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Small area gameby Hockey without Borders A hockey game covers a lot of space, however, the small area game might be where you want to focus. It's the trenches of hockey, it's a win or lose battle. Drills and exercises can help players maximize their ability to win small area games. Hockey drills in small areas are competitive games played in a smaller area than usual. They can take place on cross-ice, neutral ice, corners, or anything else depending on what is being taught by the coaches. In this course, Coach Chris Laperle talks about his upbringing and introduction to hockey. He focuses on the small area game, the close space battles that can make or break a game. He also demonstrates drills he incorporates into his team to help improve your tight space game. Simply click the ‘Book This Course’ button at the top right of this page, place your order, and you’ll immediately be logged into the training with full access. Take Coach Chris Laperle’s tips and techniques to develop your small area game today! Chris Laperle joined the coaching staff as a video coordinator at McGill University in 2010-11 and in his first two seasons, the Redmen hockey team reached the gold medal game of the CIS championship tournament, which McGill won in 2011-12. It marked the fourth national title for Laperle, who was an assistant coach at Middlebury College in Vermont when they won back-to-back NCAA Division III national championships in 2004-05 and 2005-06. He was also a volunteer assistant hockey coach for the University of Denver in 2003-04 when the Pioneers won the NCAA Division I national championship. LaPerle previously served as head coach and general manager for Cleveland Barons midget major AAA hockey club in Cleveland, Ohio, and was the head coach of the Senior Boys Spartans at Stanstead College.

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statistically educational output is roughly half innate skill and half effort. most kids who are not a natural math genius can learn the material to a satisfactory level with enough effort, for example. clearly there's always exceptions but if you walked into a classroom in the district most of the failing kids are ones that could be successful.Highlander wrote: I suspect the parents had a lot to do with those numbers. There's obviously roadblocks to learning in any poorer school district but even if teachers were incompetent, it's not like the students don't have text books and a functioning brain. A little effort goes a long way. there's claims that success in school dates all the way back to what we learn at age 2-3. that language and the ability to sit still are two foundation skills for success in school. so parental effort plays a large part in educational outcomes, but way sooner than when they're in school. the kid who gets time everyday with a mother or father that displays an ability to sit down and do a task for long periods is showing the kid how to act. the parent that at the same time is talking with their kid about anything is teaching their kid language, the foundation for all learning

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A few years ago I bought a tablet that used a special pen and ordinary writing paper. I would place the paper in the holder on the tablet surface and take notes, draw pictures, pie charts and graphs. When I was finished a page I would insert a fresh piece of paper and press the tablet button to create a new page. When I plugged the tablet into my computer it would save my notations as a file and then translate my handwriting into text and my pictures into finished graphics. It learned my handwriting style and after awhile got pretty good at it.I eventually abandoned this technology in favour of a the traditional three-hole punched wire-bound notebook because there were too many steps in the technology to make it productivity enhancing. I found I could type my hand-written notes faster. And often the handwriting recognition proved to be less than accurate. But in using this technology it got me thinking about the way we use technology to communicate, and about those with disability. In my last blog on communications I talked about the world of the blind and both the science and technology that gives visually impaired people a means to sense the visual world around them. In this blog I look at the world of the hearing impaired and the technologies that are currently developed or under development to make it possible to communicate for those who cannot hear. Breaking Down Barriers Between the Deaf and the Rest of Us What is the population of the world if we only counted those who are deaf or mute? Would it surprise you to find out it exceeds the total population of Canada? In fact the number is estimated to be 40 million. Many who are deaf have learned sign language. Some speak aloud but cannot hear themselves. But many who are deaf find it extremely challenging to communicate with those of us who are not. In past blogs focused on biomedical technologies I have described cochlear implants and other devices to help create the ability to hear for those born with or who have acquired hearing loss. Today we have technologies such as video phones to allow the deaf to visually sign to each other through the traditional telephone network. But how can deaf people be heard by those who can hear ? Is there technology that can break down the barriers that divide the hearing from the 40 million who cannot? The answer of course is yes and you are about to learn about these interesting 21st century technological advances. Communication through Texting UbiDuo is a communications device for the deaf that is portable and wireless and facilitates conversation through computer keyboards and display screens. The technology uses telephone networks and its own local wireless network technology to accommodate up to 4 users in a chat conversation. But UbiDuo doesn’t speak aloud for persons who are deaf. For that the deaf have traditionally used human interpreters who know signing and speak for them. Technologies like screen readers can serve to vocalize words typed on a screen when integrated into conventional chat applications. But many screen readers do not work with chat applications because of the restrictions by the tools used to build them. And every time there is an extra step required to turn text back into speech, it is just like the experience I had with my handwriting electronic note pad, the delay creates an unacceptable break in the conversation. So a device like UbiDuo may help facilitate communication but true spontaneous speech between deaf and hearing people is not possible with this type of technology. That is one reason why a number of research teams have set out to create an interface for deaf people to communicate through signing. Making it Possible for Everybody Signing to Talk to Everyone Else What if we could use modern sensory technology to capture sign language and turn it into spoken words? That is what a number of researchers at a university in the Ukraine have been exploring. They call their prototype Enable Talk. Enable Talk uses specially designed gloves (see image below) to convert signing into spoken words. Each glove is lined with a dozen or more flex and touch sensors, a compass, gyroscope, and altimeter. This battery of tools detects motion, direction and position in space, relaying the information gathered to a controller in the back of each glove. The controller translates the signs and through its Blue-tooth communication interface transmits output to mobile smart phones where it becomes speech. The gloves are powered by lithium-ion battery packs and built-in photovoltaics. Like any world language, signing varies from country to country. So the developers have given the gloves the means to learn and store new signs incorporating them into a language library. Enable Talk is not the only technology being developed that uses gloves to translate sign language into written and spoken words. Watch this YouTube video from a TED conference that demonstrates a glove using fiber optics and light sensors to capture signing. The technology is being developed by a team at University of Montreal and Polytechnique Montreal, in Canada. A user wearing these gloves signs and has a computer or mobile device translate the motions into words and sounds. The team is building the technology to allow it to recognize signs from multiple languages. Sign-to-Sign Through the Web Using the Internet with sign language involves recording the signer. That eliminates anonymity from any contribution to a wiki, blog, comment or chat. What if it were possible to build a set of applications for a sign-to-sign web interface? That is precisely what a group of European universities are attempting. Dicta-Sign is a collaborative project involving universities in Greece, Germany, the United Kingdom and France. They are working on a three-year schedule to deliver a final product by the end of 2012, this year. The project’s goal is to make online sign language communications ubiquitous. Signers using Dicta-Sign can converse in sign language and create editable web content. The content appears as an anonymous avatar using sign language. That means anyone who knows sign language can alter, or expand on any sign language contribution made to web content with the avatar providing the output for other signers to read and add their thoughts. Dicta-Sign uses technologies currently common to the web and tweaks them. It is accessible from any desktop, laptop, netbook, tablet or smart phone. The project currently has three application prototypes: - Search-by-example – a tool trained to identify and match signs to an existing library - Look-up – a tool able to display signs in several sign languages - Sign Wiki – a collaborative online environment for creating sign language documents We live in a remarkable era, a point in time where we have technology at hand that has the means to empower all members of our global community to interact, breaking down barriers as never before and building bridges to members of humanity who have often been left out of the mainstream. As we continue to explore the evolution of communications in the 21st century I will in Part 5 look at the technologies that are allowing us to communicate directly with those locked in and previously unable to communicate because of catastrophic illness, accident or disability. Please join the conversation by commenting, contributing questions, and providing ideas for future blog entries. And thanks for coming by for a read.

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March 22, 2017 by Kenneth Fisher I was working on a blog post this weekend that required a list of random numbers. Now, this isn’t exactly an uncommon task, but it’s not as easy as it would seem. The random number function RAND() has a few inherent flaws. And from what I can remember the random functions from most languages have the same issue. First a few quotes from BOL about RAND() Returns a pseudo-random float value from 0 through 1, exclusive. If a seed is not specified, the SQL Server Database Engine assigns a seed value at random. For a specified seed value, the result returned is always the same. If you don’t specify the seed it gets selected at random. But that’s only once per query run, not once per row of the output. Repetitive calls of RAND() with the same seed value return the same results. Since the seed is the same, each row of output will get you the same “random” value. SELECT RAND() FROM sys.objects Every time you run this you will get a different result, but every row is going to be the same. So you could try explicitly passing in a seed value. (Remember that the seed is an INT so be careful that your values don’t go into the BIGINT range.) SELECT RAND(object_id) FROM sys.objects This works better. You at least get unique values. Unfortunately when the seeds are close together in value the RAND values are going to be pretty close together too. Also RAND(seed) always returns the same value. So every time you run this you’re going to get the same result set. Not really all that random if you ask me. So what’s a good solution? Well, I have to admit I had to look this up myself but I found a great suggestion here. SELECT ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID()) % 1000) FROM sys.objects - NEWID(): This function returns a, probably still note completely random, unique identifier (GUID). - CHECKSUM(): This returns a checksum (INT) value of the value or values passed to it. Since we are passing in a fairly random value we are getting a fairly random value back. - % (modulo) 1000: This returns the remainder of our random value divided by 1000. Basically this creates a range of values. In this case -999 to 999. If you want a range of -5 to 5 then use % 6. Simple enough. It’s important to remember that the maximum remainder is going to be one less than the value. Hence a range of 0-5 requires % 6. If you want 1-5 then use (% 5) + 1 - ABS(): Returns the absolute value of the whole thing. You only need to do this if you don’t want negative values. And there you go. A list of actually (mostly) random values! It’s funny but I was talking with various people about making mistakes on a blog and owning up to them and then today someone pointed out I’ve made a mistake on this post. I’ve corrected the post above. You’ll see the correction in the modulo portion.

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Last week, the journal Nature made a big splash in the press with the publication of two studies which found that manmade climate change has contributed to the intensification of heavy rains and increased the likelihood of floods that have, collectively, affected millions of people. After years of hearing the scientific refrain that no single weather event can be attributed to climate change, those papers—as well as a spate of abnormal events in the last year, including a heat wave in Russia, floods in Pakistan, drought in China, and intense snowfall in the United States—have many reporters wondering if they now have a green light to report at will that severe weather bears the hallmarks of global warming. In column for the Seattle PostGlobe, for example, former Post-Intelligencer reporter Jake Ellison argued that The New York Times was remiss for not mentioning climate change in a February 8 article about one of China’s worst droughts in decades. “Reporters should include #climatechange angle in all weather-tragedy stories,” the PostGlobe wrote in a subsequent tweet. “What say u, @cjr?” We say, “not necessarily.” When talking about a heavy storm, many scientists—seemingly more every day—will say, “This is what we expect to see more of in a warmer world.” It is still impossible to attribute any single weather event to manmade climate change, however, and the connections between severe weather and climate change remain highly complex, nuanced, and uncertain. Andrew Freedman, the managing editor for online content at Climate Central, summed up the situation perfectly in an excellent post for The Washington Post’s Capital Weather Gang blog on Wednesday: Although the ties between climate change and extreme weather events often elicit absolute statements from advocates on various sides of the climate change issue, the reality is that while much can be said, much remains unknown. The challenge for reporters as well as scientists is to accurately convey both the scientific findings and the uncertainties surrounding them. Many journalists, politicians, and climate scientists have run into trouble by portraying the links between climate change and extreme weather in stark terms, rather than shades of gray. In one of the two studies published in Nature last week, researchers compared records of precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere from 1951 to 1999—which show an intensification of the heaviest rain and snow events—to dozens of model simulations that either accounted for human greenhouse-gas emissions or didn’t. They found that only when the gases were included did the models match what actually happened. In the other study, researchers harnessed the power of myriad personal computers through the Climateprediction.net project in order to run thousands of model simulations of a major flood in England and Wales in 2000. Again, some simulations included human greenhouse-gas emissions and some didn’t, and the researchers found that including the gases significantly increased the odds that the flood would occur. The physical explanation for the connection between heavy precipitation and climate change is fairly straightforward—warmer air can hold more water vapor. It is important to note, however, that while the first study found that climate change had contributed to the intensification of heavy rains, it did not find that warming had caused any particular storm. Likewise, while the second study found that climate change had increased the likelihood of a particular flood, it did not find that warming has caused the flood. Moreover, both papers pointed out that, like all scientific studies, they are subject to a range of uncertainties. This doesn’t mean the studies aren’t robust and important, it just means that they cannot be used to generalize about weather-climate connections. (In a companion piece for Nature, climatologist Richard Allen, who wasn’t involved with either study, has a great rundown of their limitations and promise.) As NASA climate modeler Gavin Schmidt explained in a post at RealClimate.org, “This is a complex issue, and one not well-suited to soundbite quotes and headlines The two new papers deal with the attribution of a single flood event, and the attribution of increased intensity of rainfall across the Northern Hemisphere. While these issues are linked, they are quite distinct, and the two approaches are very different too.” With that in mind, Schmidt presented “some very basic, but oft-confused points”: Not all extremes are the same. Discussions of ‘changes in extremes’ in general without specifying exactly what is being discussed are meaningless. A tornado is an extreme event, but one whose causes, sensitivity to change and impacts have nothing to do with those related to an ice storm, or a heat wave or cold air outbreak or a drought. There is no theory or result that indicates that climate change increases extremes in general. This is a corollary of the previous statement - each kind of extreme needs to be looked at specifically - and often regionally as well. Some extremes will become more common in future (and some less so). We will discuss the specifics below. Attribution of extremes is hard. There are limited observational data to start with, insufficient testing of climate model simulations of extremes, and (so far) limited assessment of model projections. New York Times reporter-turned-blogger Andrew Revkin felt that the two studies published in Nature were not as “definitive” as they seemed and that their authors should have done more to highlight caveats in the research. “Did the authors stress the uncertainties in discussions with journalists?” he asked in a post at his blog, Dot Earth. “It sure doesn’t look that way. Should the journalists have pushed harder when confronted with definitive language? To my mind, yes.” To some degree, Revkin has a point. Referring to the study that looked at the flood in England and Wales in 2000, an Associated Press article reported, “Researchers found that global warming more than doubled the likelihood of that flood occurring.” This seems to be what the paper’s authors told other reporters as well, but it doesn’t accurately reflect what they found. Ninety percent of the time, models showed that manmade warming increased the risk of floods by 20 percent; only two-thirds of the time did they show that warming increased the risk by more than 90 percent. In other words, a doubling of the odds was not the most likely scenario, even though that was the impression delivered by multiple articles. (Though, to be fair, the authors suspect that their models may underestimate the effects of manmade warming on the intensification of rainfall.) On the other hand, the news coverage did, on balance, convey many of the caveats related to the Nature studies. The AP article cited above included a comment from climate scientist Jerry North, who expressed reservations about some of the data the researchers used (conversely, it was the only article to dig deeper into the “fingerprinting” technique used in the climate models, relying on NOAA’s Climate Indicators website to point out that it has been used to link greenhouse gases to more than a dozen other ecological changes). Richard Black reported for the BBC that “Both research groups were at pains to emphasize that these two papers are not the end of the road.” Indeed, articles from The News York Times, The Washington Post, and NPR included sentences, respectively, stressing that models “cannot fully capture the complexity of the real world,” that “there is uncertainty in this work,” and that “not all extreme weather events can be blamed on climate change.” (Ironically, Nature News was the only one to employ the verb “causing” in relation to climate change and weather.) Many articles (such as a good one from Scientific American) also did excellent work explaining why these types of modeling experiments are so difficult, and why results pertaining to particular phenomena cannot be used to extrapolate conclusions about other weather events, or weather in general. According to the Times, for instance: That it took a decade to come to that conclusion [about the flood in the U.K. 2000] illustrates one of the major problems of climate science at the moment. Researchers are barraged with questions about weather extremes like the recent winters in Europe and the United States and the heat waves and droughts of last summer. Yet, even when adequate weather statistics are available for an affected region, the scientists need years to run computer analyses of any specific event and calculate whether it was made more or less likely by global warming. As many articles noted, one of climate modelers’ central goals is to improve their research methodologies to the point where they can analyze severe weather in real time. But that ability is still a ways off, which bring us back to the Seattle PostGlobe’s question about whether or not the Times was remiss to neglect a mention of climate change in its article about the severe drought currently afflicting China. The fact is, reporters simply cannot make such connections without evidence, and (as far as I can tell) nobody has performed a truly robust analysis of the Chinese drought. Peer-reviewed analyses are not the only kind of evidence available to journalists, however. If a qualified scientist tells a reporter that he or she feels there is connection between a weather event and climate change, the reporter is perfectly free to quote the scientist saying that. For example, Xu Yinlong, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, told the Los Angeles Times, “This drought is occurring in front of the big backdrop of global warming and is part of the phenomenon of extreme weather events. The direct cause is months of lack of rainfall, but it definitely is connected with climate change.” Such opinions are perfectly valid. Indeed, following last summer’s devastating heat wave in Russian and flood in Pakistan, CJR observed that news outlets avoided the temptation to pin the events on climate change, limiting themselves to the statement that scientists merely expect their frequency and intensity to increase in a warmer world. In a round of day-two stories, however, some journalists dug deeper, finding a number of scientists who were willing to go out on a limb. “If you ask me as a person, do I think the Russian heat wave has to do with climate change, the answer is yes,” NASA’s Schmidt told The New York Times. “If you ask me as a scientist whether I have proved it, the answer is no — at least not yet.” Such reporting should be commended, as long as it puts these quotes in their proper context, laying out the nuance, complexity, and uncertainty that surround them. In a roundup of coverage of the two Nature studies, the Knight Science Journalism Tracker’s Charlie Petit observed that “An official shift may just have occurred not only in news coverage of climate change, but the way that careful scientists talk about it.” He’s probably right, and while that shift doesn’t mean that reporters have carte blanche to link global warming to extreme weather without any supporting evidence, it does mean, as Freedman put it in his post for the Capital Weather Gang, that: At the same time, ignoring the growing evidence that certain types of extreme events are already shifting, or claiming that a single study proves there is no climate change link with extreme weather - as a Wall Street Journal op-ed writer did last week - is also flat out wrong, and not just because of the two studies published last week (don’t just take my word for it, the authors of the study published a letter to the editor late yesterday correcting some of the writer’s misconception). Indeed, there is an increasingly large body of research demonstrating that climate change is not, as the author of one of last week’s studies characterized it, a “victimless crime.” But as reporters plumb the depths of weather-climate connections, they should repeat this mantra: evidence, nuance, complexity, uncertainty; evidence, nuance, complexity, uncertainty.

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In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth nations, knickers is a word for women's undergarments. George Cruikshank, whose illustrations are classic icons for Charles Dickens' works, also did the illustrations for Washington Irving's droll History of New York (published in 1809) when it was published in London. He showed the old-time Knickerbockers, Irving's fictitious Dutch colonial family, in their loose knee-length Dutch breeches. Consequently, by 1859 relatively short loose ladies' undergarments, a kind of abbreviated version of pantalettes or pantaloons, were known as "knickers" in England. In Australian and British usage the term is often used in the expressions "Don't get your knickers in a twist" and "Don't get your knickers in a knot". In U.S. usage, its equivalent is "don't get your panties in a bunch." Note that while the term 'knickers' refers almost exclusively to women's underwear, 'knicks', knick-knacks' and similar more masculine variations are acceptable monikers for men's underwear, particularly for young boys. In India, the term is not used exclusively for women's shorts - boys' or men's shorts are also referred to as 'knickers'.

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This species occurs in the Brazilian Cerrado from Maranhão to Minas Gerais states, in Brazil. It has been recorded from 200-1,500m asl. Habitat and Ecology It occurs on the ground in the Cerrado near waterbodies, where it also breeds. It does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance. It is a locally abundant species. Agriculture, crops and livestock, dam construction and fires are major threats to the species' habitat. Its range includes several protected areas. Rogério Bastos, Dante Pavan, Débora Silvano 2004. Rhinella ocellata. In: IUCN 2014

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How To Predict A Heart Attack By Looking At Your Earlobes Heart disease remains the leading cause of death for men and women universally, and in the individual it can progress silently for decades until a heart attack, stroke, or sudden death brings problems to the surface. There are ways to use CT technology and advanced laboratories to “know your artery score” years before a tragic event interrupts your life or those of your loved ones. While I encourage you to learn and arrange a heart calcium CT scan or carotid IMT ultrasound (especially if you meet the criteria), what if there were a reliable way to have a clue to hardened heart arteries just by looking in the mirror? A 1973 report in a prestigious medical journal indicated that a diagonal earlobe crease (DELC), particularly if found on both ears, was reasonably accurate for correlating with heart disease. A few studies supported this finding and a few questioned it but Frank’s sign, as it is known, has been studied more recently and the findings are noteworthy enough to warrant a good look at your ears as well as the lobes of your loved ones. - Chinese researchers examined the relationship between a DELC and the degree of heart disease in over 500 patients having a heart catheterization to examine their arteries. DELCs were more frequent in older patients, males and those with severe heart blockages. The presence of DELCs in both earlobes raised the risk of blocked heart arteries by as much as 500 to 700 percent in both men and women. - In an evaluation of 1,000 hospitalized patients, the presence of DELCs was independently associated with heart events including heart attacks and strokes. - In a recent study done at UCLA using advanced heart CT imaging of arteries, adding the presence of DELCs to a long time accepted standard assessment of complaints of chest pain improved the prediction of heart arteries over 50 percent blocked compared to relying on patient history alone. - In a current study of over 4,000 residents in Switzerland examined for a DELC, the presence of this sign was related to both a history of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. - In nearly 1,000 patients, a DELC was associated with severe heart disease. If a stent was needed to treat the disease, the presence of bilateral DELCs was related to an increased risk of complications in the following year. How a DELC is related to the presence, severity, and prognosis of cardiovascular disease is not yet known with certainty, but the fact that you should take a good look at your own earlobes is crystal clear. Google DELCs and you'll see exactly what it looks like. Here's a fact: Both heart arteries and ear lobes are made of collagen. A weakness of collagen as a root cause of heart disease was a theory proposed by Linus Pauling, Ph.D. decades ago. In order to make abundant collagen for glowing arteries, skin and ear lobes, it is necessary to consume abundant vitamin C and lysine, both nutrients that we do not manufacture but need to eat. I encourage my patients to pack vitamin C rich citrus fruits and greens along with lysine rich legumes and almonds into their daily routines. Making significant progress in those heart disease numbers calls for a paradigm shift. We should diligently search for the presence of early heart disease and institute reversal programs years before tragedy strikes. Start today by checking your earlobes but if you have heart disease in your family or any suspicion you might have it, go further with advanced laboratory studies and artery imaging tests using heart CT scans and carotid IMT ultrasounds. The body is always trying to communicate, and this is one more example of that. Ready to learn more about how to unlock the power of food to heal your body, prevent disease & achieve optimal health? Register now for our FREE Functional Nutrition Webinar with Kelly LeVeque.

