a single-strand structure to facilitate replication of each strand consistent with the semiconservative model of DNA replication. It is important to note that the directionality of the newly forming strand (the daughter strand) is opposite to the direction in which DNA polymerase moves along the template strand. Since DNA polymerase requires a free 3' OH group for initiation of synthesis, it can synthesize in only one direction by extending the 3' end of the preexisting nucleotide chain. Hence, DNA polymerase moves along the template strand in a 3'-5' direction, and the daughter strand is formed in a 5'-3' direction. This difference enables the resultant double-strand DNA formed to be composed of two DNA strands that are antiparallel to each other. The function of DNA polymerase is not quite perfect, with the enzyme making about one mistake for every billion base pairs copied. Error correction is a property of some, but not all DNA polymerases. This process corrects mistakes in newly synthesized DNA. When an incorrect base pair is recognized, DNA polymerase moves backwards by one base pair of DNA. The 3'-5' exonuclease activity of the enzyme allows the incorrect base pair to be excised (this activity is known as proofreading ). Following base excision, the polymerase can re-insert the correct base and replication can continue forwards. This preserves the integrity of the original DNA strand that is passed onto the daughter cells. Fidelity is very important in DNA replication. Mismatches in DNA base pairing can potentially result in dysfunctional proteins and could lead to cancer. Many DNA polymerase contain an exonuclease domain, which acts in detecting base pair mismatches and further performs in the removal of the incorrect nucleotide to be replaced by the correct one. [10] The shape and the interactions accommodating the Watson and Crick base pair are what primarily contribute to the detection or error. Hydrogen bonds play a key role in base pair binding and interaction. The loss of an interaction, which occurs at a mismatch, is said to trigger a shift in the balance, for the binding of the template-primer, from the polymerase, to the exonuclease domain. In addition, an incorporation of a wrong nucleotide causes a retard in DNA polymerization. This delay gives time for the DNA to be switched from the polymerase site to the exonuclease site. Different conformational changes and loss of interaction occur at different mismatches. In a purine:pyrimidine mismatch there is a displacement of the pyrimidine towards the major groove and the purine towards the minor groove. Relative to the shape of DNA polymerase’s binding pocket, steric clashes occur between the purine and residues in the minor groove, and important van der Waals and electrostatic interactions are lost by the pyrimidine. [11] Pyrimidine:pyrimidine and purine:purine mismatches present less notable changes since the bases are displaced towards the major groove, and less steric hindrance is experienced. However, although the different mismatches result in different steric properties, DNA polymerase is still able to detect and differentiate them so uniformly and maintain fidelity in DNA replication. [12] DNA polymerization is also critical for many mutagenesis processes and is widely employed in biotechnologies. Structure [ edit]The known DNA polymerases have highly conserved structure, which means that their overall catalytic subunits vary very little from species to species, independent of their domain structures. Conserved structures usually indicate important, irreplaceable functions of the cell, the maintenance of which provides evolutionary advantages. The shape can be described as resembling a right hand with thumb, finger, and palm domains. The palm domain appears to function in catalyzing the transfer of phosphoryl group s in the phosphoryl transfer reaction. DNA is bound to the palm when the enzyme is active. This reaction is believed to be catalyzed by a two-metal-ion mechanism. The finger domain functions to bind the nucleoside triphosphates with the template base. The thumb domain plays a potential role in the processivity, translocation, and positioning of the DNA. [13]Processivity [ edit]DNA polymerase’s rapid catalysis is due to its processive nature. Processivity is a characteristic of enzymes that function on polymeric substrates. In the case of DNA polymerase, the degree of processivity refers to the average number of nucleotides added each time the enzyme binds a template. The average DNA polymerase requires about one second locating and binding a primer/template junction. Once it is bound, a nonprocessive DNA polymerase adds nucleotide s at a rate of one nucleotide per second. [14]: 207–208 Processive DNA polymerases, however, add multiple nucleotides per second, drastically increasing the rate of DNA synthesis. The degree of processivity is directly proportional to the rate of DNA synthesis. The rate of DNA synthesis in a living cell was first determined as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage infected E. coli. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. [15]DNA polymerase’s ability to slide along the DNA template allows increased processivity. There is a dramatic increase in processivity at the replication fork. This increase is facilitated by the DNA polymerase’s association with proteins known as the sliding DNA clamp. The clamps are multiple protein subunits associated in the shape of a ring. Using the hydrolysis of ATP, a class of proteins known as the sliding clamp loading proteins open up the ring structure of the sliding DNA clamps allowing binding to and release from the DNA strand. Protein-protein interaction with the clamp prevents DNA polymerase from diffusing from the DNA template, thereby ensuring that the enzyme binds the same primer/template junction and continues replication. [14]: 207–208 DNA polymerase changes conformation, increasing affinity to the clamp when associated with it and decreasing affinity when it completes the replication of a stretch of DNA to allow release from the clamp. Variation across species [ edit]DNA polymerase family Ac:o6-methyl-guanine pair in the polymerase-2 basepair position Identifiers Symbol DNA_pol_APfam PF00476Inter Pro IPR001098SMART -PROSITE PDOC00412SCOP 1dpi SUPERFAMILY 1dpi [ show] Available protein structures: DNA polymerase family Bcrystal structure of rb69 gp43 in complex with dna containing thymine glycol Identifiers Symbol DNA_pol_BPfam PF00136Pfam clan CL0194Inter Pro IPR006134PROSITE PDOC00107SCOP 1noy SUPERFAMILY 1noy [ show] Available protein structures: DNA polymerase type B, organellar and viralphi29 dna polymerase, orthorhombic crystal form, ssdna complex Identifiers Symbol DNA_pol_B_2Pfam PF03175Pfam clan CL0194Inter Pro IPR004868 [ show] Available protein structures: Based on sequence homology, DNA polymerases can be further subdivided into seven different families: A, B, C, D, X, Y, and RT. Some virus es also encode special DNA polymerases, such as Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase. These may selectively replicate viral DNA through a variety of mechanisms. Retroviruses encode an unusual DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (Rd Dp). It polymerizes DNA from a template of RNA. Family Types of DNA polymerase Species Examples A Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic T7 DNA polymerase, Pol I, and DNA Polymerase γB Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Pol II, Pol B, Pol ζ, Pol α, δ, and εC Replicative Polymerases Prokaryotic Pol IIID Replicative Polymerases Euryarchaeota Not well-characterized X Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic Pol β, Pol σ, Pol λ, Pol μ, and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase Y Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Pol ι (iota), Pol κ (kappa), Pol η (eta), [16] Pol IV, and Pol VRT Replicative and Repair Polymerases Viruses, Retroviruses, and Eukaryotic Telomerase, Hepatitis B virus Prokaryotic Polymerase Prokaryotes only have one RNA polymerase and it exists in two forms: core polymerase and holoenzyme. Core polymerase synthesizes DNA from the DNA template but it cannot initiate the synthesis alone or accurately. Holoenzyme accurately initiates synthesis. Prokaryotic Polymerase [ edit]Pol I [ edit]Prokaryotic family A polymerases include the DNA polymerase I (Pol I) enzyme, which is encoded by the pol A gene and ubiquitous among prokaryotes. This repair polymerase is involved in excision repair with both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity and processing of Okazaki fragments generated during lagging strand synthesis. [17] Pol I is the most abundant polymerase, accounting for >95% of polymerase activity in E. coli; yet cells lacking Pol I have been found suggesting Pol I activity can be replaced by the other four polymerases. Pol I adds ~15-20 nucleotides per second, thus showing poor processivity. Instead, Pol I starts adding nucleotides at the RNA primer:template junction known as the origin of replication (ori). Approximately 400 bp downstream from the origin, the Pol III holoenzyme is assembled and takes over replication at a highly processive speed and nature. [18]Pol II [ edit]DNA polymerase II, a family B polymerase, is a pol B gene product also known as Dna A. Pol II has 3'-5' exonuclease activity and participates in DNA repair, replication restart to bypass lesions, and its cell presence can jump from ~30-50 copies per cell to ~200-300 during SOS induction. Pol II is also thought to be a backup to Pol III as it can interact with holoenzyme proteins and assume a high level of processivity. The main role of Pol II is thought to be the ability to direct polymerase activity at the replication fork and helped stalled Pol III bypass terminal mismatches. [19]Pol III [ edit]DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication in E. coli and belongs to family C polymerases. It consists of three assemblies: the pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor, and the clamp-loading complex. The core consists of three subunits: α, the polymerase activity hub, ɛ, exonucleolytic proofreader, and θ, which may act as a stabilizer for ɛ. The holoenzyme contains two cores, one for each strand, the lagging and leading. [19] The beta sliding clamp processivity factor is also present in duplicate, one for each core, to create a clamp that encloses DNA allowing for high processivity. [20] The third assembly is a seven-subunit (τ2γδδ′χψ) clamp loader complex. Recent research has classified Family C polymerases as a subcategory of Family X with no eukaryotic equivalents. [21]Pol IV [ edit]In E. coli, DNA polymerase IV (Pol 4) is an error-prone DNA polymerase involved in non-targeted mutagenesis. [22] Pol IV is a Family Y polymerase expressed by the din B gene that is switched on via SOS induction caused by stalled polymerases at the replication fork. During SOS induction, Pol IV production is increased tenfold and one of the functions during this time is to interfere with Pol III holoenzyme processivity. This creates a checkpoint, stops replication, and allows time to repair DNA lesions via the appropriate repair pathway. [23] Another function of Pol IV is to perform translesion synthesis at the stalled replication fork like, for example, bypassing N2-deoxyguanine adducts at a faster rate than transversing undamaged DNA. Cells lacking din B gene have a higher rate of mutagenesis caused by DNA damaging agents. [24]Pol V [ edit]DNA polymerase V (Pol V) is a Y-family DNA polymerase that is involved in SOS response and translesion synthesis DNA repair mechanisms. [25] Transcription of Pol V via the umu DC genes is highly regulated to produce only Pol V when damaged DNA is present in the cell generating an SOS response. Stalled polymerases causes Rec A to bind to the ss DNA, which causes the Lex A protein to autodigest. Lex A then loses its ability to repress the transcription of the umu DC operon. The same Rec A-ss DNA nucleoprotein posttranslationally modifies the Umu D protein into Umu D' protein. Umu D and Umu D' form a heterodimer that interacts with Umu C, which in turn activates umu C's polymerase catalytic activity on damaged DNA. [26] Interestingly, In E. coli, a polymerase “tool belt” model for switching pol III with pol IV at a stalled replication fork, where both polymerases bind simultaneously to the β-clamp, has been proposed. [27] However, the involvement of more than one TLS polymerase working in succession to bypass a lesion has not yet been shown in E. coli. Moreover, Pol IV can catalyze both insertion and extension with high efficiency, whereas pol V is considered the major SOS TLS polymerase. One example is the bypass of intra strand guanine thymine cross-link where it was shown on the basis of the difference in the mutational signatures of the two polymerases, that pol IV and pol V compete for TLS of the intra-strand crosslink. [27]Eukaryotic DNA polymerase [ edit]Polymerases β, λ, σ and μ (beta, lambda, sigma, and mu) [ edit]Family X polymerases contain the well-known eukaryotic polymerase pol β (beta), as well as other eukaryotic polymerases such as Pol σ (sigma), Pol λ (lambda), Pol μ (mu), and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Td T). Family X polymerases are found mainly in vertebrates, and a few are found in plants and fungi. These polymerases have highly conserved regions that include two helix-hairpin-helix motifs that are imperative in the DNA-polymerase interactions. One motif is located in the 8 k Da domain that interacts with downstream DNA and one motif is located in the thumb domain that interacts with the primer strand. Pol β, encoded by POLB gene, is required for short-patch base excision repair, a DNA repair pathway that is essential for repairing alkylated or oxidized bases as well as abasic sites. Pol λ and Pol μ, encoded by the POLL and POLM genes respectively, are involved in non-homologous end-joining, a mechanism for rejoining DNA double-strand breaks due to hydrogen peroxide and ionizing radiation, respectively. Td T is expressed only in lymphoid tissue, and adds "n nucleotides" to double-strand breaks formed during V (D)J recombination to promote immunological diversity. [28]Polymerases α, δ and ε (alpha, delta, and epsilon) [ edit]Pol α (alpha), Pol δ (delta), and Pol ε (epsilon) are members of Family B Polymerases and are the main polymerases involved with nuclear DNA replication. Pol α complex (pol α-DNA primase complex) consists of four subunits: the catalytic subunit POLA1, the regulatory subunit POLA2, and the small and the large primase subunits PRIM1 and PRIM2 respectively. Once primase has created the RNA primer, Pol α starts replication elongating the primer with ~20 nucleotides. [29] Due to its high processivity, Pol δ takes over the leading and lagging strand synthesis from Pol α. [14]: 218–219 Pol δ is expressed by genes POLD1, creating the catalytic subunit, POLD2, POLD3, and POLD4 creating the other subunits that interact with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), which is a DNA clamp that allows Pol δ to possess processivity. [30] Pol ε is encoded by the POLE1, the catalytic subunit, POLE2, and POLE3 gene. It has been reported that the function of Pol ε is to extend the leading strand during replication, while Pol δ primarily replicates the lagging strand; however, recent evidence suggested that Pol δ might have a role in replicating the leading strand of DNA as well. [31] Pol ε's C-terminus region is thought to be essential to cell vitality as well. The C-terminus region is thought to provide a checkpoint before entering anaphase, provide stability to the holoenzyme, and add proteins to the holoenzyme necessary for initiation of