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DrNicefellow

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Will the 'computer geek’ become extinct? Minister of Education Hekia Para made a big announcement this week. Digital technology will be officially integrated into the New Zealand curriculum by 2018 and included as a strand of the technology learning area. The move will normalise skills that every child needs for future employment and will remove an IT geek stigma that still exists, according to Code Club Aotearoa. Michael Trengrove, cofounder of the nationwide student charity school tech supporter, says when talking about computer programming, many adults picture Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak but fail to realise that we are now teaching five-year-old children how to code. “We need to stop talking about technology taking over our jobs and must start acting to give our children the skills they need to maintain and create the jobs of the future,” Trengrove states. “We don’t expect all students to become molecular biologists, but we teach the basics of science in our primary schools,” he adds. “Although the Minister has not placed digital technology alongside maths, science and English in the curriculum, this is a positive shift towards teaching our children the fundamentals of computer science rather than just how to operate a web browser,” explains Trengrove. “Previously schools have taught computer literacy, which is really just word processing or how to use a device from a consumer’s point of view,” he says. “Computational thinking however, teaches children the fundamentals of these technologies so they learn how a device works and how to manipulate that device to work for them. “Computational thinking helps to shape a student’s understanding of the world around them. By learning the basics of computer science and how to code, a student also learns how to identify, analyse and solve problems; collaborate and communicate effectively in a team and to persevere when faced with something difficult,” Trengrove explains. “Our children need to learn to code if they want to take their place in the digital world. This is not a future thought, our children need to learn now, today, how the internet works, how data is sent from A to B, how to read and write to code and how to protect themselves online,” he says. “Code Club already teaches more than 4000 New Zealand children how to code – today’s announcement means every student will effectively be joining the digital revolution and coding could be as common as riding a bicycle,” adds Trengrove. Code Club Aotearoa is a charity that partners with primary schools and industry and uses the knowledge of a nationwide volunteer network to help children learn to code. A total of 225 clubs are operating nationwide from Whangarei to Bluff. Each club averages 22 children, 40% of whom are female. Cromwell has the longest running and largest club in the country with 50 regular students attending and all five primary schools in Queenstown run a Code Club.

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Semen performs its most important function reproduction in animals including humans. In addition, they have other beneficial and harmful effects on human health as well. There have been studies that have shown that semen has an antidepressant effect, anti-cancer effects where the semen is found to prevent and fight breast cancer and also prevention of pregnancy related high blood pressure condition called preeclampsia. The exact beneficial role of semen in these diseases is not well known. However, the harmful effects of semen in transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are well known. Semen and transmission of disease Some people think there are only two STIs syphilis and gonorrhoea. In reality, however, there are many other diseases that can be spread through sexual contact. These include: - hepatitis B and C - genital warts - hepatitis B - HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) These diseases need awareness and need to be prevented as without therapy these diseases may lead to infertility, cancer, heart disease, AIDS and even death. Hepatitis B and C Hepatitis B and C affect the liver and may be carried blood, saliva, semen and other body fluids of an infected person. They spread via sexual contact and may lead to liver cancer. AIDS is the end result of infection with the virus HIV. HIV virus also is carried in blood, saliva, semen and other body fluids of an infected person. HIV attacks the body’s defence system or immunity and makes common infections life threatening. AIDS has no cure and is usually fatal. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria spread from one infected person to another during sex. It can occur in both men and women affecting the penis, vagina the rectum and throat. This leads to burning during urination and pus discharge. Untreated gonorrhea can cause sterility in both women and men. In women, it can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) that may eventually lead to infertility and miscarriage. Syphilis is caused by an organism that enters the body through the skin, the mouth, or the anus during sex. It leads to a sore from where the organism enters the blood. Herpes is a viral disease and it forms blisterlike sores on the genitals. Chlamydia produces an infection that is very similar to gonorrhea. Untreated chlamydia can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) with pain, fever, miscarriage and infertility in women. Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) is also an infection that may cause burning upon urination and discharge of pus from the penis. Bacteria involved are Ureaplasma and mycoplasma. Genital warts are caused by a virus, Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV in most cases resolves by itself but may lead to cervix cancer in some women. Vaginitis is an inflammation of a woman’s vagina passed during sex. Three of the most common types of vaginitis are: - Trichomonal vaginitis - Yeast vaginitis - Bacterial vaginitis Blood in the semen Blood in semen is not uncommon and can appear as either a brownish or red colour in the semen. It is usually painless in most men. It may even be invisible to the naked eye and can be detected only with a microscope. Blood in semen may be caused by inflammation, infection, blockage, or injury anywhere along the male reproductive system. Blood in semen is called haematospermia and can affect men of any age after puberty. It commonly affects men between 30 and 40 years of age and in men over 50 years of age with benign prostate enlargement. The majority of cases go away in time without treatment. Up to 90 per cent of men who have had blood in their semen experience repeated episodes. Semen as an antidepressant There are studies that have shown that semen could act as an antidepressant in women. The study included sexually active college females and found that not only were females who were having sex without condoms less depressed, but depressive symptoms and suicide attempts among females who used condoms were higher. Condom use meant less exposure to semen. Measures of depression were high in women did not use condoms if the time between last sexual intercourse increased. Researchers speculate that the vagina absorbs a number of components of semen that can be detected in the bloodstream and that reduces symptoms of depression.

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Last August, librarian Kitty Yancheff, public service division manager at Humboldt County’s main library in Eureka, Calif. revived a man who had overdosed one afternoon while sitting at a computer table at the library. She noticed he was slumped over, sweating heavily, his lips turning blue. While another staff member called 911, Yancheff injected naloxone into the man’s thigh. She gave him a second dose in his arm. The library staff had recently been trained by the Humboldt County Department of Health and Human Services on how to use naloxone or Narcan, which revives someone who has overdosed on opioids. The library was stocked with the antidote. Located on California’s northern coast, the county has seen its drug-related death rates more than double since 1999, according to the California Department of Public Health. Nine people have died this year so far from drug overdoses in Humboldt County, according to the county Coroner’s Office. Librarians on the front lines Most of the first responders in the opioid epidemic are sheriff’s deputies or emergency medical technicians with fire departments. However, with surging opioid use claiming the lives of thousands across the country, unlikely county employees — librarians like Kitty Yancheff — are stepping up to help deal with the overdose crisis. Public libraries have become a magnet of sorts for people with drug problems, often for the same reasons anyone visits libraries — because they’re free, open to the public and generally welcome people to stick around and stay awhile. Opioid overdoses are now the leading cause of death for Americans under age 50. Drugs killed 52,404 in 2015 and likely topped 59,000 in 2016, the largest annual jump ever recorded in the United States. ‘We want to be ready’ Like library systems in Carroll County, Md. and Waukesha, Wis., Salt Lake County, Utah, librarians are also being trained to administer antidotes to opioid overdoses. “Basically, we’re a public place, we have a lot of different people come in,” said Liz Sollis, a spokeswoman for the county’s library system. “A lot of people are struggling with opioids — they may have moved from dependency to addiction and they can experience an unintentional overdose. Our priority is the people we serve.” “We haven’t had it [drug overdoses at the library] happen, but we want to be ready,” Sollis said, noting that Utah “ranks high” among states with an opioid problem. The Centers for Disease Control ranks Utah seventh in the nation for drug overdoses. About 50 management employees at the Salt Lake County library system were trained in May on how to administer Narcan (which comes in both sprays or injections). Hundreds of other library employees who work in the county’s libraries were also trained, by watching an instructional video, and learned how to recognize the signs of someone on opioids. Sollis noted that administering the antidote is not a job requirement. “Training county library staff to respond to an opioid overdose and to help them save lives is the right thing to do,” said Salt Lake County Library Director Jim Cooper. “We are a neighbor in most communities, and neighbors look out for each other.” Security cameras, police patrols, social workers Although no one has overdosed on drugs at Salt Lake County’s libraries, drug overdoses — sometimes fatal ones — are happening at many public libraries across the country. A 25-year-old homeless man died in February of a drug overdose in the restroom at the Central Library in Denver. Having rules about restroom use and security in place can be a deterrent, according to Steve Albrecht, author of Library Security: Better Communication, Safer Facilities. He recommends adding security cameras just outside of a library restroom, along with a sign noting that the location is under surveillance. Some libraries lock their restroom doors and require identification to use it. At a Philadelphia branch library, where people had overdosed on drugs, volunteers now sit outside and notify security if someone is in the restroom longer than five minutes. As a result of the fatal overdose in February, the library in Denver stocked 12 Narcan kits and more than 60 staff members have been trained on how to administer the drug; since February, the staff has had to use Narcan nine times. Denver librarians placed 262 calls to 911 last year for overdoses as well as for trespassing and disturbances. The number of calls to 911 were up 30 percent from 2015, the library reported. The Denver library is taking measures to combat the problems, including adding more security cameras and regular patrols by police. As a result of an increased police presence, there have been 44 arrests at the library from January to May, a 33 percent increase from last year, the library reported. “Our work with the Denver Police Department…is beginning to pay off,” chief librarian Michelle Jeske said in a statement. “We are seeing positive changes that are making our facilities safer for all as we expand our efforts. We have more work to do and we’re confident we’re on the right track.” Like Salt Lake County, the library hired its first social worker two years ago and since then has hired another, as well as three “peer navigators” to help connect library patrons with social service providers. A peer navigator draws from his or her experience to help a person with mental illness. The American Library Association is working to create a guide for librarians on how to recognize opioid use and how to address it.

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An eight-year international collaboration among scientists, art historians, and conservators culminated in Prague on September 15, 2000, with the unveiling of The Last Judgment, a 14th-century glass mosaic that is one of the Czech Republic's most significant cultural treasures. Czech President Vaclav Havel joined senior Getty staff at St. Vitus Cathedral for the first public presentation of the mosaic following completion of the conservation work that was undertaken by the GCI and the Office of the President of the Czech Republic. The Last Judgment, the earliest and most important monumental exterior medieval mosaic north of the Alps, covers 84 square meters (904 square feet) of the cathedral's south facade. Since its creation in 1371, the glass mosaic has rarely been seen in its full splendor. It has faced repeated threats from wars to fires—and, more recently, environmental pollutants. Divided by Gothic spires into three sections, The Last Judgment depicts Christ surrounded by angels in the central panel, and scenes of heaven and of hell in the two side panels. The brilliantly colored mosaic comprises more than a million small glass tiles and stone pebbles, in more than 30 different hues. Until now, conservators have been unable to prevent the recurrence of a grayish layer of corrosion that obscures the mosaic. The current conservation effort required extensive scientific and art-historical research and the development of new conservation methods and materials. In the process, vital international exchange was facilitated. The challenge was not merely to clean the fragile mosaic but to ensure its future survival by coming up with a coating that would stabilize and protect it, preventing further deterioration and allowing it to remain visible. The project team began by analyzing the mosaic's material and decay products to understand the process of deterioration. Over the course of several years, they then tested numerous approaches to cleaning and protecting the mosaic. Actual treatment of the mosaic got under way two and a half years ago. The central panel was completed in the summer of 1998, the right panel in the summer of 1999, and the final, left panel in the summer of 2000. A team of GCI and Czech conservators cleaned the mosaic using special microsandblasters, and they painstakingly applied a multilayer protective polymer coating adapted from the aerospace and medical industries. This is the first time that the high-tech coating—developed in collaboration with the Department of Materials Science Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles—has been applied for art conservation purposes. The project also contributed to major advances in the art historical analysis of The Last Judgment mosaic. Archival holdings related to the mosaic have expanded with the discovery of a number of historical documents and photographs, as well as extensive new documentation. The GCI's own holdings of related material now exceed 5,500 items. Conservators who had worked on earlier restorations of the mosaic, in the 1950s and 1980s, were also brought into the process, giving the project not only a multinational but also a multigenerational character. The results of the project team's findings will be shared as a service to the field through publications and a symposium in June 2001. Additionally, the team has developed a mosaic maintenance protocol, to be carried out under the supervision of Prague Castle to help ensure the long-term preservation of the conservation work. In recognition of his substantial contribution to the mosaic's conservation, Dusan Stulik, the mosaic's project manager for the GCI, was awarded the Presidential Medal of the Czech Republic. (Stulik, a GCI senior scientist, is himself a native of Prague.) In addition, the J. Paul Getty Trust and the Getty Conservation Institute were each awarded the Presidential Medal.

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The Horned Serpent Symbol Native American Indians were a deeply spiritual people and they communicated their history, thoughts, ideas and dreams from generation to generation through Symbols and Signs such as the Horned Serpent symbol. The origin of the Horned Serpent symbol derives from the ancient Mississippian culture of North America, the culture of the Mound Builders. The Mound Builders associated great mystical value to the serpent. Some Indian tribes still retain some elements of the Mississippi culture. The Avanyu and the the horned serpent both feature in Hopi and other Pueblo art. The Navajo creation story features myths relating to twins and a horned monster. Their sacred rites, myths and symbols and are presumed to descend from the Mississippians. The Horned Serpent symbol was usually viewed as a benign or benevolent although fearful creature whereas the Great Serpent was usually represented as a malevolent creature. For additional information refer to the Snake Symbol and Mythical Creatures.. Horned Serpent Rock Picture The Meaning of the Horned Serpent Symbol The Horned Serpent symbol is one of the many snake-like deities depicted with horns that figure in the mythology of most Native American tribes. The horned serpent is associated with rain, thunder and waterways. The zigzag and meandering lines of the serpent or snake are symbolic of water. The horned serpent symbol meaning represented life and the renewal of life, just like water. The horned serpent was the feared guardian of life and the forces of life. The Choctaw horned serpent deity called 'Sint holo' is seen as a source of inspiration. An inventive and creative spirit who introduced agriculture, language and other gifts of knowledge to man. The Choctaw tribe honored a spirit called 'Sinti lapitta' who was a horned serpent which visited exceptionally wise young men. Algonquin tribes belived in Mishikinebik, a great horned snake that was the guardian spirit brings that brings wisdom and healing. The Avanyu is probably the most famous horned serpent deity. Antlers and horns signified spiritual power, especially when applied to animals that did not ordinarily have them such as Birds, Panthers and Snakes (Serpents). Please refer to the Eye in the Hand Symbol for additional information. The Horned Serpent Symbol - Mythology Abenaki Horned Serpent Myth: The Abenaki deity Wa-won-dee-a-megw meaning "Snail" was a snail spirit that could live in trees, land or water. The spirit was able to change its size and appearance to look like a huge snake or serpent whose horns could be ground into a magical powder. The Horned Serpent Symbol - Mississippian culture The most ancient Native American Indian symbols, like the Horned Serpent symbol, came from the Mississippian culture which was established in 1000AD and continued to 1550AD onward. The Mississippian Native Americans were the last of the mound-building cultures of North America in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States. The Mississippian culture was based on warfare, which was represented by an array of emblems, motifs and symbols. The Mississippian culture warrior icons like the Horned Serpent symbol provides interesting history and ideas for tattoos that include cosmic imagery depicting animals, humans and mythical beasts. The Mississippian Native Americans practiced body painting, tattooing and piercing.

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Osteoporosis, which means porous bones, is a disease that thins and weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. The vast majority of individuals affected by osteoporosis are women. Although the disease can strike at any age, the greatest risk for fractures from osteoporosis occurs after menopause. This is because women’s bodies produce less oestrogen after menopause, and oestrogen plays an important role in helping to prevent bone loss. As the EU population continues to age, the occurrence of osteoporosis becomes an increasing source of worry. But the good news is that osteoporosis can be prevented and treated. The European Commission is involved in research studying the impact of diet and gene-nutrient interactions on calcium and bone metabolism, and a novel isotopic tracer method is also being evaluated to study and quantify these processes. This new method will be compared to already-established methods (bone mineral density, biochemical markers) in an effort to protect and improve the quality of life of Europe’s ageing population. Further research on the biomechanical aspects of bone structure and strength, and on the reliability and safety of prosthetic implants is also being carried out at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) to address the area of post-fracture treatment strategies. These projects are funded by the European Commission’s Directorates General for Research, Health and Consumer Protection, and the JRC. Commissioner Philippe Busquin expresses his own concern: “Fractures are the most frequent and serious complication of osteoporosis. Any bone can be affected, but of special concern are fractures of the hip and spine. A hip fracture almost always requires hospitalisation and major surgery. It can impair a persons ability to walk unassisted and may cause prolonged or permanent disability and reduce the quality of life. Hospital costs for hip fractures alone amounted to over 3,500 million Euro in the EU in 1999. And the problem will only increase, as it has been quoted that the proportion of the EU population aged over 80 will triple over the next 50 years. EU action is therefore essential to tackle this problem.” Menopause is the single greatest risk for osteoporosis; others include gender, age, family history, hormone deficiencies, low calcium, excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption, and cigarette smoking. In many cases, bones weaken when levels of calcium, phosphorous and other minerals in bones are low. As the prevalence of osteoporosis increases it must be considered as a serious public health concern. Catherine Shiels | European Commission One gene closer to regenerative therapy for muscular disorders 01.06.2017 | Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center The gut microbiota plays a key role in treatment with classic diabetes medication 01.06.2017 | University of Gothenburg An international team of scientists has proposed a new multi-disciplinary approach in which an array of new technologies will allow us to map biodiversity and the risks that wildlife is facing at the scale of whole landscapes. The findings are published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. This international research is led by the Kunming Institute of Zoology from China, University of East Anglia, University of Leicester and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research. Using a combination of satellite and ground data, the team proposes that it is now possible to map biodiversity with an accuracy that has not been previously... Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy. Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as... Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow. As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton... Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results. With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the... Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)... 19.06.2017 | Event News 13.06.2017 | Event News 13.06.2017 | Event News 23.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy 23.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy 23.06.2017 | Information Technology

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Construction and Development – Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable The two buzz words in the construction and development sectors these days are sustainability and environmentally friendly. So let’s talk a little bit about how sustainability affects the way in which we construct our man made environment in our present day and age compared to how things were done in the past. There are two basic definitions for sustainability. The first relates to how things can be maintained at a constant rate or level. The second relates to maintaining this balance without depleting natural resources. Many natural materials are used in the manufacture of building materials for the construction and development industry and it is therefore important that any structures that are created are built for the long term so as not to have to deplete these natural resources in the maintenance or replacement of buildings. The strange thing here is that in the past structures were designed and built to last as an accepted standard for the construction and development industry. However, as the demand for more buildings in a shorter time period increased, so the quality and sustainability of the structures took a knock. This basically means that when looking at sustainability of structures we need to go back to the way our forefathers did things and raise our standards with regard to the quality of construction rather than the quantity and speed at which structures can be built. Sustainability also focuses on job creation and how it can have an effect on the economy of a country. The more jobs that become available due to a construction project, the more people will be able to improve their quality of life. However, these projects need to be ongoing to ensure the constant growth of the population within a country and that jobs are created permanently and not only on a temporary basis. These jobs must also involve skills development as well as projects to sustain the local communities. The next topic for discussion is the environmentally friendly nature of construction and development. Instead of looking to our forefathers as to how to do things right, here we have to learn from their mistakes. In the past people wouldn’t blink an eye at flattening a rain forest or draining wetlands to make room for housing, shopping malls, industry or other man-made structures. These days however, these factors should be at the top of the list of considerations before a construction project can take place. The depletion of natural resources must also play an important role in the environmentally friendly nature of construction and development. There are many ways in which this can be done and construction companies often employ the services of an environmental engineer to ascertain what the impact of a structure will be on the environment and how to minimise this impact. For example, the environmental engineer can evaluate the amount of wood that is used in a structure and then ensure that a specific amount of trees are planted to replace those that were used in the construction and development project.

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Course Measurement and Certification Procedures The Shortest Possible Route A race course is defined by the shortest possible route that a runner could take and not be disqualified. A given runner might not follow the shortest possible route, just as a runner on a track may be forced to run further to pass another runner. The actual path of any given runner is irrelevant. The shortest possible route is a reasonably well-defined and unambiguous route that ensures all runners will run at least the stated race distance. You might envision the shortest possible route as a string, stretched tightly along the course so that it comes within 30 cm (one foot) of all corners, straight through S-turns, and diagonally between corners when crossing a street. You should measure the course following the same route as that hypothetical string. Because it is difficult to follow the shortest possible route perfectly, an extra length factor of 0.1%, called the short course prevention factor, is incorporated into the calibration procedure. Use of the factor ensures that your course will not be short, even if you make small errors in following the shortest possible route. When making a turn, measure prudently close to the curb or edge of the roadway. Thirty centimeters (one foot) from the edge of the roadway is a good quide. Often manholes, storm drains, broken pavement, and other hazards render this impractical. In such cases, attempt to measure the shortest route that a runner may be expected to take. You may wish to walk the bicycle through such sections if they are relatively short. There are three basic situations encountered in following the shortest possible route. First, if you enter a roadway by making a right turn and leave it by making another right turn, follow a path prudently close to the curb around both turns and in-between. Second, if you enter a roadway by making a right turn and leave it by making a left turn, move in as straight a line as possible, diagonally from where you entered on the right to the most extreme left position available to the runner just before making the second turn. Again, make the second turn as prudently close to the curb as you can. In the case of heavy traffic, you may wish to employ the "offset maneuver" described in Appendix A (Supplementary Tips). Third, when measuring on a winding roadway, do not follow the side of the road. Unless portions of the roadway will be closed to runners by cones and/or barricades and will be monitored, measure the straightest and shortest path possible, moving from one side of the road to the other as necessary to follow the shortest possible route. This may be an unsafe practice on heavily travelled roads. You may need to measure with a police escort or measure during periods when traffic is light. When measuring a turn-around point, cycle up to the position of the turn, freeze the front wheel, record the count, reverse the bicycle, and proceed back in the other direction. Do not cycle "wide" around the turn. The course must be measured as it will be when the race is run. In particular, detouring around cars or other obstacles which may not be present on the day of the race will make the course short (see Supplementary Tips). If your course is laid out to restrict the runners to a route which is longer than the shortest possible route (on pavement), traffic barricades or intensive coning is required. Course monitors are nice but often are absent, mis-positioned, or simply ignored by the runners. Instruct course monitors to disqualify on the spot, any runners they observe cutting the course as defined by the barricades and cones. The locations of barriers must be marked on the road, and their exact locations put on the map. You should be prepared to document every such marker that you put in place. If this seems like too much trouble, you should assume that runners will short-cut all they can and measure that way, even if the runners are instructed to run a longer route. If you restrict the runners to one side of the road, be sure you specify how the corners are to be turned. It makes a difference. There should be no doubt of the exact measured path. If you cannot enforce the restrictions, it's best to measure the shortest possible route and leave race-day coning as the race director wishes it. Sometimes the paved route is likely to be ignored by the runners. Plan for this, and measure across the grass in those areas where the runners are likely to shortcut. Be sure the route you choose is bounded by something that is permanent. Sometimes the sides of the road are poorly defined. For example, the Fiesta Island 10 km has a paved road with firm dirt shoulders that some runners prefer to run on. Selecting the exact running/measuring route is a matter of judgment. It is probably best to remain on the pavement but as close to the dirt edge as possible unless the dirt route is obviously shorter. In that case, you should measure the shortest route on the dirt. In summary, study is required to determine the shortest route that can actually be run, whether it be in the street, on the sidewalk, or on the grass or dirt.

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Welcome to this article that will be talking about how you can care for a pink variegated rubber plant. There really isn’t a secret to caring about these pink rubber plants as opposed to regular and more common varieties. The plant will be needing a good amount of sunlight each day and also soil which is very rich in nutrition. There are some tricks we can use, however, and schedules to keep which will help maintain a balance for the plant. Follow along below and we will be learning more about the rubber plant. It’s one of the less common houseplants out there, but definitely worth a shot if you are new to gardening. It’s relatively low maintenance and beautiful decoration. Pink Variegated Rubber Plant Like we said at the beginning of the article here, a rubber plant is a great option if you are a beginner since it’s pretty low maintenance. It basically boils down to 2 options to which we need to pay attention. The first is about the amount of sunlight the plant needs. Since we are most likely keeping the plant indoors then we need to aim for about 8 – 10 hours of sunlight each day. If we are keeping the plant outside, however, then we need slightly less each day. About 6 – 8 hours of sunlight each day. The sunlight the plants are getting each day when outdoors is so much stronger than indoors so keeping it in moderation is important. The plant might start shifting in color otherwise, and the beautiful pink color will turn yellow or gray instead. We should also talk about watering the plant. The soil is very important to get right as well. We often recommend trying to keep it slightly damp all the time. That way the roots are able to get enough nutrition and oxygen too. A tip that we often recommend is using some fertilizers every now and again. Doing it every 2 months is plenty enough to provide all the nutrition the roots will be needing. If you are seeing your rubber plant shift in color then this article is for you, Rubber Plant Sunburn. How Do You Keep A Variegated Rubber Plant Pink Keeping a variegated rubber plant pink basically comes down to making sure the plant has a great spot to grow in all the time. It’s pretty simple really. The plant will need a lot of sunlight each day if you keep it indoors. About 8 – 10 hours will be plenty. Any less and the leaves might start curling instead. But if you get more the leaves have a high risk of starting to turn yellow. That is caused by the plant getting dehydrated and stressed. If you can keep the soil slightly damp all the time as well then that will greatly help the plant too. The water helps give the plant a healthy look and feel but also ensures it won’t dry out. If the leaves are curling on your rubber plant then this article is for you, Rubber Plant Leaves Curling. Is A Variegated Rubber Plant Rare Rubber plants in themselves aren’t really the most common house plant variety out there. But the variegated rubber plants are really not that common. They could be called rare for sure. There is a large selection of different variegated rubber plants out there. Some are more common than others. Red and pink ones are probably some of the more sought-after and hard to find. Luckily they don’t shift in terms of caring for the plant. They still have the same needs as the common green rubber plant.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Sometimes you will see your computer getting restarted or shutdown automatically without any instruction from your side. This is a frustrating scenario when you are working on some important stuff and your computer restarts without any notice. Of course this is an improper restart or shutdown and may damage your computer’s hardware like Hard Disk or may damage your Operating System like Windows. This is a common problem in old computers specially PCs i.e. computers running on Windows OS. But there may be different reasons for this common problem. Here are some of the reasons which may cause frequent auto restart or shutdown of your PC. 1. Virus or Malware – Your computer is infected with virus or malware. Source of the virus or malware may be your Internet connection (if connected) or any storage device recently connected to your system. Storage device like Flash Drive, CD, Hard Disk etc may bring viruses from other computers if they are used outside. 2. Loose Connection of Hardware Cables – If your computer is old say about more than 3 years and showing the frequent restart symptom then you should check the cables of your computer. Check the cable of Hard Disk connecting to motherboard and also check the RAM slots whether RAM is properly inserted. In case of loose RAM, your CPU box will lay a beep sound. Check the power cable connection coming from SMPS to Motherboard as well. 3. Dust on board – If your CPU box is not packed properly, then you may see to much dust on motherboard. Use a air blower to clean dust inside of CPU box. 4. CMOS Battery – On motherboard, you can find a round shape battery inserted. Which is nothing but CMOS battery to power your system clock and other stuff as well. If you system is too old or you have not changed the CMOS battery since last 1 or 1.5 years, then that may cause frequent restart. 5. Too much heat/temperature inside CPU box - Motherboard, Processor, Hard Disk area should be cooled properly by using fans. If you CPU box is having only one fan or you have placed the box in a very congested area then that may increase the temperature inside the box which will cause restart. To solve this problem, you should follow below mentioned steps, Step 1. Change the CMOS battery on your motherboard Step 2. Clean the motherboard, Cable Slots of Hard disk, RAM Slots, CD Drive Slot etc inside the CPU box Step 3. Attach one more fan inside the box to exhaust the hot air from inside the box to outside Step 4. Install a good Anti-Virus program on your system and run full system scan. Checkout free versions of good Antivirus or Internet Security programs Step 5. In case your systems is still restarting frequently then go ahead and format the hard disk and install a fresh copy of operating system Now your computer should not restart even after running huge applications. But if your system is not having much RAM, then it is not recommended to install bulky applications like Adobe.

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The DALL-E image generator is a new feature that allows users to enter a prompt, select the size of the image, the number of images to generate, the artist and style and generate images automatically. First and most important thing is to enter a text prompt, which serves as the basis for the image generation. This can be anything from a simple description of an object to a full scene or story. You can select the size of the images, with following options: You can also select the number of images to generate, with options ranging from 1 to 8. This allows to generate multiple images based on the same prompt, giving them a variety of options to choose from. There are several artist available to choose from, including Van Gogh, Salvador Dali, and Frida Kahlo. The art style options include surrealism, digital art and more. This allows to generate images in a specific art style. Image Generator automatically adds prompt to the image’s alt, caption, title and description fields. You can update them by clicking on the each image. If you like to add them to your Media Library, simply select the image and click on “Save to Media” button.

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North Star and the latin phrase Nescit occasum (= it knows no descent). These symbols were used for the Swedish Royal Order of the Polar Star, awarded to civil servants, scientists, scholars and businessfolks between 1748 and 1975. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. |current||02:38, 21 January 2007||104 × 104 (20 KB)||Ben| |18:02, 16 September 2006||104 × 104 (19 KB)||Ben| |00:02, 19 February 2006||131 × 52 (1 KB)||LA2||North Star and the latin phrase ''Nescit occasum'' (= it knows no descent). These symbols were used for the Swedish Royal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star Order of the Polar Star], awarded to civil servants, scientists, scholars and| - You cannot overwrite this file.

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CC-MAIN-2018-13

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Using and getting the most out of robotic astronomy Whilst nothing in the field of amateur astronomy beats the feeling of being outside looking up at the stars, the inclement weather many of us have to face at various times of year, combined with the task of setting up and then packing away equipment on a nightly basis, can be a drag. Those of us fortunate enough to have observatories don’t face that latter issue, but still face the weather and usually the limits of our own equipment and skies. Another option to consider is using a robotic telescope. From the comfort of your home you can make incredible observations, take outstanding astrophotos, and even make key contributions to science! The main elements which make robotic telescopes appealing to many amateur astronomers are based around 3 factors. The first is that usually, the equipment being offered is generally vastly superior to that which the amateur has in their home observatory. Many of the robotic commercial telescope systems, have large format mono CCD cameras, connected to high precision computer controlled mounts, with superb optics on top, typically these setups start in the $20-$30,000 price bracket and can run up in to the millions of dollars. Combined with usually well defined and fluid workflow processes which guide even a novice user through the use of the scope and then acquisition of images, automatically handling such things as dark and flat fields, makes it a much easier learning curve for many as well, with many of the scopes specifically geared for early grade school students. The second factor is geographic location. Many of the robotic sites are located in places where average rainfall is a lot lower than say somewhere like the UK or North Eastern United States for example, with places like New Mexico and Chile in particular offering almost completely clear dry skies year round. Robotic scopes tend to see more sky than most amateur setups, and as they are being controlled over the Internet, you yourself don’t even have to get cold outside in the depths of winter. The beauty of the geographic location aspect is that in some cases, you can do your astronomy during the daytime, as the scopes may be on the other side of the world. The third is ease of use, as it’s nothing more than a reasonably decent laptop, and solid broadband connection that’s required. The only thing you need worry about is your internet connection dropping, not your equipment failing to work. With scopes like the Faulkes or Liverpool Telescopes, ones I use a lot, they can be controlled from something as modest as a netbook or even an Android/iPad/iPhone, easily. The issues with CPU horsepower usually comes down to the image processing after you have taken your pictures. Software applications like the brilliant Maxim DL by Diffraction Limited which is commonly used for image post processing in amateur and even professional astronomy, handles the FITS file data which robotic scopes will deliver. This is commonly the format images are saved in with professional observatories, and the same applies with many home amateur setups and robotic telescopes. This software requires a reasonably fast PC to work efficiently, as does the other stalwart of the imaging community, Adobe Photoshop. There are some superb and free applications which can be used instead of these two bastions of the imaging fraternity, like the excellent Deep Sky stacker, and IRIS, along with the interestingly named “GIMP” which is variant on the Photoshop theme, but free to use. Some people may say just handling image data or a telescope over the internet detracts from real astronomy, but it’s how professional astronomers work day in day out, usually just doing data reduction from telescopes located on the other side of the world. Professionals can wait years to get telescope time, and even then rather than actually being a part of the imaging process, will submit imaging runs to observatories, and wait for the data to roll in. (If anyone wants to argue this fact…just say “Try doing eyepiece astronomy with the Hubble”) The process of using and imaging with a robotic telescope still requires a level of skill and dedication to guarantee a good night of observing, be it for pretty pictures or real science or both. Location Location Location The location for a robotic telescope is critical as if you want to image some of the wonders of the Southern Hemisphere, which those of us in the UK or North America will never see from home, then you’ll need to pick a suitably located scope. Time of day is also important for access, unless the scope system allows an offline queue management approach, whereby you schedule it to do your observations for you and just wait for the results. Some telescopes utilise a real time interface, where you literally control the scope live from your computer, typically through a web browser interface. So depending on where in the world it is, you may be in work, or it may be at a very unhealthy hour in the night before you can access your telescope, it’s worth considering this when you decide which robotic system you wish to be a part of. Telescopes like the twin Faulkes 2-metre scopes, which are based on the Hawaiian island of Maui, atop a mountain, and Siding Spring, Australia, next to the world famous Anglo Australian Observatory, operate during usual school hours in the UK, which means night time in the locations where the scopes live. This is perfect for children in western Europe who wish to use research grade professional technology from the classroom, though the Faulkes scopes are also used by schools and researchers in Hawaii. The type of scope/camera you choose to use, will ultimately also determine what it is you image. Some robotic scopes are configured with wide field large format CCD’s connected to fast, low focal ratio telescopes. These are perfect for creating large sky vistas encompassing nebulae and larger galaxies like Messier 31 in Andromeda. For imaging competitions like the Astronomy Photographer of the Year competition, these wide field scopes are perfect for the beautiful skyscapes they can create. Scopes like the Faulkes Telescope North, even though it has a huge 2m (almost the same size as the one on the Hubble Space Telescope) mirror, is configured for smaller fields of view, literally only around 10 arcminutes, which will nicely fit in objects like Messier 51, the Whirpool Galaxy, but would take many separate images to image something like the full Moon (If Faulkes North were set up for that, which it’s not). It’s advantage is aperture size and immense CCD sensitivity. Typically our team using them is able to image a magnitude +23 moving object (comet or asteroid) in under a minute using a red filter too! A field of view with a scope like the twin Faulkes scopes, which are owned and operated byLCOGT is perfect for smaller deep sky objects and my own interests which are comets and asteroids.Many other research projects such as exoplanets and the study of variable stars are conducted using these telescopes.Many schools start out imaging nebulae, smaller galaxies and globular clusters, with our aim at the Faulkes Telescope Project office, to quickly get students moving on to more science based work, whilst keeping it fun. For imagers, mosaic approaches are possible to create larger fields, but this obviously will take up more imaging and telescope slew time. Each robotic system has its own set of learning curves, and each can suffer from technical or weather related difficulties, like any complex piece of machinery or electronic system. Knowing a bit about the imaging process to begin with, sitting in on other’s observing sessions on things like Slooh, all helps. Also make sure you know your target field of view/size on the sky (usually in either right ascension and declination) or some systems have a “guided tour mode” with named objects, and make sure you can be ready to move the scope to it as quickly as possible, to get imaging. With the commercial robotic scopes, time really is money. Magazines like Astronomy Now in the UK, as well as Astronomy and Sky and Telescope in the United States and Australia are excellent resources for finding out more, as they regularly feature robotic imaging and scopes in their articles. Online forums like cloudynights.com and stargazerslounge.com also have thousands of active members, many of whom regularly use robotic scopes and can give advice on imaging and use, and there are dedicated groups for robotic astronomy like the Online Astronomical Society. Search engines will also give useful information on what is available as well. To get access to them, most of the robotic scopes require a simple sign up process, and then the user can either have limited free access, which is usually an introductory offer, or just start to pay for time. The scopes come in various sizes and quality of camera, the better they are, usually the more you pay. For education and school users as well as astronomical societies, The Faulkes Telescope (for schools) and the Bradford Robotic scope both offer free access, as does the NASA funded Micro Observatory project. Commercial ones like iTelescope, Slooh and Lightbuckets provide a range of telescopes and imaging options, with a wide variety of price models from casual to research grade instrumentation and facilities. So what about my own use of Robotic Telescopes? Personally I use mainly the Faulkes North and South scopes, as well as the Liverpool La Palma Telescope. I have worked with the Faulkes Telescope Project team now for a few years, and it’s a real honour to have such access to research grade intrumentation. Our team also use the iTelescope network when objects are difficult to obtain using the Faulkes or Liverpool scopes, though with smaller apertures, we’re more limited in our target choice when it comes to very faint asteroid or comet type objects. After having been invited to meetings in an advisory capacity for Faulkes, late in 2011 I was appointed pro am program manager, co-ordinating projects with amateurs and other research groups. With regards to public outreach I have presented my work at conferences and public outreach events for Faulkes and we’re about to embark on a new and exciting project with the European Space Agency whom I work for also as a science writer. My use of Faulkes and the Liverpool scopes is primarily for comet recovery, measurement (dust/coma photometry and embarking on spectroscopy) and detection work, those icy solar system interlopers being my key interest. In this area, I co-discovered Comet C2007/Q3 splitting in 2010, and worked closely with the amateur observing program managed by NASA for comet 103P, where my images were featured in National Geographic, The Times, BBC Television and also used by NASA at their press conference for the 103P pre-encounter event at JPL. The 2m mirrors have huge light grasp, and can reach very faint magnitudes in very little time. When attempting to find new comets or recover orbits on existing ones, being able to image a moving target at magnitude 23 in under 30s is a real boon. I am also fortunate to work alongside two exceptional people in Italy, Giovanni Sostero and Ernesto Guido, and we maintain a blog of our work, and I am a part of the CARA research group working on comet coma and dust measurements, with our work in professional research papers such as the Astrophysical Journal Letters and Icarus. The Imaging Process When taking the image itself, the process starts really before you have access to the scope. Knowing the field of view, what it is you want to achieve is critical, as is knowing the capabilities of the scope and camera in question, and importantly, whether or not the object you want to image is visible from the location/time you’ll be using it. First thing I would do if starting out again is look through the archives of the telescope, which are usually freely available, and see what others have imaged, how they have imaged in terms of filters, exposure times etc, and then match that against your own targets. Ideally, given that in many cases, time will be costly, make sure that if you’re aiming for a faint deep sky object with tenuous nebulosity, you don’t pick a night with a bright Moon in the sky, even with narrowband filters, this can hamper the final image quality, and that your choice of scope/camera will in fact image what you want it to. Remember that others may also want to use the same telescopes, so plan ahead and book early. When the Moon is bright, many of the commercial robotic scope vendors offer discounted rates, which is great if you’re imaging something like globular clusters maybe, which aren’t as affected by the moonlight (as say a nebula would be) Forward planning is usually essential, knowing that your object is visible and not too close to any horizon limits which the scope may impose, ideally picking objects as high up as possible, or rising to give you plenty of imaging time. Once that’s all done, then following the scope’s imaging process depends on which one you choose, but with something like Faulkes, it’s as simple as selecting the target/FOV, slewing the scope, setting the filter, and then exposure time and then waiting for the image to come in. The number of shots taken depends on the time you have. Usually when imaging a comet using Faulkes I will try to take between 10 and 15 images to detect the motion, and give me enough good signal for the scientific data reduction which follows. Always remember though, that you’re usually working with vastly superior equipment than you have at home, and the time it takes to image an object using your home setup will be a lot less with a 2m telescope. A good example is that a full colour high resolution image of something like the Eagle Nebula can be obtained in a matter of minutes on Faulkes, in narrowband, something which would usually take hours on a typical backyard telescope. For imaging a non moving target, the more shots in full colour or with your chosen filter (Hydrogen Alpha being a commonly used one with Faulkes for nebula) you can get the better. When imaging in colour, the three filters on the telescope itself are grouped into an RGB set, so you don’t need to set up each colour band. I’d usually add a luminance layer with H-Alpha if it’s an emission nebula, or maybe a few more red images if it’s not for luminance. Once the imaging run is complete, the data is usually placed on a server for you to collect, and then after downloading the FITS files, combine the images using Maxim (or other suitable software) and then on in to something like Photoshop to make the final colour image. The more images you take, the better the quality of the signal against the background noise, and hence a smoother and more polished final shot. Between shots the only thing that will usually change will be filters, unless tracking a moving target, and possibly the exposure time, as some filters take less time to get the requisite amount of light. For example with a H-Alpha/OIII/SII image, you typically image for a lot longer with SII as the emission with many objects is weaker in this band, whereas many deep sky nebula emit strongly in the H-Alpha. The Image Itself As with any imaging of deep sky objects, don’t be afraid to throw away poor quality sub frames (the shorter exposures which go to make up the final long exposure when stacked). These could be affected by cloud, satellite trails or any number of factors, such as the autoguider on the telescope not working correctly. Keep the good shots, and use those to get as good a RAW stacked data frame as you can. Then it’s all down to post processing tools in products like Maxim/Photoshop/Gimp, where you’d adjust the colours, levels, curves and possibly use plug ins to sharpen up the focus, or reduce noise. If it’s pure science your interested in, you’ll probably skip most of those steps and just want good, calibrated image data (dark and flat field subtracted as well as bias) The processing side is very important when taking shots for aesthetic value, it seems obvious, but many people can overdo it with image processing, lessening the impact and/or value of the original data. Usually most amateur imagers spend more time on processing than actual imaging, but this does vary, it can be from hours to literally days doing tweaks. Typically when processing an image taken robotically, the dark and flat field calibration are done. First thing I do is access the datasets as FITS files, and bring those in to Maxim DL. Here I will combine and adjust the histogram on the image, possible running multiple iterations of a de-convolution algorithm if the start points are not as tight (maybe due to seeing issues that night). Once the images are tightened up and then stretched, I will save them out as FITS files, and using the free FITS Liberator application bring them in to Photoshop. Here, additional noise reduction and contrast/level and curve adjustments will be made on each channel, running a set of actions known as Noels actions (a suite of superb actions by Noel Carboni, one of the worlds foremost imaging experts) can also enhance the final individual red green and blue channels (and the combined colour one). Then, I will composite the images using layers into a colour final shot, adjusting this for colour balance and contrast. Possibly running a focus enhancement plug in and further noise reduction. Then publish them via flickr/facebook/twitter and/or submit to magazines/journals or scientific research papers depending on the final aim/goals. Serendipity can be a wonderful thing I got in to this quite by accident myself…. In March 2010, I had seen a posting on a newsgroup that Comet C/2007 Q3, a magnitude 12-14 object at the time, was passing near to a galaxy, and would make an interesting wide field side by side shot. That weekend, using my own observatory, I imaged the comet over several nights, and noticed a distinct change in the tail and brightness of the comet over two nights in particular. A member of the BAA (British Astronomical Association), seeing my images, then asked if I would submit them for publication. I decided however to investigate this brightening a bit further, and as I had access to the Faulkes that week, decided to point the 2m scope at this comet, to see if anything unusual was taking place. The first images came in, and I immediately, after loading them in to Maxim DL and adjusting the histogram, noticed that a small fuzzy blob appeared to be tracking the comet’s movement just behind it. I measured the separation as only a few arc-seconds, and after staring at it for a few minutes, decided that it may have fragmented. I contacted Faulkes Telescope control, who put me in touch with the BAA comet section director, who kindly logged this observation the same day. I then contacted Astronomy Now magazine, who leapt on the story and images and immediately went to press with it on their website. The following days the media furore was quite literally incredible. Interviews with national newspapers, BBC Radio, Coverage on the BBC’s Sky at Night television show, Discovery Channel, Radio Hawaii, Ethiopia were just a few of the news/media outlets that picked up the story.. the news went global that an amateur had made a major astronomical discovery from his desk using a robotic scope. This then led on to me working with members of the AOP project with the NASA/University of Maryland EPOXI mission team on imaging and obtaining light curve data for comet 103P late in 2010, again which led to articles and images in National Geographic, The Times and even my images used by NASA in their press briefings, alongside images from the Hubble Space Telescope. Subscription requests to Faulkes Telescope Project as a result of my discoveries went up by hundreds of % from all over the world. Robotic telescopes can be fun, they can lead to amazing things, this past year, a work experience student I was mentor for with the Faulkes Telescope Project, imaged several fields we’d assigned to her, where our team then found dozens of new and un-catalogued asteroids, and she also managed to image a comet fragmenting. Taking pretty pictures is fun, but the buzz for me comes with the real scientific research I am now engaged in, and it’s a pathway I aim to stay on probably for the rest of my astronomical lifetime. For students and people who don’t have the ability to either own a telescope due to financial or possibly location constraints, it’s a fantastic way to do real astronomy, using real equipment, and I hope, in reading this, you’re encouraged to give these fantastic robotic telescopes a try.

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Professor Philippe Lagassé and I have co-authored “Succeeding to the Canadian Throne” for the Ottawa Citizen. In this column, we explain why the Crown of Canada is a hereditary corporation sole and why succession to the Crown falls under the “Office of Queen,” and therefore under the unanimity formula under s.41(a) of the Constitution Act, 1982. Succeeding to the Canadian Throne James W.J. Bowden and Philippe Lagassé We learned this week that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are expecting their first child. The news was greeted with the usual mix of republican derision, monarchist fawning, and celebrity gossiping. In governments across the Commonwealth, a more serious discussion has been taking place. News of the ‘royal baby’ has highlighted the importance of changing the rules of succession. At the 2011 meeting of the Commonwealth heads of government, member states agreed that the rules of succession should be amended to repeal the penalty of marriage to a Catholic and replace the principle of male primogeniture with equal (i.e. gender-neutral) primogeniture. This will ensure that that if royal couple’s first child is female, she will be third in line for the succession, regardless of whether they have a son in the future. Since the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the English Parliament – rather than the monarch – has controlled the line of succession to the throne through legislation, such as the Act of Settlement, 1701. There is therefore no question that the British Parliament must enact a law to affect the rules of succession. But what of Canada? Must we do the same? Indeed, we must, a reality that dispels any notion that the Crown is a mere symbol of Canada’s history as a British colony, and that highlights how deeply entrenched the Crown is in the Canadian constitution. The Statute of Westminster, 1931 made the British Crown divisible by establishing the Crowns of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc. as legally and constitutionally separate corporations. As such, the “British monarch” has not been Canada’s head of state since 1931. Although the 16 independent Crowns are represented by the same individual through a “personal union”, legally speaking they each have distinct Sovereigns as their head of state. One woman, Elizabeth Windsor, holds sixteen different offices of Queen, embodying sixteen distinct sovereign authorities. She is separately the Queen of the United Kingdom, the Queen of Canada, and the Queen of fourteen other realms. As a result, each state whose unique Crown is personified by their particular Queen must change their line of succession pursuant to their own laws and/or constitutions. By most accounts, it will be relatively simple for Canada to change the rules of succession to the Canadian Crown. Parliament will enact a bill and the matter will be settled – at least that’s the hope. Unfortunately, there are good reasons to think that it might be more complex. In the 2003 O’Donohue case, Justice Rouleau ruled that the Act of Settlement forms part of the Constitution of Canada, since as Peter Hogg noted, “The rules of succession to the throne were essential to the proper functioning of the system of government.” A change to the rules of succession necessarily amends the constitution, whether implicitly or explicitly. The question is whether the federal Parliament alone can do so without consulting the provinces. According to s.41(a) of the Constitution Act, 1982, any amendment to the “office of the Queen” requires the unanimous consent of Parliament and the provincial legislatures. Arguably, the succession to the throne touches on the office of the Queen because the Crown is a corporation sole. The Crown as corporation sole means that the office and officer-holder, Crown and Queen, are conceptually divisible but legally indivisible. The office cannot exist without the office-holder; the hereditary principle of automatic succession ensures that the Crown immediately transfers to the next person in the line of succession upon the demise of the Sovereign. The Crown is never disembodied, as it were. Succession must therefore pertain to the office of the Queen because any change to the rules that govern the line of succession affects who will one day personify the Crown, and because the office and office-holder are one and the same under the law. Of course, admitting that succession falls under s.41(a) invites all sorts of unwanted political complications. It would allow any provincial legislature to block or slow a change to Canada’s rule of succession, and there is one particularly antimonarchical provincial government that might see this as a perfect occasion to create controversy. Thankfully, this is unlikely to happen and would not cause all that much harm in the short term, since the Prince of Wales and Duke of Cambridge will be next in line for the throne regardless. What’s more, any legislature that attempted to stonewall such a self-evident and pro forma constitutional amendment would look rather crass. And if the aim is to undermine the monarchy, opposing the change would have the ironic effect of highlighting the centrality of the Crown in the Canadian constitution. James W.J. Bowden and Philippe Lagassé are, respectively, an MA candidate and assistant professor at the University of Ottawa. - The Line of Succession: Coordinating Amendments to the Act of Settlement Across 16 Realms - The Maple Crown and the Commonwealth Realms - Why Altering the Succession Requires a Constitutional Amendment - The Queen’s Annual Christmas Message - Succeeding to the Australian Throne - The Monarchist League of Canada on Succession to the Crown

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NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 7,916 terms related to cancer and medicine. Browse the dictionary by selecting a letter of the alphabet or by entering a cancer-related word or phrase in the search box. - listen (loh-PIH-nuh-veer/ry-TOH-nuh-veer) - A combination of the drugs ritonavir and lopinavir. It is used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Lopinavir/ritonavir blocks the ability of HIV to make copies of itself and may help other anticancer drugs work better or may block the growth of cancer cells. Ritonavir blocks the breakdown of lopinavir. Lopinavir/ritonavir is a type of anti-HIV agent and a type of protease inhibitor. Also called Kaletra.

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Gut Organisms: More in Control than You Think The gut is home to over 100 trillion bacteria cells. That’s ten times the number of cells that make up your entire body. Collectively, your gut bacteria weigh about four pounds. That’s the weight of a brick. Although you might not think much about your gut bacteria, they have a profound effect on both your digestive health, and the health of the rest of your body. An exciting area of gut bacteria research is the investigation of the effects of gut bacteria on obesity and obesity-related conditions. I’ve blogged on the topic more than once. Obese individuals have been found to have a different gut microbial composition than their lean counterparts. The gut microbes associated in obese individuals may metabolize food differently than those found in lean individuals, resulting in the accumulation of body fat. A recent study builds on the current research with the discovery that differences in gut microbes may be related to behavioral changes and increased food intake, and may influence our ability to properly sense and respond to a meal. The study, published in the FASEB Journal, expands the picture of our gut bacteria’s ability to affect weight gain. That gut bacteria may affect behavior related to how we eat takes the gut connection to obesity to a whole new level. Another study presented at the International Liver Congress 2012 highlights the gut microbiota’s contribution towards the development of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The researchers used an animal model in which they transplanted gut bacteria of either healthy mice or mice with insulin resistance and fatty liver, into germ-free mice (mice lacking gut bacteria). The mice who received gut bacteria from insulin resistant, fatty liver mice developed more insulin resistance and fatty liver than the mice who received gut bacteria from healthy mice. Mice who received gut bacteria from healthy mice were protected against these metabolic conditions. These studies are paving the way towards a more complete understanding of the effects that gut bacteria have on our health. In the meantime, support your gut bacterial balance by optimizing your diet (plenty of fruits and vegetables, omega-3s, and fiber), reducing stress, and taking probiotics.

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Fresh off the boat |This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)| The phrases Fresh off the boat (FOB), Off the boat (OTB), Banana boat (BB), or just simply Boat are terms used to describe immigrants that have arrived from a foreign nation and have not yet assimilated into the host nation's culture, language, and behaviour, but still continue with their ethnic ideas and practices. Within some ethnic Asian circles in the United States, the phrase is considered politically incorrect and derogatory. It can also be used to describe the stereotypical behavior of new immigrants as, for example, their poor driving skills, that they are educated yet working low-skilled or unskilled jobs, and their use of broken English. The term originates in the early days of immigration, when people mostly migrated to other countries by ship. "Fresh off the Boeing" (in reference to the Boeing 747 jet) is sometimes used in the United States as a variation, especially amongst south and south-east Asian immigrants. In the sociology of ethnicity, this term can be seen as an indicator of a nature of diasporic communities, or communities that have left their country of origin and migrated, usually permanently, to another country. The term has also been adapted by immigrants themselves or others in their community who see the differentiation as a source of pride, where they have retained their culture and have not lost it to assimilation. In fact, instead of taking this harm-intended phrase as an insult, many immigrants and more specifically, East and South Asians (especially their American-born children) may use this term to describe their cultural background habits and fashion sense, for example "fobby clothing", "fobby glasses", "fobby accent", and others. In some instances, an "ethnic community" may find it difficult to assimilate with their new culture. Although some try to assimilate, they may fail due to the very swift transition to the host continent. In the United Kingdom "fresh off the boat" (mostly in regard to Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis) are referred to as freshies or simply FOBs. And in the United States, they are referred to as F.O.B. or in some cases, "Boater." This is usually a pejorative term. In popular culture - Fresh Off the Boat: A Memoir book by Eddie Huang - Fresh Off the Boat (TV series) of 2015 - FOB (play) by David Henry Hwang - Goleman, Daniel. Social intelligence: the new science of human relationships (illustrated ed.). Random House, Inc. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-553-80352-5. - Sturgeon, Ron; Gahan Wilson (2005). Business jargon (illustrated, abridged ed.). Ron Sturgeon. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-9717031-1-7. - Reinelt, Janelle G.; Joseph R. Roach (2007). Critical theory and performance (revised, illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-472-06886-9.