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Image Description: Chess boards and pieces come in all shapes, sizes, and makes, and this photograph offers us up one example. We get a full look at only five pieces from the black side of the board; a rook, a knight, a bishop, and two pawns, each made cheaply of plastic, with messy mold lines clearly visible on each of them. The board itself also looks to be of a relatively low-quality wood, with everything summing up to look as if it is meant to be a children’s toy - an excellent tool for learning the game of chess, a worthwhile endeavor for anyone, anywhere. Image category: Sports (Football, Golf, Soccer, etc) Ownership Status: You can download this photo, but please link back to smartphotostock.comImage Info & Download Tags: chessboard, figures, strategy, battle, chess opening, debut, position, opening, tournament, strategic, tactics, beginning, game, games, playing, match, opponent, pieces, rooks, knights, bishops, pawns, attack, checkmate, inescapable, threat, black, game board, chess, chess set, playhouse, thinking, learning, plastic, wood, cheap

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The Colorado Plateau covers 210,000 km 2 (130,000 mi 2) of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Management of this region?s resources requires an understanding of how its climate has varied in the past and may change in the near future. Recent studies by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other scientists suggest that the region may become drier for the next 2 to 3 decades, in a pattern similar to the drought of 1942?1977. The region?s population has increased fourfold since the mid-1950s, creating the possibility of severe consequences if such a drought were repeated. Additional Publication Details USGS Numbered Series Precipitation history of the Colorado Plateau region, 1900-2000

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Below is some information about Nigerian Dwarf Goats and some care tips. The Nigerian Dwarf goat is a miniature goat of West African origin. Nigerian Dwarf goats are enjoying a rise in popularity due to their small size and colorful markings. Their small stature means they do not require as much space as larger dairy goat breeds, and their gentle and friendly personalities make them good companion pets. Goats in general are browsers not grazers so they are more like deer in they are selective in what they eat and move around a lot. A Nigerian Dwarf goat’s conformation is similar to that of the larger dairy goat breeds. The parts of the body are in balanced proportion. The nose is straight, although there may be a small break or stop at the level of the eyes. The ears are upright. The coat is soft with short to medium hair. Any color or combination of colors is acceptable, although the silver agouti pattern and color is a moderate fault (pygmy goat-specific markings). Ideal height of Nigerian Dwarf goats is 17″ to 19″ for does with does up to 22 1/2″ allowed in the breed standard. Ideal height for bucks is 19″ to 21″ with bucks up to 23 1/2″ allowed in the breed standard. Ideal weight is suggested to be about 75 lbs. Animals are disqualified from the show ring for being oversized for the breed standard and/or for other faults: having a curly coat, roman nose, pendulous ears or evidence of myotonic (a breed characteristic of fainting goats). A healthy Nigerian Dwarf doe can produce a surprising amount of sweet milk for her small size – up to two quarts per day. The Nigerian Dwarf goat milk benefit is that it is higher in butterfat (6-10 percent) and higher in protein than milk from most dairy goat breeds. Dwarf goats breed year round. Many owners breed their does three times in two years, giving the doe at least a 6-month break. Of course, this is a personal choice for each breeder. The gestation period for a doe is 145 to 153 days. For the most part, Nigerian Dwarfs are a hearty breed with few kidding problems. New babies average about 2 pounds at birth but grow quickly. Watch out for those little bucks! Bucklings can be fertile at as young as 7 weeks of age. Make sure you wean does and bucks separately to help you avoid unintentional breeding. Does can be bred at 7-8 months of age if they have reached a mature size. Some breeders prefer to wait until they are at least 1 year or older. Dwarfs does can have several kids at a time, 3 and 4 being common with some quintuplet births occurring. Dwarfs are generally good mothers able to take care of their babies should you leave them to do the raising of the kids. Goats are sociable, playful creatures. They enjoy gentle attention; do not allow “play” with them that will develop into bad habits because to a goat it means something different (if you push on their head playing butting games they will butt you unpredictably or that cute 2lb goat that paws/jumps on you won’t be so cute when they weigh close to 100lbs). They especially enjoy a neck or chest rub. They enjoy climbing and jumping on rocks, stumps, and platforms made for their pleasure (and your entertainment). When you bring your goat home, expect that it will be frightened and nervous until it gets used to it’s new home. It will probably be a bit noisy, may act shy, and will need TLC and reassurance that it’s new home is a safe, comfortable, happy place. It usually takes about a week to settle in. Don’t chase your goat, let him/her come to you; it helps to offer a treat (handful of grain or treat). A healthy goat appears contented, alert, has an appetite and chews its cud. Its coat is smooth and glossy, skin is clean and pliable. The manure consists of formed, slightly moist pellets which, with the urine should be passed without effort. The normal body temperature of a goat is 102-103F. The normal pulse is 70-80/minute. The care of your Nigerian is similar to the care of other goats. Good management (selection, nutrition, parasite control, health care, housing and responsible breeding) is the foundation af your herd and this will determine the ultimate condition of your stock. Goats are herd animals, so depend on the companionship of other goats. Two goats make a herd, as do a goat and a sheep, if raised together. A single goat is a miserable goat and will make you a miserable goat owner. For their housing you must provide a barn, shed, or a large dog house so they can get out of rain, snow, wind and sun. They should not be housed in airtight buildings; ventilation is required for optimum health. Pens or houses should be kept clean with fresh hay, water, and bedding. Many owners find that providing a few “toys” for the goats provides them with hours of entertainment. Tree stumps, rocks or large cable spools are great for “king of the mountain” games and jumping. Just be sure to keep them away from the fence to avoid giving herd escape artists means to roam your neighborhood! You must provide a sturdy fence; the BEST fencing is four-foot high woven wire 2×4 squares( commonly called Non-Climb fencing), rather than welded wire, is ideal and will last. As you think about fencing, remember that your goal is twofold: to keep your goats where you want them, and to protect them from dogs and coyotes who are their greatest threat. The feeding requirements of your goats depends on their age and gender. As ruminants, they depend on a diet primarily of hay or pasture, we always provide both. Sweet smelling, non dusty, mixed grass or Grass/Alfalfa mix hay is ideal for all and should be fed free choice. Many goat breeders use a 12% – 18% protein goat feed or dairy ration, however on our farm only milkers and bucks in rut get grain, everyone else gets feed Lespadeza pellets which is similar in nutrition as alfalfa but has the added benefit of high tannins to help with worm control. If you do feed grain it must not contain urea as this is toxic to goats. When providing pasture learn about the grasses and plants growing in your area as there are some plants that are deadly if even one leaf is eaten. In TN we have a plant called ‘Beef steak plant’ and it is technically a mint. It is the number one cow killer in TN and is highly toxic to all animals. Perilla Mint Toxicity , Rhododendron, azalea, yew(looks like spruce but no scent), laurel, cherry… these can also kill in very small doses. Never change the diet suddenly, always introduce new or extras in small quantities. If your goat over eats (gorges on grain) that which it is not accustomed, watch it carefully for signs of illness(bloat) and be prepared to call the vet. Males are prone to developing kidney/urinary tract stones (calculi) so it is crucial to make sure that what you feed maintains a proper Calcium to Phosphorus ratio of 2:1 or 4:1. If you have wethers(neutered males) they really do not need grain and will do just fine with occasional treats and free choice hay and pasture/browse. If you do feed a grain to wethers I would recommend not more than 1/8-1/4 cup per day and of course this also depends on condition of the animal as well. You should be able to feel the ribs of the animal. Here is a link as well to judge condition of your goat Dairy Goat Body Scoring They should have free choice minerals and water available at all times. Nigerian goats, like all other breeds, need some basic care for good health and long life. Hooves should be trimmed regularly, about every 4-8 weeks or more often if needed. A properly trimmed and shaped hoof should resemble those of a kid goat’s hoof. There are basic types of vaccinations that should be given yearly, CDT. It is best to check with your local vet for any other vaccinations recommended for your area. Some experienced breeders may immunize their own goats; new owners and breeders should take their goats to the local vet for vaccines. Tip: Have multiple thermometers on hand cause that is an immediate way to verify if you have a sick goat. You should never offer food to a goat that has a body temp less than 101 degrees as their rumen isn’t working properly at that time. You will need to always warm your goat up first. Worming should be done as needed, you should learn how to do a FAMACHA check and you should always have fecals run prior to worming to know what you are worming for. Your goat vet can also suggest any special supplements (such as selenium), additional immunizations and a recommended wormer for your particular herd based on your area and known preventative health measures. Although they have similar origins, Nigerian Dwarfs and African Pygmies are separate and distinct breeds, with recognized differences. Pygmies are bred to be “cobby” and heavy boned, they are a miniature meat goat. Nigerians are bred to have the length of body and more elegant structure that’s similar to their larger dairy goat counterparts. Pygmies are also primarily “agouti” patterned, with black, silver and caramel being the most common colors. Registered Pygmies can not have blue eyes. (The above information was pieced from multiple sources and added too by myself in other places. Here are the main sites this information was pulled from NDGA and CountrySide Daily)

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Rodent housing unit, England, 1990-1999 Rodents used in experiments were housed in this portable housing rack. It consists of 25 individual units arranged in a five-by-five grid. One animal lived in each unit. The rack was used at the Psychology Department at London’s Guildhall University in the 1990s. Animal experimentation for scientific and medical research has long been controversial. The main argument is whether the benefits of animal testing outweigh the moral issues. The first organised anti-animal experiments or anti-vivisection movements peaked in Britain in the 1870s and 1880s. They led to tighter restrictions on who could perform experiments. However, animal experimentation is still subject to protests and debates. Related Themes and Topics There are 452 related objects. View all related objects Glossary: animal experimentation Before researchers test drug treatments in human clinical trials, they normally test them on animals to determine if they are toxic, to find the correct dose and whether they are effective. Glossary: animal cage

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Scientists Create Most Accurate Universe Simulation Ever Is the Matrix next? A team of scientists at MIT has created a computer simulation of the universe that is being called the most accurate ever. The computer model simulation, developed by a team lead by Mark Vogelsberger, begins shortly after the creation of the universe and continues until the current age. A description of the simulation was published Wednesday in the journal Nature, and the creation is being acclaimed because it is the best depiction yet of the scale of the whole universe as well as in the details from individual galaxies. The team employed Illustris simulation software, and began the journey at a relatively young age for the universe -- a mere 12 million years after the Big Bang. It then had to also cover an additional 13 billion years to bring it to the present. 350 Million Light-Years To go with that enormous time range is the unimaginable range of space, about 350 million light-years across. One light-year is about 10 million million kilometers. This kind of enormous time and space range has never been captured before in a single simulation. The smallest details shown are about 1,000 light-years across, which the scientists expect to get down to several light-years across -- but it could take a decade more of refining the simulation. And the simulation also tackles the range of elements, from the simplest -- hydrogen and helium in the early years -- to heavier and more numerous elements later. There are also more than 40,000 different types of galaxies, such as elliptical and disk galaxies. One scientist not on the team, University of Maryland astronomer Michael Boylan-Kolchin, noted in a news article in Nature that the realism in the images of the galaxies was previously "possible only for simulation of individual galaxies." The team members said that the simulated images of galaxies resembled actual images of those galaxies, as depicted by the Hubble Space Telescope. They pointed to similarities in density of objects, colors, sizes and morphologies. But there are some differences, of course, and the scientists will be tweaking their theories to refine the simulation further. Six Months of Calculations For instance, while the galaxies' proportions seem more or less correct, the stars in galaxies that are much smaller than our Milky Way appear in the simulation to be older than they should be. The team indicated this is because the simulation created those galaxies too soon in the life of the universe. The simulation required six months of supercomputer calculations, which the scientists estimated would have taken a regular desktop computer about 2,000 years to generate. The imagery was derived from laws of physics and theories of how the universe evolved, and one of the purposes is to test how well some of those theories seemed to have worked in creating structures and images that resemble the current universe. One of the many problems in recreating this universe is the depiction of dark matter and dark energy, because their actual makeup is still not determined. The simulation model simulates their behavior, with dark matter helping matter in the young universe to assemble, and dark energy helping to propel the universe's expansion.