replication. [32]Polymerases η, ι and κ (eta, iota, and kappa) [ edit]Pol η (eta), Pol ι (iota), and Pol κ (kappa), are Family Y DNA polymerases involved in the DNA repair by translesion synthesis and encoded by genes POLH, POLI, and POLK respectively. Members of Family Y have five common motifs to aid in binding the substrate and primer terminus and they all include the typical right hand thumb, palm and finger domains with added domains like little finger (LF), polymerase-associated domain (PAD), or wrist. The active site, however, differs between family members due to the different lesions being repaired. Polymerases in Family Y are low-fidelity polymerases, but have been proven to do more good than harm as mutations that affect the polymerase can cause various diseases, such as skin cancer and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant (XPS). The importance of these polymerases is evidenced by the fact that gene encoding DNA polymerase η is referred as XPV, because loss of this gene results in the disease Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant. Pol η is particularly important for allowing accurate translesion synthesis of DNA damage resulting from ultraviolet radiation. The functionality of Pol κ is not completely understood, but researchers have found two probable functions. Pol κ is thought to act as an extender or an inserter of a specific base at certain DNA lesions. All three translesion synthesis polymerases, along with Rev1, are recruited to damaged lesions via stalled replicative DNA polymerases. There are two pathways of damage repair leading researchers to conclude that the chosen pathway depends on which strand contains the damage, the leading or lagging strand. [33]Polymerases Rev1 and ζ (zeta) [ edit]Pol ζ another B family polymerase, is made of two subunits Rev3, the catalytic subunit, and Rev7, which increases the catalytic function of the polymerase, and is involved in translesion synthesis. Pol ζ lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, is unique in that it can extend primers with terminal mismatches. Rev1 has three regions of interest in the BRCT domain, ubiquitin-binding domain, and C-terminal domain and has d CMP transferase ability, which adds deoxycytidine opposite lesions that would stall replicative polymerases Pol δ and Pol ε. These stalled polymerases activate ubiquitin complexes that in turn disassociate replication polymerases and recruit Pol ζ and Rev1. Together Pol ζ and Rev1 add deoxycytidine and Pol ζ extends past the lesion. Through a yet undetermined process, Pol ζ disassociates and replication polymerases reassociate and continue replication. Pol ζ and Rev1 are not required for replication, but loss of REV3 gene in budding yeast can cause increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents due to collapse of replication forks where replication polymerases have stalled. [34]Telomerase [ edit]Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein recruited to replicate ends of linear chromosomes because normal DNA polymerase cannot replicate the ends, or telomere. The single-strand 3’ overhang of the double-strand chromosome with the sequence 5’-TTAGGG-3’ recruits telomerase. Telomerase acts like other DNA polymerases by extending the 3’ end, but, unlike other DNA polymerases, telomerase does not require a template. The TERT subunit, an example of a reverse transcriptase, uses the RNA subunit to form the primer–template junction that allows telomerase to extend the 3’ end of chromosome ends. The gradual decrease in size of telomeres as the result of many replications over a lifetime are thought to be associated with the effects of aging. [14]: 248–249Polymerases γ and θ (gamma and theta) [ edit]Pol γ (gamma) and Pol θ (theta) are Family A polymerases. Pol γ, encoded by the POLG gene, is the only mt DNA polymerase and therefore replicates, repairs, and has proofreading 3'-5' exonuclease and 5' d RP lyase activities. Any mutation that leads to limited or non-functioning Pol γ has a significant effect on mt DNA and is the most common cause of autosomal inherited mitochondrial disorders. [35] Pol γ contains a C-terminus polymerase domain and an N-terminus 3'-5' exonuclease domain that are connected via the linker region, which binds the accessory subunit. The accessory subunit binds DNA and is required for processivity of Pol γ. Point mutation A467T in the linker region is responsible for more than one-third of all Pol γ-associated mitochondrial disorders. [36] While many homologs of Pol θ, encoded by the POLQ gene, are found in eukaryotes, its function is not clearly understood. The sequence of amino acids in the C-terminus is what classifies Pol θ as Family A polymerase, although the error rate for Pol θ is more closely related to Family Y polymerases. Pol θ extends mismatched primer termini and can bypass abasic sites by adding a nucleotide. It also has Deoxyribophosphodiesterase (d RPase) activity in the polymerase domain and can show ATPase activity in close proximity to ss DNA. [37]Polymerase ν (nu) [ edit]Further information: DNA polymerase nu Reverse transcriptase [ edit]Retroviruses encode an unusual DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (Rd Dp) that synthesizes DNA from a template of RNA. The reverse transcriptase family contain both DNA polymerase functionality and RNase H functionality, which degrades RNA base-paired to DNA. An example of a retrovirus is HIV. [14]: See also [ edit]Biological machines DNA repair DNA replication DNA sequencing Enzyme catalysis Genetic recombination Molecular cloning Polymerase chain reaction Protein domain dynamics Reverse transcription RNA polymerase Taq DNA polymerase References [ edit]^ Bollum FJ (August 1960). "Calf thymus polymerase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 235: 2399–403. PMID 13802334.^ Falaschi A, Kornberg A (April 1966). "Biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation. II. Deoxy- ribonucleic acid polymerase in spores of Bacillus subtilis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (7): 1478–82. PMID 4957767.^ Lehman IR, Bessman MJ, Simms ES, Kornberg A (July 1958). "Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. I. Preparation of substrates and partial purification of an enzyme from Escherichia coli". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 233 (1): 163–70. PMID 13563462.^ Richardson CC, Schildkraut CL, Aposhian HV, Kornberg A (January 1964). "Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. XIV. Further purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase of Escherichia coli ". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 239: 222–32. PMID 14114848.^ Schachman HK, Adler J, Radding CM, Lehman IR, Kornberg A (November 1960). "Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. VII. Synthesis of a polymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 235: 3242–9. PMID 13747134.^ Zimmerman BK (May 1966). "Purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (9): 2035–41. PMID 5946628.^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved December 1, 2012.^ "DNA polymerase III holoenzyme". Wikipedia. Retrieved April 4, 2017.^ Tessman I, Kennedy MA (February 1994). "DNA polymerase II of Escherichia coli in the bypass of abasic sites in vivo". Genetics. 136 (2): 439–48. PMC 1205799. PMID 7908652.^ Garrett, Grisham (2013). Biochemistry. Mary Finch.^ Hunter WN, Brown T, Anand NN, Kennard O (1986). "Structure of an adenine-cytosine base pair in DNA and its implications for mismatch repair". Nature. 320 (6062): 552–5. Bibcode: 1986Natur.320..552H. doi: 10.1038/320552a0. PMID 3960137.^ Swan MK, Johnson RE, Prakash L, Prakash S, Aggarwal AK (September 2009). "Structural basis of high-fidelity DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase delta". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 16 (9): 979–86. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1663. PMC 3055789. PMID 19718023.^ Steitz TA (June 1999). "DNA polymerases: structural diversity and common mechanisms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (25): 17395–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.25.17395. PMID 10364165.^ a b c d e Losick R, Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell S, Gann A, Levine MW (2008). Molecular biology of the gene (6th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-9592-X.^ Mc Carthy D, Minner C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C (October 1976). "DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant". Journal of Molecular Biology. 106 (4): 963–81. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836 (76)90346-6. PMID 789903.^ Boehm EM, Powers KT, Kondratick CM, Spies M, Houtman JC, Washington MT (April 2016). "The Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)-interacting Protein (PIP) Motif of DNA Polymerase η Mediates Its Interaction with the C-terminal Domain of Rev1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (16): 8735–44. doi: 10.1074/jbc. M115.697938. PMC 4861442. PMID 26903512.^ Maga G, Hubscher U, Spadari S, Villani G (2010). DNA Polymerases: Discovery, Characterization Functions in Cellular DNA Transactions. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 981-4299-16-2.^ Choi CH, Burton ZF, Usheva A (February 2004). "Auto-acetylation of transcription factors as a control mechanism in gene expression". Cell Cycle. 3 (2): 114–5. doi: 10.4161/cc.3.2.651. PMID 14712067.^ a b Banach-Orlowska M, Fijalkowska IJ, Schaaper RM, Jonczyk P (October 2005). "DNA polymerase II as a fidelity factor in chromosomal DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli". Molecular Microbiology. 58 (1): 61–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04805.x. PMID 16164549.^ Olson MW, Dallmann HG, Mc Henry CS (December 1995). "Dna X complex of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The chi psi complex functions by increasing the affinity of tau and gamma for delta.delta' to a physiologically relevant range". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (49): 29570–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.49.29570. PMID 7494000.^ "DNA Polymerase Families". News-medical.net. 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2014-06-28.^ Goodman MF (2002). "Error-prone repair DNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 71: 17–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.083101.124707. PMID 12045089.^ Mori T, Nakamura T, Okazaki N, Furukohri A, Maki H, Akiyama MT (2012). "Escherichia coli Din B inhibits replication fork progression without significantly inducing the SOS response". Genes & Genetic Systems. 87 (2): 75–87. doi: 10.1266/ggs.87.75. PMID 22820381.^ Jarosz DF, Godoy VG, Walker GC (April 2007). "Proficient and accurate bypass of persistent DNA lesions by Din B DNA polymerases". Cell Cycle. 6 (7): 817–22. doi: 10.4161/cc.6.7.4065. PMID 17377496.^ Patel M, Jiang Q, Woodgate R, Cox MM, Goodman MF (June 2010). "A new model for SOS-induced mutagenesis: how Rec A protein activates DNA polymerase V". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 45 (3): 171–84. doi: 10.3109/10409238.2010.480968. PMC 2874081. PMID 20441441.^ Sutton MD, Walker GC (July 2001). "Managing DNA polymerases: coordinating DNA replication, DNA repair, and DNA recombination". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (15): 8342–9. Bibcode: 2001PNAS...98.8342S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.111036998. PMC 37441. PMID 11459973.^ a b Raychaudhury P, Basu AK (March 2011). "Genetic requirement for mutagenesis of the G [8,5-Me]T cross-link in Escherichia coli: DNA polymerases IV and V compete for error-prone bypass". Biochemistry. 50 (12): 2330–8. doi: 10.1021/bi102064z. PMC 3062377. PMID 21302943.^ Yamtich J, Sweasy JB (May 2010). "DNA polymerase family X: function, structure, and cellular roles". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1804 (5): 1136–50. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.008. PMC 2846199. PMID 19631767.^ Chansky ML, Marks A, Peet A (2012). Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: a clinical approach (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolter Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. chapter13. ISBN 160831572X.^ Chung DW, Zhang JA, Tan CK, Davie EW, So AG, Downey KM (December 1991). "Primary structure of the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase delta and chromosomal location of the gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (24): 11197–201. Bibcode: 1991PNAS...8811197C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11197. PMC 53101. PMID 1722322.^ Johnson RE, Klassen R, Prakash L, Prakash S (July 2015). "A Major Role of DNA Polymerase δ in Replication of Both the Leading and Lagging DNA Strands". Molecular Cell. 59 (2): 163–175. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.038. PMC 4517859. PMID 26145172.^ Edwards S, Li CM, Levy DL, Brown J, Snow PM, Campbell JL (April 2003). "Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase epsilon and polymerase sigma interact physically and functionally, suggesting a role for polymerase epsilon in sister chromatid cohesion". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (8): 2733–48. doi: 10.1128/mcb.23.8.2733-2748.2003. PMC 152548. PMID 12665575.^ Ohmori H, Hanafusa T, Ohashi E, Vaziri C (2009). "Separate roles of structured and unstructured regions of Y-family DNA polymerases". Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. 78: 99–146. doi: 10.1016/S1876-1623 (08)78004-0. ISBN 9780123748270. PMC 3103052. PMID 20663485.^ Gan GN, Wittschieben JP, Wittschieben BØ, Wood RD (January 2008). "DNA polymerase zeta (pol zeta) in higher eukaryotes". Cell Research. 18 (1): 174–83. doi: 10.1038/cr.2007.117. PMID 18157155.^ Zhang L, Chan SS, Wolff DJ (July 2011). "Mitochondrial disorders of DNA polymerase γ dysfunction: from anatomic to molecular pathology diagnosis". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 135 (7): 925–34. doi: 10.1043/2010-0356-RAR.1 (inactive 2017-01-31). PMC 3158670. PMID 21732785.^ Stumpf JD, Copeland WC (January 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA replication and disease: insights from DNA polymerase γ mutations". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (2): 219–33. doi: 10.1007/s00018-010-0530-4. PMC 3046768. PMID 20927567.^ Hogg M, Sauer-Eriksson AE, Johansson E (March 2012). "Promiscuous DNA synthesis by human DNA polymerase θ". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (6): 2611–22. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr1102. PMC 3315306. PMID 22135286. Further reading [ edit]Burgers PM, Koonin EV, Bruford E, Blanco L, Burtis KC, Christman MF, Copeland WC, Friedberg EC, Hanaoka F, Hinkle DC, Lawrence CW, Nakanishi M, Ohmori H, Prakash L, Prakash S, Reynaud CA, Sugino A, Todo T, Wang Z, Weill JC, Woodgate R (November 2001). "Eukaryotic DNA polymerases: proposal for a revised nomenclature". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (47): 43487–90. doi: 10.1074/jbc. R100056200. PMID 11579108. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA polymerases. DNA polymerases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (Me SH)PDB Molecule of the Month DNA polymerase Unusual repair mechanism in DNA polymerase lambda, Ohio State University, July 25, 2006. A great animation of DNA Polymerase from WEHI at 1:45 minutes in3D macromolecular structures of DNA polymerase from the EM Data Bank (EMDB) [ show]v t e DNA replication (comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic) [ show]v t e Transferases: phosphorus -containing groups ( EC 2.7) [ show]v t e Enzymes Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Categories: EC 2.7.7 DNA replication DNA Enzymes