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Dental disease is one of the most common diseases in cats and dogs seen at Adelaide Plains Veterinary Surgery. Not only is dental disease painful for your pet, but the increased bacteria in their mouth can be associated with other conditions such as kidney disease, heart disease and liver disease. As many as eight in ten pets have dental disease! How do I know if my pet has dental disease? Watch out for: - smelly breath - drooling or dropping food from their mouth - a loss of appetite - weight loss What does dentistry involve at Adelaide Plains Veterinary Surgery? Our patients can rest easy knowing that we have their dental health as a top priority! We have invested in a state of the art dental X-ray machine so that we can see exactly what’s going on in your pet’s mouth. We can’t ask your pet to “open wide” – so dogs and cats with dental disease need a general anaesthetic to allow us to assess their teeth and clean thoroughly under the gum line. Severely diseased teeth are potentially very painful so we usually remove them to prevent future problems. We offer complimentary dental health checks bi-annually to all patients that have had a dental procedure performed by us. Just like in humans, we need to continue to monitor your pet’s oral health regularly, which is why we offer complimentary bi-annual health checks following any dental procedure performed at the surgery. At Adelaide Plains Veterinary Surgery, we consider the gold standard of dental health care to be daily brushing of your pet’s teeth using a pet friendly tooth brush and paste after your pet eats a meal. We understand daily brushing may not be possible or practical for you so the below are alternatives that you should consider. - Commencing your pet on a prescription dental diet called “Hills T/D”. This diet works like a toothbrush to protect against gingivitis and fight bacteria in your pet’s mouth. - Using a additive in your pet’s food or water. For water use “Aquadent” or food “Plaqueoff” To book your pet in for a dental health check call us today. (08) 8520 3600

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To ‘leave a place better than you found it’ is easier said than done. Yet on a small island at the southern tip of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), one visionary with a team of dedicated individuals is doing just that. Part of the GBR World Heritage Area, Lady Elliot Island (LEI), is a coral cay situated within a highly protected Marine National Park (Green) Zone. The Green Zone is a ‘no-take’ area where extractive activities like fishing or collecting are not allowed without a permit. LEI is a sanctuary for over 57 species of migratory birds, 1,200 species of marine life, including an abundance of large marine fauna such as manta rays, turtles, sharks, and dolphins, and a pristine coral reef. A relatively short time ago, however, this island’s ecosystems were on the brink of collapse. LEI’s soils, enriched with guano from migratory birds, were mined for phosphorus and fertilizer between 1863 and 1873. 1 The majority of the vegetation and all of the guano was removed, the natural ecosystems were destroyed, and the island was left barren and inhospitable with only a flock of introduced goats remaining. Since then, LEI remained uninhabited for almost 100 years. Today LEI is home to the famous Lady Elliot Island Eco-Resort (LEIER). Considered to be one of the world’s most sustainable examples of marine ecotourism, this resort actively monitors the health of the island and surrounding reef, promotes environmental conservation, and runs almost exclusively on renewable energy. Awarded the Advanced Ecotourism Certification in 2009, Climate Action Business Certification in 2014, Climate Action Business Leader in 2017, and Australian Tourism Awards in 2017, LEIER has developed strict policies and guidelines to ensure that it operates with minimal environmental impact and actively supports and protects marine and coastal ecosystems. Among other achievements in environmental stewardship, LEIER has reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions by introducing a combination of solar and gas technology, water desalination and various strategic behavioural adaptations on the island. In conjunction with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), the LEIER has developed the first dedicated Climate Change Trail and Tour education program to highlight the impacts of climate change on coral reef ecosystems (Fig. 1). Coral reefs are some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth.2-5 These ecosystems contain over 3 million species and support approximately 25% of all marine life 6,7. Reef islands are also critical ecological reservoirs: they provide nesting grounds for turtles, resources for birds to build nurseries and habitable space for reptiles, mammals and terrestrial amphibians.8-10 Importantly, coral reef ecosystems are essential for human wellbeing, directly benefiting hundreds of millions of people around the world.3,4,11-13 Coral reef ecosystems not only provide coastal protection, raw materials, cultural and recreational benefits, they also support livelihoods and food systems, regulate climate and water quality, and are closely associated with spiritual values.14,15 Some estimates suggest that coral reefs provide close to US$30 billion each year in goods and services including fisheries, coastal protection and tourism.4,16-19 In fact, the social, cultural and economic benefits of coral reefs globally has been conservatively estimated at US$1 trillion.20,21 The richly biodiverse Great Barrier Reef includes the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem, and is home to approximately 600 species of coral, 30 species of dolphins and whales, 1625 types of fish, 13000 dugong, 6 species of turtle and 133 varieties of rays and sharks.22,23 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park generates more than US$5 billion in revenue per year.24 Despite their remarkable biodiversity and economic significance, coral reefs occupy less than 600,000 km2 of Earth’s surface.12 This is equivalent to just 5% of Earth’s rainforest area and 0.07% of Earth’s ocean surface.7,25,26 Globally, the health of these unique ecosystems is rapidly declining. Pertinent threats to coral growth and reef accretion include overfishing, pollution and rising atmospheric CO2 levels that cause ocean warming and acidification, and ultimately, coral bleaching and mortality.3,7 Some scientists believe that there are no unharmed reefs left on Earth.27-29 Recent estimates suggest that up to 90% of coral-dominated ecosystems may be lost if global temperatures rise by more than 1.5 °C, an amount that has already been exceeded in several regions 22,30. Climate change-driven coral bleaching resulted in the loss of 50% of shallow water coral in the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef in the last three years alone.22,31 Moreover, because most reef islands are founded upon sediments derived from the surrounding coral reef, natural and anthropogenic changes of seawater chemistry, seawater temperature, sea level and reef growth affect the health of both coral reefs and islands.10 The link between natural resource conservation and the competitiveness of an ecotourism destination is an important one.32 For example, Boley and Green 33 point out that without environmental conservation ecotourism would simply be a form of nature-based tourism focused on commodifying nature for economic gain. Efforts to link ecotourism to conservation have been made throughout the world including in Costa Rica, the Galapagos Islands, Zanzibar, South Africa, the United States, Tanzania, Kenya and Australia.32,34-36 Literature shows that socio-economic and environmental benefits derived from successful ecotourism may include: scientific research funding, improved ecological and cultural sensitivity, boosted infrastructural development and enhanced protection of vulnerable, fragile and delicate ecosystems.36,37 However, not all ecotourism ventures result in conservation outcomes. LEIER is a unique case. In less than a couple of decades, LEI has been transformed from an inhospitable, rocky landscape to a premier example of best practice in ecotourism and ecosystem restoration. Its extraordinary success can arguably be attributed to a handful of dedicated individuals. The man and the vision In 1980, a young Australian motorcycle racer, Peter Gash, and his girlfriend Julie (now wife of 35 years) sailed off Queensland’s Fraser Coast to LEI. At the time the island had virtually no trees or bird life. It was isolated, rocky and barren, and its future appeared bleak. Despite this, the pair immediately fell in love with this stark yet beautiful coral cay. While at the time Peter and Julie had very little money, they had plenty of dedication and a willingness to make a difference. Peter initially learned to fly seaplanes and saw the potential that aviation and tourism offered. After many years of returning to the island while running a chartered flight service called Seair Pacific, Peter took over operations of LEI in 2005. A new era for this remote coral cay had begun. Today, LEI is considered one of the “jewels in the crown” of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Peter’s commitment to conservation and sustainability is unwavering, and he humbly refers to himself as the long-term steward of the island. Peter speaks of how the Australian Indigenous people have been telling the story of the GBR for tens of thousands of years and how their ancestors retreated further west as the seas rose – “Australian Aboriginals were the ultimate sustainable managers. Like Native Americans, they didn’t just think about their children’s future, they thought about the future of multiple generations”. For Peter, ‘custodianship’ is very personal – “it’s about long-term thinking, preserving and protecting”. His primary aim is to bring people to the island and immerse them in the experience of being on the GBR so that they can fall in love with its uncharacteristic beauty, and perhaps also be inspired to help protect and preserve it for future generations. In Peter’s own words, “If we help people to fall in love with the Great Barrier Reef and play with it…. they go away, they get inspired, and maybe make a difference to the planet in their own way”. To help achieve his vision for LEI, Peter has developed the ‘4E Philosophy’ (Table 1), stating that “to look after our environment we must be efficient, economically sustainable and able to educate effectively….. We’re all interconnected, we need to look after each other”. Peter’s approach includes continuous reinvestment of the profits generated by LEIER into new sustainability initiatives, and sharing the insights and knowledge gained with everyone who visits the island. His enthusiasm for conservation is contagious and has inspired many people. The LEIER also employs a dedicated team which includes rangers, naturalist, marine biologists, divers, and botanists among others. Everyone on the LEIER team is encouraged to incorporate their own ideas for further impact on making positive change and to share their knowledge with visitors. Peter hopes that when visitors and other tourism operators see what is possible, they will also be inspired to implement similar sustainable practices. Peter reflects back that as a young man he did not necessarily see the world through a sustainability lens. He admits that his ‘long-term thinking philosophy’ evolved from working on LEI for many years and observing what it means to operate in balance with the natural environment. “The more I give to this island, the more it gives back to me” – Peter Gash Who inspires a man like Peter Gash? While the list is long, and includes previous visitors to LEI such as David Attenborough and Jane Goodall, the one individual who stands out for Peter is Prince Charles. “I was very fortunate to have him come out, he’s very inspirational to me – his heart, his values and principles…” Peter explains that although Prince Charles comes from a privileged background, he sees it as his duty to do what he can to help others. This is a philosophy Peter and Charles clearly share, as Peter says “we can all make a difference, we are all in this together”. What is unique about Peter’s approach is that his ecotourism business focuses on ecological restoration. LEIER not only protects an existing area and mitigates future damage, but it also actively assists the recovery of previously damaged ecosystems. How do you restore a coral cay ecosystem? Coral cays such as LEI are unique habitats composed of calcium-rich sediments that are cemented by carbonate upon a reef platform.38 Carbonate cements may also lithify clastic sediments such as sand, leading to the formation of ‘beachrock’.39 The accumulation of sand and calcium-rich sediment, which occurs over thousands of years, may generate conditions favorable for the occupation of birds and other migratory animals. In turn, faunal excrement adds nutrients to the weathered parts of the cay. The culmination of this process is the creation of a soil profile that allows for the growth and development of vegetation, and ultimately, a functioning ecosystem. The original founder of the LEIER, Don Adams, described 1960s LEI as “a desolate place with only a few gnarled Pisonia trees”, (Figure 6A).40-42 In an effort to revegetate the island, Adams began to repopulate LEI with over 80 species of seedlings and shrubs sourced from nearby islands of the Great Barrier Reef and mainland Australia. As a result, bird diversity quickly recovered, with 32 species being recorded on LEI in 1986.42,43 Although several of the plant species were not native to Australian coral cays, Adams’ revegetation efforts sparked the revival of LEI’s ecosystem and laid the foundation for Peter Gash’s Re-Greening program. The LEI Re-Greening program, which is conducted in collaboration with Queensland Parks and Wildlife and the GBRMPA, and with support from the Great Barrier Reef Foundation’s Reef Islands Initiative aims to restore the natural ecology of LEI to pre-mining conditions. To date, 5.6 ha have been cleared of invasive plant species, and the island has been revegetated with over 6,000 coral cay natives. A particular focus has been placed on re-establishing a mature Pisonia Grandis forest on LEI (Figure 6C).44 The forest also includes shrub land, grassland and coastal vegetation to provide habitat for a range of various seabirds species and nesting sea turtles. Although these type of forests support 75% of the breeding seabirds in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, they are listed as ‘of concern’ under the Vegetation Management Act 1999, being found on only a few of the Capricornia Cay islands.45 The Re-Greening Program is part of the ‘Lady Elliot Island Ecosystem Resilience Plan’ which is based on a regional ecosystem model. This program includes removing weeds and planting native species to create major vegetation communities. Approximately 8,000 more plants are currently awaiting transplantation in LEI’s established nursery. Compost used to fertilize the plants is produced in the On-Site Composting Apparatus (OSCA), which combines soil and lime with resort waste products including food scraps, paper, and cardboard. Treated greywater is also used to water plants during extended dry periods. The careful monitoring of vegetation and proactive rehabilitation strategies implemented on LEI have led to a significant increase in terrestrial biodiversity.41 LEI is now home to approximately 150 plant species including the ‘vulnerable’ Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda; Figure 6D). LEI’s location makes it an important site for migrating seabirds to access the rich food supply of the southern GBR. Today, LEI hosts the second highest diversity of breeding seabirds in the GBR, with more than 200,000 birds arriving during breeding season.44 Consequently, the health of the environment has benefited from the deposition of fresh bird guano, which has improved soil quality, encouraged seed dispersal and contributed towards re-establishing a healthy and functional ecosystem. The health of the Island has also benefited from the presence of weed species such as lantana which contributed to the redevelopment of the island’s soil profile. Now, however, lantana and other weeds are dominating and inhibiting the growth of native species and disrupting sea bird nesting. Weed removal is a key priority of the Re-Greening Program. Coral reefs occupy low nutrient environments.46,47 Elevated concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous can reduce reef calcification, alter coral growth rates, and, ultimately, cause shifts from coral to algal domination.46,48,49 Because revegetation and fertilization can lead to increased contributions of nutrients to the surrounding coral reef, the use of insecticides and herbicides is avoided on LEI, and the composition of wastewater outlet material is closely monitored. In addition to the Re-Greening program, other initiatives are undertaken by the LEIER to protect and manage the island’s environment. LEI is located within a GBRMPA Green Zone, from which the extraction of marine flora and fauna is banned. ‘No-take’ zones (such as those surrounding LEI) significantly contribute to sustaining fisheries, enhancing habitat quality and maintaining ecosystem services on the GBR.50-53 Guests are informed of these bans and educated via signage and information sessions that explain how they can minimize their impact on the environment during their stay. Additionally, only 100 day visitors and 150 overnight guests are permitted on the island at any one time. As a means of further minimizing potential damage to the reef that surrounds LEI, designated mooring sites have been made available and anchoring is prohibited on certain parts of the reef. Ongoing research collaborations actively monitor populations of ecologically significant marine organisms and provide valuable insight into how regulations may be adjusted to better favor the survival of these species. For example, LEIER is a partner with the University of Queensland in Project Manta; a multidisciplinary research program investigating the population biology and ecology of manta rays in eastern Australia. The LEIER assists in facilitating the citizen science component of the research by educating the broader community about this species and their marine environment. Resort patrons and visiting researchers are also encouraged to participate in other active reef monitoring programs such as Eye on the Reef, the Rapid Monitoring Survey, Reef Search, and Coral Watch. Moreover, because of its conservation practices, environmental significance and strategic positioning, the Great Barrier Reef Foundation54 selected LEI as the first island of the 2018 Climate Change Arks for the Reef – Reef Island Initiative. This 7-year project aims to demonstrate how expanding upon and accelerating LEI’s on-ground and in-water practices can minimize the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. The initiative brings together local businesses, government, community and Traditional Owners together to establish a series of climate change refuges in key sections of the GBR. What about power and water? Running a sustainable tourism operation 80 km out to sea on the edge of the outer Great Barrier Reef is no simple feat. When Peter Gash obtained custodianship in 2005, the Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort was solely dependent on the daily burning of 550 litres of diesel fuel to power vital services including power, water desalination and wastewater treatment. “That was almost 200,000 litres per year at approximately $300,000 per annum. The fact that the fuel was barged out from the mainland added more diesel burn and another 540 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per annum to the environment” explains Peter. Soon after the IPCC released the 2007 report on the impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions,55 Peter decided to transition LEIER from diesel power to solar power. In 2008, LEIER invested in 140 square meters of photovoltaic cells integrated with 4 banks of commercial battery storage and inverters, reducing the diesel consumption of the resort from 550 to 300 liters daily. The pioneering hybrid solar power system produced approximately 120 kWh, reducing LEIER’s fossil fuel emissions by approximately 40%. In order to minimise demand, energy efficiency measures were implemented including the replacement of halogen globes with compact fluorescents and removing clothes dryers. In 2009, LEIER estimated that it had reduced energy demand by 24%. Today, the resort has more than doubled its return on investment, and through further expansion of the system, is powered entirely by solar energy. Sustainable development on the island was further supported through the utilisation of integrated water desalination and waste management systems. The island’s reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant generates up to 25,000L during a 9-hour solar window, outputting 1L of potable water for every 3L of ocean water processed. The resulting 2L of hypersaline water is returned to the ocean beyond the coral cay’s perimeter, provided its salinity does not exceed 0.005ppm. To reduce daily water demand, water saving initiatives have also been implemented. LEI handles blackwater and greywater waste onsite using an Orenco® Effluent Sewer and AdvanTex® Treatment System, an energy-efficient system which removes microorganisms and impurities using a series of filters. The treated water is subsequently used to irrigate the island’s airstrip, infrastructure vital to the continued success of the resort. The sustainable management of organic waste on a coral cay such as LEI is crucial to ensure minimal impact to the reef. LEIER policy is to minimize the use of single-use consumables. Each item that is brought to the island is carefully assessed for its longevity, ability to be repurposed and ultimate disposal method. In 2012, the resort ceased its sale of plastic water bottles and removed the use of straws from food and beverage facilities. There are a number of sources of organic waste on the island including food, green waste and cardboard. Food and green waste were formerly decomposed on the island using a trenching system to produce composting material. Compost can improve soil health by increasing soil microbial biomass and nutrient and moisture availability.56,57 This has been a valuable resource in the success of LEI’s revegetation efforts. In 2016, the composting system was updated to a solar-powered, automated continuous-batch composter system. In addition to the efficiency associated with automation, the on-site composting system also benefits the island by providing odourless compost material in 10 – 14 days. With the absence of feasible alternatives at present, all other waste including glass, aluminium and tin cans is sorted on the island prior to exportation by barge every three months to the closest resource recovery facilities on mainland Australia. Located on the southern tip of the Great Barrier Reef, Lady Elliot Island was unsustainably mined for guano in the 1860s. The destructive practice led to the removal of all the vegetation on the island leaving it barren. Following an initial revegetation program in the late 1960s, a succession of tourism ventures were licensed to operate on the island. Since securing the lease on LEI and its small resort in 2005, Peter Gash has transformed this coral cay island into a shining example of best practice in innovative ecological tourism. Leaving a place a little better than you found it is an inherently difficult task. Peter’s passion for conservation and long-term sustainability, along with dedication and care, is creating positive environmental, social and economic impact. Sustaining a coral cay in the Great Barrier Reef as a tourist destination requires three basic necessities: electricity, clean drinking water and sustainable waste management. Peter Gash and the LEIER team have not only met these needs, they have transformed the once desolate island into what it was always meant to be: a refuge for native plants and animals. In ten years, the resort has greatly reduced its dependence on fossil fuels and lowered the production of material waste through the installation of solar power, innovative waste management technologies and environmentally-sustainable policies. The reintroduction of native species of flora, which are fertilised by composted material, has lured native seabirds back to the island and sparked a remarkable recovery of the island’s biodiversity. The business strategy of ecological tourism has allowed for a sustainable revenue stream and the rehabilitation of the island to go together. The story of LEIER promotes sustainable development through education, energy efficiency, waste reduction, environmental monitoring and restoration. The enthusiastic approach taken in maintaining the island has put it at the forefront of innovative ecotourism. It can be seen as a major inspiration to the global tourism industry and an excellent example of ‘leaving a place a little better than you found it’. What’s next for Peter and the LEI team? They hope to continue to revegetate the island; to establish a formalised volunteer program which will include accommodations and research hub; to continue collaborating with research projects and initiatives; and to work in harmony with all stakeholders for the future of the island and the surrounding ecosystems. The authors would like to thank Peter Gash and the staff of Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort for sharing their story, including Chelsea Godson, and the amazing LEI rangers and staff. The authors would also like to thank Oladipupo Adiamo, Shaikat Debnath and Md. Shazib Uddin for their important contributions, comments and suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript. And finally, the authors would like to sincerely thank the University of Queensland’s Global Change Scholars Program for providing the opportunity to visit LEI and for supporting this project. - Chivas, A., Chappell, J., Polach, H., Pillans, B. & Flood, P. Radiocarbon evidence for the timing and rate of island development, beach-rock formation and phosphatization at Lady Elliot Island, Queensland, Australia. Marine Geology 69, 273-287 (1986). - Connell, J. H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302-1310 (1978). - Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. science 318, 1737-1742 (2007). - Moberg, F. & Folke, C. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecological economics 29, 215-233 (1999). - Odum, H. T. & Odum, E. P. Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll. Ecological monographs 25, 291-320 (1955). - Spalding, Ravilious & Green. World atlas of coral reefs. (Univ of California Press, 2001). - Spalding & Brown. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. 350, 769-771 (2015). - Roy, P. & Connell, J. Climatic change and the future of atoll states. Journal of Coastal Research, 1057-1075 (1991). - Fuentes, M., Limpus, C. & Hamann, M. Vulnerability of sea turtle nesting grounds to climate change. Global Change Biology 17, 140-153 (2011). - Hamylton, S. Will coral islands maintain their growth over the next century? A deterministic model of sediment availability at Lady Elliot Island, Great Barrier Reef. PloS one 9, e94067 (2014). - Spurgeon, J. P. The economic valuation of coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, 529-536 (1992). - Smith, S. Coral-reef area and the contributions of reefs to processes and resources of the world’s oceans. Nature 273, 225 (1978). - Rasheed, A. R. Marine protected areas and human well-being–A systematic review and recommendations. Ecosystem Services 41, 101048 (2020). - Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. The ocean. (2014). - Duraiappah, A. K. et al. Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis; a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005).Salvat, B. Coral reefs—a challenging ecosystem for human societies. Global environmental change 2, 12-18 (1992). - Spalding, M. D. & Brown, B. E. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350, 769-771 (2015). - Cesar, H., Burke, L. & Pet-Soede, L. The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. (Cesar environmental economics consulting (CEEC), 2003). - Bruckner, A. W. Life-saving products from coral reefs. Issues in Science and Technology 18, 39-44 (2002). - Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Reviving the Ocean Economy: the case for action. (2015). - Costanza, R. et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global environmental change 26, 152-158 (2014). - Pendleton, L. et al. The Great Barrier Reef: Vulnerabilities and solutions in the face of ocean acidification. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 100729 (2019). - Reid, C., Marshall, J., Logan, D. & Kleine, D. Coral Reefs and Climate Change: The guide for education and awareness. (2012). - Deloitte. Economic contribution of the Great Barrier Reef, prepared for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (2013). - Reaka-Kudla, M. L. The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. Biodiversity II: Understanding and protecting our biological resources 2, 551 (1997). - Knowlton, N. et al. Coral reef biodiversity. Life in the world’s oceans: diversity distribution and abundance, 65-74 (2010). - Pandolfi, J. M. et al. Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science 301, 955-958 (2003). - Jackson, J. B. et al. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. science 293, 629-637 (2001). - Hughes, T. P. et al. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. science 301, 929-933 (2003). - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, I. Global Warming of 1.5°C. (2018). - Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543, 373 (2017). - Donohoe, H. M. & Needham, R. D. Ecotourism: The evolving contemporary definition. Journal of Ecotourism 5, 192-210 (2006). - Boley, B. B. & Green, G. T. Ecotourism and natural resource conservation: The ‘potential’for a sustainable symbiotic relationship. Journal of Ecotourism 15, 36-50 (2016). - Samia, D. S. et al. in Ecotourism’s Promise and Peril 153-178 (Springer, 2017). - Cobbinah, P. B. Contextualising the meaning of ecotourism. Tourism Management Perspectives 16, 179-189, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.015 (2015). - Honey, M. Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? , (Island Press, 2008). - Carr, L. & Mendelsohn, R. Valuing coral reefs: a travel cost analysis of the Great Barrier Reef. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 32, 353-358 (2003). - Yamano, H., Miyajima, T. & Koike, I. Importance of foraminifera for the formation and maintenance of a coral sand cay: Green Island, Australia. Coral Reefs 19, 51-58 (2000). - Vousdoukas, M., Velegrakis, A. & Plomaritis, T. Beachrock occurrence, characteristics, formation mechanisms and impacts. Earth-Science Reviews 85, 23-46 (2007). - Heatwole, H. Terrestrial vegetation of the coral cays, Capricornia section, Great Barrier Reef marine park. The Capricornia Section of the Great Barrier Reef: Past, Present and Future, 87-139 (1984). - Rae, N. & Carter, S. Rock to riches: The revegetation of Lady Elliot Island. Australian Journal of Multi-disciplinary Engineering 5, 33-38 (2007). - Walsh, A. & Anthony, W. Lady Elliot: First Island of the Great Barrier Reef. (Boolarong Publications, 1987). - Batianoff, G. in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 5-14. - DSDIP. Department of State Development, Infrastructure & Planning; State of Queensland, jointly prepared with the GBRMPA, 2013. “Island Management: Demonstration case” in Great Barrier Reef Coastal Zone Strategic Assessment strategic assessment report. (2013). - Day, J. The great barrier reef marine park: The grandfather of modern MPAs. Big Bold Blue: Lessons from Australia’s Marine Protected Areas, 65-97 (2016). - Kinsey, D. W. & Davies, P. J. Effects of elevated nitrogen and phosphorus on coral reef growth 1. Limnology and oceanography 24, 935-940 (1979). - Knowlton, N. The future of coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, 5419-5425 (2001). - Stambler, N., Popper, N., Dubinsky, Z. & Stimson, J. Effects of nutrient enrichment and water motion on the coral Pocillopora damicornis. (1991). - Harrison, P. & Ward, S. Elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus reduce fertilisation success of gametes from scleractinian reef corals. Marine Biology 139, 1057-1068 (2001). - McCook, L. J. et al. Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: a globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 18278-18285 (2010). - Graham, N. A. et al. From microbes to people: tractable benefits of no-take areas for coral reefs. Oceanography and Marine Biology-an Annual Review 49, 105 (2011). - Harrison, H. B. et al. Larval export from marine reserves and the recruitment benefit for fish and fisheries. Current biology 22, 1023-1028 (2012). - Emslie, M. J. et al. Expectations and outcomes of reserve network performance following re-zoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Current Biology 25, 983-992 (2015). - Foundation, G. B. R. Great Barrier Reef Foundation. Great Barrier Reef Foundation “Climate change arks for the Reef: Reef Islands Initiative Causes”. [Online]. Available: https://www.barrierreef.org/science-with-impact/reef-islands 2019]. 2019). - Pachauri, R. K. & Reisinger, A. Synthesis report. Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 151-165 (2007). - Oldfield, E. E. et al. Positive effects of afforestation efforts on the health of urban soils. Forest Ecology and Management 313, 266-273 (2014). - Tong, J., Sun, X., Li, S., Qu, B. & Wan, L. Reutilization of Green Waste as Compost for Soil Improvement in the Afforested Land of the Beijing Plain. Sustainability 10, 2376 (2018).

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en

Talk about an occupational hazard: 40 percent of Australian workers may be exposed to chemicals that boost their risk of developing cancer, according to a team of Aussie researchers. Solar radiation, tobacco smoke, and diesel engine exhaust topped the list of the most common disease-causing culprits. While some jobs, such as logging and power line repairing, are inherently dangerous–they rack up some of the highest fatalities each year–your career could be making you sick without you realizing it. Keep clicking for the five jobs most likely to put your health on the line. Although farmers tend to have lower death rates due to heart disease and cancers of the lung, esophagus, bladder, and colon–likely thanks to lower smoking rates and a physically active lifestyle–they have an exceptionally high risk of other conditions, according to the National Cancer Institute. Among them: leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcoma, and cancers of the skin, lip, stomach, brain, and prostate. Why? Farmers are exposed to a wide range of hazardous chemicals including pesticides, engine exhaust, fertilizers, fungicide, and fuels, as well as animal viruses and dust. (What’s hiding in your laundry detergent? It could be one of 6 Sneaky Cancer Culprits.) #2: Construction workers Falling objects and machines that turn digits into stumps aren’t the only on-site dangers. Roughly 1.3 million construction workers are currently exposed to asbestos, according to the American Lung Association. Small fibers of asbestos build up in your lungs over time, causing scarring that can stiffen your breathers–a condition called asbestosis. The kicker: Asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma–a fatal cancer also caused by asbestos–can take as long as 40 years to develop after you’ve been exposed to the toxin. If you’ve worked in construction, talk to your doctor about whether you should receive a lung cancer screening, which can also detect these conditions. Last year, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released guidelines on lung cancer screenings that include those who’ve been exposed to asbestos. Trauma and smoke inhalation must be the most serious threats, right? Nope: Firefighters are seven times more likely to die of a heart attack than smoke inhalation and nearly twice as likely to kick the bucket because of ticker trouble than trauma, the U.S. Fire Administration reports. Blame physical and psychological stress: Firefighters’ risk of heart attack increases up to 100-fold while battling a blaze, suggests a Harvard study. (Safeguard your body’s most important organ: 100 Ways to Protect Your Heart.) The saying, “don’t fly too close to the sun” takes on a whole new meaning when it comes to airline pilots. Researchers at the University of Iceland found that airline pilots have 25 times the normal rate of malignant melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. Cosmic radiation may be partly to blame, but researchers suggest lifestyle factors play a role in pilots’ susceptibility to skin cancer, too. These include excessive sunbathing when they’re not up in the air–hello, free flights to tropical locales–and disrupted circadian rhythms when crossing multiple time zones, which could affect the body’s ability to fight off disease. #5: Anything at a desk Despite your cushy chair and ergonomic keyboard, your desk-bound career is hardly harmless. A sedentary job is associated with an 82 percent increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease compared to those who spend less than four hours per week sitting on the job, suggest new University of South Carolina research. In addition to the obvious–inactivity means burning fewer calories–excessive sitting causes changes in how well your muscles gobble up glucose and burn fat. Fortunately, researchers discovered that regular exercise significantly chips away at desk jockeying’s damaging effects. (Did you know doing pull-ups every day could increase your overall fitness? In fact, it’s one of the 16 Life-Changing Strategies you should try, today!)

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

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Capacitors in Series and Parallel Capacitors might be the handiest items. They can store electricity, smooth out pulsing electricity into a steady flow and let alternating current (AC) flow while blocking direct current (DC). This Project will let you hear the effects of capacitors in series and parallel. When you finish wiring this Project, set the Select Switch to B. Next put power ON. You'll hear a sound from the Speaker. In this case electricity is flowing through 0,01 uF capacitor (refer to the schematic while we talk about this). Now press the Key. What happens? You'll hear a lower-pitched sound from the Speaker. This is because the 0.05uF capacitor has been added in parallel to the first. What do you think happens to the total capacitance when you connect two capacitors in parallel? You may have guessed wrong. When Two capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance increases! CT = C1 + C2 + … + CN Now release the Key and set the Select Switch from B to A ... what do you hear? Do not press the Key while Select Switch is set to A (the transistor may be damaged). You'll hear a high-pitched sound from the Speaker. This is because 0.05 uF and 0.01 uF capacitors are now connected in series and that means the total capacitance in the circuit is now less than the smallest capacitor making up the series connection. CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + … + 1/CN You can see now that connecting capacitors in series and parallel has the opposite effect of connecting resistors in the same way. Be careful — it's easy to get confused about which one increases or decreases. You're probably wondering when we're going to get around to telling you what AC and DC are ... well do it sometime, but not now. But why not try to figure it out yourself? Be sure to keep a note of your guess so you can see how close you came...

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en

Athens, Ga. - Over the past several decades, scientists have observed a significant increase in the melting of glacial land ice on the island of Greenland, spurring concerns about global sea level rise and the long-term effects of atmospheric warming. What has been less clear, however, is what happens to this meltwater once it enters the ocean. Now, a team of researchers led by faculty at the University of Georgia has discovered the fate of much of the freshwater that pours into the surrounding oceans as the Greenland ice sheet melts every summer. They published their findings today in the journal Nature Geoscience. "Understanding the fate of meltwater is important, because research has shown that it can carry a variety of nutrients, which may impact biological production in the ocean," said study co-author Renato Castelao, an associate professor of marine sciences in UGA's Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. "There is also evidence that large freshwater inputs could alter ocean currents and affect the normal formation of sea ice." The researchers created a simulation that tracks meltwater runoff under a variety of atmospheric conditions, and they were surprised to discover that most of the meltwater found off the west coast of Greenland actually originated from ice on the east coast. "Meltwater from Greenland is directed by the surrounding ocean currents, but its fate depends on when and where the runoff occurs and the wind fields driving ocean currents," said study co-author Thomas Mote, Distinguished Research Professor of Geography at UGA. According to the model, wind and ocean currents often transport meltwater around the southern tip of Greenland on a westward journey that can take upward of 60 days. After rounding the tip, the meltwater is largely deposited into the Labrador Sea, an arm of the Atlantic between Canada's Labrador Peninsula and the east coast of Greenland. Meltwater originating from the west coast of Greenland, on the other hand, is often kept pinned to the coastline by strong winds, which push it northward toward Baffin Bay. This isn't always how meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet disperses, as shifts in the prevailing winds can produce very different effects. But scientists must be aware of these shifts in order to fully understand how meltwater will affect the environment, Castelao said. "The meltwater that comes from the east coast could have different qualities from the meltwater on the west coast, including different nutrient compositions," he said. "We need to take the origins of this meltwater into account when we study the effects of ice sheet melt, as it could impact the oceans differently depending on where it comes from." And this is a problem that is only going to get worse, said Castelao, citing scientific models that suggest the amount of meltwater runoff from Greenland could more than double before the end of this century. "We need to pay careful attention to where melt and runoff is occurring and how it interacts with surrounding ocean currents, in addition to measuring the total amount of melt," said Mote. Other researchers working on this project include Hao Luo and Patricia Yager from UGA's department of marine sciences; Asa Rennermalm, Rutgers University; Marco Tedesco, Columbia University; and Annalisa Bracco, Georgia Institute of Technology. Their study, "Oceanic transport of surface meltwater from the southern Greenland ice sheet," is available at http://www.

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en

He who rejects change is the architect of decay. The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery. The eagle has the longest life-span among birds. It can live up to 70 years. But to reach this age, the eagle must make a hard decision. In its 40s, it's long and flexible talons can no longer grab prey which serves as food. It's long and sharp beak becomes bent. It's long-aged and heavy wings, due to their thick feathers, become stuck to its' chest and make it difficult to fly. Then, the eagle is left with only two options: die or go through a painful process of change which lasts 150 days. The process requires that the eagle fly to a mountain top and sit on its' nest. There the eagle knocks its' beak against a rock until it plucks it out. After plucking it out, the eagle will wait for a new beak to grow back and then it will pluck out its' talons. When its' new talons grow back, the eagle starts plucking its' old-aged feathers. And after five months, the eagle takes its' famous flight of rebirth and lives for...30 more years. When it rains, most birds head for shelter; the eagle is the only bird that, in order to avoid the rain, starts flying above the clouds.... Why is change needed? Many times, in order to survive we have to start a change process. We sometimes need to get rid of old memories, habits and other past traditions. Only freed from the past burdens, we can take advantage of the present. Our lives are not determined by what happens to us but by how we react to what happens, Not by what life brings to us, but by the attitude we bring to life. A positive attitude causes a chain reaction of positive thoughts, events, and outcomes. It is a catalyst, a spark that creates extraordinary results. Life belongs to the living, and he who lives must be prepared for changes. As Confucius said, " They must often change, who would be constant in happiness or wisdom." Let’s change to make a change or a better change!!! * 1. Eagles though a part of bird familly fly alone at a high altitude and not with sparrows or mix with other smaller birds like geese. Birds of a feather flock together. But no other bird goes to the height of the eagle. Remember eagles fly with eagles and not with crows or sparrows. Point: Choose your reference points, peers carefully. Choose them which will leverage and bring out your potential. Can you be a part of the crowd and still soar high on your strength? Can you be excellent in the crowd of average or above average? 2. Eagles have strong vision, which focuses up to 5 kilometers from the air. When an eagle sites prey- even a rodent from this distance, he narrows his focus on it and sets out to get it. No matter the obstacle, the eagle will not move his focus from the prey until he grabs it. Point: Have a vision and remain focused no matter what the obstacle till you reach your goal. Concentrate on your goal with unwavering focus till you have achieved it. That is the manta for success. 3. Eagles do not eat dead things. He feeds on fresh prey. Vultures eat dead animals but not eagles. Point: Believe on your own efforts rather than on luck /destiny or others' efforts 4. The Eagle is the only bird that loves the storm. When clouds gather, the eagles get excited. The eagle uses the wings of the storm to rise and is pushed up higher. Once it finds the wing of the storm, the eagle stops flapping and uses the pressure of the raging storm to soar the clouds and glide. This gives the eagle an opportunity to rest its wings. In the meantime, all the other birds hide in the leaves and branches of the trees. Point: We can use the storms of our lives (obstacles, trouble, etc) to rise to greater heights. Achievers relish challenges and use the opportunity to excel and prove themselves. 5. The Eagle tests before it trusts. Point: We need to test before we trust. Whether in personal, private or in business life, one should test commitment of people intended for partnership. 6. Eagles prepare for training. Point: The people who love us do not let us languish in sloth but push us hard to grow and prosper. Even in their seemingly bad actions they have good intentions for us. The parental/mentors insistence on self independence may sound harsh but it develops self confidence to face harsh realities, learn new skills and survive. 7. Point: No Matter how painful or uncomfortable it is we need to leave the old ways, habits , methods to survive or grow. People who cannot change and want to adhere to the old system will become extinct. Learn adaptability, commitment and excellence from eagles and then aim and soar high Private User If you do not mind, is it o.k. to add this wonderful article to a project on New Year Meditations?

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CC-MAIN-2017-17

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en

Sagastao, who had laughed at the idea of the mosquitoes coming to a council, and of their having anything to complain of, said, “I would like to know what mosquitoes lived on in those good old days you speak about. Now they are after me lively enough.” And he slowly lifted up his hand, on the back of which a couple were rapidly filling themselves with his blood. But Mary, who, Indian like, was wise and observant, only said, “Wait a minute or two and I will show you.” Then she quickly hurried back into a swampy place and soon returned with a thick juicy leaf, to the under side of which several mosquitoes were still clinging, with their bodies distended with its juice. “There,” she said, as she carefully held the leaf sideways, “that is what most of the mosquitoes still live on. They attack our race in revenge for our being so cruel as to kill so many of the animals, large and small, but this, as you can easily see, is their natural food.” This appeal to the eye quite silenced the children, who had considered the whole story as only an Indian legend to be amused with. Mary, who had often been worsted by the sharp criticisms and inquiries with which they were apt to receive her pet Indian legends, was quite delighted at her apparent triumph, so she hastily sprang up, saying: “It is time we were going home. Some other day I will tell you the story of how the medicines came.” The Naming of the Baby—A Canoe Trip—The Legend of the Discovery of Medicine—How the Chipmunk Carried the Good News. There was great excitement among a number of Indian men and women who had gathered on the shore in front of the mission one pleasant summer morning. Grave Indians, with Souwanas in their midst, were calmly discussing some object of interest, while Mary and a party of women, some of whom had their babies with them, were much more noisy, talking rapidly about something which was evidently a matter of exciting interest. Even Sagastao and Minnehaha were rushing in and out of the house and running from one group of Indians to the other, full of eager inquiries and pleasant anticipations. What could it all be about? Let us ask the children, for such little people often know more than we are likely to give them credit for. Here comes Minnehaha, and we ask her the cause of such an early gathering of the Indians, and the reason why they are so unusually interested in some matter unknown to us. [Illustration: “Their babies with them.”] “Why, don’t you know?” the bright little girl promptly replies. “They have come to form a Naming Council, to give my little baby sister an Indian name. You see,” she added, “Sagastao and I were born among the Cree Indians, but baby was born here among the Saulteaux. Just think: the first little white baby born among them! And they want to give her a nice Saulteaux name. The reason why they are talking so much now, before they form the council, is that lots of them have pet names they want to give our baby, but of course she can only have one.”

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CC-MAIN-2014-35

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en

Who Were the Jutes? The Mysterious Tribe Who Settled In Britain The history of the British Isles is a colorful patchwork, made up of the diverse tribes and nations that sought to make the island their home. Peoples migrated to the island through the Bronze Age, all the way to the arriving Celtic culture and on to the Vikings and other Nordic settlers. The origins of the modern inhabitants of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland are quite unique. But what do we know about the Germanic tribes that make up the bulk of the identity of all English people? The Anglo-Saxons, as history knows them, were composed of several different tribes that made landfall on the British Isles and stayed there for good. And one of the most significant of these were the Jutes. What information about them survives through time? What’s In A Name? In ancient times, the Jutes were also known as Iuti or Iutæ, and originated in modern-day Denmark. It is believed that they were the tribe that gave the name to the Jutland Peninsula, the territory that makes up the largest, continental portion of the nation of Denmark. In their ancient homeland, the Jutes were believed to have been one of the most prominent Germanic tribes. They inhabited first the upper, and then the lower end of the Danish peninsula, especially the modern regions of Southern Schleswig and Northern Frisia. The Jutes, Angles and Saxons in modern-day Denmark and Germany (TharkunColl / CC BY-SA 3.0 ) Some scholars believe that the Jutes, in their earliest origins, migrated along the coastlines of the Baltic Sea from the direction of modern-day Poland. As they migrated to the Jutland Peninsula, they gradually replaced or assimilated the Germanic tribe of Cimbri that dwelt there. They are first mentioned by name in 98 AD by the Roman historian Tacitus, who referred to them as “Eudoses.” It is likely that their original name “Yt” refers to giants, which was a possible nod to their great stature. Of course, the Jutes were not alone in their homeland. Their neighbors were equally powerful Germanic tribes, the more familiar Angles and Saxons. Together these tribes shared a similar, if not the same, set of languages, pantheon, and culture. They excelled at warfare, sailing, and trading, and were even then instrumental in the Northern European political scene. But times were rapidly changing, and any new opportunity had to be seized. Sometimes, the fate of an entire nation depended on shifting global events and new migrations. And for the Jutes, that changed everything. The Works of Saint Bede We know a lot about the Jutes thanks to one ancient figure: The Venerable Bede . This 7th century English Benedictine monk is well known as one of the earliest English historians. And one of his major works, the Ecclesiastical History of the English People , was the detailed account of the Anglo-Saxon Settlement of the British Isles. The Venerable Bede (Timsj / Public Domain ) It is in this work that Bede paints a detailed, plausible, and apparently accurate picture of the Jutes. This author concurs with other sources in naming them as one of the three most powerful Germanic tribes (likely of Jutland), the other two being Angles and the Saxons. “Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of Wight.” -The Venerable Bede Another important early Medieval manuscript, the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”, also records a partial history of that settlement and of the Jutes too. It tells us that the Germanic tribes of Jutland and the neighboring lands were invited over into Britain by a ruler named Vortigern. This warlord seemingly needed help in his conflicts with the Picts (a warlike tribe from modern day Scotland), and for that he required the renowned martial prowess of the overseas neighbors. The chronicle states that two brothers named Hengist and Horsa led warriors from each tribe over into Britain in 449 AD, where they managed to defeat the Picts at every turn. In time, the mercenary character turned into one of settlement. The Angles, Jutes, and the Saxons began settling in coastal Britain, eventually changing its politics and future forever. The Angles formed Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria; the Saxons formed Essex, Sussex, and Wessex; while the Jutes settled in the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, and Kent. This was the beginning of a completely new destiny for the British Isles, and for the Jutes too. Welcomed With Open Arms? It is likely that a number of reasons forced the Jutes and their neighbors to seek a new life in Britain. Certain archeological evidence and scientific research tells us that the early 400’s saw mass flooding on the coasts of North Germany and Frisia. Because of these catastrophic events, the Jutes were forced to migrate en-masse across the narrow expanse of the sea and into Britain. Migration of the Germanic tribes into the British Isles (mbartelsm / CC BY-SA 3.0 ) What is more, Denmark of that period was witness to a lot of political instability. The land was fragmented and in conflict, and new dynasties were emerging as different rulers jockeyed for position. The tribes were forced to compete for adequate living space, which could have led to increased tensions and conflicts. New (fertile) lands, a chance for new beginnings, and plenty of space for everyone was a chance that could not have been missed. Britain was the promised land to the Jutes. And, by most accounts, they were well received by the native British. In exchange for military assistance, they were given land to settle, and in the next few centuries, they became a major part of the overall English DNA. “These warriors also received from the Britons grants of land where they could settle among them on condition that they maintained the peace and security of the island against all enemies in return for regular pay. These newcomers were from the three most formidable races of Germany, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent and the Isle of Wight and those in the province of the West Saxons opposite the Isle of Wight who are called Jutes to this day.” The Venerable Bede Of course, it is well attested that the Germanic tribes of North Germany were during that time quite ahead of their neighbors in all aspects. This was especially true in regards to warfare and maritime skills. The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons were known as ferocious warriors with a big emphasis on military prowess. Their helmets, weapons, and fighting tactics were highly sought after by the British rulers. But at the same time, the fact that the new settlers were such fierce warriors also placed them at a disadvantage. Masters of War and Sail One major factor that allowed the Jutes and their neighbors to sail over to England was the new method of shipbuilding that they devised. Their older boats were made of planks connected together by rope fastenings, being basically planks sewn together. Advances in shipbuilding allowed the Jutes to cross the sea in relative safety (Jos van Wunnik / CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ) While such ships were effective river craft, they were not particularly seaworthy. But when the new building method was developed, everything changed. The Jutes began using iron fastenings to connect the planks more securely, and that made the ships good for long sea voyages. It was the dawn of a new era of sailing. The works of The Venerable Bede are very important in the study of Jutes. His writings help us understand that the Jutes – even centuries after their arrival in Britain – preserved the memory of their origins across the sea. Those families that had firm proof or even belief in their origins from Jutland, or the so-called “continental forefathers,” had a big upper hand in political matters. Having ancestors from “abroad” was very prestigious, and served as a sort of legitimacy when laying down political claims. Even 200 years into their settlement in Britain, the Jutes kept this memory of their origins alive and were proud of where they came from. The Kentish Kings traced their lineage back to the leaders Hengist and Horsa, and even back to their chief god Woden, from whom they believed they were descended. Forced To Flee The Danes? But modern history is better acquainted with the place where the Jutes settled, rather than the place from which they came. The Jutland peninsula from which they supposedly arrived was the home to many diverse tribes that came and went over time. It is theorized (although unlikely) that the peninsula was left virtually deserted after the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons departed their homeland for Britain. Afterwards came the Danes, and the history of modern Denmark proper began unfolding. Those tribes, as we said, had come into conflict with the Danes even before their migration, and that was one of the reasons for which they had to leave. Are the Eotenas of Beowulf the same as the Jutes? (janwillemsen / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 ) One ancient source mentioned the tribe of “Eotenas” that was involved in the conflict between the warlike Frisians and the Danes. This was also described in the famed Old English poem Beowulf, during the description of the so-called Fight at Finnesburg. It is thought that the these Eotenas were in fact Jutes. Similarly, another historical source sees the mention of “Saxones Eucii.” This name is recorded in a letter sent to Emperor Justinian by the Frankish King Theudebert. It is likely that the Eucii are also Jutes. All of these names are just different transcriptions of their unique name. Unearthing The Truth But at the end of the day, it is archaeology that can provide us with the clearest answers on the origins of the Jutes. And here the archaeological record is puzzling. Even though it is believed that they settled in Kent, Isle of Wight , and Hampshire, modern excavations of grave goods and artifacts show almost no links with the proposed Jutland origins. Interestingly, however, there are links with these artifacts and the Germanic inhabitants of Frisia and northernmost Francia. This gives us some evidence that the Jutes came from these regions. On that note, some historical sources do mention the Jutes living there. It is quite likely, given this evidence, that the Jutes were pushed southwards by the invading Danes, until they were ultimately forced to set sail from Frisia to Britain. Some scholars also propose that the Jutes are the same as the Geats, another Germanic tribe recorded in ancient times. The Geats lived in southernmost Sweden, from where they could have migrated over to the Jutland Peninsula. A major piece of evidence for this is the list of alternative names of the Geats, as recorded by various ancient authors. Some of these are “Eotas,” “Iútan,” and “Iótas,” all of them sounding like different spellings of the name Jute. King Alfred the Great claimed Jutish descent through his mother (Samuel Woodforde / Public Domain ) The famed Welsh monk and later Bishop, John Asser, wrote in his Life of Alfred , that the Jutes were the same as the Goths, a well-established Germanic tribe. He stated that Alfred the Great was descended, through his mother Osburga, from the ruling Jutish dynasty of the Isle of Wight. This goes to show that the origins of the “continental forefathers” were still kept alive nearly four centuries after the Jutes arrived in Britain. Whether or not Jutes and Goths (or Geats) can be connected remains a subject of much debate amongst scholars. The Forefathers of the English People Wherever their roots might lie, the Jutes were without a doubt a powerful and influential Germanic tribe. Out of the strife and the pressures that they experienced in their proposed homeland, the Jutes managed to find a way out. Thanks to their prowess in warfare and their seafaring skills, these tribes were welcomed in Britain, where fertile land and new settlement opportunities were in abundance. Numerous historical references and toponyms preserve the memory of Jutish presence in southern England. Observing the possible migratory routes across the English channel, we can piece the puzzle and see from where they arrived. One thing is certain, however: when they raised their sails and ventured forth to that promised land that was Britain, the Jutes changed their own future and destiny. And in doing so, they changed the future of England as they wrote themselves into its history. Top Image: The Jutes were part of the major colonization of the British Isles in the 5th century. Source: Nejron Photo / Adobe Stock. Behr, C. 2015. Evidence of the Jutes. BBC Legacies. [Online] Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20151123234634/http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/kent/article_4.shtml Fisher, D. J. V. 2014. The Anglo-Saxon Age c.400-1042. Routledge. Hills, C. The Anglo-Saxon invasion and the beginnings of the 'English'. Our Migration History. [Online] Available at: https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/anglo-saxon-migrations

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|USS Marias||AO-57||Launched, 21 December 1943 river was named by Meriwether Lewis after his cousin, Maria Wood. The river was the scene of the 1870 Marias Massacre. ||AO-138||Acquired July 1948 ||This oiler transported Airplanes during WWII. See link at far left. The Battle of Cedar Creek (also called Big Dry Creek) occurred on October 21, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and a force of Lakota Sioux Native Americans during the Black Hills War. Read.| |USS Shoshone||TAO-151||Launched, 17 January 1957 ||The Shoshone River is 100 miles long river in northern Wyoming. Its headwaters are in the Absaroka Range in Yellowstone National Park. It ends when it runs into the Big Horn River near Lovell, Wyoming. Near Cody, it runs through a volcanically active region of fumeroles known as Colter's Hell. This contributed to the river being named on old maps of Wyoming as the Stinking Water River. There was also USNS Big Horn |Commissioned, 16 April 1942 Launched, 2 February 1991 |Big Horn referring to Big Horn sheep. The Bighorn River is approximately 461 mi long, in Wyoming and Montana. The upper reaches of the Bighorn, south of the Owl Creek Mountains in Wyoming, are known as the Wind River. The two rivers are sometimes referred to as the Wind/Bighorn. At the border with Montana, the river turns northeast, and flows past the north end of the Bighorns, through the Crow Indian Reservation, where the Yellowtail Dam forms the reservoir Bighorn Lake. The reservoir and the surrounding gorge are part of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area.| |USS Sacagawea||T-AKE-2||Launched, 24 June 2006 Named for Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who acted as guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and one of the few United States Navy ships named for women.Read. The T-AKE type ship is not an oiler but a dry cargo ship that is usually accompanied with an oiler.