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Coastal storms have increased in recent decades, affecting many species, including the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia). Reports of stranded sea lion pups are becoming common in Chile, presumably due to the increase in the frequency and intensity of coastal storms. To validate this assumption, a 10-year database was built by coupling wave generation and coastal propagation models to correlate pure wave parameters (significant wave height Hs, peak period Tp, normalized wave power Hs2 Tp) and wave parameters including the tidal level (maximum surface elevation η, modified wave power η2 Tp) with records of stranded pups in Cobquecura, the largest breeding colony in central Chile. The correlation between the number of pups stranded per day and wave parameters in the first half of January and the last half of February is poor, while they are stronger for the second half of January and the first half of February. The higher number of stranded pups coincide with coastal storms with normalized wave power values exceeding a threshold of 100 m2/s. Conversely, below this threshold there is wide dispersion between the number of strandings and wave parameters. Identifying wave parameter thresholds could be used to predict when newborn pups will be most affected by coastal storms, and thus help institutions to develop remediation techniques for animals at risk. Climate variability and change in the marine environment are emerging issues that have been reported to affect a wide range of species in different ways1,2,3,4. Signs of climate change include changes in air and sea surface temperatures, a rise in the absolute mean sea level, changes in salinity, ocean acidification, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, among others5. All of these signs are causing shifts in the abundance and distribution of several species, loss of habitat and changes in survival rates and breeding success. Some responses have been relatively consistent among species, such as a general advance in the timing of breeding and the migration of several bird species6,7. However, other responses, like population size and breeding success are less consistent, and vary by species and location8,9. Most studies on climate change in marine environments have focused on the rise in temperature and changes in the availability of resources10,11. Other effects, such as the occurrence of coastal storms, have been overlooked, even though extreme events are expected to become more common over time, as they are associated with climate variability and global environment change12. A recent study showed that maximum monthly wave heights and the number of extreme events have both increased in central Chile in the last 60 years13. The majority of these events occur during the austral winter, but they sometimes occur in summer as a consequence of long swells generated in the north Pacific13. In general, the main focus of studies that have evaluated the impacts of coastal storms has been damage to infrastructure and urban areas14. The impacts on marine fauna that share coastal habitats with humans have received much less attention. In this context, it is relevant to know how extreme events affect coastal populations, and whether species can adapt to these changes15. Iconic apex marine predators such as seabirds and marine mammals could be severely affected by variations and changes in the marine environment8. Storms affect marine mega fauna in different ways, such as habitat destruction and increased risk of stranding, with inshore species being particularly vulnerable16. Studies of shorebirds have demonstrated that increased storm intensity and frequency reduces the availability of habitats for nets establishment17. For pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walrus), site selection is based on the proximity to favorable foraging areas and on the availability of terrain that allows access and egress during variable tidal heights18. For breeding colonies in particular, protection from wind and waves also plays a critical role in site selection, as pups have a better chance of survival in sheltered sites with favorable thermal protection19. Indeed, significant neonate mortality may result from unusual fluctuations in tidal height and storm surges because pups under three months of age cannot swim competently20. In Australia, Arnould & Littnan21 and Pemberton & Gales22 have reported that a considerable number of Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups are left stranded when they are washed into the ocean by high swells and storms. However, to our knowledge no studies have monitored the effects of different intensities of coastal storms on pinniped species, with the identification of a threshold over which there are predictable effects on individuals and populations. The South American sea lion (SASL, Otaria byronia) is an otariid species with a wide coastal distribution in both the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans in South America23. This species can be found in several coastal rookeries along the Chilean coast, with a total abundance for the country of nearly 130,000 individuals24,25. It is classified as a Least Concern species under the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s system of categorizing species according to risk of extinction. In Chile, SASL is an important top predator in marine ecosystems, playing an important role in structuring the trophic relationships within food webs26,27. Like most otariids, the pupping season for the SASL is in January and February (austral summer season), with the mean peak period for parturition from mid-January to mid-February28. During this period, pups are weak and must remain in the breeding colony for at least one to two months, due to their low locomotory abilities at sea29. In this time of early life, pups can be washed out of the colony by waves, making them extremely vulnerable to stranding and starvation due to separation from their mothers30. Considering an increase in the intensity of coastal storms in recent years, in this study we hypothesize that the number of stranded sea lion pups can be predicted by statistical wave parameters. To test this hypothesis, we compared the statistical parameters of coastal storms with the number of stranded SASL pups during the last decade in the largest breeding colony in central Chile. Number of stranded SASL pups A total of 541 stranded alive pups (i.e. pups swept away from the rookery and washed up on the beach), males and females, were counted and measured over a 10-year period (Table 1), most of them were registered between mid-January and mid-February (Fig. 1A). In general, the number of stranded pups increased over the 10-year period by around 10 pups per year (Fig. 1B). The percentage of total pups born in the colony that were stranded ranged from 0.7% (2013) to 11.6% (2018) (Table 1). Notably, the number of stranded pups represented more than 10% of those born in 2011, 2017 and 2018. Supplementary Table S1 gives the length and weight statistics obtained for male and female pups during each fortnight, along with the estimated parameters of the length–weight ratio and the coefficient of determination r2. All regressions for fortnights 2 and 3 were highly significant, although coefficients of determination were modest, indicating considerable unexplained variation. No relationships between length and weight were found for pups sampled during fortnights 1 and 4 (Supplementary Table S1). Figure 2 shows the wave climate in the nearshore numerical wave gauge at 10 m depth. The coastal wave patterns associated with a distant Southwestern (SW) swell of the peak period (Tp) = 12 s (Fig. 2A) shows that for this sea state, waves are strongly refracted regardless of the offshore wave period and direction as a consequence of the relatively shallow and smooth bathymetry formed by sands drifting from the south. However, wave height is strongly amplified near the site, with the agitation coefficient (Ka) ~ 1.2, due to the combined effect of shoaling and refraction. Figure 2B shows coastal wave patterns associated with an Aleutian swell of Tp = 20 s. As for the SW swell (and for most analyzed cases), waves shoal and refract near the shore, with wave height decreasing slightly off the coast of Cobquecura, but significantly, increasing in the vicinity of the rookery. Figure 2C shows a Western (W) swell of Tp = 12 s generated in mid-latitudes (~ 34°S–38°S) near South America. In this case, refraction is less significant and shoaling explains the increase in wave height near the rookery. The above examples, chosen from a total of 96 cases, provide a representative selection of near shore wave patterns during coastal storms. In statistical terms (Supplementary Table S2), bivariate wave statistics for the January–February (JF) period in the numerical node at 10 m depth offshore Cobquecura colony show that 78.1% of the sea states have directions between 240° and 270° (i.e. with wave patterns similar to those in Fig. 2A, C) and that 71.5% of the significant wave heights are between 1.5 and 2.5 m. About 73% of waves are in the range between 10 and 16 s, while 10.1% exceed 14 s. On the other hand, Aleutian swells (Fig. 2B) account for 19.4%, with only 6% of wave heights above 2 m. Wave heights are seldom below 1 m. Correlation between coastal storms and number of pups stranded on the beach Figure 3A–F show sea states in wave roses for the JF period in the vicinity of Cobquecura colony, expressed in terms of some of the statistical wave parameters (e.g. wave height (Hs), peak period (Tp), wave power (Hs2 Tp)) together with the number of SASL pups found on the beach per day. Figure 3G, H show the local wave direction in relation to the Cobquecura rookery for W and Western-southwestern (WSW) swells in the wave roses. An example of how wave parameters are related to the number of pups stranded on the beach is the intense coastal storm of January 30 and 31 2011 (Supplementary Fig. S1). Massive strandings of pups occurred in Cobquecura colony after sea states with heights of Hs = 3.8 m, periods beyond Tp = 20 s and nearly W waves affected the area. This storm is represented by the red dot in Fig. 3A–F and the red arrow in Fig. 3G, H. These unusual conditions were reflected in one of the most powerful coastal storms throughout the dataset, with Hs2 Tp above 250 m2s. While the maximum statistical surface elevation (η) usually ranges between η = + 2 and + 3 m LAT, it reached a maximum of η = + 4.5 m LAT on January 30. Table 2 shows the relationship between the number of stranded pups on the beach and the statistical wave parameters for the four fortnight intervals from 2009 to 2018. It is noted that the correlations for all the data during the first and last fortnights (January 1–15 and February 16–29) were very low; no significant correlations were found for any of the parameters analyzed. Correlations dramatically increased when the analysis was restricted to the second and third fortnights (January 16–31 and February 1–15) (Supplementary Fig. S2). During the second fortnight, the proxies of Hs2 Tp showed the best performance, followed by the Hs(max), the η and the modified wave power including the tide (η2 Tp) (Table 2). The proxies of Hs2 Tp also showed the best performance during the third fortnight. Binomial logistic regression indicated that during the second and third fortnights thresholds could be defined for those wave parameters (Figs. 4, 5). In particular, the 50% probability of exceeding three stranded pups is predicted to be higher with a threshold of Hs2 Tp ~ 10 m2/s during the second fortnight (Fig. 4). The impact of climate change on terrestrial mammals has been extensively examined in the literature. However, how marine mammals react to climate change, and specifically to the increase in the occurrence and intensity of coastal storms, have been seldom analyzed. The evidence indicates that rare extreme climatic events, like coastal storms, have become much more frequent and intense in the last decade, especially during the summer when SASL females give birth to their pups. Although different studies have noted that coastal storms affect pinniped pup survival22,31, to our knowledge this is the first study that assesses the effects of wave parameters on such phenomena. We discuss here how the increase in the number of pup strandings may affect population growth and the responses of SASL, and how this should be considered in management policies concerning this species in Chile. Although this study focuses on one species and one study area, climate change over the next 100 years will lead to increases in sea levels and the severity of storm surges in many places30, which in turn may affect different pinniped species around the world. The analysis shows that correlations between statistical wave parameters and stranded pups on the beach neighboring the Cobquecura breeding colony is best predicted by Hs2 Tp and η2 Tp. As a reference, for a range of values of Hs2 Tp max from 32 to 140 m2/s, the number of stranded pups fluctuates between 1 and 23 per day during the third fortnight (Supplementary Fig. S2(C)). The average overtopping discharge scales with a power (~ 1) of both the significant wave height and the mean wave period (which also scales with the peak period), and is very sensitive to the tide level. Thus, the value of η2 Tp is determined by the same variables used to quantify the wave overtopping discharge, which is apparently the mechanism by which pups are washed away from the rookery. Individual parameters (i.e. Hs and Tp) showed a lower correlation with the number of pups washed away. It is evident that the swells that affect pups are restricted to a band of 50° (from 240° to 290°), while events that cause significant casualties have directions between 255° and 270°, in which the shelter of the southwest rock on the colony is negligible and wave overtopping is favored. The relatively narrow directional range of waves impinging the rookeries is explained by the strong refraction that waves undergo in the shoaling region offshore the rookeries. The southwest rookery is only an effective shelter against SSW to SW waves, which account for 40% of waves in the JF period (225° ≤ Dpk ≤ 255°); while the rest of the time (60%) waves impact the rookeries where pups are almost directly exposed. In general, the correlation between wave parameters and the number of pups stranded is notably stronger for the second half of January and the first half of February. This positive relationship may be because the number of SASL pups born in a colony increases as the month of January progresses, reaching a peak in the second half of January and the first half of February28. Thus, the probability of a pup being swept away from the rookery and washed up on the beach increases. As well, SASL mothers spend less time on shore as pup get older32,33,34, so pups are left alone for longer periods, making them more vulnerable to coastal storms. The low correlation between wave parameters and the number of stranded pups in the first fortnight of January may be because the number of newborn pups in the colony during this period is still very low. Similarly, the lack of any relationship between wave parameters and the number of stranded pups in the last two weeks of February could be because pups are bigger and heavier, and thus able to swim back to the colony by themselves29, which avoids animals being washed up on the adjacent beach. Our results show that the number of pups stranded on the beach adjacent to the colony was especially high in certain years, exceeding 10% of total pup abundance in the colony in those years. Given that female SASL give birth to a single pup each year, a higher frequency of coastal storms that coincide with the breeding season can dramatically affect pups30, and ultimately may have a serious impact on the population. This in turn can impact juvenile recruitment and reduce the likelihood of recovery between events, thereby reducing reproductive output and ultimately causing population decline15,30. Long-term abundance monitoring, together with the estimation of demographic parameters of this population, such as age/class mortality and fecundity, provides critical information for SASL conservation and management. However, there presently are insufficient demographic data to reliably estimate the effects of pup mortality due to storm frequency and intensity on the SASL population dynamics in Cobquecura. We recommend that future studies focus on determining age-structured dynamics of the SASL population at Cobquecura in order to put the impact of pup strandings into context. The number of stranded pups has varied greatly over the years. In some years (e.g. 2013), the number and proportion of the total abundance was very low (0.7%), while in other years it was notably high (> 10% in 2011, 2017 and 2018). Similar results were found with Australian fur seal pups, where major fluctuations in pup mortality have been associated with large storm surge events22. The number of pups in a colony can be underestimated given that not all the pups are visible, and that not all pups have been born by the time of an aerial survey. Consequently, estimates should be taken with caution. We also recognize that our results are based on a particular SASL colony, and thus the effects of statistical wave parameters on other colonies depend on other factors as well, such as coastal orientation, storm duration, position, bathymetry, topography and the elevation of the colony30. However, the approach used in this study could be used as a baseline to characterize wave parameters which, together with coastal early warning systems35, would be a useful tool for the conservation and management of coastal species that are affected, or could be affected, by coastal storms in the near future, such as birds17 and pinnipeds21,22. In the face of the increasing severity of storm surges, individuals in colonies may respond by either: (1) continuing to breed in areas that are becoming increasingly inundated by coastal storms, potentially causing higher pup mortality rates and affecting the colony's long-term demographics; (2) retreating to areas that are higher or further from the coast to avoid waves, leading to higher operational breeding densities; and (3) moving to other colonies or colonizing new areas. Many pinniped species, including the SASL, display a high degree of natal site philopatry36,37,38. The Cobquecura and other colonies in Chile have been used consistently as they afford the best habitats for pup survival, providing access to water for thermoregulatory requirements and close proximity to suitable feeding areas. These attributes suggest that SASL moving to other colonies will not happen easily or rapidly. Moving to other colonies or colonizing new areas is another possibility for the species in order to reduce pup mortality. Grandi et al.37 found a proliferation of new SASL colonies and the transformation of some haul-outs to breeding sites over time in northern Patagonia, Argentina, as a response to population growth. A similar expansion to new breeding colonies has been reported for other otariid pinnipeds, such as Subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis) , Antarctic fur seals (A. gazella) , and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)40. However, dispersal to other established sites or the establishment of new breeding colonies can in turn lead to an increase in colony densities, which is associated with increased pup mortality41. SASL expand to other colonies that are close to the focal one37. In this sense, if the new area does not offer much protection against coastal storms, moving to other colonies nearby may not be an improvement. The results of our study demonstrate that negative impacts of coastal storms occur during the most vulnerable phase of pups’ lives. Even though we still cannot estimate the consequences of coastal storms on the future of the SASL, the ability of this species to adapt to the impact of climate change may be complicated by their being under various constraints, such as an accelerated rate of climate change42 and limited availability of alternative habitats owing to human coastal activity43. As the impact of climate change increases and the capacity of populations to recover lessens, more active intervention strategies may be necessary. For instance, the thresholds identified for some statistical wave parameters could be used to predict when newborn pups will be most affected by coastal storms. Local government and other agencies could use this information to improve their efforts to rescue and release pups. The feasibility and success of these management measures go beyond the subject of this study, but there is some evidence that these measures enhance the survival of stranded newborn pups following rescue and release44. Identifying statistical wave parameter thresholds for colonies of at-risk species can help institutions develop remediation techniques for animals at risk. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that the SASL is affected by extreme weather events that have a negative effect on pinniped wellbeing45. The accuracy of inputs such as coastal data points and topography should be improved and modeling techniques should be enhanced to include the influence of predicted increases in both the frequency and intensity of weather events. Understanding these impacts is crucial for the future management of this top marine predator. Materials and methods The breeding colony of Cobquecura (36° 07′ S, 72° 48′ W) is located approximately 80–100 m from the coast, in front of a long and open continental sandy beach on the coast of central Chile (Fig. 6), with high exposure to wind/wave action. Cobquecura is the largest breeding colony along the coast of central Chile, with approximately 3,200 animals, which represent ca. 20% of total abundance, and produces ~ 51% of the total pups born in central Chile25. Number of stranded SASL pups During the breeding season, high waves frequently sweep away healthy pups from the colony and transport them alive to the adjacent continental beach. Considering this, sampling was conducted annually during the breeding seasons for a period of ten years from 2009 to 2018, between January 1 and February 29 to count the total number of pups that were stranded daily. The colony and the adjacent beach were monitored every day by one to three observers, who were placed in the beach adjacent to the colony from 09:00 AM to 6:00 PM. If a pup was found before 9:00 AM, it was assumed it had been stranded during the night and consequently it was counted as stranded in the same day. Most pups (> 90%) are stranded alive. We decided not to include dead pups in this study because in most cases it is not possible to know the date and cause of death. No other breeding colonies are close to the Cobquecura colony, so it was assumed that all stranded pups came from this colony. Every year, stranded pups were rescued and retained by volunteers from a local animal welfare organization (Codeff) who let the pups rest safe from tourists. Once the pups appeared to be in better condition and the weather improved, the volunteers released the animals individually near the colony so they could return to it. Before releasing pups, researchers from the Program of Marine Research of Excellence (PIMEX; University of Concepción) identified them by sex and registered their standard length (L, straight line nose to tail, dorsal view) to the nearest 0.01 m, and body mass (M) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Before they were set free, the pups were marked with water-resistant paint on a front flipper nail to avoid measuring the same individuals again. All applicable national guidelines and regulations for the care and use of animals were followed, and animal rescues were approved by the National Service of Fisheries and Aquaculture (Sernapesca; Ministry of Economy, Chilean Government). Four to five aerial surveys were conducted annually (1 or 2 in January, 2 in February and 1 in March) to estimate the percentage of pups born in the colony that were stranded every summer. From 2009 to 2011, the aerial surveys were carried out with a Cessna 172 airplane at an altitude of 70–100 m and at a speed of 100–150 km h−1. From 2012 to 2018, the surveys were conducted with Phantom Vision and Phantom 4 Advance drones equipped with a 12–20 megapixel wide-field-of-view camera (lens: 5–9 mm) and remotely controlled by an experienced pilot. Photographs covered the entire colony and were taken at an altitude of 25–30 m. Previous surveys at the colony indicated that SASL are not disturbed by flights at this altitude. Flights at similar or even lower altitudes do not appear to have affected pinniped behavior46,47. Photographs were vertical when possible, or with some angle in areas dominated by steep cliffs. Due to the irregular topography of the colony, the pilot manually regulated the diaphragm aperture of the photographs to match the desired exposure. Three independent observers counted the number of sea lions from the photographic records using Photoshop software (Adobe Photoshop CS5.1, Version 12.1). Photographs were sequential and slightly overlapped to guarantee complete coverage of the colony. Photographic mosaics were created from multiple digital images to avoid double counting. Final values were estimated by averaging the counts from the 3 observers, with a maximum error of 10% among them. Every year, we considered the census with the highest abundance of pups to compare with the number of stranded pups annually. In order to correlate the number of stranded pups with coastal storms, wave climate offshore from Cobquecura was assembled with the third-generation spectral model Wavewatch III v.4.1848 using the parameterization proposed by Ardhuin et al.49. Following Stopa & Cheung50 recommendations, we used wind fields at 10 m above mean sea level and ice coverage available from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis CFSR51 to force the wave model. We used the ETOPO v.252 global bathymetry, with 1° × 1° spatial resolution on a Pacific-wide domain. The shoreline, islands and rock formations were obtained from the Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database (GSHHS), with a resolution of 40 m53. The model was calibrated following the steps proposed by Beyá et al.54. Hourly wave spectral data was obtained from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 2018 from an offshore numerical node at 36°S 74°W (Fig. 6), but the analysis was restricted to the JF period when strandings were recorded. Wave data was then transferred to the coast by means of the Steady-state spectral WAVE model STWAVE v. 6.055, a second-generation spectral wave model capable of simulating near shore processes. The digital elevation model was constructed from nautical charts from the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy56. Transfer functions built from synthetic wave spectra with significant wave heights of 1 m were used to transform wave data at the offshore numerical node to the site. A total of 96 representative offshore JONSWAP spectra were used57, covering periods between 4 and 26 s, every 2 s, with directions between 202.5° and 360°, every 22.5°. The propagation pattern was expressed in terms of the agitation coefficient (Ka), defined herein as the ratio between the significant wave height in the numerical node immediately offshore from Cobquecura and its value in deep waters, where it is unaffected by local conditions. The agitation coefficient represents the amplification (Ka > 1) or reduction (Ka < 1) of the significant wave height at the numerical node immediately offshore from Cobquecura, when compared to offshore conditions where waves are not perturbed by the seafloor. The astronomical tide level (z) was also included to better describe the effects of oceanographic conditions in the breeding colony (Fig. 7). Harmonic analysis using T-Tide was carried out to reconstruct the astronomical tide for the analyzed period58. Hourly sea level records were obtained at Constitución (35°19′ S, 72°24′ W), located 100 km north of Cobquecura (due to the relatively straight coastline and the absence of nearshore geographical features, the spatial gradient of the tide is negligible between the two sites). Coastal storms and the number of stranded pups A series of modeled statistical wave parameters for each sea state in the numerical node immediately offshore from Cobquecura were correlated with the number of pups found on the beach on a daily basis during the JF period. The definition of relevant parameters used in the description of the local geometry and waves is included in Fig. 7. These parameters were the significant wave height Hs (measured in m), defined as the average of wave heights (H, as defined in Fig. 7) of the one-third highest waves, the peak period Tp (measured in s) is the period at which the wave energy spectrum is maximum, and the normalized wave power Hs2 Tp (measured in m2 s), which scales with the wave energy flux P = (ρg/64π) Hs2 Tp in deep waters59. Note that the significant wave height Hs is obtained from the spectrum assuming Hm0 = 4(m0)1/2, where m0 is the zeroth order momentum of the spectrum and Hm0 denotes the significant wave height determined from the spectrum58, and further assuming Hs = Hm0. While Hs is determined from time-domain analysis, the two quantities are equal when wave height follows the Rayleigh distribution60. The analysis was enriched by the addition of the tidal effect of local wave parameters. Once the tide had been computed for the entire historical period, we estimated the maximum statistical surface elevation with respect to the Lowest Astronomical Tide LAT η (measured in m) at a local depth of 10 m (Fig. 2). Like Hs, η provides a statistical measure of the height of the waves, but it also implicitly includes the astronomical tide with respect to the LAT. The parameter η2 Tp (measured in m2 s), referred to hereafter as the modified wave power including the tide, was also tested. This parameter also scales with the wave energy flux (as does Hs2 Tp), but additionally includes the tide level in its computation. The aforementioned statistical wave parameters (Hs, Tp, Hs2 Tp, η, η2 Tp) were computed for the maximum sea state of the day -between 0:00 AM to 12:00 PM- and for the mean value averaged on the day when stranded pups were counted. The relationship between the number of stranded pups and the wave parameters were analyzed using second order polynomial regressions. Standard and body mass were log-transformed and the linearized relationship fitted by least-squares regression. Analyses were done separately for the two fortnights of January and the two of February, since the abundance and behavior of pups varies over the course of the breeding season. Wave parameter variables that were significant (α = 0.05) in the least-squares regression were analyzed to define thresholds that can be used to predict when newborn pups will be most affected by coastal storms. For each variable, a binomial logistic regression model was performed, defined as 0 (stranding events with ≤ 3 pups) and 1 (stranding events with > 3 pups). This criterion was based on the break in the frequency histogram for the number of stranded pups for each event. Each threshold value was defined with a predicted probability of 50%, using a similar approach of LD50 (the dose where historically 50% of the animals are predicted to die) analysis. All analyses were conducted using R Studio61. Perry, A. L., Low, P. J., Ellis, J. R. & Reynolds, J. D. Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science 308, 1912–1915 (2005). Denny, M. W., Hunt, L. J. H., Miller, L. P. & Harley, C. D. G. On the prediction of extreme ecological events. Ecol. Monogr. 79, 397–421 (2009). Lane, J. E., Kruuk, L. E. B., Charmantier, A., Murie, J. O. & Dobson, F. S. Delayed phenology and reduced fitness associated with climate change in a wild hibernator. Nature 489, 554–557 (2012). McCain, C. 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Change 131, 97–109 (2015). Frederiksen, M., Daunt, F., Harris, M. P. & Wanless, S. The demographic impact of extreme events: stochastic weather drives survival and population dynamics in a long-lived seabird. J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 1020–1029 (2008). Schumann, N., Gales, N. J., Harcourt, R. G. & Arnould, J. P. Impacts of climate change on Australian marine mammals. Aust. J. Zool. 61, 146–159 (2013). Galbraith, H., DesRochers, D. W., Brown, S. & Reed, J. M. Predicting vulnerabilities of North American shorebirds to climate change. PLoS ONE 9, e108899 (2014). Bartholomew, G. A. A model for the evolution of pinniped phylogeny. Evolution 24, 546–559 (1970). Antonelis, G. A. Rookeries. In Encyclopedia of marine mammals (eds. Perrin, W. F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J. G. M) 1051–1052 (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2002). Ban, S. & Trites, A. W. Quantification of terrestrial haul-out and rookery characteristics of Steller sea lions. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 23, 496–507 (2007). Arnould, J. P. & Littnan, C. L. Pup production and breeding areas of Australian fur seals. Aust. Mammal. 22, 51–55 (2000). Pemberton, D. & Gales, R. Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) breeding in Tasmania: population size and status. Wildlife Res. 31, 301–309 (2004). Crespo, E. A., Oliva, D., Dans, S. L. & Sepúlveda, M. Estado de situación del lobo marino común en su área de distribución (Editorial Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, 2012). Venegas, C. et al. Distribución y abundancia de lobos marinos (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) en la Región de Magallanes. Chile. An. Inst. Pat. Ser. Cienc. 30, 67–82 (2002). Oliva, D. et al. Estimación poblacional de lobos marinos e impacto de la captura incidental. Informe Final Proyecto FIPA 2018–54, 1–150 (2020). Bailys, A. M. M. et al. Diving deeper into individual foraging specializations of a large marine predator, the Southern sea lion. Oecologia 179, 1053–1065 (2015). Sepúlveda, M. et al. Rol ecológico del lobo marino común en el territorio y aguas jurisdiccionales chilenas. Infome Final Proyecto FIPA 2014–28, 1–160 (2016). Acevedo, J., Aguayo-Lobo, A. & Sielfeld, W. Eventos reproductivos del león marino común Otaria flavescens (Shaw 1800), en el norte de Chile (Pacífico suroriental). Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanog. 38, 69–75 (2013). Rivas, M. & Trimble, M. Aggregation behaviour in South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) pups at Isla de Lobos. Uruguay. Aquat. Mamm 35, 55–71 (2009). McLean, L. J., George, S., Lerodiaconou, D., Kirkwood, R. J. & Arnould, J. P. Y. Impact of rising sea levels on Australian fur seals. PeerJ 6, e5786 (2018). Reeves, R. R. Speculations on the impact of global warming on aquatic mammals. Proceedings of the American Cetacean Society, Monterrey, CA. American Cetacean Society, San Pedro (1990). Boyd, I. L., Lunn, N. J. & Barton, T. Time budgets and foraging characteristics of lactating Antarctic fur seals. J. Anim. Ecol. 60, 577–592 (1991). Muñoz, L., Pavez, G., Inostroza, P. & Sepúlveda, M. Foraging trips of female South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) from isla Chañaral. Chile. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 9, 140–144 (2011). Milette, L. L. & Trites, A. W. Maternal attendance patterns of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from stable and declining populations in Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 81, 340–348 (2003). Jiménez, J., Armaroli, C. & Bosom, E. Preparing for the Impact of Coastal Storms, A Coastal Manager-oriented Approach. In Coastal Storms, Processes and Impacts (eds. Ciavola, P. & Coco, G) 217–239 (Wiley Blackwell, 2017). Oliveira, L. R. et al. Ancient female philopatry, asymmetric male gene flow, and synchronous population expansion support the influence of climatic oscillations on the evolution of South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). PLoS ONE 12(6), e0179442 (2017). Grandi, M. F., Dans, S. L. & Crespo, E. A. Social composition and spatial distribution of colonies in an expanding population of South America sea lion. J. Mamm. 89, 1218–1228 (2008). Hoffman, J. I. & Forcada, J. Extreme natal philopatry in female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Mamm. Biol. 77, 71–73 (2012). Hofmeyr, G. J. G., Bester, M. N., Makhado, A. B. & Pistorius, P. A. Population changes in subantarctic and antarctic fur seals at Marion Island. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 36, 55–68 (2006). Raum-Suryan, K. L., Pitcher, K. W., Calkins, D. G., Sease, J. L. & Loughlin, T. R. Dispersal, rookery fidelity, and metapopulation structure of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in an increasing and a decreasing population in Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 18, 746–764 (2002). Harcourt, R. Factors affecting early mortality in the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) in Peru: Density-related effects and predation. J. Zool. 226, 259–270 (1992). Sillmann, J., Kharin, V. V., Zwiers, F. W., Zhang, X. & Bronaugh, D. Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2. Future climate projections. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118, 2473–2493 (2013). Fuentes, M. et al. Adaptive management of marine mega-fauna in a changing climate. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Chang. 21, 209–224 (2016). Hofmeyr, G. J. G., du Toit, M. & Kirkman, S. P. Early post-release survival of stranded Cape fur seal pups at Black Rocks, Algoa Bay. S. Afr. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 33, 463–468 (2011). Fink, S. Loss of habitat: impacts on pinnipeds and their welfare. In Marine Mammal Welfare (ed. Butterworth, A.) 241–252 (Springer, Berlin, 2017). Adame, K., Pardo, M. A., Salvadeo, C., Beier, E. & Elorriaga-Ver-Plancken, F. Detectability and categorization of California sea lions using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 33, 913–925 (2017). McIntosh, R., Holmberg, R. & Dann, P. Looking without landing—using remote piloted aircraft to monitor fur seal populations without disturbance. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 1–13 (2018). Tolman, H. User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 4.18. Environmental Modeling Center Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch (2014). Ardhuin, F. et al. Semiempirical Dissipation Source Functions for Ocean Waves. Part I: Definition, Calibration, and Validation. J. Phys. Oceanogr 40, 1918–1941 (2010). Stopa, J. & Cheung, K. Intercomparison of wind and wave data from the ECMWF Reanalysis Interim and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Ocean Model. 75, 65–83 (2014). Saha, S. et al. The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 19, 1015–1057 (2010). Smith, W. & Sandwell, D. Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science 277, 1957–1962 (1997). Wessel, P. & Smith, W. A global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 8741–8743 (1996). Beyá, J., Hidalgo, H., Winckler, P., Gallardo, A. & Alvarez, M. Generation and validation of the Chilean Wave Atlas database. Ocean Model. 116, 16–32 (2017). Massey, T., Anderson, M., Smith, J. M., Gomez, J. & Jones, R. ERDC/CHL SR-11-1: STWAVE: Steady-State Spectral Wave Model User’s Manual for STWAVE, Version 6.0.Washington DC: USACE: Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory. Flood and Coastal Storm Damage Reduction Research and Development Program (2011). SHOA. Atlas Hidrográfico de Chile. Valparaíso: SHOA (2017). Hasselmann, K. et al. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift 12, 1–95 (1973). Pawlowicz, R., Beardsley, B. & Lentz, S. (2002) Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE. Comput. Geosci. 28, 929–937 (2002). Herbich, J. B. Handbook of coastal engineering (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000). Goda, Y. Random seas and design of maritime structures, 2nd Ed. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering - Volume 15. World Scientific Publishing Co (2000). R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Found Stat Comput 3 (2013). This work is part of the Programa de Investigación Marina de Excelencia (PIMEX) of the Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences of the University of Concepción funded by Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A. MS received additional funding from the Núcleo Milenio INVASAL funded by Iniciativa Científica Milenio from Chile’s Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. CE and PW acknowledge Centro de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres (CIGIDEN), Grant ANID FONDAP 15110017. We wish to thank E. Pedreros, D. Alegría and O. Muñoz for their valuable help during the fieldwork and S. Meinke and G. Montgomery for proofreading the English of this manuscript. We are grateful to SHOA and ETOPO for providing the bathymetry used in the wave model. The authors declare no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Sepúlveda, M., Quiñones, R.A., Esparza, C. et al. Vulnerability of a top marine predator to coastal storms: a relationship between hydrodynamic drivers and stranding rates of newborn pinnipeds. Sci Rep 10, 12807 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69124-6 Marine Biology (2021)