D100556

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Lodge Cast Iron Wok

Lodge Cast Iron Wok Lodge Cast Iron Wok is rated 5.0 out of 5 by 1 . NOW: $ 59.99 (29% off! )WAS: $84.99*QUANTITY : Add to Cart Selected Option Not Available to Ship Check Store Availability Selected Option Not Available For Pickup Product Information: Pro Tips Stir fry glory awaits with the Lodge® Cast Iron Wok! This generously sized cast iron wok offers excellent heat retention for cooking up all of your favorite meats and vegetables. Dual handles make this wok easy to maneuver while the sturdy base helps to keep it stationary while you’re cooking. Use the versatile Lodge® Cast Iron Wok indoors or outdoors, anytime you need a great stir fry!FEATURES: Generously sized Cast iron delivers excellent heat retention Sturdy base helps keep the wok stationary while cooking Dual handles for ease of use Great for sautéing meats & vegetables Use indoors or outdoors14” diameter4 ¼” depth Style #: P14W3Brand: Lodge Country of Origin: United States of America Web ID: 15LODUPRLGC14NWKWCAC

D2104479

https://brainly.com/question/2061772

What determines the shape and volume of a gas inside a container?

High School Chemistry 5 points What determines the shape and volume of a gas inside a container? Ask for details Follow Reportby Lairarobles 10/25/2016Only registered members have access to verified answers Join now Answerssarahgrant Ambitious A gas will expand to entirely fill the container in which it is kept. Thus, the shape and volume of the gas is determined by the shape and volume of the container. Comments Report0.0 0 votes Thanks 0

D1394303

https://www.names.org/n/corruption/about

Corruption

Meaning and Origin What does the name Corruption mean? Find out below. Origin and Meaning of Corruption Submit the origin and/or meaning of Corruption to us below Origin of Corruption Corruption Means Cited Source Submit Webster's Unabridged Dictionary noun Cor*rup"tion Senses The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. "The inducing and accelerating of putrefaction is a subject of very universal inquiry; for corruption is a reciprocal to “generation”." [ Bacon. ]The product of corruption; putrid matter. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. "It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, . . . to exite popular indignation against them." [ Hallam. ]"They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days." [ Bancroft. ]The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct; as, a corruption of style; corruption in language." Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of Parliament." [ Blackstone.] synonyms: Putrescence; putrefaction; defilement; contamination; deprivation; debasement; adulteration; depravity; taint. See Depravity. Note: ☞ Corruption, when applied to officers, trustees, etc., signifies the inducing a violation of duty by means of pecuniary considerations. Etymology: F. corruption, L. corruptio Other Dictionary Sources Inducement (as of a public official) by improper means (as bribery) to violate duty (as by commiting a felony) (" he was held on charges of corruption and racketeering ")Destroying someone's (or some group's) honesty or loyalty; undermining moral integrity (" corruption of a minor ")Synonyms: subversion Moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles (" the luxury and corruption among the upper classes ")Synonyms: degeneracy, depravation, depravity, and putrefaction Lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain Synonyms: corruptness Decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation)In a state of progressive putrefaction Synonyms: putrescence, putridness, and rottenness Wiktionary From French corruption, from Latin corruptiō. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. The product of corruption; putrid matter. The decomposition of biological matter. The seeking of bribes. (computing) The destruction of data by manipulation of parts of it, either by deliberate or accidental human action or by imperfections in storage or transmission media. The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct a of stylein language (linguistics) A debased or nonstandard form of a word, expression, or text, resulting from misunderstanding, transcription error, mishearing, etc. Something that is evil but is supposed to be good.corruption was also found in the following language (s): French and Old French Back to Top

D1957256

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/funny

funny

1funnyadjective fun·ny \ ˈfə-nē \Popularity: Top 30% of words | Updated on: 1 Apr 2018Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLExamples: funny in a Sentence Time Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of funnyfunnier; funniest1 a: affording light mirth and laughter: amusing His account of the war came in bits and pieces, sometimes bloody, sometimes funny. —Robert Penn Warrenb: seeking or intended to amuse: facetious Don't take him so seriously; he was just being funny.2: differing from the ordinary in a suspicious, perplexing, quaint, or eccentric way: peculiar My car has been making a funny noise.— often used as a sentence modifier Funny, things didn't turn out the way we planned.3: involving trickery or deceptiontold his prisoner not to try anything funny—funnilyplay \ ˈfə-nə-lē \ adverb—funninessplay \ ˈfə-nē-nəs \ noun—funnyadverb See funny defined for English-language learners See funny defined for kids Examples of funny in a Sentence He told a funny story. He's a very funny guy. What are you laughing at? There's nothing funny about it. There's something funny going on here. She has some funny ideas about how to run a company.“I can't find my keys.” “That's funny —they were here a minute ago.”My car has been making a funny noise lately. A funny thing happened to me the other day. It feels funny to be back here again. It's funny that you should say that—I was just thinking the same thing myself. Recent Examples of funny from the Web Some of her stories about the president are funny, some are lewd, some are frightening.— jeet heer, The New Republic, "Is “Porn Star” the Best Way to Describe Stormy Daniels?," 27 Mar. 2018The game toys with alcohol use in a darkly funny way.— megan farokhmanesh, The Verge, "The subtweets of the damned," 27 Mar. 2018Musk deleting his company Facebook pages is certainly funny.— kurt wagner, Recode, "Elon Musk deleted Facebook pages for Tesla and Space X in response to #Delete Facebook," 23 Mar. 2018These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'funny.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. First Known Use of funny1739funny Synonyms Synonymsantic, chucklesome, comedic,comic, comical, droll, farcical,hilarious, humorous, hysterical ( also hysteric), killing, laughable,ludicrous, ridiculous, riotous,risible, screaming, sidesplitting,uproarious Antonymshumorless, lame, unamusing,uncomic, unfunny, unhumorous,unhysterical Near Antonymsearnest, grave, no-nonsense,sedate, serious, severe, sober,sobersided, solemn, somber ( orsombre), staid, unsmiling,weighty;affecting, moving,poignant, touching, tragic ( alsotragical);lachrymose, mournful,sad, sorrowful, tearful, woeful Related Wordsamusing, diverting, entertaining;clownish, knockabout, slapstick,slapsticky, zany;facetious, flip,flippant, smart-aleck, smart-alecky, snickery;jocular, playful,waggish;campy, jokey ( also joky);priceless, rich, whimsical, witty,wry;blithesome, gleeful, jocose,jocund, jolly, jovial, laughing,mad, merry, mirthful2funnynoun Definition of funnyplural funnies1: one that is funny; especially: joke2 funnies plural: comic strips or the comic section of a periodical — usually used with the Examples of funny in a Sentencereading the Sunday funnies is part of my weekend rituallet's can the funnies —we've got serious work to do here Recent Examples of funny from the Web Lewandowski assured her Facebook followers that Quinn later found the melted doll funny and wasn't traumatized at all.— jackie frere, Redbook, "The Internet Thinks This Mom "Traumatized" Her Daughter By Showing Her a Burned Baby Doll," 21 Nov. 2017The special featured funny takes on money-hungry televangelists, and a hilarious impression of Ugandan President Idi Amin.— matthew allen, The Root, "The Richard Pryor Show: A Master Class of Innovation vs. Censorship," 15 Sep. 2017Lulled by the presence of innocents, the president made a couple of mild funnies.— kenzie bryant, Vanities, "Donald Trump Congratulates Trick Or Treaters for Not Having "Weight Problems"," 27 Oct. 2017These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'funny.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. First Known Use of funny1852funny Synonyms Synonymscrack, drollery, gag, jape, jest,joke, laugh, one-liner, pleasantry,quip, rib, sally, waggery,wisecrack, witticism Related Wordsfunning, joking, wisecracking;panic [ slang], riot, scream;antic,buffoonery, caper,monkeyshine (s), practical joke,prank, trick;burlesque,caricature, lampoon, mock,mockery, parody, put-on, riff;comedy, humor, wit, wordplay Phrases Related to FUNNYRelated Phrasesfunny businessthe funniesthe funny farm FUNNY Defined for English Language Learnersfunnyadjective Definition of funny for English Language Learners: causing laughter: odd or strange: not well: somewhat ill FUNNY Defined for Kids1funnyadjective fun·ny \ ˈfə-nē \Definition of funny for Studentsfunnier; funniest1: causing laughter: full of humora funny story2: strange2a funny noise2funnyadverb Definition of funny for Students: in an odd or peculiar way She looked at me funny. Learn More about funny See words that rhyme with funny Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for funny Spanish Central: Translation of funny Nglish: Translation of funny for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of funny for Arabic speakers Seen and Heard What made you want to look up funny? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show

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http://www.sannerud.com/people/bph/