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Friends of Padre Steve’s World, Some seventy-five years ago in Ulm Germany that a car pulled up to the residence of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. In the car was the driver and two Generals dispatched by Hitler who had orders to give the hero of Germany a choice, death by suicide or a trial before the kangaroo “People’s Court” of judge Roland Freisler. Rommel was recuperating following being severely wounded in an air attack in Normandy on July 17th 1944. Rommel had been awarded the Pour le Merite, Imperial Germany’s highest award for valor in the First World War. He was never an official member of the Nazi Party, but like many Germans he believed Hitler’s promises and propaganda. As Hitler rose to power he like many others was carried away by early Nazi successes, the bloodless conquests of the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the spectacle of the Olympics. Like most other officers he would serve the regime as it spread its dark pall over Europe, and unlike so many others when he suffered a crisis in conscience about the Nazi leadership and their policies he refused to obey orders that he knew were illegal and immoral and then risked his life by joining the conspiracy to kill Hitler. After years of stalled promotion, Hitler’s expansion of the military allowed Rommel to be promoted, and when Germany went to war he was commander of the unit which guarded Hitler’s headquarters train when he went into Poland. Rommel received command of the 7th Panzer Division after Poland and as a division commander in France he led his troops on some of the most epic advances of the French campaign. He was then given command of the troops sent to bail out Mussolini’s failed African adventure. His small force and always ill-supplied force, which became known as the Afrika Korps scored impressive victories against British forces. In Africa, Rommel gained fame and earned rapid promotion. Though Africa was a sideshow in the Nazi war effort, Rommel became a poster-child for Joseph Goebbels’ propaganda machine. His fame also earned the resentment of many fellow officers who because he was not an officer of the General Staff regarded him with jealous envy and distain. Even so, Rommel was a soldier’s soldier. He believed in sharing in the suffering of his troops. He once said: “Be an example to your men in your duty and in private life. Never spare yourself, and let the troops see that you don’t in your endurance of fatigue and privation. Always be tactful and well-mannered, and teach your subordinates to be the same. Avoid excessive sharpness or harshness of voice, which usually indicates the man who has shortcomings of his own to hide.” In Arica Rommel showed himself to be a remarkable tactician and field commander. Likewise, unlike many other German (and sadly Allied) commanders had the ability to recognize the valor and soldierly virtues of his opponents, even those who were not white. A captured South African officer pleaded with Rommel to spare him being imprisoned with Black troops under his command. Rommel told him: “For me, soldiers are all equal. Those black people wore your same uniform, fought on your side, and so you will be in the same jail.” That was not until Rommel discovered the reality of Hitler’s promises as the troops of the Afrika Corps were hollow that he began to understand the man he had sworn his allegiance. He and his gallant German and Italian soldiers found themselves subjected to constant privation from lack of supply, air support and reinforcements. As commander of the Afrika Corps and later the Panzer Armee Arfika he and his troops achieved amazing success against an enemy that was always better supplied and equipped and which had air and sea superiority. Battling the British as well as the political machinations of Mussolini and Germany’s Italian Allies as well as opponents in the German government such as Hermann Goering, Rommel saw his troops crushed under the press of the British as well as the Americans who landed in French North Africa. Eventually, sick and worn out, Rommel was sent back to Germany to recuperate. While visiting Hitler’s headquarters during that leave Rommel was struck by the atmosphere and made this observation: “During the conference I realised that the atmosphere in the Fuehrer’s H.Q,. was extremely optimistic. Goering in particular was inclined to minimise our difficulties. When I said that British fighter-bombers had shot up my tanks with 4O-mm. shells, the Reichsmarschall, who felt himself touched by this, said: ” That’s completely impossible. The Americans only know how to make razor blades.” I replied: “We could do with some of those razor blades, Herr Reichsmarschall.” Rommel had a sense of honor and humanity that many other German generals lacked. He refused to allow anti-Jewish measures in areas occupied by German troops in North Africa, ensuring that the approximately 425,000 Jews living in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco were spared the fate of the Holocaust. He refused to execute Jewish POWs, and refused to follow the notorious “commando order.” In June of 1994 he protested the massacre of the people of the village of Oradour-sur-Glane by units of the 2nd SS Panzer Division directly to Hitler and asked for the authority to punish those responsible, but was his protest was refused. In late 1943 and early 1944 Rommel began to learn of the mass killings being orchestrated by Himmler’s SS. His son Manfred asked his father’s permission to join the Waffen SS, which Rommel insisted that he not do, the younger Rommel recounted: “While, he said, he perfectly well recognised the quality of the S.S. troops, under no circumstances did he want me to be under the command of a man who, according to his information, was carrying out mass killings. ” Do you mean Himmler? ” I asked. ” Yes,” he answered, and instructed me to maintain absolute silence about the whole affair. The war was not going at all well and he had heard that people like Himmler were trying, by actions of this kind, to burn the bridges of the German people behind them. I think he was not at all certain at that time whether Hitler knew anything about what was going on, for no mention of the mass executions had ever been made at the Fuehrer’s H.Q. And perhaps he would never have brought himself to the decision to end the war -by a revolt if necessary -if he had not received further information in the early months of 1944 which confirmed these crimes and gave some idea of their extent. From that moment on, all my father’s inner allegiance to Adolf Hitler, whom he had once admired, was destroyed, and he brought himself, from his knowledge of the Fuehrer’s crimes, to act against him.” Rommel’s honest assessments of the chances of the Germans winning the war which he spoke candidly to Hitler and the High Command made him persona non grata in Berlin and Berchtesgaden. In the time before he was posted to France in late 1943 he became a part of the plot to end the war and overthrow Hitler. Rommel’s Chief of Staff at OB West, General Hans Speidel, was a key man in the conspiracy and Rommel had contacts with a number of key conspirators. He believed that the war was lost unless his forces could repel the coming Allied invasion on the beaches and worked feverishly to bolster the beach fortifications. He recommended that the Panzer Divisions be deployed near the coast where they could immediately counterattack Allied invasion forces while they were still vulnerable. But his advice was not taken. He was given command of the Army Group but was not given control of most of the Panzer Divisions, which Hitler kept under his direct control. When the invasion came Rommel was away from Normandy visiting his wife. On learning of the invasion he sped back to Normandy. When he arrived he fought a desperate battle against the Allied forces. His outnumbered forces were under constant assault from the land, sea and air received paltry reinforcements compared to the Allies. Even so, German troops inflicted many local defeats and exacted a heavy price in allied blood in Normandy but were ground to dust. Even so, many American and British infantry regiments suffered 100% casualties but remained in action because of a continuous stream of replacements. Rommel urged Hitler and the High Command to withdraw German forces from Normandy before the allies broke through his front. By doing so he found that he was now considered a defeatist. Rommel was severely wounded in an air attack on his vehicle by a just days before the attempt on Hitler’s life. Hitler survived the attempted assassination and exacted a terrible revenge on anyone connected with the plot. Show trials and public hangings of officers who had served valiantly at the front were common. Thousands were killed and thousands more imprisoned. Eventually, other conspirator’s testimony exposed that Rommel was part of the plot. He was recommended by the “Court of Military Honor” to be expelled from the military and tried by the “People’s Court” of Judge Roland Freisler. During the purge that followed the attempt on Hitler’s life, many noted German military commanders were hauled before this court and humiliated by Freisler before they were sent to their deaths. Freisler, a fanatic Nazi judge has been part of the infamous Wansee Conference which planned the details of the Final Solution was killed when his courtroom was bombed in February 1945. Because of his fame and popularity in Germany Hitler was decided to offer Rommel a choice of being tried by the People’s Court or committing suicide and ensuring his family’s safety. Hitler dispatched two generals from Berlin to personally deliver the message. Rommel suspected that he would be identified and killed and told that to his friends and family in the days leading up to the arrival of Generals Wilhelm Burgorf and Ernst Maisel from OKW with the ultimatum. They met with Rommel for a short time before giving him the opportunity to say goodbye to his family. Rommel told them of his choice and left his home for the last time. 15 minutes later the Generals called his wife to say that he had died of a heart attack. Rommel was given a state funeral and the German people were lied to about his cause of his death. Winston Churchill wrote of Rommel: “He also deserves our respect because, although a loyal German soldier, he came to hate Hitler and all his works, and took part in the conspiracy to rescue Germany by displacing the maniac and tyrant. For this, he paid the forfeit of his life. In the sombre wars of modern democracy, chivalry finds no place … Still, I do not regret or retract the tribute I paid to Rommel, unfashionable though it was judged.” Rommel was just 52 years old when he died. I find in the story of Rommel some commonality in my own life. Before Rommel went to Africa he believed that Germany would win the war, during his command there he discovered that what he believed was lies and that Hitler had little regard for him or his troops. Before I went to Iraq in 2007 I believed much of the political propaganda promoted by the Bush administration and right wing news media and pundits about that war. The example of Erwin Rommel is a cautionary tale of what can happen when a brilliant and honorable man comes under the spell of a demagogue. Rommel believed Hitler and blindly followed him until he ran into the hard face of reality in Africa at which point he had the moral courage to do the right thing, but many didn’t. The fact is that it is hard for most Americans to imagine what it would be to,serve in the military, law enforcement, intelligence, or justice departments of a totalitarian regime, but we are fast approaching that point. Sadly there are otherwise honorable men and women in the current United States military who are blindly supporting a delusional and quite probably criminal President; a man who promises to order soldiers to commit war crimes, who threatens to jail political opponents, who condemns whole races of people and religions, a man who has no respect for the courts, the law, or the Constitution. Personally as a historian I cannot understand that kind of blind loyalty especially when the the leader in question has no loyalty to anyone other than himself. Not long before he was killed Rommel told his son: “one thing is quite clear, it’s intolerable that the fate and welfare of a whole nation should depend on the whim of a small group. There must be some limit, otherwise, the most fantastic things can happen without anyone noticing.” Rommel refused to obey the criminal orders that so many other German Generals and Officers obeyed. He lost his life because of his honor and personal integrity, and willingness to oppose a criminal regime. The question is, if President Trump and his administration cross that line, will American military leaders emulate Rommel or the officers who obeyed their orders, aided and abetted War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, and in many cases lied about the activities after the war in order to secure lucrative employment advising the Western Allies on the tactics and operational methods of the Soviets while writing their memoirs, which coincidentally omitted or denied their cooperation with Hitler’s most criminal orders. Others, who were captured by the Soviets and worked for the Army or Security and Intelligence Services Of East Germany never admitted their roles in Hitler’s crimes. It was like they all sought to erase history, but the archives don’t lie, whether they worked for NATO or the Soviets. The frightening thing is that almost all had served many of their formative years in the service of the Kaiser, or the Weimar Republic. They were not products of the Hitler Youth or Nazi education. They knew better. We should too, but that is no guarantee that we will not devolve as they did. I hope that own better angels prevail.

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Network Access Control Overview What is Network Access Control? To connect to the UNC Campus Network, it has always been the case that a customer’s computer must meet certain minimum requirements, including having anti-virus software installed, running and up-to-date. It must also have specific operating system updates installed to prevent the computer from being compromised. In the past, this policy was enforced using a combination of a customer honor-system and technology (Tipping Points) that identified and blocked “bad” internet traffic to prevent infections from spreading across the network. As our network evolves, we have to modify this approach to continue to protect all users. In order to increase the speed of our network (10x), we had to remove the Tipping Points from most of campus, which could make us susceptible to security risks. As a result, we implemented a new security service called NAC in specific regions of campus. Network Access Control (NAC) is a proactive, end-user networking solution for wired and Wi-Fi connections that allows us to identify potential problems on a computer before it accesses the web. The system can educate the customer about any potential vulnerability and then provide them a link or resource to resolve it on their own. This solution is highly customizable and will be setup in the best interest of all campus network users. Malware (e.g. spyware, viruses, worms) exist that can automatically disable services like anti-virus software. Many times the customer has no idea this has happened. This service will help alert the customer that this problem has occurred and provide them with a solution. If a computer is connected to a NAC-enabled region of our network via wired or Wi-Fi, then the NAC Assessment server will attempt to communicate with the device (e.g. computer). It checks the device to see if the NAC agent is installed. After a few minutes, if it does not find the NAC agent, it will then redirect any web-based (HTTP) traffic to a specific website. This site will walk the customer through the NAC agent installation steps. Finally, the customer will initiate another scan and if the server can communicate with the agent, then the customer can continue browsing the web with no problem. Next, if the NAC agent identifies a security issue or problem, as explained in the next section, it will then provide the customer with information on how to resolve it. As long as their computer meets the requirements, they will never know that the NAC agent is running. During the installation of this service or if a device is found to have a vulnerability, the only impact on the customer is that they cannot browse the web. If they use internet connected applications like Outlook, Thunderbird, Instant Messaging, etc., those programs will continue to function as normal. Currently, this software is designed to work for computers running Microsoft Windows or Apple OS X. We are specifically exempting Linux-based computers, which is a small minority of campus, and will address those in the future. ITS Security and the UNC Legal department have approved the use of NAC to scan devices connected to our network for the following conditions: - Does the computer have anti-virus software installed, running and up-to-date? - Does the computer have a firewall installed and enabled? - Is the computer configured to automatically install system updates OR was the last time it was updated more than 30 days ago? - Other specific security concerns, such as zero-day virus outbreaks. For example, we may know how to identify the presence of a specific virus before Symantec is able to detect it. To minimize the risk to the University, we will scan for these specific issues as requested by the ITS-Security and/or OIS Security groups. All CCI machines are configured to meet all of these requirements by default. If a computer fails any of these conditions, meaning the answer is “No” to the questions above, nothing will happen to customer’s computer. They will be able to browse with no problem, but they will be notified via a pop-up message with a link that will help resolve the issue. If the issue is not resolved within a 2 week period, those computers may be removed from the network until they are in compliance. Currently, this is a manual process, but will be automated in the future. This service is designed to allow specific types of devices or operating systems to simply bypass the service. So if your operating system is not listed (e.g. Ubuntu), then you can simply ignore this service for now. Depending on your operating system, your Network Access Control setup may be slightly different. Please select your operating system below: - Microsoft Windows - Apple OS X (documentation coming soon — for now please refer to the Microsoft Windows information above) - Linux – (NAC is currently disabled for the Linux OS. If you have a Linux-based OS that is receiving the NAC website, simply provide us with your MAC address and we can resolve the issue within 24 hours. This includes customers with dual-booted machines.) We automatically “whitelist” devices that should be exempt from the NAC service e.g scientific equipment. To request an exemption please Submit a Web Request and enter the details of the device. How do I get support? The process for installation should be very fast and user-friendly. If however, you still need help, contact your departmental support team, or through one of the following methods: - Submit a Web Request - Call 919-962-HELP - Visit our walk-in area in 65 MacNider - What will happen if I use Linux? If you are running any Operating System other than Windows, or Apple Operating Systems, you should not be impacted. The NAC system should ignore the ignore the machine and therefore not block access to the network. If you are blocked from the network, you can contact either firstname.lastname@example.org, or 962-HELP and ask to be whitelisted which will allow you back on the network. - What if I do not use the campus Symantec Anti-Virus? The NAC System uses the operating systems to confirm the presence of an Anti-Virus tool. If it recognizes the anti-virus tool, then it will report to the NAC System that it was running on the machine. - Do I have to comply with these requirements? Yes, ports on the School of Medicine network require any device that connects to the SOM Network meet the minimum NAC requirements. - Do I have to install this agent on my personal machine? No, you only have to install the agent on the device if you plan on connecting it to the School of Medicine network. The NAC System has been put in place to enhance the level of security on the network, and therefore it does not matter if the device is personal or university property.

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Greenhouse coverings, or walls, are very important, in your greenhouse, because it will effect how well your plants develop. Most greenhouses now use polycarbonate, or acrylic walls. Polycarbonate is, generally speaking, available in 4, 6 and 10mm thickness. It is a twin wall construction with air channels in the middle, which creates the same insulating effect as a thermo window, without the high cost and maintenance of glass. (Glass can let in too much light, which can scorch plants, and does not retain heat well, at all.) The insulation promotes a more even temperature in the greenhouse which provides better growing conditions for the plants. Some polycarbonate, such as that used in Julianna Greenhouses, and some others as well, also has a UV coating to prevent wear and is virtually unbreakable – even against baseballs, rocks and hail. Polycarbonate also diffuses and disperses the light that comes in. Acrylic is a heavier material that is usually of single walled construction, and also mostly shatterproof. It is more resistant to yellowing, over time than polycarbonate. Acrylic tends to be a little less UV prohibitive, which can be a good thing, depending on what you are growing. Cacti and succulents will thrive. Acrylic is the only solution, if you are going for a very traditional Gothic style greenhouse. It will give you the look 0f glass, with better growing support. Glazing, or the greenhouse walls, can effect the pricing, on your greenhouse. You will need to think about the climate you live in, versus the native climate of your plants, and the amount of money you intend to spend, when looking at your options. A thicker millimeter (mm) polycarbonate, for example, can raise the bottom line, but may be well worth it, in the end. Be as knowledgeable about your plants' requirements as you can be. This will aid you in making the best decision.

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-It’s hard to understand what’s happening.-It can be boring to read when you do not understand what’s happening. -It teaches students how to problem solve. When it’s difficult or next to impossible to understand what’s happening in the Shakespearean plays we read in class, there are two options for you to do. One, you continue reading and never understand what the play is actually about. Or two, you problem solve and figure out a way to understand what you are confused about. While some people go with option one, most of us try option two and try make out a way to comprehend the words that confuse us. This can vary from looking at the side translation in the book, to researching the passage on the Internet. Either way, by making an effort to understand what’s happening, the student learns valuable problem solving skills.-The story lines are timeless. While they’ve been rewritten and changed throughout the years, the plot lines of most Shakespearean plays have survived to be reminiscent in many more modern sources of entertainment. From the travesty of Twilight to the less modern Pride and the Prejudice, books and movies have been coping Shakespeare’s work for centuries. -It’s jam packed with literary devices. Where most books contain metaphors and similes, the amount that Shakespeare crammed into his plays is astounding. Every passage contains them, some lines being made up of multiple devices, and while this contributes to the problem of understanding the meaning of the text, it also makes for material that’s easier to write passage analyses, and other forms of English assignments, about. -The morals they teach are relatable to today. While most of us think that Shakespeare’s plays are irrelevant to today’s day and life, the morals that they teach are actually very applicable to the present. An example is the play Macbeth, where if you strip it down to the bare minimum, is about a man who is overly ambitious and whose plans backfire when he tries to get a higher position in life. This play demonstrates that we should enjoy our lives at any stage and not to be so ambitious that we give up everything we care about. Although the situations in the play are a little fantastic, the morals it teaches are very prevalent to anyone’s life. -You understand more references. Because they been around forever, and because they’re so popular, references to the Shakespeare’s plays are in a lot of media. When you read the plays you are able to understand these references and connect them to the things you know and identify with. From the pros and cons I listed, I obviously think Shakespeare should be taught in English classes. It can be hard and sometimes frustrating, but I think that the things the plays are able to teach us far outweigh any argument against them.

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It’s easy to get overwhelmed with the mountains of information that are out there. This section of our website is for young people and their families who want to get a better understanding of what it means to be gender variant and how best to access the support you need. Let’s start with the basics… LGBT is the short version for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender. Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual refer to your sexuality which is the person or people you are attracted to, Transgender refers to your gender and the way you wish to be seen by the world. What does transgender actually mean? If your gender is different to the way other people see you or how your body looks then you may be transgender. If you are transgender other people may think you are a girl, but you know you are a boy. Or you may know that you are a girl even though you have a penis. For transgender people, the gender other people see them as just doesn’t seem to fit with who they know themselves to be. Lots of people shorten the word transgender and just say ‘trans’, some people don’t say trans, they use the term gender diverse – but it’s all the same thing. Binary and non-binary Some people are very clear about their gender, they know they are a girl, a female or a woman. Other people know that they are a boy, man, male. This is the case whether that was the gender they were given at birth or not. These are called the binary genders – binary means ‘between two things’ one or two, black or white, male or female. There are other people who don’t feel that the labels “male” or “female” truly describe who they are. These people identify as non-binary, and that is how they describe their gender. If you do not feel that like a boy or a girl you may be non-binary, or gender fluid. Nowadays people use the word trans to mean anyone whose gender is different from the one they were thought to be at birth. Most people grow up as the gender that they were presumed to be when they were born, by looking to see if there is a penis or not. They have a penis and their parents thought they were a boy, and so do they. Or they have what looks like a girl should have and everyone thinks they are a girl, and they are. This is called being cisgender or cis. We don’t really know how many people are transgender or non-binary, but we think that maybe in every 10 people, 1 or 2 are trans. Some people are born with genitals that don’t look exactly like a penis, testicles or a vulva. This can be confusing and their parents aren’t sure whether they are a boy or a girl. Doctors might want to do blood tests to see if they have the genes XX which usually mean you are a girl, or XY which usually mean you are a boy. This is called being intersex. Of course, blood tests and genitals don’t make you what you are. Your gender is deep inside you and can’t be measured or decided. It is just who you are. If you are transgender then what people call you might make you feel uncomfortable. If they use girl names, or call you ‘she’ when actually you are a boy, then this can feel wrong. If they call you by a boy name or say ‘his’ when actually you are a girl, that might feel wrong and make you feel uncomfortable. If you don’t feel that either boy or girl fits with who you are, some people just feel better when people say ‘they’ or ‘their’ or ‘them’ instead of his/him or she/hers. These are called pronouns. If you want to tell someone your pronouns, you can say ‘Hi, my name is Sarah and my pronouns are she/her.’ or ‘Hello, I’m Jack and my pronouns are he/him.’ or My name is Jo and my pronouns are they/them.’ Before puberty starts, it is common to experiment with who you are. People do this all the time whether they are trans or cis. For young trans people it is really important to be able to try out different hairstyles, clothes, friends, toys, games, names, pronouns – this helps them to better understand what feels right for them. When you make a change to your name or pronouns or clothing to better suit your real gender, this is called social transitioning. When puberty starts your body will develop and change depending on whether you have testicles, or whether you ovaries. It is the testicles and ovaries that produce the sex hormones that make your body change one way or the other. Some trans teenagers find that very scary and they don’t want their bodies to change in that way. Trans girls might feel scared that their voice will break or they will get a beard. Trans boys might worry about periods starting or about their chest developing. Non-binary teenagers might want their bodies to be in the middle somewhere between ‘male’ and ‘female’. Sexuality v gender Your gender is who you are and how you want to live in the world, your sexuality is about who you fancy. Sometimes people can get confused by gender and sexuality and think that if you feel like a boy or feel like a girl when they expect you to be the opposite, that maybe you are just gay. But being gay is very different to what gender you are. Some trans teenagers get very sad about their gender being different, about their body and the way that puberty makes them change. This is called gender dysphoria. If you have gender dysphoria, find someone to talk to who will listen to you and help you. Experts know that trans people who are believed and supported in their gender development have less gender dysphoria, so it is important to speak up if you are feeling sad or if you are hurting in any way. Not all transgender people feel sad about their bodies or about their gender. This doesn’t mean they aren’t trans or non-binary. Importantly, your gender is what you say it is. It does not depend on you having any treatment for it. It's good to talk If you feel that you are transgender or that you might be, then see if you can find someone you trust to talk to. If talking is too difficult write down your feelings, and send them in a letter, email or text. You could even make a video or draw something which shows them how you feel. Remember, your parents, teachers or friends might not understand what being trans means so they may need some time to get used to the idea. Try watching some YouTube videos together or reading some books, there are lots of materials out there that can help you to share your feelings if you are struggling to do so by yourself. If they don’t understand it yet then keep trying. Some adults are worried that children will change their mind when puberty starts or later in life. If you aren’t actually transgender, if you are actually a tomboy or gay or just trying out different clothes and toys to see what suits you best, then you may well make different choices at puberty and during the rest of your life. Everyone changes their style throughout their life, that is what growing up and getting older is all about. However if you are trans, you can’t make it go away. Some people think that young people are persuaded to be trans by their friendship groups, and if they join LGBT groups then they might in some way be “persuaded” to be something other than what they are. The reality is that you can’t make someone trans any more than you can stop someone from being trans. There is a lot of horrible talk out there at the moment and this is mainly caused by a lack of understanding. This can make it incredibly hard for young trans people and their families. But if being trans is who you are you should never give up, you are who you are and you are very special. Some schools are clued up on how to help their trans students and some aren’t. It is important to understand that you are not allowed to be treated differently if you are trans and you should be allowed to use the pronouns, names, changing rooms, toilets, sports that suit you best. If you are having difficulty in school then find someone to talk to who you trust and who understands you, ask them to help you get what you need. Sometimes, we have to try and find the right words to help people understand what being transgender means. Transgender is a word to describe someone whose gender is different to the one they were told they were when they were born. Also called trans or gender diverse. Gender affirming means when things are done to help people to live more comfortably in the gender that they are rather than the one they were told they were when they were born. Gender expression is all about the clothes and make-up and how you talk and move and play. This could be ‘girly’ or ‘butch’ or anywhere in between. Gender identity is your true gender. Whether you are a boy or a girl or non-binary (neither a boy or a girl, or a mixture of both boy and girl). Gender nonconformity means when your gender or the way you present yourself feels right to you but is different to what others might expect. Gender incongruence this is the official word for being transgender and is used on official documents like letters needed for passport changes, or for your doctor’s records. Gender dysphoria is the word for the sadness, anxiety, distress, pain, anguish, hurt that can be felt by someone who is transgender who is facing difficulties because of it. Resources for Trans Youth More books for 11-18 year olds: - Sylvia and Marsha start a Revolution - Yes, You Are Trans Enough by Mia Violet - Queer: A Graphic History by Meg-John Barker - Nothing Ever Happens Here by Sarah Hagger-Holt - The Strangeworld’s Travel Agency - Julián Is a Mermaid by Jessica Love This site has video stories of trans people and allies, of people talking about their experiences.

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Lunch Time Helper CONCEPT: Choosing Appropriate Low Protein Foods Children choose foods to make a healthy, low protein lunch. After completing this activity, children will be able to: - identify low and high protein foods - select foods that they would enjoy and that are appropriate for a lunch or snack - Lead a discussion asking questions such as: - What do you like to eat for lunch? - Do you get to choose what you eat all the time? Sometimes? (As you get older, you will get to choose many of the foods that you eat, and it is important that you know how to choose low protein, nutritious foods.) - Do you help your mom or dad cook? Do you tell them what you would like to eat? - Do you ever take your lunch (to school, to a picnic...)? Do you help to pick what you take? What kinds of foods would you like to take? - Distribute paper plates. Explain, "Today we're going to pretend that we need to pack a lunch to take somewhere. There are pictures of foods on the table. Pick the foods that you want to take and paste them onto your plate. Remember, we want to make a healthy, low phe lunch. If you want, you can draw or color on your plate too." - Children color and paste lunch (or snack) choices on their paper plate. - Lead a discussion: - Are the foods that you picked "yes" foods or "no" foods? - Why did you pick....? - What could you drink with this lunch? (formula, water, apple juice) - What other kinds of foods could you pick? - What would you pick if you were packing a lunch to go on a picnic? - Pictures of food, such as: formula, low protein bread, variety of fruits and vegetables (such as lettuce, carrots, olives, mushrooms, green peppers, cucumbers, tomatoes, pears, apples, bananas, oranges, raisins, etc.), jelly, margarine, pickles, low protein crackers, low protein pasta and sauce. Include a few high protein foods for discussion purposes, to reinforce making low protein/low phe food choices (such as lunch meat, regular milk, nuts, cheese, etc). - Paper plates Actively involve your child in the preparation of his/her lunch.

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. . . a new law that could lead to citizens challenging environmental destruction in court. Original post made by Resident 0.1, Another Palo Alto neighborhood, on Apr 12, 2011 A Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra (The Law of Mother Earth) would grant nature the same rights as humans, according to The Guardian. The country will establish 11 new rights for nature, including: the right to exist, the right to continue natural cycles, the right to clean water and air, the right to be free of pollution, and the right not to have cellular structures altered or genetically modified. The law will also give nature the right "to not be affected by mega-infrastructure and development projects that affect the balance of ecosystems and the local inhabitant communities." "It makes world history," Bolivian Vice-President Alvaro García Linera said. "Earth is the mother of all." "It establishes a new relationship between man and nature, the harmony of which must be preserved as a guarantee of its regeneration." Southern California chain snags La Boulange space in Palo Alto By Elena Kadvany | 7 comments | 2,403 views Lessons in marketing yourself: "Making lemonade" from the Presidential campaigns By Douglas Moran | 0 comments | 461 views How early is too early to make or buy a Halloween costume By Cheryl Bac | 0 comments | 95 views

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(they don't make them like they used to ... ) Cratons are anomalously-strong regions of the continents that have largely resisted tectonic forces for billions of years. How such strong zones could be forged in a hot, low-viscosity, low stress, early-Earth has been a long-standing puzzle for geologists. Adam Beall, Katie Cooper and I have recently proposed that cratons were made by the catastrophic switching on of plate tectonics. An event in which the stresses were larger than they have ever been in the intervening 3 billion years (Beall et al, 2018) The theory of plate tectonics describes how rigid plates move on the Earth's surface but this really only applies to the oceanic plates. The continental crust is generally a great deal weaker and can crumple or stretch in response to movements of the oceanic plates forming mountain belts, rifts and low-lying basins. Some of the oldest parts of the continental crust are an exception to this generalisation. These are regions that have experienced very little tectonic deformation in several billion years of existence. These cratons are thought to represent regions of greater strength and this contributes to their longevity. There is evidence that the deep lithosphere is as ancient as the crust and is anomalously thick and buoyant (e.g. Jordan,1975, O'Reilly et al, 2001, Cooper et al, 2013, 2016). We also think that the cratons formed from cool, thin lithosphere in the time before plate tectonics began and then thickened and strengthened to the point where they became effectively indestructible. The problem with this idea has always been to explain how the hot, weak interior of the young Earth could generate enough stress to thicken strong lithosphere. Alternatively, if the lithosphere was weak too, what stopped it from falling apart by gravitational spreading while it cooled and 'hardened' ? Recent models of the very early Earth showed that the planet could have been cooling rapidly by heat-pipe volcanism (just like Jupiter's moon Io). Massive volcanism is enough to prevent plate tectonics from switching on, but when the Earth does cool down enough for the eruptions to slow, a catastrophic transition begins. Short, violent pulses of lithospheric foundering and overturn occur before steady plate motions take over (e.g. see Moore & Webb, 2014, Rozel et al. 2017) We modeled what happens to the strong and buoyant material of the heat-pipe lid during these early-Earth overturn events. We found that the lid was crumpled up into large islands of thick, buckled and very strong lithosphere by the overturn of the cold, thick, stagnant boundary layer. Once the model Earth settled down to a more sedate form of steadily moving plates, the stresses never reached a level that could deform these remnants of the pre-plate-tectonic state. In the figure/movie above, the green and grey stripes were initially horizontal layers at the upper surface of the planet and are folded by the foundering of the thick boundary layer. In these simulations, the boundary layer is shed in less than an overturn time. Each model craton experiences a few, closely spaced, shortening events the create a thick pile of material with intricate internal structures not unlike those seen in seismic images that have been attributed to early subduction (Bostock et al, 1998). The model cratons form cold and from material that was originally crystallised at shallow depth. The formation is also a time of temperature inversion in the mantle: cool material is dumped at the core mantle boundary resulting in higher-than-average core heat flux. The phase of mobile-lid convection that follows this (analogous to plate tectonics in this kind of model) has high velocities near the surface, thin oceanic lithosphere and low stresses. In this environment the cratons are safe from harm and this remains true to the present day despite lithospheric thickness and ambient stresses gradually creeping higher. The details behind the work described in this post: - Beall, A., Moresi, L. Cooper, C. M. Formation of cratonic lithosphere during the initiation of plate tectonics, Geology, Papers on the longevity of the deep cratonic lithosphere: O'Reilly, S. Y., W. L. Griffin, Y. H. P. Djomani, and P. Morgan (2001), Are lithospheres forever? Tracking changes in subcontinental lithospheric mantle through time, GSA Today, 11(4), 4–10. - Jordan, T. H. (1975), The continental tectosphere, Reviews of Geophysics, 13(3), 1–12, doi:10.1029/RG013i003p00001. Read about the formation and structure of the ancient continental lithosphere: Cooper, C. M., A. Lenardic, A. Levander, and L. N. Moresi (2013), Creation and Preservation of Cratonic Lithosphere: Seismic Constraints And Geodynamic Models, in Archean Geodynamics and Environments, vol. 164, pp. 75–88, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C. Cooper, C. M., M. S. Miller, and L. Moresi (2016), The structural evolution of the deep continental lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 695, 1–89, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.12.004. Heat pipe models of the early Earth: Moore, W. B., and A. A. G. Webb (2013), Heat-pipe earth, Nature, 501(7468), 501–505, doi:10.1038/nature12473. Rozel, A. B., G. J. Golabek, C. Jain, P. J. Tackley, and T. V. Gerya (2017), Continental crust formation on early Earth controlled by intrusive magmatism, Nature, 545(7654), 332–335, doi:10.1038/nature22042. The observations of structure in the ancient cratons: Bostock, M.G., 1998, Mantle stratigraphy and evolution of the Slave province: Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth, v. 103, p. 21183–21200, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01069. Calò, M., Bodin, T., and Romanowicz, B., 2016, Layered structure in the upper mantle across North America from joint inversion of long and short period seismic data: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 449, p. 164–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.054

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Shankar, Ravi (Robindra Shankar Chowdhury), 1920–2012, Indian sitarist and composer, b. Varanasi. He was the first Indian instrumentalist to attain an international reputation and is credited with introducing traditional Indian music to the West. As a youth Shankar was a noted solo dancer with his brother Uday's Indian dance troupe in Paris, and he studied (1938–45) with the instrumentalist Ustad Allauddin Khan, whose daughter, Annapurna, he later married. Proficient on many instruments, Shankar became a virtuoso of the sitar, and in 1957 he made the first of several concert tours of the United States. In 1962 he founded the Kinnara School of Music in Mumbai. George Harrison of the Beatles studied (1965) sitar with Shankar, and the band's recordings began featuring the instrument. Other rock groups followed suit, and for a time the sitar was a rock instrument. As the foremost sitar player, Shankar was catapulted to fame. His 1967 concert tour of the United States was a great success, and he was invited to hold classes at U.S. colleges and universities. From the 1980s on Shankar also explored the possibilities of merging Indian music with electronic synthesizer and emulator technology. Among Shankar's many compositions are the scores for the motion pictures Pather Panchali (1954), Charly (1968), and Gandhi (1982) as well as ballets and concerti for sitar and orchestra. He collaborated with such musicians as violinist Yehudi Menuhin and jazz saxophonist John Coltrane and also with composer Philip Glass on the electronic recording Passages (1990). Shankar also served (1986–92) in India's parliament. His daughter, Anoushka Shankar, 1981–, who studied with him, also is a virtuoso sitarist. See his autobiographies (1969 and 1997); biography (2002) by A. Shankar (his daughter); D. Ghosh, ed., The Great Shankars: Uday, Ravi (1983); John Musilli, dir., Ravi Shankar and Friends (documentary, 1976). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Ravi Shankar from Infoplease: See more Encyclopedia articles on: Music: History, Composers, and Performers: Biographies

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As the climate has modeslty warmed, U.S. crop yields have set new records almost every year. The same is true for nearly all other nations. Drought conditions in the United states have become less frequent and less severe as the climate has modestly warmed. Droughts have always occurred, and they always will. Drought data show recent droughts were less frequent and severe than the droughts of the early and mid-twentieth century. Corals have existed continuously for the past 40 million years. They require warm water. The primary reasons for coral bleaching events include sediment and fertilizer pollution from nearby coastal lands, chemicals found in sunscreen, fertilizer and nitrogen loading from agriculture, and cold temperature events.

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Sinus Infection Treatment, do you have a sinus infection? How to treat it? Most of you are already familiar with this one respiratory disease. As is known that sinus infection or commonly known as sinusitis is one of the diseases caused by viruses. But you need to know that it turns out that sinus infections are not only caused by viruses but can also attack people who have allergies, asthma, blockages in the nose and also because the weakened immune system is at greater risk. How to relieve sinus pressure? In general, treatments performed to treat sinus infections are very easy. If you feel you have a sinus problem, it’s good if you immediately take care earlier, the sinus that you suffer from is not getting worse. Then how do you treat sinus infections naturally and easily? You don’t need to worry because there are many ways you can do it. For more details, the following is a brief explanation. What Is Sinus Infection? How to relieve sinus pressure? As already explained a little above, a sinus infection is a disease that occurs due to inflammation or swelling of the sinuses. Generally sinus infections are caused by viruses, but there are some cases that show that a sinus infection is also caused by bacteria or fungi. The types of sinus infections also vary, some of which are acute, some have entered a chronic period. For acute sinus infections it usually takes around three to eight weeks. While for sinus infections that have entered in the chronic stage can last more than eight weeks. Then what are the symptoms? Symptoms that are often experienced by those who experience sinus infection problems are fever and runny nose. But some other symptoms that also appear such as nasal congestion, easy headache in the front, pain in the teeth, easy fatigue, bad breath, and several other symptoms. Therefore if you experience the above symptoms for a long time, you should immediately do a further examination to the doctor. Sinus Infection Treatment at Home Sinus infection treatment, If traced further, actually sinus infections can be treated easily. Especially if the initial symptoms have been treated since the beginning. The generality is that many people find it difficult to recover because they are late knowing the disease so that the treatment done is too late. For those of you who are currently suffering from sinus infection. Here are some treatments that you can do at home. 1. Using antibiotics As is known that antibiotics are one of the common treatments given to those who experience sinus infection problems. Sinus infection is a disease that causes viruses or bacteria. Because antibiotics are one of the drugs that are considered suitable for treating sinus problems. So for those of you who have sinus problems, you can try using this one drug. 2. Drink plenty of water Sinus infection treatment naturally exactly? The next way you can treat your sinus infection at home is by consuming lots of water. As is known that water has a lot of vitamin content that is good for the body. So it is not surprising that many people use water to get rid of sinus infections easily and quickly. In order for the healing process to run smoothly, you should get used to drinking about 8 ounces of water every two hours. That way the recovery process for your sinus disease is getting faster. 3. Healthy food consumption. One way that can be done so that the body is not susceptible to disease is to get used to always eat healthy foods regularly. Doing sinus infection treatment at home is good. Some foods that you can consume such as vegetables and fruits. In addition, you should also need to eat foods that can increase your immune system such as garlic and ginger. For those of you who like to eat tea every day, there’s nothing wrong with adding ginger to it. Besides being able to warm the body. Ginger also has many benefits, one of which is dealing with sinus problems. That was some brief information about sinus infections and how to treat sinus infections naturally which are easy to apply at home. If some of the methods mentioned above do not show changes, you should immediately check with your doctor. May the information about sinus infection treatment be useful!

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Former President of CubaNext - In-Country Power - International Power - Military Strength - Special Skill: Commie Commander - Official Title: Former President - Government: Communism/Dictatorship - Years Left in Office: Retired. Kind of. - Political Classification: Extreme-left - Education: Law degree from U. of Havana - Age: 95 (born August 26, 1926) Fidel Castro Facts and Information - Fidel Castro is a Cuban communist politician who became the leader of Cuba in 1959, the first Communist state in the Western hemisphere. - Fidel Castro led the overthrow of the Batista dictatorship in 1959. - Fidel Castro helped lead the Cuban Revolution. - Fidel Castro brought social reforms to Cuba but was criticized for oppressing human rights. - During Fidel Castro’s time, Cuba had a resentful relationship with the United States which resulted in the infamous Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. - In 2008, Fidel Castro stood down as President and passed on the reigns to his younger brother Raúl Castro, having ruled Cuba for nearly five decades. Fidel Castro is considered to be one of the most extraordinary political figures of the 20th century. He is a Communist icon who has ruled Cuba for half a century and who turned it from a colonial paradise to a player on the world stage. A dictator who is only 90 miles from US shore but who has outlived 9 U.S. Presidents and survived 638 assassination attempts by the CIA. The assassination attempts reportedly included cigars poisoned with botulinum toxin, an exploding cigar, a ballpoint pen containing a hypodermic syringe preloaded with the lethal concoction Blackleaf 40, and plain, mafia-style execution endeavors, among others. There were plans to blow up Castro during his visit to Ernest Hemingway’s museum in Cuba. There was even a documentary film entitled ‘638 Ways to Kill Castro.’ Some attempts were made to assassinate his character by using thallium salts to destroying his beard or lacing his studio with LSD so that he would feel disorientated during his broadcast. Castro once said, in regards to the numerous attempts on his life he believed had been made, “If surviving assassination attempts were an Olympic event, I would win the gold medal.” A tropical paradise spilling with rum, rumba and roulette. This was the Cuba most Americans knew in the 50s but just below the surface the rhythm of revolution was beating. The Cubans wanted to rid themselves of their Spanish colonial masters but U.S. sent troops to fight for Cuba’s independence. America invested capital in the country which led to a nationalist sentiment in Cuba. He was born out of wedlock at his father’s farm in the eastern Cuban hamlet of Birán, on August 13, 1926. Ever since childhood, Castro had a love of weapons, in particular guns, and expressed his preference for life in the countryside over the city. He loved reading Ernest Hemingway. He was a sports fan and spent a lot of time exercising regularly. He took a great interest in gastronomy, as well as wine and whisky, and as Cuban leader was known to wander into his kitchen to discuss cookery with his chefs. However, a book written by one of his bodyguards claims that Castro actually lived quite a luxurious life unaware to the Cuban people. He had several houses and yachts. Castro has been described as “fiercely hard-working, dedicated, loyal… generous and magnanimous” but noted that he could be “vindictive and unforgiving”. He had a sense of humor but if humiliated he would respond with rage. He felt, from the very beginning, that it was his mission to save the Cuban people. Many details of Castro’s private life, particularly involving his family members, are scarce as the state media is forbidden to mention them. Castro’s biographer said that he was unable to have a lasting relationship with any female. He had one son from his first marriage and five more from his second marriage. He had extra-marital affairs and fathered children as well. EDUCATION AND ENTRY INTO POLITICS In 1945, while studying law at the University of Havana, Castro admitted he was ‘politically illiterate’ and became actively involved in the gangsterismo culture within the University. It was here that he adopted leftist anti-imperialist politics. He openly criticized President Ramón Grau’s government during a public speech in 1946 which caused quite a stir in the media. In 1947, Castro joined the socialist Party of the Cuban People (Partido Ortodoxo), founded by veteran politician Eduardo Chibás. Chibás wanted an honest government, political freedom and social justice. All these reforms resonated with Castro even after Chibás lost the election and so Castro continued to work on his behalf. By 1948, Castro had moved further to the left as he began reading more about Marxism and Leninism. He later described Marxism as an ideology that taught him about society and the history of the class struggle without which he felt like a ‘blindfolded man in a forest.’ According to him, Cuba was turning into a ‘dictatorship of the bourgeoisie’ and agreed with Karl Marx’s view that a proletariat revolution was necessary to bring about political change. CASTRO VS BATISTA Castro met with General Fulgencio Batista during his campaign to run for Congress in the June 1952 elections. The former President had returned to politics with his own party. In March of that year Batista carried out a military coup and seized power resulting in Carlos Prío, who took over the office after President Grau, having to flee to Mexico. Batista refused to hold elections in June and described his new system as ‘disciplined democracy.’ Corruption increased as Batista felt free to dip into the national treasury. Castro, however, saw it as a dictatorship. Slowly, Batista began to sever diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union while strengthening ties with the US. He suppressed trade unions and persecuted socialist groups within the country. It was then that Castro began to plot ways to oust this regime. In 1953, Castro planned the overthrow of US-backed military junta of President Fulgencio Batista. He planned an attack on the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba along with 150 comrades. The goal was to seize enough arms to undertake a military revolution. Despite U.S ties to Batista, the CIA covertly funded Castro’s revolutionaries. The operation failed miserably and many were jailed if not already dead. Among them was Castro whose trial was televised – a big mistake. It gave him the platform he needed to spread his message and capture people’s attention with his stirring oratory. Castro claimed that he was the true defender of the Cuban constitution and that Batista had simply usurped power. From prison, he produced a manuscript of his words, “History will absolve me”. After being released from prison on amnesty, he renamed his group the ‘26th of July Movement’ which soon became a slogan. ERNESTO CHE GUEVARA AND THE MR-26-7 In 1955, in the midst of bombings and demonstrations, Castro and Raúl fled the country to Mexico where they befriended Ernesto Che Guevara, a Marxist-Leninist just like them who was destined to become the world’s most recognized revolutionary. Once Castro’s rebels had been trained in guerrilla warfare and the 26th of July Movement, otherwise known as MR-26-7, had gained momentum in Cuba, Castro purchased a yacht he named ‘Granma’ and set sail for Cuba to fight for the rights he believed him and his people deserved. They were ambushed by the Cuban army which forced Castro and his men to escape to the Sierra Maestra Mountains where they hid for nearly two years and developed their political strategy and army. Across Cuba, anti-Batista groups carried out bombings to which the police responded with mass arrests, torture and executions. Castro contacted foreign media to spread his message since Cuba’s press was censored and he soon became a celebrity. Meanwhile, his guerrillas increased their attacks on military outposts, forcing the government to retreat. By 1958, Batista was under tremendous pressure by the people of the country. Batista responded to the MR-26-7 with ‘Operation Verano’; an aerial bombardment of areas suspected of aiding the militants but his army did not stand a chance against the tactics of guerrilla warfare. Many in Batista’s army switched sides including the Commander General who secretly agreed to a ceasefire with Castro, promising that Batista would be tried as a war criminal. However, Batista was warned of this and fled into exile with over US$ 3 million. The Commander General tried to seize power but Castro ended the ceasefire and ordered his arrest. Cubans looked at this as a collective victory. CASTRO TAKES OVER As Castro rolled into Cuba, millions of people took to the street to rejoice. He proclaimed himself Representative of the Rebel Armed Forces of the Presidency. As he was giving his first speech, a few doves flew to his shoulder. The white dove, in Cuban religion, is a very significant animal. The people of Cuba saw this as a signal and saw Castro as ‘the Deliverer’ who was going to transform Cuba into a strong nation. Batista’s government had killed around 20,000 Cubans, and now popular uproar demanded that those responsible be brought to justice. Castro helped set-up many trials, resulting in hundreds of executions that were widely popular domestically but were condemned internationally, particularly by the US. Castro responding by proclaiming that “revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts, but on moral conviction”. He was acclaimed by many across Latin America and on February 16, 1959, Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba. He didn’t want to admit to being a communist but he had a lot of Marxists in senior government and military positions including the appointment of Che Guevara as Governor of the Central Bank which forced the Air Force Commander to defect to the US. President Urrutia was worried about the influence of Marxism which angered Castro so much that he resigned as PM only to resume his position once a Marxist was sworn in as President. From that day forward, the U.S. objective was now the overthrow of Castro within one year. Castro began improving Cuba’s standard of living with emphasis on improving the education system. Health care was nationalized and infrastructure was significantly improved. He used radio and television to spread his ideologies. His next move was to redistribute land and continue on with his agrarian reform. What he didn’t realize was that the more he helped improve conditions for the lower class, the middle class began to emigrate from Cuba to the US. Since the middle class consisted of all the professionals in the workforce, this resulted in an economic brain drain in Cuba which led to many counter-revolutionaries and subsequently their arrest. This eventually led to the six-year War against the Bandits. By 1960, the Cold War had begun between the capitalist liberal democracy America and the socialist state run by a Communist party, USSR. Alarmed by Castro’s revolutionary credentials and friendly relations with the Soviet Union, the U.S. governments of Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy unsuccessfully attempted to remove him, by economic blockade, assassination schemes and counter-revolution. Having feared a U.S. backed coup for a while, Castro began to double the size of his armed forces. UNCLE SAM STEPS IN Then in April of 1961, Eisenhower and Kennedy carried out the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The plan was to train Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. Classified documents show that America had hired the mafia to kill Castro days before the invasion. American forces engaged in a firefight with local revolutionary militia but were forced to surrender within three days. This plan was later dubbed ‘The Perfect Failure.’ Castro visited the exiles in jail and used his powers of persuasion to turn their views around in his favor. The U.S. did not take their failure lightly. President Kennedy encouraged his brother to carry out an ‘ongoing secret war’. This was called Operation Mongoose. It included bombing sugar mills and factories, burning farms, weekly raids in Cuba and supplying guerrillas within the country with arms. This was an example of low intensity warfare. The CIA even went so far as to plotting to frame Castro if NASA’s mercury rocket exploded while in flight. In August 1961, Richard Goodwin, Kennedy’s advisor, flew to South America for a secret meeting with Che Guevara to broker a deal. Che promised that Cuba would cut down its military ties with the Soviet Union, stop exporting revolution and compensate U.S. companies it had expropriated in the 1960s in return for an end to U.S. involvement in Cuba. Castro had sent a pack of Kennedy’s favorite cigars as a gift. Instead of meeting Cuba halfway, Kennedy took their concessions as a sign of Castro’s weakness ad decided that this was the best time to strengthen their attack. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Countering these threats, Castro formed an economic and military alliance with the Soviets. Militarily weaker than NATO, Nikita Khrushchev who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War wanted to install nuclear missiles on Cuba to which Castro agreed, believing it would guarantee Cuba’s safety and so in October of 1962, nuclear missiles rolled into the country. The U.S. blockaded Cuba and found themselves face to face with Soviet ships. What America did now know was that there were already nuclear weapons on the island. They were later discovered through aerial reconnaissance, thus sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Castro was convinced that the U.S. would launch a nuclear attack. The U.S. saw the missiles as offensive but Castro insisted they were for defense only. Castro wanted Khrushchev to threaten a nuclear strike on the U.S. in case Cuba was attacked. The world was on the brink of a nuclear war and people everywhere waited with bated breath for the crisis to unfold. However, Khrushchev had no intentions of starting a nuclear war. He knew that U.S. missiles outnumbered them and the Soviet Union had already suffered enough during World War I and II. Soon after, Khrushchev made a secret agreement with the U.S. to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba and for the removal of their missiles from Turkey. Castro was unaware of this and was furious at Khrushchev. He demanded U.S. to end its embargo and stop violating Cuban air space and territorial waters. The U.S. ignored these demands. Even though the idea of assassinating Castro wasn’t dead yet, another assassination was impending; the assassination of President Kennedy. The day he was shot, his envoy was negotiating with Castro in Cuba but the meeting came to an end when word reached Cuba of Kennedy’s death. Meanwhile, a CIA officer was meeting with a spy in the Cuban military to give him a poisoned pen with which he could kill Castro. The spy was not impressed and left. CUBAN COMMUNIST PARTY Castro later visited the USSR and returned with new ideas. Soon after, his mother died and this was the last time that Castro’s personal life was in the news. In the years that followed the Cuban Communist Party was formed and Castro became its First Secretary. He spent the next few years visiting countries like Chile, Panama, Nicaragua and other leftist countries in Europe and Africa to support their governments. In 1967, while Che was supporting revolution in Bolivia, the CIA hired an exile to kill him. He was captured and executed. PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO In 1976, Castro became President with Cuba becoming a one-party state under Communist Party rule; the first of its kind in the western hemisphere. Industry and businesses were nationalized, and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society. He opposed drug use, gambling and prostitution. He wanted people to be hard working and have self-discipline, integrity and respect their family values. Castro proclaimed himself to be “a Socialist, a Marxist, and a Leninist”. He used themes of socialism and nationalism together. In the years following his presidency, he supported foreign revolutionary groups abroad in the hope of toppling world capitalism, sending Cuban troops to fight in the Yom Kippur War, Ogaden War, and the Angolan Civil War where he helped left-wing government fight South-African backed rebels. By the 1980s, Cuba’s economy was in trouble again. Desperate for money, Cuba’s government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for U.S. electronic goods through Panama. Many Cubans fled to Florida and this eventually led to a mass exodus of around 125,000 Cubans to the U.S via Mariel port. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became Secretary-General of the Soviet Communist Party. A reformer, he implemented measures to increase freedom of the press and economic decentralization in an attempt to strengthen socialism. Castro feared that the reforms would weaken the socialist state and allow capitalist elements to regain control. Gorbachev conceded to U.S. demands to reduce support for Cuba, with Soviet-Cuban relations deteriorating. Gorbachev told Castro that he was ending subsidies for Cuba. Following the Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991, Castro led Cuba into its economic “Special Period”. This was a time period when petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. Between 1989 and 1993, Cuban economy dropped by a third. To recover from this, Castro brought back tourism and the U.S. dollar. Cuban Americans were allowed to remit dollars to their relatives in Cuba. In August 1994, the most serious anti-Castro demonstration in Cuban history occurred in Havana, as 200 to 300 young men began throwing stones at police, demanding that they be allowed to immigrate to Miami. Within months, more than 35,000 people left Cuba in flimsy rafts and boats, prompting a migration agreement with the United States to allow a minimum of 20,000 legal entry visas to Cubans annually. Drowning in economic problems, Castro decided to forge alliances in the Latin American Pink Tide – namely with Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela – and join the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas in 2006. The alliance boosted the economy. RAÚL CASTRO TAKES OVER Castro’s health was worsening quickly from fainting spells at a public rally to smashing his left knee as he fell on the steps of Che Guevara mausoleum to sustained intestinal bleeding. As a result, he transferred his responsibilities to Vice-President Raúl Castro in 2006. Commenting on Castro’s recovery, U.S. President George W. Bush said: “One day the good Lord will take Fidel Castro away”. Hearing about this, the atheist Castro ironically replied: “Now I understand why I survived Bush’s plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me.” In 2008, Raúl formally assumed presidency but he continued to consult Fidel on matters of great importance as he described his brother as ‘no substitutable.’ Following his retirement, his health didn’t get any better but he continued to meet foreign leaders. He made a few public appearances and in 2011, he resigned from the Communist Party central committee. Raúl took his place and is currently the President of Cuba.