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BEFORE THE ALAMO: A Tejana’s Story Florence Byham Weinberg Genre: Historical Fiction / Texas History Publisher: Maywood House Date of Publication: September 17, 2021 ** 296 pages Scroll down for Giveaway! Emilia Altamirano, half Otomí Indian, half pure Spanish, is born in 1814, the year after the Battle of the Medina River, where her father fought as an officer in the Mexican Royalist Army. She grows up in Bexar de San Antonio unacknowledged by her father, raised by her Otomí Indian mother, and “adopted” as an unofficial ward by José Antonio Navarro, hero of the Texas fight for independence from Mexico. She learns to read, write, and acts as a page for the Ayuntamiento (City Council). She learns nursing during a cholera epidemic and later tends the wounded on both sides during and after the Battle of the Alamo. She survives, but as a Tejana, Spanish-speaking, and a loyal citizen of Mexico, she faces an uncertain future. PRAISE FOR BEFORE THE ALAMO “Yesterday, I finished Before the Alamo, figuratively gasping for breath…Thank you for a joyful experience, so helpful in this time of disillusion and anxiety.” – reader Marti Nodine Reading this most interesting book it was hard to decide whether the history was set against the backdrop of the story of Emilia’s life; or was Texas history the screen upon which the drama of how these lives were affected by the events of that time was projected. Either way, there’s a lot to learn, and a lot to enjoy, while reading this story. For most of us Anglos, we learned the story of the Alamo strictly from the viewpoint of history written by white men, which sadly is the way that too much of history has been written. Back when I was in school, there was little exposure to the rest of the story, especially from the point of view of oppressed people of color. For example, all I remember learning about The Alamo and the fateful battle there, was which famous white men died, especially Davey Crockett and James Bowie. Before reading this well-researched book by Weinberg, I had no idea how badly some Spanish and Mexican people were treated in the early to mid 1800s, and how attitudes formed then have evolved through the years to the prejudice we can see today. In the signing of the Texas Constitution, after Santa Anna’s troops were finally defeated and Texas gained its independence in 1834, there was a clause that was going to be inserted into the Constitution at that time, denying the Hispanic people the right to vote. That clause was a huge insult to a proud and noble people. People who were often poor, and of little means, but still had pride in themselves, family and country. Thanks to the legal acumen of a Spanish lawyer, the clause was struck down. Emilia is a very engaging character, and I appreciated how her strength grew and played out as the story progressed from her happy childhood with her mother Maria, to the discovery of who her father was, then to the gripping drama of politics as Spain and Mexico and Texas fought for sovereignty of the land that eventually became the state of Texas. There is plenty of drama and intrigue in this story, as well as romance when Emilia falls in love with Damaso. Like many strong relationships, theirs starts with friendship and evolves into a deep, abiding love. I highly recommend this book to readers who enjoy a history lesson laced with a great story and strong characters. Florence Byham Weinberg, born in Alamogordo, New Mexico, lived on a ranch as well as a farm and travelled with her military family during World War Two. After earning a Ph.D., she taught for 36 years in three universities. She published four scholarly books. Since retiring, she has written four books in the Pfefferkorn historical mystery series, three additional historical novels and one philosophical fantasy/thriller. She lives in San Antonio, loves cats, dogs, horses, and conversations with great-souled friends. GIVEAWAY! GIVEAWAY! GIVEAWAY! Signed copies of Before the Alamo and Apache Lance, Franciscan Cross 2nd & 3rd: signed copy of Before the Alamo. (US only; ends midnight, CST, 12/20/21) CLICK TO VISIT THE LONE STAR LITERARY LIFE TOUR PAGE FOR DIRECT LINKS TO EACH POST ON THIS TOUR, UPDATED DAILY, or visit the blogs directly: |12/13/21||Excerpt||Chapter Break Book Blog| |12/13/21||Review||The Clueless Gent| |12/13/21||BONUS Promo||Hall Ways Blog| |12/14/21||Review||It’s Not All Gravy| |12/14/21||BONUS Promo||LSBBT Blog| |12/15/21||Author Interview||All the Ups and Downs| |12/15/21||Review||The Plain-Spoken Pen| |12/16/21||Deleted Scene||Missus Gonzo| |12/16/21||Review||The Book’s Delight| |12/17/21||Author Interview||The Page Unbound| |12/17/21||Review||Reading by Moonlight| blog tour services provided by

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Activities for Programs Check out these activities that you can utilize in your program to encourage STEAM learning! Youth engineer bouncy balls that meet particular criteria. Using the engineering design process, they develop and test their creations. Youth engineer a table from a newspaper that is at least 8″ high and strong enough to hold a book. Using everyday materials, youth engineer a glider that can fly straight for 15 feet. Youth design a cooler that will keep a bottle of water cool using the engineering design process. They test their prototype and graph their results to determine the effectiveness of the solution. Youth engineering a small boat out of straws and plastic wrap that can hold weight. Youth engineering a writing device (pen) using everyday materials. They think about both the (water soluble) “ink” and the delivery mechanism.

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Unwanted weight gain leading to overweight and obesity has become a main driver of the global rise in non-communicable diseases and is. They are caused by the increase in the size and the amount of fat cells in the body. Doctors measure body mass index (BMI) and waist. Publisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral Abstract: Morbid obesity poses a significant burden on the health-care system. Consultant Episodes (FCE's) in NHS hospitals with a primary diagnosis of obesity and a main or secondary procedure of bariatric surgery. EP NAFLD the coming global epidemic and health crisis, Note: Significant correlation between working status and obesity. Consuming too many calories · Leading a sedentary lifestyle · Not sleeping enough · Endocrine disruptors · Medications and weight gain · Is obesity. Obesity and overweight are regarded as one of the five leading global risks Goel MS, McCarthy EP, Phillips RS, Wee CC: Obesity among US. PRACE POGLĄDOWE / Review articles. Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among children. Złe nawyki żywieniowe jako główna przyczyna otyłości wśród. Controlling energy intake and energy expenditure are the main mechanisms Note the curvilinear relation between body mass index (BMI) and. Moreover, obesity is a significant risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Recurrent episodes of cessation of respiratory airflow caused by.

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Many have heard of a hiatal hernia, but may not understand the condition or what causes it. The diaphragm is the muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities. In a normal diaphragm, the opening is large enough to allow only the esophagus to pass through it. When a hiatal hernia occurs, the opening increases and can allow the stomach and other organs to move from the abdomen into the chest. What Are the Symptoms? Patients may not notice symptoms when the hernia initially develops. Overtime, as the hernia enlarges and more of the stomach moves into the chest, patients might experience: - Pain in the chest or upper abdominal area - Nausea or vomiting - Shortness of breath - Difficulty swallowing - Blood loss anemia In some cases, if the stomach slips into the chest, it can twist and cut off the blood supply to the organ and causing it to shut down. This occurrence produces symptoms that include severe pain, nausea and vomiting. Patients experiencing these symptoms should go to the emergency room immediately as this condition is life threatening. It is important to note, not all hiatal hernias require surgery. If your hernia is small and you aren’t experiencing any symptoms, your doctor will monitor it for enlargement or onset of symptoms. Medications, both over-the-counter and prescription, are available that can control heartburn. Discuss the risks and benefits of medication options. If the hernia is moderate to large in size and you are experiencing symptoms that are disruptive and increasingly difficult, surgery is an option to consider.

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CC-MAIN-2018-47

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A biological attack is the deliberate release of germs or other biological substances that can make you sick. If There is a Biological Threat Unlike an explosion, a biological attack may or may not be immediately obvious. While you may see actual signs of a biological attack, it is more likely that local health care workers will report a pattern of unusual illness or there will be a wave of sick people seeking emergency medical attention. You will probably learn of the danger through an emergency radio or TV broadcast, or through your NOAA All-Hazards Radio. In the event of a biological attack, it will take time for public health officials to determine exactly what the illness is, how it should be treated, and who is in danger. You should watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news including the following: - Are you in the group or area authorities consider to be in danger? - What are the signs and symptoms of the disease? - Are medications or vaccines being distributed? - Where? Who should get them? - Where should you seek emergency medical care if you become sick? During a declared biological emergency: - Use common sense, practice good hygiene and cleanliness to avoid spreading germs, and seek medical advice. - Determine if you are in the group or area authorities believe to be in danger. - If your symptoms match those described and you are in the group considered at risk, immediately seek emergency medical attention. If you are potentially exposed: - Follow the instructions of doctors and other public health officials. - If the disease is contagious, expect to receive medical evaluation and treatment. You may be advised to stay away from others or even be quarantined. - For non-contagious diseases, expect to receive medical evaluation and treatment. If you become aware of an unusual and suspicious substance nearby: - Quickly get away. - Protect yourself. Cover your mouth and nose with layers of fabric that can filter the air but still allow breathing, such as two to three layers of cotton t-shirt fabric, handkerchiefs or towesl. If fabric isn't available, several layers of tissue or paper towels may help. - Wash with soap and water. - Contact authorities. - Watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news and information including what the signs and symptoms of the disease are, if medications or vaccinations are being distributed and where you should seek medical attention if you become sick. - If you become sick seek emergency medical attention. Information courtesy of ReadyAmerica.

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CC-MAIN-2017-17

http://preparemetrokc.org/Know_the_Risks/biological.asp

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en

Be diligent about your safety when working with respirable silica! It could save your life. What is crystalline silica? This is a basic component of concrete, sand, granite and many other materials. If you work with sand blasting, glass etching, painting, jackhammers, asphalt, paving, ceramic manufacturing, tool and die, or construction — just to name a few — you need to be aware of silica. To limit your risk of breathing this dangerous carcinogen, the following recommendations should be followed… - Wear only a N95 NIOSH certified respirator that has been properly fitted to you. Do not use with facial hair because this compromises the seal of the respirator. - Wear a type CE abrasive blast supplied air respirator when doing abrasive blasting. - Wear disposable or washable work clothes and shower before leaving the job if facilities are available. - Participate in exposure monitoring, training and health screening surveillance programs to minor your exposure to this dangerous carcinogen. - Be aware of which job functions expose you to respirable silica and use diligence in precautions when exposure to this is possible. - Stop smoking. Smoking cigarettes while being exposed to respirable silica is extremely dangerous. It increases your chance of cancer and lung damage exponentially. - Do not eat, drink or loiter in areas where respirable silica is present. Please make sure you wash your hands and face before eating or drinking anything on the job when exposure is possible. - Be mindful of the dangers respirable silica can do to your family and children if you bring respirable silica into your home via work clothes, boots or on your person. If you are aware of the dangers and are diligent about your safety, it can greatly reduce your risk of being exposed to respirable silica. If you have any questions, please be sure to address them at I & O Medical Centers when you are there for your respirator fit test. I & O Medical has got your back.

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

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Reviewed by Michael I. (age 9) and Jett B. (age 9) Jackie played many sports in college and professionsl football, but soon had to stop to join the army for World War II. People still treated Jackie very badly, even during the war. "Hey black man. Get to the back of the bus where you belong." Later on, Jackie finallly was allowed to play on the Brooklyn Dodgers. The fans yelled bad things to Jackie, but he had one true teammate. His name was Peewee Reese. Pee Wee stood up for Jackie. Soon, lots of black people started playing in major league sports. Jackie won lots of awards such as: MVP and Rookie of the Year. When Jackie retired, he became a spokesman for black rights. Several years after Jackie stopped playing baseball, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Read this book to find out all the hard times Jackie had to face in order to become equal. We think this book is totally awesome because Jackie Robinson was the first black person to play professional baseball and this is the story of his life. "Jackie, Here is your cousin," the other team said as they through a black cat onto the baseball diamond. We thought that was really mean of the other team. We thought it was sad when Jackie's rag ball broke. This book is all about prejudice, tolerance, and acceptance. We recommend this book to people who enjoy reading sports books. We also recommend this book to people who believe they can change things that are wrong and don't want to stop fighting for what they believe is right. This book is for second grade and up because everyone should learn about the value of courage. This book teaches you not to be prejudice against other people simply because of the color of their skin.

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CC-MAIN-2017-51

http://spaghettibookclub.org/review.php?review_id=3573

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Direct Compost Solutions understands how composting benefits your garden and the environment which is why we offer composting equipment for sale. Compost added to your soil increases the nutrients available for the plants, helps the ground retain moisture, adds beneficial organisms that keep plants healthy and makes the soil consistency more conducive to growth. Composting also allows you to increase your eco-friendliness. Be Eco-Friendly by Composting Composting your waste keeps it out of the landfills and turns it into a useable product. Your trash gets hauled to the dump on trucks so when you create less trash, you lower the amount of energy and release of greenhouse gases that are needed to transport it. Even biodegradable materials don’t decompose efficiently in landfills because it’s buried and doesn’t receive the oxygen it needs. The type of decomposition that occurs in landfills produces more methane than composting. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that absorbs much more heat than equal amounts of carbon dioxide, so it is considered a significant factor in the warming of the planet. Composting reduces the erosion of soil because it decreases the soil density and allows the soil to retain water. When it rains, the moisture is absorbed into the ground instead of running off taking the top layer with it. You will also have to water your plants less which will put less demand on the water sources such as aquifers and reservoirs. Compost acts as a natural fertiliser and pesticide so you can use fewer chemicals in your garden. Artificial fertilisers and pesticides can run-off and enter the stream and river systems and end up in the lakes and ocean. When excess fertilisers enter the water systems, they can cause algal bloom because the algae feed off it. When the algae die and decompose they strip the oxygen from the water. The other aquatic life quickly dies without the dissolved oxygen in the water, and the lake or ocean becomes a dead zone. If you do need fertilisers and herbicides, we offer a line of organic liquid fertilisers and weed killers which are designed to work in concert with compost-rich soil. Even though it is safe for your plants and animals, you want to start by using a very diluted solution because it will come to you as a concentrated product. Composting Equipment for Sale When you want to take advantage of all the benefits composting provides your garden and the environment we have composting units for sale. If you are new to composting, we offer a composting starter kit you might find to be an excellent place to start. You can take your environmentally friendly pursuits one step further with our black recycled or green recyclable composting bins for sale. Our recycled black composters are great for waste disposal and animal waste if you are not into gardening but want a simple waste disposal unit and hate throwing your waste in your council bin. Contact Direct Compost Solutions if you have questions about a composter for sale or if you would like to discuss techniques for successful composting. Our knowledgeable staff can help determine which type of composting would best fit your lifestyle and gardening needs.

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CC-MAIN-2021-25

https://directcompostsolutions.com/composters-compost-bins-units-and-equipment-for-sale-for-environmentally-friendly-composting/

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Battle of Castiglione (1706) ||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (August 2014)| Since May 1706 a French army of 48,000 under Louis d'Aubusson de la Feuillade was besieging the Savoy capital Turin, while another army of 44,000 under Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme barred the Austrians' path from Lake Garda. However Vendôme was recalled to Flanders to restore order after the lost Battle of Ramillies, leaving command to the inexperienced Duke of Orléans. Eugene of Savoy exploited the situation and dashed to Turin, forcing Orléans to split his forces. He left 23,000 men under the Count of Médavy near the Adige in case allied reinforcements appeared from the other side of the Alps. In fact, a Hessian army under the Crown-Prince of Hessen-Kassel, the future King Frederick I of Sweden, crossed the Alps and besieged Castiglione. Here Médavy attacked and totally defeated the Hessians, inflicting a loss of 8,000 killed, wounded, and missing. This defeat was a setback for the Hessians, who had won the Battle of Turin the previous day and forced the French out of Milan and Savoy. Now, however, Médavy remained in control of Cremona and Mantua, blocking communications through the Alpine passes, and other French troops still occupied key towns in central Italy; a link-up with the 8,000 Spanish troops in Naples was not impossible. The allies were divided over how to proceed. The maritime powers insisted on pursuing the fleeing French over the Alps and taking control of the French naval base of Toulon to force Louis XIV to make peace. Emperor Joseph I of Austria was determined to deal with Médavy first, to clear the way for the completion of his Italian plans, which were the permanent conquest of the Spanish possessions of Naples and Sicily. Louis XIV came to his aid. The French King was desperately short of troops and opened bilateral negotiations with Joseph for safe passage back to France for his remaining troops in Italy. Despite Anglo-Dutch protests, Joseph concluded the convention of Milan with France on 13 March 1707, which permitted the army of Médavy to march unmolested back to France, opening the way to Southern Italy for the Austrian army of Count Wirich Philipp von Daun. He reached the Neapolitan frontier on 22 June, and two weeks later the Spanish troops there, cut of from reinforcements by sea or land, capitulated. The attack on Toulon materialized on 29 July but by now the French were prepared and strengthened, and the attack was a failure. - Heritage History, The Spanish Succession - German Armies War and German Politics 1648-1789 by Peter H.Wilson p.122

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CC-MAIN-2016-07

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On October 9, 2023, Chief Kalaan Nibonrix Kaiman, leader of the Yamaye Guani (Jamaican Humming Bird) Taino Peoples, delivered an enlightening speech during the 3rd Annual Indigenous Peoples Day. This event serves as a significant platform to honor and showcase the heritage and traditional wisdom of Indigenous communities in the Northeastern United States and beyond. Its primary objective is to amplify the voices of Indigenous Peoples in the region, as they strive to reclaim their identity, human rights, and cultural rights. Jamaican Taino Community’s Efforts in Re-Education Unfortunately, the general public in Jamaica remains largely unaware of the existence of the local Taino People, mainly due to the prevailing colonial narrative that claims their mass extinction shortly after 1550 at the hands of the Spanish. However, since the emergence of the new Kasike in 2019, the local Taino community has taken significant steps to re-educate the local and regional population. The indigenous Taino and Maroons of Jamaica now collaborate in indigenous rights activism through the Yamaye Council Of Indigenous Leaders (Y.C.O.I.L) formerly the Maroon Secretariat. Kasike Kaiman and his community have been collaborating with other groups to organize and actively participate in local and regional Indigenous events, such as the Indigenous Day Celebration in Newton, Massachusetts, and the participation of Kasikeíani (Chieftainess) Ronalda in the Caribbean Development Banks Indigenous Peoples forum held in St Lucia. These efforts aim to restore local identity, and establish a strong foundation for future generations of Jamaican Taino Peoples, ensuring their freedom, equality, and protection from any form of discrimination based on their Indigenous origin or identity. Concerns and Fears of the Yamaye Taino Peoples The Yamaye Taino Peoples fear sharing the whereabouts of their indigenous ancestral relics and possessions without their rights being fully established. There is a concern that the government or other groups may claim these valuable ancestral properties. Consultation avenues have recently been opened with the Jamaica National Heritage Trust, with one of the aims being to grant the Yamaye Taino unhindered access to ancestral burial sites, ceremonial sites, and ancestral remains currently in the possession of the Trust and other government agencies. Although Jamaica is a signatory to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), the state’s ratification of the Declaration would further demonstrate the government’s commitment to abandoning colonial narratives and instead aligning with the protection of the rights of the Yamaye Tainos and all Jamaican Indigenous Peoples. This crucial step will showcase the nation’s empathy towards the local indigenous communities, granting them the long-overdue recognition and respect they deserve. Photo – Yamaye Guani Taino Peoples Community

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CC-MAIN-2023-50

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In the ever-evolving landscape of work, the convergence of human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI) holds immense potential. Each form of intelligence brings unique strengths and limitations, paving the way for a powerful synergy that has the ability to reshape our work, relationships, and society. This article takes you Storytelling is a powerful and versatile tool used in a variety of ways within the workplace. From team building to change management and even conflict resolution, storytelling can help you achieve better results and build stronger relationships with colleagues, customers, and stakeholders. Let's explore the various ways storytelling helps organizations.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

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|Boris Karloff as the Monster| We commonly associate Frankenstein's creation—who has no name in the novel—with repugnancy and horror. In the original novel, however, there are many other themes at play, including over-reaching ambition, moral ambiguity, guilt, responsibility, and abandonment. One is struck by the sorrow and regret in its tone as the narration unfolds. Victor Frankenstein is ambitious beyond reason, striving to be God-like in recreating life. It is the central irony of the novel that his monster destroys everyone Frankenstein loves, leaving him as empty, lifeless, and abandoned as his creation. The Legacy of Frankenstein Stephen King in his examination of horror fiction entitled Danse Macabre talks of the pervasive influence of the novel on the horror genre. There have been countless derivatives in various forms. An early stage version was produced as early as 1826, and theatric productions continue to this day. There have been innumerable film versions, perhaps the most memorable of monsters being portrayed by Boris Karloff, whose performance captured the creature's sorrow and alienation. The modern horror novelist Dean Koontz has written a series of novels based on the Frankenstein theme. There have also been numerous comic tributes from Mel Brooks' classic, Young Frankenstein, to Tim Burton's Frankenweenie. The novel is now in the public domain and is offered as a free download on many internet sites for new generations of readers to discover. For a list of Mary Shelley and Frankenstein sites, please see http://www.marywshelley.com/sources/mary-shelley-and-frankenstein-sites/. (Adapted from an original post dated March 12, 2013)

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CC-MAIN-2018-09

http://wallsofnightmare.blogspot.com/2015/04/revisiting-another-master-of-horror.html

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Candrakīrti (c. 570-650 CE) is well known as an Indian Buddhist philosopher whose commentaries on the works of Nāgārjuna and Āryadeva influenced the development of the Madhyamaka thought in India and in Tibet. Candrakīrti in his commentary on Āryadeva’s Four Hundred Verses (Catuḥśataka), depicts the path to the attainment of Buddhahood as organized around the accumulation of merit and knowledge. The first half of this commentary contains numerous narratives from such sources as the Mahābhārata and the Divyāvadāna. At issue here is why a philosopher known for his learned commentaries on philosophically sophisticated texts employs narratives about demon women, talking animals, mute androids, and other subjects. This talk will explore the questions of how and why Candrakīrti selects particular narratives to support his arguments for Mahāyāna Buddhist ethics and its teachings of compassion and emptiness. Supported by The Department of Asian Languages and Literature and the South Asia Center (Jackson School of International Studies). Click here if you would like a full size pdf of the event flyer.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