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I have been constipated. This is a mystery since I eat a high fiber diet and this is normally never a problem. I don't know if this is somehow related to the surgery or the anesthesia. The good news is my urine is running nearly clear, which is desirable. If it weren't for the catheter I'd be feeling 100% back to normal. There is no pain inside of me, just a burning or stinging sensation from the catheter leaving my body. If I sit still and watch TV or read I'm fine, but if I try to move it hurts, so I try to move as little as possible. I am not planning to drive or even leave the house until it is time to go to Dr. Lerner's office Monday morning to have this hideous catheter removed. I'm trying to work from home so I don't burn up all my vacation days. Thankfully, my boss is very understanding and told me to take care of myself and not worry about work, just work on getting better. I don't want to take advantage and I'm able to do emails and make phone calls, which is enough for now. Saturday, September 24, 2011The good news today is the constipation problem went away. Other than that, not much new to report. I'm just moping around the house, reading, watching a little TV, and resting. Waiting for Monday morning. Sunday, September 25, 2011Surgery was four days ago. I haven't left the house since I returned from the surgery. All I am thinking about is today it is Sunday and the catheter is going to removed tomorrow morning. It won't be soon enough. I'm really tired of it. It is irritating. I am looking forward to being able to urinate normally and take a regular shower without a bag strapped to my leg. I think wearing this catheter is worse than my Efudex treatment, but not as bad as a broken collarbone. Monday, September 26, 2011Monday morning. My wife drove me to the doctor's office at 9:00 am. I probably could have driven myself but it is just annoyingly uncomfortable wearing this catheter and it is much better to be able to sit quietly without moving. After a brief wait the nurse brought me in and had me drop my pants. I didn't even have to remove my clothes. I asked her if removing the catheter was going to hurt and she said no. I asked her how long it would take and she said two seconds. She was true to her word. She did something with a syringe to the catheter, and then told me to turn my head (i.e. look away) and cough. I felt a brief pulling sensation but nothing worse than I've been feeling for the past five days, and it was done. She threw the catheter in the garbage, gave me a prescription for an antibiotic just in case, and sent me on my way. Oh happy day! I am scheduled to see Dr. Lerner today at 3:00 pm. One more day of working at home between visits to Westchester Urological. Monday afternoon. I just saw Dr. Lerner. I drove myself over there which was the first time I drove a car since my surgery. It made me feel normal again. Dr. Lerner asked how I felt and I said 100% better since the catheter was removed. I asked him how the surgery went and he said very well. He examined me with the ultrasound machine and said my bladder was completely empty. Dr. Lerner said I may still experience some pain and bleeding, but everything will resolve itself in time. He seemed genuinely happy and proud of his handiwork. He told me to stop taking Flomax, no exercise for four weeks, and to make an appointment to see him again in a month. Tuesday, September 27, 2011I still got up three times last night to go to the bathroom. There is a slight stinging sensation which Dr. Lerner explained would go away as the prostate relines itself. The antibiotic was unnecessary as there were no complications from the catheter. Today was my first day back in the office since my surgery. Another small step back to my normal life. Today is also the first day in several years that I have not taken Flomax. I still have a full bottle of pills, but I'm not going to throw them out. I really don't think I'll ever need them again, but time will tell. Wednesday, September 28, 2011My surgery was one week ago today. Urination has improved dramatically. It hurts but is not really painful. It feels more like the sting of an injury that is healing and reminding you that it is there. I am still having urgency but no straining and no hesitation. My stream is strong. Today I noticed a small raised red bump the size of a bug bite on the back of my left hand where the IV was. This is something new. I am going to call the nurse tomorrow morning and ask about that. It is very itchy so I put some hydrocortisone cream on it. Also some jock itch that may be related to wearing the catheter? I rode my bike to work today. I normally commute year round in all weather by bike since it is less than one mile to work by bike on a path through the woods, or three miles by car. I could walk, but the bike is faster. In fact it is faster by bike than by car. It takes me less than five minutes by bike, and I feel good about leaving the car home, getting a little exercise, and saving a tiny bit of gas. However the bike path is bumpy and I felt a little tender on my seat so I tried to ride standing up. Maybe biking so soon after surgery isn't such a good idea after all. Dr. Lerner did say no exercise for four weeks. But riding less than a mile on flat ground is hardly exercise; at least that is what I am trying to convince myself. Thursday, September 29, 2011I am feeling good. Urine is clear and my stream is strong. I called Nurse Jean this morning about the bump on my left hand. She recognized my name but didn't really remember me. I was a little surprised by this, but it was a week ago and I guess they see a lot of patients for the same thing for only a short period of time and they probably all start to blur together after a while. But OK, I'm not looking for a new friend and she did her job well and made me comfortable while I was her patient and that is all I can ask for. Anyway, she said that if it gets worse or if I have any signs of infection to come in immediately. She even offered to have me come in right then for a quick look, but I did not think that was necessary. In the end she felt sure that it would go away on its own in a couple of days. The itching is driving me crazy; it is like a mosquito bite that won't stop itching. She said to continue with the hydrocortisone cream for that. I rode my bike to work again today but sitting on it was really uncomfortable and I stood up most of the way. I think this was a bad idea and I am going to leave my bike alone for the next few weeks and just drive my car to work like everyone else. Friday, September 30, 2011Surprisingly I had some bleeding today. My urine looked like pink lemonade. Then I passed a clot. Gross. That was a little unnerving. Now every time I urinate it starts out pink for a half second or so. I called Dr. Lerner and once again he said this is completely normal and it's a part of the healing process. He has been very patient with me but I think he is getting tired of my questions. He might do this every day but it's all new to me. He said not to worry and to expect some bleeding and clots for up to three weeks. Sunday, October 2, 2011I skated tonight which I probably should not have done. As I said, I am an ice hockey referee, and I was a last minute emergency substitute for my son as a linesman in a Midget 18U game. Being a linesman is much easier (and requires much less skating) than being a referee, and I tried to take it easy as much as possible and still do my job. As luck would have it, there was a fight at the end of the game, and part of the linesman's job is to separate players during an altercation. Despite what you see in the NHL, fights rarely occur in youth hockey games. I can count on one hand the number of fights I've seen. There is a good reason for this: penalties for fighting in youth hockey are severe. I don't mean just the 5 minute fighting major penalty and being thrown out of the game. I'm talking about the additional multiple game suspensions tacked on by the league. If the fight occurs during a high school game, the school district's Athletic Director gets involved, and this can result in additional suspensions including possibly even being suspended from school or being kicked off the team. Oops, I went off on a tangent there, but we got the players separated and threw out the guilty parties. After the game I was a little tired but I felt OK and I don't think I did myself any permanent harm. However, I am not going to push my luck and I will not skate again until after I see Dr. Lerner again. I'm not going to tell him I skated either. Monday, October 3, 2011It turns out Nurse Jean was right; the bump on my hand is gone. Also, some anti-fungal cream took care of the jock itch. I'm still not sure if it was related to any of this. Friday, October 7, 2011One week later and I am still bleeding a little bit when I start to urinate. It still hurts a little. I am still having urgency. The good news is my stream is strong. No hesitation. No straining. Monday, October 10, 2011In two days it will be three weeks since my surgery. I am still bleeding. It seems to be a little less today, but maybe I am imagining it. Wednesday, October 12, 2011Well now it is exactly three weeks and I am still bleeding. If it is any less than two days ago I really can't tell. I'm still trying to drink lots of water to keep flushing my system. Saturday, October 15, 2011Dr. Lerner told me no sex for three weeks, and I dutifully complied. Today was a big milestone. My wife and I tested out my male reproductive system for the first time since my surgery. I was a little nervous, but there was no problem with ED (erectile dysfunction) and there was no pain. Actually I did not expect either, and everything worked like it is supposed to. Dr. Lerner had told me to expect retrograde ejaculation but I am happy to report that this did not occur, and all male functionality is as it was before, though a little pink like my urine. I guess this will pass too. Since this is a family website, I won't give any more updates of this nature unless there is a problem. Sunday, October 16, 2011I think the bleeding is diminishing. It is still there but noticeably less. I'm still drinking lots of water. My insides still feel a little tender but I think I'm 90% back to normal and in terms of urination, better than I've been in 20 years. Wednesday, October 19, 2011It has been four weeks since my surgery and I think I have finally completely stopped bleeding. Up until the last couple of days I was seeing a noticeable decrease in blood at the start of the stream. By yesterday I could barely see any change in color, and today, none at all. Thursday, October 20, 2011I rode my bike to work today for the first time in a couple of weeks. There was no discomfort and I think I will go back to my regular routine of bike commuting. Monday, October 24, 2011I saw Dr. Lerner today for my four week follow up. The nurse had me empty my bladder, and then the doctor checked my bladder with the ultrasound machine. He cheerfully pronounced my bladder completely empty. He cleared me to resume all normal physical activities and asked me to schedule a follow up exam in four months. I mentioned that I was still having problems with urgency and he said that this is always the last thing to resolve itself. He said that since I had been suffering from BPH for so long, it just takes time to retrain my bladder. He said this could take six months or more. He has been right about everything so far, so I have no reason to doubt him now. He asked me if I had sex and if I had any problems or if I had experienced retrograde ejaculation. He was surprised when I told him I do not have retrograde ejaculation; he said something like 80% of patients do experience retrograde ejaculation. Well, I suppose I'm one of the lucky 20%. I guess it would be a little weird to have retrograde ejaculation, but it doesn't really matter to me since I'm not planning to have any more children anyway. However, I'm happy everything works the way I'm used to it working. ( October 21, 2012 update: I received an email from a fellow patient who is experiencing retrograde ejaculation. He said his orgasm feels the same as it always did, but it's just a little unnerving that nothing comes out of his penis. He went on to say that his wife doesn't mind, because "she never liked the mess anyway." He is happy with the results of his surgery, and he called the retrograde ejaculation "a non-issue. ")Friday, October 28, 2011When I woke up this morning I realized that I had not gotten up in the middle of the night to pee for the past two nights. Wow, I can't remember the last time that happened! Friday, November 11, 2011It has been two weeks since my last update and I could not be happier with the results of my surgery. The past two weeks it has become normal for me to sleep through the night without having to get up at all unless I drink something right before bed. I used to be afraid to drink one beer in the evening, but no longer. I am still having some urgency but it is not as bad as before, and I can often suppress the urge with just willpower. Monday, November 21, 2011I have been sick all weekend with a bad cold. Another benefit of the prostate surgery is that now I can take over-the-counter and prescription cold and sinus medications that contain decongestants or antihistamines such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed or Contac) without worrying that I will not be able to urinate. I had a scary experience with this about 5-10 years ago where I woke up in the middle of the night in extreme pain with a strong urge to urinate but was unable to do so. Since then and until now I had not taken any of these medications, and just suffered the cold symptoms, but now this is no longer an issue. I know these medications don't cure the common cold, but they do relieve the unpleasant symptoms and make me feel a whole lot more comfortable. I still have some urgency but I think it is less than it was, though it could just be my imagination. Dr. Lerner said it would take about six months to resolve. At least now I am able to sit through my son's concert at school or his hockey game without running to the men's room mid-way through. I am still in the habit of using the bathroom before leaving anyplace where there is a bathroom handy, and especially before going anywhere in a car, but I no longer have the terrible desperation to urinate upon arriving at my destination that I used to have. I am embarrassed to admit that more than once I had to jump out of my car and urinate in the bushes beside my house because I knew that I would be unable to unlock the doors and get inside the house fast enough to avoid an accident. Thankfully this is no longer a problem. It has been exactly two months since my surgery and I feel great (except for this cold!). Thursday, November 24, 2011Thanksgiving Day. Just when you think that everything is fine and all your troubles are behind you, life sometimes throws you a curve. Just after turkey dinner with my family, I went to the bathroom to urinate. Everything felt normal up to that point, but when I attempted to start my stream I felt a blockage, not like I had before surgery but different. Then very suddenly there was an intense pain that actually made me gasp. It only lasted a second or two before I felt something large pass out of me. Apparently it was another clot. After that my stream was strong but the pain persisted in a stinging sort of way rather than the sharp pain I had just experienced. There were also a couple of drops of blood at the end of my stream.. Fortunately I had no more problems urinating that evening, I saw no more blood, and thankfully the pain gradually diminished. When I undressed for bed I saw that there were a couple of spots of blood in my underwear, but I was able to sleep normally. I will see how I'm doing this weekend and call Dr. Lerner on Monday if I'm having any more difficulties. Tuesday, November 29, 2011I had no further problems since last Thursday. No more bleeding and no more clots. The pain went away after a day. I did not bother calling Dr. Lerner. Thursday, December 1, 2011I have been taking saw palmetto extract daily for the past five years. I decided when I had my surgery that I would use up what I had left in the bottle, and today I took my last pill. I don't think it is necessary for me to take it any longer so I don't plan to renew it. I was using a brand called Prostate Rx. It is a one-a-day soft gel pill containing 320 mg. 100% pure saw palmetto extract. The ingredients say it is Standardized Premium Liquid Extract 93% to 98% Fatty Acids (Serenoa repens berry). No other ingredients. No fillers. No stretchers. No sugar, caffeine, or artificial additions. I think that it helped me, and the company was easy to deal with and the price was reasonable, but my urologist seemed to think it was nothing more than a placebo. He told me when I first saw him back in 2009 that if it made me feel good to take it, then I should continue, but he felt that I was just wasting my money. I didn't listen to him on this and I did continue to take it because I felt that if it was doing any good at all, it was a positive thing; plus it was cheap enough that I didn't worry about wasting that amount of money. However, now it is clear that a sixty minute surgical procedure did more good than five years of saw palmetto extract, so in the end maybe Dr. Lerner was right about this too. Saturday, December 24, 2011Christmas Eve. I got a letter in the mail today, a bill from Metropolitan Lithotriptor. A rather large bill. I was surprised because I had confirmed with the surgical coordinator at Westchester Urological and double checked with my insurance company that the procedure would be covered except for my co-pay. I don't understand why I received this bill. Unfortunately because of the Christmas holiday I won't be able to call anyone about it until Tuesday. I hope its a mistake, but now I'm a little worried. Merry Christmas. Tuesday, December 27, 2011I called Metropolitan Lithotriptor first thing this morning. They said all charges were submitted to insurance. Why then, I asked, did I get this bill? She said it was for the anesthesiologist. OK fine, but I argued that it was supposed to have been covered by insurance. She checked a few things and then said, " Oh, wait, it looks like this was double billed. Let me get back to you on that. I'll call you back by the end of the day ." She never did. If I don't hear back, I'll assume no news is good news. Friday, February 17, 2012Fast forward almost two months. I never did hear back from Metropolitan Lithotriptor so I guess my account is paid up. The entire procedure, including surgeon, anesthesiologist, nurses, and facility use cost me only my specialist co-pay. My health insurance paid the rest. That's a hell of a deal in my book!I have had no problems with my prostate and everything has been working better than ever. Well, at least better than it has worked for the past twenty years. I NEVER get up to pee during the middle of the night anymore. NEVER. It's really incredible. In fact I have gotten so used to sleeping through the night that I hadn't even thought about this until I updated this website tonight. I actually forgot that I used to get up 4-5 times per night. Now I am able to take long car rides, sit through a two hour meeting at work, and do other things that would have required one or more bathroom breaks six months ago. What a pleasure! I am scheduled to see Dr. Lerner next week for a follow-up exam. I expect it to be uneventful, but I'll update this diary in any case. ( September 22, 2012 update: A fellow patient recently sent me an email and asked why did I opt for the surgery rather than try Avodart? Here is my answer regarding Avodart (Dutasteride) and other medications. Avodart was just the next step down a road I didn't want to travel. I do not like the idea of being on a daily medication for the rest of my life. I thought of a lot of what-if scenarios where I couldn't get the medication, or if I lost my insurance and prescriptions became very expensive. I didn't want to worry about any of that. Actually, I decided to have the surgery because I had health insurance. With the job market the way it is, who can say when one might be laid off, and then it's goodbye health insurance. That was actually a big part of the reason I decided to have the surgery when I did, plus the feeling that why should I continue to suffer these embarrassing and painful issues which are so easily and hopefully permanently corrected. )Monday, February 27, 2012 I had a four month follow up appointment with Dr. Lerner today. They took blood and urine samples, but they did not have me do the urine volume test that I've done in the past. Dr. Lerner looked at my bladder with the ultrasound machine and said it is completely empty. That's good news! He asked me how I felt and I said "like a new man." It may be a cliché, but it is true in my case. I have had no problems at all either urinating or with sexual function. He did a DRE (digital rectal exam -- and in this case the digital has nothing to do with computers or electronics. Digital refers to digits i.e. fingers, and if you haven't figured it out by now, a DRE is done by the doctor inserting a lubricated, gloved finger into the patient's anus and palpating the prostate to check its size and to feel for lumps.). This DRE was the first one since my surgery (with all my prostate issues, I've had many others in the past) and he and seemed satisfied with the results. It was no more uncomfortable than it ever was. (Actually, Dr. Lerner has small hands and thin fingers.) He said he'd like to see me again in six months. On an unrelated note, I had some pain in my lower left groin area. He checked me for a hernia and said I felt a little weak there, but nothing that needs surgery to correct. I did have a hernia operation when I was a very small child, too young to remember it actually. He said try to rest it and it should start to feel better. If not, call him. Saturday, March 31, 2012It's been a month since my last update and a little over six months since my surgery. There is not much new to report. I actually forgot about the pain in my groin until I read the February 27 update above. I'm happy to report that this groin pain is gone. We went to the movies last night (Hunger Games) and not only did I not run to the men's room before the movie, I didn't have to get up during the movie to run to the men's room. I did have to visit the men's room at the end of the movie, but so did my kids and I think every other man in the theater. I had no sense of urgency and everything was normal. I think the urgency issue may be resolved too. Dr. Lerner said it would take about six months, and it appears he was right about this too. I have not gotten up in the middle of the night to urinate in so long I can't remember. When I wake up in the morning that's usually the first thing I have to do, but I think that is fairly normal, and I don't have to run and sometimes I can even wait a bit. The 2011-2012 hockey season is over, and now I look forward to having more time for cycling. I haven't ridden much since my surgery. It used to be that on any ride lasting more than an hour or two, I'd have to stop by the side of the road to pee. This was a minor inconvenience when riding alone, but was a real problem on a group ride, especially when riding with a large, fast group that doesn't stop. Basically it meant I got dropped and rode home alone. With smaller, more friendly groups, we could wait and regroup, but I'd suffer a fair amount of teasing about having a small bladder, which wasn't really the problem at all. This is yet another lifestyle issue that will no longer be a problem for me. Monday, September 10, 2012 I had a six month follow up appointment with Dr. Lerner today. The nurse took a blood sample to check my PSA level and had me do the urine volume test. Dr. Lerner looked at my bladder with the ultrasound machine and then did a DRE exam. Everything was normal. My only complaint is that occasionally I still have a feeling of urgency. It is nowhere near as bad as it was, but sometimes I suddenly feel a desperate need to pee. I can usually suppress this feeling, but it is uncomfortable. The difference is that now when I do urinate, the stream is strong and I usually have some volume, not just a few dribbles like in the past. I asked Dr. Lerner about this and he said that this feeling of urgency is the last symptom to resolve itself, and it can take years to do so. This was discouraging news, but it really hasn't been a problem, more of an occasional annoyance. He explained it like this: if a body builder suddenly stopped lifting weights, his biceps wouldn't immediately shrink and weaken. They would eventually weaken, but it would take time. Likewise my bladder. He said my muscles had become used to straining to urinate. This caused them to strengthen, as if I were exercising them. Now I no longer strain, but the muscles are still strong, and they will take time to weaken. I'm not sure I understand the analogy, but that was his explanation. The bottom line was he said to be patient. He's seen this before and it takes time to resolve itself, and it eventually will. He said he'd like to see me again in six months, and then we will cut back to an annual visit. Friday, September 21, 2012Woo hoo! It has been exactly one year since my surgery. I consider the surgery to have been a total success. The surgery itself was painless, and there was no post-operative pain since they used an existing hole in my body and did not create a new one. Wearing a catheter for five days was uncomfortable, but not really painful either. My urinary problems resolved themselves quickly and completely. I can ride in the car for two or three hours without having to stop for a bathroom break. When I do stop for a bathroom break, it is planned in advance at a rest area and not in desperation in the woods on the side of the road. I can sit through long meetings at work or a two hour movie without having to run to the men's room. Best of all, I sleep through the night without having to get up to pee. My wife is happy about this too because she would wake up when I got up. Since I have been sleeping through the night, I am no longer exhausted during the day from lack of sleep.