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Child Growth, Shocks, and Food Aid in Rural Ethiopia AbstractChild stunting in Ethiopia has persisted at alarming rates, despite enormous amounts of food aid, often procured in response to shocks. Using nationally representative data, the study finds that while harvest failure leads to child growth faltering, food aid affected child growth positively and offset the negative effects of shocks in communities that received food aid. However, many communities that experienced shocks did not receive food aid. In sum, while food aid has helped reduce child malnutrition, inflexible food aid targeting, together with endemic poverty and limited maternal education, has left the prevalence of child stunting at alarming levels. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press. Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large. As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under "Related research" (further below) or search for a different version of it. Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Agricultural and Applied Economics Association in its journal American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Volume (Year): 87 (2005) Issue (Month): 2 () Contact details of provider: Postal: 555 East Wells Street, Suite 1100, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202 Phone: (414) 918-3190 Fax: (414) 276-3349 Web page: http://www.aaea.org/ More information through EDIRC Other versions of this item: - Takashi Yamano & Harold Alderman & Luc Christiaensen, 2003. "Child growth, shocks, and food aid in rural Ethiopia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3128, The World Bank. - Yamano, Takashi & Alderman, Harold & Christiaensen, Luc J.M., 2003. "Child Growth, Shocks, And Food Aid In Rural Ethiopia," 2003 Annual Meeting, August 16-22, 2003, Durban, South Africa 25838, International Association of Agricultural Economists. Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.: - Jayne, Thomas S. & Strauss, John & Yamano, Takashi & Molla, Daniel, 2002. "Targeting of food aid in rural Ethiopia: chronic need or inertia?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 247-288, August. - Jayne, Thomas S. & Strauss, John & Yamano, Takashi & Molla, Daniel, 2000. "Targeting Of Food Aid in Rural Ethiopia: Chronic Need or Inertia?," Food Security International Development Papers 54048, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics. - Roberts, Russell D, 1984. "A Positive Model of Private Charity and Public Transfers," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 92(1), pages 136-48, February. - Clay, Daniel C. & Molla, Daniel & Habtewold, Debebe, 1999. "Food aid targeting in Ethiopia: A study of who needs it and who gets it," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 391-409, August. - Anil B. Deolalikar, 1996. "Child nutritional status and child growth in Kenya: Socioeconomic determinants," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 8(3), pages 375-393. - Quisumbing, Agnes R., 2003. "Food aid and child nutrition in rural Ethiopia," 158, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). - Gibson, John, 2001. "Literacy and Intrahousehold Externalities," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 155-166, January. - Stefan Dercon & Pramila Krishnan, 2004. "Food Aid and Informal Insurance," Development and Comp Systems - Stefan Dercon & Pramila Krishnan, 2003. "Food Aid and Informal Insurance," Economics Series Working Papers WPS/2003-01, University of Oxford, Department of Economics. - Dercon, Stefan & Krishnan, Pramila, 2003. "Food Aid and Informal Insurance," Working Paper Series UNU-WIDER Research Paper , World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER). - Stefan Dercon & Pramila Krishnan, 2003. "Food aid and informal insurance," CSAE Working Paper Series 2003-01, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford. - Besley, Timothy J & Kanbur, S M Ravi, 1988. "Food Subsidies and Poverty Alleviation," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 98(392), pages 701-19, September. - Basu, Kaushik & Foster, James E., 1998. "On measuring literacy," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1997, The World Bank. - Engle, Patrice L. & Menon, Purnima & Haddad, Lawrence, 1999. "Care and Nutrition: Concepts and Measurement," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1309-1337, August. - Hoddinott, John & Kinsey, Bill, 2001. " Child Growth in the Time of Drought," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 63(4), pages 409-36, September. - Barrett, Christopher B., 2002. "Food security and food assistance programs," Handbook of Agricultural Economics, in: B. L. Gardner & G. C. Rausser (ed.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 40, pages 2103-2190 Elsevier. - Harold Alderman & John Hoddinott & Bill Kinsey, 2006. "Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 58(3), pages 450-474, July. - Alderman,Harold & Hoddinott, John & Kinsey, Bill, 2003. "Long-term consequences of early childhood malnutrition," FCND discussion papers 168, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). - Alderman,Harold & Hoddinott, John & Kinsey, Bill, 2003. "Long-term consequences of early childhood malnutrition," FCND briefs 168, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). - Harold Alderman & John Hoddinott & Bill Kinsey, 2004. "Long Term Consequences Of Early Childhood Malnutrition," HiCN Working Papers 09, Households in Conflict Network. - Pitt, Mark M & Rosenzweig, Mark R & Gibbons, Donna M, 1993. "The Determinants and Consequences of the Placement of Government Programs in Indonesia," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 7(3), pages 319-48, September. - Dercon, Stefan & Hoddinott, John, 2003. "Health, Shocks and Poverty Persistence," Working Paper Series UNU-WIDER Research Paper , World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER). - Robert Jensen, 2000. "Agricultural Volatility and Investments in Children," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(2), pages 399-404, May. - Rosenzweig, Mark R & Wolpin, Kenneth I, 1986. "Evaluating the Effects of Optimally Distributed Public Programs: ChildHealth and Family Planning Interventions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(3), pages 470-82, June. - Alderman, Harold & Watkins, Susan Cotts & Kohler, Hans-Peter & Maluccio, John A. & Behrman, Jere R., 2000. "Attrition in longitudinal household survey data," 96, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). - Christiaensen, Luc & Alderman, Harold, 2004. "Child Malnutrition in Ethiopia: Can Maternal Knowledge Augment the Role of Income?," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 52(2), pages 287-312, January. - Foster, Andrew D, 1995. "Prices, Credit Markets and Child Growth in Low-Income Rural Areas," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 105(430), pages 551-70, May. - Becker, Gary S, 1983. "A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 98(3), pages 371-400, August. This item has more than 25 citations. To prevent cluttering this page, these citations are listed on a separate page. reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.Access and download statisticsgeneral information about how to correct material in RePEc. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Oxford University Press) or (Christopher F. Baum). If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. If the full references list an item that is present in RePEc, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form. If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation. Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

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These images from the Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) provide a new and unprecedented look at one of the most unique and complex structures in the universe — a light-year wide ring of glowing gas around supernova 1987A, the nearest stellar explosion in 400 years, which occurred in February 1987. The STIS long-slit spectrograph viewed the entire ring system, dissecting its light and producing a detailed image of the ring in each of its component colors. Each color represents light from specific elements in the ring's gasses, including oxygen (single green ring), nitrogen and hydrogen (triple orange rings), and sulfur (double red rings). The ratio of the ring's brightness in different colors, emanating from the same elements, gives a measure of the concentration of the gasses. The light from different elements also identifies gasses at different temperatures. By dismantling the ring into its different puzzle pieces — its component elements — astronomers hope to put together a picture of stellar process and physics which created the ring. The ring formed 30,000 years before the star exploded and so is a fossil record of the final stages of the star's existence. The light from the supernova heated the gas in the ring so that it now glows at temperatures from 5,000 to 25,000 degrees Kelvin. Supernova 1987A is located 167,000 light-years away from Earth in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Object Name: SN 1987A Image Type: Astronomical/Illustration STIS images: George Sonneborn (GSFC) and NASA WFPC image: Jason Pun (NOAO) and SINS Collaboration, and NASA

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Sharing experiences of bottom-up planning: Integrated District Development Visions in Pakistan 10 September 2012 | News story Balochistan Province is rich in minerals and natural resources, but lacks strategic planning documents and has been embroiled in several internal and external conflicts. This situation presents significant challenges for sustainable development. The Integrated District Development Visions (IDDVs) are the result of extensive consultative process undertaken in several districts of Pakistan and facilitated by IUCN Pakistan. The resulting five IDDVs in Balochistan address identified priority sectors like poverty alleviation, livelihood diversification, natural resource management, disaster management, health and education, and have proved successful tools not only for planning but also for financing and implementing priority measures. The Government of Pakistan and IUCN jointly completed the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy in 1992 to strengthen environmental governance in the country facing continuing degradation of its resources. Many stakeholders realized that local level issues require prioritization and development planning in an integrated manner to ensure equitable and sustainable development. With the Local Government Ordinance of 2001 districts are required to have strategies. Based on its experience with facilitating planning processes at all levels and its local engagement, IUCN has assisted eleven districts in developing their IDDVs. IDDV preparation represents a new approach to planning in an organised manner at district level. It is the first serious effort at the local level to integrate environmental concerns into the development agenda. IDDV Development Committees are set up to oversee and guide the process in each district. The visions provide a framework for economic progress, human capital development and environmental sustainability in the District’s future course of action. After approval by the District Councils, these are legally protected documents. Synthesizing the experiences, a Handbook was published to provide guidance on the processes and mechanisms required to develop an IDDV to the full scale of stakeholders. The development of IDDVs has resulted in a range of successes. Firstly, the vision looks beyond the normal tenure of a local government, calling for coordination between departments in the district as well as the province, and for an integrated approach that optimally utilizes human and financial resources. Secondly, the IDDV model was developed for people at every level of governance to have access to the tools of environmental governance. Good governance is embodied in the participatory process itself. Thirdly, the process emphasises planning to improve the implementation of sustainable development. Therefore, after IDDV approval, a multiplicity of stakeholders is invited to partner with IUCN to implement approaches and provide funds for sectoral interventions based on IDDV recommendations. In Bagh Viala, for example, nine partners got engaged for transformation it into a ‘green village’. In Qwadar, all four PC-1 (mandated proforma for development projects), which were formulated after training on revised formal provided by IUCN and were based on priorities from IDDVs, were funded. Finally, this innovative planning process and its successes in the politically instable and environmentally fragile context of Balochistan exemplify that development targets including the global MDGs can only be achieved if adequate planning is undertaken and implemented at the local level. The process also contributes to building required capacities through capitalising on the potential of resource mobilisation and development of action plans. Overall, IDDVs operationalise sustainable development frameworks for local demands. For more information: Please visit www.iucn.org/pakistan and contact Miriam Kugele: Miriam.email@example.com

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From a young age, girls have always checked carefully whether their nails look beautiful because they are pretty much the only part of the body that can be covered in glitter or bright colors and still be considered stylish! But being on trend most of the time means neglecting nail health. Brittle nails, a common condition that occurs mostly in women, simply means weak, cracked, chipped, split, or peeled nails. This phenomenon is called onychoschizia, or splitting of the fingernails. Find out about the most common symptoms, causes, treatments, and home remedies for brittle nails. 1. Symptoms related to brittle nails 2. Causes of brittle nails 3. Home remedies for brittle nails 4. Brittle nails: frequently asked questions Symptoms related to brittle nails Like most people, you might be good at trimming, painting, or decorating your fingers and toenails, but how often do you indulge in the food they need? the Signs of brittle nails it may be that they are: - Frayed and torn - Slowly growing Nails, skin, hair, sweat and sebum glands are part of the integumentary system, which prevents excessive loss of moisture in the body and helps it regulate body temperature. But if brittle nails aren’t just about your nails, it can lead to: - Hair loss - Nails begin to fall off - Experiencing mood swings - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Top: So, if you notice any of the above symptoms, it is time to see your dermatologist soon. Causes of Brittle Nails Too much moisture: When your nails are in the water they swell and when they dry out they shrink. Likewise, this constant change dries out your nails completely, making them soft and removable. This can also be due to the use of excessive moisturizer on the hands or the use of harsh chemicals such as: Acetone found in nail polish remover. The repair: Use a nail straightener / hardener. It works as a protective, flexible film that the Strength of the nail At the same time, vitamins, minerals and nutrients are added to the nail plate and cuticle to promote growth. If your main goal is Growing nails, we recommend using a nail hardener. Too little moisture: Funnily enough, too little moisturizer can have negative effects on your nails too! When nails are hard, dry, and brittle it usually means a lack of moisture. This is usually seen in hot weather or during the winter months (a lack of moisture also leads to dandruff). This is also seen when the person excessively wets or dries the nails from activities such as hand washing, swimming, or washing dishes, which removes the moisture from the nails! The repair: You may want to use a moisturizer that contains lanolin or alpha hydroxy acids for your hands and nails. Also, buy a lanolin-rich nail conditioner. You should include this in your day or night care routine. Wet your hands thoroughly, especially your nails, every time you wash them. Age: As you age, the health of your nails changes and they often become dull and brittle. While toenails usually get thicker and harder, fingernails get thinner, softer and more brittle. Although there isn’t a specific age this happens when you do proper care, you can avoid this. The repair: Mani Pedi Every now and then (not too often) your solution might be because they file the nails properly to give them enough air to breathe and not let them grow into the skin, they also keep their firmness by removing excess dead cells and promote skin and nail rejuvenation. Iron deficiency: Do you have Shaped nails like the inside of a spoon? These concave or indented nails are usually caused by low iron levels in the body or anemia. Hemoglobin, a molecule that converts red blood cells loaded with fresh oxygen to improve the condition of your nail matrix, is made from iron. Without it, you will be stunted Nail growth. The repair: Beans, leafy green vegetables, dried fruits, iron fortified cereals, loaves of bread, and peas are some iron-rich foods that should be added to your daily diet. That said, your doctor will prescribe iron supplements for you if you regularly experience fatigue, chest pain, or extremely cold hands and feet. Hypothyroidism: A thyroid hormone regulates the body’s sweat, the body’s natural moisturizer. In addition to brittle nails, symptoms can include pain, fatigue, drier hair, skin and nails, weight gain, hair loss, constipation, depression, and other memory problems. The condition causes a person’s body to produce too many or too few hormones, which eventually affects the body’s absorption of minerals. As a result, the nails usually split off from their beds. The repair: If your diet is missing foods like eggs, sweet potatoes, and almonds, experts recommend a daily dose of 2.5 mg biotin to reduce brittleness. However, keep in mind that you will not see instant results, however it will take several months and do not forget to see your doctor before you start taking it. Below are some other things you can try: - Selenium consumption - Start with vitamin B supplements - Sugar-free diet - Gluten free diet Raynaud’s Syndrome: This condition, characterized by poor blood flow in the extremities, affects the blood vessels and prevents your hands and feet from getting adequate blood flow, which in turn affects nail health. Doctors usually prescribe calcium channel blockers like amlodipine or nifedipine, or alternatives like losartan, fluoxetine, or sildenafil. The repair: There are many solutions to repair brittle nails such as nutritional supplements, acupuncture to improve blood flow to the nails, and biofeedback which is guided imagery to raise the temperature of the hands and feet, deep breathing, and other relaxation exercises. Top: Avoid the use of detergents and harsh soaps as these are a major cause of being brittle as well unhealthy nails. Home remedies for brittle nails - Soak lemon juice and olive oil: This soak naturally penetrates the cuticle to repair and strengthen the skin damaged nails. - Beer bath: Beer has many natural, friendly minerals that are good for strong nail and hair growth. - Sea salt bath: This is a technique commonly used in spas as it softens the cuticle and gives it a brilliant shine. - Coconut oil massage: Coconut oil is an excellent nourishing and moisturizer for the nails and even prevents all types of nail infections. - Apple cider vinegar bath: Who doesn’t have apple cider vinegar in the pantry? This inexpensive technique supplies the nails with the minerals they need. - Vitamin E oil massage: Like coconut oil, vitamin E oil acts as a moisturizer. - Tea tree oil drops: It heals brittle nails caused by fungal infections. Note that you need to dilute the tea tree oil with a carrier oil before applying it. - Lemon Juice Swipe: Strengthening and lightening the nails by removing the ugly yellow stain left by excessive nail color. Top: Most of these remedies should be tried at night as this is the time when the body can rejuvenate and repair itself. Brittle nails: frequently asked questions Q. Is disinfectant bad for the nails? A. Just like hand washing, frequent use of disinfectant causes brittle nails due to its high concentration of drying alcohol. So to protect yourself and your nails, try to avoid the area around your nails until you can wash your hands properly or opt for non-alcoholic disinfectants. Q. Does nail polish make nails brittle? A. Almost all nail polishes contain drying ingredients that draw moisture out of the nail plate and weaken it. We recommend removing the varnish after five days before the formulas are removed down to the nail bed. Then give the nails a few days off before hitting the color again. Unfortunately, even nail polish removers loaded with acetone are bad for the nails. Also read: How to care for brittle nails at home Subscribe to our YouTube channel Comments are closed.

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|When one person tries to control another, you can always expect some kind of reaction from the controlee. The use of power involves two people in a special kind of relationship - one wielding power, and the other reacting to it. This seemingly obvious fact is not usually dealt with in the writings of the dare-to-discipline advocates. Invariably, they leave the child out of the formula, omitting any reference to how the youngster reacts to the control of his or her parents or teachers. They insist, "Parents must set limits," but seldom say anything about how children respond to having their needs denied in this way. "Parents should not be afraid to exercise their authority," they counsel, but rarely mention how youngsters react to authority-based coercion. By omitting the child from the interaction, the discipline advocates leave the impression that the child submits willingly and consistently to adults' power and does precisely what is demanded. These are actual quotes from the many power-to-the-parent books I've collected along the way: - "Be firm but fair." - "Insist that your children obey." - "Don't be afraid to express disapproval by spanking." - "There are times when you have to say 'no'." - "Discipline with love." - "Demonstrate your parental right to lead." - "The toddler should be taught to obey and yield to parental What these books have in common is advocacy of the use of power-based discipline with no mention of how children react to it. In other words, the dare-to-discipline advocates never present power-based discipline in full, as a cause-and-effect phenomenon, an action-and-reaction event. This omission is important, for it implies that all children passively submit to adult demands, perfectly content and secure in an obedient role, first in relationships with their parents and teachers and, eventually, with all adult power-wielders they might encounter. However, I have found not a shred of evidence to support this view. In fact, as most of us remember only too well from our childhood, we did almost anything we could to defend against power-based control. We tried to avoid it, postpone it, weaken it, avert it, escape from it. We lied, we put the blame on someone else, we tattled, hid, pleaded, begged for mercy, or promised we would never do it again. We also experienced punitive discipline as embarrassing, demeaning, humiliating, frightening, and painful. To be coerced into doing something against our will was a personal insult and an affront to our dignity, an act that devalued the importance of Punitive discipline is by definition need-depriving as opposed to need-satisfying. Recall that punishment will be effective only if it is felt by the child as aversive, painful, unpleasant. When controllers employ punishment, they always intend for it to cause pain or deprivation. It seems so obvious, then, that children don't ever want punitive discipline, contrary to what its advocates would have us believe. No child "asks for it," "feels a need for it," or is "grateful for it." And it is probably true, too, that no child ever forgets or forgives a punitive parent or teacher. This is why I find it incredible that the authors of power-to-the-parent books try to justify power-based discipline with such statements - "Kids not only need punishment, they want it." - "Children basically want what is coming to them, good or bad, because justice is security." - "Punishment will prove to kids that their parents love them." - "The youngster who knows he deserves a spanking appears almost relieved when it finally comes." - "Rather than be insulted by the discipline, [the child] understands its purpose and appreciates the control it gives him over his own impulses." - "Corporal punishment in the hands of a loving parent is entirely different in purpose and practice [from child abuse]....One is an act of love; the other is an act of hostility." - "Some strong-willed children absolutely demand to be spanked, and their wishes should be granted." - "Punishment will make children feel more secure in their - "Discipline makes for happy families; healthy relationships." Could these be rationalizations intended to relieve the guilt that controllers feel after coercing or committing acts of physical violence against their children? It seems possible in view of the repeated insistence that the punishing adult is really a loving adult, doing it only "for the child's own good," or as a dutiful act of "benevolent leadership." It appears that being firm with children has to be justified by saying, "Be firm but fair"; being tough is acceptable as long as it's "Tough Love"; being an autocrat is justifiable as long as you're a "benevolent autocrat"; coercing children is okay as long as you're not a "dictator"; and physically abusing children is not abuse as long as you "do it lovingly." Disciplinarians' insistence that punishment is benign and constructive might be explained by their desire that children eventually become subservient to a Supreme Being or higher authority. This can only be achieved, they believe, if children first learn to obey their parents and other adults. James Dobson (1978) stresses this point time and time again: - "While yielding to the loving leadership of their parents, children are also learning to yield to the benevolent leadership of God Himself." - "With regard to the specific discipline of the strong-willed toddler, mild spankings can begin between 15 and 18 months of age....To repeat, the toddler should be taught to obey and yield to parental leadership, but that end will not be accomplished overnight." It's the familiar story of believing that the ends justify the means. Obedience to parental authority first, and then later to some higher authority, is so strongly valued by some advocates of punitive discipline that the means they utilize to achieve that end are distorted to appear beneficial to children rather than harmful. The hope that children eventually will submit to all authority is, I think, wishful thinking. Not all children submit when adults try to control them. In fact, children respond with a wide variety of reactions, an assortment of behaviors. Psychologists call these reactions "coping behaviors" or "coping mechanisms". The Coping Mechanisms Children Use Over the years I have compiled a long list of the various coping mechanisms youngsters use when adults try to control them. This list comes primarily out of our Parent Effectiveness Training (P.E.T.) and Teacher Effectiveness Training (T.E.T.) classes, where we employ a simple but revealing classroom exercise. Participants are asked to recall the specific ways they themselves coped with power-based discipline when they were youngsters. The question yields nearly identical lists in every class, which confirms how universal children's coping mechanisms are. The complete list is reproduced below, in no particular order. Note how varied these recurring themes are. (Can you pick out the particular coping methods you employed as a youngster?) - Resisting, defying, being negative - Rebelling, disobeying, being insubordinate, sassing - Retaliating, striking back, counterattacking, vandalizing - Hitting, being belligerent, combative - Breaking rules and laws - Throwing temper tantrums, getting angry - Lying, deceiving, hiding the truth - Blaming others, tattling, telling on others - Bossing or bullying others - Banding together, forming alliances, organizing against the adult - Apple-polishing, buttering up, soft-soaping, bootlicking, currying favor with - Withdrawing, fantasizing, daydreaming - Competing, needing to win, hating to lose, needing to look good, making others - Giving up, feeling defeated, loafing, goofing off - Leaving, escaping, staying away from home, running away, quitting school, - Not talking, ignoring, using the silent treatment, writing the adult off, keeping one's distance - Crying, weeping; feeling depressed or hopeless - Becoming fearful, shy, timid, afraid to speak up, hesitant to try anything new - Needing reassurance, seeking constant approval, feeling insecure - Getting sick, developing psychosomatic ailments - Overeating, excessive dieting - Being submissive, conforming, complying; being dutiful, docile, apple-polishing, being a goody-goody, teacher's pet - Drinking heavily, using drugs - Cheating in school, plagiarizing As you might expect, after parents and teachers in the class generate their list, and realize that it was created out of their own experience, they invariably make such - "Why would anyone want to use power, if these are the behaviors it - "All of these coping mechanisms are behaviors that I wouldn't want to see in my children [or my students]." - "I don't see in the list any good effects or positive behaviors." - "If we reacted to power in those ways when we were kids, our own children certainly will, too." After this exercise, some parents and teachers undergo a 180-degree shift in their thinking. They see much more clearly that power creates the very behavior patterns they most dislike in children! They begin to understand that as parents and teachers they are paying a terrible price for using power: they are causing their children or students to develop habits, traits, and characteristics considered both unacceptable by most adults and unhealthy by mental health professionals.

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Interestingly enough, all GPS trackers that you find on the market today are very similar. Even though they may look different, or may be priced very different, they all have the same basic principal. First, a little background on GPS or Global Positioning Systems. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. Consisting of 27 satellites at an altitude of 12,550 miles above surface, each satellite circles the earth twice per day. The GPS system consistently delivers high performance and high accuracy position and timing information, thanks to the hard work of the men and women of the US Air Force’s 2nd Space Operations Squadron and the Air Force Reserve’s 19th Space Operations Squadron. Together, these highly skilled members keep the GPS satellites flying 24/7 with high availability and high accuracy for both citizens and military users alike. Each GPS tracker contains a very sensitive GPS receiver. By using trilateration, the GPS receiver is able to determine the position in space and time. Each GPS satellite continuously transmits precise timing information that can be used to calculate the distance from the GPS tracker to the GPS satellite. Knowing that the information is transmitted at the speed of light, one can calculate the distance (ignoring relativistic differences for simplicity). After the distance is calculated from 4 or more satellites, the receiver is able to determine its position. After the GPS tracker determines the location, it must transmit that information to a GPS tracking server. This server is hosted on the internet, and receives position information from thousands of GPS trackers in real time. Normally, a GPS tracker will transmit its position information via a cellular connection to the main GPS tracking server. However, 2-way satellite technology does exist, and allows certain GPS trackers to communicate where no cellular infrastructure exists. Imagine a cruise ship in the middle of the ocean. This position information is then stored in a database, and made available to the end user via a secured channel. Data is generally retained in the database for several months to a year depending on the tracking provider. Hopefully this helps clarify some of the mysteries involved with GPS trackers.

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Definition of Tumor, sweat gland Sweat gland tumor: A benign (harmless) skin tumor called a syringoma that derives from cells related to sweat glands. (These particular specialized cells are scientifically referred to as eccrine.) Syringomas tend to appear during puberty or adult life. They consist of small bumps 1-3 millimeters in diameter which form underneath the surface of the skin. The most frequent site is the eyelids and around the eyes, but other areas of the body can also be affected (arm pits, lower abdomen, vulva). There may be only one or a few lesions in a localized area or numerous lesions covering a wide area. Syringomas more frequently affect women and do have an hereditary basis in some, but not all, cases. They are also associated with the following genetic conditions: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Treatment of syringomas can be a problem due to their number and location on the eyelids and face. One method that seems to be effective and creates minimal scarring is the use of a hair removal electric needle. The needle is inserted into the lesion and short bursts of low voltage electricity destroy the tumor. A CO2 has been reported to be useful in treating these tumors (Kang WH. Dermatologic Surgery 1998 Dec;24:1370-4).Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary Last Editorial Review: 8/28/2013 Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z Search Medical Dictionary

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Ancient Tales and Folk-lore of Japan, by Richard Gordon Smith, , at sacred-texts.com Click to enlarge 57. The Spirit of the Tree Appears to Kotaro and the Old Man IN the year 1716 of the Kyoho Era—191 years ago—there lived at Momoyama Fushimi, an old gardener, Hambei, who was loved and respected for his kindliness of nature and his great honesty. Though a poor man, Hambei had saved enough to live on; and he had inherited a house and garden from his father. Consequently, he was happy. His favourite pastime was tending the garden and an extraordinarily fine plum tree known in Japan as of the furyo kind (which means 'lying dragon'). Such trees are of great value, and much sought after for the arrangement of gardens. Curiously enough, though one may see many beautiful ones, trees growing on mountains or on wild islands, they are very rarely touched except near the larger commercial centres. Indeed, the Japanese have almost a veneration for some of these fantastic furyo-shaped trees, and leave them alone, whether they be pines or plums. The tree in question Hambei loved so much that no offer people could make would induce him to part with it. So notoriously beautiful were the tints and curves of this old stunted tree, large sums had many times been offered for it. Hambei loved it not only for its beauty but also because it had belonged to his father and grandfather. Now in his old age, with his wife in her dotage and his children gone, it was his chief companion. In the autumn he tended it in its untidiness of dead and dying leaves. He felt sorry and sympathetic for it in its cold and bare state in November and December; but in January he was happily employed in watching the buds which would blossom in February. When they did bloom it was his custom to let the people come at certain hours daily to see the tree and listen to stories of historical facts, and also to stories of romance, regarding the plum tree, of which the Japanese mind is ever full. When this again was over Hambei pruned and tied the tree. In the hot season he lingered under it smoking his pipe, and was often rewarded for his care by two or three dozen delicious plums, which he valued and loved as much almost as if they had been his own offspring. Thus, year after year, the tree had become so much Hambei's companion that a king's ransom would not have bought it from him. Alas! no man is destined to be let alone in this world. Some one is sure, sooner or later, to covet his property. It came to pass that a high official at the Emperor's court heard of Hambei's furyo tree and wanted it for his own garden. This dainagon sent his steward, Kotaro Naruse, to see Hambei with a view to purchase, never for a moment doubting that the old gardener would readily sell if the sum offered were sufficient. Kotaro Naruse arrived at Momoyama Fushimi, and was received with due ceremony. After drinking a cup of tea, he announced that he had been sent to inspect and make arrangements to take the furyo plum tree for the dainagon. Hambei was perplexed. What excuse for refusal should he make to so high a personage? He made a fumbling and rather stupid remark, of which the clever steward soon took advantage. 'On no account,' said Hambei, 'can I sell the old tree. I have refused many offers for it already.' 'I never said that I was sent to buy the tree for money,' said Kotaro. 'I said that I had come to make arrangements by which the dainagon could have it conveyed carefully to his palace, where he proposes to welcome it with ceremony and treat it with the greatest kindness. It is like taking a bride to the palace for the dainagon. Oh, what an honour for the plum tree, to be united by marriage with one of such illustrious lineage! You should indeed be proud of such a union for your tree! Please be counselled by me and grant the dainagon's wish!' What was Hambei now to say? Such a lowly-born person, asked by a gallant samurai to grant a favour to no less a person than the dainagon! 'Sir,' he answered, 'your request in behalf of the dainagon has been so courteously made that I am completely prevented from refusing. You must, however, tell the dainagon that the tree is a present, for I cannot sell it.' Kotaro was greatly pleased with the success of his manœuvres, and, drawing from his clothes a bag, said: [paragraph continues] 'Please, as is customary on making a gift, accept this small one in return.' To the gardener's great astonishment, the bag contained gold. He returned it to Kotaro, saying that it was impossible to accept the gift; but on again being pressed by the smooth-tongued samurai he retracted. The moment Kotaro had left, Hambei regretted this. He felt as if he had sold his own flesh and blood—as if he had sold his daughter—to the dainagon. That evening he could not sleep. Towards midnight his wife rushed into his room, and, pulling him by the sleeve, shouted: 'You wicked old man! You villainous old rascal! At your age too! Where did you get that girl? I have caught you! Don't tell me lies! You are going to beat me now—I see by your eyes. I am not surprised if you avenge yourself in this way—you must feel an old fool!' Hambei thought his wife had gone off her head for good this time. He had seen no girl. 'What is the matter with you, obaa San?' 1 he asked. I have seen no girl, and do not know what you are talking about.' 'Don't tell me lies! I saw her! I saw her myself when I went down to get a cup of water!' 'Saw, saw—what do you mean?' said Hambei. 'I think you have gone mad, talking of seeing girls!' 'I did see her! I saw her weeping outside the door. And a beautiful girl she was, you old sinner,—only seventeen or eighteen years of age.' Hambei got out of bed, to see for himself whether his wife had spoken the truth or had gone truly mad. On reaching the door he heard sobbing, and, on opening, beheld a beautiful girl. 'Who are you, and why here?' asked Hambei. 'I am the Spirit of the Plum Tree, which for so many years you have tended and loved, as did, your father before you. I have heard—and grieve greatly at it—that an arrangement has been made whereby I am to be removed to the dainagon's gardens. It may seem good fortune to belong to a noble family, and an honour to be taken into it. I cannot complain; yet I grieve at being moved from where I have been so long, and from you, who have so carefully tended to my wants. Can you not let me remain here a little longer—as long as I live? I pray you, do!' 'I have made a promise to send you off on Saturday to the dainagon in Kyoto; but I cannot refuse your plea, for I love to have you here. Be easy in your mind, and I will see what can be done,' said Hambei. The spirit dried its tears, smiled at Hambei, and disappeared as it were into the stem of the tree, while Hambei's wife stood looking on in wonder, not at all reassured that there was not some trick on her husband's part. At last the fatal Saturday on which the tree was to be removed arrived, and Kotaro came with many men and a cart. Hambei told him what had happened—of the tree's spirit and of what it had implored of him. 'Here! take the money, please,' said the old man. Tell the story to the dainagon as I tell it to you, and surely he will have mercy.' Kotaro was angry, and said: 'How has this change come about? Have you been drinking too much saké, or are you trying to fool me? You must be careful, I warn you; else you shall find yourself headless. Even supposing the spirit of the tree did appear to you in the form of a girl, did it say that it would be sorry to leave your poor garden for a place of honour in that of the dainagon? You are a fool, and an insulting fool—how dare you return the dainagon's present? How could I explain such an insult to him, and what would he think of me? As you are not keeping your word, I will take the tree by force, or kill you in place of it.' Kotaro was greatly enraged. He kicked Hambei down the steps, and, drawing his sword, was about to cut off his head, when suddenly there was a little puff of wind scented with plum blossom, and then there stood in front of Kotaro the beautiful girl, the Spirit of the Plum Tree! 'Get out of my way, or you will get hurt,' shouted Kotaro. 'No: I will not go away. You had better kill me, the spirit that has brought such trouble, instead of killing a poor innocent old man,' said the spirit. 'I don't believe in the spirits of plum trees,' said Kotaro. 'That you are a spirit is evident; but you are only that of an old fox. So I will comply with your request, and at all events kill you first.' No sooner had he said this than he made a cut with his sword, and he distinctly felt that he cut through a body. The girl disappeared, and all that fell was a branch of the plum tree and most of the flowers that were blooming. Kotaro now realised that what the gardener had told him was true, and made apologies accordingly. 'I will carry this branch to the dainagon,' said he, 'and see if he will listen to the story.' Thus was Hambei's life saved by the spirit of the tree. The dainagon heard the story, and was so moved that he sent the old gardener a kind message, and told him to keep the tree and the money, as an expression of his sorrow for the trouble which he had brought about. Alas, however, the tree withered and died soon after Kotaro's cruel blow and in spite of Hambei's care. The dead stump was venerated for many years. 322:1 Old woman.

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You already know that too much sugar is bad for you. The problem with sugar is that it is a fast-absorbing carbohydrate that spikes blood sugar and blood-insulin levels. Sugar is an intrinsic part of the onset of diabetes, so it is no wonder that you and many other dieters are looking for ways to reduce your intake. The problem begins when dieters are looking for the taste of sugar without the health problems associated with sugar itself. This is why sweeteners exist in the first place: if you were only bothered by the healthiness of a food, you’d never need sweeteners. In reality, food has a large cultural and psychological role in your day-to-day life, and the taste and sensation of eating is as much a part of why you do it as the role it plays in survival and nutrition. There have been many controversies recently and the health and fitness world is always looking for something to make noise about. Artificial, zero-calorie sweeteners have received a great deal of this criticism simply because they are “too good to be true” with many influential sources suggesting a link between sweeteners (such as aspartame) and cancer. Despite the fact that excessive sugar intake (and the obesity it contributes to) is more likely to cause cancer than any form of sweetener, this controversy has brought a lot of attention to sweeteners and the respective industry. Are sweeteners healthy? Do they cause cancer? Can they really be sweet and still contain zero calories? Today, we’re going to take you through the real cost of sugar-free sweeteners and dispel some of the myths and rumors surrounding them. What are Artificial Sweeteners? Artificial sweeteners are zero-calorie, sugar-free flavorings that add sweetness to a food or product, using a wide variety of chemical compounds to induce a sweet taste similar to sugar. These products even exist on a scale of sweetness, with many sweeteners existing between 60% and 90% of the sweetness of sugar. These products are designed to provide the same mouth-sensation as sugar without the same negative metabolic effects. Many sweeteners contain non-digestible forms of sugar, or forms that are significantly lower-calorie than sugar itself (by volume). Many of these are sugar alcohols — a chemical alteration on traditional sugars that are less acidic and contain considerably fewer calories than sugar. These have some effect on blood sugar, but considerably less than their sucrose (table sugar) alternatives. Obviously, consuming an excessive quantity of sugar-alcohol sweeteners is an easy way to cause metabolic damage, but the sheer quantity required is much greater than in traditional sugar or sugar-based products. The Benefits of Artificial Sweeteners The most obvious benefit of artificial sweeteners is that they aren’t sugar. Sugar has a variety of negative effects when consumed in excess: metabolic damage, contribution to obesity, and tooth decay. Sweeteners have no effect on some of these, and considerably less than sugar on others. For example, sweeteners tend not to contribute to tooth decay and have a significantly smaller glycemic load. Swapping high-sugar content foods for sweetened foods is a simple way to reduce the risk of developing diabetes, although it is important to remember that this is still a plausible risk. Many sweeteners are also considerably lower-calorie than sugar, or simply zero-calorie. These forms of sweetener tend to be non-digestible, meaning that you can taste them but your body will not be able to digest them and burn them for fuel. This means that your body cannot utilize these compounds as a source of metabolic fuel, or that it does so with the result of less than 1 calorie. This makes sweeteners a great choice for those looking to alter bad habits, reduce overeating, and control their overall calorie intake. The 50g of sugar found in many single-serving ice creams or fizzy drinks is equitable to 200 calories — replacing this with sweeteners is an easy way to significantly reduce calorie intake, or remove it completely. The important thing to note is that sweeteners are primarily used, and should be used, in the production of junk foods. This means that they are reducing the overall health burden of already-unhealthy foods. There may be concerns over the effects of these sweeteners, but when they are used to replace a huge quantity of sugar, there are clear health benefits to their use. Why Have Sweeteners Been Criticized? Criticisms against sweeteners have been generally devised along two simple lines of argument: “sweeteners cause cancer” and “sweeteners are bad for digestive health.” These are the most common forms of argument that you’ll see on the internet, and they’re the two that have attracted the most scientific research. 1. Do Sweeteners Cause Cancer? This argument has primarily been made against the sweetener aspartame. This chemical is one of the most popular forms of sugar-free sweetener and has primarily been used in the development of diet sodas. Aspartame is a sugar alcohol that has been at the center of the debate around the health risks associated with artificial sweeteners and has received unfair attention. In the United States, you are likely to consume artificial sweeteners such as aspartame all the time — whether knowingly or not. The health effects of aspartame and other artificial sweeteners have been greatly exaggerated — a recent meta-analysis of studies on artificial sweeteners has suggested that there is no significant risk associated with these chemical sweeteners. The most common claim made against sweeteners is the potential to increase the rate of bladder cancer, but this has yet to be demonstrated in humans. Rat studies suggest an increased prevalence of cancer with certain compounds, but we’ve seen before how the positive and negative effects of certain compounds (such as Garcinia cambogia) do not translate from rodent studies to humans. It is easy to see why these shocking results in rodent studies could lead to sensationalism in the media. The media is always looking for a story, and the risk of cancer in common sodas is a great one, but the scientific evidence does not back-up the claims that aspartame causes cancer. This is similarly true of the wide variety of modern sweeteners on the market: the FDA has approved aspartame and others as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS). The FDA might have its flaws, but their approval of these compounds ensures that the balance of evidence points to their safety. 2. Do Artificial Sweeteners Cause Digestive Problems? While there are no real concerns about artificial sweeteners and cancer, concerns persist regarding less-severe conditions such as digestive discomfort and diarrhea. These are more evidence-based, as many reviews by customers suggest that non-sugar sweeteners tend to result in poor bowel movements and general stomachache. These are well-evinced concerns — for the past few decades, the science has borne out the legitimacy of stomach issues caused by the consumption of large quantities of sweeteners. The real question, however, is related to the dose-response basis of these concerns. The scientific research suggests that there is a risk of sweetener-induced digestive problems, but that this is unlikely to occur at the kind of dose seen in a single can of diet soda. The real problem is excessive consumption, or consumption in products that are not expected to contain artificial sweeteners. The development of more recent artificial sweeteners also poses an interesting challenge to this. Sweeteners that have been connected to digestive problems are considered to be “older”, and are currently being replaced by a newer generation of sweeteners. One such sweetener, designed specifically to combat the problems associated with excessive sweetener consumption, is erythritol. Erythritol is a new-age sweetener designed to be more palatable, reduces digestive discomfort, and offers a much safer alternative to regular high-dose sweeteners. Early research and reviews suggest a much higher threshold for comfortable consumption. There are still possibilities for digestive discomfort associated with these new-age sweeteners, but it is important to note that the overall consumption necessary for these side-effects is far beyond the recommended consumption of junk foods, which leads us to the most important part of using sweeteners. 3. Practical Problems: Do Sugar-Free Sweeteners Actually Help? The most underrated criticism of sweeteners is that they provide a “band-aid” approach to developing a healthy diet, with an unsustainable approach to reducing high-sugar foods. Replacing sugary foods with foods that taste sugary may have some positive effects on your overall metabolic profile, but they provide a relatively poor approach to improving overall dietary intakes. If you have serious dietary concerns about the digestive problems of consuming 5 cans of diet soda, the larger problem is your overall dietary quality. Nobody should be consuming these products in huge quantities like this — the point of diet sodas is not to totally replace a poor 5-cans-a-day diet, but to begin the process of reducing overall consumption. Diet sodas, and other sweetened products, are not a replacement for high-quality dietary fluids such as water (including fruit-infused) or green teas. Sweeteners are, first and foremost, a way of providing damage control to junk foods. This was mentioned above but it remains important to note that these products should not make up a large part of your diet. While they may not be as damaging as conventional sodas and other junk foods, their dietary value is still minimal. The best way to characterize the health effects of sweeteners not as healthy, but as less-awful than high-sugar foods. The Larger Problem: Food Culture vs Nutrition The use and criticisms of artificial sweeteners are indicative of the larger problem that we have with food and nutrition. American food culture is one that prioritizes taste and mouth-feel over the health and fitness benefits of food. Improving your long-term health and fitness depends on undoing this approach to food. The best approach to improving your overall health for the long-term is to view food as a source of fuel and nutrients rather than as an excuse to indulge your baser desires. Sweeteners can be a great way to bridge this process, reducing the negative health effects while you improve the quality of your diet. The mouth-sensation of a healthy food may not be as satisfying as fast food or low-quality store-bought foods, but a simple change towards increasing consumption of fresh produce and healthy whole foods. Food education is a small part of our cultural and educational system — food is seen as a way to relax and binge, but this contributes to the 2/3 of Americans who struggle with weight management. Breaking free of this psychological pattern of dependence is as simple as spending a month away from the types of foods and situations that focus on mouth-sensation rather than nutritional value. This takes a bit of self-awareness: are you the kind of individual who eats 3 well-balanced meals, but continues to snack on high-sugar foods? Do you struggle to structure a meal that contributes to your overall satiety and nutritional needs? Developing a strategy specific to your needs requires you to know what those needs are, and where your weaknesses lie. Sweeteners are a great way to help with this, but they should be seen as a short-term crutch to a long-term break from these low-quality, unhealthy foods. Overview: What IS the Real Cost of Sugar-Free Sweeteners? When compared to the costs of a high-sugar diet, there are no real reasons to be concerned about the intake of sugar-free sweeteners. The health implications of consuming high-sugar soft drinks are considerably greater for cancer risks, obesity, metabolic derangement, and digestive environment damage than sweetener consumption. This is an important piece of context that is often left out of the ‘sugar vs sweetener’ debate. Switching from a high-sugar diet to a diet that includes foods with artificial sweeteners will contribute to overall health, but is still inferior to cutting these foods out completely (even if this is more difficult). Sweeteners and the criticisms of them are, however, indicative of a deeper health problem that is running rampant in the United States. Food has become a psychological dependence and the culture surrounding food focuses on the relaxing, stress-relieving properties rather than the objective health benefits associated with a healthy diet free from (or at least designed to mitigate) high-sugar food intake. Minimally, we can say that sweeteners are better for you than sugars — they are less likely to contribute to the development of Type-2 diabetes, dental damage, and the calorie-density risks of sugars. Sweeteners should be considered the same way that multivitamins are: as a short-term crutch to aid in the transition towards a better overall diet, rich in nutrient-dense foods to replace them with. Action Steps: Tips for Reducing Sugar Intake - Replace all high-sugar drinks with sweetened drinks, or healthier alternatives. - Spend a month without ANY of the trigger foods that you associate with binging or “comfort eating”. - Foster an attitude that views food as a source of nutrients and fuel, rather than a way of making yourself happy. - Begin replacing diet sodas with health-promoting drinks like green tea or water with effervescent or fruit infusion. - Weihrauch, M. R., and Diehl, V. “Artificial sweeteners—do they bear a carcinogenic risk?.” Annals of Oncology. 2014, 15.10: 1460-1465. <https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/15/10/1460/170200> - Hodoniczky, Jason, Carol A. Morris, and Anne L. Rae. “Oral and intestinal digestion of oligosaccharides as potential sweeteners: A systematic evaluation.” Food chemistry 132.4 (2012): 1951-1958. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814611017869> - Storey, D., et al. “Gastrointestinal tolerance of erythritol and xylitol ingested in a liquid.” European journal of clinical nutrition 61.3 (2007): 349-354. <https://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v61/n3/abs/1602532a.html> - Noda, K., K. Nakayama, and T. Oku. “Serum glucose and insulin levels and erythritol balance after oral administration of erythritol in healthy subjects.” European journal of clinical nutrition 48.4 (1994): 286-292. <http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/8039489>, AND - Ishikawa, Masashi, et al. “Effects of oral administration of erythritol on patients with diabetes.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 24.2 (1996): S303-S308. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230096901129>

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The New Deal: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT ADDRESS Franklin D. Roosevelt Speeches October 31, 1932 At Indianapolis [the President] spoke of my arguments, misquoting them. But at Indianapolis he went further. He abandoned argument for personalities. . . . The Administration attempts to undermine reason through fear by telling us that the world will come to an end on November 8th if it is not returned to power for four years more. Once more it is a leadership that is bankrupt, not only in ideals but in ideas. It sadly misconceives the good sense and the self-reliance of our people. . . . The present leadership in Washington stands convicted, not because it did not have the means to plan, but fundamentally because it did not have the will to do. That is why the American people on November 8th will register their firm conviction that this Administration has utterly and entirely failed to meet the great emergency. The President complains, President Herbert Hoover, because I have charged that he did nothing for a long time after the depression began. I repeat that charge. It is true. I can further add to that charge by saying that from the time this report by Secretary of Commerce Hoover was published in 1923, for the six years that preceded the crash in 1929, he did nothing to put into effect the provisions advocated in 1923 against the possibility of a future depression. Instead of doing something during these six years, and especially the last year or two, he participated in encouraging speculation, when the sound business brains of the country were saying that speculation should be discouraged, and in spite of the fact that his own report in 1923 said that depressions are in large part due to over-speculation. He failed to prepare by positive action against the recurrence of a depression. On the contrary—the exact contrary—he intensified the forces that made for depressions by encouraging that speculation. . . . Immediate relief of the unemployed is the immediate need of the hour. No mere emergency measures of relief are adequate. We must do all we can. We have emergency measures but we know that our goal, our unremitting objective, must be to secure not temporary employment but the permanence of employment to the workers of America. But when the President speaks to you, he does not tell you that by permitting agriculture to fall into ruin millions of workers from the farms have crowded into our cities. These men have added to unemployment. They are here because agriculture is prostrate. A restored agriculture will check this migration from the farm. It will keep these farmers happily, successfully, at home; and it will leave more jobs for you. It will provide a market for your products, and that is the key to national economic restoration. One word more. I have spoken of getting things done. The way we get things done under our form of Government is through joint action by the President and the Congress. The two branches of Government must cooperate if we are to move forward. That is necessary under our Constitution, and I believe in our constitutional form of government. But the President of the United States cannot get action from the Congress. He seems unable to cooperate. He quarreled with a Republican Congress and he quarreled with a half Republican Congress. He will quarrel with any kind of Congress, and he cannot get things done. . . . I decline to accept present conditions as inevitable or beyond control. I decline to stop saying, "It might have been worse.” I shall do all that I can to prevent it from being worse but—and here is the clear difference between the President and myself—I go on to pledge action to make things better.

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$248.00 donated in past month From the Open-Publishing Calendar From the Open-Publishing Newswire Indybay FeatureRelated Categories: International | Environment & Forest Defense The Antarctic Ice Sheet Is Growing? The climate change deniers never miss a chance to tell us that research is showing the Antarctic ice sheet is actually growing. That sounds like the total amount of ice is increasing and things are just fine......the globe isn't heating up if it's not happening there......right? That IS enough to make some people disbelieve the climate scientists because, after all, no one wants to think the climate is going to steadily get worse. We all secretly hope that the deniers are right. Yes, the Antarctic ice sheet is growing in height in the central region, but making just that one point is very misleading and quite dishonest. There is an enormous amount of research that has been conducted on the poles and there is much more to the story than just the increase in snow in the middle of the continent. Indeed the coast is where the real action is. The leading U.S. climate scientist Dr. James Hansen responded via email saying "The most precise data on the mass of the ice sheets, from the gravity satellite, show that, overall, Antarctica is losing mass, as is Greenland, even though East Antarctica is gaining a small amount of mass." "All of the models, and the observations, have the central parts of Greenland and Antarctica growing faster because of global warming. This is a consequence of warmer air holding more moisture, thus increasing snowfall. But the net effect of warming on both continental ice sheets is mass loss, the increased melting being a larger effect than the increased snowfall. He also said "The fact that West Antarctica is shedding mass at a substantial rate, even though there is only small warming of surrounding sea surface temperatures, is a telling fact in my opinion, and a likely consequence of the warming ocean at depth, which affects the ice shelves that buttress West Antarctica, as discussed in our paper "Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study."" Apples and Oranges But the reason that the North Pole is melting so much faster (last years summer minimum shattering the previous record of 2005) than the South Pole is very easy to understand. The South Polar Ice Sheet is two miles thick. That means that the ice is at an altitude of over ten thousand feet where the temperature is much colder than a mere six or so feet as at the North Pole. This makes it impossible for the slight rise in global mean temperature to have any affect at all in the south accept around the edges of the continent. Also, it sits on a continent rather than on water that is above freezing - as in the north. The ice in the north is an average of 6 to 12 feet thick and is being warmed from beneath as well as above. This has a much larger impact on the North Polar Ice Cap. Dr. Hansen also pointed out that the ozone hole (the portion of the lowest ozone being roughly the size of the Antarctic ice sheet) is letting more heat escape into the atmosphere as the ozone is a greenhouse gas. The South Pole is quite literally the coldest place on Earth, and it always will be much colder than the North Pole no matter how much global warming occurs. The Greenland Ice Sheet is very similar to the South Pole and the research shows that it, too, is melting at an accelerated pace around the edges. "....between 1996 and 2005, they detected a widespread glacier acceleration and consequently an increased rate of ice discharge from the Greenland ice sheet," write three climate scientists in an article for RealClimate.org of research published after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report was written. It would seem that the north and south poles should react the same, but because of these gigantic differences they cannot. Antarctica is not the canary in the mine..........the canary is the Arctic, and it's telling the scientists that things are changing faster than they had thought possible. 1] Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study 2] 2007 Ozone Hole 'Smaller Than Usual', 10/4/07 3] The Greenland Ice,3/2/06 Here is a another article about the power of the oceans on the climate. Think Not 'Global' Warming - Think 'Oceans' Warming

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The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in all parts of the world with very different consequences: In developed countries, infections occur only very rarely. In countries with a shortage of clean water and poor sanitation, the virus can lead to epidemics with countless infections. The virus is robust and survives even high temperatures and disinfectants. Around the globe, an estimated 1.4 million people are infected with hepatitis A each year. In Switzerland, 60 to 100 cases of hepatitis A were reported every year over the last few years. Because only some of the infected fall ill, the number is probably up to four times as high. An acute hepatitis A infection always leads to lifelong immunity. It never develops into a chronic illness. Because the hepatitis A virus is eliminated via the digestive system, it is transmitted mainly through contaminated drinking water or food. Mussels or vegetables, which have been fertilised with faecal manure, are particularly dangerous. Further ways of transmission are close personal contact, in particular sexual contact (especially men who have sex with men), or inadequate hand hygiene. Infection occurs most often when travelling in countries with low hygienic standards. That is why hepatitis A is sometimes called “travellers’ hepatitis”. Everyone who is not vaccinated against hepatitis A or has not gained immunity through a past infection can fall ill. Most at risk are people in developing countries with poor sanitation. In Switzerland, it was injecting drug users who typically became infected in the past. Today it is people who travel to tropical countries, the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe who are most likely to catch the virus. Men who have sex with men and employees who come into contact with faeces also face an increased risk of infection. In small children, the infection usually does not present any symptoms. In 50 to 70 per cent of adults, an acute hepatitis A occurs, accompanied by nonspecific symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract. The incubation period is 15 to 50 days. Signs can be mild flu symptoms, fatigue, headaches and a slight fever, often accompanied by nausea, constipation or diarrhoea. Eyes and skin can become yellow. Most symptoms will subside after a few weeks. The infection is never chronic and always leads to lifelong immunity. Raised levels of certain liver enzymes in the blood indicate a hepatitis A infection. Close examination of the hepatitis A virus antibodies shows if it is a recent infection or immunity from an old infection. Only vaccination provides reliable protection against hepatitis A. The hepatitis A vaccine, as well as the combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, has been proven to be highly effective and safe. Two injections six months apart provide lifelong protection. Doctors recommend the vaccine before travelling to high-risk regions, for high-risk groups of people and for patients with chronic liver disease or another hepatitis infection. You can reduce the risk of an infection with hepatitis A by avoiding contact with contaminated faeces and by maintaining the following hygiene standards when eating and drinking (especially in developing countries): - Only drink bottled drinks - Avoid ice cubes and ice cream - Eat only fruit you peeled yourself - Beware of salad, raw vegetables and seafood - Wash your hands often and with soap, especially after using the toilet When travelling, adhere to the motto: Cook it, boil it, peel it or leave it. There is no antiviral therapy nor are there any other medicines available to treat hepatitis A. Recovery from an acute hepatitis A infection requires bed rest and can take several weeks or months of taking it easy. A balanced, low-fat, high carbohydrate diet and drinking sufficient fluids are important. Alcohol and liver-harming medicines should be avoided in order to not burden the liver further. Hepatitis A patients are not contagious, as long as the rules for hand hygiene are being followed when caring for or touching a patient.