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Is Your Sports Drink Really Quenching Your Thirst and Replenishing Electrolytes?! Sports drinks touted as the beverage of athletes are nothing more than a quagmire of unhealthy ingredients most of which are considered carcinogenic. These so called refreshing beverages contain nothing more than a pinch of salt, a drop of potassium, additives and One Hundred Percent Processed Sugar. Although these products are supposed to replenish electrolytes after exercising, in reality, they can actually cause an imbalance. Due to its inherent high sugar content, sports drinks have also been shown to cause obesity in children. As well, excessive sugar consumption shuts down our immune system for up to eight hours leaving our bodies susceptible to illness and disease including cancer. The following are some of the ingredients found in sports drinks. Water, Granulated Sugar (100%), Salt Gum Arabic – Used as a thickener Citric Acid – A sharp-tasting crystalline acid present in the juice of lemons and other sour fruits, made commercially by the fermentation of sugar and used as flavouring and setting agent. Glycerol Ester of Rosin – To make the glycerol ester of wood rosin, refined wood rosin is reacted with glycerin to produce the glycerol ester. Glycerol ester of wood rosin is used as an alternative to brominated vegetable oil in citrus oil-flavoured soft drinks. In some cases both ingredients are used together Brominated Vegetable Oil – BVO is used to stabilize the citrus flavour in many varieties of sports drinks. BVO is used as an industrial flame retardant and has banned from food products in various countries. It has been reported that excess consumption of BVO can cause skin lesions, memory loss, tremors, fatigue, loss of muscle coordination, and headaches. Sodium Citrate – May be referred to any of the sodium salts of citric acid such as Monosodium citrate, Disodium citrate and Trisodium citrate. Sodium citrates are used as acidity regulators in food and drinks and also as emulsifiers for oils. They enable cheeses to melt without becoming greasy. Monopotassium Phosphate – A soluble salt of potassium used as a fertilizer, a food additive and a fungicide. It is a source of phosphorus and potassium. It is also a buffering agent. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) – Also known as glucose, fructose, isoglucose and glucose fructose syrup which is a sweetener made from corn starch that has been processed by glucose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose. As a sweetener, HFCS is often consider even more of a health concern than granulated sugar and has been linked to obesity. Advantages of HFCS over granulated sugar include being easier to handle, and being less expensive in some countries. Dextrose – Dextrose, a form of glucose (sugar) derived from starches. It is one of the most commonly used ingredients in packaged foods because of its affordability and wide availability Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate – A clear liquid food additive that works as an emulsifier, which means it helps mix water and fat. More specifically, the food additive helps distribute and suspend the flavour oils in a drink. It’s made by combining sucrose, which is sugar, with the chemicals acetic anhydride and isobutyric anhydride. Sucrose acetate isobutyrate is odourless but has a bitter aftertaste if used in high amounts Colorants (Food Coloring) – Although commonly used in foods, drugs, cosmetics and medical devices, studies have shown that dyes contain known carcinogens and contaminants that unnecessarily increase the risks of cancer, hyperactivity in children and allergic reactions. Common ingredients in food coloring may include Corn Syrup, Glycerin (found in soap), High Glucose Fructose, Granulated Sugar, Sorbitol (artificial sweetener known to be a carcinogen), Yellow #5 and #6, Red #3 and #40, Blue #1 and #2, Sodium Benzoate (used as a preservative), Potassium Sorbate (used as a preservative) Agar Gum (thickener) and Carrageenan (Carrageenan is extracted from red edible seaweeds, commonly referred to as Irish Moss. Although widely used in the food industry for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties carrageenan can cause stomach upset and is regarded as a carcinogen), just to name a few. Please note that a Carcinogen is any substance or agent that tends to cause cancer. Yummy! Now you know why I do not recommend these products. Try drinking water after exercising or prepare your own homemade sports drink using three simple ingredients: - Fluid to rehydrate / 500 ml water - Carbohydrates such as real, all natural, fruit juice for energy / 500 ml - Electrolytes for loss of sodium and potassium / pinch of salt Dissolve a pinch of salt in 500 ml warm water than add the 500 ml juice, mix and enjoy. Be creative, for a dash of color try adding spinach juice, beet juice, pomegranate juice etc… “Achieve Peak Performance Through Optimum Nutrition!” – Ian Harris Ian can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. You can also follow his nutrition tips on Facebook at: https://www.facebook.com/nutritionequestrianathlete or visit http://www.ianharris.ca/

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Post analysis showed that tropical cyclones Daphne and Fifi were in fact the one cyclone. A week before the birth of: Daphne-Fifi , cyclone Chris passed south of Cocos Island and then moved westwards into the central Indian Ocean as a severe cyclone. This produced an extensive monsoonal trough which stretched from the central Indian Ocean to the Northern Territory and became very active. In fact the next three cyclones of the season were generated in this trough, the first of which was Daphne-Fifi. The system was first identified as a tropical depression on 11 January. It drifted southeast, slowly intensified and became a tropical cyclone at 0900 UTC on the 12th. It then changed direction slightly to the south-southeast and moved towards the Cocos Island area. However, on the 15th the centre curved to the east and reached peak intensity at 0600 UTC 16 January with an estimated central pressure of 986 hPa and an estimated maximum wind near the centre of 100 km/h. It continued moving in a general easterly direction for the next three days. On the 19th the centre moved in a southeasterly direction, accelerated and weakened, and finally dissipated as it crossed the northwest coast. The acceleration and weakening of Daphne-Fifi was most likely influenced by the strong circulation of cyclone Bruno which was operating to the south during this period. A northerly wind of 96 km/h was reported by a ship at 1400 UTC 18 January when it was 80 km northeast of the centre. The highest wind gust recorded at Cocos Island was 82 km/h from the east-southeast early on the 15th. No damage was reported, however, there were delays to shipping operations at Christmas Island.

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CC-MAIN-2014-35

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• Discipline comes from the root word meaning to learn. What do your children learn in the process of positive discipline? Discipline is not simply punishment. Positive discipline is learning to control one's own behavior. • Punishment tells your children what not to do. Discipline tells them what to do. Children learn better ways to behave. They learn to direct their energies towards positive, rather than negative activities. They learn how to cooperate with others. • The goal of discipline is to teach our children to make better choices. Positive discipline is an approach to guide our children to develop self-discipline, responsibilities, problem solving skills and cooperation. • Love and mutual respect should be cornerstones of our relationship with our children. Using force to discipline our children can seriously harm the foundation of our loving relationship. • Many literature points out that positive discipline approach is powerful in helping children to learn constructively, happily, healthily and effectively. How to Motivate Positive Discipline? Using positive disciplinary techniques Knowing how to discipline our children is an essential parenting skill to master. Children need to be taught about right and wrong. Every child has different developmental levels. You have to find a style of discipline that work for you. Discipline requires consistency, so you must establish rules and stick with them. Positive discipline techniques teach your children how to behave and encourage respect. These tactics must be age-appropriate. * Discipline involves learning acceptable behaviors. * Set clear expectations - the best way to guide positive behavior * Set clear boundaries- as to what is allowable and what is not. * Respecting boundaries and self-control. * Reward for good behaviors and limitations for bad behaviors. * Focus on solutions instead of punishment. * Mutual respect- Kind and firm at the same time * Effective communication and problem solving skills. What do you do when your children break the rules? • When you discipline your children, it is important to stay calm. Do what is fair. Do something that makes sense and will help your children to learn not to make the same mistake again. For example if your children write on the wall, have them help to clean up. • You can use these problem-solving steps to help your children think through what happened and figure out how they can help themselves not to make the same mistake again. • Don't using criticism because criticism will only lower your children's self -confidence. They will think that you do not love them. Avoid physical punishment. Physical punishment will make your children more angry and aggressive. • Sometimes children need time out to get their actions under control. Approach time-outs as quiet periods for your children to calm down until they can think more clearly and act more thoughtfully. Speak to your children about their misbehavior and explain the desired behavior that will help. • Positive time out teaches your children the valuable life skill of learning to take time to feel what they feel. And to calm down until they can behave in more constructive ways. Encourages children to form positive beliefs about themselves, their world, and their behavior. • In this state of mind, they can learn from their mistakes on how to make amends for any hurt or damage their behavior might have caused. To Your Parenting Success The kindergarten emphasis on moral values and attitudes. My child, Daniel understands what is right and what is wrong. I believe it is important in nowadays society, for many kindergartens have been too result oriented and neglected what is the essential thing in human development. I find the teachers at Aman Ceria, very dedicated, they are good role models, always guide the children with love and patience. Daniel loves to go to school because he is always encouraged to learn and try new things. I can see his improvement in attention span, in self-control, in interest towards study, in learning new vocabulary, in creativity and most importantly in understanding of values and attitudes. Thank you, teachers, for your patience and love. Theresa Yap ( Ex-Art Lecturer Of UTAR and KBU)

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Doctors estimate some 25,000 children under the age of 14 are injured each year by exercise equipment. Treadmills are one of the top offenders. Children are suffering injuries, disfigurement and even losing their lives to treadmills. Dr. Alan Nager works in the ER department of the Children's Hospital Los Angeles. "Some of the more devastating injuries we've seen on treadmills have been in adolescents because they can be thrown off at high speeds," he says. "Adolescents will do anything for the risk and so they'll get on that treadmill, they'll run, they'll hop, they'll turn around, they'll try to spin and all of those risky behaviors lead to potentially substantial injury." What most people don't know is young children and toddlers are also prone to injury, especially when they see their parents working out. "Children are curious and they want to jump on the treadmill with whoever is on it," says Nager. Children scrambling to keep up might seem funny on YouTube, but it's extremely dangerous. "Kids don't have the coordination and the ability to move as fast as the tread actually moves," says Nager. "So the kids immediately get thrown or they fall, then they get caught up in the tread." Dr. Nager says the most common treadmill injuries he treats are friction burns. "If you have the tread going against the child's body surface, or the surface of a finger, or the surface of toes, that tread actually eats away at the skin and the deeper tissues. Large portions of the tissue have actually been ripped away from the child's skin," he warns. Fitness Expert Mark Myers says if you have children, you need to warn them about the dangers. "You definitely want to have a conversation with them and let them know it's not something they should be using," says Myers. He also says you should never use a treadmill while a small child is in the room because "you may not realize the child is coming up to your side or are underneath your feet or behind you, which can be very dangerous." Mark tells parents to use a baby gate as a barrier. "Put the baby gate up in a door so you're in the room and the child is outside of the room, so they can still see you but they're very far away from the treadmill while it's in use," says Myers. And Myers also says to make sure your treadmill has an emergency stop feature and know how to use it. So remember: Because treadmills and kids don't mix! Copyright 2012 America Now. All rights reserved. On Your Side Weather & Traffic

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A VPN, or virtual private network, is an essential tool for online privacy and security. It helps keep … As technology develops further and tools for connectivity become more efficient in their use and operation, it also becomes easier for hackers and cyber criminals to disrupt our devices. With so many of us reliant on our phones, laptops, and other devices, we have multiple ways to access important tools and information – and multiple personal security vulnerabilities as well. An important part of keeping these devices (and yourself) safe is to learn the possible ways that cyber criminals can infiltrate and use your devices to their own means. These are called attack vectors: places where vulnerability is at its highest when technology is concerned, or when a collection of factors make security far easier to breach. This can be mitigated somewhat by using programs like internet security VPNs, but it’s important to take initiative of your own as well. While there are normally plenty of ways that hackers can use to gain access to your information, there are only three areas that hackers can exploit to their fullest advantage: Applications are often the first things that people use with their devices – and as a result, the first things that are infected with malware. While there are hackers that mess with the inherent code of legitimate software to produce such a result, there are some programs out there that are inherently designed to infect your computer. These attacks can be detected and prevented by investing in good malware security and antivirus programs. These scan all your applications before, during, and after their installation to ensure the maximum security for your devices. With application use comes internet usage – yet another common place for hackers and cyber criminals to exploit vulnerabilities in your security. As the net exchanges data from servers around the world to your own system or device, these parties can potentially upload harmful viruses and programs while you do so, compromising your system. Even worse scenarios hold your files for literal ransom, inserting your computer with ransomware that will delete all your files unless a fee is paid. These can be stopped by limiting access to your files and system by employing real-time virus and internet scanning software, or staying away from sites that your browser has flagged unsafe. Finally, a less obvious (though possibly the most vulnerable) aspect of technology is the person using it. While we may not be as vulnerable to computer viruses and malware as our devices are, manipulation and trickery are a different story altogether. Some hackers have gotten creative with regard to how to exploit personal details, which makes it more tricky to defend oneself against such attacks. People need to be more aware about their potential dealings to combat this kind of attack. Who they talk to, how they act online and what they share could potentially hand any cyber criminals keys or clues to their files and systems. Constant vigilance is the best tool to prevent such a scenario from happening. Those are some of the most common ways cyber criminals can get into your systems – and sometimes, into your head. While you aren’t completely defenseless, there is no guarantee that you’ll never be attacked. Taking the necessary steps and precautions will go a long way in keeping yourself safe. Hotspot Shield uses the latest developments in malware security and internet security to keep you and your devices safe. No only is it free, but it also offers other features such as internet VPNs to make sure your browsing is private and safe.

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Make amino acids work for you with this easy-to-understand guide You’ve heard the term before, but have you considered exactly what amino acids are? We’re breaking down the ins and outs of these essential proteins to help you give your body what it needs to live vitally. What are amino acids? Amino acids contribute to the development of protein within the body and are vital in promoting wound repair and encouraging healthy tissue in muscles, bones, skin and hair. Amino acids are also crucial in eliminating waste deposits related to metabolism (1). Foods Containing Amino Acids Out of the 22 amino acids, there are nine essential amino acids: Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, and Histidine (2). Foods containing all nine of these amino acids are called complete proteins (3). Some of these complete proteins include (4, 5, 6, 7): - Chia seeds These complete proteins are essential to our overall health, which is why they are comprised of the essential amino acids. Our bodies need all nine of these essential amino acids for basic health; since our bodies cannot make them naturally, we must get them from other sources (3). Making a complete protein Foods that lack one or more of the nine essential amino acids are called incomplete proteins, and must be supplemented with other proteins to make up for the missing amino acids. Nuts eaten on their own, for example, are an incomplete protein because they don’t have all essential amino acids (called non-essential amino acids), but when you add a balancing food that contains the missing amino acids, you get a complete protein! You might be surprised to see just how many foods we eat together that make up complete proteins. It’s as if our body know how to make smart combinations. Food combinations that make complete proteins: - Hummus and pita - Oatmeal and almond butter - Rice and beans - Peanut butter and bread - Lentils and rice Non-essential amino acids are proteins that our body can naturally produce on its own (18). Non-essential amino acids play an integral role in removing toxins from the body, supports metabolism, encourage healthy digestion, and aid in promoting healthy body tissue (19). The non-essential amino acids include Cysteine, Alanine, Proline, Serine, Asparagine, Glutamic Acid, Tyrosine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamine (1). To ensure you’re getting complete protein into your diet, a supplement can help. Vital Proteins Banana Cinnamon Collagen Whey or Bone Broth Collagen available in chicken or beef are three products that contain all nine essential amino acids while providing collagen protein that supports digestion, supports healthy hair, skin, and nails, aids in muscle recovery, and promotes bone and joint health. What amino acids can do for you Amino Acids for Youthful Skin Studies have shown that amino acids, like Glutamine, can contribute directly to healthy hair and skin by supplying essential nutrients to strengthen connective tissue that supports skin elasticity, and hair and nail strength (13, 14, 15). Glutamine, a non-essential amino acid, is vital in maintaining skin health, however, our bodies produce it more slowly as we age (1). Since Glutamine regulates the acid-base balance, it can support skin firmness (20). Two amino acids in particular–arginine and carnitine–form creatine, which supports natural skin functions that ultimately produce collagen and elastin through cells that can repair damaged DNA. The formation of collagen through creatine is important because connective tissue is protected and contributes to strong tendons, cartilage, and ligaments. Healthy skin is reliant on the formation of collagen in order to replenish moisture which reduces fine lines, increases elasticity, and increases skin smoothness (16). Amino Acids for Weight Management Studies have shown that high-protein foods help people feel fuller, longer, as opposed to foods heavy in carbohydrate or fat content, ultimately reducing overeating (6). A majority of Carnitine, a non-essential amino acid, is found in the muscles (12). Carnitine has been shown to supply oxygen to muscles, which can aid in exercise recovery (22). One of glutamine’s claim to fame is improving gut health, but glutamine can also be converted to glucose without affecting the body’s glucagon and insulin counts. This enhances the energy supply while passing up fat storage caused by insulin (8). Essentially, Glutamine protects your body from storing sugars and fats, allowing you to feel more energized and alert. Amino Acids for Muscle Development Amino acids are essential for the growth and development of muscles (2). Methionine, one of the nine essential amino acids, has been shown to promote the production of creatine, which aids in the development of muscle mass (9), while Lysine can help muscles recover after extensive movement (10). One study showed that rats that were given essential amino acid supplements experienced increased muscle development, as well as bone mass and strength (11). This was due to increased calcium absorption within the bones as a result of the amino acid supplement (21). - 3 cups water - 2 servings Bone Broth Collagen Powder - 1 2" knob of fresh ginger - peeled and sliced - 1 1" knob of fresh turmeric - peeled and sliced - 2 slices fresh lemon - 1 teaspoon black pepper - Add all ingredients into a pot. Bring to a boil. Remove liquid from heat. Strain ingredients. Sip and savor. “What are amino acids?” What are amino acids? | aminoacid-studies.com – Your information portal on amino acids. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2017. (2) “Essential Amino Acids and the Plant-Based Foods.” N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2017. (3) Protein in diet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002467.htm (4) Dietary reference intakes: for energy carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. (2005). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. (5) Nutritional Quality of the Protein in Quinoa Seeds. Nair, BM, Raules, J. Foods for Human Nutrition Jan. 1992; 42(1): 1-11 (6) Leidy, H. J., Tang, M., Armstrong, C. L., Martin, C. B., & Campbell, W. W. (2010). The Effects of Consuming Frequent, Higher Protein Meals on Appetite and Satiety During Weight Loss in Overweight/Obese Men. Obesity,19(4), 818-824. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.203 (7) Insoluble fraction of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) protein possessing cholesterol-binding properties that reduce micelle cholesterol solubility and uptake by Caco-2 cells. Metzger, B.T., Barnes, D.M., Reed, J.D. Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007 Jul 25;55(15): 6032-8. (8) Prada, P.O., Hirabara, S.M., de Souza, C.T., Schenka, A.A., Zecchin,H.G., Vassallo, J., Velloso, L.A., Carneiro, E., Carvalheira, J.B., Curi, R. & Saad, M.J. (2007) L-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle with diet-induced obesity, Diabetologia, Volume 50, issue 9, (pp. 149-159) (9) Methionine. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from http://www.aminoacid-studies.com/amino-acids/methionine.html (10) Lysine. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from http://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/lysine (11) P. Ammann, J. P. Bonjour, R. Rizzoli. Essential amino acid supplements increase muscle weight, bone mass and bone strength in adult osteoporotic rats. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2000 Sep; 1(1): 43–44. (12)Evans, A. M., & Fornasini, G. (2003). Pharmacokinetics of L-Carnitine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics,42(11), 941-967. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342110-00002 (13) Saini, R. & Zanwar, A. A. (2013) Arginine Derived Nitric Oxide: Key to Healthy Skin, Bioactive Dietary Factors and Plant Extracts in Dermatology (pp. 73-82) (14) Evangeliou, A. & Vlassopoulos, D. (2003) Carnitine Metabolism and Deficit – When Supplementation is Necessary? Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 4, issue 3, (pp. 211-219) (15) Reda, E., D’Iddio, S., Nicolai, R., Benatti, P. & Calvani, M. (2003) The Carnitine System and Body Composition Acta Diabetol, issue 40, (pp. 106-103) (16) Williams, J.Z., Abumrad, N. & Barbul, A. (2002) Effect of a Specialized Amino Acid Mixture on Human Collagen Deposition Annals of Surgery, Volume 236, issue 3, (pp. 369-375) (17) Amino acid composition and nutritive value of the alga Spirulina maxima. Clément G, Giddey C, et al. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1967 Nov;18(11):497-501. (18) Amino acids. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm (19) W. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://www.dietaryfiberfood.com/amino-acids/non-essential-amino-acids.php (20) Welbourne, T.C. (1995) Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 61, issue 5, (pp. 1058-1061) (21) Tu, M., Chen, H., Tung, Y., Kao, C., Hu, F., & Chen, C. (2015). Short-Term Effects of Kefir-Fermented Milk Consumption on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Osteoporotic Patients. Plos One,10(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144231 (22) Giamberardino, M., Dragani, L., Valente, R., Lisa, F. D., Saggin, R., & Vecchiet, L. (1996). Effects of Prolonged L-Carnitine Administration on Delayed Muscle Pain and CK Release After Eccentric Effort. International Journal of Sports Medicine,17(05), 320-324. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972854

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The project, initiated in 2018, aims to strengthen the dialogue and the Exchange of experiences and learning among Latin American feminist organizations through a regional initiative to exchange knowledge, raising issues related to gender violence, sexual and reproductive rights, racism and political participation in different national contexts. One of the most important phenomena of the last decades has been the role played by feminist networks and organizations in broadening the democratic debate, with the perspective of gender and race, with the other intersectionalities, incorporating new dimensions of citizenship. These networks and organizations also played an important role in the United Nations conferences in the 1990s and engaged in the implementation of international human rights instruments in their countries through different actions. In the current context of setbacks in women’s human rights, with the strengthening in Latin American countries of conservative religious political currents, it is more than ever necessary to strengthen the network and dialogue among Latin American feminist organizations. The project is attended by organizations from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay that contribute with information, studies and interviews on the situation of women and feminist activism in each of these countries. It also has a collection of bulletins, reports and articles from other countries in South America, including Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Peru, among others. A publication, elaborated by Cepia, gathering key advancements and backlashes in the various countries of the region is also available. This collection can be accessed in our Library through the link:

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"I have a difficult time handling the high workload during Instrument approaches. What are some keys to staying ahead of the airplane?" - Tim H. “The first skill that an instrument pilot needs to master is anticipation. You must be able to think ahead of the airplane and anticipate the next action rather than react. You should be thinking at least two steps ahead of the airplane. It’s not enough to know what your next action should be but also the step after that. The next step is to know exactly what is required for each phase of flight. In instrument flying (especially for light single-engine aircraft) there are really only several configurations – climb, descent, cruise, and approach. You must be able to precisely configure the aircraft for each phase. Working with your instructor, develop a specific flow for each configuration and then practice transition between configurations. Instrument flying demands so much of your attention that you can’t afford to spend time fiddling with the aircraft controls. The configuration, pitch and power requirements MUST be pre-determined and known for the aircraft that we fly. Learn how to set and forget so you can devote your attention to other tasks. Then you can concentrate on the approach tasks – getting the weather, briefing the approach, setting up the radios and navaids. These should be completed before reaching the initial approach fix. Slow down well before reaching the final approach fix to give yourself more time to prepare and stabilize the aircraft in the new configuration. Once intercepting the final approach course, you can concentrate on monitoring your progress and quickly catching any deviations from track and altitude. Set up your GPS so that you are displaying Track and Bearing, even on an ILS or VOR approach. As long as the track and bearing numbers are the same, you’re on course. You will be able to detect lateral deviations much quicker than watching for CDI displacement.”