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http://www.livestrong.com/article/455041-walking-incline-body/

What Does Walking on an Incline Do for the Body?

What Does Walking on an Incline Do for the Body?by LUANN VOZA Sept. 11, 2017The many benefits of walking include improved heart and lung function, along with an increased ability to burn excess weight and body fat. When compared to running, walking on a flat terrain is a lower intensity activity. Unlike running, walking places a lower level of strain on your lower body joints. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Muscles in Motion The movement of walking utilizes many muscle groups. As your leg extends forward, your quadriceps, which are the front of your thighs, contract to extend, or straighten your leg at the knee joint. After the front leg lands, your buttocks contract in your front leg while the back leg is brought forward. Your calves contract every time you lift your heel off of the ground or surface. When walking uphill, your hip flexors work harder to lift your knees higher to walk on an incline. There is an increased resistance on your buttocks to bend and extend your legs to lift your body higher. When walking on a flat terrain, your body is perpendicular to the surface. When walking on an incline, your abdomen must contract to keep your body upright to avoid arching your back so that your body is not perpendicular to the inclined surface. Joint Impact Walking is a low impact activity because your body is never airborne. The lower body joints, including the hips, knees and ankles do not have to absorb an increased force as your foot lands. This poses less of a risk for lower body injuries that occur from the stresses of running. However, you should gradually increase your incline and duration of walking, as additional stress is placed on the calves, Achilles tendon and shins. Help for Your Heart According to Running Competitor Network, uphill walking uses the same motor patterns as running. This places an intensity on the cardiovascular system that is almost equivalent to running and higher than walking on a flat terrain. Increased intensities will lead to improved heart and lung functioning with a decreased risk of developing heart disease. The advantages of incline walking outdoors may differ from a treadmill because of the varied terrain. A Better Burn As a weight bearing activity, your body burns calories in proportion to your body weight. A 130-lb. individual burns 224 calories per hour walking briskly on a flat surface at 3.5 miles per hour. A 205-lb. person burns 354 calories per hour. The same 130-lb. individual burns 354 calories per hour walking 15 degrees uphill at the same speed, because of the increased intensity. A 205-lb. person burns 558 calories per hour walking uphill at a 15 degree angle. When walking uphill on a treadmill, avoid supporting your body weight with your arms, as this can counteract the advantage of incline. The American Council on Exercise states that uphill walking is one of the best activities for burning fat and shaping muscles. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEDoes an Inclined Treadmill Make You Gain Muscle? What Are the Effects of Walking With Weights? Do Ankle Weights Stunt Your Growth? Does Walking Strengthen Hamstrings or Quads? Treadmill Incline Vs. Speed Knee Strengthening Exercises for Running Does Running or Walking on an Incline Burn More Calories than Running or Walking on Flat Ground? How Do Elliptical Machines Benefit Glutes? How to Reduce Stomach Fat With Kale and Cauliflower A Treadmill Vs. an Elliptical for the Gluteus Muscles What Is the Difference Between Walking & Running Strides? A Treadmill Workout to Reduce Thighs What Muscles Get Worked When Walking on an Incline? How to Lose Weight by Walking Up Hill on a Treadmill What Is a Brisk Walking Pace? Burning Belly Fat: Run or Walk? Weight-Bearing Pain How to Do Power Walking How to Run Intervals to Lose Weight How Many Calories are Burned From Singing?

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Autonomous production of 1,4-butanediol via a de novo biosynthesis pathway in engineered Escherichia coli