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Historical Events In 1617 Saturday, 16 February 2019 Jan 01 In the year 1617 hendrick Goltzius, Dutch painter/cartoonist/engraver, dies Jan 17 On this day in history pieter C Bockenberg, Dutch historian, dies at 68 Feb 04 Louis Elsevier, Dutch publisher, dies at about 76 in the year 1617. Feb 06 On this day in history prosper Alpinus, Italian physician/botanist, dies at 63 Feb 09 In the year 1617 hans Christoph Haiden, composer, dies at 44 Mar 04 On this day in history arcangelo Crivelli, composer, dies at 70 Mar 09 Sweden & Russia sign Peace of Stolbowa in the year 1617. Mar 20 On this day in history franciscus Aguilon, physicist/theologist/mathematician, dies at 50 Apr 03 Antimo Liberati, composer on this day in history. Apr 04 John Napier, Scottish mathematician/inventor (logarithms), dies on this day in history. Apr 24 In the year 1617 carlo Concino, French marquis of Ancre/state advisor, murdered May 07 On this day in history david Fabricius, German astronomer, dies at 53 May 23 In the year 1617 elias Ashmole, antiquary Jun 28 Johan Evertsen de Captain, Swiss admiral, dies in battle in the year 1617. Aug 08 Adriaan W "Joris" van Geel, Flemish missionary (Bantu Dictionary) on this day in history. Aug 13 Johann A Quenstedt, German Lutherian theologist on this day in history. Aug 23 On this day in history 1st one-way streets open (London) Aug 23 First one-way streets established (London) in the year 1617. Sep 27 Johan Earnest count of Nassau-Siegen, dies in the year 1617. Oct 02 On this day in history isaac Oliver, miniature painter, dies Oct 09 Peace of Pavia (Spain & Savoye) on this day in history. Oct 11 In the year 1617 franchois Vranck, economist/writer (Deduction), dies at about 62 Oct 31 Laurens Reael resigns as governor-general of East-Indies on this day in history. Nov 10 Barnabe Rich, English soldier and writer on this day in history. Nov 22 Ahmed I, 14th sultan of Turkey (1603-17), dies in the year 1617. Dec 16 In the year 1617 spanish viceroy Hernando Arias de Saavedra founds provinces Rio de la Plata (Argentina)/Guaira (Paraguay)

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“Our vision is a world without Alzheimer’s.” So says the Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death, and affects scores of people daily. According to the “International Alzheimer’s Disease International” and “BUPA” (originally, the British United Provident Association), in their co-written “World Alzheimer Report 2013,” Alzheimer’s disease is an epidemic. The report does not mince words. It states that “more attention needs to be paid to maintaining and enhancing quality of life; helping those affected, and their families to ‘live well with dementia’.” Three worldwide conferences, held in three international capitals in September 2013, were designed to address the global impact of Alzheimer’s disease during World Alzheimer’s Month, which falls in September. The first event was held in Washington, D.C. The other two events were in London and Beijing. The report which arose out of these conferences did not mince words either. The report states, “Ten-fold increases in research funding are needed to re-energise the work on dementia prevention, treatment and care.” The figures alone in this report are frightening: the number of people, worldwide, living with the disease will triple from 44 million today to 135 million by 2050. Because of aging Baby Boomers in the United States alone, health officials expect to see the number of cases rise to nearly 14 million by 2050. The report also includes six, no compromise, recommendations for leaders of nations around the world and their healthcare systems. In response to the report’s findings of a global Alzheimer’s epidemic, “Alzheimer’s Disease International” and “Home Instead Senior Care” have joined together to host Living with Alzheimer’s: A Journey of Caring World Alzheimer Report 2013 Release & Roundtable Discussions. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease is vital, and early detection incredibly crucial. However, many Alzheimer’s sufferers try to hide their symptoms, and thus get no assistance until their disease has significantly progressed. You can view a chart on “Early Symptoms Alzheimer’s,” a customer relationship site of a pharmaceutical company. It offers helpful information if you ever wonder “Is it Alzheimer’s?” concerning yourself or a loved one. Make a list of any concerns you uncover while looking over this chart. Be sure to write down your concerns and questions about these warning signs and then take these notes with you to your friend’s, relative’s, or your own, doctor’s visit. There are many, many sites devoted to the importance of early detection. A particularly helpful site is also one of the best. It is aptly named “The Alzheimer’s Early Detection Association” (AEDA). You can also call at 312-335-5191. Their goal is “to educate everyone about the warning signs of Alzheimer’s, the importance of early detection, and the resources available to help.” The Alzheimer’s Association says that symptoms can vary, but they offer a list of seven stages of the disease. These range from “No impairment” to “Mild Cognitive Decline” to “Very Severe Cognitive Decline.” Realize that symptoms can overlap, so be specific when you go to the physician. He or she can then make the best-informed diagnosis so that you, or your loved one, can start treatment right away. A diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is always a shocking one. It’s hard news to digest. If you, or a loved one, are told Alzheimer’s is in your future or the future of a loved one, seek answers, seek assistance, and seek the best way to manage symptoms. And, remember, you are not alone in this fight. (This is the first of two columns dealing with Alzheimer’s disease. Next month we will cover Current Research, Living with Alzheimer’s, and Advocacy. Then, subsequent columns will focus on different types of Dementia other than Alzheimer’s (some even reversible.) Finally, we’ll begin a second series, also on Dementias. We’ll cover how we can all help to prevent Dementia, and we’ll also debunk the many accepted “facts” which are actually myths about the aging brain. To contact Margie or gain access to her earlier columns, email her at email@example.com)

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Compared to other animals, humans are pretty terrible navigators. We’re blind to ultraviolet light, and have no real read on the magnetic field; spin us around a few times and we’ll get discombobulated enough to stumble face-first into the nearest wall. All this goes to say, we’re very much shackled to devices that can do this dirty work for us. Which makes it that much tougher when these systems fail due to inaccurate pinpointing or a faulty signal. But today, in the journal Science Robotics, a team of French scientists unveils new technology that just might bolster our future travels: AntBot, an insect-inspired walking robot that models its navigational capabilities on those of—you guessed it—ants. Thrust out into the cold, unforgiving world, AntBot is able to scuttle homeward by capitalizing on three crucial pieces of intel: its location relative to the pattern of polarized light in the sky, the movement of the ground through its field of view, and the number of steps it’s taken. Though the technology is still in its early stages, AntBot already navigates with a high rate of success, even in various weather conditions that might befuddle some traditional positioning systems. “This is remarkable,” says Viktor Gruev, an engineer who studies bio-inspired systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, but was not involved in the study. “This paper shows an excellent way of taking desert ants’ different senses… and integrating them into a very elegant solution to recreate navigational capabilities.” Human-made navigation systems have done wonders for the modern world, but they still have some serious deficits. GPS, for instance, has poor resolution at small distances, and is often stymied in the presence of tall buildings or big geological landmarks, like canyons. But despite their lack of access to cutting-edge technology, animals like desert ants have had the whole navigation thing figured out for millennia. Even when separated from their nests by hundreds of meters—thousands of times the lengths of their own bodies—these intrepid insects can make a beeline (or antline) home via the fastest possible route. The key, it seems, is the ants’ ability to tune in to three cues. First, they count their own steps (sans Fitbit, of course). Second, they track how objects in their environment, like the ground beneath their feet, whiz through their field of view. And third, they take note of the angle of their path with respect to the polarization pattern of ultraviolet light in the sky, which scatters out reliably depending on the position of the Sun. By blending these three sources of information together, the ants can essentially gauge where they are and how fast they’re moving. “The task of navigation is complicated, but animals have all these clever strategies,” says study author Stéphane Viollet, a bioroboticist at Aix-Marseille University in France. “You need only three pieces of information... It’s very simple in the end.” Scientists have known about these strategies for years, and AntBot is just one of many biology-inspired robots to tackle the challenge of navigation. But the new six-legged robot, designed and constructed by a team led by Viollet, is the first to suit up with two optical sensors that, together, help nail this particular trifecta of ant exploration. To test AntBot’s navigational prowess, the team sent it roaming in sunny Marseille, France. Treading like a cautious six-legged spider, AntBot explored a small area, measuring about 10 feet by 13 feet, in meandering zigzags, mimicking the movements of a foraging desert ant. Once it had satisfied its wanderlust, the robot set its gaze homeward—and the true test began. When the team monitored AntBot’s ability to zero in on the fastest path back to its starting point, with minimal deviations, the robot sailed through with only the occasional inch or two of error. Because its optical sensors could see in ultraviolet, AntBot even had success when the skies clouded over, blocking portions of visible sunlight. “Insects are marvels of engineering,” says Barani Raman, a bioengineer at Washington University in St. Louis who was not involved in the study. “This shows that... we should have more robotics based on insect-inspired solutions.” AntBot is still in development, but the team is already collaborating with car companies to incorporate these navigation techniques into existing systems. Eventually, the hope is that these tools will complement the deficits of GPS and other methods, and even help steer autonomous vehicles. And AntBot itself could eventually be put to work. Clocking in at just five pounds total, the robot traipses across terrain like a sturdy, six-legged spider. AntBot’s wheel-free design means it might do well on rough or rugged surfaces—places that other robots or humans are unable to access. That could really come in handy in the wake of natural disasters, says Xinyan Deng, a mechanical engineer and roboticist at Purdue University who was not involved in the study. Before any of that happens, though, there are a few kinks to work out. At the moment, AntBot isn’t sensitive enough to low levels of light to be functional when the sun sets (desert ants, too, are less active at night). And AntBot isn’t yet equipped with collision avoidance technology—something that’ll need to be addressed before it gets anywhere near a self-driving car. What’s more, the robot’s maximum range of travel is still only a few dozen feet; for AntBot to measure up to the navigational superpowers of its namesake, it would need to successfully traverse a few hundred miles—close to the distance between New York City and Washington, D.C., says study author Julien Dupeyroux of Aix-Marseille University. In other words, AntBot still has a ways to go. In the meantime, Deng says she’s already impressed with the robot’s capabilities. And while the technology was initially motivated by a biological phenomenon, Deng is enthusiastic about the possibility of this relationship becoming bidirectional. “There could be dual objectives,” she says. “The robot has a new sensing design, but on the other hand, it could provide biologists with a platform to decode how locomotion works in ants.” And ultimately, this goes to show just how powerful biological solutions can be, Deng says. Despite only having a few thousand neurons in their brains (compared to the billions in ours), desert ants work navigational wonders that humans have yet to fully achieve. “A lot of robotics applications rely on a lot of complicated sensors and machine learning,” Gruev says. “But we can take inspiration from these little ants and see how they accomplish simple navigational tasks with limited computational ability. You don’t need sophistication and complexity if you take a step back and think outside the box.”

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

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Introducing the Four Section Exposure Circle This post was updated 25 May 2015. I now use the term exposure time synonymous with shutter speed as exposure time corresponds better to the principles of the model. Having worked as a photography teacher for many years I have tried out different methods for teaching my students the basics of photography. Like so many others I have often referred to, and have had some success with, the exposure triangle. An other model that has come in handy is the analogy of filling cups of different sizes (ISO-settings) with water (light) from a tap with different openings (apertures) within a certain period of time (exposure time/shutter speed), the water pressure in the pipe representing the available light. Nevertheless, I have missed a model that could explain it all in one go, visually. That’s why I recently ended up developing the four section exposure circle (let’s name it FOURSEC for short). I don’t know if anybody else has done it. After I came up with the idea I’ve searched the internet for the same concept. So far I’ve only found a few other photographers that operate with a circle as a tool for explaining exposure, albeit all of them divide their circle, or «pie», into three sections representing the three settings that we find in the traditional exposure triangle: the ISO-setting, the aperture and the shutter speed (exposure time in my model). In my FOURSEC, however, I have added the value of lighting. Thus my model includes the available light as a part of the picture (pun intended). This is nothing new when it comes to exposure, of course, and we find this value also in the «water-tap analogy», and probably also in other analogies and explanations. The big difference is that my model links the value of lighting to the three settings of the exposure triangle in one single visual presentation. After all, the available light will be the basic value in all photography situations and our choices for the three settings are always (if we cannot control the light) determined by it. I believe the FOURSEC offers valuable help to beginners as it connects the exposure triangle settings directly to the actual photography situation. As the circle has to remain complete all the time, the model clearly shows that a change in the lighting necessitates an adjustment of at least one other setting, as well as allows for the adjustment of as many of the remaining settings as you wish. As a teacher I find this particularly beneficial when explaining the ISO-setting. If the amount of light is decreasing, you can for instance increase the ISO-setting. When reading fig. 1 and then fig. 2 we actually get a visual impression of the operation: the lighting section decreases while the ISO section increases. This visual impression should make the actual adjustment and the interaction of settings so much easier to understand and remember.Having increased the ISO-setting for operating in a darker environment, you might also want to reduce the exposure time to secure sharp images while working with your camera handheld. Now pretending that the sections representing lighting and ISO are fixed, the model tells us that in order to reduce the exposure time (section) we have to widen the aperture (section). Again the FOURSEC explains the situation perfectly (fig. 3). Please note that I by the term aperture refer to the actual opening and its physical size, not the f/number as the latter would not work in this model as a larger f/number means less light through the lens! As a photography teacher I see the advantage of including the available light in the model also in the sense that it helps students to see that there is no such thing as the one correct combination of settings, neither in itself nor for a certain lighting situation. And if one should wonder, more or less available light must lead to a change in one or more settings. These facts are obvious to the experienced. To the beginners they are not. I know. I teach them, and I have been asked questions over and over again that I know this model will help answer. It actually surprises me that I’ve never thought of this model before, or never have seen it developed by someone else. At the same time it doesn’t surprise me that much. Experienced photographers know things too well to see the issues from the beginners’ point of view. We do not see the blank spots in our explanations as we’ve already got the complete picture in our minds. In addition to being a tool for teaching/learning exposure as such, the FOURSEC can be used for visualizing the settings for a photograph when explaining how the picture was taken (fig. 4 below). It is important to note that the sections in the FOURSEC model cannot be compared to each other mathematically. The model does not work like a traditional statistics pie with sections derived from calculations based on one specific entity. Exposure time is measured in seconds. Apertures as such are measured in millimetres, and the value representing the camera’s sensitivity to light is, well ISO. Thus the FOURSEC is to be applied and read only as a symbolic reference to the lighting conditions and the camera settings. I hope my Four Section Exposure Circle will be of help both to teachers and students of photography when facing the basic challenges of exposure. See also this tutorial based on the model.

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CC-MAIN-2022-49

https://bildekommunikasjon.no/2015/05/25/the-exposure-triangle-explained-by-a-circle/

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en

The Dutch arrived on Mauritius, with devastating effect, during 1598, and it is highly doubtful if there were any red “hens” left a century later. Peter Mundy, an English traveller who penned fascinating reminiscences of his exploits, described the species as: A Mauritius henne, a Fowle as bigge as our English hennes…of which we got only one. It hath a long, Crooked sharpe pointed bill. Feathered all over, butte on their wings they are soe Few and smalle that they cannot with them raise themselves From the ground…They bee very good Meat, and are also Cloven footed, soe that they can Neyther Fly nor Swymme. Mundy was recalling events of 1638 and the fact that he and his companions got only a single individual surely indicates that the species was already rare. Earlier accounts suggest that the birds gathered in flocks and were fatally attracted to the colour red. By means of a piece of red material they could be induced to approach and then, of course, they were caught.

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CC-MAIN-2016-40

http://www.planetofbirds.com/gruiformes-rallidae-mauritian-red-rail-aphanapteryx-bonasia

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en

At the time of importing VG(Volume Group), VGDA(Volume Group Descriptor Area) is parsed by importvg command. On a single disk VG, 2 VGDAs exist. With second disk being added to the VG, first disk has two VGDAs and second disk has one. With third disk being added, the VGDA of first disk moves to third disk. Henceforth every additional disk being added to VGDA will have one VGDA. Quorum is a state of VG in which 51% or more VGDAs are available. Each VGDA acts as a vote for Quorum and ensures accessibility of PV(Physical Volume). Quorum is used by varyonvg command to decide whether a volume group should be varied on or not. If a VG has Quorum enabled then >= 51% of VGDAs should be available for VG to varyon. Otherwise VG will not be varied on. That means minimum 51% of Pvs should be available. If VGDAs count falls below 51%, VG gets varied off automatically. If a VG has Quorum disabled then all of the VGDAs should be available for VG to varyon. Once VG is varied on, then to keep it varied on only 1 VGDA is sufficient. Importance of Quorum The importance of Quorum concept lies in fact that if quorum is enabled and VGDAs fall below 51% then the data on VG may be corrupted if VG remains varied on. Thats why quorum enabled VG is varied off if quorum falls below 51%. This way data is safe on VG because disk I/O is stopped due to VG being varied off. Command To Enable/Disable Quorum For VG chvg -Qn vg_name n–> To Turn off Quorum. y–> To Turn on Quorum

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CC-MAIN-2019-04

https://www.worldiswelcome.com/quorum-what-it-is-and-why-is-it-needed/

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What is Asperger’s Syndrome Asperger’s Syndrome is a pervasive developmental disorder located on the milder end of the autistic continuum. Dr Hans Asperger is the Austrian psychiatrist who described in 1944 the behavioral disorders he found in many children. These children had a normal intelligence and language development but had significant problems in social interaction and communication. He called this disorder «autistic psychopathy». Unfortunately, at that time, Austria was part of Nazi Germany, and his work remained unnoticed by all. In 1981, Lorna Wing, a British child psychiatrist, unearthed the Austrian’s works and introduced the notion of Asperger’s Syndrome. She gradually convinced her colleagues throughout the world, and in 1994 Asperger’s Syndrome was officially recognised in the DSM IV. Asperger’s Syndrome is a neurological developmental disorder. More commonly found in boys than girls (1 girl for 4 to 8 boys according to different studies), it is at least in part hereditary. It cannot be cured, but educational and behavioural approaches can improve the prognosis. Asperger’s Syndrome affects social interaction, communication and cognitive perception. The deficits are often the result of information and sensory stimuli decoding problems. These misperceptions keep the person from responding appropriately to these stimuli. Indeed, the person cannot break the code of the messages he receives and then send clear messages himself. The inability to perceive contexts as a whole brings him to concentrate on details and get into a routine that can become very rigid to compensate for the fact that he cannot predict what is going to happen next, making him weary of surprises and the unknown. Asperger’s Syndrome is sometimes associated to other disorders such as attention deficit disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorder. The severity of the disorder can vary from one person to the next, but everyone shows most of the following symptoms in varying degrees: - Onset of the disorder around the age of 3 - Normal to superior intelligence - Social interaction and communication problems caused by the inability to read non-verbal language (body language, facial expressions, voice tone) - Apparently rich language, a lot of vocabulary but no real communication, echolalia (to repeat the same word or the same sentence). - A literal understanding of language and expressions (inability to understand puns or irony). - A peculiar tone of voice, a sometimes snobbish type of speech (sometimes with a foreign accent), a monotone voice with a peculiar prosody. - Absence, inappropriate or disproportionate use of body language and facial expressions (especially with strong emotions such as fear or anger). - Excessive attachment for certain objects, fixation on a specific subject (special interests such as dinosaurs, road maps, trains, weather, computers), obsessions and repetition, rituals. - Senses that are either hypersensitive (loud noises, bright light, food taste and texture, extreme cold or warmth), hyposensitive (no reaction to pain, extreme cold or warmth) or distorted (alteration of the visual field) - Naive socially. This makes them perfect victims since they are always honest and cannot feel their peers’ intentions. - Lack of coordination, sometimes a peculiar gait or walk or bad eye-hand coordination. - Exceptional memory, especially for facts and details. - Inclination for isolation and solitary activities (often when their senses are overloaded). - Self-stimulation behaviour (rocking, flapping, sounds), often in times of stress. In Canada , official diagnosis can only be performed by a psychiatrist in order to be recognized by service-providing governments. However, since waiting lists are very long (several months to a few years), many parents and adults seek the help of psychologists working in the private sector to get a complete assessment and a set of recommendations to start treatment as soon as possible. Parents are entitled to financial assistance from the provincial government (Régie des rentes) as well as from the federal government (Child Disability Benefit or tax break). You must also get a file open at your local CLSC to get the «Soutien à la famille» supplement if you need it. That file is also the only way you can make a service demand at your local CRDI (Centre de réadaptation en déficience intellectuelle : readapation centre for the intellectually disabled) in most areas. As of April 2003, these centres have been identified as the official service providers for all the autism and PDD clientele with or without an intellectual disability and regardless of age. It is also important to notify the school, since a diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome, PDD or autism entitles the student to help from the school system. The student will then get a «code» (the PDD code is 50) to get him the help of a shadow, a smaller classroom, professional services or any other help deemed necessary. Some Asperger’s students perform rather well in a regular classroom, but others need the help of a part to full-time shadow or even the setting of a classroom adapted to his needs (TEACCH-model classroom). No child has the same needs and the approach needs to be individualised. Here are some Web links to get more information on Asperger’s syndrome. In French : In English :

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CC-MAIN-2018-43

https://autisme-montreal.com/en/what-is-autism/aspergers-syndrome/

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When we consider a product, the brand and seller come to mind automatically. Even the distinctive logos, jingles, and colour schemes used on the product packaging stick in our minds. The trademark registration India of a product refers to the signs, symbols, logos, and jingles that give it its distinctive identity. An intellectual property that has grown remarkably important is the trademark. The value of a trademark and the rights grant to its owner upon registration are now widely understood by both product owners and manufacturers. There are various sorts of trademark registration that, once registered, grant the owner legal rights and protection. This article will explain the fundamentals of trademarks, the different types of trademarks, and the significance of each form of trademark certificate. How do trademarks work? It is a mark that effectively aids in identifying a product by setting it apart from similar-class goods and services. When there is market competition, it aids in product identification. According to Section 2(ZB) of the Trademark Act of 1999, a trademark certificate is defined as a mark that graphically represents, is capable of differentiating goods and services owned by one person from those of others on the market, and includes the design of the product, the combination of colours, and its packaging. The primary purpose of trademark registration in india is to distinguish it from other brands associated with the same class of goods and services. As a result, a distinctive mark serves this purpose. Any symbol, word, phrase, design, logo, or combination get protection from a trademark registration in India. It offers a product as a source of goods or services and an identity. The Trademark Act 1999 and common law in India both protect trademarks. According to the Trademark Act, trademark registration has not required. However, once registered, a trademark registration online gives its owner legal rights and protection for ten years, which is then extended upon renewal. A trademark registration in India has several advantages, including ease of marketing, establishing a distinctive identity, and serving as a source identification. Numerous trademark types: An Item's Mark: It is a mark only used on commodities or products, not services. The product's provider, reputation, and provenance are all shown by the product mark. Product marks have a use to describe trademark registration online applications made under class 1-34 of The Fourth Schedule To Trade Marks Rules, 2002. The Service Mark: Although it serves to identify a service and not a product precisely, it is comparable to a product mark. Service marks are applications for trademarks submitted under classes 35–45 of The Fourth Schedule To Trade Marks Rules, 2002. Typically, a wordmark device that operates to mark files is a trademark. A wordmark represents a brand when no other stylized or decorative components are present. The owner is permitted to use the wordmark in all manners, configurations, and representations; this registration provides the broadest legal protection for a trademark. LITTLE HEARTS and COCA-COLA are a couple of examples of registered work marks. In addition to the wordmark component, a device mark typically includes an aesthetic component like symbols or an artistic or graphical depiction. Typically, it includes a wordmark along with several creative components. Depending on the device mark, such components may include both trademarkable and non-trademarkable features. Such a mark protects the registered composite mark but not the individual components. A device mark's protection is only as broad as the colour scheme in which it is registered. However, a registered black-and-white device mark offers broader protection, allowing the owner to request colour protection for such a device registration. The owner often uses these marks to authenticate the origin, composition, caliber, method of production, or delivery of services, among other qualities of the items or services to which they are applied. Some examples of approved marks are the AGMARK, which is issued by the Director of Marketing and Inspection of the Government of India, and the ISI Mark, which is issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) This one is unusual compared to the trademark registration we have already looked at. An organisation or association of members will often use this sort of mark to set its products or services apart from those provided by non-members. The CA mark, which can only operate by registered members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, is a trendy illustration of this type of trademark. Such trademarks may be registered as series trademark registration online when an owner has many trademarks with the same or similar items, all of which appear to share a substantial similarity and differ only in non-distinctive character. Combinations of colours are protected as trademark registration online since they fall under the Trademark Act of 1999's definition of a trademark, which includes those terms. However, for a colour combination to register as a colour mark, it must be distinct, one-of-a-kind, and identify the product and its source. Orange will not be distinguished by a short red and yellow combo. For this form of a trademark to be registered, the colour must be particularly distinctive and recognizable by its target audience. To register a trademark, the graphic representation is necessary, and good markings are no exception. A sound must be in a form that makes it distinctive and recognizable by the customer after registering under the trademark. According to the TM Manual, some types of sounds prohibit from being registered as sound marks. These are what they are: - Using songs as chimes - simple musical compositions with only one or two notes, - child's nursery rhymes, - music that is closely related to a particular area, - popular music Before registering a trademark, it is crucial to understand the level of protection it offers the owner. The reason is that each one of them involves particular components and requirements. A trademark registration is a valuable weapon a proprietor can utilise to monetize his trademark and merchandise. Additionally, trademark registration online are a barrier between registered trademark owners and other market competitors. Lastly, a trademark serves as a tool that allows the owner to employ legal recourse to combat trademark infringement. As a result, a trademark must be given the highest consideration before registration.

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CC-MAIN-2023-06

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en

Good Fats vs. Bad Fats The simplest unit of fat is the fatty acid, comprised of a straight hydrocarbon chain terminating with a carboxylic acid group. The significance of the fatty acid is that it contains a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) end, and a non-polar hydrophobic (water-hating) end, rendering fat molecules insoluble (or non-dissolving) in water. This property makes digesting fats more complicated, requiring specific enzymes and acids (bile) to be broken down and absorbed into the body. Fatty acids are classified according to their chain length and number of double bonds. Saturated fats are long chain fatty acids with no double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids are characteristically shorter in length (than the saturated fat), and contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Monounsaturated fatty acids contain only one carbon-carbon double bond (omega-9 fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids contain at least 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds (omega-3 fatty acids). Triglycerides are the main storage form of fatty acids found in adipose tissue within the body. Fats or lipids classify many different compounds. The major role of fat within any biological organism is to serve as insulation, protection, and energy storage. Dietary fat is the main storage form of energy beyond glycogen, can be found as triglycerides in the adipose tissue in all animals, and constitutes the cellular membrane (phospholipid bilayer) of all living organisms. All foods contain varying amounts and types of fat. Fat supplies the most concentrated source of dietary calories, accounting for 9 calories (units of energy) per 1 gram of fat. Due to it's complex structure and energy density, the human body favors fat storage over using it for fuel. Chronic consumption of excess dietary fat quickly becomes the stored fat on our bodies. How much and what kind of fat in the diet will have a large impact on the health of an individual. The typical Standard American Diet (SAD) is riddled in large amounts of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol and omega-6 fatty acids, which increase a person’s risk for developing numerous chronic health problems including heart disease, diabetes, kidney and liver disease, cancer, obesity, thyroid disorder, autoimmune dysfunction, inflammatory diseases, and acne. For optimal health, it is best to take in limited amounts of good dietary fats, and to avoid a high fat diet in general. Saturated Fatty Acids Saturated fats are characterized by their ability to remain solid at room temperature, as well as their capacity to burn (oxidize) slower than unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain saturated fats are extremely difficult to break down in the human body, and are often the first to be stored as adipose (fat) tissue. Sources of long chain saturated fatty acids are found almost exclusively found in animal products, like meat, cheese, butter, eggs, poultry, fish. Some plant foods do contain small amounts of saturated fatty acids (coconut, nuts, peanuts, palm kernal oil). Coconut oil is a plant-based fat made of 100% short/medium chain fatty acids. It is the only recommended oil to use for cooking due to it's ability to burn clean and slow. It is also handled fairly easily by the body in terms of digestion compared to long chain saturated fats, such as butter. Excessive intake of saturated fats can be extremely detrimental to health, as has been linked to elevated cholesterol (LDL and total), increased blood pressure, and abdominal obesity; all of which are all major precursors to heart disease, diabetes, hormonal and immune dysfunction, and cancer. It is recommended that saturated intake not exceed 10% of an individual’s total daily calorie intake, or less than 20 grams/day. *Cholesterol is not an essential dietary component; it is manufactured by liver cells and extrahepatic tissue (approximately 1g/day). Dietary cholesterol directly contributes to elevated total cholesterol and LDL, predisposing an individual to heart disease. The American Dietetic Association recommends a total cholesterol intake of less than 200 mg/day. “Trans” fatty acid is the classification denoted to a fatty acid that has undergone the process of hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is a chemical process in which hydrogen bonds are infused into an unsaturated fatty acid (such as vegetable oil), changing its natural cis-configuration to a trans-formation. A trans-bond will allow the fatty acid molecule to extend into a linear shape (as opposed to a U-shape), rendering the trans fatty acid to be extremely stable at room temperature. This quality allows food products containing trans fats to have an extended shelf life. Trans fatty acids include partially hydrogenated fats and oils such as margarine, shortening, vegetable (frying) oils, and spreads. Trans fats are typically found in packaged, processed, and fast foods. Examples of trans fat containing foods include cakes, cookies, muffins, margarine and other vegetable oil-based spreads, crackers, doughnuts, pizza, French fries, fried foods, and chips. The average American consumes an estimated intake of 8.1 grams of trans fat per day, found in foods consistent with the Standard American Diet (SAD). Studies have indicated that trans fatty acids have the ability to raise total cholesterol and LDL levels, and decrease HDL levels. Any individual that consumes food items containing trans fat are at an increased risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, and cancer. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids are found predominantly in plant foods, and include both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These fats are typically liquid at room temperature, and oxidize (degrade) quickly when exposed to light and heat. Unsaturated fatty acids become toxic when cooked, so it is best to use them cold as condiments to cooked dishes and salads. Monounsaturated fatty acids are found in avocado, olives (olive oil), almonds, peanut butter, nuts, seeds, and most plant oils (sunflower,sesame, canola, and safflower). Polyunsaturated fatty acids are concentrated in foods like hemp seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds, but are also found in smaller dosages in green leafy vegetables and fruits. Polyunsaturated fatty acids include the essential fatty acids; linoleic (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic (omega-3). Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by human cells so they must be provided by the diet. Both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids exert major roles functional roles in growth and development, particularly of the brain, heart, skin and hair, bone, immune function, metabolism, reproductive organs. Omega-3 fatty acids exert natural anti-inflammatory properties, while omega-6's tend to be pro-inflammatory when taken in excess. The SAD diet typically contains up to 25x more omega-6 fatty acids compared to omega-3's, promoting widespread inflammation throughout the body. The ideal dietary ratio for the essential fatty acids is 1:6, omega-3:omega-6. Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids include fruits, vegetables (especially leafy greens), flax/hemp/chia seeds, walnuts, and some whole grains. Omega-6 fatty acids can be found in mostly in nuts/seeds and their oils, corn and corn products, as well grains (especially processed and refined). Gamma-linolenic acid another type of fatty acid created from linoleic acid (omega-6), and has been shown to reduce inflammation. Sources of gamma-linolenic acid include evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant seed oil. Omega-3 fatty acids have become very popular due to their anti-inflammatory properties and heart-health benefits. The long chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are synthesized from the short-chain, alpha-linolenic acids (omega-3s). EPA and DHA are necessary for both immune, heart, and brain health. High fat diets like the Atkins diet, Paleo diet, and standard American diet are very damaging to a person’s health. These diets recommend consuming high levels of fat, including both saturated fat and cholesterol. Whenever dietary fat is consumed in excess of need, it is first converted directly to adipose tissue, until conditions are right for the storage fat to be burned for fuel. In the instance of insufficient carbohydrate/calorie intake, such as with high fat/protein, low carbohydrate diets (Atkins and Paleo), fat and protein become the primary fuel source for the body. This energetic shift causes the metabolic machinery of the cells to switch to a mode known as gluconeogenesis, in order to create glucose (fuel) from non-carbohydrate substrates (fat, protein). The biochemical process of converting fat molecules to fuel is extremely energy demanding and inefficient compared to glycolysis (simple sugar burning). The physiological consquence of converting fat to fuel results in an overall decrease in metabolic rate (similar to starvation), the ketosis (toxic by-products of fat metabolism), malnutrition, and chronic dehydration. While these diets may result in short term weight loss (mostly water weight), they are not sustainable long term health and can result in organ failure (kidney/liver), depression, hypothyroidism, weight gain, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Low fat diets are the most ideal for optimal health and vitality, but that doesn’t mean plant-based fats should be excluded from the diet. It's important to focus on consuming plant fats as is found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds as opposed to oils. Studies have shown that overtly fatty plant foods consumed in their whole, fresh state, exert thermogenic properties due to their high antioxidant, fiber, and phytochemical content (check out this video). Nutritionally, plant fats take priority over animal fats due to their lack of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat. Whole plant fats also contain more nutrients, fiber, less total fat, higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, and more antioxidants per gram consumed compared to animal fats. Keep in mind also, that ALL foods contain some amount of fat. The chart below shows the varying percentages of fat in the most commonly consumed foods. · Lean Beef- 30% fat · Skinless chicken- 23% fat · Cheese- 60-80% fat · Butter, margarine, oils (including vegetable)- 100% fat. · Grains, beans, fruits, vegetables- <10% fat Only approximately 2% of total daily calories are required to fulfill essential fatty acid demands within the human body, which is enough to maintain health, hormone regulation, as well as provide the parts necessary for protection/insulation. The American Dietetic Association (ADA) recommends a total fat intake less than 30% of total daily calories, with a saturated fat intake less than 10%. Although, many plant-based doctors recommend a dietary fat intake between 5-15% for optimal health. For weight loss, pre-existing health conditions (heart disease, diabetes, cancer), or for optimal athletic performance (especially for endurance athletes), it is recommended to consume 5-10% of total daily calories come from fat, aiming for 30 grams or less of total fat per day. The best way to figure out how much fat you are getting in your diet is to visit www.cronometer.com and start tracking your food intake TODAY! Most people have no idea how much or what kind of fat they consume on a daily basis. Cronometer will show the complete nutritional content of individual foods consumed as well for fat calories and grams of total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as the essential fatty acids. If you have any questions please leave them in the comments below! Fat in your diet. http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/nutrition/fat.html Gropper, Smith, Groff.Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. 5th Ed.

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Family Dentistry – Keeping Your Loved Ones Healthy & Happy Yes, I Would Like An Appointment! Times have changed! Today, dentists are acknowledged as the primary oral health care provider, and oral health is recognized as a major cornerstone of general health. In addition, the state of your oral health often provides the first indications of major health problems. How does oral health affect general health? Scientists now suspect that bacteria in the mouth, often in infected gums, can move throughout the body. The worse the infection, the greater risk the bacteria will enter the bloodstream. Once there, it can… - increase arterial plaque, which restricts blood flow and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke - stimulate a hormone that can bring on a pre-term birth - increase your risk for kidney cancer - negatively affect risk and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease - exacerbate respiratory disease - impact rheumatoid arthritis - and more! Dentists are often the first to notice symptoms of hypertension, diabetes, oral cancers, and osteoporosis. Our role in general preventive medicine is becoming increasingly important. A recent survey indicates that most dentists take an active role in counseling patients on a variety of health issues. For example, smoking is now seen as possibly the major cause of periodontal disease, and dentists are at the forefront of proactive anti-smoking counseling. Our Dental Team Works For You! When patients come in for a checkup, they usually think they are going to see the dentist. In reality – the modern dental team is a group of professionals, each specially trained to provide you with services vital to your dental health. Success depends on the contribution of each team member. - It starts with the receptionist who sits at an intersection, handling scheduling, phone calls, insurance, and billing. They’re the “face” of Yellowbird Dental – it’s one of the most important jobs here because when you call or arrive at our practice, they’re the first person you see and hear. They’re also the first person your referrals hear when they call our practice, so they’re on top of their game 100% of the time to ensure a welcoming, comfortable atmosphere. - The office manager oversees the entire office and makes sure it’s running smoothly. You can think of them as traffic cops, creating and managing administrative policy and procedures, managing multiple important practice aspects all at once, like our team’s schedules, questions from our patients about treatment and finances, they coordinate with our suppliers, and so much more. - Modern dental work often requires four hands, and the dental assistant is an extra pair of hands in the operatory. The job entails handling infection control, supply tracking, radiographs, impressions… - The dental hygienist has training in science, health promotion, and communication, helps keep your teeth and gums clean and healthy, and makes a general assessment of your mouth and overall health. The hygienist's key concern is the prevention of dental disease. - The dentist's job is to make disease diagnosis and to treat it, restoring your teeth to health and function, and making sure you have the information to make educated choices about your oral health. - Then of course, there’s YOU, the patient. As your dental team, we are committed to preventing dental problems before they start. This means that you play an important role – brush, floss, come in for checkups, and ask questions!

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Table of Contents What is clove Carnation is a flower bud of the carnation tree. Evergreen is also referred to as Syzygium aromaticum. It is used in whole and ground shapes. This flexible spice can be used to season food, it can also be used as a way to add taste to hot drinks and cakes. You might know cloves as one of the main ingredients of gingerbread pastries or as the main spice used in Indian food. Clove is most known for its sweetness and fragrance. However, it is also often used in conventional medication. Animal research studies have found that substances in cloves can have numerous health benefits, especially for the liver and for stabilizing blood glucose levels. It contains essential nutrients Cloves contain fiber, vitamins, and minerals, so utilizing entire or ground cloves in order to add flavor to your food can supply necessary nutrients. One teaspoon (2 grams) of ground cloves consists of: Carbohydrates: 1 gram Fiber: 1 gram Manganese: 55% of the daily worth (DV). Vitamin K: 2% DV. Manganese is an essential mineral for preserving brain function and for growing stronger bones. Besides being an abundant source of manganese, Cloves are utilized only in percentages and do not offer considerable quantities of nutrients. Are cloves an antioxidant In addition to including several vital vitamins and minerals, clove is abundant in antioxidants. Antioxidants are substances that decrease oxidative stress, which can add to the development of persistent diseases. Clove also includes a compound called eugenol, which has been proven to serve as a natural antioxidant. Research studies have shown that eugenol stops oxidative damage caused by complementary radicals. It is five times more efficient than vitamin E, which is another effective antioxidant. Incorporating cloves into your diet alongside other foods that are rich in antioxidants can assist in enhancing your general health. It can help protect against cancer Some research suggests that the compounds discovered in cloves could assist in safeguarding against cancer. It has been proven that clove extract assist in stopping tumor development and promoting cell death in cancer cells. Other studies have reported similar results, showing that focused quantities of clove oil cause cell death in 80% of esophageal cancer cells. The eugenol found in cloves has also been shown to have anticancer properties. Research study has shown that eugenol promotes cell death in cervical cancer cells. However, bear in mind that these research studies utilized very concentrated amounts of clove extract, clove oil, and eugenol in test tubes. Eugenol is hazardous in large amounts, and an overdose of clove oil can cause liver damage, specifically in children. More research is needed in order to determine how lower quantities affect people. Does clove oil kill bacteria Clove has been revealed to have antimicrobial properties, which suggests that it can stop the growth of microorganisms like bacteria. Research studies have shown that clove essential oil has killed three common kinds of bacteria, including the E. coli, which is a type of bacteria that can trigger the gastrointestinal disorder. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of cloves can even help promote oral health. Substances drawn out from cloves have been found to stop the growth of 2 kinds of bacteria that are known to cause gum disease. Another study that has been conducted on 40 individuals tested the impacts of mouthwash that consisted of tea tree oil, cloves, and basil. After using this natural mouthwash for 21 days, reaserch showed an enhancement in gum health and the amount of plaque and germs in the mouth. Combined with routine brushing and appropriate oral health, the antibacterial effects of cloves can benefit your oral health. Clove is one of the ingredients in the proven antiparasitic program Detoxic. It can enhance liver health Studies show that the beneficial compounds in cloves can help promote liver health. The compound eugenol might be particularly beneficial to the liver. One animal research study fed mixes of fatty liver illness consisting of clove oil or eugenol to the rats. Both mixtures improved liver function, minimized inflammation, and reduced oxidative tension. Another animal research study revealed that eugenol, discovered in cloves, assists in eliminating the signs of liver cirrhosis or scars on the liver. It can help manage blood sugar level Research studies reveal that the compounds found in cloves can assist in keeping blood glucose under control. An animal research study found that clove extract moderately raised blood sugar levels in mice with diabetes. Another study conducted on animals studied the effects of clove extract and nigericin, a compound found in cloves, on human muscle cells, and mice with diabetes. Clove and nigericin have been found to increase blood glucose consumption in cells, boost insulin secretion and enhance the function of insulin-producing cells. Insulin is a hormonal agent responsible for transporting sugar from the blood to the cells. Correct functioning of insulin is required in order to keep a steady blood glucose level. Integrated with a well-balanced diet plan, cloves can help keep the blood sugar level balanced. More details on diabetes, and its prevention, can be found here. Helpful for bones Low bone mass is a condition that affects about 43 million older people in the United States alone. This can cause the development of osteoporosis, which can increase the risk of having ruptures and fractures. Some clove substances have been revealed to assist in maintaining bone mass in animal research studies. For example, an animal research study found that clove extract with a high eugenol material enhanced numerous markers of osteoporosis and increased bone density and strength. It can reduce stomach ulcers Some research studies conducted show that the substances found in cloves might assist in treating stomach ulcers. Also known as peptic ulcers, stomach ulcers are small wounds that can appear in the stomach lining, duodenum or esophagus. The most common cause of stomach ulcers is a decrease in the stomach’s protective lining, which results from stress, infection, and genetics. An animal study showed that clove essential oil increased the production of gastric mucus. Gastric mucous functions as a barrier and assists in avoiding erosion of the gastric mucosa caused by gastrointestinal acids. Another animal study shows that clove extract helps in dealing with stomach ulcers and shows results comparable to several anti-ulcer medications. Although the anti-ulcer results of cloves and their compounds may be appealing, further studies on their influence on humans are required.

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For my final project/paper, I want to write about how environmental social justice coincides with “natural” disasters, and more specifically the violations of environmental justice that occurred both pre and post hurricane Katrina. Katrina was the most destructive natural disaster our country has seen. It destroyed thousands of livelihoods, killed people, and displaced communities. However, the destruction may not be the most disturbing part of this horrifying event. Our government failed on a major level in preparing the people for the storm, and failed miserably in responding to the horrifying destruction in its wake. There was a disturbing apathy in disaster prevention before the storm hit on the local and national level. Those that were fortunate enough to have cars or know someone with a form of transportation had the opportunity to leave for higher ground and shelter. New Orleans has a very large minority and poor population. These populations tend to live on the historically cheapest land, which also tends to be the most susceptible land to pollution and disaster. Unfortunately, this means that when disaster struck, this population of people had little means of escaping the storm. The city did not provide viable mass public transportation out of the city, and many stayed in their low-lying homes to wait out the storm. One neighborhood that was affected most is the lower ninth ward, a historically poor and mostly minority neighborhood. The residents of the LNW had few resources to escape the storm, so many stayed in their homes. Katrina struck with more force than anyone could imagine, and the levy’s which were protecting these people from the raging water broke, sending a 20 foot wall of water to wipe away their homes and memories. Although the LNW was not the only neighborhood that experienced incredible destruction, I want to focus on it because those living there experienced first-class environmental racism and social injustice. New Orleans is an amazing city because of its diverse culture, lively music scene and most importantly its community’s infallible resilience. I’ve had the opportunity to see the city pre- and post Katrina. I visited New Orleans around 10 years ago, and my memories are limited to the standard visits to the vibrant French Quarter and Mississippi river. My second visit, a school service trip over this past winter break, was incredible in a much different way. We visited the lower ninth, touched the new levy, met locals, visited a school that has since risen from the hurricane ashes as a successful charter, and saw other memorable sights. The purpose of our service trip was to work on homes in Slidell that were damaged in Hurricane Isaac in August. Slidell is a middle class suburb outside of New Orleans in which many relocated to after Katrina. The neighborhood was scattered with seemingly unaffected homes and contrasting dilapidated homes still suffering from Isaac damage. The firsthand emotional experiences in New Orleans had made this paper more personal. As I write, I simultaneously mentally revisit the sights we saw throughout the trip. New Orleans is a city of contradictions; there is the French Quarter that was almost immediately restored after the storm, and there are poor neighborhoods such as the LNW only miles away that still remain in shambles without proper resources. It is obvious that the poor neighborhoods were neglected resources to rebuild while other areas were rewarded help. Environmental racism and classism is always the enemy of minorities and the poor in natural disasters, and this trend needs to end. It will be enlightening to research details of how the government failed to protect its citizens pre and post Katrina, understand if the failed system has been since fixed (Sandy?), and if not how we can prevent this level of neglect from every happening again. I also want to look into how climate change will increase the rate of disaster occurrences in the future, which will predictably impact low-income societies most. There are a ton of books on this topic that I am looking into, and endless first hand experiences recounted by victims. TED talk that speaks to disaster prevention: http://blog.ted.com/2012/12/26/11-talks-that-freaked-us-out-in-2012/

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One of the strongest and safest materials on the market, polycarbonate material offers exceptional strength and resilience. According to a Vision Service Plan article on the topic, polycarbonate was originally designed for canopies covering cockpits in fighter planes, offering an impact-resistant, yet optically clear window. In the 1970s, NASA used polycarbonate material to construct visors for astronaut helmets and even windshields in the space shuttle. Polycarbonate was introduced in the 1980s on a commercial scale, providing a safe and affordable alternative to standard plastic and glass lenses in glasses. Here are some reasons to consider polycarbonate lenses for your child’s glasses. Excellent Impact Resistance According to EyeKit, polycarbonate lenses can survive the impact of a steel ball travelling at 160 kilometers per hour without shattering, making it a fantastic choice for low-energy impact resistance. Polycarbonate lenses are also as much as 10 times more impact resistant than plastic or glass lenses, meaning they are harder to fracture or shatter and resulting in fewer cracked or sharp broken pieces in case of an accident. Ideal for Safety Because of their resilience, polycarbonate lenses are great for kids, offering extra safety. With a high degree of resistance to impacts and strain, your kids can play hard without worrying about their glasses shattering. Kids have a greater tendency to drop their glasses, too, and polycarbonate lenses ore more resistant to the rough handling often experienced in children’s eyewear. Polycarbonate lenses are so effective that they are also recommended for athletes and those who work in hazardous job environments. Block UV Rays Exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation is a major risk factor for most skin cancers, as well as eye damage. Short- and long-term exposure to UV light can lead to a wide range of eye conditions, including macular degeneration, cataracts, melanoma and other skin cancer in and around the eyelids. Sunglasses with polycarbonate lenses provide 100 percent protection from the sun’s UV rays, however, providing an easy way to protect your child’s eyes. Lightweight and Thin Polycarbonates are easily worked and molded, making it easy to shape into a range of different contours, including glasses lenses. Polycarbonate lenses are about 20 to 25 percent thinner than plastic and glass lenses, too, and known for their lightweight quality. Because they are extra thin, polycarbonate lenses are great for higher prescriptions, as well. Since they are about 20 percent lighter than plastic lenses, too, they are more comfortable and a perfect way to help your child transition to wearing sunglasses regularly. Sunglasses from Real Kids Shades are virtually unbreakable, made from rubber-like material that bends, and feature shatterproof polycarbonate lenses that are ideal for children. Check out our full selection of sunglasses online today, or call us at 800-283-1106 to learn more!

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Informational aggregation of all fields of law: Here I will discuss a selection of remarkable specifics for what the law is about A legal professional is an individual who practices withinthe judicial system. Work as a lawyer comprises of the pragmatic utilization of potentially abstract legal constructs and competence to deal with particular personalized complications, or to advance the interests of those that make use of legal professionals to complete legal support. Particular functions of the legal practitioner are vastly different depending upon the state or country they’re situated in. Being named a lawyer is in accordance with the local bar association according to the specific state a woman practices in. Consequently, the meaning of the word legal counsel varies from place to place. A fundamental part of a lawyer’s duty is developing and managing associations with new customers. Such as dealing with new cases concerning denied life insurance claim issues. Law firms believe the judicial system shows basically ethical along with immutable principles of the natural world. The perception of “natural law” came forth in historic philosophy at once and in connection with the theory of justice. In a range of countries, legal representatives are generic providers who speak for customers inside a broad area of lawful situations. In others, there’s an inclination since the beginning of the Last century regarding law firms to concentrate in the beginning of their jobs. In countries in which specialty in one particular field of the judicial system is wide-spread, quite a few lawyers or attorneys specialise in representing only one side inside a single precise area of the the legal system; thusly, it is common within the usa to hear of peoples personal injury lawyers. A life insurance attorney is paid for their services in a variety of ways. In private cases, they could work for a per hour fee determined by a billable hr design,a contingence price (normally in incidents involved with vehicle accidents), or a lump sum payment if the matter is straight forward. Traditionally, a lot of lawyers negotiate a written payment agreement before rendering their services and could demand a non refundable retainer before you go ahead. Ancient Latin legal related maxims (labelled brocards) ended up being collected for direction. In historic Great britain, noble courts made a body of precedent which ultimately took over as the general judicial system. The legal system is generally understood as a general structure of ideas that will be formed and executed through cultural or governmental associations to regulate behavior, nevertheless its explicit meaning can be a topic of persisting dispute. It is often varyingly labeled as a science in addition to the art of the law. Normally, court systems are usually divided up between civil court systems and general legal systems. Modern-day scholars debate that the importance of this discrepancy has progressively declined. Private individuals can make legally binding contracts, for instance settlement legal agreements that may make the decision to allow for alternative settlement to the routine courtroom strategy. The development of laws and regulations them selves could be influenced by, and also the lawful rights secured within. A corollary in the principle of the judicial system would be the reality of a legal occupation sufficiently independent to produce the capacity of the independent judiciary. Lots of individuals trained in law take their skillsets to utilise outside the legal world The prevailing strategy of enforcing worldwide law continues to be simply “self help”, that’s the response by countries to assumed violations of global agreements by other governments. Public worldwide legislative systems could be organized by international organisations, most notably the Un (which had been established after the inability of the League of Nations to thwart Ww2). A lot of dominions, like the Us and also the French, enjoy a sole codified constitution which includes a bill of civil rights.

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In honor of Coral Triangle Day, join us as we get to know the people and communities who rely on and protect the Coral Triangle's extraordinary natural resources. The most successful conservation projects are those that actively engage local communities. These are the projects that actively work to break the links between unsustainable resource use, environmental degradation and poverty. Nowhere is this kind of collaborative, people-focused approach more important than in the Coral Triangle. We are helping communities in the Coral Triangle to identify and implement solutions to protect the natural resources that sustain their livelihoods. In Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, the Conservancy helped design the first MPA network in the world that incorporates both human needs and coral reef resilience to withstand impacts from climate change. In Wakatobi, Indonesia, training programs are providing local communities with access to a stable source of household income allowing the unique marine biodiversity that characterizes this area to flourish. In the Solomon Islands, we are helping the people of Boe Boe better understand and adapt to the impacts of climate change through 3D mapping and ecosystem-based approaches. Conservation will last into the future when local people are taking action. By facilitating community efforts and helping communities incorporate traditional knowledge… we can complement their conservation projects with our science and planning expertise. Sustainable—and ultimately successful—conservation work relies upon partnerships that strike a balance between the needs of an ecosystem and its human inhabitants, for the long-term benefit of both. As Armin Sahari, a fisherman from Tomia village in Wakatobi, Indonesia, says, “If we want to achieve a big goal, we cannot do it alone. We will need to have a group.”

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Building Off the Grid Living off-grid is a system and lifestyle choice that eliminates, or minimizes, the need for remote infrastructure. An off-grid home aims to achieve autonomy without relying on electrical power grids, municipal water supplies, and other utility services by producing their own supplies via wind generator, for example, and producing food. If you are careful with your internet usage and keep your profile low and completely private, you can go under the radar for years. Locking down your laptop is a wise move anyway with cases of identity theft and fraud increasing. In North America, living off the grid is not illegal, even if you’ve built an off grid property, as long as where you chose to build is outside any country ordinances, or complies with any city and zoning restrictions. These restrictions can refer to lot size, power or water supply, septic system, or livestock and so on. It’s important to check all of these points out before taking your plans any further. Many rural areas have communities of off-gridders, which although seems like a paradox, actually works very well for some. For example, deep in the Oregon heartland, an off-grid community has sprung up and comprizes of some 650 homesteaders. The vast majority of these communities have an eco friendly ethos, more than a drive for survivalism per se. However, the outcome is the same – living away from so-called civilisation, without reliance on utility services, or remote infrastructure. Considerations for off-grid survivalism There are a couple of things to consider when deciding if an area is suitable for off-griding: - In a SHTF scenario, being near major cities and towns is bad news - Check out the area for a history of flooding, hurricanes and other natural disasters - Learn about nuclear fallout drift and how it will affect the area - You’ll need a reliable, easily accessible water source - The land needs to lend itself to the lifestyle. It’ll have to support crop growth, livestock grazing, and should have a climate that allows you to use the resources all year round. What to aim for The ultimate in off-grid living, a cabin allows a permanent system to be built, such as solar panels, a water system, fenced in areas for livestock and so on. Off-grid living can be a process of discovering what you need next, and building it. With the capacity to protect you and your family from the cold of winter, it also offers privacy, safe storage facilities and a sense of permanence in an ever changing world. Trailer or RV Saving you the financial outlay of cabin life, a trailer or RV can be a good solution for an off-gridder. Whether you have a towable trailer or standalone motorhome, both have their pros and cons. A trailer allows you to drop it off anywhere, and still have a vehicle to use, whereas with a motorhome, everything comes with you. Being mobile has its benefits, especially in a EOTWAWKI situation – you may need to get out of Dodge in a rush and head out. However, once you’ve got where you are going, if you still want to remain mobile, the effort of building permanent system is pointless. Fuel is also a factor in your mobility, and how much gas the tank can hold. Whichever option you favor, however, they lack the durability of a cabin, and certainly trailers aren’t designed to be lived in all year round. In order to create a lightweight towable trailer, certain components may have been omitted in the build, such as insulation and full weatherproofing. Generating your own electricity There are several options here, depending on where you are – is it windy, or gets plenty of sun? And how much you need to generate. - Solar panels – these are the easiest way to power your home - Windmill – these make a great supplement to a solar system, but are unlikely to produce the power you’ll need by themselves - Generators – requiring gas, propane or diesel to run, a generator will tide you over in an emergency, and it’s a good idea to have one on standby Living off-grid is hard, especially at the start, but the freedom and survival potential that comes with this way of life makes the effort well worth it, and allows you and your family to create the lifestyle most of us long for. This video offers a guide as to whether going off grid is encouraged in your particular state:

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A shareholder of a company enjoys a number of rights and powers in a company in exchange for its investment in the company. This article will look at the role a shareholder plays in running a company, as well as a shareholder’s rights and liabilities. What is a Shareholder and What Role Does it Play in a Company? A shareholder is a part owner of a company. A shareholder must be a legal entity (that is, can own property, sue or be sued) and may be a natural person or a corporation. All companies must have at least one shareholder, with a proprietary company only being able to have fifty shareholders who are not also employees. As a company is a separate legal entity, the company, not the shareholder, owns the assets of the company. As the shareholder is a part owner, the shareholder can have a say in the running of the company by, for example, voting on key issues. Majority shareholders, and smaller shareholders voting in blocs, can therefore play a significant role in influencing the direction of the company. What are the Rights of a Shareholder? The usual situation is that in return for investing in a company a shareholder receives a bundle of rights in the company. These shareholder rights differ from company to company and within companies depending on the class of shares held. Most companies only have one class of share (ordinary shares) but Australian law allows for the creation of different classes of shares. The rights which attach to the different classes of shares is a matter for the company to determine and are usually set out in the company’s constitution. As a general rule, shareholders enjoy the following rights: - voting on key issues (for example, election and dismissal of directors) and attendance at shareholder meetings; - right to transfer ownership (often in restricted circumstances); - receive company reports and announcements; - entitlement to dividends and other distributions; - entitlement to a final distribution on winding up; - participation in corporate actions such as further issues of shares, share buybacks, mergers and de-mergers; and - rights to sue to make the company act lawfully. Further rights and powers of a shareholder can be found in company legislation, the company’s constitution (or the replaceable rules, to the extent applicable) and any shareholders agreement. What Shareholder Rights are in a Shareholders Agreement? A shareholders agreement often fills in the gaps in areas not covered by company legislation or a company’s constitution and can be a useful tool to define the commercial arrangements between shareholders and assign personal rights to those shareholders. Such additional rights may include: - the right to be employed by the company; - the right to ensure other shareholders do not compete with the company; - the right to confidentiality in respect of information provided by a shareholder; - detailed rights and obligations protecting the interests of minorities; - ‘drag along’ and ‘tag along’ rights in the event of a proposed sale; and - termination, forced sale and other exit provisions. What are the Liabilities of a Shareholder? Due to the separate legal existence of a company, shareholders are not responsible for the company’s obligations merely by reason of being a shareholder. The liability of a shareholder is usually limited to: - any unpaid amounts on the shares held by that shareholder; - any liability or obligations expressly provided for in the company’s constitution or shareholders agreement; and - liability for breach of directors’ duties if shareholders are considered to be directors (for example if shareholders are provided with powers that would ordinarily be exercised by directors). In return for an investment in the company, shareholders enjoy certain rights and powers. These rights and powers usually relate to having a voice in the running of the company, entitlements to receive reports and enjoyment in the profits of the company. However, the rights arising to shareholders differ from company to company and even within companies where there are different classes of shares. Many companies choose to document the commercial arrangements and personal rights accruing to shareholders in a shareholders agreement. Liability of shareholders is often limited to the amount unpaid on their shares but further liability can arise depending on the terms of company’s constitution and shareholders agreements. We are able to give you specific advice, tailored to your circumstances, on shareholder rights, classes of shares and shareholders agreements. Contact LegalVision’s business lawyers on 1300 544 755 to get an obligation-free, fixed-free quote today.