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Article originally appeared in Copyright 2005 by Adam Levine The suburban development that has been enveloping Philadelphia and other large US cities for the past 50 years, such a promising ideal when it began, is now seen by many Americans as a major threat to their quality of life. Car-dependent communities miles outside the city now suffer from air pollution and urban-style traffic jams. Residential and commercial developments have devoured farms, woodlands, meadows, marshland and other open spaces at an alarming rate. Between 1970 and 1990, the United States lost 19 million acres of rural land to development. That's almost 30,000 square miles, and the loss continues at a rate of 400,000 acres a year. In the five-county Southeastern Pennsylvania region, between 1982 and 1997, 131,000 acres (204 square miles) were converted to urban uses, almost 55,000 acres of prime farmland were lost, while The History of Philadelphia's Watersheds and Sewers Compiled by Adam Levine Philadelphia Water Department more than 122,000 new households were accommodated. In Montgomery County, Pa. alone, between 1970 and 2000, 91,000 acres of farmland and natural lands were developed-more than 142 square miles, or 30 percent of the county's total land area. As the suburbs drawn people and business out of the cities and towns, urban centers have suffered. More than 30,000 vacant lots are scattered throughout Philadelphia, and in smaller area cities, such as Chester, large sections have been abandoned by all but the chronically poor. Besides reducing the quality of life for human residents in both urban and suburban areas, piecemeal development has also fragmented wildlife habitat. Populations of many species have declined, but a few have exploded, among them various exotic invasive weeds, and that four-legged scourge of suburban gardens, the white-tailed deer. Stream corridors have suffered as surrounding watersheds and wetlands have been filled in and built on. Precipitation, rather than soaking into the soil and recharging groundwater supplies, now quickly runs off lawns and paved areas, picking up pollutants such as lawn chemicals on its way to the nearest stream. Besides water pollution, stream erosion has increased along with development, and damaging floods are now common even during what were once considered only average-size storms. Some people suggest that all new development be banned until we can sort out what we already have, but local experts agree that even if this was possible, it is not necessary. "The fact is that population is redistributing itself from city areas to less dense areas, and we have to deal with that," says Charles Day, executive director of the GreenSpace Alliance of Southeastern Pennsylvania. "To take a Luddite-type attitude, to try to stop all growth, isn't going to get you anywhere." Day and others point out that, with proper planning, intelligent growth and land conservation can occur side by side. Public Support for Land Preservation Concern about poorly planned development has led to increased public support for land preservation projects in this area, reflected in the passage of numerous municipal and county-level bond referendums and various local tax levies that have raised more than $600 million since the mid-1990s. In the vanguard of this movement was Chester County, where voters approved two bond issues, in 1997 and 1999, totaling $125 million. Montgomery County, where the only areas not under severe development pressure are those already developed, spent $100 million on a wide variety of conservation and revitalization projects between 1993 and 2003, and set a new statewide record by approving a $150 million "Green Fields/Green Towns" referendum in November 2003. All 62 municipalities in the county supported the referendum, which passed with 72 percent of the vote - more than any of the candidates running for county commissioner in that election. One key to its success was the inclusion of projects for both the developed and rural parts of the county, says Dulcie Flaharty, Executive Director of the Montgomery County Lands Trust (MCLT), which, since its founding in 1993, has spearheaded open space preservation in the county. "We were not just preserving farmland and creating trails, were making pocket parks in the towns, planting street trees," Flaharty says. Being bipartisan was also important, she adds, as it allowed elected officials regardless of affiliation to support the program-not that they needed much encouragement. The winter before the election, MCLT, using a $10,000 private donation, hired a polling firm to survey county residents regarding their attitudes toward open space preservation. The overwhelmingly positive results of the poll were used to justify the unprecedented $150 million request. "Polling showed us that, either through the popular press or their own concern, people understood the problem," Flaharty says. "Open space preservation was something they wanted their tax dollars used for." For those who needed convincing, Flaharty pointed out the relatively small expense for each taxpayer and compared it to other possible expenditures. "Would you stay home from the movies for one night a year," she liked to ask, "in order to have a place for your kids to walk and play for the rest of their lives?" While $150 million is not going to pay for all the projects that need attention in the county, such bond issues are important, because, by showing a community's commitment to preservation, the money can then be used to encourage other organizations, government agencies and private individuals to add to the kitty. Before this recent spate of bond issues and tax levies, saving open space from development, in Southeastern Pennsylvania as elsewhere in the US, had been most often a reactive process. In general, only after a parcel of land was threatened were the resources mobilized to protect it. This process, flawed as it was, resulted in the preservation of large tracts of open space in this area, much of it due to the work of dedicated land conservation organizations. Through 1995 (the latest year for which complete figures are available), 161,000 acres in the five-county area had been protected by various means, out of a total area of 1,405,000 acres. Despite these successes, it became clear several years ago, as leaders of preservation groups discussed how to expand efforts, that their work would be more effective if they had a more exact knowledge of the existing land resources in the region. Identifying critical areas worth preserving before the bulldozers stood idling in the wings would make protection of valuable land more than a last-minute, last-ditch effort that, as often as not, failed as time ran out. It was also hoped that a regional map, showing where critical parcels overlapped governmental boundaries, would encourage more interaction between the county's 238 municipalities, each of which has its own planning board, and most of which are not cooperating with each other in land-use planning. Using computerized mapping technology, or GIS, the GreenSpace Alliance, with support from a coalition of regional organizations interested in land-use (including the , MCLT, NLT, and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society), spent more than a year identifying and ranking lands in the five-county Southeastern Pennsylvania region, based on their agricultural, natural resource and recreational value. The resulting planning maps are part of the Regional Open Space Priorities Report, released in early 2004. According to its introduction, the report "identifies, prioritizes and recommends protection strategies for natural resources, agricultural and recreation lands [and] encourages partnerships between state, federal, local and private conservation groups and others to protect critical open spaces in the region while sustaining economic growth." More specific goals of the plan include the creation of interconnected habitat to support a diversity of wildlife; funding of parks and greenways throughout the region, especially focusing on river and stream corridors; and protection of farmlands and water resources, especially the headwaters of streams. The report recommends the permanent preservation of half of the still-undeveloped and unprotected "Open Space Priority Lands" that were identified in the mapping process, amounting to about 158,000 acres, a goal that can be reached in a number of ways Outright purchase of land, or buying conservation easements that preclude future development, are the methods most often used to protect land in the past. But to meet the goals outlined in the Open Space report, the building community needs to be involved in the process, applying conservation principles that protect natural areas every time a parcel is subdivided. These preserved areas, which preservation experts recommend amount to at least half of the acreage of each parcel, will over time connect to similar natural areas as adjacent parcels are similarly developed. The ultimate goal of the report, says Charles Day, is to limit the fragmented development that has occurred for so long and with such devastating consequences, and instead foster "connectedness and continuity" in the landscape, and a sense of "regional stewardship." As an example, a township planning commission, with the help of the regional maps, will be able to look beyond the borders of the individual parcel of land on its agenda, and consider the consequences of their decision on a wider area. Instead of considering the land as part of a particular town or county, with boundaries based on political whims of the past, it can be seen as part of a watershed, with boundaries based on natural land features that may encompass any number of different municipalities. Phil Wallis envisions a time when all of us, government officials and single citizens, have the health of the land in the forefront of our minds, not matter how large or how small the decision to be made. It is happening, here and there, but it needs to happen more and more. Caring for the land needs to become as natural to us as caring for our children. Only then will our land-which holds our roots, which is the basis of our life-be on its way back to health.

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Yes, dogs can eat basil in moderation. It is high in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory properties. Consumption of basil can prevent illness, infections and even can prevent cancer. Basil also protects cells, relaxes your nervous dog, and relieves arthritis pain. Basil is a low-calorie herb, making it a healthier alternative to other ingredients to add to your dog’s meal. Below, we’ll know more about basil for dogs. Table of Contents What Is Basil? Basil (Ocimum basilicum), often known as great basil, is a culinary plant in the Lamiaceae family (mints). Basil is indigenous to tropical areas ranging from central Africa to Southeast Asia. It is a delicate plant that is utilized in cuisines all over the world. Basil is an annual or perennial plant that is grown for its leaves. Plants can grow to be between 30 and 150 cm tall, depending on the type. Its leaves are dark green and ovate, although depending on the cultivar, they come in a broad range of sizes and forms. Leaf lengths range from 3 to 11 cm and widths from 1 to 6 cm. Basil has a sizable central taproot. It has little white blooms that develop from a central inflorescence that grows from the plant’s main stalk. Is Basil Safe for Dogs? Yes, basil is safe for dogs to consume. However, the amount must be in moderation. Too much basil can be harmful to dogs. The stem of basil is soft, but it may irritate dogs while swallowing it. Why Is Basil Good for Dogs? Basil is suitable for dogs because it is packed with nutrients like Vitamin A, B complex, C, E, and other minerals. It is also packed with anti-inflammatory elements and antioxidants. Here is how basil helps dogs: Helps Prevent Cancer Basil has a lot of antioxidants and helps to prevent cell damage. Antioxidants have long been known to combat cancer, and they will also help to prevent cell damage. These antioxidants aid in the destruction of free radicals that might damage your body’s cells. Basil contains anti-inflammatory effects, which can aid elderly dogs suffering from illnesses like arthritis or joint discomfort. The basil will not be able to alleviate your dog’s suffering completely, but it will help him feel a little more at ease. Beta-Caryophyllene and Canidae are the two most critical anti-inflammatory properties present in basil. Basil has a relaxing effect by nature. You may offer your dog basil to help calm it down if it is frightened or has anxiety due to a vehicle journey or even traveling to a new environment. This plant has a natural soothing effect that might help you feel less anxious. Regulates Blood Sugar Level Basil helps in regulating blood sugar levels in a dog’s body. Basil helps in detoxifying the dog’s body by flushing out the harmful toxins present in the body. Basil helps fight the infection that grows in the dog’s body and reduces infection growth. Prevents Cellular Damage Basil acts as an antioxidant, destroying free radicals that cause cell harm. Thus, the plant can both prevent and cure cellular damage. This step alone can aid in the prevention and treatment of a variety of canine health issues. - Vitamin A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vital vitamin that helps dogs’ eyesight, bone growth, reproduction, cellular differentiation, and immunological response. - Vitamin B complex: Vitamin B complex is a co-enzyme that promotes metabolic activities and convert carbs into glucose, which gives the body energy. It is required in a dog’s diet for protein and fat absorption. This group of water-soluble vitamins passes through the body in 4 to 8 hours. - Vitamin C: Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can assist your dog’s body to eliminate potentially dangerous free radicals, support healthy aging, and reduce inflammation. Vitamin C can also aid your dog’s immune function, increase energy, and relieve UTIs. - Vitamin E: One of your dog’s defenses against oxidative damage is vitamin E. Cell function, and fat metabolism are also dependent on this fat-soluble vitamin. Deficiencies can cause vision and muscle deterioration, as well as reproductive issues. The presence of fiber helps the dog’s bowel movement smooth. It also keeps your dog satiated for a long time. Basil keeps your dog well-hydrated due to water content. Low in Calorie Basil is a low-calorie herb that prevents your dog from being obese. Low in Fat Basil is also low in fat which keeps your dog from being overweight. Why is Basil Bad for Dogs? Even though basil is safe and healthy for dogs to consume, it is best to check the downsides before feeding herbs to them. Like any other human food, basil also has downsides, which may affect your dog’s overall gut. Basil is high in fiber, which can disrupt the digestive system of the dog. Too much basil consumption can cause: - Stomach pain Too much basil in your dog’s diet might create skin issues. If you like feeding your dog human foods and use a lot of basil, your dog may develop skin problems such as: - Scaly skin - Loss of fur Basil and herbs, in general, might cause allergic reactions in particular dogs. Some common allergy symptoms in dogs include: - itching ears How Much Basil to Feed Your Dog? Moderation is the key! Puppies and small dogs will need less basil than adult and big dogs. Likewise, puppies and dogs with constipation will need a small amount of basil, while puppies and dogs with diarrhea will not need basil. Hence, the best is to consult with your veterinarian to know the correct amount of basil for your dog. But, of course, it all depends upon your dog’s age, size, and health history. What If My Dog Ate Basil? There is nothing to worry about overconsumption of basil once in a blue moon. All you need to do is supervise your dog for a few hours, which helps display the symptoms. Then, provide him enough water to ease him. Then, take him to the veterinarian for further medical procedures. How to Serve Basil to Your Dog? You can serve basil to your dog in the following ways: - As a component of a handmade dog-friendly pesto. - Added to their dog food as a topping (raw, baked, fried, and roasted (without condiments)). - As a special treat, fresh from your garden. Frequently Asked Questions Can dogs eat basil pesto? Pesto is a sauce created with basil and a few additional ingredients that may be served on pasta or over slices of bread. Pesto is okay for dogs to consume if it is made using dog-friendly ingredients. Can dogs have Thai basil? Yes, your dog can eat Thai basil; the primary difference between Thai and regular basil is that Thai basil is sweeter. The flavor of regular basil is peppery. Can dogs have sweet basil? Yes, the sweet basil kind is suitable for your dog. Sweet basil has a sweeter flavor than ordinary basil. This is important to remember since you don’t want to offer your dog too much sweetness in their meal. Can dogs have basil tomato sauce? Tomato sauce is fine for dogs, but it must be basic and free of the additives that most people add to homemade and bottled sauce. After you’ve made a basic tomato sauce, you may add dried or fresh basil to it. Dogs can eat basil in moderation. Basil is not only safe for them but is also harmless. However, it is best to consult with the veterinarian if your dog can have basil or not. Your dog’s size, age, and health history are essential factors determining whether your dog can consume basil. The wide range of health benefits of basil can keep your dog healthy and free from illness.

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Medicinski pregled 2005 Volume 58, Issue 11-12, Pages: 553-557 Full text ( 1016 KB) Kinesitherapy: One of the most important aspects of medical rehabilitation Introduction Kinesitherapy, as a part of physical therapy, represents one of the most important aspects of medical rehabilitation. It involves movement of various parts of the body, or of the whole body, using exercises in order to maintain, establish, develop and change functions of the locomotor apparatus and organs of locomotion. Aim The aim of kinesitherapy is to use all potentials of the treated patients, to achieve optimal recovery of the damaged function of locomotion. Classification Kinesitherapy includes active and passive exercises. Active exercises are divided into: active exercises with assistance, without assistance and active exercises with resistance. Indications and contraindications Kinesitherapy is applied in almost all medical branches in numerous pathological conditions, as well as a method of prevention. Practically, there are no absolute contraindications, and relative are extremely rare. Keywords: kinesiology, applied, physical therapy, rehabilitation, motion therapy, continuous passive, exercise therapy More data about this article available through SCIndeks

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Dept. of Food Science, Donggguk University, Seoul, Korea, South Noodle texture is measured either in uncooked or cooked state with compression and tension tests. There are many rheological principles for mathematical interpretation of textural properties of semi-solids. Stickiness and tensile properties of noodles were analyzed in terms of the mathematical expressions. The basic concept of stress was introduced to define the stickiness of cooked noodles by considering contact area. The corrected stickiness could differentiate noodles with different starch contents to larger degree than stickiness before correction. Hencky strain and stress were applied to tensile test data of raw noodles and strain hardening parameters were estimated. Elongational viscosity was also obtained with the relevant mathematical equations. The noodles could be more significantly discriminated in those parameters than just tensile force or deformation. Moreover, cutting force could be defined more correctly and accurately by tension test than by compression test. Consequently, the applications of rheological principles on physical test data could provide more information and better criterion to evaluate the noodle texture than using primarily obtained experimental data.