Metabolic Engineering Volume 29, May 2015, Pages 135-141Autonomous production of 1,4-butanediol via a de novo biosynthesis pathway in engineered Escherichia coli Huaiwei Liu a b Ting Lu a b c Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.009 Get rights and content Highlights•A de novo 1,4-butanediol (BD) biosynthesis pathway was designed and constructed.•The whole system consists of an enzymatic reactor and a genetic controller.•Carbon sources were orthogonally utilized for cellular growth and BD production.•Autonomous BD production was achieved using a quorum sensing system.•This work showcases the synergy between metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Abstract1,4-Butanediol (BD) is an important chemical that is widely used in industry with an annual demand of one million metric tons. Here we report a modular development of engineered bacteria for successful BD bio-production. Using a systems engineering concept, we partitioned our development into two parts: namely BD biosynthesis and production control. The former was implemented through a de novo pathway that functions as an enzymatic reactor, while the latter was accomplished via synthetic circuits serving as genetic controllers. To facilitate development, the carbon utilizations were also partitioned into two routes. d -xylose was exclusively designated for BD production with other carbon sources utilized for cellular growth. Additionally, a quorum-sensing mechanism was exploited for production control, and the resulting strain was capable of autonomous production of BD. This study represents an example of the synergy between synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, affirming the need for deeper integration of the two fields. Previous article Next article Keywordsd -xylose 1,4-butanediol Eshcherichia coli Metabolic engineering Synthetic biology1. Introduction The development of metabolically engineered microorganisms represents an attractive solution to the growing demand for consumables, the declining availability of fossil fuels, and the increasing concerns for the environment ( Lee et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2011; Lee, 2012; Butterbach-Bahl and Kiese, 2013 ). Over the last two decades, an extraordinarily wide spectrum of products, including biofuels, bioplastics, and biopharmaceuticals, have been manufactured from renewable biomass by engineered microbes ( Niu et al., 2003; Atsumi et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008; Celinska, 2010; Brat et al., 2012; Felnagle et al., 2012). With the emergence of synthetic biology, systems biology, and evolutionary engineering, metabolic engineering has lately undergone a paradigm shift from the construction and optimization of individual pathways to tuning entire metabolic networks at the systems level (Nielsen and Keasling, 2011; Keasling, 2012; Nielsen and Pronk, 2012; Nielsen et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014b). This transformation has enabled more efficient and cheaper manufacturing of existing bio-products, and the successful production of new biomass based-compounds. One such example is the bacterial synthesis of 1,4-butanediol ( Yim et al., 2011 ).1,4-Butanediol (BD) is an important commodity chemical that is widely used in industry for production of plastics, elastic fibers, polyurethanes and pharmaceuticals. Its annual demand is about one million metric tons. However, there is no known microorganism on the planet that naturally produces BD. It could only be manufactured from petroleum-based feedstocks such as acetylene, propylene, and butadiene until the recent work by Yim et al. (2011) —computer aided pathway design was paired with genome-scale metabolic modeling to confer the successful development of BD-producing Escherichia coli strains. One key consensus that emerged through the synergy of metabolic engineering and related disciplines, particularly synthetic biology, is the need for a system-level view of metabolic engineering ( Ajikumar et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2011; Rabinovitch-Deere et al., 2013; Paddon and Keasling, 2014 ). That is, the design, construction, and optimization of biosynthesis pathways can be made more feasible with the adoption of engineering principles, including systems abstraction, part standardization and characterization, and modularity, particularly as system complexity increases ( Henry et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2012; Chou and Keasling, 2013; Chaudhary et al., 2013; Lim et al., 2013; Srivastava et al., 2013). In engineering sciences, it is well acknowledged that decomposition of a complex system into multiple parts (modules) can reduce its complexity, enable parallel construction and characterization, and accommodate future uncertainty. In addition to modularity, dynamic and fine control of metabolic and genetic networks has also been adopted as a critical system-level methodology for optimal bio-production (Holtz and Keasling, 2010; Mukherjee et al., 2013; Way et al., 2014 ). Pertinent examples include dynamic response of inhibitory intermediate metabolites ( Zhang et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2014a), stress-regulated expression of recombinant proteins (Dragosits et al., 2012; Dahl et al., 2013; Nakashima et al., 2014 ), and cell density-dependent control of heterologous gene expression ( Tsao et al., 2010 ). Here we report an alternative solution to microbial BD production inspired by the above systems engineering paradigm. As shown in Fig. 1 a, we argue that any metabolically engineered system, including those for BD biosynthesis, can be partitioned into two parts according to desired functionality: An enzymatic reactor, responsible for the conversion of substrates and intermediates to the desired product (BD in this case), and genetic controllers, responsible for the control of the enzymatic reactor in a dynamic and programmable fashion. Meanwhile, in terms of resource consumption, we can designate cellular chassis and engineered pathways, the two key parts of a cell factory, into two independent carbon-utilization routes, which will minimize the crosstalk between the two parts for simplification of construction and optimization of each ( Fig. 1 b). Such a division of tasks and recourses may expedite the process of pathway engineering, confer dynamic (even autonomous) control of BD biosynthesis, and also offer a higher theoretical yield. Download high-res image (247KB) Download full-size image Fig. 1. A conceptual, system-level design of a cellular factory: (a) partition of a cell factory into two functional parts: the enzymatic reactor module and the genetic controller module. (b) Partition of carbon source utilization into two parallel routes with one for designed pathway and one for cellular chassis maintenance. To realize our conceptual cell factory, we first designed a de novo pathway that is capable of BD production from d -xylose. We then assembled enzyme genes through different combinations to build an optimal version of the pathway that serves as the core of the enzymatic reactor module. A cellular chassis was concurrently built to orthogonalize carbon fluxes between the de novo pathway and cellular central metabolism. Subsequently, we constructed three genetic circuits to enable inducible and self-regulated control of gene expression by using green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a reporter. We finally integrated the genetic controllers with the identified enzymatic reactor as a complete, metabolically engineered system for autonomous BD bio-production.2. Materials and methods2.1. Strains E. coli W3110 was purchased from ATCC (No. 27325). E. coli W3110∆xyl A∆yag E∆yjh H was constructed from E. coli W3110 by knocking out the genes xyl A, yag E and yjh H. For gene deletion, the plasmid p KD3 was used as the template for amplification of disruption cassettes, the plasmid p KD46 was used as the Red recombinase expression vector, and p CP20 was used for eliminating the antibiotic resistance gene. All strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Strains used in this study. Strain Function/characteristic Resource/reference W3110E. coli W3110 F −, λ − IN (rrn D-rrn E)1 ATCC no. 27325EWH E. coli W3110 ∆xyl A∆yjh H∆yag E This work XH EWH/ p Trc - xdh-hvo This work XX EWH/ p Trc - xdh-xyl X This work K EWH/ p Trc - kiv D This work M EWH/ p Trc - mdl C This work XHK EWH/ p Trc - xdh-hvo, p Trc - kiv D This work XHM EWH/ p Trc - xdh-hvo, p Trc - mdl C This work XXK EWH/ p Trc - xdh-xyl X, p Trc - kiv D This work XXM EWH/ p Trc - xdh-xyl X, p Trc - mdl C This work EWC1 EWH/ p Trc-GFP This work EWC2 EWH/ p Lux-GFP This work EWC3 EWH/ Lux I-p Lux-GFP This work EWCB1 EWH/ p Trc-xdh-xyl X-mdl C This work EWCB2 EWH/ p Lux-xdh-xyl X-mdl C This work EWCB3 EWH/ Lux I-p Lux-xdh-xyl X-mdl C This work2.2. Plasmid construction for the enzymatic reactor module The codon-optimized sequences of xdh, xyl X, hvo, mdl C and kiv D were synthesized. To construct the plasmids p Trc-xdh-hvo and p Trc-xdh-xyl X, xdh was first inserted into p KM212 at the Eco R I and Bam HI restriction sites to generate p Trc-xdh, followed by the insertion of hvo and xyl X individually at the sbf I and Hind III sites. p Trc-xdh-hvo and p Trc-xdh-xyl X were subsequently transformed into E. coli W3110∆xyl A∆yag E∆yjh Hvia electroporation to generate the XH and XX ( Table 1) strains respectively. To construct the plasmids p Trc-mdl C and p Trc-kiv D, mdl C and kiv D were individually ligated into p Trc His2A by using Bam HI and Eco RI. The four strains XHK, XXK, XHM, and XXM were obtained by transforming the plasmids p Trc-mdl C and p Trc-kiv D into E. coli W3110∆xyl A∆yag E∆yjh H containing p Trc-xdh-hvo and p Trc-xdh-xyl X ( Table 1 ).2.3. Plasmid construction for the genetic controller module To construct controller 1, the GFP-Col E1-Kan fragment from plasmid p TD103Lux I-GFP ( Danino et al., 2010) and the Lac I-p Trc fragment from plasmid p Trc His2A were amplified by PCR and further assembled together using Gibson assembly method ( Gibson et al., 2009 ). The resulted plasmid was denoted as p Trc-GFP. Controller 2 was constructed by digesting p TD103Lux I-GFP using the restriction enzyme Ava I to remove the AHL producing gene lux I and then ligating the remaining fragment, generating the plasmid p Lux I-GFP. For controller 3, we directly utilized the intact p TD103Lux I-GFP plasmid.2.4. Plasmid construction for the integration of the two modules The xdh - xyl X fragment of p Trc-xdh-xyl X was amplified and ligated into the plasmid p Trc-mdl C via the Nco I site to generate the plasmid p Trc His2A-xdh-xyl X-mdl C. Here, all of the three genes share an identical RBS-spacer sequence. Meanwhile, we replaced the GFP gene in controller 1–3 with the xdh-xyl X-mdl C fragment that was amplified from plasmid p Trc His2A-xdh-xyl X-mdl C using Gibson assembly method. The three resulting plasmids, p Trc-xdh-xyl X-mdl C, p Lux-xdh-xyl X-mdl C, and Lux I-p Lux-xdh-xyl X-mdl C, were transformed into E. coli W3110∆xyl A∆yag E∆yjh Hto generate the BD-producing strains EWCB1, EWCB2, and EWCB3 respectively. All plasmids and primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2, respectively.2.5. Culture condition The 250 m L shaking flask containing 100 m L of LB medium and appropriate antibiotics was used for the cultivation of the E. coli strains. d -xylose (10 g/L) or vacuum-dried intermediate was added as substrate for BD production when necessary. The shaking flask was inoculated with 1 m L of overnight culture and incubated at 37 °C with 150 rpm agitation. Inducers were added when OD 600 of the culture reached 0.3 AU. More detailed culture conditions for different strains are included in Supplementary Methods.2.6. Metabolite extraction The culture broth was harvested and cells were removed by centrifugation. The obtained supernatant was condensed by rotary evaporator and then mixed with ethyl acetate (3-fold volume). After vortexing the mixture for 5 min and standing it still for 15 min, the ethyl acetate layer was collected with separating funnel and dried afterwards at 50 °C in vacuum. The dried powder was subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis (GC–MS) or re-dissolved in hot water and used as substrate in further experiments.2.7. GFP and metabolite analysis GFP fluorescence was detected by a microplate reader (Biotek) with excitation (Ex) set at 480 nm, emission (Em) at 510 nm and cutoff at 495 nm. BD, 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate, and ethanol were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC), the GC equipped with aflame ionization detector (FID) and a DB-FFAP capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm; 0.25 μm film thickness) was applied. The oven temperature was initially held at 45 °C for 2 min, then raised with a gradient of 20 °C/min until reaching 100 °C, and finally programmed to 240 °C at 65 °C/min, held for 3 min. Helium was used as the carrier gas. The injector and detector were held at 240 °C and 270 °C, respectively. E. coli produced BD was also confirmed by GC–MS. The vacuum dried sample was dissolved in 10 µl of methoxyamine hydrochloride/pyridine solution, incubated at 30 °C for 90 min, 45 µl of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide was then added, followed by incubation at 37 °C for 30 min. The derivatized metabolites were analyzed in Agilent 7890A, 5975C MSD, which was equipped with Rtx-5Sil MS capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm) from RESTEK. Helium was used as the carrier gas. The oven temperature was initially set at 50 °C for 1 min, then increased to 330 °C at 20 °C/min, and held for 5 min with 10 min post run.d -xylose, d -xylonic acid, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate and acetic acid were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each sample was pelleted by centrifugation and the collected supernatant was analyzed in Agilent 1260 HPLC equipped with Phenomenex Rezex ROA-Organic Acid H+ Column (150×7.80 mm). The eluent (5 m M H 2 SO 4) was pumped at a flow rate of 0.6 m L/min. The column temperature was maintained at 50 °C and the peaks were detected using a refractive index detector.3. Results3.1. Designing a de novo BD pathway and an associated cellular chassis In this study, we propose a de novo BD pathway that is orthogonal to cellular central metabolism in terms of carbon utilization ( Fig. 2 ). This pathway converts d -xylose, the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic biomass, exclusively to BD via six steps: d -xylose is first oxidized to d -xylonic acid by d -xylose dehydrogenase; d -xylonic acid is then converted to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate through d -xylonic acid dehydratase; followed by another dehydration reaction, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate is converted to α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde; subsequently, α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde is reduced by dehydrogenase to 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate; afterwards, the keto acid decarboxylase converts 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate into 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde; and 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde is finally reduced by alcohol dehydrogenase to produce BD. Download high-res image (358KB) Download full-size image Fig. 2. A de novo biosynthesis pathway that converts d -xylose exclusively to 1,4-Butanediol (BD). Compound names: 1. d -xylose; 2. d -xylonic acid; 3. 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate; 4. α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde; 5. 