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Developing Children’s Self-esteem Self-esteem is how a person feels about themselves and what they do. Someone with positive self-esteem will generally approach things thinking they are a good person who deserves love and support and can succeed in life. Someone with low or negative self-esteem will generally think they are not good at things, don’t deserve love or support and that situations will work out badly for them. The purpose of the course is to raise awareness of the importance of self-esteem in the early years and throughout life and how childminders can support children to develop positive self-esteem in their daily practice. This course aims to give childminders the support needed to: - Define and explore self-esteem. - Discover how a positive self-image affects a child. - Look at the influence of adults on a child’s self-esteem. - Promote the importance of positive reinforcement. Key learning during this course includes understanding and explaining: - The term self-esteem and the typical characteristics or behaviour that may be observed from a child with low self-esteem compared to a child with higher self-esteem. - Why it is important for children to hold high self-esteem and the approach to take in supporting the development of children’s self-esteem. - The experiences/activities to offer within a childminding service that would develop and support children’s self-esteem. - How to use communication and language in a daily practice to support children’s self-esteem. - The importance of positive reinforcement and how to use this in daily practice. - How to deal with a challenging situation such as a child experiencing a sense of failure or disappointment that supports the building of resilience. - How to ensure children are listened to, take their views/feelings on board and respond to them in a positive manner. Course outcomes: When you have completed this course, your core knowledge and understanding will include: - How and where to access information and support that can inform a childminding practice when supporting children and young people to promote their own mental health needs. - How to access Government reports, inquiries and research reports into children and young people that especially relate to mental health needs. - Theories relevant to the children and young people with whom you work about loss and change and the effects of stress and distress. - The importance of stable family, adult and peer relationships and the impact of disruption, including placement disruption. - The conditions and issues likely to be faced working with children and young people, and parents, families and carers. - Sources of information, resources and advice available to promote the positive mental health development of children and young people and how to access these. Training Provider Overview We help childminders build on their Continuous Professional Learning. This includes interactive learning courses, e-Learning courses and access to webinars, network meetings, conferences and complimentary courses Taking part in these opportunities enables childminders to take responsibility for both their professional development and that of their childminding service – focusing on children, to help them achieve their full potential. We actively encourage childminders to take the opportunity to build on their knowledge, skills and professional growth throughout their career. SCMA is proud to be a SQA Approved Centre, which means that in addition to providing our own, bespoke learning opportunities, the Learn with SCMA team can also deliver SQA qualifications. The SQA qualification that we currently deliver is the Complete Childminding Learning Pathway - a Work Based Award, which is credit rated at Level 7 on the Scottish Credit Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Training Provider Contact Details SCMA are commited to ensuring that on-going quality improvement is an integral part of our organisation. The Learn with SCMA team aims for continuous improvement in the quality of all aspects of its work as part of its determination to help Learners achieve the highest possible standards. Our Quality Assurance Policy is in place to ensure such continuous improvement through a process of self-evaluation and action planning. The Quality Assurance Policy and associated procedures involves all employees, Learners and collaborative partners such as the Care Inspectorate (CI), Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC), Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) and Skills Development Scotland (SDS). The quality assurance policy is managed through the existing organisational structure. The quality assurance procedures are founded in a process of regular self-evaluation by teams and internal and external audits and observations, in addition to Learner feedback and local training needs.

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Pakistan has been able to improve its international image by adopting strict measures against piracy By Madiha Mujahid Individuals and businesses need an economic incentive to invest their valuable time and resources in developing and streamlining new ideas, products and creative works. They will only undertake any new venture if they are secure in the belief that they will be able to claim their inventions and their efforts as their own legally, and not have others trying to pilfer the economic gains arising from their efforts. It is upon this premise that the concept of intellectual property rights (IPRs) is based. Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind. Hence, IPRs are the legal property rights over creations of the mind. The theory behind the promotion of IPRs is simple; if a vigilant and efficient system is in place to protect the interests of different entities, they will be more willing to undertake economic activity, which will in turn result in spikes in the national economy. Ultimately, this will also help in sustaining and strengthening this enhanced economic activity through the process of technology creation, technology transfer and creativity promotion. This is because in the present era of globalisation, if any country wishes to achieve and sustain economic development, it needs to facilitate a competitive domestic economy, which is based largely on a high-tech research and development base and resourceful knowledge input. Individuals and businesses will only be willing to bear research and development costs if they are guaranteed a financial incentive in the form of being the sole beneficiaries of their undertakings through the provision of monopoly profits. This is achieved through IPRs by providing them with exclusive ownership rights to intellectual creations. Such a move is undertaken to stop others from exploiting the creator's efforts through checking the ability of others to copy the work or invention. This ensures that the creator is not deprived of reward and incentive. Some rights (such as patents) require registration, while other rights (such as copyrights) ensue automatically upon the work's creation. However, despite the undisputable importance of these inalienable rights of the creators, the IP situation in Pakistan was dismal before 2005, with the country having gained international notoriety as being the hub of cheap optical discs, which were then exported to the rest of the world. This had the dual fallout of tarnishing the country's business image in the international market, as well as adversely impacting the consumer's interests in terms of competitive quality and price. Keeping in mind the dire need for improving the legal rights available to the masses and to counter the bad image that was attached to it as being an IP violator, the Government of Pakistan took three related decisions on April 8, 2005. Firstly, it established the Intellectual Property Organisation of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan) as the primary agency responsible for overseeing the state of IP in Pakistan and to take the required steps to address the issues arising out of this situation. The core objectives of the IPO-Pakistan are integrating IP management, improving service delivery, increasing public awareness and enhancing enforcement coordination. The basic purpose for setting up the organisation was to overcome the institutional shortcomings fettering the IP situation in the country. Secondly, it included the Copyrights Ordinance 1962 in the FIA Act 1974 to eradicate piracy and provide a shelter to artistic and literary works. Thirdly, it enabled the Pakistan Customs to launch a crackdown against all trade activities related to the export and import of pirated optical discs. The last two moves were undertaken with a view to fortifying the IPRs enforcement in the country. These moves have yielded positive results, both internally and externally. Internally, the piracy infrastructure has been dismantled and strict legal action has been taken against the perpetrators of these illegal activities. Consequently, the supply of pirated software and other illegal merchandise has dwindled. Externally too, the moves to enforce IPRs has garnered a positive response from other countries, such as the United States and United Kingdom, which had previously raised a massive hue and cry over the deteriorating IP situation in Pakistan. Additionally, Pakistan is also a signatory to the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement under the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This has further propelled the upward momentum of the IPRs situation in the country, because under the rules and requirements of this agreement, Pakistan needed to streamline and upgrade its IP infrastructure. To achieve this end, the existing IP legislation has been improved and new laws have been promulgated. Currently, the IPO-Pakistan is providing a number of IP-related services. These include trademarks, patents, registration of industrial designs, copyrights, geographical indication and plant breeder's rights. Trademarks refer to the distinctive signs or symbols used by an individual, business or other legal entity to distinguish and identify its products or services. In Pakistan, any person wishing to apply for a trademark has to file an application with the Trade Marks Registry, which works like a civil court and hears and decides cases under the jurisdiction of the Trade Marks Ordinance 2001 and Trade Mark Rules 2004. A patent protects original inventions through the grant of exclusive rights for a period of 20 years. It gives the owner the right to prevent others from making, using, importing or selling the invention without permission, However, to successfully procure a patent in Pakistan, it is vital to meet a number of requirements -- the invention must be new, it must have involved an inventive step, it should be capable of being made or used in some kind of industry, and it should not be contrary to the law or morality. Another way to protect IP is to provide registration for industrial designs to check their unauthorised copying and imitation, which helps to promote fair business practices and a wider range of choice for the consumers. Industrial designs deal with the physical product design of an article. According to the guidelines provided by the IPO-Pakistan, this may deal with either two-dimensional features, such as patterns or colour, or three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article. However, exclusive ownership rights are not limited only to the trade sector. Artistic and literary creations also fall under the umbrella of IPRs in the form of copyrights. Copyright laws gives the creators sole rights over their creations, and authorises them to control the reproduction, sharing and displaying of their work. Copyrights come into effect the moment the work is created in a permanent form. It includes literary, dramatic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, architectural and audiovisual works, as well as sound recordings, lyrics, motion pictures, etc. Copyrights are generally given for the duration of the creator's life plus an additional 50 years. In the case of a cinematographic work and/or photographs, copyrights exist until 50 years after the production of the work. The issue of copyright infringement has always been a matter of grave concern for Pakistan, with pirated movies, software, music and books being freely available for sale within the country and also exported abroad. Finally, the government has woken up to the reality that such a move was not only hindering free and fair trade, but also inviting the wrath and censure of other countries. One of the most noteworthy developments in the protection of copyrights in Pakistan was the promulgation of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 1992. The ordinance makes certain that firm penalties are put into place for offenders and that reimbursement is made available to the people whose rights have been infringed. The offences that can incur penalties include publishing collections or compilations of work that have been adapted, translated or modified in any manner without the say-so of the owner of the copyright. According to the ordinance, such works might include literary, artistic, dramatic, musical or cinematographic works. An additional segment that falls under IP protection is the geographical indication of goods. This refers to that feature of a good that denotes the place or country of origin of that product. Normally such a move is undertaken so that the specified goods may benefit from the positive goodwill of that place, that is, the mention of the geographical origin of the good would naturally lead to the assumption that it is of the highest quality and distinction. The agricultural sector is also given cover through the promulgation of the Plant Breeder Rights Ordinance 2000, which bestows exclusive rights to the developers of a specific new plant variety. This is to encourage the establishment of a viable seed industry that is crucial for the development of the country's agriculture sector. Therefore, the importance of ensuring that the creators of original and innovative products, designs, ideas and works are granted sole property rights over their invention is incontestable. This applies to all segments of commercial enterprise as well as other creative, artistic and literary works. By securing their IPRs, individuals and businesses can benefit in a number of ways; for example, by protecting themselves against infringement by others, having the right to use and make their products, earning money by selling them, receiving royalties, etc. Conversely, a failure to do so would lead to the dwindling of the ingenious and pioneering industries that drive the national economy, because in an environment where one cannot benefit from the fruits of one's labour without being exploited, little incentive remains to continue with it.

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The lesson this week picks up in the middle of a public confrontation. Paul, apostle to the Gentiles, is confronting Peter, apostle to the Jews, over his hypocritical behavior. Paul does the right thing insofar as he confronts Peter to his face, having seen that he and others were not straightforward about the truth of the gospel. A group of men promoted the false teaching that Gentiles had to become Jews before they could become believing Christians. This had caused confusion leading the Galatians into the error of thinking that they had to follow Jewish practices and customs, in particular the practice of circumcision in order to become right with God. Paul asks Peter “If you, being a Jew, live in the manner of Gentiles and not as the Jews, why do you compel Gentiles to live as Jews?” (Gal. 2:14b) Paul is emphatic in his response to this question. The central message of Galatians 2, which continues this week, is that the Gospel is received through faith in Jesus Christ. Nothing else. What the Galatians needed to understand, what all Christians need to understand today is that following Christ is not based on obedience to the works of the law. The followers of Christ are saved by the grace of God through faith. Justification by Faith The subject of justification by faith is not a mere afterthought in Paul’s writings. It permeates this thought. So much so that, Martin Luther was deeply and personally influenced by his discovery of the idea that is developed in the Pauline writings. That we are justified by faith in what Christ has done, became the catch-cry of the sixteenth century Reformation. Rejecting the idea that we are saved via the sale of indulgences, or the stock piling of our own meritorious works, or even commitment to the law, Luther came to realize that his own efforts did not bring him closer to God. Could it be true that Seventh-day Adventists may pride themselves on keeping the law, the Ten Commandments, without understanding the gospel? Can they excel at Sabbath-keeping, using it as a standard by which to judge others and yet fail to understand that we are justified by faith alone? Are Paul’s words in Galatians for us as well? Paul presents his argument regarding justification by faith in his letter to the Galatians. His goal is to teach them how to live by the gospel truth. That is why he writes to them about his confrontation with Peter in Antioch. Why share about a fight, a controversy unless it bears direct relevance? Notice how he sets up the argument. He reminds Peter that he, Paul, was raised a Jew. He identifies with his perspective even as he tells him of his error. In verse 15 he says, “We who are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles.” Those who are raised Jews live according to the law. Those who are raised strictly are observant of the laws of Moses, and the laws of the Old Testament. But this is not enough to save. What does he mean to be a Jew by nature? The answer is found in the following verse: “knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but by faith in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law; for by the works of the law no flesh shall be justified” (Gal. 2:16). The appeal to Peter is made on the basis of the common knowledge that no one is saved by keeping the law. It has never been the case that what believers do is the basis of making them right before God. This is true of the Old Testament as much as it is true in the New Testament. Nobody is justified by doing the “works of the law.” This is fundamental to Paul’s teaching. The danger has arose in Adventist history, as the lesson this week points out, that Adventists have taught justification without Christ. Ellen White wrote about this in great depth, as she was concerned that Adventists had become too focused on the law, and on the Sabbath, at the expense of preaching the good news of Jesus Christ. “The danger has been presented to me again and again of entertaining, as a people, false ideas of justification by faith. I have been shown for years that Satan would work in a special manner to confuse the mind on this point. The law of God has been largely dwelt upon and has been presented to congregations, almost as destitute of the knowledge of Jesus Christ and His relation to the law as was the offering of Cain.” (Ellen G. White, Faith and Works, 18). So for years, Adventist ministers and Adventists promoted incorrect views about the law and Christ. It sounds like these Adventists needed to embrace the gospel. White further states, “Salvation is through faith in Jesus Christ alone” (White, Faith and Works, 19). A thorough study of the gospel of Jesus Christ was what was needed then, and it might be exactly what many Adventists need more than anything else at this time. Crucified with Christ: The Church no longer lives but Christ lives in the Church Paul’s concept of justification by faith includes far more than intellectual assent. It encompasses the entire life of the believer, including thought, action, and feeling. Looking at it from a corporate perspective, it is Christ living in the community of believers, evidenced by the deep love they have for one another that marks the Christian church. The breadth of this concept is summarized in his famous phrase, Galatians 2:20: “I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me.” While salvation is a personal matter, its expression in the life of the faith community will give evidence of this relationship on a global scale. It is significant then that Paul confesses to the Galatians that he died to the law (Gal. 2:18b). The law had been his source of pride. Prior to meeting Christ on the road to Damascus, Paul had served the law. He lived, persecuted, and died in what he thought was obedience to God through the law. But now, after meeting Christ through revelation, he knows the truth: it’s not all about the law; it’s all about Jesus Christ. In their rush to follow the legalistic Jewish believers who taught false doctrine, the Galatians had become confused about the gospel. Others have distorted the gospel by using Galatians 2:20 to support a kind of extreme view of the self. Dying to self is falsely interpreted to mean, that in union with Christ, the individual merges with God and ceases to exist a separate entity. In past history, mystics have quoted Galatians 2:20 to support the idea that the highest attainment a Christian can reach is to completely lose oneself in God. Like a drop of water that disappears into an ocean, so the human personality becomes lost, or loses consciousness in union with Christ. But Paul is not arguing that he has lost his self or his consciousness. Rather, it is his identity that is firmly grounded in Christ. It’s not about losing his God-given personality. It is Christ in Him that enables him to live by faith. This comes at a cost: we must die to self and live to God. That is what Paul had to do. That is what Christ did on this earth and it is demonstrated most fully and clearly at the Cross. There’s nothing wrong with striving to love and serve God and others, but not if it is based on self-achievement. Becoming a follower of Christ through a journey of repentance and faith is like learning to breathe. Learning to breathe: Accepting what Christ has done Where I come from, in Australia, kids learn to swim at a young age. In fact, infants often learn to swim before they can walk. If a kid cannot swim by a certain age, it’s kind of embarrassing. Well, I struggled to learn to swim. My mother took me to plenty of swim lessons. I loved to dive under the water and hold my breath (which used to drive her crazy as she always imagined I was drowning). I could dog paddle, do backstroke, and swim with a kickboard. But I struggled with freestyle. The problem was, I couldn’t coordinate my breathing. I could manage everything else, but I could not breathe. Every time I needed to take a breath, I would stop, stand up in the water, splutter and choke a little, catch my breath, and then keep going. My swim instructors (and I had several at different swim centers) were frustrated with me. “Keep going, don’t stop,” they would yell from the sidelines. This one tiny detail messed up my attempts to get from one end of the pool to the other. It was not until our car broke down and was towed to a small town in country Victoria called Gundagai where we spent several days waiting for our 1976 Volvo to get fixed that I experienced a breakthrough. We stayed in a small motel, and ate out in the evenings. To decrease my boredom, my mother gave me some felt, a needle and thread and I embroidered a yellow banana shaped moon with a face, to her delight. My dad discovered a local public pool and as we both enjoyed swimming, he decided to take me. I recall taking off from the edge turning my arms, twisting my head back and forth, under the water and to the side, and kicking my legs behind. I did everything I used to do, except for the fact that I started to breathe as I swam. It came totally naturally. I swam and I breathed and I kept going. I was so thrilled I stopped. My Dad saw what had happened and he was so excited. Big smiles all around and joy. I could swim at last! I didn’t have to think about it, I just did it. After that, we always said I learned to swim in Gundagai. My Dad said it was worth the car breaking down so that we could go to that pool and experience that breakthrough. I share this story to illustrate the relationship between God’s law and the gospel. Learning the techniques to swim is like the law. It reveals sin (the breaking of the law) and the standard of behavior required. But we cannot do any of it, we only keep to a form of legalism. The gospel is the good news of what Christ has done for us. He achieved this through His perfect life of obedience and sacrificial death on the cross. Through the grace of Christ and His faithfulness, we learn to breathe. It may be a struggle for a while, but we learn to breathe. Faith is a gift. Learning to obey with Christ’s Spirit within is like a baby taking its first breath. If we try to replace the righteousness of Christ with our own works, we struggle and we cannot coordinate the Christian life at all. This is why Paul says, “I have been crucified with Christ. It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me” (Gal. 2:20). Paul died to the law so he could live and breathe the good news of Jesus Christ. He did not reject the law. He never called it bad or evil. But he counseled that circumcision and the practices of exclusion that the false teachers taught and practiced were not a part of the gospel of Jesus Christ.

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Over PopulationOne of the more extreme measures taken in an attempt to control population has been China’s one-child policy. Population advocate Garet Hardin suggests the rest of the world adopt similar policies. This paper is to show a country’s government acting on theories that Hardin is popular for and the ethical and environmental effects that it had on people and the land. Hardin fails to see the ethical problems laid out by governments that suppress peoples thoughts and beliefs. Hardin states that throughout most of history there’s been no need for concern about population control. Nature would come along with epidemic diseases and take care of the matter for us. Disease has been the primary population controller in the past. Because widespread disease and famine no longer exist, we have to find other means to stop population increases (Spencer 1992, pp.61-2). Mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon is a misnomer as Hardin routinely supports the actions of authoritarian governments who rarely seek consent for their actions. When asked about the one child policy Hardin said that the Chinese government didn’t go far enough. He gave the Chinese credit for officially recognizing that they have a problem and for having the nerve to propose the single-child program .. he thought the failure was by not making the directive universal throughout the country. The one-child policy is only enforced in congested urban areas. People in rural regions continue to have too many children — so the Chinese haven’t solved their problems at all. (Spencer 1992, p.60). Before 1950, there was an old Stalinist custom in China of rewarding “heroic mothers” giving birth to the largest number of children. This was more then a custom it was a way of life in China till Ma Yin Chu began to publish some articles on population. Ma Yin Chu was the president of Beijing University and was one of the first people to voice his concern over the steady growth of China’s population. Between 1959-1961 there was a great famine in China that got everyone’s attention. Resources for such a large population were scarce. The government recognized that something had to be done about the population. Distribution of contraception’s, promotion of late marriages, and two child families were all part of a post famine campaign by the government. This lasted less then four years as China’s population began to increase again. The government began to release propaganda. The slogan Wan Xi Shao, Later – Longer – Fewer, ran through the streets of China. The efforts focused on the postponement of marriages, increased spacing of births, and the limitation of family sizes. The government’s efforts were vastly ignored in the countryside. Around the time Ma Yin Chu began to publish articles on population, the Communist rule took over in China. The Communist were ruled by Mao Zedong. Mao directed most of his energy into the Chinese economy. In 1958, Mao created an economic plan called the great leap forward. This plan called for the people to use their will power to improve the economy. The lack of technology and capital made the plan back fire and lead the people into the great famine. In the early to mid 1960’s the Communist party split into the radicals and the moderates. Mao gave his support to the radicals and tried again to focus on the economy. Coming off the great famine many wanted Mao to find a solution to the growing population. China still was not ready to recognize the stress the population had on the country. The United States relations with China had been weak mostly because of the Communist view. In 1972, Richard Nixion decided to visit China. Both countries began to recognize the potential economic benefits of trade between the nations. This improved relationship gave China a better look of the modernization that was currently going on in the west. In 1978, China decided that they liked what they saw. Having more than one fifth of the world’s population, China had very little power in the world. In 1978, China realized they already had the manpower, so they set out to modernize the country. The efforts to modernize made China take a hard look at their population. They saw that foreign trade of their resources were limited because of the demand they had in their own country. This held back the economy and finally got the attention of the Chinese government. The one child policy began in 1979. It was China’s greatest effort to contain the population and to improve the economy. Economists stated that China needed to limit its population to about 1.2 billion by the year 2000 in order to achieve economic success. The one child campaign and its effectiveness rested on a combination of rewards and penalties. Rewards for the one child families included cash bonuses, preferential housing, job, and school enrollments, and free medical care and schooling for the child in the cities. For peasants, rewards were less appealing because there were no real benefits for framing. Penalties for more than two children included withdraw of health subsidies and paid maternity leaves, reduced rations for foodstuffs, and workpoint reductions. The one child policy often broke down in the country side. Urban families mostly followed the government rule but rural areas saw the laws enforced less frequent. In the countryside if your first child is a girl you can seek permission to try for a second for a son. The government accepts that in the countryside a son is needed to inherit the land and to look for the elderly parents. The cities were different mostly because they were in the transition to become a modern society. Here the government instilled the notion that it was for the good of their country to abide by the one child policy. The one child policy philosophy places the importance on the welfare of the country as a whole instead of individual interests. A benefit of the policy has some Chinese saying that a smaller population leads to a country with bigger spaces which provide the Chinese people with greater opportunities for development. Such views were not widely shared in all of China. The push by the government lead to a great deal of resentment and a wide spread evasion and defiance. Many cited the mental cost of the program ; the anguish, resentment, anger, depression, and regrets of those families who have to submit. An old Chinese tradition, the concept of duozi duofu , more sons more happiness, remains strong among the countryside. Look at the facts, virtually no women in China (0.06-0.1 %) wanted to be childless, and fewer than 5 percent of families in the countryside wanted to stop at one child. Many believed that three of four children would be an ideal in a family. It has seems that some people in the cities did infact accept the government belief on the one child policy. Some people think they bought into the propaganda and was manipulated into thinking that there is a better quality of life with modernization. While many in the cities obey the population standards in thinking that their communistic belief is helping the world they are now contributing to higher fossil fuels and pollutants. The trade off from the shifts of the way in life in China sees those who do not desire the large families desire things like automobiles which the demand has doubled over the past ten years. So while many agree that over population does lead environmental hazards such as food and fuel shortages the new way of life also seems to have a negative effect on the environment. Hardins critique of the China’s failure in the one child policy is too broad and falls short. His thoery on the stratergy of having the rich countries serve as life boats for the poor is too narrow. He is iggnorat to any of the deatils of his theories. What defines a rich country or a poor country. Who is rich, who is poor? Are the people in China’s countryside all that poor? Economicaly spaeking they mirrior those of the thrid world countries. But, are they leading a poor life if they are allowed to act on their hertage? Hardin fails to admit the ethical problem that the government poses on their people. His focus seems to be of lack of membership in urban or lack of policing those areas. He does not admit that part of the failure is that the policy was not a shared belief by the Chinese. It was imposed from above and with many contradicting and disrespecting the ethics of many generations. ? People’s Mouths. China’s Environment. ? Asia. Keeping China off the Rocks. The Economist February 10th 1996. -Easterbrook Gregg. Inconceivable, The New Republic. November 23rd, 1998. -Spencer, Cathy. Interview: Garrett Hardin. Omni, vol. 14, no.9, June 1992, pp.54-63.

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The Three Houses With roads as bad as they were (it took six hours, within living memory, to drive the twenty miles from East Hampton to Montauk Point, braving the mosquito-and-horse fly infested, sandy stretch of Napeague Beach, behind a team of fat farm horses) Montauk was no place to live, only to visit, most people thought. But the few who did live there came to love it. Visitors who stayed at the three houses grew ecstatic in the guest books (some still preserved) over the wonderful sport, the bracing air, the beauty of the hills, and the delicious ample country meals served at the keepers’ houses and, on occasion, by the wife of the lighthouse keeper. It was all an adventure. First House, built in 1798 (an earlier one was built in 1744) stood on land now part of Hither Hills State Park, almost across the old Montauk shore road from the house where the State Park superintendent lives. Second House, was first built in 1746, and was restructured in 1797, when, according to the East Hampton Town Trustees’ Journals, the Town allotted “three gallons of rum to raise the house at the Fort Pond.” It is customary here to this day for carpenters to nail a “bush” onto the roof of a new house, as a signal that the roof is raised and they are willing to partake of the owner’s hospitality. In the old days an owner needed help of friends and neighbors to raise the frame. The expression “raising the roof” doubtless comes from such celebrations. When the second Manor House was built at Gardiner’s Island in 1774 (the one that burned down in 1947) the owner, David Gardiner, mentioned the “raising” in his diary. He said: “Raised frame May 25, 1774, 49 persons present, some of whom were bystanders. Raised it in less than six hours; none much hurt. No notice given until the night before for fear of a herd of grog-bruisers.” Apparently there was no lack of volunteer help on such occasions. In 1806, the present Third House was built. A wing was added onto it after the Benson purchase in 1879. Unoccupied for some years, (it once flourished as an inn), Deep Hollow Ranch, and its surrounding fields are again dotted with grazing horses and cattle. Usually the visitor can see deer, too, feeding amicably among the domestic animals. Third House, nearest to the Point and Montauk Lighthouse (built 1796) was headquarters in 1898 for Col. “Teddy” Roosevelt and other officers returning from the Spanish-American War, when 29,500 veterans camped on the hills and plains of Montauk to recuperate from wounds and tropical diseases. The three houses were spaced miles apart. The keeper at each house had his specific duties with regard to the cattle, horses, and sheep driven on for pasture.

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Hatcheck girl at the Stork Club in New York City. The show ran from 1950 to 1967. 2. Second baseman Bill Mazeroski of the Pittsburgh Pirates, in 1960 against the New York Yankees. The pitcher was Ralph Terry. 3. Pontius Pilate. The Roman governor led an imperial procession of cavalry and soldiers into the city as a show of power. 4. Saint Brendan, an Irish monk who is known as Brendan the Navigator and Brendan 5. For misconduct. Assigned to draw a bridge in an engineering class, he drew two little boys fishing from it. Ordered to remove them, he drew the boys fishing from the riverbank. Again ordered to remove them, he drew two little headstones near the river.

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How To Draw A Dove Just about anyone can create beautiful artwork under the right direction. For example, even you can draw a peaceful dove by carefully following the steps in this instructional video. Hi, I'm Laura from Creative Drawing Studio in London. We offer art classes for children and adults. In our ten years of teaching, we have seen that drawing is a skill that anyone can learn. We are going to draw a dove and we will start with the eye which is a little dot. We will place that somewhere on our paper over here. All you need to do is draw a little dot about that big. Next, we will draw a curvy line for the back of the beak. In between, we will put a straight line for the beak. From the point, come back. Next, we will draw the top of the head which is a curvy line. It will go straight up, around, and back. The wing is going to be opened, so from about this point, we will draw a curved line in a sweeping motion like that. And we will come back around to about here. So you can put a guideline if you would like this way. And draw feathers toward the back of the body. Next, we will start the tail which is a curvy line that comes out and down. Now, we will come around for the shape of the tail. You can draw a guideline that looks like that. And then, before we add the feathers on the tail, let's come in with a straight line for the other side of the tail. Now, this is going to join up to the back of the beak on the bottom. So we can lightly put a shape in that we like for the body. And then, go over it harder with pencil. And at this point, we can put in the feathers for the tail which are curvy lines one behind each other like this. Then, we can show a bit of structure on the wing there. And now, we will place the back wing. We will start by the head, here, and come up and point out. And again, we will draw feathers coming down in that shape and stop behind the wing there. And let's put in an olive branch in its mouth. Stop, jump over, continue. And there is our dove.

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Recently I was in my building terrace, since I always love to click tech photo. When I looked down I saw houses have parabolic satellite television antenna. It was like cluster of about 10-15 antennas on one side. Later I found I Tata sky antenna on my building too. Immediately question strike in my mind how this antenna actually works. I have a cable operated TV, how it’s different from satellite TV? View from Terrace with around 10-15 satellite dish antenna #1. Broadcasting TV and its Limitation Broadcast television stations transmit programming via a radio. Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding area. Viewers can pick up the signal with a much smaller antenna. Radio signal broadcasting tower Limitation of broadcast TV. - The most important limitation of broadcast TV is its range. - In order to receive signals, you have to be in the direct line of sight of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren’t a problem, but a big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves. - If the Earth were perfectly flat, you could pick up broadcast TV thousands of miles from the source. But because the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal’s line of sight. - The other problem with broadcast TV is that the signal is often distorted, even in the viewing area. To get a perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be pretty close to the broadcast antenna without too many obstacles in the way. #2. Cable TV and its Limitation Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fiber-optic cables. Digital cable distribution using digital video compression audio and video plugin This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television; or satellite television, in which the television signal is transmitted by a communications satellite orbiting the Earth and received by a satellite dish on the roof Limitation of Cable TV but it still works - There has to be a cable TV operator in area who provide you connection to your TV. Therefore remote villages, hilly regions etc. might not have cable TV option. - Low Quality and not many channel options. - Increased service costs as your provider updates. #3. Satellite TV is the Solution Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer’s location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna commonly referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter. The satellites used for broadcasting television are usually in a geostationary orbit 37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earth’s equator. The advantage of this orbit is that the satellite’s orbital period equals the rotation rate of the Earth, so the satellite appears at a fixed position in the sky. Satellite in geostationary orbit revolving with earth direction i.e West to East The concept of the geostationary communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, along with Vahid K. Sanadi building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. #4. First Geostationary Communication Satellite Telstar is the name of various communications satellites. The first two Telstar satellites were experimental and nearly identical. Telstar 1 launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10, 1962. On June 19, 1981 India launched its first geostationary satellite called APPLE. It was an experimental communication satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with a C-band transponder. APPLE: Indian First Communication Satellite(Image source:ISRO) #5. Working Principle of Satellite Television Satellite television relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder re-transmits the signals back to Earth at a different frequency (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the C-band (4–8 GHz), Ku-band (12–18 GHz), or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink. #6. Satellite Dish Antenna? A satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive or transmit information by radio waves to or from a communication satellite. The term most commonly means a dish used by consumers to receive direct broadcast satellite television from a direct broadcast satellite in geostationary orbit. The viewer’s dish picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites in the same part of the sky) and passes it on to the receiver in the viewer’s house. #7. First Person to receive Satellite Television In 1975 Stephen J Birkill, a BBC transmitter engineer became first person to receive satellite television with its homemade satellite dish in its backyard. India were working ton NASA satellite ATS-6 to transmit television program to remote Indian villages. Stephen noticed signal are transmitted to other subcontinents. Then Stephen built electronic circuitry to receive these signal on its kitchen. Stephen Birkill in the 1970s with his homemade satellite television equipment(Source: star.co.uk) #8. About FTA? Free-to-air (FTA) are television (TV) and radio services broadcast in clear (unencrypted) form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscription, other ongoing cost. Around 600 FTA television channels and 180 Radio Channel are broadcast from ku-band and c-band transponders on the INSAT-4B and GSAT-15 satellite covering India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and parts of Afghanistan, China, and Myanmar. - IGTV | The next Big Platform | Monetization | The Hype!! - Gifts Dad Actually Wants This Father’s Day | Birthday - Top 5 Stress Relief | Anti- Anxiety Tech & Non-Tech Gadgets - Top 15 Awesome | Freak out | Magical | Mind Blowing Levitating Objects - Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) : Energy for Future!!

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by Parker, Janice. I wonder why snakes shed their skin and other questions about reptiles Slither and crawl : eye to eye with reptiles Everything reptile : what kids really want to know about reptiles Miles and miles of reptiles National Audubon Society first field guide. Reptiles Extremely weird reptiles About reptiles : a guide for children Wild reptiles : snakes, crocodiles, lizards, and turtles! Rain forest reptiles and amphibians Secret of the puking penguins-- and more! Really radical reptiles & amphibians Snakes and reptiles The world's biggest reptiles Why do snakes hiss? : and other questions about snakes, lizards, and turtles Everything you need to know about frogs : and other slippery creatures Discovery Channel reptiles & amphibians : an explore your world handbook What is an amphibian? Amphibians : creatures of the land and water About amphibians :a guide for children National Audubon Society first field guide. Amphibians Amazing amphibians : 30 activities and observations for exploring frogs, toads, salamanders, and more Herrmann, Robert O. tribute > Juvenile nonfiction. Monday to Friday 9am to Noon, and 4pm to 7pm Tuesdays and Fridays, 9am-11am and 1pm-3pm Monday to Friday 9am to 5pm 211 S. Allen Street State College, PA 16801

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Does ART have the power to change people and society? sister Namibia talks to art students about how they see the role of their artworks. Community art projects Art and society (Management) |Publication:||Name: Sister Namibia Publisher: Sister Namibia Audience: Academic; General Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Social sciences; Women's issues/gender studies Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2011 Sister Namibia ISSN: 1026-9126| |Issue:||Date: Sept-Dec, 2011 Source Volume: 23 Source Issue: 3| |Topic:||Event Code: 200 Management dynamics Computer Subject: Company business management| |Geographic:||Geographic Scope: Namibia Geographic Code: 6NAMI Namibia| Art has been used for centuries to communicate joy and sorrow, pleasure and frustration, ideas and feelings. Art fulfils an innate need of human beings to express their view of the world and it is manifest in many ways - visually, through textures, through sounds and through words. Art engages all five senses - sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch, and at the same time art tells a story or shares a feeling. But can art also transform the feelings and ideas of others - of the listener, the viewer, the reader? Sister Namibia asked fourth year Art and Design students at the University of Namibia how they perceive art, and whether they think art has the power to transform society and shape ideas. Art is a silent voice that speaks on behalf of affected people. For years we have used art to address issues that are usually difficult to talk about - issues such as political oppression, poverty or violence. We know that, for instance, our foremothers and forefathers used art to express their frustration during the colonial era, and the same people used art to express their celebration of independence. I think art is powerful in that it can convey many messages that can be understood by many different people in different ways. I use art as a mirror. My art is a reflection of who I am and what I stand for. Sometimes you find that your art reflects the same thing to other people and sometimes it doesn't. Art is a very subjective thing, and is what you as the artist, or the person looking at the art, decide it is. But despite this, your art can echo other people's emotions too. As a graphic artist, specializing in advertising, I find that art is powerful in its ability to convince people that they need something or that they like something. Art persuades people to change brands or to try new things. This is powerful in itself. Art in advertising communicates issues visually that people only talk about. Art transforms our concepts into concrete forms that people can relate to. Art builds relationships, but also breaks them. Art is one of the most powerful tools of expression. Take fashion for instance - that's a form of art that communicates certain things about the person and how she or he is feeling or even who they are in society. While I chose to study fashion, I took a feminist stance, looking at fashion from the 70's. This was when women decided to express their independence and emancipation through the way they dressed. I also use fashion as art to raise awareness around women's bodies and their right to choose how to dress themselves. I try to use art to communicate important health issues that sometimes go ignored. For example I am highlighting the issue of lupus, which is a disease of the immune system that sometimes affects people's skin. This picture is of what I see as a beautiful girl, but people's reactions to it have been of disgust and pain; no one tries to see beyond the disease itself at the person. This is the case for many sick people and other issues as well. People always dwell on what is on the surface. And that is the power of art - you can have a distinct idea and message while making something, but depending on the person viewing it, you can give one artwork many meanings. |Gale Copyright:||Copyright 2011 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.|

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The Wadden Sea, Germany and the Netherlands Sandy shoals, sea grass meadows, salt marshes, dunes, and other coastal features make up the Wadden Sea (pictured in 2007), one of the world's last remaining large and intact tidal ecosystems. (See a regional map Named in June 2009 as a new UN World Heritage site, the sea is home to marine mammals such as harbor seals, gray seals, and the harbor porpoise . Its coasts provide refuge for up to 12 million birds that winter and breed there each year. Chosen by a committee of the UN's Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Heritage sites denote natural and cultural areas recognized for their universal value to humanity. In late June officials added 13 new sites to the UNESCO list of 890 areas worthy of preservation and protection—and removed one. Dresden, Germany's Elbe Valley lost World Heritage status due to a new four-lane bridge. (See pictures of natural wonders added to the list in 2008. Sites added to the List of World Heritage in Danger include the the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, Colombia's Los Katios National Park, and the historic monuments of Mtskheta in Georgia. Photograph courtesy Martin Stock, UNESCO

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Skip to comments.Scientists witness massive gamma-ray burst, don't understand it Posted on 11/22/2013 7:53:51 AM PST by Red Badger An exploded star some 3.8 billion light-years away is forcing scientists to overhaul much of what they thought they knew about gamma-ray bursts intense blasts of radiation triggered, in this case, by a star tens of times more massive than the sun that exhausted its nuclear fuel, exploded, then collapsed to form a black hole. Last April, gamma rays from the blast struck detectors in gamma-ray observatories orbiting Earth, triggering a frenzy of space- and ground-based observations. Many of them fly in the face of explanations researchers have developed during the past 30 years for the processes driving the evolution of a burst from flash to fade out, according to four research papers appearing Friday in the journal Science. Some of our theories are just going down the drain, said Charles Dermer, an astrophysicist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and a member of one of the teams reporting on their observations of the burst, known as GRB 130427A. The event, dubbed a long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB), is typically seen in the distant, early universe, Dr. Dermer said during a briefing Thursday. This one was much closer. And while typical long-duration bursts last from a few seconds to a few minutes, GRB 130427A put on its display for 20 hours. The event's duration, relatively close proximity, and the range of observatories in space and on the ground that could monitor it at a range of wavelengths has provided scientists with an unprecedented opportunity to explore the workings of one of the more extreme ends a star can inflict on itself. The encouraging news: Traits seen in the gamma-ray emissions from initial burst through the afterglow compare favorably to the traits seen in the behavior of gamma rays in more-distant, long-duration bursts. (Excerpt) Read more at csmonitor.com ... Dermer concluded the interview by saying "it makes me so angry". In related news, the Los Alamos National Laboratory was destroyed in an unexplained accident shortly after the Dermer interview. His body has not been found in the rubble. Close proximity and 3.8 billion light years away seem like an odd combination. Yet, they know we're all gonna die from global warming. And God grins and says: "Ya' think?" If they're wrong, and it's only a few million light years away, I'm going to be really upset. 3.8 billion light years away out of a possible 15-16 or so..................... So a quarter of the way to infinity?:) “Dermer concluded the interview by saying “it makes me so angry”.” He should take a cue from his fundamentalist climate change colleagues. Just maintain that he is still correct despite evidence to the contrary and blame the oceans for observations not matching expected results. So it exploded 3.8 billion plus years ago.. Some of our theories are just going down the drain, That means your theories were wrong or inadequate, idiot! You guys think you know it all. You don’t. Why not just admit that the universe is much more than you scientists can even begin to understand? Yet underscores the vastness of space. I am curious about the orientation of the polar jets. Are there any working hypotheses about whether gamma jets orient in relation to other objects, such as galactic center supermassive black holes? Since there is no ‘up’ or ‘down’ in space, the alignment is purely random. The ‘axis’ is simply from whatever point of space you view it............... Some of our theories are just going down the drain,..............into a really huge black hole.................. God lets us see the way he does things and lets us figure it out. I don't know why he would have the response you think he does. Good question. It’s likely that gamma jets point in random directions, but it’s been reported recently that planetary nebula have a preferred alignment. Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.

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Firstly, I would like to make it clear that ‘assisted suicide’ in this statement is referring to active euthanasia which is performed by a doctor. This may be an injection or a form of medication which are both administered by the doctor to a terminally ill patient with a significantly reduced quality of life. In regards to this statement, we are not referring to passive euthanasia in which medication is withdrawn or a life support machine is switched off. Also, the statement only applies to terminally ill patients. This was a common misunderstanding amongst the debaters so I thought it would be worth clarifying it. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia have been profound ethical issues confronting doctors since the birth of Western medicine, more than 2,000 years ago.” ― Ezekiel Emanuel Patient’s best interests: - Legalising euthanasia may cause an ill or disabled people to feel under pressure to end their lives, perhaps because of the cost of the medical treatment needed to keep them alive, or because they do not want to be a ‘burden’ on friends and family. - Advances in palliative care and mental health treatment mean there is no reason why any person should ever feel that they are suffering intolerably. - Legalising euthanasia may discourage research into palliative treatments, and possibly prevent cures for people with terminal illnesses being found – this would not be fair towards those who do not want to end their lives. - Occasionally, doctors may be mistaken about a person’s diagnosis and outlook, and the person may choose euthanasia after being wrongly told that they have a terminal condition. - The patient’s request for euthanasia could actually be a ‘cry for help’, implying that life is not worth living now but could be worth living if various symptoms or fears were managed. - A patient could request euthanasia for a passing phase of their disease, but is likely to feel much better in a while. The Slippery Slope Argument: - Voluntary euthanasia is the start of a slippery slope that leads to involuntary euthanasia and the killing of people who are thought undesirable. - If the government starts killing its own citizens it will result in a very dangerous precedent being set. - Many people believe that only God has the right to end a human life. Euthanasia weakens society’s respect for the sanctity of life - Some non-religious people may also have similar beliefs based on the view that permitting euthanasia and assisted suicide ‘devalues’ life. - Legalising euthanasia could lead to significant unintended changes in our healthcare system and society at large that we would later come to regret. Allowing euthanasia undermines the commitment of doctors and nurses to saving lives. - Asking doctors to abandon their obligation to preserve human life could potentially damage the doctor-patient relationship. - Hastening death on a regular basis could become a routine administrative task for doctors, leading to a lack of compassion when dealing with elderly, disabled or terminally ill people. - Euthanasia may become a cost-effective way to treat the terminally ill. - Asking doctors, nurses or any other healthcare professional to carry out euthanasia or assist in a suicide would be a violation of fundamental medical ethics. in the words of the International Code of Medical Ethics, is: “A physician shall always bear in mind the obligation to respect human life”.

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The Manifesto of the SPAB was written by William Morris, Philip Webb and other founder members in 1877. Although produced in response to the conservation problems of the 19th century, the Manifesto extends protection to "all times and styles" and remains the basis for the Society's work. Applicants for SPAB membership must indicate their support for the Manifesto's conservation principles. Read the SPAB Approach to learn more about how the SPAB interprets the original Manifesto for today's conservation practice. A society coming before the public with such a name as that above written must needs explain how, and why, it proposes to protect those ancient buildings which, to most people doubtless, seem to have so many and such excellent protectors. This, then, is the explanation we offer. No doubt within the last fifty years a new interest, almost like another sense, has arisen in these ancient monuments of art; and they have become the subject of one of the most interesting of studies, and of an enthusiasm, religious, historical, artistic, which is one of the undoubted gains of our time; yet we think that if the present treatment of them be continued, our descendants will find them useless for study and chilling to enthusiasm. We think that those last fifty years of knowledge and attention have done more for their destruction than all the foregoing centuries of revolution, violence and contempt. For Architecture, long decaying, died out, as a popular art at least, just as the knowledge of mediaeval art was born. So that the civilised world of the nineteenth century has no style of its own amidst its wide knowledge of the styles of other centuries. From this lack and this gain arose in men’s minds the strange idea of the Restoration of ancient buildings; and a strange and most fatal idea, which by its very name implies that it is possible to strip from a building this, that, and the other part of its history - of its life that is - and then to stay the hand at some arbitrary point, and leave it still historical, living, and even as it once was. In early times this kind of forgery was impossible, because knowledge failed the builders, or perhaps because instinct held them back. If repairs were needed, if ambition or piety pricked on to change, that change was of necessity wrought in the unmistakable fashion of the time; a church of the eleventh century might be added to or altered in the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, or even the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries; but every change, whatever history it destroyed, left history in the gap, and was alive with the spirit of the deeds done midst its fashioning. The result of all this was often a building in which the many changes, though harsh and visible enough, were, by their very contrast, interesting and instructive and could by no possibility mislead. But those who make the changes wrought in our day under the name of Restoration, while professing to bring back a building to the best time of its history, have no guide but each his own individual whim to point out to them what is admirable and what contemptible; while the very nature of their task compels them to destroy something and to supply the gap by imagining what the earlier builders should or might have done. Moreover, in the course of this double process of destruction and addition, the whole surface of the building is necessarily tampered with; so that the appearance of antiquity is taken away from such old parts of the fabric as are left, and there is no laying to rest in the spectator the suspicion of what may have been lost; and in short, a feeble and lifeless forgery is the final result of all the wasted labour. It is sad to say, that in this manner most of the bigger Minsters, and a vast number of more humble buildings, both in England and on the Continent, have been dealt with by men of talent often, and worthy of better employment, but deaf to the claims of poetry and history in the highest sense of the words. For what is left we plead before our architects themselves, before the official guardians of buildings, and before the public generally, and we pray them to remember how much is gone of the religion, thought and manners of time past, never by almost universal consent, to be Restored; and to consider whether it be possible to Restore those buildings, the living spirit of which, it cannot be too often repeated, was an inseparable part of that religion and thought, and those past manners. For our part we assure them fearlessly, that of all the Restorations yet undertaken, the worst have meant the reckless stripping a building of some of its most interesting material features; whilst the best have their exact analogy in the Restoration of an old picture, where the partly-perished work of the ancient craftsmaster has been made neat and smooth by the tricky hand of some unoriginal and thoughtless hack of today. If, for the rest, it be asked us to specify what kind of amount of art, style, or other interest in a building makes it worth protecting, we answer, anything which can be looked on as artistic, picturesque, historical, antique, or substantial: any work, in short, over which educated, artistic people would think it worth while to argue at all. It is for all these buildings, therefore, of all times and styles, that we plead, and call upon those who have to deal with them, to put Protection in the place of Restoration, to stave off decay by daily care, to prop a perilous wall or mend a leaky roof by such means as are obviously meant for support or covering, and show no pretence of other art, and otherwise to resist all tampering with either the fabric or ornament of the building as it stands; if it has become inconvenient for its present use, to raise another building rather than alter or enlarge the old one; in fine to treat our ancient buildings as monuments of a bygone art, created by bygone manners, that modern art cannot meddle with without destroying. Thus, and thus only, shall we escape the reproach of our learning being turned into a snare to us; thus, and thus only can we protect our ancient buildings, and hand them down instructive and venerable to those that come after us.

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TODAY IS National Pearl Harbor Day. On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941 America's naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was attacked by the forces of the Empire of Japan. More than 2,400 Americans were killed and more than 1,100 were wounded. The attack sank four U.S. Navy battleships and damaged four more. It also damaged or sank three cruisers, three destroyers, one minelayer and damaged 188 aircraft. The day after the attack, the United States declared war on Japan and entered World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt, in a speech to Congress, stated that the bombing of Pearl Harbor is "a date which will live in infamy" Let us remember those who were killed and their families on this day in History.

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It’s always a cause for concern when your well water starts to emit an unpleasant odor, particularly one that smells like sewage. You depend on your well to provide your family with a safe, steady supply of drinking water, and you expect it to smell good! There are several reasons why your well water might smell like sewage, ranging from bacterial contamination to mineral build-up, and they could require immediate attention. Understanding the possible causes and appropriate remedies can ensure your water supply is safe, clean, and odor-free. The Most Common Reasons Why Your Well Water Has a Sewage Smell When well water smells like sewage, it’s often due to a few common reasons. It’s essential to accurately diagnose the source of the problem so it can be properly addressed, ensuring the safety and quality of your water. Bacteria That Produce Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Are Growing in Your Drain When your well water smells like sewage, one often overlooked source is the drain itself. Over time, organic matter like food particles can accumulate in the drain, creating a prime breeding ground for bacteria. These bacteria, particularly a type called Serratia marcescens, feed on this organic matter and can form biofilm colonies. As the bacteria metabolize the organic matter, they release gases that smell like sewage or rotten eggs, stemming from decaying organic matter deposited in the well water. This odor is often mistaken as coming from the water itself when it’s actually the drain. Regular and thorough cleaning of the drains can help prevent this bacterial growth and the associated odors. You Have Iron or Sulfur in Your Water Source Producing a Rotten Egg Smell Iron or sulfur in your water source can also be responsible for the sewage smell. Certain types of naturally occurring bacteria thrive on these minerals. For instance, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron bacteria consume sulfur and iron, respectively, as part of their metabolic processes. A by-product of their metabolism is hydrogen sulfide gas—a compound that smells like rotten eggs or sewage. When these bacteria are present in your well, they can produce enough hydrogen sulfide to give your water an unpleasant odor. Testing your water for these elements can help you determine if this is the root of your problem. You Have Sulfur Bacteria in Your Hot Water Heater Bacteria don’t only inhabit drains or water wells; they can also thrive inside your water heater. This scenario is especially true if the temperature setting on your water heater is too low. Lower temperatures allow certain bacteria, such as those that produce hydrogen sulfide, to flourish. In addition, if your water source contains sulfur, these bacteria can use the sulfur to produce even more hydrogen sulfide gas in the warm environment. Regular servicing and maintaining appropriate temperature settings in your water heater can help keep these bacteria at bay. You Have Sewage in Your Water The most serious cause of a sewage smell is the actual contamination of your well water with sewage. This situation can occur due to a faulty septic system, or when floodwaters carrying sewage infiltrate the well. The bacteria and other pathogens present in sewage produce gases that smell like sewage, and more critically, they pose a significant health risk. In such cases, it’s vital to stop using the contaminated water immediately and seek professional help. A comprehensive water test can confirm if there’s a septic leak or other contamination issues, followed by appropriate remedial measures such as a well chlorination or repair of the septic system. How to Fix a Well’s Drinking Water that Smells Like Sewage Identifying the cause of the foul smell is the first step to fixing it. Each of the following solutions corresponds to the potential issues identified above. Clean Your Drains A build-up of bacteria in your drains can lead to unpleasant odors. However, a thorough cleaning can effectively eliminate this issue. This process might involve using a homemade solution of vinegar and baking soda, which can effectively dissolve minor clogs and disinfect the drain. For more stubborn biofilm colonies, you may need a specialized drain cleaner designed to break down organic matter and kill bacteria. It’s also advisable to regularly flush your drains with hot water to prevent the accumulation of food particles and other organic matter that bacteria feed on. Be aware that proper disposal of kitchen waste, especially oils and fats, can also go a long way in preventing bacterial build-up. Get Your Hot Water Tank Serviced If your water heater is a source of odor, it may be due to bacterial contamination. Water heaters can provide a perfect environment for bacteria to grow, especially if they’re set at lower temperatures. Regular servicing and cleaning of your water heater can help address this issue. A professional can flush the tank, removing any mineral build-up that bacteria could feed on. In addition, they can adjust the heater’s temperature settings to a level that inhibits bacterial growth, typically above 140 degrees Fahrenheit. However, always ensure safety measures are in place to prevent scalding at these higher temperatures. Test Your Water’s Natural Groundwater Chemistry Testing your water is essential to verify the presence of high levels of iron, sulfur, or other potential odor-causing substances. Comprehensive water tests can measure various parameters including pH, hardness, and the presence of certain bacteria or minerals. These tests are usually simple to carry out; they involve collecting a water sample in a sterile container and sending it to a lab for analysis. The results will provide detailed information about the water’s composition. If iron or sulfur levels are high, you might need to invest in a specific water treatment system to remove these minerals and prevent associated odors. Shock Your Well With Chlorine To Address a Bad Water Smell When well water is contaminated with sewage or harmful bacteria, a common and effective method of disinfection is well shocking. This process involves introducing a strong solution of chlorine bleach into the well and allowing it to circulate through the water system. The high chlorine concentration kills bacteria and other microorganisms, effectively sanitizing the well and water pipes. It’s important to let the chlorinated water stand in the system for at least 12 to 24 hours to ensure thorough disinfection. After this period, the system should be thoroughly flushed to remove the chlorine before the water is used. It’s recommended that this process is carried out by professionals to ensure it’s done safely and effectively. Invest in the Best Water Filter One of the most effective ways to ensure your water remains clean, safe, and odor-free is by investing in a high-quality water filter. A good water filter can remove bacteria, minerals, and other contaminants that might be causing the sewage smell. Remember, the key to selecting a water filter is to understand the specific needs of your water source. Therefore, regular water testing is crucial to identify which contaminants need to be removed. Also, consider whole house filters that are easy to maintain and have good reviews regarding their longevity and performance. Count on DROP for the Best Water Filters The smell of sewage in well water could indicate several issues, all of which require attention and action. Whether it’s bacteria in your drains or water heater, mineral build-up in your water source, or actual sewage contamination, appropriate measures must be taken to ensure your water is safe for use. For reliable solutions, you can count on DROP. We offer a selection of high-quality water filters and smart water softeners designed to address various water quality issues. Our products provide a robust line of defense against contaminants, ensuring you always have access to clean, safe water. Take a look at our selection today!