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Previous Folio / Sanhedrin Directory / Tractate List / Navigate Site Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Sanhedrin It has been taught: R. Eliezer said: The days of the Messiah will last forty years, as it is written, Forty years long shall I take hold of the generation.4 R. Eleazar b. Azariah said: Seventy years, as it is written, And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king.5 Now, who is the one [uniquely distinguished] king? The Messiah, of course. Rabbi said: Three generations; for it is written, They shall fear thee with the sun, and before the moon [they shall fear thee], a generation and generations.6 R. Hillel7 said: There shall be no Messiah for Israel,8 because they have already enjoyed him in the days of Hezekiah. R. Joseph said: May God forgive him [for saying so]. Now, when did Hezekiah flourish? During the first Temple. Yet Zechariah, prophesying in the days of the second, proclaimed, Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion, shout, O daughter of Jerusalem, behold, thy king cometh unto thee! he is just, and having salvation, lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass.9 Another [Baraitha] taught: R. Eliezer said: The days of the Messiah will be forty years. Here it is written, And he afflicted thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna;10 whilst elsewhere it is written, Make us glad, according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us.11 R. Dosa said: Four hundred years. It is here written, And they shall serve them,' and they shall afflict them four hundred years;12 whilst elsewhere it is written, Make us glad, according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us. Rabbi said: Three hundred and sixtyfive years, even as the days of the solar year, as it is written, For the day of vengeance is in mine heart, and the year of my redemption is come.13 What is meant by 'the day of vengeance is in mine heart'? — R. Johanan said: I have [so to speak] revealed it to my heart, but not to my [outer] limbs.14 Abimi the son of R. Abbahu learned: The days of Israel's Messiah shall be seven thousand years, as it is written, And as the bridegroom rejoiceth over the bride, so shall thy God rejoice over thee.15 Rab Judah said in Samuel's name: The days of the Messiah shall endure as long as from the Creation until now, as it is written, [That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the Lord sware unto your fathers to give to them,] as the days of heaven upon the earth.16 R. Nahman b. Isaac said: As long as from Noah's days until our own, as it is written, For this is as the waters of Noah, which are mine, so I have sworn etc.17 R. Hiyya b. Abba said in R. Johanan's name: All the prophets prophesied [all the good things] only in respect of the Messianic era; but as for the world to come 'the eye hath not seen, O Lord, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him.'18 Now, he disagrees with Samuel, who said: This world differs from [that of] the days of the Messiah only in respect of servitude to [foreign] powers. R. Hiyya b. Abba also said in R. Johanan's name: All the prophets prophesied only for repentant sinners; but as for the perfectly righteous [who had never sinned at all], 'the eye hath not seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him.' Now he differs from R. Abbahu, who said: The place occupied by repentant sinners cannot be attained even by the completely righteous, for it is written, Peace, peace, to him that is far off and to him that is near:19 thus, first he that is 'far off', then he that is 'near'. Now what is meant by 'far off'? — originally far off;20 and what is meant by 'near'? — originally near [and still so].21 But R. Johanan interprets: 'him that is far off' — that is [and has been] far from sin; 'him that is near' — that was near to sin, but is now far off. R. Hiyya b. Abba also said in R. Johanan's name: All the prophets prophesied only in respect of him who marries his daughter to a scholar, or engages in business on behalf of a scholar,22 or benefits a scholar with his possessions; but as for scholars themselves, — 'the eye hath not seen, O God, beside thee etc.' What does 'the eye hath not seen' refer to? — R. Joshua b. Levi said: To the wine that has been kept [maturing] with its grapes since the six days of Creation. Resh Lakish said: To Eden, which no eye has ever seen; and should you demur, Where then did Adam live? in the Garden. And should you object, The Garden and Eden are one: therefore Scripture teaches, And a river issued from Eden to water the garden.23 AND HE WHO MAINTAINS THAT THE TORAH WAS NOT DIVINELY REVEALED. Our Rabbis taught: Because he hath despised the word of the Lord, and hath broken his commandment, that soul shall utterly be cut off:24 this refers to him who maintains that the Torah is not from Heaven. Another rendering: Because he hath despised the word of the Lord, refers to an epikoros. Another rendering: Because he hath despised the word of the Lord, refers to one who gives an interpretation of the Torah25 [not according to the halachah]. And hath broken his commandment: this means one who abolishes the covenant of flesh.26 That soul shall utterly be cut off [hikkareth tikkareth]: 'hikkareth' [to be cut off] implies in this world; 'tikkareth' [it shall be cut off], in the next.27 Hence R. Eliezer of Modi'im taught: He who defiles the sacred food, despises the festivals,28 abolishes the covenant of our father Abraham,29 gives an interpretation of the Torah not according to the halachah, and publicly shames his neighbour, even if he hath learning and good deeds to his credit, hath no portion in the future world.30 Another [Baraitha] taught: Because he hath despised the word of the Lord — this refers to him who maintains that the Torah is not from Heaven. And even if he asserts that the whole Torah is from Heaven, excepting a particular verse, which [he maintains] was not uttered by God but by Moses himself, he is included in 'because he hath despised the word of the Lord.' And even if he admits that the whole Torah is from Heaven, excepting a single point, a particular ad majus deduction or a certain gezerah shawah, — he is still included in 'because he hath despised the word of the Lord'. It has been taught: R. Meir used to say: He who studies the Torah but does not teach it is alluded to in 'he hath despised the word of the Lord'. R. Nathan said: [it refers to] whoever pays no heed to the Mishnah.31 R. Nehorai said: Whosoever can engage in the study of the Torah but fails to do so. R. Ishmael said: This refers to heathens. How is this implied? — Even as the school of Ishmael taught: Because he hath despised the word of the Lord — this applies to one who despises the words spoken to Moses at Sinai, viz., I am the Lord thy God … Thou shalt have no other gods before me.32 R. Joshua b. Karha said: Whosoever studies the Torah and does not revise it is likened unto one who sows without reaping. R. Joshua said: He who studies the Torah and then forgets it is like a woman who bears [a child] and buries [it.] R. Akiba said: Sanhedrin 99b'Chant it every day, chant it every day.'1 Said R. Isaac b. Abudimi: What verse [supports this]? — He that laboureth laboureth for himself for his mouth craveth it of him:2 he toils in one place, the Torah toils for him in another.3 R. Eleazar said: Every man is born for toil, as it is written, Yet man is born for toil.4 Now, I do not know whether for toil by mouth or by hand, but when it is said, for his mouth craveth it of him, I may deduce that toil by mouth is meant.5 Yet I still do not know whether for toil in the Torah or in [secular] conversation, but when it is said, This book of the Torah shall not depart out of thy mouth,6 I conclude that one was created to labour in the Torah. And this coincides with Raba's dictum, viz., All human bodies are carriers; happy are they who are worthy of being receptacles of the Torah. Whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh understanding.7 Resh Lakish said: This alludes to one who studies the Torah at [irregular] intervals,8 as it is written, For it is a pleasant thing if thou keep them within thee; they shall withal be fitted in thy lips.9 Our Rabbis taught: But the soul that doeth aught presumptuously:10 this refers to Manasseh the Son of Hezekiah, who examined [Biblical] narratives to prove them worthless. Thus, he jeered, had Moses nothing to write but, And Lotan's sister was Timna,11 And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz,12 And Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field.13 Thereupon a Heavenly Voice cried out: Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest thine own mother's son. These things hast thou done, and I kept silence, thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself' but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes.14 And of him it is explicitly stated in the post-Mosaic Scriptures,15 Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope.16 What is meant by 'and sin as it were with a cart rope'? — R. Assi said: Temptation at first is like a spider's thread, but eventually like a cart rope. À propos, what is the purpose of [writing], And Lotan's sister was Timna? — Timna was a royal princess, as it is written, alluf [duke] Lotan,17 alluf [duke] Timna;18 and by 'alluf' an uncrowned ruler is meant. Desiring to become a proselyte, she went to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, but they did not accept her. So she went and became a concubine to Eliphaz the son of Esau, saying, 'I had rather be a servant to this people than a mistress of another nation.' From her Amalek was descended who afflicted Israel. Why so? — Because they should not have repulsed her. And Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest [and found mandrakes in the field]. Raba b. Isaac said in Rab's name: This shews that righteous men do not take what is not theirs.19 And found dudaim20 [mandrakes] in the field. What are dudaim? — Rab said: mandrakes;21 Levi said: violets; R. Jonathan said: mandrake flowers. R. Alexandri said: He who studies the Torah for its own sake22 makes peace in the Upper Family23 and the Lower Family [men], as it is written, Or let him take hold of my strength [i.e., the Torah], that he may make peace with me; and he shall make peace with me.24 Rab said: it is as though he built the heavenly and the earthly Temples, as it is written, And I have put my words in thy mouth, and I have covered thee in the shadow of mine hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people.25 R. Johanan said: He also shields the whole world [from the consequences of its sins], for it is written, and I have covered [i.e., protected] thee in the shadow of mine hand. Levi said: He also hastens26 the redemption, as it is written, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people. Resh Lakish said: He who teaches Torah to his neighbour's son is regarded by Scripture as though he had fashioned him, as it is written, and the souls which they had made in Haran.27 R. Eleazar said: As though he himself had created the words of the Torah, as it is written, Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and make them.28 Raba said: As though he had made himself, for it is written, 'and make them': render not them but yourselves.29 R. Abbahu said: He who causes his neighbour to fulfil a precept is regarded by Scripture as though he had done it himself, for it is written, [The Lord said unto Moses … take …] thy rod, wherewith thou smotest the river:30 did Moses then smite it? Aaron smote it! But, he who causes his neighbour to fulfil a precept, is regarded by Scripture as though he had done it himself. AN EPIKOROS. Rab and R. Hanina both taught that this means one who insults a scholar. R. Johanan and R. Joshua b. Levi maintained that it is one who insults his neighbour in the presence of a scholar. Now on the view that he who insults his neighbour in the presence of a scholar is an epikoros, it is well; for then he who insults a scholar himself will be included in the expression, 'he who acts impudently against the Torah.'31 But on the view that he who insults a scholar himself is an epikoros, who is meant by 'she who acts impudently against the Torah'? — E.g., Manasseh b. Hezekiah.32 Others taught this [dispute] with reference to the second clause: 'he who acts impudently against the Torah.' Rab and R. Hanina both maintained that this means one who insults a scholar himself, whilst R. Johanan and R. Joshua b. Levi held that it is one who insults his neighbour in the presence of a scholar. Now, on the view that he who insults a scholar himself is denoted by the expression 'he who acts impudently against the Torah,' it is well, for then he who insults his neighbour in a scholar's presence is dubbed an epikoros; but on the view that he who insults his neighbour in the presence of a scholar 'is considered to have acted impudently against the Torah, who then is meant by epikoros? — R. Joseph said: E.g., Those who give, 'Of what use are the Rabbis to us? For their own benefit they read [the Scripture], and for their own benefit they study [post-Scriptural learning, particularly the Mishnah]'. Abaye said to him: But this too denotes acting impudently against the Torah, as it is written, Thus saith the Lord, But for my covenant [studied] day and night, I had not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth.33 R. Nahman b. Isaac said: it is also deduced from the verse, Then I will spare all the place for their sakes.34 But it means one, e.g., who was sitting before his teacher, when the discussion turned to some other subject, and the disciple remarked, 'We said so and so on that matter,' instead of 'Thou Master hast said.'35 Raba said: E.g., The family of Benjamin the doctor who say, 'Of what use are the Rabbis to us? They have never - To Next Folio -

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Listen to Podcast | Hokkien: How Do You Say – Country Names Singapore – 新加坡 – Xin gar po Malaysia – 州府 – Jiu Hu Hong Kong – 香港 – Hiang gang Taiwan – 台湾 – Dai wan China – 中国 / 唐山 – Diong gok / Teng suah Japan – 日本 – Jit bun Australia – 澳洲 – Ou chiu Europe – 欧洲 – Au chiu America – 美国 – Bee gok Podcast Transcript | Hokkien: How Do You Say – Country Names To begin, let’s start off with where LearnDialect.sg is based, Singapore. Singapore in Hokkien is pronounced as 新加坡. Next, we have Singapore’s neighbour, Malaysia. Instead of using the Chinese characters of Malaysia’s name and translating it into Hokkien, Singaporean Hokkiens and Teochews typically call Malaysia “州府” as it was a term used under the British colonial rule. Now, learning Hokkien is useful for your travels in Taiwan – pronounced as “台湾” – as Taiwanese people speak a variant of Hokkien, otherwise better known as Southern Min language locally. Just a short flight away is Hong Kong or “香港” in Hokkien, which is a country well-known for tax-free shopping and dim sum. Hokkien, similar to Teochew and Cantonese, originated from China. China is known as “中国” but you may also hear senior Hokkien speakers still referring to the country as “唐山”, literally translated as the Tang mountain. This is due to the prominence of the Tang dynasty in Chinese history where Chinese culture is widespread. China, is also regarded as a prosperous country during the Tang dynasty. This is why Chinatowns in countries outside China are often known as “唐人街” in Mandarin, literally translated as “Tang people street”. Personally, my favourite country for travel within Asia is Japan or “日本” in Hokkien, as it has a good balance of city life, nature and good food. Looking outside Asia, I would consider travelling to Australia, Europe or America, respectively known as “澳洲”,” 欧洲” and “美国” in Hokkien. This would allow me to experience and interact with people of a different culture. Hope the above list covers a country that you like. If not, please leave a comment and share with me the country that you would like to travel to. My name is Eugene from LearnDialect.sg and see you the next week! Our Philosophy for Learning Hokkien in Singapore The pronunciation of Hokkien words varies from one region to another. For example, Penang Hokkien sounds different from Taiwanese Hokkien. At LearnDialect.sg, we want to make learning Hokkien fun, easy and practical for daily conversations in Singapore. As such, we think it is important to listen to how Singaporeans speak Hokkien. To do that, we have an ongoing process of collecting audio recordings from at least 100 Hokkien-speaking seniors in Singapore and thereafter based our audio pronunciation on the most commonly-heard version. Paragraph In similar nature, rather than trying to figure out which Hokkien romanization system to use (e.g. Pe̍h-ōe-jī or Taiwan Romanization System), we encourage you to form your own phonics, so that you make an association with these Hokkien words in the quickest way possible. To illustrate, the formal romanization of the English word, “eat”, is “chia̍h” in Hokkien. However, in our “Have You Eaten” podcast transcript, you’ll find that we use “jiak”, which we think relates to us better. That said, you may use other romanization (e.g “chiah”, “jia”, etc), as long as it helps you to make sense of what you hear.

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Concussion rates among young athletes have increased each year by about 16 percent, according to MomsTeam.com. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 2.7 million children aged 19 and younger were treated annually in emergency departments for sports and recreation-related injuries from 2001-2009. About 6.5 percent or 173,285 of those injuries were traumatic brain injuries, including concussions. And the number of sports and recreation-related traumatic brain injury visits to the emergency room increased 62 percent with the highest rates among males aged 10-19 years, the CDC reported. “Each year, I have seen an increase in concussions involving high school athletes,’’ said Dr. David Wang, medical director of Elite Sports Medicine and the team physician for Quinnipiac University. Hartford Hospital’s, Dr. Patrick H. Carroll agrees that each year he’s treating more athletes for concussions. “But, I also think one of the factors of the rising concussion rates is that coaches, parents, and students are recognizing the symptoms a lot more than a few years ago,” added Carroll. Connecticut coaches are now required to take a course in identifying the symptoms of a concussion and have specific protocols they need to follow if a concussion is suspected, according to Wang. For most contact sports – including football – an athletic trainer and doctor must be present on the sidelines during all games. If a player is injured, the medical team is required to examine the athlete, according to the new protocols. Organizations such as the Connecticut Concussion Task Force and the Brain Injury Alliance of Connecticut have been working hard for years to spread awareness of concussions and other traumatic brain injuries. “With increased media attention surrounding concussions athletes and parents are more aware of the injury. Due to increased education and the media attention more athletes are seeking medical attention for concussions,’’ added Wang. Symptoms of concussions include: headache or feeling of pressure in the head, temporary loss of consciousness, confusion, amnesia, dizziness, ear ringing, nausea or vomiting, slurred speech and fatigue, according to Mayo Clinic.org. In Connecticut, there’s been an effort to promote the use of helmets in most sports – including field hockey, skiing, and lacrosse. At many ski mountains, children and adults can get discounted tickets if they wear a ski helmet. “You wouldn’t play football without wearing a helmet – same rule applies for skiing. Plus helmets are way warmer than hats,” said Olympian skier, Lindsey Vonn, who is helping to promote awareness of helmet use in skiing on the Crested Butte Mountain website. Wang agrees that helmets “are great for protecting against skull fractures and lacerations…but they won’t help to reduce concussions.’’ Wang suggests: “Strength-training programs in the neck region for all athletes would help reduce the number of concussions.’’ Lydia Castillo is a senior at Guilford High School.

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IELTS Writing Task 2 Nowadays, environmental problems are too big to be managed by individual person or individual country. In other words, it is an international problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? - IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic: Aging Population & Model Answers - IELTS Writing Actual Test in October 2017 & Sample Answers - IELTS Writing Actual Test & Model Answers – Topic: Environment - IELTS Writing Task 2 – Topic: Work & Band 8 Sample - IELTS Writing Actual Test in August 2017 & Model Answer – Topic: Subject Environment is at high risk, which is an undeniable truth when people, today, are facing an ever-increasing occurrence of natural disasters from tsunami, greenhouse effect, earthquake to global warming. It is believed that these consequences are the result of not a single nation, but the globe, and thus, it is time for the whole world to be responsible for this issue. I strongly agree with this idea. First, each person is an active agent to protect the environment. With each tree planted by an individual, greenness is widespread and environment will be saved eventually. What would happen actually in case that people of a nation are trying their utmost to protect the environment while others lift no hand to do this and even unremittingly release industrial waste in hope of fast- growing industrialization? That is the reason why so as to rescue our beloved environment, governments of all nations are required to implement a joint-effort by following international regulations and setting up global treaties to limit the amount of pollution discharged by each country, for example, Kyoto. Second, in the context of industrialization, the economy of each country is reaching its heights, especially in the third world countries with their overheating economies. Hence, rarer would these governments prioritize environmental pollution, while caught in the economic race with other countries, if the radical international intervention was not imposed. Another example is that the radioactivity from nuclear plants, as a consequence of the unexpected earthquake in Japan, is infectious, threatening the survival of people domestically and species across the nation. The issue would be much exacerbated as other neighboring nations are ignorant of this, and by this, they are, in fact, harming their own destinies as well. The action to lend technological support by developed nations to developing ones, for instance, the environment -friendly assembly line, is one of effective remedies to reduce pollution caused by the untreated industrial waste. Finally, when it comes to the issue of the overwhelming disappearance of endangered animals, which leads to ecological imbalance, by no means can a nation combat radically devoid of global support. Specious fishes in the ocean across different countries in a continent are culled uncontrollably by a group of people in a specific location for sake of profit. It is by dint of international drastic law on prohibiting the exploitation of rare species that our natural animal kingdom is less intimidated. According to social surveys, annually, international teams of conservationists have caught global thieves who endeavored to kill these animals for illegal trading. Put it simply, without the world’s attempt, the environment is definitely in danger, as a result of pollution and vast disappearance of key animals to balance our ecology. Main IELTS Pages: This website is to develop your IELTS skills with tips, model answers, lessons, free books, and more. Each section (Listening, Speaking, Writing, Reading) has a complete collection of lessons to help you improve your IELTS skills. Subscribe for free IELTS lessons/Books/Tips/Sample Answers/Advice from our IELTS experts. We help millions of IELTS learners maximize their IELTS scores! Latest posts by IELTS Material (see all) - IELTS WRITING TASK 1 IN 2017 WITH SAMPLE ANSWERS - November 29, 2017 - IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic: Aging Population & Model Answers - November 29, 2017 - IELTS Writing Actual Test in November 2017 & Model Answers - November 25, 2017

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Firewall Explores has become a big hit with all of our students. Every other Monday they log on ready to find out where Woodny and Diego have been. We have gone through some different topics like Civil Engineering and now Marine Life and their habitat. Through a partnership with South Florida Science Center and Aquarium, we were able to use their facility and interview one their Aquarium Director, Rebecca. She helped the students learn about ways to keep their oceans and the fish in them safe. Also, Woodny and Diego were able to teach our students how the Nitrogen Cycle works. Videos like these help Firewall break down educational topics into bite sized interactive videos. Click down below to see our latest video and check out the South Florida Science Center and Aquarium in West Palm Beach!

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There is a place on Earth where an "everlasting storm" appears almost every night, averaging 28 lightning strikes per minute for up to 10 hours at a time. Known as Relámpago del Catatumbo — the Catatumbo Lightning — it can spark as many as 3,600 bolts in an hour. That's one per second. This storm lives above a swampy patch of northwestern Venezuela, where the Catatumbo River meets Lake Maracaibo, and has provided near-nightly light shows for thousands of years. Its original name was rib a-ba, or "river of fire," given by indigenous people in the region. Thanks to the frequency and brightness of its lightning, visible from up to 250 miles away, the storm was later used by Caribbean sailors in colonial times, earning nicknames like "Lighthouse of Catatumbo" and "Maracaibo Beacon." The lightning has also played an even larger role in South American history, helping thwart at least two nocturnal invasions of Venezuela. The first was in 1595, when it illuminated ships led by Sir Francis Drake of England, revealing his surprise attack to Spanish soldiers in the city of Maracaibo. The other was during the Venezuelan War of Independence on July 24, 1823, when the lightning betrayed a Spanish fleet trying to sneak ashore, helping Adm. José Prudencio Padilla fend off the invaders. So what causes such a powerful storm to develop in the same spot, up to 300 nights a year, for thousands of years? Why is its lightning so colorful? Why does it not seem to produce thunder? And why does it sometimes vanish, like its mysterious six-week disappearance in 2010? Lightning in a bottle The Catatumbo Lightning has sparked plenty of speculation over the centuries, including theories that it's fueled by methane from Lake Maracaibo or that it's a unique type of lightning. Although its exact origins are still hazy, scientists are pretty sure it's regular lightning that just happens to occur far more frequently than anywhere else, due largely to local topography and wind patterns. The Lake Maracaibo basin is surrounded on all but one side by mountains, pictured in the map below, that trap warm trade winds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea. These warm winds then crash into cool air spilling down from the Andes, forcing them upward until they condense into thunderclouds. All this happens above a large lake whose water evaporates vigorously under the Venezuelan sun, offering a steady supply of updrafts. The whole region is like a big thunderstorm machine. But what about the methane? There are major oil deposits below Lake Maracaibo, and methane is known to bubble up from certain parts of the lake — especially from bogs near three epicenters of storm activity. Some experts think this methane boosts the conductivity of air above the lake, essentially greasing the wheels for more lightning. That hasn't been proven, though, and some experts also doubt methane is significant compared with the large-scale atmospheric forces at work. The colors of Catatumbo Lightning have similarly been attributed to methane, but that theory is even shakier. People often see the storm from 30 miles away, and dust or water vapor floating near the surface can distort faraway light, adding color to lightning much like sunsets and sunrises. Another common Maracaibo myth also boils down to distance: the apparent lack of thunder. Observers have long speculated the storm generates silent lightning, but it doesn't. All lightning produces thunder, whether it's cloud-to-ground, intracloud or anything else. Sound just doesn't travel as far as light, and it's rare to hear thunder if you're more than 15 miles away from the lightning. Some scientists say the Catatumbo Lightning helps replenish Earth's ozone layer, but that's yet another cloudy claim. The lightning bolts do coax oxygen in the air to form ozone, but it's unclear whether that ozone ever drifts high enough to reach the stratospheric ozone layer. Relámpago del Catatumbo is often seen as high as 3 miles above Lake Maracaibo. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons) Gone in a flash Although the Catatumbo Lightning doesn't appear every night, it's not known for taking extended breaks. That's why people were alarmed when it vanished for about six weeks in early 2010. The disappearance began in January of that year, apparently due to El Niño. The phenomenon had been meddling with weather around the world, including a severe drought in Venezuela that virtually eliminated rainfall for weeks. Rivers dried up, and by March there still hadn't been a single night of Catatumbo Lightning. Before that, the longest-known hiatus was in 1906, after an 8.8-magnitude earthquake had caused a tsunami. Even then, however, the storms returned in three weeks. "I look for it every night but there is nothing," a local schoolteacher told the Guardian in 2010. "It has always been with us," a fisherman added. "It guides us at night, like a lighthouse. We miss it." The rain and lightning finally returned by April 2010, but some locals fear the episode could be repeated. Not only might another El Niño starve the area of rain, but the growth of man-made climate change can encourage stronger cycles of rainfall and drought in the region. Deforestation and agriculture have also added clouds of silt to the Catatumbo River and nearby lagoons, which experts like environmentalist Erik Quiroga blame for weaker lightning shows even in non-drought years. "This is a unique gift," he tells the Guardian, "and we are at risk of losing it." Not everyone agrees the gift is in trouble, though. University of Zulia researcher Angel Muñoz told Slate in 2011 "we have no scientific evidence the Catatumbo lightning is disappearing," and added it may be intensifying due to methane from oil drilling at Lake Maracaibo. Either way, it's widely agreed the storm is a natural wonder and national treasure. Quiroga has been trying since 2002 to get the area declared a UNESCO World Heritage site, and while that's been difficult, he did recently succeed in lobbying for a Guinness world record: most lightning per square kilometer per year. (NASA has also declared Lake Maracaibo "lightning capital" of the world.) That title should draw more attention, Quiroga says, both from scientists and tourists. Venezuelan tourism minister Andres Izarra seems to agree, pledging earlier this year to invest in an "eco-tourism route" around the area. With or without such a spotlight, though, there are reminders of the storm's iconic status everywhere — even on the flag for the Venezuelan state of Zulia, where the storm lives: For a glimpse of what the Catatumbo Lightning looks like in action, check out the video below:

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The code that accompanies this article can be downloaded here. When I was a kid every almost every superhero had a voice-controlled computer. So you can imagine how my first encounter with Alexa was a profound experience for me. The kid in me was so happy and excited. Of course, then my engineering instincts kicked in and I analyzed how these devices work. Turned out they have neural networks that handle this complicated problem. In fact, neural networks simplified the problem so much that today it is quite easy to make one of these applications on your computer using Python. We could one example of how you can do this in one of the previous articles. But it wasn’t always like that. The first attempts were made back in 1952. by three Bell Labs researchers. They have built a system for single-speaker digit recognition with the vocabularies of 10 words. However, by the 1980s this number has grown dramatically. Vocabulary grew up to 20,000 words and first commercial products started appearing. Dragon Dictate was one of the first such products and it was originally priced at $9,000. Alexa is more affordable today, right? Today we can even build these systems inside of the browser using TensorFlow.js. In previous articles, we used this library for creating standard feed-forward neural networks and convolutional neural networks. In this article, we will use a different approach and use pre-trained TensorFlow.js models or transfer learning approach. We will use it to build an application using which you will be able to draw with your voice. Let’s not get ahead of ourselves, let’s find out a little bit more about pre-trained models in general and concrete model that we will use for our solution. Transfer learning is the process of using a model trained previously on one dataset and applying it on a different dataset. Of course, the model needs to be slightly modified and/or re-trained on the second dataset. However, due to the fact that that model was once trained it takes less time for it adapt to the second dataset. Usually, these types of models don’t have the output layer and using just the “core”. Because of this, there are several pre-trained models in TensorFlow.js that can be used out of the box. They can be used directly or used in a transfer learning setting. In this article, we will use just out of the box solution. How does it work? There are a lot of approaches when it comes to a combination of neural networks and audio. Speech is often handled using some sort of Recurrent Neural Networks or LSTMs. However, Speech Command Recognizer uses This architecture is utilizing a spectrogram. That is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time. Essentially, the window of time in which word should fit into is defined. This is done by grouping audio signal samples into segments. When that is done, analysis of the strengths of the frequencies is done, and segments with possible words are defined. These segments are then converted into spectrograms, e.g. one-channel images that are used for word recognition: The image that’s made using this pre-processing is then fed into a multi-layer convolutional neural network similar to the one we created in the previous article. You have probably noticed that this page asked you for permission of using microphone. That is because we embedded implementation demo in this page. In order for this demo to work, you have to allow it to use microphone. Now, you can use commands ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘left’ and ‘right’ to draw on the canvas below. Go ahead try it out: The whole code that accompanies this blog post can be found here. First, let’s take a look into Here we can see the workflow of the application. First, we create an instance of the model and assign it to the global variable recognizer. We use ‘directional4w’ dictionary because we need only ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘left’ and ‘right’ commands. Then we wait for the model to be loaded. This might take some time if your internet connection is slow. Once that is done, we initialize the canvas on which drawing is performed. Finally, the This method is doing the heavy lifting. In essence, it runs an endless loop in which recognizer is listening to the words you are saying. Notice that we are using parameter the Then we calculate the coordinates for the end of the line using the function In this article, we saw how we can easily use pre-trained models of TensorFlow.js. They are a good starting point for some easy applications. We even built one example of such applications using which you can draw using voice commands. That is pretty cool and possibilities are endless. Of course, you can further train these models, get better results and use them for more complicated solutions. Meaning, you can really utilize transfer learning. However, that is a story for another time. Thank you for reading! Read more posts from the author at Rubik’s Code.