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate; 6. hydroxybutyraldehyde; and 7. BD. Gene symbols and the enzymes they encode (all genes were from E. coli unless noted): xdh, d -xylose dehydrogenase from C. crescentus; yjh G and yag F, d -xylonic acid dehydratases; xyl X and hvo, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate dehydratase from C. crescentus and H. volcanii respectively; mdl C and kiv D, keto-acid decarboxylase from L. lactis and P. putida respectively; sadh and adh, alcohol dehydrogenase;xyl A, d -xylose isomerase; yjh H and yag E, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate aldolases. xyl A gene was disrupted to block the entrance of d -xylose to PPP; yjh H and yag E were disrupted to block the entrance to Dahms pathway. To construct the BD biosynthesis pathway, we searched for prospective enzymes for the six reactions from both E. coli and other microorganisms. The d -xylose dehydrogenase from Caulobacter crescentus (Xdh) is highly efficient for d -xylose oxidation and has been adopted for producing d -xylonic acid in both engineered E. coli and yeast strains previously ( Liu et al., 2012; Toivari et al., 2012 ). E. coli K-12 family strains have two native d -xylonic acid dehydratases, Yjh G and Yag F, which can convert d -xylonic acid into 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate. For the dehydration of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate, Xyl X from C. crescentus and Hvo B0027 from Haloferax volcanii DS2 have been reported to have the corresponding activity ( Stephens et al., 2007; Johnsen et al., 2009). Given the promiscuous activities shown upon diverse keto acid substrates, the two keto acid decarboxylases, Kiv D from Lactococcus lactis ( Atsumi et al., 2008) and Mdl C from Pseudomonas putida ( Niu et al., 2003), can be applied to catalyze the decarboxylation of 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate. Finally, for the two aldehyde reduction reactions, the native dehydrogenases in E. coli were anticipated to be sufficient because the free aldehyde group is very active in vivo and there are abundant and versatile alcohol dehydrogenases in E. coli. As for the associated cellular chassis, we proposed to use the E. coli K12 family strain and knock out the d -xylose isomerase gene ( xyl A) and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate aldolase genes ( yjh H and yag E) from its genome to prevent the potential carbon fluxes from the designed BD pathway to the strain׳s PPP and Dahms pathways ( Supplementary Fig. S1 ). The E. coli strain will serve as an appropriate platform for construction of our conceptual BD-producing cell factory, due to the fact that the crosstalk between its central metabolism and the BD biosynthesis pathway will be reduced to a minimum level.3.2. Construction and optimization of the enzymatic reactor module To develop the BD-producing cell factory, we first created the proposed cellular chassis— E. coli W3110 with xyl A, yjh H and yag E triple knockouts. Previous studies have shown that deletion of these three genes disables the strain׳s capability to grow on d -xylose or d -xylonic acid but does not interfere with cellular growth on LB or glucose ( Liu et al., 2012, 2013 ). These results indicated that the strain׳s central metabolism was not influenced by the blockage of d -xylose metabolism, suggesting that the BD pathway can be introduced to the chassis. We then proceeded to assemble the genes involved in the BD pathway. As the pathway adopts the genes yjh G, yag F, sadh and adh that are naturally present in E. coli, we focused our attention on the other three catalytic steps that require heterologous enzymes, including the reactions from 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6 ( Fig. 2 ). To evaluate all the candidate enzymes, we used an Isopropyl ß- d -1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducible promoter PTrc to control their expression ( Fig. 3 a and b). First, we co-expressed xdh with hvo or xyl X in E. coli W3110 ∆xyl A∆yag E∆yjh H. The two resulting strains XH and XX ( Table 1) were cultivated in LB medium containing d -xylose. After 48 h of cultivation, the culture was harvested, extracted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by GC. Our results showed that a compound with retention time of 6.2 min was detected in both strains but not in the control ( Fig. 3 c). The ethyl acetate extracts containing this compound were further vacuum-dried for next step assays. Meanwhile, kiv D and mdl C were individually introduced into the cellular chassis to generate strains K ( kiv D) and M ( mdl C) respectively. These two strains were subsequently cultivated in LB medium containing the vacuum-dried compound and GC analysis was performed afterwards. Our analysis indicated that, after 48 h of cultivation, the substrate was completely consumed and BD was produced in both cases ( Fig. 3 c). In contrast, no BD production was detected when the same strains were cultivated in LB medium only. The BD was further confirmed using GC–MS analysis ( Supplementary Fig. S2 ). Concurrently, these results also suggested that the compound produced by the xdh-hvo and xdh-xyl X strains is 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate. The above experiments hence confirmed that all of the heterologous enzymes have the desired catalytic activities, and BD can be successfully produced via our designed pathway through a stepwise fashion. Download high-res image (539KB) Download full-size image Fig. 3. Construction and characterization of the enzymatic reactor: (a) schematic illustration of the enzymatic reactor that consists of three heterologous enzyme genes (shown) and four natural E. coli genes (not shown). An IPTG-inducible controller was used to control the expression of the heterologous genes. (b) Possible genes for the enzymatic reactor illustrated in (a). (c) Confirmation of the activities of the candidate enzymes. GC analysis showed that the expression of xdh-hvo and xdh-xyl X both resulted in the production of 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate 5 from d -xylose 1 and the expression of mdl C and kiv D both led to the conversion of BD 7 from 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate 5. (d) BD production by the strains with different enzyme combinations, d -xylose (10 g/L) was used as the substrate and GC was used for BD quantification. The strain XXM ( xdh-xyl X-mdl C) has the highest BD titer. No BD production was detected in E. coli W3110 or E. coli W3110 ∆xyl A∆yag E∆yjh Hcontrol strains. (e) Time course analysis of BD production by the strain XXM using HPLC. Compounds: 1. d -xylose; 2. d -xylonic acid; 3. 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- d -xylonate; 7. BD. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure, the reader is referred to the web version of this article. )Since Hvo and Xyl X have the same catalytic functions in the BD biosynthesis pathway, as well as Kiv D and Mdl C, we were motivated to seek an optimal enzyme-combination that maximizes BD production. Four strains (XHK, XXK, XHM, and XXM, Table 1) were constructed and subsequently cultivated in LB medium containing d -xylose. As shown in Fig. 3 d, the engineered strains were all able to produce BD from d -xylose with the combination XXM having the highest titer. Metabolites of strain XXM were profiled by HPLC ( Fig. 3 e and Supplementary Fig. S3 ). Results showed that most d -xylose was converted to d -xylonic acid by 12 h. BD production began at 24 h and steadily increased afterwards till 48 h.3.3. Construction and characterization of three genetic controllers Upon successful development of the enzymatic reactor, we proceeded to engineer the genetic controller module. Although we used the IPTG-inducible promoter to search for the optimal enzyme combination, it is not an ideal solution for BD production because IPTG is toxic to the E. coli cell (0.5 m M of IPTG can significantly inhibit cellular growth) and the cost of IPTG hinders large-scale fermentation. An emerging alternative is the use of microbial quorum sensing systems, such as thelux system naturally found in Vibrio cholera ( Bari et al., 2013 ). Those communication modules have been exploited for various synthetic biology applications and also attempted for density-dependent induction of protein productions ( Stricker et al., 2008; Danino et al., 2010; Shong and Collins, 2014 ). To maximize the productivity of our BD pathway while simplifying the necessary protocol, we constructed three genetic controller circuits as shown in Fig. 4 a. Controller 1 (EWC1, Table 1) consists of the constitutively expressed gene lac I and its controlling promoter P trc with IPTG as its inducer. Controller 2 (EWC2, Table 1) utilizes on the lux system and is built with the constitutively expressed gene lux R and its cognate promoter P lux, with AHL (3OC 6 HSL) serving as its inducer. Instead of external induction, controller 3 (EWC3, Table 1) has a self-regulated AHL catalyzing enzyme gene lux I, allowing density-dependent auto-activation of the cognate target promoter P lux. To quantify the dynamic characteristic of the three controllers, a fluorescence reporter ( yem GFP) was placed under the control of the each corresponding promoter. Download high-res image (585KB) Download full-size image Fig. 4. Three versions of genetic controller: (a) circuit diagrams of the three genetic controllers. Controller 1: IPTG inducible; controller 2: AHL inducible; controller 3: Autonomous (no need for exogenous induction). A fluorescent reporter ( yem GFP) was used for the characterization of the controllers. (b) and (c) Fluorescence-based characterizations of controller 1 and 2. The strains EWC1 and EWC2 both have sigmoidal response upon the induction of the corresponding inducers. Green and blue cycles: experimental data; black lines: data fitting using a Hill equation. Controller 2 has a lower induction threshold, characterized by the dissociation constant (D) but a steeper response, characterized by the Hill coefficient (n). (d) and (e) Cell growth (d) and GFP expression (e) profiles of the strains EWC1, EWC2 and EWC3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)Figs. 4 b and c show the dose–response relationships of controller 1 and 2 upon 3 h of induction by their cognate inducers. By fitting the data to a Hill equation, we acquired the dissociation constant ( D) and Hill coefficient ( n) as D =1.2E−5 (mol/l) and n =1.3 for the controller 1 and D =1.2E−9 (mol/l) and n =1.9 for controller 2. This result suggested that controller 2 has a much lower threshold for activation compared to controller 1 (4 orders of magnitude difference) but yet gives rise to a sharper response (0.6 of difference between the Hill coefficients). Controller 3 was not characterized here as it functions autonomously and does not need external induction. To examine how different these controllers contribute to fermentation efficiency, we further used the strains EWC1, EWC2 and EWC3 to perform a set of 48 h-long cultivation assays. As depicted in Fig. 3 d, all of the strains had typical growth patterns but the ones induced by controller 1 (orange and red curves) have a growth reduction compared with those by controller 2 (blue and green curves) and 3 (black curve). During the same course of cultivation, GFP were all successfully produced as shown in Fig. 4 e and supplementary Fig. S4, suggesting that all of the controllers, both inducible (controller 1, 2) and autonomous (controller 3), can be potentially employed for controlling our BD pathway.3.4. Autonomous BD production by integrating the genetic controllers with the enzymatic reactor We finally integrated the characterized controllers with the identified optimal enzymatic reactor (XXM) ( Fig. 5 a). Here, the enzyme genes xdh, xyl X and mdl C were assembled into a single operon that is under the regulation of each controller. BD production experiments were performed using the resulting strains ( Table 1 ). IPTG (0.1 m M or 0.5 m M) and AHL (0.01 µM or 0.1 µM) were used to induce the pathway for the strains EWCB1 and EWCB2 respectively. In contrast, no exogenous inducer was added for the strain EWCB3 because of its self-induced, autonomous functionality. As depicted in Fig. 5 b, BD was detected in all cultures after 48 h of cultivation, confirming that all integrated controller–reactor systems were able to synthesize BD. These results also showed that high doses of IPTG were indeed deleterious to cellular growth while AHL was not ( Supplementary Fig. S5 ). In addition, compared with EWCB1 and EWCB2, EWCB3 showed a slightly higher BD production (0.44 g/L with a yield of 0.07 mol/mol of d -xylose), suggesting that the autonomous controller was comparable to the inducer-based controllers for BD production. Therefore, autonomous production is superior compared with exogenous induction because IPTG or other inducers may cause reduction in cell growth, the BD production by the autonomous strain was comparable to that by the other strains and autonomous productions obviates the tasks of monitoring cell growth and adding inducers. Download high-res image (279KB) Download full-size image Fig. 5. BD production upon the integration of the controller and enzymatic reactor: (a) integration of the three different controllers with the optimal enzymatic reactor ( xdh-xyl X-mdl C) identified in Fig. 3 d. (b) BD production of the three resulting strains. GC was used for BD quantification; d -xylose (10 g/L) was used as substrate. The inducers IPTG (0.5 m M and 0.1 m M) and AHL (0.01 µM and 0.1 µM) were added to the strains EWCB1 and EWCB2 accordingly. No exogenous inducer was added for the strain EWCB3.4. Discussion In this work we reported the successful engineering of bacteria for bio-production of BD, an important commodity chemical widely used in industry. By adopting a systems engineering concept, we partitioned our engineering tasks into two parts, one for BD biosynthesis and the other for production control. The former was implemented through a de novo pathway that functions as an enzymatic reactor, while the latter was accomplished by using synthetic gene circuits serving as controllers. Such a division of tasks enabled modular construction, optimization, and characterization, and finally facilitated the development of our BD-producing cell factories. In addition, we partitioned the carbon utilizations of the cell factories into two separate routes with d -xylose exclusively for BD production and LB medium for the cellular chassis maintenance. This design minimized crosstalk between the BD biosynthesis pathway and the E. coli metabolic network, hence reducing the challenges in balancing the carbon flux between BD production and cellular growth. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that this partition is based on carbon stoichiometry. In terms of the redox balance, the BD pathway is not totally independent of the host׳s cellular metabolic network because of the pathway׳s three oxydoreduction reactions. The first, fourth, and sixth reactions require one net mole of reducing equivalent from the cellular chassis. Supporting this analysis, our metabolic analysis results showed that, compared with the E. coli EWH host, the BD producing strain EWCB3 had a significant decrease in acetic acidproduction and abolishment in ethanol production ( Supplementary Table S3 ). Therefore, to further increase BD production, future research can be focused on improving the reducing equivalent supply from the cellular metabolic network. Another message this study conveyed is the feasibility and necessity of dynamic control. Advanced genetic devices developed by synthetic biologists have shown a wide range of programmability of cellular and molecular dynamics and have started to be increasingly exploited for metabolic engineering ( Carter et al., 2012; Bacchus and Fussenegger, 2013 ). Quorum sensing, as a versatile multicellular functionality ubiquitous in nature, is an appealing system that has been actively exploited in synthetic biology (Stricker et al., 2008; Bari et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2014; Shong and Collins, 2014) and discussed for metabolic control ( Tsao et al., 2012 ). Our study provided a showcase demonstrating the feasibility of quorum sensing for dynamic and autonomous control of complex metabolic pathways for fermentation automation and production optimization.5. Conclusions We successfully engineered E. coli strains for bio-production of BD, an important commodity chemical widely used in industry, from d -xylose, the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, using a quorum sensing promoter, we achieved autonomous BD production. This work illustrates the advantages of the synergy between metabolic engineering and synthetic biology by employing the tools and concepts of synthetic biology for the development of key metabolic pathways. The strategies employed here can be extended to construction of other microbial factories and hence foster the advance of metabolic engineering. Acknowledgments We are very grateful to Dr. Yong-Su Jin and Seung-Oh Seo for the help with metabolite analysis, to Chen Liao for data analysis, and to Andrew Blanchard for manuscript editting. This work was supported by T. L.’s startup fund from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Appendix A. 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https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemyatt/2012/03/28/6-tips-for-making-better-decisions/