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The Iberian Peninsula has been occupied for many millennia. Some of Europe's most impressive Paleolithic cultural sites are located there; the famous caves at Altamira contain spectacular paintings which date from about 15,000-25,000 years ago. The Basques are the first identifiable people of the peninsula and are the oldest surviving group in Europe. Iberians arrived from North Africa during a more recent period. Beginning in the ninth century BC, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Celts entered the Iberian Peninsula, followed by the Romans, who arrived in the second century BC. Spain's present language, religion, and laws stem from the Roman period. Although the Visigoths arrived in the fifth century AD, the last Roman strongholds along the southern coast did not fall until the seventh century AD. In 711, North African Moors sailed across the straits, swept into Andalusia, and, within a few years, pushed the Visigoths up the peninsula to the Cantabrian Mountains. The Reconquest--efforts to drive out the Moors--lasted until 1492. By 1512, the unification of present-day Spain was complete. During the 16th century, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe, due to the immense wealth derived from its presence in the Americas. But a series of long, costly wars and revolts, capped by the defeat by the English of the "Invincible Armada" in 1588, began a steady decline of Spanish power in Europe. Controversy over succession to the throne consumed the country during the 18th century, leading to an occupation by France during the Napoleonic era in the early 1800s, and led to a series of armed conflicts throughout much of the 19th century. The 19th century saw the revolt and independence of most of Spain's colonies in the Western Hemisphere: three wars over the succession issue; the brief ousting of the monarchy and establishment of the First Republic (1873-74); and, finally, the Spanish-American War (1898), in which Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. A period of dictatorial rule (1923-31) ended with the establishment of the Second Republic. It was dominated by increasing political polarization, culminating in the leftist Popular Front electoral victory in 1936. Pressures from all sides, coupled with growing and unchecked violence, led to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Following the victory of his nationalist forces in 1939, Gen. Francisco Franco ruled a nation exhausted politically and economically. Spain was officially neutral during World War II but followed a pro-Axis policy. The victorious Allies isolated Spain at the beginning of the postwar period, and the country did not join the United Nations until 1955. In 1959, under an International Monetary Fund stabilization plan, the country began liberalizing trade and capital flows, particularly foreign direct investment. Despite the success of economic liberalization, Spain remained the most closed economy in Western Europe--judged by the small measure of foreign trade to economic activity--and the pace of reform slackened during the 1960s as the state remained committed to "guiding" the economy. Nevertheless, in the 1960s and 1970s, Spain was transformed into a modern industrial economy with a thriving tourism sector. Its economic expansion led to improved income distribution and helped develop a large middle class. Social changes brought about by economic prosperity and the inflow of new ideas helped set the stage for Spain's transition to democracy during the latter half of the 1970s. Upon the death of General Franco in November 1975, Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon, Franco's personally designated heir, assumed the titles of king and chief of state. Dissatisfied with the slow pace of post-Franco liberalization, in July 1976, the King replaced Franco's last Prime Minister with Adolfo Suarez. Suarez entered office promising that elections would be held within one year, and his government moved to enact a series of laws to liberalize the new regime. Spain's first elections to the Cortes (Parliament) since 1936 were held on June 15, 1977. Prime Minister Suarez's Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), a moderate center-right coalition, won 34% of the vote and the largest bloc of seats in the Cortes. Under Suarez, the new Cortes set about drafting a democratic constitution that was overwhelmingly approved by voters in a December 1978 national referendum. Today, Spain is a democracy with a constitutional monarch. The Parliament consists of two chambers, the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. In March 2000, Jose Maria Aznar of the Popular Party was reelected Prime Minister, with the title President of the Government. The next national elections must be held by March 2004. The Government respects the constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary in practice. During the Franco regime, a wide spectrum of opposition groups carried on antigovernment and, in some cases, terrorist activities. Nevertheless, these movements were successfully contained by the authorities, who were determined to crush all forms of independent political expression. Most of the dissident activity abated with the introduction of a democratic system that extended legal recognition to hitherto banned political groups, including the Communist Party of Spain (Partido Comunista de Espana--PCE. The legitimacy of separatist movements was recognized by granting partial regional autonomy, which included legislatures with powers of taxation, policing, and education. As a consequence of these policies, political opposition groups presented no imminent threat to Spain's stability as of 1988, although the activities of Basque extremists continued to present a danger to the forces of internal security. The Basque terrorist movement did not, however, enjoy the active support of the majority of the Basque population, and it appeared to be in decline as a result of an increasingly effective police campaign. The radical movement of Basque separatists was organized in 1959 when the group known as Basque Fatherland and Freedom (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna--ETA) broke away from the much larger Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco--PNV). The ETA adopted a policy of armed struggle in 1968; in practice, much of the violence was attributed to an extremist faction, the ETA Military Front (ETA Militar--ETA-M). A less violent faction, the ETA Political-Military Front (ETA Politico-Militar--ETA-PM), pursued a strategy of mixing political activities with terrorist actions. The ETA-M was largely responsible for the mounting savagery of the attacks during the 1970s, which included the assassination of the prime minister, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, in 1973. The election of a democratic national parliament in 1977 and a Basque parliament in 1980 brought little relief from ETA violence. Although avowedly socialist in orientation, ETA continued to justify its terrorist policies after the Socialist government came to power in 1982. It insisted that the PSOE was only a pawn of the capitalist and clerical forces that dominated Spain and that it had failed to offer real autonomy to the Basque people. The ETA-M was considered to be the militant wing of Popular Unity (Herri Batasuna--HB), the most radical of three Basque parties represented in the Cortes. Although the HB increased its representation in the Cortes to five seats in 1986, it still received only 17 percent of the Basque vote. The party's platform included the compulsory teaching of the Basque language, Euskera, in the schools; the withdrawal of Spanish security forces from Basque territory; measures to restrict private capital; and the addition of Navarre to the three provinces of the north that constituted the existing autonomous community of the Basque Country. As its ultimate objective, the party favored complete independence from Spain. ETA-M's strategy had been to carry out a series of carefully selected assassinations and bombings, each having important psychological or symbolic impact. The terrorists thus hoped to inspire a spiral of violence and counterviolence that would arouse feeling against "repression" by the security forces and that would perhaps provoke a right-wing coup by the armed services. A total of more than 700 deaths had been attributed to the movement by the close of 1987. The violence had reached its peak in 1980 when the death toll was eighty-five. Nearly two-thirds of those killed were members of the Civil Guard or the National Police Corps. Most of the remainder were civilians killed in bombings or caught in crossfire. The military represented only 7 percent of the deaths, but those selected for assassination were often senior officers holding prominent positions. The activists of ETA-M, believed to number no more than 200 to 500 in 1986, were organized into cells of as few as 5 individuals. Most members were under thirty years of age, and they had served for an average of three years in this sideline to their ordinary jobs. Perhaps no more than 100 were actual gunmen, the others acting as messengers, transporting weapons and explosives, and providing support. A number of young women also served in ETA-M; they were said to be among the most uncompromising militants, willing to take risks that young men increasingly shunned. By the mid-1980s, ETA-M appeared to be under growing pressure from the security forces, with the result that the incidence of terrorist acts had tapered off. Better use of informants, ambushes, raids, and tighter control of the border with France contributed to the success of the police efforts. In 1984 the Spanish government had announced a policy of "social integration," a form of amnesty offered to ETA members in exile or in Spanish jails if they renounced future acts of terrorism. Improved international cooperation was also important. In 1986 about 200 active terrorists were believed to be living among the large Basque population in the adjacent provinces of France, using French territory as sanctuary and as a base for terrorist missions. Two years later, their numbers had been reduced to a few dozen as a result of intensified cooperation between Spanish and French security authorities. Until 1983 France, citing its tradition of granting political asylum, had been unwilling to extradite ETA members to Spain. France shifted to a more accommodating policy, after the new Socialist government took office in Spain, and permited the extradition of a few ETA members, accused of specific crimes of violence, while resettling others in northern France or deporting them. In late 1987, the police claimed a crippling blow had been administered to the terrorists by the arrest of many senior members of ETA-M in both Spain and France and the discovery of caches of arms and explosives. Sympathy among Basques for the extremists, which was already limited, diminished further following the bombing in 1987 of a supermarket garage in Barcelona, in which twenty-four innocent people were killed. Later in the same year there was popular revulsion over the deaths of five children among eleven people killed in a bombing of family quarters of the Civil Guard at Zaragoza. Beginning in late 1983, a right-wing force, the Antiterrorist Liberation Group (Grupo Antiterrorista de Liberacion--GAL), began a campaign of revenge killings and bombings among suspected ETA terrorists, chiefly in France, where GAL was widely believed to be linked to the Civil Guard. At the same time, an offshoot of ETA-M, Spain Commando, targeted members of the Civil Guard and the armed forces in Madrid, where such attacks, which gained maximum publicity for the movement, had been on the rise. ETA-M was at one time well financed by kidnappings, robberies, and the so-called "revolutionary tax" on Basque businessmen. Reportedly, however, after the reverses suffered by the terrorists in 1987, receipts from the tax had declined almost to zero. The regional Basque police force, Ertzaintza, formed in 1981, originally was assigned to traffic and other nonsecurity duties, but in late 1986 it conducted its first engagement against ETA-M. A plan had been adopted for Ertzaintza gradually to take a larger role, but it was reported that Civil Guard officers were reluctant to turn over intelligence out of conviction that the autonomous police were infiltrated by ETA activists. Other regional opposition groups--in the Canary Islands, Galicia, and Catalonia--did not present a threat to internal security forces that was comparable to ETA. The Catalan separatist organization Terre Lluire (Free Land), formed in 1980, was responsible for a series of bomb explosions, some of which had resulted in fatalities. In late 1987, a United States servicemen's club in Barcelona was attacked with grenades, and the United States consulate was bombed. Terre Lluire and a newer group, the Catalan Red Liberation Army, both claimed responsibility. During the first part of 1987, a group dedicated to a separate Galician nation, the Free Galician Guerrilla People's Army, carried out bomb attacks against banks in a number of towns in Galicia. The market-based economy, with primary reliance on private enterprise, provides the population of over 40 million with a high standard of living. The economy grew during the third quarter at a 2.6 percent annual rate. The annual inflation rate was 2.7 percent at year's end 2001. Unemployment decreased to 12.8 percent during the year 2001, continuing its downward trend. Spain, it has been observed, is a nation-state born out of religious struggle between Catholicism and, in turn, Islam, Judaism, and Protestantism. After centuries of the Reconquest, in which Christian Spaniards fought to drive Muslims from Europe, the Inquisition sought to complete the religious purification of the Iberian Peninsula by driving out Jews, Protestants, and other nonbelievers. The Inquisition was finally abolished only in the 1830s, and even after that religious freedom was denied in practice, if not in theory. Catholicism became the state religion in 1851, when the Spanish government signed a Concordat with the Vatican that committed Madrid to pay the salaries of the clergy and to subsidize other expenses of the Roman Catholic Church. This pact was renounced in 1931, when the secular constitution of the Second Republic imposed a series of anticlerical measures that threatened the church's very existence in Spain and provoked its support for the Franco uprising five years later. The advent of the Franco regime saw the restoration of the church's privileges. During the Franco years, Roman Catholicism was the only religion to have legal status; other worship services could not be advertised, and only the Roman Catholic Church could own property or publish books. The government not only continued to pay priests' salaries and to subsidize the church, but it also assisted in the reconstruction of church buildings damaged by the war. Laws were passed abolishing divorce and banning the sale of contraceptives. Catholic religious instruction was mandatory, even in public schools. Franco secured in return the right to name Roman Catholic bishops in Spain, as well as veto power over appointments of clergy down to the parish priest level. In 1953 this close cooperation was formalized in a new Concordat with the Vatican that granted the church an extraordinary set of privileges: mandatory canonical marriages for all Catholics; exemption from government taxation; subsidies for new building construction; censorship of materials the church deemed offensive; the right to establish universities, to operate radio stations, and to publish newspapers and magazines; protection from police intrusion into church properties; and exemption of clergy from military service. The proclamation of the Second Vatican Council in favor of the separation of church and state in 1965 forced the reassessment of this special relationship. In the late 1960s, the Vatican attempted to reform the church in Spain by appointing liberals as interim, or acting, bishops, thereby circumventing Franco's stranglehold on the country's clergy. In 1966 the Franco regime passed a law that freed other religions from many of the earlier restrictions, although it also reaffirmed the privileges of the Catholic Church. Any attempt to revise the 1953 Concordat met the dictator's rigid resistance. In 1976, however, King Juan Carlos de Borbon unilaterally renounced the right to name the bishops; later that same year Madrid and the Vatican signed a new accord that restored to the church its right to name bishops, and the church agreed to a revised Concordat that entailed a gradual financial separation of church and state. Church property not used for religious purposes was henceforth to be subject to taxation, and gradually, over a period of years, the church's reliance on state subsidies was to be reduced. The timetable for this reduction was not adhered to, however, and the church continued to receive the public subsidy through 1987 (US$110 million in that year alone). Indeed, by the end of 1987 issues such as financing and education had not been definitively resolved, and the revised Concordat still had not been agreed to in final form, even though the 1953 Concordat had expired in 1980. It took the new 1978 Constitution to confirm the right of Spaniards to religious freedom and to begin the process of disestablishing Catholicism as the state religion. The drafters of the Constitution tried to deal with the intense controversy surrounding state support of the church, but they were not entirely successful. The initial draft of the Constitution did not even mention the church, which was included almost as an afterthought and only after intense pressure from the church's leadership. Article 16 disestablishes Roman Catholicism as the official religion and provides that religious liberty for non-Catholics is a state-protected legal right, thereby replacing the policy of limited toleration of non-Catholic religious practices. The article further states, however, that "The public authorities shall take the religious beliefs of Spanish society into account and shall maintain the consequent relations of cooperation with the Catholic Church and the other confessions." In addition, Article 27 also aroused controversy by appearing to pledge continuing government subsidies for private, church-affiliated schools. These schools were sharply criticized by Spanish Socialists for having created and perpetuated a class-based, separate, and unequal school system. The Constitution, however, includes no affirmation that the majority of Spaniards are Catholics or that the state should take into account the teachings of Catholicism. Government financial aid to the church was a difficult and contentious issue. The church argued that, in return for the subsidy, the state had received the social, health, and educational services of tens of thousands of priests and nuns who fulfilled vital functions that the state itself could not have performed. Nevertheless, the revised Concordat was supposed to replace direct state aid to the church with a scheme that would allow taxpayers to designate a certain portion of their taxes to be diverted directly to the church. Through 1985, taxpayers were allowed to deduct up to 10 percent from their taxable income for donations to the Catholic Church. Partly because of the protests against this arrangement from representatives of Spain's other religious groups, the tax laws were changed in 1987 so that taxpayers could choose between giving 0.52 percent of their income tax to the church and allocating it to the government's welfare and culture budgets. For three years, the government would continue to give the church a gradually reduced subsidy, but after that the church would have to subsist on its own resources. The government would continue, however, its program of subsidizing Catholic schools, which in 1987 cost the Spanish taxpayers about US$300 million, exclusive of the salaries of teachers, which were paid directly by the Ministry of Education and Science. Anyone visiting Spain must be constantly aware of the church's physical presence in buildings, museums, and religious celebrations. In a population of about 39 million, the number of non-Catholics was probably no more than 300,000. About 250,000 of these were of other Christian faiths, including several Protestant denominations, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Mormons. The number of Jews in Spain was estimated at about 13,000. More than 19 out of every 20 Spaniards were baptized Catholics; about 60 percent of them attended Mass; about 30 percent of the baptized Catholics did so regularly, although this figure declined to about 20 percent in the larger cities. As of 1979, about 97 percent of all marriages were performed according to the Catholic religion. A 1982 report by the church claimed that 83 percent of all children born the preceding year had been baptized in the church. Nevertheless, there were forces at work bringing about fundamental changes in the place of the church in society. One such force was the improvement in the economic fortunes of the great majority of Spaniards, making society more materialistic and less religious. Another force was the massive shift in population from farm and village to the growing urban centers, where the church had less influence over the values of its members. These changes were transforming the way Spaniards defined their religious identity. Being a Catholic in Spain had less and less to do with regular attendance at Mass and more to do with the routine observance of important rituals such as baptism, marriage, and burial of the dead. A 1980 survey revealed that, although 82 percent of Spaniards were believers in Catholicism, very few considered themselves to be very good practitioners of the faith. In the case of the youth of the country, even smaller percentages believed themselves to be "very good" or "practicing" Catholics. In contrast to an earlier era, when rejection of the church went along with education, in the late 1980s studies showed that the more educated a person was, the more likely he or she was to be a practicing Catholic. This new acceptance of the church was due partly to the church's new self-restraint in politics. In a significant change from the pre-Civil War era, the church had accepted the need for the separation of religion and the state, and it had even discouraged the creation of a Christian Democratic party in the country. The traditional links between the political right and the church no longer dictated political preferences; in the 1982 general election, more than half of the country's practicing Catholics voted for the PSOE. Although the Socialist leadership professed agnosticism, according to surveys between 40 and 45 percent of the party's rank-and-file members held religious beliefs, and more than 70 percent of these professed to be Catholics. Among those entering the party after Franco's death, about half considered themselves Catholic. One important indicator of the changes taking place in the role of the church was the reduction in the number of Spaniards in Holy Orders. In 1984 the country had more than 22,000 parish priests, nearly 10,000 ordained monks, and nearly 75,000 nuns. These numbers concealed a troubling reality, however. More than 70 percent of the diocesan clergy was between the ages of 35 and 65; the average age of the clergy in 1982 was 49 years. At the upper end of the age range, the low numbers reflected the impact of the Civil War, in which more than 4,000 parish priests died. At the lower end, the scarcity of younger priests reflected the general crisis in vocations throughout the world, which began to be felt in the 1960s. Its effects were felt especially acutely in Spain. The crisis was seen in the decline in the number of young men joining the priesthood and in the increase in the number of priests leaving Holy Orders. The number of seminarists in Spain fell from more than 9,000 in the 1950s to only 1,500 in 1979, even though it rose slightly in 1982 to about 1,700. Changes in the social meaning of religious vocations were perhaps part of the problem; having a priest in the family no longer seemed to spark the kind of pride that family members would have felt in the past. The principal reason in most cases, though, was the church's continued ban on marriage for priests. Previously, the crisis was not particularly serious because of the age distribution of the clergy. As the twentieth century nears an end, however, a serious imbalance will appear between those entering the priesthood and those leaving it. The effects of this crisis were already visible in the decline in the number of parish priests in Spain--from 23,620 in 1979 to just over 22,000 by 1983. Another sign of the church's declining role in Spanish life was the diminishing importance of the controversial secular religious institute, Opus Dei (Work of God). Opus Dei was a worldwide lay religious body that did not adhere to any particular political philosophy and was allegedly nonpolitical. The organization was founded in 1928 by a Spanish priest, Jose Maria Escriva de Balaguer y Albas, as a reaction to the increasing secularization of Spain's universities, and higher education continued to be one of the institute's foremost priorities. Despite its public commitment to a nonpolitical stance, Opus Dei members rose to occupy key positions in the Franco regime, especially in the field of economic policy-making in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Opus Dei members dominated the group of liberal technocrats who engineered the opening of Spain's autarchic economy after 1957. After the 1973 assassination of Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco (often rumored to be an Opus Dei member), however, the influence of the institute declined sharply. The secrecy of the order and its activities and the power of its myth helped it maintain its strong position of influence in Spain; but there was little doubt that, compared with the 1950s and the 1960s, Opus Dei had fallen from being one of the country's chief political organizations to being simply one among many such groups competing for power in an open and pluralist society. In the late 1980s, however, the church showed signs of becoming more conservative than liberal. After years of being the minority in the church hierarchy, conservative Catholic leaders had reasserted their power and influence, and they were beginning to wrest power from the liberals. One telling indicator of the return of conservatives to control within the church was the battle in late 1987 over the editorial policy of the leading Spanish Catholic weekly magazine, Vida Nueva, which ended with the liberal editor's being forced out of office and his being replaced with a conservative. There is a distinction between serious (delitos) and less serious (faltas) offenses. Serious offenses are indictable and less serious offenses are nonindictable. The Penal Code includes as indictable offenses offenses against state security, fakes and falsifications, offenses against the administration of justice, offenses against sanitation and health (including drug offenses), behavior causing risk but not actual damage, offenses by public officers, offenses against individuals (murder, homicide, illegal abortions, bodily harm caused by assault and battery), sexual offenses, offenses against reputation (libel and slander), offenses against freedom and personal security, property offenses, and offenses committed recklessly and without intent. Among the less serious, nonindictable offenses, the Penal Code includes violations of the public order, violations against individuals, and minor property offenses, such as theft resulting in deprivation of less than 30.000 pesetas ($200). The age of criminal responsibility is 16 years. Youngsters under this age accused of delinquent behavior are handled by the Juvenile Courts. Delinquents between 16 and 18 years old benefit from a mitigation in penalty. (Penal Code, Article 8.2 and 9.3). Growing, processing, trafficking, promoting and facilitating the consumption of toxic, stupefacient or psychotropic drugs, as well as simple possession with the intent to engage in such behavior, is punishable by 2 to 8 years in prison and a maximum fine of 100 million pesetas in fines ($666,000) if the drug can cause important harm to personal health. In all other cases, the prison sentence can be set between 4 months and 4 years and the fine can be a maximum of 50 million pesetas ($333,000). These penalties can be increased for members of any permanent or temporary organization dedicated to the trafficking of drugs. They can be increased for health facility personnel who give drugs to minors or to persons undergoing treatment for drug addiction. And they can be increased when the quantity of drugs involved is significant. Penal Code, Articles 344 and 344 bis). Individual consumption is not subject to penalty. An average of 3 days drug stock for individual consumption by drug-addicted individuals does not constitute illegal possession as ruled by the Supreme Court. Spain's criminal justice system, which is based on Roman law, extends customary procedural safeguards to accused persons. Article 17 of the 1978 Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. It also provides that there be a maximum period of preventive detention (set by law at seventy-two hours), and that the arrested person be informed of his or her rights, including the right to an attorney, the right to an explanation of the reason for the arrest, and the right to be present at the trial. The Constitution abolishes the death penalty, except for certain military crimes in wartime. Under the Socialist government that took office in 1982, laws were passed providing for a limited right of habeas corpus for suspects to appeal against illegal detention or mistreatment. Defendants unable to afford counsel were assured of free legal assistance. A Public Defender's Office was formed that had authority to look into complaints by citizens and to initiate investigations. Trial by jury, which had been abolished by Franco, was part of the Socialist electoral program, but its introduction was delayed by differences with the judiciary as to the precise role the jury would play. A full-scale revision of the Penal Code was being prepared in the late 1980s, but a number of significant changes had already taken effect. The principle of suspended sentences was introduced. Pollution of the environment was made a crime, and distinctions were introduced between hard and soft narcotics in sentencing illicit producers and dealers. Earlier provisions of law that had legalized the possession of small quantities of soft drugs were reaffirmed. After the Civil War, crimes involving the security of the state were handled outside the regular court system. From 1941 until 1963, military courts had sole charge of all crimes against national security, in many cases through summary courts martial. Offenses ranging from treason and sabotage to the fostering of strikes and membership in illegal associations came under the jurisdiction of military courts. In 1963 Franco created the three-judge civilian Court for Public Order to deal with all nonterrorist internal security offenses, such as belonging to illegal parties and distributing antigovernment propaganda. In 1968, however, and again in 1975, after intensified terrorist action, various crimes were added to the state security category, restoring them to military jurisdiction. In 1980 the charging or the trying of civilians by military courts was prohibited. Antiterrorist laws adopted in 1980 and in 1981, in response to a wave of killings by Basque terrorists, had the effect of suspending certain constitutional guarantees. Anyone charged with supporting terrorism could be held virtually incommunicado for up to ten days (later reduced to three days). A suspect's home could be searched, his mail opened, and his telephone tapped. A detainee in a terrorism case had the right to an appointed attorney who could formally advise him of his rights, and who might be present during his interrogation, but who could not consult with the detainee until the interrogation was completed. The international human rights group, Amnesty International, Spanish civil rights organizations, and the Spanish press have drawn attention to abuses of these exceptional powers given to police under the antiterrorism laws. In several of its annual reports, Amnesty International has said that detainees were not accorded access to counsel while in custody, that few were actually charged with crimes, that habeas corpus rights were not respected, and that insufficient judicial and medical supervision was exercised. The organization's claims of widespread mistreatment and torture, mainly of alleged members of Basque terrorist organizations, were supported by the annual reports on human rights of the United States Department of State. The Spanish government asserted, for its part, that detainees under the antiterrorist laws routinely lodged complaints of police brutality or torture, whether or not there was cause. Nevertheless, in 1986 the courts sentenced thirty-nine members of security forces for mistreatment of prisoners, and an estimated 150 additional cases were pending. INCIDENCE OF CRIME Spanish statistics reflected increases of 5 to 10 percent annually in the incidence of crime during the late 1970s and the 1980s. Foreign tourists in particular were frequent victims of armed and violent robberies. The rise was attributed largely to the economic and social problems of urban areas where recent high school and college graduates faced unemployment rates often in excess of 20 percent. The growing problem of drug addiction also contributed to the number of robberies in cities and in resort areas. Over 90 percent of all crimes reported in 1986 were offenses against property. The next most significant crimes--against persons and internal security as well as the abandonment of family and personal injury--each contributed only between 1 and 2 percent to the total. Despite liberal laws in this area, the number of persons arrested on narcotics charges rose from about 9,000 in 1980 to nearly 22,000 in 1987. Nevertheless, in Spain as a whole, the official crime rate continued to be lower than it was in most other countries of Western Europe. The crime rate in Spain is medium compared to industrialized countries. An analysis was done using INTERPOL data for Spain. For purpose of comparison, data were drawn for the seven offenses used to compute the United States FBI's index of crime. Index offenses include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. The combined total of these offenses constitutes the Index used for trend calculation purposes. Spain will be compared with Japan (country with a low crime rate) and USA (country with a high crime rate). According to the INTERPOL data, for murder, the rate in 2000 was 2.91 per 100,000 population for Spain, 1.10 for Japan, and 5.51 for USA. For rape, the rate in 2000 was 3.09 for Spain, compared with 1.78 for Japan and 32.05 for USA. For robbery, the rate in 2000 was 229.92 for Spain, 4.08 for Japan, and 144.92 for USA. For aggravated assault, the rate in 2000 was 22.15 for Spain, 23.78 for Japan, and 323.62 for USA. For burglary, the rate in 2000 was 530.4 for Spain, 233.60 for Japan, and 728.42 for USA. The rate of larceny for 2000 was 675.1 for Spain, 1401.26 for Japan, and 2475.27 for USA. The rate for motor vehicle theft in 2000 was 332.72 for Spain, compared with 44.28 for Japan and 414.17 for USA. The rate for all index offenses combined was 1796.29 for Spain, compared with 1709.88 for Japan and 4123.97 for USA. TRENDS IN CRIME Between 1995 and 2000, according to INTERPOL data, the rate of murder increased from 2.43 to 2.91 per 100,000 population, an increase of 19.8%. The rate for rape decreased from 4.37 to 3.09, a decrease of 29.3%. The rate of robbery increased from 221.27 to 229.92, an increase of 3.9%. The rate for aggravated assault decreased from 22.64 to 22.15, a decrease of 2.2%. The rate for burglary decreased from 565.95 to 530.4, a decrease of 6.3%. The rate of larceny decreased from 751.16 to 675.1, a decrease of 10.1%. The rate of motor vehicle theft increased from 250.66 to 332.72, an increase of 32.7%. The rate of total index offenses decreased from 1818.48 to 1796.29, a decrease of 1.2%. Spain has a European Continental legal system, requiring that behavior be defined as criminal and that the penal law assign a penalty to that behavior for it to be prosecuted (nullum crimen sine lege, nulla pena sine lege). The investigative stage of the penal process is carried out by a judge, and the suspect benefits from a system of procedural guarantees. Hearings are characterized by adversarial procedures, with a public attorney prosecuting on the basis of findings of the investigating judge, although calumny and slander cases are only prosecuted at the request of the presumptively offended person. Hearings are made public. Evidence is produced in the presence of the accused person, who is always assisted by legal counsel and by a translator if necessary. The Spanish penal system was developed during the Middle Ages from local adaptations of its original Germanic heritage. In the 18th century, it was subjected to the influence of the rationalist thinkers who asked for the adoption of systematic rules which resulted, during the era of the French Revolution, in requests for the adoption of Penal and Criminal Procedural Codes. The famous book, Dei delitti e delle pene by Beccaria, first appeared in 1764 and was translated into Spanish some ten years later. Although the book was opposed by some conservative authors at the time, it led to an enthusiastic movement culminating in the proposal to adopt a Penal Code. In 1812, the Spanish patriots who, during the Napoleonic invasion (1808-1813) had taken shelter in Cadiz in the south of Spain, adopted Spain's first political Constitution. This liberal Constitution also included a proposal for the creation of a Penal Code, but the reestablishment of the absolutist King Ferdinand VII on the Spanish throne (1814) prevented the adoption of the Code. In fact, even the progressive 1812 Constitution was repealed. A liberal upheaval in 1820 led to the adoption of the first Spanish Penal Code in 1822. The Code was in force for only one year, after which the monarch resumed absolute rule. In 1848, in a more moderate political situation, a new Penal Code was adopted, and since then, a Penal Code has always existed and been applied, with some interruptions during times of military rule. A Penal Procedural Code was adopted in 1881 and is still in force as of 1993. A draft of a new Penal Code, whose structure differed greatly from the existing Penal Code, was being studied by the Legislature in 1993. The transition from Franco's dictatorship to a system of parliamentary democracy was accompanied by a major effort to bring the forces of law and order and the justice system into harmony with the new political era. The police were stripped of most of their military characteristics. The Civil Guard, which maintained order in rural areas and in smaller communities, retained many of its military features, but both the civil Guard and the police were placed under civilian leadership. Once dedicated to repressing all evidence of opposition to the Franco regime, the police and the Civil Guard were expected to tolerate forms of conduct previously banned and to protect individual rights conferred by the 1978 Constitution and by subsequent legislation. Members of the Civil Guard continued to be implicated in cases of mistreatment and brutality in the campaign against Basque terrorism. The authorities had, however, prosecuted many guardsmen for such infractions, with the result that by 1988 fewer violations of legal norms were being recorded. Reforms of the judicial system included appointments of judges by a body insulated from political pressures and increased budgets to enable courts to deal with a chronic backlog of criminal hearings. The penal code was being modernized to bring it into conformity with the new Constitution. Some progress had been made in ensuring that defendants had effective legal representation and that they received speedier trials. Nevertheless, antiquated procedures and the escalation of crime continued to generate huge delays in the administration of justice, with the result that as much as half of the prison population in 1986 consisted of accused persons still awaiting trial. The principal forces of public order and security as of 1988 were the Civil Guard and the National Police Corps (Cuerpo Nacional de Policia). The Civil Guard, fortified by nearly a century and a half of tradition, was a highly disciplined paramilitary body with close links to the army. As it evolved, it served mainly as a rural police to protect property and order and to reinforce the authority of the central government. Under Franco, a tripartite system of police was formalized: the Civil Guard in rural areas; the Armed and Traffic Police (renamed the National Police in 1979), which fulfilled normal police functions in communities with a population of more than 20,000; and the Higher Police Corps of plainclothes police with responsibility for investigating crimes and political offenses. Separate municipal police forces under the control of local mayors were concerned mainly with traffic control and with enforcement of local ordinances. During the Franco era, the police had been regarded as a reactionary element, associated in the public mind with internal surveillance and political repression. The Civil Guard and the Armed and Traffic Police were legally part of the armed forces, and their senior officers were drawn from the army. The 1978 Constitution effects the separation of the police from the military, and it emphasizes that one of the functions of the police is to safeguard personal liberties. Article 104 of the 1978 Constitution states that, "The Security Corps and Forces, responsible to the Government, shall have as their mission the protection of the free exercise of rights and liberties and the guaranteeing of the safety of citizens." Although considerably delayed, a subsequent statute, the Organic Law on the Security Corps and Forces, was enacted in March 1986 to incorporate the mandate of the Constitution to redefine the functions and the operating principles of the police forces. With its passage, the final legal steps had been taken to make the police system conform to the requirements of the democratic regime, although most observers concluded that it would be years before the reforms were fully in effect. The new organic law provided a common ethical code for police practices, affirmed trade union rights, recast the role of the judicial police serving under the courts and the public prosecutors, combined the uniformed and the nonuniformed police into the single National Police Corps, and redefined the missions and the chains of command of the various police elements. The Civil Guard remained a separate paramilitary force, although in operational matters it was under the direction of the Ministry of Interior rather than the Ministry of Defense. In time of war or emergency, it would revert to the authority of the minister of defense. In 1986 a new post of secretary of state for security was created in the Ministry of Interior to coordinate the activities of the National Police Corps and the Civil Guard. The National Police Corps functioned under the directives of the director general of the National Police Corps, but local supervision was exercised by civil governors of the provinces where police forces served. Patterned after the French rural gendarmerie when it was formed in 1844, the Civil Guard has long maintained its own traditions and style of operation. Until the first civilian director general of the Civil Guard was installed in 1986, its head had been an army lieutenant general. The total complement of the Civil Guard as of 1986 was 65,000; in addition, about 9,000 auxiliary guardsmen performed their military service obligation in the Civil Guard. The Civil Guard was grouped into six zones, matching the six army regions, each commanded by an army brigadier general. These were divided, in turn, into commands coinciding with provincial boundaries and further subdivided into about 300 companies, 800 lines (lineas) corresponding to platoons, and about 3,200 posts. A post typically consisted of six to ten guardsmen, headed by a corporal or a sergeant. Posts were responsible for organizing two-member patrols to police their areas, generally by automobile. To deploy forces more flexibly, this traditional system had been augmented by radio-controlled mobile patrols of three or more members. A separate traffic group patrolled the main roads to assist in cases of breakdown or accident. A Rural Antiterrorist Group of four companies, stationed in the Basque Country (Spanish, Pais Vasco; Basque, Euskadi) and Navarre (Spanish, Navarra), concentrated its efforts against Basque extremists. This force could be supplemented by a helicopter unit and by a Special Intervention Unit as needed. Mountain Units guarded the Pyrenees frontier against terrorists and smugglers, in addition to providing general police and rescue services. The Civil Guard generally enjoyed greater popularity than other police elements, in part because of its reputation for courtesy and helpfulness to motorists. Nevertheless, it had not completely shed its earlier reputation as the primary instrument of the Franco regime's efforts to root out and crush any evidence of opposition. Numerous cases of torture and ill treatment were attributed to members of the Civil Guard, especially in the handling of suspected Basque dissidents. The persistence of reactionary tendencies was underscored by the participation of a senior officer of the Civil Guard, Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero Molina, in the dramatic coup attempt of 1981, backed by nearly 300 guardsmen who made prisoners of cabinet ministers and deputies of the Cortes. Most members of the Civil Guard were housed with their families on compounds that formed part of the stations from which they operated. A high proportion of recruits were the sons of guardsmen. Entrance was at the age of sixteen years or seventeen years, when recruits began a two-year course at one of two "colleges" or, alternatively, at ages nineteen to twenty-four at the other college where the course was of eleven months duration. Promotion to officer rank was possible after fourteen years of service. A minority of officers gained direct commissions by attending the General Military Academy at Zaragoza for two years, where they followed the regular military cadet curriculum. After an additional three years at the Special Academy of the Civil Guard at Aranjuez, these cadets entered the service as lieutenants. Under the 1986 organic law, the Ministry of Interior was assigned responsibility for operational matters, pay, assignments, accommodations, and equipment. The Ministry of Defense was responsible for promotions, military missions, and wartime mobilization. Recruitment, training, weapons, deployment, and conduct of the system whereby compulsory service could be performed in the Civil Guard were matters of joint responsibility. The regulations introduced in early 1988 enabling women to serve in certain categories of the armed forces also cleared the way for eventual recruitment of women into the Civil Guard. The 1986 law set out a new functional division of responsibilities between the Civil Guard and the National Police Corps. In addition to its rural police functions, the Civil Guard was to be responsible for firearms and explosives control; traffic policing on interurban roads; protection of communication routes, coasts, frontiers, ports, and airports; enforcement of environmental and conservation laws, including those governing hunting and fishing; and interurban transport of prisoners. The 1986 organic law unifying the separate uniformed and plainclothes branches of the national police was a major reform that required a considerable period of time to be brought into full effect. The former plainclothes service, known as the Higher Police Corps, but often referred to as the "secret police," consisted of some 9,000 officers. Prior to 1986, it had a supervisory and coordinating role in police operations, conducted domestic surveillance, collected intelligence, investigated major crimes, issued identity documents, and carried out liaison with foreign police forces. The uniformed service was a completely separate organization with a complement of about 50,000 officers, including a small number of female recruits who were first accepted for training in 1984. The Director General of the National Police Corps, a senior official of the Ministry of Interior, commanded 13 regional headquarters, 50 provincial offices, and about 190 municipal police stations. In the nine largest cities, several district police stations served separate sections of the city. The chief of police of each station was in command of both the uniformed and the plainclothes officers attached to the station. A centrally controlled Special Operations Group (Grupo Especial de Operaciones--GEO) was an elite fighting unit trained to deal with terrorist and hostage situations. The principal weapons regularly used by the uniformed police were 9mm pistols, 9mm submachine guns, CETME and NATO 7.62mm rifles, and various forms of riot equipment. The uniform consisted of light brown trousers and dark brown jackets. The initial training phase for recruits to the National Police Corps was nine months, followed by a year of practical training. Promotions to corporal, sergeant, and sergeant major were based on seniority, additional training, and performance. In the Franco era, most police officers were seconded from the army. Under a 1978 law, future police officers were to receive separate training, and army officers detailed to the police were to be permanently transferred. By 1986 only 170 army officers remained in the National Police Corps. Under the 1986 organic law, military-type training for police was to be terminated, and all candidate officers were to attend the Higher Police School at Ávila, which previously had served as the three-year training center for the Higher Police Corps. The ranks of the plainclothes corps--commissioners, subcommissioners, and inspectors of first, second, and third class--were to be assimilated into the ranking system of the uniformed police--colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, captain, and lieutenant. Two lower categories --subinspection and basic--would include all nonofficer uniformed personnel. The newly unified National Police Corps was to be responsible for issuing identity cards and passports, as well as for immigration and deportation controls, refugees, extradition, deportation, gambling controls, drugs, and supervision of private security forces. Franco's Armed and Traffic Police had once been dreaded as one of the most familiar symbols of the regime's oppressiveness. During the 1980s, however, the police effected an internal transformation, adopting wholeheartedly the new democratic spirit of the times. The police unwaveringly supported the legally constituted government during the 1981 coup attempt. Led by the new police trade union, the police demonstrated in 1985 against right-wing militants in their ranks and cooperated in efforts to punish misconduct and abuses of civil rights by individual officers. Although their powers were, in most cases, quite limited, the local police services of individual towns and cities supplemented the work of the National Police Corps, dealing with such matters as traffic, parking, monitoring public demonstrations, guarding municipal buildings, and enforcing local ordinances. They also collaborated with the National Police Corps by providing personnel to assist in crowd control. Numbering about 37,000 individuals in 1986, the local police were generally armed only with pistols. Under the Statutes of Autonomy of 1979, the Basque Country and Catalonia were granted authority to form their own regional police forces. Subsequently, ten of the seventeen autonomous regions were extended the right to create their own forces, but, as of 1988, only three areas--the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Navarre--had developed regional police units. The 1986 organic law defined the limits of competence for regional police forces, although the restrictions imposed did not apply to the existing forces in the Basque Country and Navarre and applied only in part to those in Catalonia. Under the law, regional police could enforce regional legislation, protect regional offices, and, in cooperation with national forces, could police public places, control demonstrations and crowds, and perform duties in support of the judiciary. A Security Policy Council was established at the national level to ensure proper coordination with the new regional forces, which, as of 1986, numbered about 4,500 officers. The principal intelligence agency was the Higher Defense Intelligence Center (Centro Superior de Informacion de la Defensa--CESID), created in 1977 to replace the intelligence organizations of the Francoist period. These included the Political-Social Brigade--a special branch of the plainclothes corps--and the Intelligence Service of the Civil Guard. With their files on every part of the rural and urban population, these bodies carried on close surveillance and political intimidation on behalf of the Franco regime. By a royal decree of January 1984, CESID was defined legally as the intelligence agency of the prime minister. Nevertheless, it was fundamentally military in nature, and its head in 1988 was an army lieutenant general, Emilio Alanso Manglano. Observers speculated, however, that Manglano, who had held the post since 1981, eventually would be succeeded by a civilian. Employing about 2,000 individuals as of 1988, CESID was staffed primarily by the military, supplemented by 500 members of the Civil Guard and by 80 plainclothes police. About 30 percent of the members of the staff were civilians, said to be selected usually from among close relatives of military officers. Women had been confined largely to administrative tasks, but they were increasingly being entrusted with operational assignments. The principal operating units were domestic intelligence; foreign intelligence; counterintelligence; economics and technology (primarily industrial espionage); and operational support (principally application of devices for surveillance and eavesdropping). Considerable emphasis in external intelligence was allotted to North Africa and to the security of Ceuta and Melilla. Liaison was maintained with a number of intelligence services of North African and Middle Eastern nations, as well as with the Israeli agency, Mossad. Interception of ship transmissions in the strait area was another focus of activity. Domestic intelligence centered on exposure of plots against the government, monitoring activities of unrecognized political parties, and counterterrorism. Although CESID was the senior agency, it did not have a firmly established coordinating function over other intelligence bodies, which included the General Headquarters of Information of the Ministry of Defense; the second sections of the army, the air force, and the navy staffs; and the Civil Guard Information Service, dedicated to criminal and terrorist intelligence. In addition, the National Police Corps had a General Commissariat of Intelligence, with an antiterrorist mission that included a Foreign Intelligence Brigade to investigate international terrorism aimed against Spain. Considerable rivalry and overlapping of missions characterized the entire intelligence system. CESID, in particular, was reported to be seeking to gain exclusive jurisdiction over police foreign intelligence activities. Today, internal security responsibilities are divided among the National Police, which are responsible for nationwide investigations and security in urban areas; the Civil Guard, which polices rural areas and controls borders and highways; and police forces under the authority of the autonomous communities of Catalunya and the Basque Country. While the security forces generally are under the effective control of civilian authorities, some members of the security forces committed human rights abuses. There were no reports of the arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life committed by the Government or its agents. An Algeciras court opened an investigation into the December 2000 case in which a Civil Guard officer fatally shot an unarmed Morrocan, Abdelhadi Lamhamdi, in Tarifa. Also in December 2000, a court sentenced a Civil Guard officer to 1 year's imprisonment for shooting and killing Miriam Gomez, who was a passenger in a car fleeing the police in 1999 in Seville. ETA, whose declared goal is to establish an independent Basque state, continued its terrorist campaign of bombings and shootings, killing 15 persons during the year 2001. ETA publicly claimed responsibility for its attacks. On January 26, an ETA bomb explosion killed a navy cook in San Sebastian. On February 22, another bomb, intended for a Socialist Party councilor, killed two electrical workers in San Sebastian. On March 9, an ETA car bomb killed a member of the autonomous police force of the Basque Country, and on March 17 an ETA car bomb killed a member of the autonomous police force of Catalunya. On March 20, ETA assailants shot to death the deputy mayor of the Basque town of Lasarte. On May 6, ETA assailants shot and killed Manuel Gimenez Abad, the Aragon regional President of the Popular Party. On May 24, ETA assailants shot and killed Santiago Oleaga, the financial director of a major Basque Country newspaper. On June 26, ETA targeted Army General Justo Oreja with a bomb in Madrid; Oreja died from his injuries a month later. On July 10, an ETA car bomb killed a policeman in Madrid. On July 14, ETA killed a policeman in the Basque Country and a town councilor in Navarra. On November 7, ETA assailants shot and killed Jose Maria Lidon, a Basque provincial magistrate, in Getxo. On November 23, ETA assailants shot and killed two members of the Basque autonomous police. The Government continued to pursue legal actions against ETA members. The courts convicted and sentenced more than 10 ETA members during the year 2001. In January a court sentenced Mikel Arrieta Llopis to 128 years' imprisonment for a 1982 attack that killed three persons. In February a court sentenced Jose Luis Barrios to 232 years' imprisonment for a 1997 attack. In July former ETA leader Francisco Mugica Garmendia and Jose Maria Arregi Erostarbe each received more than 1,000 years' imprisonment for their roles in a 1988 attack in Madrid. In October Rafael Caride Simon was sentenced to 142 years' imprisonment for killing a Civil Guard officer in 1987. In December Jose Javier Zabaleta received 200 years' imprisonment for an attack that killed five persons in 1980. In December, following an October agreement, France for the first time temporarily extradited an ETA member serving a prison sentence to facilitate his trial in Spain. Mexico expelled two ETA members to Spain and extradited another. Several organizations are dedicated to the concerns of victims of terrorism, among them the Association of Victims of Terrorism (AVT). The AVT serves 1,300 families, providing legal and psychological counseling since 1981. The Government supports its work. Under a 1999 law, the Government has compensated directly victims of terrorism and their families, including victims of the Antiterrorist Liberation Groups (government-sponsored death squads known by their acronym, GAL) in the 1980's. The law prohibits such practices; however, suspects charged with terrorism at times assert that they have been abused during detention, and at times other detainees make similar charges. Amnesty International continued to criticize the Government for reports of brutality by security forces, particularly directed at foreigners and illegal immigrants. Amnesty International also reported that police abused undocumented Moroccan minors. According to Amnesty International, in February Madrid police allegedly beat 18-year-old Pedro Garcia Munoz after an exchange of insults. Iratxe Sorzabal Diaz, an ETA suspect expelled from France, alleged that Civil Guards tortured her in Madrid in March 2000. She subsequently lodged a formal complaint of torture with the National High Court, which remained pending at year's end 2001. The Government investigates allegations of torture; however, in a November 2000 report on impunity and mistreatment, Amnesty International criticized the judicial process for law enforcement officials accused of torture or mistreatment. Amnesty cited the length of the judicial process, light sentencing, and the use of pardons as factors that contributed to effective impunity. In January Amnesty International criticized the Government's inclusion of 14 members of the security forces, who had been convicted of torture, in a millenium pardon. Also contributing to a climate of impunity, according to Amnesty International, were poor standards of forensic medical reporting and the continued use of incommunicado detention. In July a Bilbao court sentenced eight Civil Guard members to 4 years' and 6 months' imprisonment for torturing seven suspected members of ETA in 1980. In July the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) visited the country. The CPT's report had not been released by year's end 2001. The Government permits outside parties to investigate allegations of torture. On March 15, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights released a report on his February visit to the Basque Country. He noted that Senideak, a Basque separatist prison rights organization, which had complained about the torture of convicted terrorists, failed to provide any specific examples, and that during his tour of Basauri Prison on February 6, he did not receive any complaints of mistreatment or torture from prisoners. In addition to killings, ETA bombings and attempted bombings caused numerous injuries and property damage. Several of these attempts were directed at the tourist industry, including June car bombings in Logrono and San Sebastian, and August car bombings in the Madrid airport parking facility and the resort town of Salou. In August ETA also blew up some sections of a high-speed train track. On May 15, a package bomb severely injured journalist Gorka Landaburu. In October ETA exploded a car bomb in front of the Vitoria courts building and another in Madrid, injuring 17 persons. A November 6 car bomb in Madrid caused 59 injuries. ETA sympathizers also continued to commit numerous acts of street violence and vandalism in the Basque region throughout the year. On August 6, two members of the Basque autonomous police were severely injured after an attack by hooded ETA sympathizers. The police arrested more than 150 persons in connection with street violence by ETA sympathizers. There were occasional reports of violence against immigrants, particularly by rightwing youth groups. The Constitution prohibits such actions, and the Government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. Under the Criminal Code, the authorities must obtain court approval before searching private property, wiretapping, or interfering with private correspondence. However, the antiterrorist law gives discretionary authority to the Minister of the Interior to act prior to obtaining court approval in "cases of emergency." The parents or legal guardians of a person with mental disabilities may petition a judge for sterilization of that person. The Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the Government generally observes these prohibitions in practice. A suspect may not be held for more than 72 hours without a hearing except in cases involving terrorism, in which case the law permits holding a suspect an additional 2 days--or a total of 5 days--without a hearing. A judge may authorize incommunicado detention for terrorism suspects. Amnesty International and other NGO's have criticized this provision. At times pretrial detention can be lengthy. By law suspects may not be confined for more than 2 years before being brought to trial, unless a further delay is authorized by a judge, who may extend pretrial custody to 4 years. In practice pretrial custody is usually less than a year. In previous years, criticism was heard in legal circles that some judges used "preventive custody" as a form of anticipatory sentencing; however, this practice rarely, if ever, was used during the year 2001. At year's end 2001, approximately 22 percent of the prison population was in pretrial detention (10,652 out of 48,118 inmates), although that number included convicted prisoners whose cases were on appeal. The law on aliens permits the detention of a person for up to 40 days prior to deportation but specifies that it must not take place in a prison-like setting. The Constitution prohibits forced exile, and the Government does not employ it. The Constitution declares that justice emanates from the people and that it is administered in the name of the king by independent judges and magistrates, who are irremovable and who are responsible and subject only to the rule of law. The judicial system is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the country's highest tribunal except for constitutional questions. The supreme governing and administrative body is the General Council of the Judiciary. Its primary functions are to appoint judges and to maintain ethical standards within the legal profession. The 1978 Constitution provides that twelve of this council's twenty members are to be selected for five-year terms by judges, lawyers, and magistrates, with the remaining eight to be chosen by the Cortes. A judicial reform law that entered into force in July 1985 called for all twenty members to be chosen by the Cortes; ten by the Congress of Deputies and ten by the Senate. The General Council of the Judiciary elects the president of the Supreme Court, who also serves on this council. In addition, there are territorial courts, regional courts, provincial courts, courts of the first instance, and municipal courts. Constitutional questions are to be resolved by a special Constitutional Court, outlined in the 1978 Constitution and in the Organic Law on the Constitutional Court that was signed into law in October 1979. This court consists of twelve judges who serve for nine-year terms. Four of these are nominated by the Congress of Deputies, four by the Senate, two by the executive branch of the government, and two by the General Council of the Judiciary. They are chosen from among jurists of recognized standing with at least fifteen years' experience. Once appointed, they are prohibited by the Constitution from engaging in other forms of political, administrative, professional, or commercial activity. The Organic Law on the Constitutional Court contains provisions whereby the court can expel its own members, a circumstance which appears to contradict the constitutional declaration that magistrates are irremovable. The Constitutional Court is authorized to rule on the constitutionality of laws, acts, or regulations set forth by the national or the regional parliaments. It also may rule on the constitutionality of international treaties before they are ratified, if requested to do so by the government, the Congress of Deputies, or the Senate. The Constitution further declares that individual citizens may appeal to the Constitutional Court for protection against governmental acts that violate their civil rights. Only individuals directly affected can make this appeal, called an amparo, and they can do this only after exhausting other judicial appeals. In addition, this court has the power to preview the constitutionality of texts delineating statutes of autonomy and to settle conflicts of jurisdiction between the central and the autonomous community governments, or between the governments of two or more autonomous communities. Because many of the constitutional provisions pertaining to autonomy questions are ambiguous and sometimes contradictory, this court could play a critical role in Spain's political and social development. The Constitution prohibits special courts and limits the jurisdiction of military courts to members of the armed services, except during a state of siege. It provides for a public prosecutor as well as for a public defender, to protect both the rule of law and the rights of citizens. A significant innovation is the provision allowing for trial by jury in criminal cases. A major problem that continued to plague the legal system in the 1980s was a severe shortage of funds, which made it impossible to keep up with an increasingly heavy case load. This resulted in inordinate delays, which led to corrupt practices such as the bribing of court administrators by lawyers attempting to expedite their clients' cases. One of the most persistent problems of the judicial system was the delay in bringing cases to trial. As of 1986, these delays averaged eighteen months for minor offenses and between two and four years for serious crimes. In 1980, in an effort to curb the growing incidence of crime, bail was made available only for those accused of crimes for which the penalty was six months or less. By 1983 the large number of prisoners awaiting trial obliged the government to introduce a law raising to two years the maximum time that an accused could be held pending trial on a minor charge and to four years, on a serious charge. Today, the Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the Government generally respects this provision in practice. The judicial structure consists of local, provincial, regional, and national courts with the Supreme Court at its apex. The Constitutional Court has the authority to return a case to the court in which it was adjudicated if it can be determined that constitutional rights were violated during the course of the proceedings. The National High Court handles crimes such as terrorism and drug trafficking. The European Court of Human Rights is the final arbiter in cases concerning human rights. The Constitution provides for the right to a fair public trial, and an independent judiciary generally enforces this right. There is a nine-person jury system. Defendants have the right to be represented by an attorney (at state expense for the indigent). Defendants are released on bail unless the court believes that they may flee or be a threat to public safety. Following a conviction, defendants may appeal to the next higher court. The law calls for an expeditious judicial hearing following arrest; however, the judicial process is often lengthy. In cases of petty crime, suspects released on bail sometimes wait up to 5 years for trial. There were no reports of political prisoners. The prison population as of 1987 consisted of 17,643 individuals, of whom 1,486 were women. Of the total, about 7,700 were serving sentences, and nearly 9,000 were detained pending trial. An additional 7,200 were inmates of other correctional institutions and halfway houses. Many complaints of overcrowding and inadequate medical attention had in the past been leveled against prison conditions. A series of riots between 1976 and 1978 had been provoked in major part by the crowding and by delays in sentencing. Under the Franco government, periodic amnesties had helped to reduce pressures from the expanding prison population. The ban in the 1978 Constitution against such amnesties had led to a buildup that necessitated an ambitious construction and renovation program. As a result, by 1984, one-third of existing prisons had been built in the previous five years, and many others had been modernized. Prisons, which numbered forty-seven in 1987, were located in most of the main population centers. The largest prisons by far were in Madrid and in Barcelona, each of which had inmate populations of more than 2,000. None of the others housed more than 800 prisoners. Although in a 1978 report a committee of the Spanish Senate (upper chamber of the Cortes) had severely criticized the treatment of inmates, subsequent evidence indicated considerable improvement. The International Red Cross was permitted to inspect prison conditions whenever it desired. It reported that facilities were satisfactory in the majority of cases, and it described Yeserias Women's Prison in Madrid, where female militants of the Basque movement were held, as a model for the rest of the world. There were several open prisons from which inmates were allowed to return to the community for specified periods. Conjugal visits were allowed on a limited basis. Rehabilitation facilities were said to be almost nonexistent, however. Today, prison conditions generally meet international standards; however, in a June report compiled by the Coordinator in Solidarity with Imprisoned Persons, an umbrella prison rights nongovernmental organization (NGO), prisoners claimed that they were tortured or mistreated by prison staff in 151 incidents during 1999 and 2000. The same report noted that in January, three prison officials were sentenced to a year's imprisonment for a case of mistreatment in 1997. In the prison system, women are held separately from men; juveniles are held separately from adults; and pretrial detainees are held separately from convicted criminals. Senideak continued to demand that all imprisoned ETA terrorists be moved to prisons in the Basque region or the adjacent region, Navarra, to be closer to their families. As of July, more than 400 ETA terrorists were in prison. The Government permits prison visits by independent human rights monitors, one of which visited prisons in July. Violence against women, particularly domestic violence, remained a problem. According to the Government, 42 women and 3 men were killed as a result of domestic violence during the year 2001, compared with at least 40 women and 6 men in 2000. During the year 2001, women filed 5,983 criminal complaints and 18,175 misdemeanor complaints against their husbands or male partners. In 2000 women filed 5,722 such criminal complaints and 14,846 such misdemeanor complaints. A 1999 study commissioned by the Women's Institute, which is part of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, indicated that 4.2 percent of women reported domestic abuse in the previous year but concluded that the number who actually had been abused was closer to 12.4 percent, based on the survey responses of approximately 20,000 women. The law prohibits rape and spousal abuse. Police received 1,219 reports of rape during the year 2001. In May the Government initiated its second Plan Against Domestic Violence, with a proposed budget of $72 million (13 billion pesetas) over 4 years. The four principal areas outlined in the plan are preventive education; improvements in judicial regulations and practices to protect victims and increase the penalty for abusers; the extension of social services for abused women to all parts of the country; and increased coordination among the agencies and organizations involved in preventing domestic violence. During the first plan, from 1998 to 2000, the Government sponsored 3 publicity campaigns and distributed over 750,000 educational pamphlets. It trained additional personnel for each of the 54 Civil Guard units that assist battered women and created 43 similar units in the National Police. There are 53 offices that provide legal assistance to victims of domestic violence and approximately 225 shelters for battered women. A 24-hour free national hot line that advises women where to find local assistance or shelter received 260,000 calls in 2000. Trafficking in women for the purpose of prostitution, primarily from Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe, was a problem. The Government is strongly committed to children's rights and welfare; it amply funds a system of public education and health care. Education is compulsory until age 16 and free until age 18. However, a 1998 study found that only 35 percent of Romani children are integrated fully into the educational system. Approximately 60 percent of Romani children do not complete primary school, and only very few progress to middle school and beyond. According to a report by the NGO Gypsy Presence, one-fifth of teachers describe themselves as anti-Roma, and one-fourth of students say that they would like to see Roma expelled from school. Truancy and dropout rates among Roma are very high, and Romani parents, over 80 percent of whom are functionally illiterate, often do not see the value of an education or are unaware of the educational opportunities for their children. The Constitution obligates both the State and parents to protect children. The Ministries of Health and Social Affairs are responsible for the welfare of children and have created numerous programs to aid needy children. Numerous NGO's promote children's rights and welfare, often through government-funded projects. Several of the Autonomous Communities have an office of the Defender of Children, an independent, nonpartisan agency charged with defending children's rights. Under the Penal Code, children under the age of 18 are not considered responsible for their actions and cannot be sent to prison. There appears to be no societal pattern of abuse of children. The 1995 Law of the Child gives legal rights of testimony to minors in child abuse cases; it also obliges all citizens to act on cases of suspected child abuse. Trafficking in teenage girls for prostitution was a problem. Law enforcement and social service agencies reported an increasing number of undocumented immigrant children living on the streets. These children cannot legally work; as a result, many survive through petty crime. Amnesty International reported that police abused undocumented Moroccan minors, especially in the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and that some undocumented minors are returned to Morocco without sufficient concern for their welfare. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS The law prohibits trafficking in persons; however, trafficking in women and teenage girls remained a problem. Trafficking involves almost exclusively the importation of women for prostitution, although there are reports of occasional cases in which victims are employed in other work, including agriculture and sweatshops. Trafficked women are usually 18 to 30 years of age, but sometimes are girls as young as age 16. There are few reports of trafficking in younger minors. Women are trafficked primarily from Latin America (Colombia, Dominican Republic, Brazil), East European countries, sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria, Guinea, Sierra Leone), and, to a lesser extent, North Africa. Asians, including Chinese, are trafficked to a much lesser degree, and more often for work other than prostitution. Traffickers use coercion, including confiscation of documents, violence, and threats against family members to keep victims working in prostitution. As a group, women from Eastern Europe reportedly are subject to more severe violence and threats on the part of traffickers. Some victims from sub-Sarahan Africa reportedly are sold to traffickers by members of their own families. Traffickers lure some victims from other regions with false promises of employment in service industries and agriculture and then force them into prostitution upon arrival in Spain. The 2000 Immigration law redefined trafficking as a criminal offense. The penalty for trafficking is 2 to 4 years' imprisonment and a fine, or 6 to 12 years if the crime is committed by a public official. The exploitation of prostitutes through coercion or fraud and the exploitation of workers in general also are illegal, although prostitution is legal. Trafficking in workers is punishable by 2 to 5 years' imprisonment and a fine. During 2000 law enforcement agencies arrested over 1,000 individuals involved in some aspect of trafficking in persons or migrant smuggling and initiated over 700 prosecutions. The Government specifically targets trafficking as part of its broader plan to control immigration; for example, the police actively pursue and prosecute mafias who use false identity documentation for immigrant smuggling of all kinds, including trafficking. Within the Interior Ministry, the National Police Corps has primary responsibility for all matters pertaining to immigration, including trafficking. Regional authorities also participate in fighting organized criminal activity, including trafficking. In addition the Interior Ministry chairs an interagency committee on all immigration issues, including trafficking. The Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Health, Education, Treasury, and Labor also are members of the committee. The main police school gives courses on trafficking issues, such as the recognition of fake documents and the best ways to identify traffickers. The law allows for trafficked persons to remain in the country if they agree to testify against the perpetrators. After legal proceedings conclude, the individual is given the option of remaining in Spain or returning to the country of origin. Victims are encouraged to help police investigate trafficking cases and to testify against traffickers. The Government works with and provides funding to NGO's that provide assistance to trafficking victims. In addition regional and local governments provide assistance either directly or through NGO's. Project Hope, a program backed by the Catholic NGO Las Adoratrices and government agencies, is the first program specifically intended to assist trafficking victims. The project operates shelters in Madrid and provides assistance with medical and legal services and acts as liaison with law enforcement for victims who choose to testify against traffickers. Project Hope receives many of its referrals directly from police. In 2000 the Campaign Against Trafficking in Women, a coalition of NGO's with support from the Ministry of Labor, published a booklet on the problems of trafficking. Spain is a transit country, and remains actively involved in counternarcotics efforts globally. Spain is a signatory to the three UN Drug Conventions and maintains membership in the UN Commission. Spain complies with EU consensus on drug trafficking and money laundering. Drug trafficking and terrorism remain Spain's highest law enforcement concerns. Illicit refining and manufacturing of drugs in Spain is minimal. However, small scale laboratories which convert cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride are discovered and confiscated each year. The first significant cocaine conversion operation was discovered in February 1995, when the Spanish National Police (SNP) seized a cocaine base extraction and conversion lab in a Madrid. It became apparent that individuals purchasing chemicals allegedly for legitimate use were diverting them for illicit use.. Although Spain has a pharmaceutical industry that produces precursor and essential chemicals, there have been no reports of diversion of chemicals to the illicit market. In all cases where MDMA (spell out) laboratories have been seized in Spain, Dutch traffickers were found to be in charge of operations. The production process is a simple one.(?) The SNP recently seized an MDMA logo press. A substantial amount of MDMA was seized in Murcia in early November 1998. When amphetamine laboratories are discovered in Spain, they have been operated by Spaniards with no involvement by other nationalities. There has never been a heroin conversion laboratory identified in Spain. No methamphetamine laboratories have been seized in Spain. Ever increasing amounts of cocaine are seized by Spanish drug law enforcement agencies each year. Trends indicate that Spain is the chief gateway for cocaine shipments entering Europe. Spain's close historic and linguistic ties with Latin America attract Colombian cocaine traffickers who fully exploit Spain's position as a bridge to the rest of Europe. Maritime containerized cargo shipments account for the bulk of the cocaine shipped to Spain, but a proliferation of smaller amounts smuggled into the country by air courier, usually at Madrid's Barajas International Airport, also contribute to sizeable totals. Coca leaf is not cultivated in Spain, however opium poppy is cultivated for research purposes under strictly regulated conditions. Insignificant amounts of cannabis are also cultivated. As previously discussed, there exists minimal refining and manufacturing of drugs in Spain, however there is evidence of small scale laboratories which convert cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride. Ecstasy is manufactured in Spain in limited quantities. Spain has the reputation for being a chief gateway for cocaine shipments entering Europe. Spain's close linguistic and cultural ties with Latin America attract Colombian cocaine traffickers who exploit Spain's position as a bridge to the rest of Europe. Cocaine is shipped to Spain through maritime containers in cargo holds. In Spain's northwest province of Galicia, local groups involved in smuggling contraband - usually tobacco - have expanded their illicit activities to include cocaine and hashish trafficking. Studies and analyses carried out in cooperation with the Center for Sociological Investigations and the Institute for Police Studies over the issue of victimization emphasize that street-level drug trafficking and drug use in urban centers form one of the most important indices for measuring safety concerns among the general populace of city neighborhoods. It is felt that this type of behavior is the genesis of 80 percent of urban crime, usually property-related, but is also responsible for a large number of disruptive acts Media campaigns were launched, including specially focused ones targeted at youth audiences. Spain's PNSD office has decided to push a positive drug prevention message to young people rather than using the "say no to drugs" phrase which is prevalent in many countries. In a European forum held during the European Drug Prevention Week that began November 16, 1998, Spanish policy in this area was judged to be the most valuable and effective of that of all the participants. Priority has been given to rehabilitating minors to diminish the threat of syringe-borne diseases. Mechanisms have been developed for dispensing methadone and exchanging needles, and joint action has been implemented with the National Plan on Aids (Plan Nacional del Sida). Programs have also been developed to provide alternative penalties for addicts, making it possible for them to complete their sentences in accredited detoxification and rehabilitation centers. Methadone distribution programs have been extended to all penitentiaries. Internet research assisted by Nicole Pino