6 Tips for Making Better Decisions

Mike Myatt Contributor Mike Myatt, Chairman, N2Growth Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Leadership 3/28/2012 @ 12:16PM 444,494 views6 Tips for Making Better Decisions The one thing everyone on the planet has in common is the undeniable fact we’ve all made our fair share of regrettable decisions. Show me someone who hasn’t made a bad decision and I’ll show you someone who is either not being honest, or someone who avoids decisioning at all costs. Making sound decisions is a skill set that needs to be developed like any other. As a person who works with CEOs on a daily basis, I can tell you with great certainty all leaders are not created equal when it comes to the competency of their decisioning skills. Nothing will test your leadership mettle more than your ability to make decisions. Why do leaders fail? They make poor choices that lead to bad decisions. And in some cases they compound bad decision upon bad decision. You cannot separate leadership from decisioning, for like it or not, they are inexorably linked. Put simply, the outcome of a leader’s choices and decisions can, and usually will, make or break them. The fact of the matter is that senior executives who rise to the C-suite do so largely based upon their ability to consistently make sound decisions. What most fail to realize is while it may take years of solid decision making to reach the boardroom, it often times only takes one bad decision to fall from the ivory tower. As much as you may wish it wasn’t so, when it comes to being a leader you’re really only as good as your last decision. Here’s the thing – even leaders who don’t fail make bad decisions from time-to-time. When I reflect back upon the poor decisions I’ve made, it’s not that I wasn’t capable of making the correct decision, but for whatever reason I failed to use sound decisioning methodology. Gut instincts can only take you so far in life, and anyone who operates outside of a sound decisioning framework will eventually fall prey to an act of oversight, misinformation, misunderstanding, manipulation, impulsivity or some other negative influencing factor. The first key in understanding how to make great decisions is learning how to synthesize the overwhelming amount incoming information leaders must deal with on a daily basis, while making the best decisions possible in a timely fashion. The key to dealing with the voluminous amounts of information is as simple as becoming discerning surrounding the filtering of various inputs. Understanding that a hierarchy of knowledge exists is critically important when attempting to make prudent decisions. News Flash – not all inputs should weigh equally in one’s decisioning process. By developing a qualitative and quantitative filtering mechanism for your decisioning process you can make better decisions in a shorter period of time. The hierarchy of knowledge is as follows: Gut Instincts : This is an experiential and/or emotional filter that may often times have no current underpinning of hard analytical support. That said, in absence of other decisioning filters it can sometimes be all a person has to go on when making a decision. Even when more refined analytics are available, your instincts can often provide a very valuable gut check against the reasonability or bias of other inputs. The big take away here is that intuitive decisioning can be refined and improved. My advice is to actually work at becoming very discerning. Data: Raw data is comprised of disparate facts, statistics, or random inputs that in-and-of-themselves hold little value. Making conclusions based on data in its raw form will lead to flawed decisions based on incomplete data sets. Information: Information is simply an evolved, or more complete data set. Information is therefore derived from a collection of processed data where context and meaning have been added to disparate facts which allow for a more thorough analysis. Knowledge: Knowledge is information that has been refined by analysis such that it has been assimilated, tested and/or validated. Most importantly, knowledge is actionable with a high degree of accuracy because proof of concept exists. Even though people often treat theory and opinion as fact, they are not one and the same. I have witnessed many a savvy executive blur the lines between fact and fiction resulting in an ill advised decision when decisions are made under extreme pressure and outside of a sound decisioning framework. Decisions made at the gut instinct or data level can be made quickly, but offer a higher level of risk. Decisioning at the information level affords a higher degree of risk management, but are still not as safe as those decisions based upon actionable knowledge. Another aspect that needs to be factored into the decisioning process is the source of the input. I believe it was Cyrus the Great who said “ diversity in counsel, unity in command ” meaning that good leaders seek the counsel of others, but maintain control over the final decision. While most successful leaders subscribe to this theory, the real question in not whether you should seek counsel, but in fact where, and how much counsel you should seek. You see more input, or the wrong input, doesn’t necessarily add value to a decisioning process. Volume for the sake of volume will only tend to confuse matters, and seeking input from sources that can’t offer significant contributions is likely a waste of time. Two other issues that should be considered in your decisioning process as they relate to the source of input are as follows: Credibility: What is the track record of your source? Is the source reliable and credible? Are they delivering data, information or knowledge? Will the source tell you what you want to hear, what they want you to hear, or will they provide the unedited version of cold hard truth? Bias: Are there any hidden and/or competing agendas that are coloring the input being received? Is the input being provided for the benefit of the source or the benefit of the enterprise? The complexity of the current business landscape, combined with ever increasing expectations of performance, and the speed at which decisions must be made, are a potential recipe for disaster for today’s executive unless a defined methodology for decisioning is put into place. If you incorporate the following metrics into your decisioning framework you will minimize the chances of making a bad decision: Perform a Situation Analysis: What is motivating the need for a decision? What would happen if no decision is made? Who will the decision impact (both directly and indirectly)? What data, analytics, research, or supporting information do you have to validate the inclinations driving your decision? Subject your Decision to Public Scrutiny: There are no private decisions. Sooner or later the details surrounding any decision will likely come out. If your decision were printed on the front page of the newspaper how would you feel? What would your family think of your decision? How would your shareholders and employees feel about your decision? Have you sought counsel and/or feedback before making your decision? Conduct a Cost/Benefit Analysis: Do the potential benefits derived from the decision justify the expected costs? What if the costs exceed projections, and the benefits fall short of projections? Assess the Risk /Reward Ratio: What are all the possible rewards, and when contrasted with all the potential risks are the odds in your favor, or are they stacked against you? Assess Whether it is the Right Thing To Do: Standing behind decisions that everyone supports doesn’t particularly require a lot of chutzpah. On the other hand, standing behind what one believes is the right decision in the face of tremendous controversy is the stuff great leaders are made of. My wife has always told me that “you can’t go wrong by going right,” and as usual, I find her advice to be spot on. There are many areas where compromise yields significant benefits, but your value system, your character, or your integrity should never be compromised. Make The Decision: Perhaps most importantly, you must have a bias toward action, and be willing to make the decision. Moreover, you must learn to make the best decision possible even if you possess an incomplete data set. Don’t fall prey to analysis paralysis, but rather make the best decision possible with the information at hand using some of the methods mentioned above. Opportunities and not static, and the law of diminishing returns applies to most opportunities in that the longer you wait to seize the opportunity the smaller the return typically is. In fact, more likely is the case that the opportunity will completely evaporate if you wait too long to seize it. Bonus - Always have a back-up plan: The real test of a leader is what happens in the moments following the realization they’ve made the wrong decision. Great leaders understand all plans are made up of both constants and variables, and that sometimes the variables work against you. Smart leaders always have a contingency plan knowing circumstances can sometimes fall beyond the boundaries of reason or control – no “Plan B” equals a flawed plan. If you have any other advice and/or suggestions about how to make better decisions, please share them in the comments section below…Follow me on Twitter @mikemyatt

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https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070329192328AAIukrF

Was tesla killed by fbi?

Science & Mathematics Other - Science Was tesla killed by fbi? Follow 4 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Tesla died of heart failure alone in the New Yorker Hotel, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Despite selling his AC electricity patents, Tesla was essentially destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number U. S. Patent 645,576 in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the Federal Bureau of Investigation instructed the government's Alien Property Custodian office to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. His safe at the hotel was also opened. At the time of his death, Tesla had been continuing work on the teleforce weapon, or death ray, that he had unsuccessfully marketed to the US War Department. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ball lightning and plasma and was composed of a particle beam weapon. The US government did not find a prototype of the device in the safe. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret. The so-called "peace ray" constitutes a part of some conspiracy theories as a means of destruction. The personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisors, and J. Edgar Hoover declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. [64] One document states that " [he] is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments [...]". Charlotte Muzar reported that there were several "missing" papers and property. [65] Statue of Nikola Tesla in Niagara Falls State Park Statue of Nikola Tesla in Niagara Falls State Park Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava Kosanoviċ, got possession of some of his personal effects which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia. [66] Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York City. After the funeral, his body was cremated. His ashes were taken to Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1957. The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum, where it resides to this day. Tesla did not like to pose for portraits. He did it only once for princess Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy, but that portrait is lost. His wish was to have a sculpture made by his close friend Ivan Meštrović, who was at that time in United States, but he died before getting a chance to see it. Meštrović made a bronze bust (1952) that is held in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade and a statue (1955/56) placed at the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb. This statue was moved to Nikola Tesla Street in Zagreb's city centre on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth, with the Ruđer Bošković Institute to receive a duplicate. In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls, New York. A similar statue was also erected in his hometown of Gospić in 1986. The SI unit tesla (T) for measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\,) was named in Tesla’s honour at the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, Paris in 1960. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of which Tesla had been vice president also created an award in recognition of Nikola Tesla. Called the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, it is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power, and is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power. [67] The Tesla crater on the far side of the moon and the minor planet 2244 Tesla are also named after Tesla 100 Serbian dinar banknote obverse. Photo courtesy of National Bank of Serbia. 100 Serbian dinar banknote obverse. Photo courtesy of National Bank of Serbia. [68] 100 Serbian dinars banknote reverse. Note the drawing of the electric motor. 100 Serbian dinars banknote reverse. Note the drawing of the electric motor. Tesla has received many recognitions within Serbia. He is featured on the current 100 Serbian dinar note (see left). The largest power plant complex in Serbia, the TPP Nikola Tesla is named in his honour. On July 10, 2006 the biggest airport in Serbia (Belgrade) was renamed Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in honor of Tesla’s 150th birthday An electric car company, Tesla Motors, named their company in tribute to Nikola Tesla. Their website states: The namesake of our Tesla Roadster is the genius Nikola Tesla [...] We‘re confident that if he were alive today, Nikola Tesla would look over our car and nod his head with both understanding and approval. [69] The Croatian subsidiary of Ericsson is also named 'Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d'. ('Nikola Tesla' was a phone hardware company in Zagreb before Ericsson bought it in the 1990s) in honour of Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication. The year 2006 was celebrated by UNESCO as the 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, scientist (1856-1943), as well as being proclaimed by the governments of Croatia and Serbia to be the Year of Tesla. On this anniversary, July 10, 2006, the renovated village of Smiljan (which had been demolished during the wars of the 1990s) was opened to the public along with Tesla's house (as a memorial museum) and a new multimedia center dedicated to the life and work of Nikola Tesla. The parochial church of St. Peter and Paul, where Tesla's father had held services, was renovated as well. The museum and multimedia center are filled with replicas of Tesla's work. The museum has collected almost all of the papers ever published by, and about, Nikola Tesla; most of these provided by Ljubo Vujovic from the Tesla Memorial Society [70] in New York. Alongside Tesla's house, a monument created by sculptor Mile Blazevic has been erected. In the nearby city of Gospić, on the same date as the reopening of the renovated village and museums, a higher education school named Nikola Tesla was opened, and a replica of the statue of Tesla made by Frano Krsinic (the original is in Belgrade) was presented. In the years after, many of his innovations, theories and claims have been used, at times unsuitably and with some controversy, to support various fringe theories that are regarded as unscientific. Most of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods accepted by science, but his extravagant personality and sometimes unrealistic claims, combined with his unquestionable genius, have made him a popular figure among fringe theorists and believers in conspiracies about 'hidden knowledge'. Some conspiracy theorists even in his time believed that he was actually an angelic being from Venus sent to Earth to reveal scientific knowledge to humanity. [71]wizard · 1 decade ago3 0 Comment Nikola Tesla Murdered Source (s):https://shorte.im/a80q Elookado · 1 year ago0 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: was tesla killed by fbi? Source (s):tesla killed fbi: https://biturl.im/g9pco Alesha · 3 years ago0 0 Commentuuusunita s · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Masters of marketing online Need a Small Business Loan? Find the best luxury cars Try online nursing courses?