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This early work by Franz Boas was originally published in 1888 and we are now republishing it with a brand new introductory biography. 'The Central Eskimo' was his first monograph and details his time spent on Baffin Island studying the Inuit people. Franz Boas was born on July 9th 1958, in Minden, Westphalia. Even though Boas had a passion the natural sciences, he enrolled at the University at Kiel as an undergraduate in Physics. Boas completed his degree with a dissertation on the optical properties of water, before continuing his studies and receiving his doctorate in 1881. Boas became a professor of Anthropology at Columbia University in 1899 and founded the first Ph.D program in anthropology in America. He was also a leading figure in the creation of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Franz Boas had a long career and a great impact on many areas of study. He died on 21st December 1942. Papers presented by the American Anthropological Association and the American Folk-Lore Society to the nineteenth International Congress of Americanists, October 1914. Topics include mythology, religion, physical anthropology, material culture etc. of North American Indians.

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SEATTLE — Astronomers have now pinned down the weight of the most massive black hole known, a huge beast with the mass of 6.6 billion suns, a new study reports. This enormous mass is the heaviest ever measured for a black holeusing a direct technique, researchers said. The supermassive black hole is about 54 million light-years from Earth. While that seems far, it's actually the closest black hole of its weight class to our planet. Given its size, the hefty black hole — found at the heart of the elliptical galaxy M87 — is likely the best candidate for future studies to actually "see" a black hole for the first time ever. [See an illustration of the massive black hole] And the discovery may hint at future discoveries of even more gigantic black holes, researchers added. "Our ability to obtain such a robust black hole mass for M87 bodes well for our ongoing efforts to hunt for even larger black holes in galaxies more distant than M87," study co-author Tod Lauer of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory said in a statement. The researchers presented their results today (Jan. 12) here at the 217th meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Two studies on the discovery will appear in a future edition of the Astrophysical Journal. Measuring a black hole's mass Black holes tend to come in two primary size categories: Stellar black holes, which are typically between 10 or 20 times the mass of the sun, formed from the collapse of massive stars. Supermassive black holes, however, reside at the heart of galaxies and usually contain millions or billions of solar masses. The researchers "weighed" the supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy M87 by probing the motions of stars around its center. They did this by combining data from the 8-meter Gemini North telescope in Hawaii and a smaller instrument in Texas. Researchers measured the speed of stars orbiting the black hole both near its heart and far away, on the outskirts of the galaxy. They were able to track stars near M87's core with 10 times greater resolution than previous studies, researchers said. It's "just an enormous improvement compared to previous work," said co-author Joshua Adams of the University of Texas. Dark matter clues By studying the faraway stars, researchers were able to get a handle on what was going on in the so-called "dark halo," a region surrounding the galaxy that is filled with dark matter. Dark matter is a strange type of mass that gives off no light but is detectable by its gravitational tug on other objects. Studying the distant edges of a galaxy, far from the bright center, is tricky, researchers said. "That has been an enormous struggle for a long time, trying to get what the dark halo is doing at the edge of the galaxy, simply because, when you look there, the stellar light is faint," said lead author Karl Gebhardt of the University of Texas. The observations of stellar orbits — both close-in and far away from M87's heart — allowed the team to pinpoint the mass of the galaxy’s black hole at 6.6 billion suns. "Seeing" a black hole? But measuring such a massive black hole is only one step toward a greater goal, according to the researchers. "My ultimate goal is to understand how the stars assembled themselves in a galaxy over time," Gebhardt said, adding that such an insight is extremely difficult to come by without knowing how much mass resides in the black hole, how much in the stars and how much in the dark halo. The new results also hint at another possibility for the future: the chance to actually "see" a black hole. So far, astronomers have accumulated only indirect evidence of black holes' existence, researchers said. "There's no direct evidence yet that black holes exist," Gebhardt said. [Video: Black Holes: Warping Time and Space] However, the black hole in M87 is so massive that astronomers someday may be able to detect its "event horizon" — its edge, beyond which nothing can escape. The event horizon of M87's black hole is about three times larger than the orbit of Pluto, researchers said — large enough to swallow our solar system whole. M87's event horizon covers a patch of sky large enough to be imaged by future telescopes; the technology to do so does not currently exist, researchers said. Future astronomers could use a worldwide network of submillimeter telescopes to look for the shadow of the event horizon on a disk of gas that surrounds M87's black hole, Gebhardt said.

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When it comes to the office of the president, all official documents belong to history. That’s due to the Presidential Records Act of 1978, which Congress passed to avert another Watergate. Lately, staffers of President Donald Trump have struggled to ensure the law is upheld, according to a Politico article, which describes how President Trump has at times torn up memos, letters and other presidential documents once he’s done with them. Two former staffers told Politico they had to pick the pieces out of the trash or off of the floor and tape them together “to make sure that the president wasn’t violating the law.” Before the Presidential Records Act, archiving presidential records was an unofficial norm. Franklin Delano Roosevelt set the precedent in 1940 when he established the first presidential library and began donating his papers there. After that, records preservation became a policy that Congress didn’t feel the need to enforce through legislation until the 1970s, when Richard Nixon very publically broke it. In the current era of questionable Watergate comparisons and scandals that end in “-gate,” it’s easy to forget that the 1972-74 Watergate scandal was a complex mess. One of the big legal questions involved whether or not Nixon had an obligation to turn over his secret tapes, which Congress suspected might contain incriminating information. At the time, presidential records were still legally considered a president’s private property. Nixon could donate them to the National Archives, but the archives could not demand them—and Nixon didn’t think Congress could either. Rather than face impeachment, Nixon resigned in 1974 and threatened to destroy the tapes. As a stopgap measure, Congress passed the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act of 1974 to seize Nixon records pertaining to Watergate and government abuse and preserve them in the National Archives. The government obtained most of the recordings, though it never discovered what had been on one of the tape’s famous 18-and-a-half-minute gap. Four years later, Congress passed the broader Presidential Records Act that required every president to archive official records (the ‘74 act only applied to Nixon). The new act went into effect in 1981, when Ronald Reagan began his term. Crucially, the 1978 act established that presidential records are not a president’s private property; they are public property that belongs to the government. In 2014, Congress updated the act to include electronic records like email and Twitter, the latter of which Trump uses to make public announcements about firings, policy and foreign relations. The National Archives has already reminded Trump at least once not to delete his tweets because he and his administration are legally obligated to preserve them. With the public revelation that he is hand-shredding government documents, the National Archives may again try to intervene. For more information on one of the biggest scandals in U.S. history, tune-in to the 3-night special Watergate, premiering Friday, November 2 at 9/8c.

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In just a few quick steps, customize your own box of Crayola Crayons, create an Art Case, or draw your own Stuffed Animal. It's easy and fun! Add To Favorites Magic is in the air! Dance with the fairies! Share their tales! But don't speak their names. These imaginary creatures inspire creative storytelling and art. Read several fairy tales. You'll find that magic plays a part in each one. Do you believe in fairies, or wish they existed? Seeing fairies might help, but not everyone has seen fairies, for they are very shy creatures. If they did exist, what kind of tales do you imagine fairies tell each other? Would they be called human tales? With Crayola® Washable Super Tips Markers, draw fairies you imagine. Show where they live and some of their favorite activities. Write an original story about your fairies. Include some of their magic words. But remember---fairies don't like to have their names spoken aloud! Let's make something! Children spread their creative wings with this imaginative activity that helps them understand perspective and size. Flu Add To Favorites Wiz kids stretch their language skills with this fun and friendly wizard. Kids make their own wizard and magic wand to i Harry Potter fans know that Quidditch is the premier sport of the wizarding world. Create an action scene from your favo Make a patch of color with Crayola® Color Switchers™ Markers. Flip the marker and apply the special color switcher tip Hand-drawn comics tickle funny bones and promote literacy. Kids build organization skills and boost brain power as they Learn the alphabet-or decorate fancy letters-with this vanishing act! Crayola® Erasable Colored Pencils lend a new spin Catapult kids to the time of knights and chivalry as they create an imaginary castle! Start the royal treatment by readi What sounds do letters make? Which words begin with which letters? Young children who sort and fill fun Alpha-Pockets wi

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CFD uses a computer to solve the mathematical equations for the problem at hand. The main components of a CFD design cycle are as follows: ? The human being (analyst) who states the problem to be solved ? Scientific knowledge (models, methods) expressed mathematically ? The computer code (software) which embodies this knowledge and provides detailed instructions (algorithms) for ? The computer hardware which performs the actual calculations ? The human being who inspects and interprets the simulation results CFD is a highly interdisciplinary research area which lies at the interface of physics, applied mathematics, and computer science. CFD Analysis Process 1. Problem statement 2. Mathematical model 3. Mesh generation 4. Space discretization 5. Time discretization 6. Iterative solver 7. CFD software 9. Post processing 1. Choose a suitable flow model (viewpoint) and reference frame. 2. Identify the forces which cause and influence the fluid motion. 3. Define the computational domain in which to solve the problem. 4. Formulate conservation laws for the mass, momentum, and energy. 5. Simplify the governing equations to reduce the computational effort: ? use available information about the prevailing flow regime ? check for symmetries and predominant flow directions (1D/2D) ? neglect the terms which have little or no influence on the results ? model the effect of small-scale fluctuations that cannot be captured ? incorporate a prior knowledge (measurement data, CFD results) ? Add constitutive relations and specify initial/boundary conditions. The PDE system is transformed into a set of algebraic equations ? Mesh generation (decomposition into cells/elements) structured or unstructured, triangular or quadrilateral? ? CAD tools + grid generators (Delaunay, advancing front) ? mesh size, adaptive refinement in ‘interesting’ flow regions 2. Space discretization (approximation of spatial derivatives) ? finite differences/volumes/elements ? high- vs. low-order approximations 3. Time discretization (approximation of temporal derivatives) ? explicit vs. implicit schemes, stability constraints ? local time-stepping, adaptive time step control The standard k-? model The standard k-? model is a semi-empirical model based on model transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy (k) and its dissipation rate (?). The model transport equation for k is derived from the exact equation, while the model transport equation for ? was obtained using physical reasoning and bears little resemblance to its mathematically exact counterpart. These default values have been determined from experiments with air and water for fundamental turbulent shear flows including homogeneous shear flows and decaying isotropic grid turbulence. They have been found to work fairly well for a wide range of wall-bounded and free shear flows. The computing times for a flow simulation depend on ? the choice of numerical algorithms and data structures ? linear algebra tools, stopping criteria for iterative solvers ? discretization parameters (mesh quality, mesh size, time step) ? cost per time step and convergence rates for outer iterations ? programming language (most CFD codes are written in Fortran) ? Many other things (hardware, vectorization, parallelization etc.) ? The quality of simulation results depends on ? the mathematical model and underlying assumptions ? approximation type, stability of the numerical scheme ? mesh, time step, error indicators, stopping criteria Post-processing and Analysis Post processing of the simulation results is performed in order to extract the desired information from the computed flow field ? calculation of derived quantities (stream function, vortices) ? calculation of integral parameters (lift, drag, total mass) ? visualization (representation of numbers as images) ? 1D data: function values connected by straight lines ? 2D data: streamlines, contour levels, color diagrams ? 3D data: cutline, cut planes, iso surfaces, iso volumes ? Arrow plots, particle tracing, animations. ? Systematic data analysis by means of statistical tools ? Debugging, verification, and validation of the CFD model ? Design and analysis, and optimization of body shapes. ? A few simulations at one design can reveal merits of one variant over the other. ? Quicker and less expensive changes to configuration and their numerical simulation. ? Smoothing of the configuration to reduce pressure drag levels. ? Detailed flow field information. ? Created geometry and domain in ANSYS workbench. ? Numerical Investigation of the flatplate model was carried out using solver FLUENT module of ANSYS. PROCEDURE FOR FLOW ANALYSIS 1. Creating geometry in ANSYS workbench. 2. Create domain. 3. Add material and define boundaries. 4. Mesh the region between domain and geometry (structured Meshing). 5. Refine the mesh near the flat plate, at the top of the surface and at the bottom to ensure appropriate flow capturing. 6. Check the mesh quality and smooth mesh if required. 7. Define boundary conditions, initialize the flow and set up solver parameters using FLUENT-Pre. 9. Run Solver. 10. Calculate pressure, velocity and drag variations using FLUENT – Post.

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Seagoing ships are regularly provided with poor quality marine fuels during bunker stops. This can lead to various types of engine problems, which, in the worst case scenario, can result in a ship losing power. This obviously puts the ship and its crew in danger, with numerous associated consequences. Additionally, the shipping sector does not want to be used as an illegal form of waste disposal. These practices are not only harmful to the marine environment, but also to the vessel’s crew who may be exposed to dangerous substances. In most bunker ports, there is currently minimal control of the quality of marine fuels and the presence of prohibited substances. The shipping sector strives towards high quality bunker fuels and therefore advocates a structural solution that will prevent illegal fuel mixing. Furthermore – just as car drivers expect when they refuel their car at a petrol station – shipowners want to be able to operate in good faith. Transparency and reliability in the entire bunker fuel supply chain are essential parts of this.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has focused attention on the important things as never before including a reassessment of how we use our buildings, with additional space needed for safe social distancing. The government is also now hinting at a major building and infrastructure programme to help the nation recovery economically. So could modular construction deliver some quick answers to the issues of the day? The global lockdown has given us time to pause. It allows us to review the way things are, and the way things should be, and this provides the construction industry with an opportunity to effect change that can also deliver carbon reduction benefits. Modular premises and homes can be delivered with in-built sustainability as standard The energy drivers affecting buildings The buildings we live, work and play in currently account for over 40% of the nation’s energy consumption and carbon emissions, so if we are to achieve our ambitious carbon reduction targets, things cannot continue as before and improving the level of efficiency in our buildings is of paramount importance. By addressing the largest draw on energy - the way we heat, cool and ventilate our buildings - even the smallest improvement will have a significant effect in reducing total energy consumption for the nation. The need for more buildings At the same time, society needs to adapt to the health pandemic and this places pressure on our commercial and public buildings as never before. Schools will need to quickly find ways of doubling or trebling their teaching spaces and this is where modular classrooms cold prove popular. The health care sector also needs to address long term deficiencies, in the short term. Offices may need to look at redesign or even temporary expansion and we also have an urgent shortage of housing. In order to make a real difference, everyone involved in the built environment has to work together to ensure that we all make better use of energy. The added advantage is that creating sustainable buildings will also help safeguard our future, preserve energy resources, and help reduce on-going running costs for everyone. The need for compliance With legally binding carbon reduction targets, the government has already introduced legislation to ensure that our buildings are part of the solution, not part of the problem. In order to comply with this stringent legislation, whether that’s Permitted Development, or MEES, the WELL Building Standard or BIM and the Modular Building Framework, the rules and regulations around buildings are only getting stricter. A modular answer Modular buildings adhere to exactly the same building regulations and standards as traditionally constructed buildings, yet the very nature of off-site, precision manufacturing delivers a consistently excellent performance for U -values, fire safety, sustainability and acoustics. Offsite construction sees the manufacture of buildings in a covered, controlled environment with final assembly completed at site. This approach allows for much greater speed, cost certainty, precision and quality control and means that modular buildings have a carbon footprint that is up to 99% lower than equivalent traditional buildings and, according to research by Arup, the production of a modular building requires up to 67% less energy than a traditionally constructed building. Modular buildings therefore offer real hope for the nation to deliver the quality spaces needed. At the same time though, we need to ensure that these modular buildings continue to deliver sustainability and low carbon consumption throughout their useful life, whilst also delivering modern levels of comfort and well-being for occupants? What’s needed are heating, cooling and ventilation systems that become a seamless part of the solution, with innovative HVAC products that are the ideal fit for modular building, construction and management throughout their working life. And this is where manufacturers of modular buildings can really benefit from systems that can be fitted as part of the manufacturing process, or can be installed in sections to match the modular build on site. Using products such as modern, air conditioning, heat recovery ventilation and renewable heating helps puts efficiency, reliability and quality at the forefront of the manufacturing process to match to the improvement in construction standards that modular manufacture can offer the industry. The good news is that these solutions are affordable, scalable and available right now and this means that modular premises and homes can be delivered with in-built sustainability as standard. Kevin Pocock is a Corporate Solutions technical specialist

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I never really grasped the fact that writing is a gift until I failed severally in my attempts like a dog trying to scale a fence and each time painfully landing on all fours. It was then I realised that even talents have to be nurtured. Creative writing refers to any form of writing that expresses feelings, thoughts or perceptions. It broadly covers fiction, poetry, non fiction and a few other areas. You might decide you want to write a short story, a novel, or even a poem you can submit to a website in return for a fee. The first ingredient needed for this meal is passion. The greater your passion, the better the product will be. It’s like the way it is for an actor performing on stage, the audience will only enjoy his craft when he enjoys his own act instead of doing it out of necessity. It’s true that as a budding writer you tend to get excited after your first attempt and assume you’ve unlocked the treasure but then when you peruse the crafts of others before you, you realise that, “Jack” truly is still very much a learner and needs to master the abc’s. The rules I might say do equally apply to all forms of creative writing and here they are: - Write On Familiar Subjects – It’s much like trying to look comfortable in suits when casual is actually your style. The people around will definitely sense your uneasiness just as any reader would sense your poor knowledge of the subject you’re writing on. - Follow an Order or Sequence – There should be a line of progression to what you’re saying or trying to say it should be like climbing down a flight of stairs. Follow from a beginning to a conclusion. Each section of your work should give a message that properly correlates. - Show and Don’t Tell – This is a very important rule in the actual act of writing. Be creative enough to give colour and details. Instead of simply stating, give descriptions like a person playing a game of charade but with figures of speech instead of hand gestures. Use similes and metaphors to paint a picture for your readers. - Avoid Tedious Vocabularies – Your vast knowledge of the english language should not be paraded for your readers. Don’t make it so they have to constantly consult the dictionary before they can understand, it’s becomes exhausting for them. It is easier to understand that rejection by editors is very much a part of the process, many writers today have gone through it, what they simply did was refuse to give up. This article was written by Mercy Godwin; connect with her on IG here

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|Do you want to become a motorcycle rider? Friends and family probably have tried to dissuade you. You’ve heard all the stories of the dangers of motorcycles and may have also been told of someone who crashed or got hurt riding. There are so many misconceptions and downright falsehoods out there so let’s try to clear some of them up! - Riding a motorcycle is just the same as driving a car – I should be able to jump right on one at the dealer and ride away! FALSE! You don’t have to balance a car! Powered two-wheel vehicles don’t turn at all like a car does and have less traction than a vehicle with four wheels! Most motorcycles also use manual transmissions that utilize a clutch that requires practice to learn and master. Both hands and both feet are also used, sometimes simultaneously, to start, stop, shift and turn! This requires coordination, training and practice to become proficient! - There is no more danger riding a motorcycle than driving a car! FALSE! There is a much higher risk riding a motorcycle because of a number factors. You have less protection because there are no doors, crumple zones, bumpers, seat belts or airbags. You are outside exposed to the elements. Weather conditions will affect you more. You are more vulnerable on a motorcycle! Motorcycles also have less stability than a car and turn differently. - I don’t need training to ride a motorcycle – I can have a friend show me the basics and I can take it from there! FALSE! Good-meaning friends can be a great resource, however, they are not professionals trained to teach beginners the correct skills in the proper order to form a good foundation for learning. Because it is a motor skill, starting off properly will build skills more rapidly and help develop good habits. In addition, good riding training stresses preparation and highlights successful mental strategies to minimize the risks inherent in riding. - I’ll use my friend’s bike to learn, what can go wrong? FALSE! While your friend’s bike may be convenient, it may not be the right bike to learn on! Most beginners are better off on a small training motorcycle that is light in weight and not too powerful. High powered sportbikes or large cruisers have too much power or weight for the beginner to handle and don’t tolerate mistakes well. Most schools use small bikes because they help beginners adjust to the riding task while being more forgiving to ride. - I want to be prepared for my training, I’ll have my friend (or dad) show me the basics before the course to help me be ready! FALSE! You’ll probably just develop bad habits this way so you’re better off coming to the class as a blank slate. It’s much easier to help a student learn new skills than it is to correct bad habits imparted on a new rider by a well meaning friend. If you really want to prepare for your class, your best bet is to ride a bicycle as often as you can before your class! This will help you develop the balance and coordination you will need to ride a motorcycle. - I don’t need a whole course, just an hour will be fine! FALSE! There is much more involved in the learning process than what most people think. The basics must come first – starting, stopping, shifting and turning. Once that’s learned, additional skills include high and low speed turns, evasive procedures and limited space maneuvers. Some people learn faster than others so time on task is important to not only learn but also impart the muscle memory needed to consistently repeat the procedure. This takes more time than most non-riders think! - I drive a manual transmission car so I should have no problem with shifting a motorcycle! FALSE! While you may understand the process, you will use different muscles and controls to shift a motorcycle. You also must balance the motorcycle while controlling the throttle and clutch simultaneously. It’s just not the same! - I can’t wear a full face helmet because it makes it hard to see and hear! FALSE! A full face helmet provides the best protection for your face and head. Most eye ports provide an excellent field of view. Learning to turn one’s head is an important aspect of riding and emphasized during training. Full face helmets also cut down on wind noise which is what makes hearing difficult and can cause hearing loss. - A little rain won’t affect me while riding, I’ll stick to jeans! FALSE! This might be true if you weren’t moving but wind will soak your jeans quickly. Once wet, they will pull body heat right out of you. Windchill is real and can cause shivering, frostbite and hypothermia. A good rain suit will protect you from the wet and cold. Once numb, your fingers, hands, legs and toes will not work well and will interfere with proper control of your motorcycle. You will also be more aware of your discomfort and have less mental energy to assess the hazards of riding. - Sunglasses are all I need to protect my eyes! FALSE! Sunglasses don’t fully cover the eyes. Wind and dirt can still travel around the glasses to impair your vision. Only shatter resistant googles or faceshields are considered proper eye protection. This means riding glasses must be shatterproof and have foam backing to prevent wind, dirt and moisture from entering the eyes to be approved for motorcycling. - I’ve been a motorcycle passenger so the transition to becoming a rider will be easier for me! FALSE! While this may seem so, it is not true. You may know what it feels like when someone is riding a motorcycle proficiently but you are not actually doing it yourself! You will require the same coordination and training as any other new rider. What you will find is that you will have more respect for the person who was driving you as a passenger! A competent and proficient rider makes motorcycling look easy. Like any sport, motorcycling should be a lifelong learning experience. An experienced rider should never be satisfied with being minimally competent and should strive to continually improve their riding skills. A good rider’s mental attitude is just as important as their physical condition and should be taken into account prior to any ride. More skill equals more safety which equals more fun! To start out properly, please consider taking our Motorcycle Safety Foundation Basic RiderCourse! It will provide you with the foundation you need to build your skills to become a proficient rider. Please see our Licensing page for more information and to register.

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The Withlacoochee River or Crooked River is a river in central Florida, in the United States. It originates in the Green Swamp, east of Polk City, flowing west, then north, then northwest and finally west again before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico near Yankeetown. The river is 141 miles (227 km) long and has a drainage basin of 1,170 square miles (3,000 km2). It is believed to have been named after the Withlacoochee River in the northern part of the state, near the border with Georgia. Along the route of central Florida's Withlacoochee River is the 46-mile-long (74 km) Withlacoochee State Trail, the longest paved rail trail in Florida; the Cypress Lake Preserve, a 324-acre (1.31 km2) park with approximately 600 feet (180 m) of frontage; and Nobleton Wayside Park, a 2-acre (8,100 m2) park in Nobleton that includes a boat ramp, shelter, basketball court, and picnic tables. The Southwest Florida Water Management District operates a 5,484-acre (2,219 ha) nature preserve and recreational area with 3.7 miles (6.0 km) of frontage on the Withlacoochee River in Citrus County. The property was purchased for $13.5 million in 2005 from the South Florida Council, which had used it as the McGregor Smith Scout Reservation. The Withlacoochee River flows through Pasco and Hernando counties, and then forms part of the boundary between Hernando County and Sumter County and all of the boundary between Citrus County and Sumter County, between Citrus County and Marion County and between Citrus County and Levy County (including Lake Rousseau). The largest city close to the river is Dade City. "Withlacoochee" probably stems from a Muskhogean dialect, which suggests that its application is comparatively recent. It is compounded of Creek we (water), thlako (big), and chee (little), or little big water. This word combination signifies little river in the Creek language, and as we-lako or wethlako may also refer to a lake, it may signify a river of lakes, or lake river. The Withlacoochee flows just to the eastward of Tsala Apopka Lake, and the St. Johns River which flows through a series of large and small lakes was called welaka by the Seminoles. An alternate etymology holds that Withlacoochee is a Native American word meaning "crooked river", which accurately describes the river as it makes its 70-mile journey from the Green Swamp in northern Polk County to the Gulf of Mexico at Yankeetown. List of crossings |Headwaters (Green Swamp)| |160210||SR 33||Lake-Polk County Line.| |140018||SR 471||Sumter-Pasco-Polk County Line.| |River Road (The Lanier Bridge)||Withlacoochee River County Park, East of Dade City |Former ACL Railroad Bridge (Orange Belt Railway) |Withlacoochee State Forest |CSX S-Line (Ocala Subdivision)| | US 98-SR 50 |Confluence with Little Withlacoochee River||River Junction State Park| |Interstate 75||Silver Lake| |184006||CR 48||Bay Hill| | SR 44 |020008||SR 200||Stoke's Ferry| |Former San Jose Boulevard Bridge||Dunnellon-Citrus Springs| |Dunnellon Trail Bridge Abandoned Seaboard Air Line Railroad line |CSX Citrus Springs-Dunnellon Bridge||Citrus Springs-Dunnellon| |Brittan Alexander Bridge | US 41 |US 19 98||Red Level-Inglis| |Mouth (Gulf of Mexico)| - U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 18, 2011 - Withlacoochee State Trail (Florida Greenways and Trails) - Hernando Parks - Amy Wimmer, Schwarb (August 28, 2005). "Scouts sell land to water district". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 10, 2020. - Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Mark F. Boyd (ed.). Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey. - The Lanier Bridge; History of Pasco County (Fivay.org) - Henderson, Rex. 1990. Withlacoochee River. in Marth, Del and Marty Marth, eds. The Rivers of Florida. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 0-910923-70-1. - Withlacoochee South Paddling Trail and Withlacoochee North Paddling Trail from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Withlacoochee River (Central Florida).|

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Layer upon layer – and safe! - First 3D-printed pressure equipment manufactured and certified - Autoclave manufactured by selective laser melting - Adapted geometry allows for faster temperature cycles Additive manufacturing is a new manufacturing technology to produce parts which are used in both research and production plants at BASF. The goal is to use the new freedom of design to optimize components – and thus improve chemical processes. “We use additive manufacturing technology when it offers added value compared to conventional manufacturing methods. Pressure equipment poses a special challenge, particularly in design, manufacturing and certification,” explained Dr. Alba Mena Subiranas, Maintenance & Reliability Solutions. The Technical Inspection at BASF SE in their role as Notified Body (user inspectorate) has now certified an additively manufactured autoclave as a pressure equipment for the first time. This equipment conforms to the European Pressure Equipment Directive (2014/68/EU). Within the scope of this Directive, the autoclave made from austenitic stainless steel (operating pressure = 225 bar) meets the Category III requirements. Therefore, BASF is the first company to execute a certification process including a procedure qualification for a 3D-printed pressure equipment. In the future, safety-relevant parts, which cannot be manufactured using conventional methods, will be designed, manufactured and quickly put into operation at BASF using this process. Form follows Function An autoclave is a container in which a reaction between two or more chemical components is triggered through the targeted use of temperature and pressure. The equipment, which was manufactured through selective laser melting, consists in this case of corrosion-resistant austenitic stainless steel. Compared to conventionally manufactured autoclaves, additive manufacturing provides further benefits when designing complex geometric shapes. This autoclave, for example, features a more than two-meter-long interior channel for the tempering fluid which winds around the container wall. Thus, the new design enables faster temperature cycles to be achieved, better regulation of an even temperature distribution, as well as the tempering of the component. Currently, no European Directive exists to regulate the inspection, certification and acceptance process of 3D-printed pressure equipment. BASF’s first certification process of a pressure device manufactured using additive processes was a challenge: A mixed team of experts comprising employees from design, FEM simulation (finite element method), non-destructive testing, welding technology and materials engineering successfully mastered this task. The autoclave and its design were subsequently subjected to multiple tests by the Technical Inspection before receiving certification. “We have transferred and further developed known methods and inspections form standardized manufacturing and testing processes to meet the requirements of the new manufacturing procedure,” said Markus Wilhelm, Head of Technical Inspection at BASF. At BASF, we create chemistry for a sustainable future. We combine economic success with environmental protection and social responsibility. The approximately 122,000 employees in the BASF Group work on contributing to the success of our customers in nearly all sectors and almost every country in the world. Our portfolio is organized into six segments: Chemicals, Materials, Industrial Solutions, Surface Technologies, Nutrition & Care and Agricultural Solutions. BASF generated sales of around €63 billion in 2018. BASF shares are traded on the stock exchange in Frankfurt (BAS) and as American Depositary Receipts (BASFY) in the U.S. Further information at www.basf.com.

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Stockholm, Sweden—Approximately 5.4 million Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. A recent study conducted by the Aging Research Center at the Karolinska Institute links low plasma levels of mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols (full spectrum vitamin E) to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in older individuals. Utilizing the study population from the AddNeuroMed Project, the researchers examined 168 subjects with Alzheimer’s, 166 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 187 subjects deemed cognitively normal. The researchers found that the Alzheimer’s subjects had reduced plasma levels of each form of vitamin E, including total tocopherols and total tocotrienols, when compared to the cognitively normal subjects. Both the Alzheimer’s and MCI subjects also had higher levels of damage markers compared to the cognitively normal subjects. These findings suggest a correlation between oxidative stress and a higher risk for early onset of Alzheimer’s disease and between vitamin E and a reduction of neurodegeneration. The same researchers, as published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease in 2010, found that high plasma levels of full-spectrum vitamin E are related to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease, but they concluded that tocotrienols were more effective than tocopherols at reducing this risk. Published in WholeFoods Magazine, March 2012

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After our blog post introducing the FIRE lab at Swansea University and our research backgrounds, I was keen to further explore and share about the local freshwater environments around Swansea. As a freshwater ecologist, I was enthused to explore the flora and fauna inhabiting local waterbodies across the region. Luckily, Swansea and its surrounding area support various aquatic ecosystems which harbour an array of exciting biota. Situated on the south coast of Wales, Swansea is located a short 10-minute drive away from Crymlyn bog (see map below). This has been classified as a ‘Special Area of Conservation’ under the European Union’s Habitat Directive. It is renowned as a ‘quaking bog’, where the surface underfoot begins to ripple like a waterbed. Here is a short video capturing the characteristics of a ‘quaking’ bog from near Carnedd Llewellyn in Wales. Crymlyn bog supports different flora rare to many parts of Europe, including swamp sawgrass (Cladium mariscu) and the black alder tree (Alnus glutinosa). It seems like a great place for our first lab field trip! If you’ve visited the bog, please do share a photo or story with us below in the comments or tweet us on Twitter @FIRELabTweets. Swansea and freshwater environments surrounding it. The River Tawe flows through the heart of the city and into Swansea Bay. The lower Tawe valley historically supported intense industrial activity working different types of metal (namely copper, lead, zinc and nickel), while coal mining used to be extensive in the middle of the river catchment (National Resources Wales, 2015). Pollution in the Tawe was so extreme in the post-war period that angling associations reported the river as being uninhabitable for fishes (O’Hara, 2017). More recently, industry and mining have reduced across the Tawe catchment (National Resources Wales, 2015). The Tawe estuary is of crucial ecological importance for migratory Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown trout (Salmo trutta), that swim up the Tawe towards the headwaters to spawn. The construction of the Swansea barrage along the Tawe in 1992 initially caused concern for the migratory salmonid populations (Blacklidge and Mee, 1993). There were improvements in the fish pass and the introduction of an aeration system (to heighten oxygen levels) towards the turn of the century to improve the conditions of migratory fish (and other aquatic biota). The exact benefits that the Swansea barrage improvements have had for the river ecosystem remains unclear, with the presence of barriers along the Tawe still presenting a key human pressure on the ecosystem (National Resources Wales, 2016). Notwithstanding, today the Tawe still supports an important salmonid fishery, with salmon and trout laying up to 1.8 million eggs annually and anglers catching hundreds of adults each year (approximately 650 individual fish in 2010; National Resources Wales, 2015). Moving upstream, the Tawe headwaters are situated in the Brecon Beacons National Park (Brecon Beacons, 2018). The park attracts 12 million visitors annually and supports various rare species dependent on freshwater, including otters (Lutra lutra – Strachan, 2015), the native white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes – Brecon Beacons, 2018) and great crested newts (Triturus cristatus – Brecon Beacons, 2018). Many of the streams within the Brecon Beacons are classified as supporting a ‘Good Ecological Status’, defined as a European benchmark of ecosystem health to strive towards within the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (National Resources Wales, 2016). Another fascinating aquatic environment in the Tawe catchment headwaters is the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu (OFD) cave system lying 300 metres below ground! OFD is the third longest cave in Great Britain and among the 50 longest caves in the world (Jefferson et al., 2004). The OFD harbours an array of ‘stygofauna’ (animals living underground), with at least 62 taxa recorded in the cave system’s aquatic environment, including 10 crustaceans and 11 beetles (some pictured below), many of which are rare on a national scale (Jefferson et al., 2004; Robertson et al., 2008). I hope that you have enjoyed learning about freshwater ecosystems around Swansea! Myself and the FireLab team are very keen to explore aquatic environments across the region and learn about how local communities engage and interact with these fascinating ecosystems. So if you have any thoughts, further information on this post, or suggestions on what freshwater environments you’d recommend visiting in the region, please do get in touch via twitter (@FIRELabTweets or @JWhite211) or email (email@example.com). Dr James White. Blacklidge, R. H and Mee, D. M (1992) The results of tawe barrage post-impoundment Salmon and sea trout telemetry study 1992. National Rivers Authority Report, PL/EAW/93/2. National Rivers Authority, Cardiff. Available online through <http://www.environmentdata.org/archive/ealit:3345>. [Accessed 7/11/2018]. Brecon Beacons (2018) Breacon Beacons – Our National Park. Available online through <http://www.breconbeacons.org/>. [Accessed 7/11/2018]. Jefferson, G.T., Chapman, P., Carter, J. and Proudlove, G. (2004). The invertebrate fauna of the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu cave system, Powys, South Wales, UK. Cave and Karst Science, 31(2). 63-76. National Resources Wales (2015) Know Your River – Tawe Salmon and Sea Trout catchment summary. National Resources Wales Report. Available online through <https://cdn.naturalresources.wales/media/681492/know-your-river-river-tawe-salmon-and-sea-trout-catchment-summary.pdf>. [Accessed 7/11/2018]. National Resources Wales (2016) Tawe to Cadoxton management catchment summary. National Resources Wales Report. Available online through <https://naturalresources.wales/media/679388/2016-updated-_tawe_catchment_summary_nrw.pdf>. [Accessed 7/11/2018]. O’Hara, G. (2017). River Pollution. In: The Politics of Water in Post-War Britain (pp. 85-115). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Robertson, A.L., Johns, T., Smith, J.W.N. and Proudlove, G.S. (2008). A review of the subterranean aquatic ecology of England and Wales. Environment Agency Science Report, SC030155/SR20. Environment Agency, Bristol. Strachan, R. (2015) Otter Survey of Wales 2009-10. National Resources Wales Report. Available online through <https://naturalresources.wales/media/4590/osw-5-english-24-06-2015.pdf>. [Accessed 7/11/2018].

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Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean Equality of opportunity is about leveling the playing field so that circumstances such as gender, ethnicity, place of birth, or family background do not influence a person's life chances. Success in life should depend on people's choices, effort and talents, not to their circumstances at birth. 'Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean' introduces new methods for measuring inequality of opportunities and makes an assessment of its evolution in Latin America over a decade. An innovative Human Opportunity Index and other parametric and non-parametric techniques are presented for quantifying inequality based on circumstances exogenous to individual efforts. These methods are applied to gauge inequality of opportunities in access to basic services for children, learning achievement for youth, and income and consumption for adults. This publication belongs to the Latin American Development Forum Series (LADF), sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and the World Bank.

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- The new point-circle method accurately calculates the distance (averaged over time) between two planets. - It shows that Mercury is the nearest neighbor to all 7 other planets in the solar system, including Earth. In school, you have been taught that the closest planet to Earth is Venus. In fact, if you Google right now, you will probably find the same answer. However, this is not entirely correct: Venus isn’t the nearest when averaged over time. According to the NASA literature, Venus is our closest planetary neighbor, which is true in a sense that Venus has the closest approach to Earth. However, the story becomes a lot more interesting if you consider the average distance between any two planets. Recently, researchers at the University of Alabama and Los Alamos National Laboratory devised a mathematical model to accurately determine the distance (averaged over time) between two planets. The model shows that Mercury is the closest planet to Earth, as well as to six other planets in the solar system. The Mathematical Method The traditional method assumes that all planets are in coplanar orbits and calculates the distance between two planets by subtracting the average radius of the inner orbit from the average radius of the outer orbit. This yields only the average gap of the nearest points. The new point-circle method, on the other hand, considers the orbits of two astronomical bodies as coplanar, circular and concentric. The position of a planet at any specific time can be considered a probabilistic distribution of its orbit (as shown in figure 1a). Figure 1a and 1b Thus, an average distance between two bodies can be determined by calculating the average distance of each point on the outer circle (c2) to each point on the inner circle (c1). But since the planet’s structure is rotationally symmetric, the average distance from any given point on the outer circle to every point on the inner circle is the same (figure 1b). The method shows that the distance (averaged over time) between any two orbiting objects is proportional to the inner orbits’ relative radius. Since Venus orbits the Sun more closely (on average), it’s more distant to Earth than Mercury. The team applied this method on all planets in our solar system and found that Mercury is the closest planet to all 7 other planets. The average distance between Mercury and Earth is 1.038 AU, whereas the average distance between Venus and Earth is 1.136 AU. Comparison of average distances (in AU) between planets, obtained via different methods | Courtesy of researchers To confirm the results, researchers ran a computer simulation that mapped locations of all 8 planets for 10,000 years. After one day, the software recorded the distances between every single pair of planets in our solar system. This model can be applied to any two bodies that have concentric, circular and coplanar orbits. It can be used to rapidly calculate the satellite communication relays, in which signal strength decreases significantly with the square of distance.

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Originally organized as a National Guard unit on April 30, 1833, the unit volunteered for service in the Spanish American War almost exactly 65 years later, on April 28, 1898. The various companies met at their home town stations in Winnebago County before heading for Camp Harvey in Milwaukee. Here they were mustered into service on May 11, 1898 for a period of two years unless discharged sooner. The unit was assigned to the First Brigade, First Division of the First Army Corps, and was stationed at Camp Thomas, Georgia, located on the old Civil War battlefield of Chickamauga. The unit was transferred to take part in the invasion of Puerto Rico. The Brigade, also known as "Ernst's Brigade, consisted of the 16th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 2nd and 3rd Wisconsin, and portions of the 6th Illinois. The brigade departed Charleston, South Carolina, on 20th of July, for Cape Fajardo, Puerto Rico. After a change in plan by General Miles, the unit actually headed for Guanica, on the opposite side of Puerto Rico, arriving on July 27, 1898. Without disembarking, the unit was sent to Ponce, where the unit disembarked. In Puerto Rico, the 3rd Wisconsin took part in the action at Coamo, The unit's assigned line of march was along the road leading from Ponce to San Juan, the capital. This route led past the small town of Coamo. Here, it was found that the Spanish had entrenched. On August 9, the 3rd Wisconsin, 788 men strong, was sent to the right with orders to cross the Coamo River and advance. Some enemy fire was directed on the unit by the Spanish from a blockhouse, but the fire was quickly silenced by infantry and artillery fire. This left the 3rd unopposed. When the American forces entered the town, they found it deserted and that its population had already surrendered to reporter Richard Harding Davis! The 3rd Wisconsin awaits orders to charge the Spanish at Coamo On August 12, the 3rd Wisconsin moved into position to aid in the assault at the next point of opposition on its march - Aibonito. As the forces were forming for this assault the following morning, word arrived of that an armistice had been declared and the fighting had ended. The 3rd Wisconsin returned home on September 18th, 1898. The Spanish American War ended on December 10, 1898 with the Treaty of Paris. Total Strength of regiment -------1353 Killed in Action------------------2 Died of disease-------------------41 Wounded in Action---------------2 Coamo, Puerto Rico-----------------Aug. 9, Arbonith Pass, Puerto Rico----------Aug. 12, 1898 The Battle Flags and Wisconsin Troops in the Civil War and War with Spain. Compiled by J. Stanley Dietz 1943.

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