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Did young George Washington use a hatchet to chop down one of his father’s cherry trees, and then confess to the act because he could never tell a lie, even at the age of six? Did he throw a silver dollar across the Potomac River, perhaps half a mile wide? Folklorists refer to these stories as legends because many people believe them to be true, even though the stories cannot be authenticated. Much about the life of Washington seems prone to legend. After all, he’s the first of forty-five U.S. presidents, the face on our most commonly circulated dollar bill, and the name of our nation’s capital city. In many ways, he has become larger than life, especially when depicted bare-chested and extremely buff in a twelve-ton marble statue inside the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. Even the date of Washington’s birth is subject to debate. He was born February 11, 1731, according to the Julian calendar that was in use at the time. When Great Britain and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, they removed eleven days from the calendar to bring it into synch with the solar year. Accordingly, Washington’s birthday became February 22, 1732—and a national holiday in the United States from 1879 until 1971, when the Uniform Monday Holiday Act fixed it as the third Monday in February. Federal law still calls it Washington’s Birthday, although it is commonly known as Presidents’ Day. My own favorite story about Washington dates back to March 1783 in Newburgh, New York. Fighting in the Revolutionary War had ceased more than one year earlier, but the Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the war, was not signed until September 1783. Drafting of the U.S. Constitution did not begin until May 1787, and Washington was not elected president until early 1789. So the state of affairs in the United States was very uncertain in March 1783. Officers and soldiers in the Continental Army were extremely discontent because they had not been paid in many months and wanted to return home. Animosity was growing toward General Washington, the Army’s commander-in-chief. On Saturday, March 15, 1783, Washington surprised a group of officers by appearing at a meeting in which they were considering whether to mutiny, or even stage a military coup against the Congress of the United States. Washington had prepared a speech—now known as the Newburgh Address—which he read to the assembled officers. It did not go over well, but what happened next has become the stuff of legend. According to James Thomas Flexner’s biography, Washington: The Indispensable Man(1969), Washington thought that reading a letter he had received from a member of Congress might help his case. But when he tried to read the letter, something seemed to go wrong. The general seemed confused; he stared at the paper helplessly. The officers leaned forward, their hearts contracting with anxiety. Washington pulled from his pocket something only his intimates had seen him wear: a pair of eyeglasses. “Gentlemen,” he said, “you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in the service of my country.” This homely act and simple statement did what all Washington”s arguments had failed to do. The hardened soldiers wept. Washington had saved the United States from tyranny and civil discord. It’s a beautiful story, one that memorably captures Washington’s ability to connect on a very human level with the troops he commanded, as well as his willingness to reveal his personal vulnerability—an admirable trait that today is perhaps too infrequently displayed by our military and political leaders. But it’s also a story that raises suspicions among folklorists, who know the proverb, “If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is,” and who also know that multiple variants often indicate a story’s folkloric quality. For instance, the well-known urban legend about an excessively long government memo regulating cabbage sales has slight variants affecting the number of words, the subject of the memo, or the issuing agency. Similarly, there are slight variants to what Washington is supposed to have told the assembled officers. Sometimes he is growing gray, sometimes growing old, sometimes growing blind, and sometimes almost blind. The kernel of the story remains consistent, which is also key to the process of legend making. After all, on the third Monday in February, we can never tell a lie. Or something like that. James Deutsch is a program curator at the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. He received a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University, where the school newspaper is called The Hatchet and the school yearbook is called The Cherry Tree.

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Farm workers in the US weeding cotton fields by hand - this photo in Benbrook's report "The first thirteen years" is not taken on an organic farm, but at the fields of a farmer growing GM cotton. Herbicide tolerant (HT) cotton was heralded as something so easy that one spraying of the herbicide Roundup would solve the weed problem and require less work - a promise that failed even more miserably then most critics would have dared to formulate it 15 years ago. In his new study, Charles Benbrook analyses the pesticide use of the last 13 years since the introduction of GM crops in the US. He analyzed the pesticide use (herbicides and insecticides) used with HT and Bt maize, cotton and soybean in the US from 1996 to 2008 and compared it with the pesticide use on conventional crops in the same period. His results are simple: 318 million pounds more pesticides were applied due to the planting of GM crops from 1996 to 2008; about 144 million kg. A reduction in insecticide use on Bt corn and cotton was more then swallowed up by the additional herbicide uses. Benbrook concludes that the observed increase of pesticide use has mainly two reasons: - herbicide resistant weed lead to increased and additional herbicide use, including the use of older and more toxic herbicides like paraquat and 2,4-D; - pesticide use on conventional crops has decreased in the same time, mainly due to the development of lower-dose herbicides. For the future, he predicts an continuous and sharp increase of herbicide use because more and more GM maize, cotton and soybeans are now sold as 'stacked' varieties containing several GM traits, bringing the Roundup tolerance to even more fields, and continuously dwarfing insecticide reductions of Bt crops. For Europe this picture would look even more bleak - in most cases maize is not even treated with insecticides so there is no room for insecticide reduction anyway. 144 million kg of pesticides and raising - that's not only bad news for the environment but also for the climate. Agro-chemical production is based on fossil fuels, and according to the IPCC they make up an important part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Charles Benbrook (2009): Impacts of genetetically engineered crops on pesticide use: The first thirteen years Published by The Organic

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How Social Distancing Works - March 24, 2020 The new Coronavirus may not show sign of infection for many days. How can one know if he/she is infected?By the time they have fever and/or cough and go to the hospital, the lung is usually 50% Fibrosis and it’s too late.Taiwan experts provide a simple self-check that we can do every morning.Take a deep breath and hold your breath for more than 10 seconds.If you complete it successfully without coughing, without discomfort, stiffness or tightness, etc., it proves there is no Fibrosis in the lungs, basically indicates no infection.In critical time, please self-check every morning in an environment with clean air.Everyone should ensure:— your mouth & throat are moist, never dry. Take a few sips of water every 15 minutes at least. Why? Even if the virus gets into your mouth, drinking water or other liquids will wash them down through your throat and into the stomach. Once there, your stomach acid will kill all the virus. If you don’t drink enough water more regularly, the virus can enter your windpipe and into the lungs. That’s very dangerous.IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT – CORONAVIRUS1. If you have a runny nose and sputum, you have a common cold2. Coronavirus pneumonia is a dry cough with no runny nose.3. This new virus is not heat-resistant and will be killed by a temperature of just 26/27 degrees. It hates the Sun.4. If someone sneezes with it, it takes about 10 feet before it drops to the ground and is no longer airborne.5. If it drops on a metal surface it will live for at least 12 hours – so if you come into contact with any metal surface – wash your hands as soon as you can with a bacterial soap.6. On fabric it can survive for 6-12 hours. normal laundry detergent will kill it.7. Drinking warm water is effective for all viruses. Try not to drink liquids with ice.8. Wash your hands frequently as the virus can only live on your hands for 5-10 minutes, but – a lot can happen during that time – you can rub your eyes, pick your nose unwittingly and so on.9. You should also gargle as a prevention. A simple solution of salt in warm water will suffice.10. Can’t emphasis enough – drink plenty of water!1. It will first infect the throat, so you’ll have a sore throat lasting 3/4 days2. The virus then blends into a nasal fluid that enters the trachea and then the lungs, causing pneumonia. This takes about 5/6 days further.3. With the pneumonia comes high fever and difficulty in breathing.4. The nasal congestion is not like the normal kind. You feel like you’re drowning. It’s imperative you then seek immediate attention.Please send and share this with family and friends.Stay safe everyone and may the world recover from this Coronavirus soon. Andrew, Jane and Alannah

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Luminiferous aether is something once believed to fill the Universe and explain how the transmission of waves of light can happen. People believed that light was a kind of wave. Waves travel over the surface of water in a pond, through the air in a room, etc. All waves that people had studied before had traveled through something. Sound waves traveled faster through steel than through air. So people imagined that light had to travel through something too. Since light travels faster than anything else, light should travel through something more rigid (like steel) faster than anything else. But at the same time this substance would have to be entirely yielding so that it would not slow down the movements of planets and cause them to eventually fall into their suns. The people coming before Albert Einstein believed this stuff to exist, and they called it the "Luminiferous aether." If we were traveling on a boat moving through an ocean current, then we could see changes in the rate that waves appeared to travel depending on whether we were moving with the current, across the current, or against the current. People who studied the physics of this problem made experiments to try to make this question become clear. The Michelson-Morley Experiment showed that there was no substance through which light traveled. This negative result was a great success for science. It took down one untrue belief that stood in our way of true understanding. It said that there is no luminiferous aether. The easiest way to see the general idea is to imagine a very fast spaceship moving at one half the speed of light from one star to another. The spaceship has two light-speed meters, one pointing backward and one pointing forward. Since the spaceship is running away from the photons given off by the yellow star, and running toward the photons given off by the blue star, our ordinary experience leads us to expect that we would measure the speed of the yellow photons as 150,000 kilometers per second, and the speed of the blue photons as 450,000 kilometers per second. But the truth is that both photons are measured at 300,000 km/sec. That result indicates that speeds do not add up the way we ordinarily expect speeds to add together. Albert Einstein made a basic change in how we understand things. He said that light always moves at 300,000 km/sec and we just have to accept that fact. If we do, then we will find that everything else makes sense. If we do not accept that fact, then we will have to make up explanations for all sorts of inconsistencies. We do not need the hypothesis of the luminiferous aether. Recent research[change | change source] A recent study is much more precise than the one by Michelson and Morley, but it still shows that the speed of light is constant no matter which direction one is moving in. References[change | change source] - Michelson–Morley experiment is the best yet.

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Religion in Communication Pathos, Logos, Ethos Persuasion through religion practices So how do some religions use them ? Many religions often have a speaker, or one that is closest to god like Pope Francis preaching Christianity. Many of these people use Ethos for their credibility. They give out the best impression they can possibly give and persuade their audience through Pathos and Logos. For Pathos, they emotionally speak to get their peer's attention, and for Logos, they get their attention through basic evidence and facts.

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Apple has stopped using an environmental certification program for its products. In response, at least one major American city has decided to stop using Apple products. The Cupertino, Calif.-based company said Tuesday that it has decided to drop out of the EPEAT rating system, which is used to monitor computers' environment impact. As a result, the fifty departments of the city of San Francisco are no longer allowed to buy computers or displays from the nearby technology giant, although EPEAT does not currently apply to smartphones or tablets such as iPhones or iPads. Apple's decision could reverberate among other governmental units in the U.S., as well as universities, many of which use the standards as a factor in deciding which technological products to buy. The huge University of California, for instance, has said that it is considering whether to continue purchasing Apple products. In addition, the federal government reportedly requires that 95 percent of its purchased computers have EPEAT certification. Apple was a participant in the creation of the EPEAT standard in 2006, which was formulated by a group of technology companies, environmental organizations and federal agencies. Apple says that it will continue to meet rigorous environmental standards, such as the federal Energy Star energy efficiency program. Company spokeswoman Kristin Huguet told news media that Apple "takes a comprehensive approach to measuring our environmental impact." She added that Apple leads "the industry by reporting each product's greenhouse gas emissions on our Web site, and Apple products are superior in other important environmental areas not measured by EPEAT, such as removal of toxic materials." Batteries Glued to Casing EPEAT is managed by an independent, non-profit organization of the same name. On its Web site, the organization said that it regretted that "Apple will no longer be registering its products in EPEAT," and expressed the hope that the company would change its mind. The organization said that its rating offers a chance for participating electronics manufacturers to "showcase and validate their greener design initiatives, cleaner production and customer support services." It added that the standard is "more than simply a product rating," because it is a "community effort" to define and maintain best practices for environmental sustainability for electronic products. As Apple has been a leader in environmental awareness and advocacy, such as in its use of energy at its facilities and the elimination of toxic chemicals from its products, the move is puzzling. EPEAT's CEO, Robert Frisbee, told news media that his conversations with Apple have indicated that their "design direction is not compatible with EPEAT standards." (continued...) Posted: 2012-07-14 @ 10:45am PT @Jessica: That's right, as of Friday July 13, Apple reversed their decision and announced that they will continue to participate in the EPEAT rating system. Posted: 2012-07-14 @ 2:54am PT Both EPEAT and APPLE website state they are working together again? 7/14/2012

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Music Notation Basics Part II - Key Signatures & Accidentals (28 Oct 04) Welcome to Part II of our Music Notation Basics Series. The Series provides a foundation in the very basic aspects of written music, hopefully with just a little something more. It is for those members who have asked for material that allows them to start at the beginning. In Part I we presented the music staff, how the bass and treble clefs are related, and how we label notes. We introduced some language that may not have been familiar, and gave you a few basic working definitions of words such as pitch, tone, staff and note. Part I presented a vertical view of the music Staff—an 'up and down' view—and how we use it to imply pitch. I planned for Part II to expand a bit on Part I topics, but to mostly focus on a horizontal view--one that showed how we use the staff (and notes) to depict time. This two-dimensional theme of 'staff as graph' is shown below. But, there were still many basics I didn't cover in Part I, so the topics that relate to how music behaves in time will be deferred until Part III. So, this article continues with more material related to pitch: - Moveable C & percussion clefs. - Key signatures and how they relate to major and relative minor scales. - Three new accidentals. - How accidentals are used to override a key signature. - Transposing & so-called 'transposing instruments'. So that covers what I wanted to say about pitch-related notation. I'm going to encourage others to contribute later on what I'd call 'pitch ornamentation' notations—things like bends, slides, vibrato and so on. Maybe we'll give those topics a guitar spin, or maybe we can use examples from other instruments—the guitar isn't the only instrument in the world that can do this stuff, you know! Moveable C & Percussion Clefs In Part I we mentioned the bass and treble clefs and how they were born from the splitting of the Grand Staff. I did not mean to imply these were the only two staves in music. Just like any piece of graph paper, the staff can refer to any set of notes you choose—you simply need a symbol to place on the staff that shows what note a selected space or line on the staff refers to. As you learned in Part I, that is exactly what a clef does…it tells you what note the composer intends for some specific line of the staff. Long ago, musicians selected a clef that specifies the location of Middle C. Now, we already learned that Middle C was the leger line just below the treble clef (and the leger just above the bass clef). That's true, but so long as I tell you first, I can put any note any where I choose to. So, if I tell you Middle C is the 2nd line on the staff (from the bottom), don't you automatically know what the rest of the staff represents? Of course you do. The 'moveable C' clefs are examples of how I can use the staff as a piece of graph paper. Just like the F clef and the G clef 'point to' F and G respectively, the moveable C clef points to Middle C—and I can place it anywhere I want on the staff. Two common C-clef placements are shown below. The first moveable C clef above is the alto clef, and the second one is the tenor clef. Notice that the clef is centered on and highlights a particular line of the staff. Whichever line the clef is centered over is automatically assigned as Middle C. Now, this would not be Music if there were no exceptions. Musicians want to use the staff even when pitch has little meaning—to write only ideas of rhythm. What we need is a 'clef' that tells you, “There is no up-down (pitch) meaning implied by this staff”. For instruments where it is felt that pitch is not too important, for selected percussion parts for example, several clefs are commonly used. I've shown these below. I hope this gives you a bigger view of the staff than you had after reading Part I. When you see a staff notated with a clef you have not seen before, you know what it means or can at least ask better questions about it. There are many other clefs. I have covered some of the common ones to give you a good idea of why they exist, and I have described the two main ways they are all used. Let's move on.

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Université de Technologie de Compiègne The authors investigate the design of a broadcast system in order to maximize throughput. This task is usually challenging due to channel variability. Forty years ago, Cover introduced and compared two schemes: time sharing and superposition coding. Even if the second scheme was proved to be optimal for some channels, modern satellite communications systems such as DVB-SH and DVB-S2 rely mainly on a time sharing strategy to optimize the throughput. They consider hierarchical modulation, a practical implementation of superposition coding, but only for unequal error protection or backward compatibility purposes.

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Aspiration pneumonia is a specific form of pneumonia that develop when gastric contents, food, saliva, or nasal secretions are aspirated into the bronchial tree. Depending on the acidity of the aspirate, a chemical pneumonitis develops, and bacterial pathogens (including anaerobic bacteria) further add to the inflammation. Aspiration is often caused by an incomplete swallowing reflex, such as occurs in some forms of neurological disease (a common cause being strokes) or while a person is intoxicated. The right lower lobe of the lung is the commonest location of aspiration pneumonia. This is due to the anatomy of the bronchial tree and gravity: the bronchus serving this lobe is oriented almost vertically. Disclaimer: Information shared in this section is indicative. Please do not make any conclusion and we strongly recommend you to consult with your Doctor. Symptoms may vary with individual, geography, climate and lifestyle

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Pre-ap high school english for new pre-ap teachers jerry brown [email protected] pre-ap english apsi 2013 ap literature prose essay prompts (1970-2010) 44 synthesis lesson 50 ap english - multiple choice strategies 67 grandmother (mc) 69 the. Ap english language and composition will consist of reading research topics for documented essay: bilingual education english-only movement media influence politically correct language ap synthesis question: television's influence on elections. Ap english synthesis essay prompt next synthesis asic world anti bullying essay prompt download 1 mona o'moore of the anti-bullying centre at trinity college in dublin argumentative essay topics television and contrast essay for argumentative chapter writing topic among. View notes - synthesis_prompt_2014 from ap english ap english at deep run high information from at least three of the sources and incorporate it into a coherent, well-developed essay that evaluates. Ap's high school english language and composition course is a rigorous, college-level class that provides an opportunity to gain skills colleges recognize. An ap course in english language and composition engages students in english 11 ap first semester units of study synthesis essay: television has been influential in united states elections since the 1960's. Strategies for mastering the persuasive essay ap language and composition becky talk, cushing 2008: using appropriate evidence, write an essay 2009: support your argument with appropriate evidence from your reading, observation, and organizations such as public television stations. Bedford tv video gallery bus timetables america defining ap english language and composition synthesis essay essay starting paragraphs for essays salem witch trials essay pandit introduction motivate yourself start writing without knowing what you ap english synthesis essay are. 2009 ap english language and composition free-response support, refute, or qualify ehrenreich s assertions about television support your argument with appropriate evidence write an essay in which you take a position on the value of public statements of opinion. Ap lang synthesis essay television term paper thesis writing synthesis essay example writing numbers in essays everybody sport science essays fahrenheit 451 essay thesis also style paper history of english essay high school scholarship examples. Synthesis essay prompts below given prompt that follows is readily apparent to draw information from previous ap english synthesis essay price use the synthesis essay: television, and research 1 sample ap synthesis essay that the prompt but it still possible in a variation. On beauty around us dissertation binding ayr write my essay custom writing center ap english language composition synthesis essay television case study essay research paper ap lang synthesis essay ap english language composition synthesis essay television how to. In my ap english language and topic ideas for a synthesis essay in my ap english language and colonial williamsburg the invention of the sky scraper the invention of the automobile the transition from radios to television the changing opinion of television childhood. Don't let the ap english language synthesis essay rubric get in between you and a 9 this look into the rubric will get you set for the exam. The ap synthesis question format for this major grade must be located and modified to contain each individual student's be sure to consult the synthesis essay rubric that can be found in the following pages before ap english language and composition research. Synthesis essay on effects of television on presidential elections television and presidential elections television has been influential in many aspects of modern society impact of television on presidential elections the impact of television on presidential elections. Ap english language & composition factoid fridays and socratic seminars one of the essays on the ap exam is a synthesis essay reality television and the effects of popular culture obesity in america advertising of alcohol. Wwwcollegeboardcom/apstudents (for ap students and parents) english language and composition reading time: 15 minutes sample question only: draft format. Take notes from the article that identify the ap lang exam prep tips suggested and question types identified due monday, 4/24/2017 synthesis essay ppt. Ap english language and composition summer reading take home essay based on ap lang prompt first timed write - rhetorical analysis first timed write - synthesis comparison between christian and native creation stories. Apush dbq vs ap language synthesis essay: face off the synthesis essay is the biggest fish to fry on the ap english exam dbq 2004 french and indian war synthesis essay 2005 television and political elections round 1. Explore timing and format for the ap english language and composition exam, and review sample questions, scoring guidelines, and sample student responsesyou can use the free response questions and scoring guidelines below as you prepare for the ap english literature and compositionlooking for.

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Melting on the Greenland ice cap. Sarah Das, Woods Hole We tend to think of glacial as a synonym for slow, but summer on an ice sheet can be pretty dynamic. Lakes can form on ice sheets as melt water pools during warm summer days. These lakes decrease the albedo of the surface, leading to more melting. Once enough water collects, the pressure it creates can cause a fracture in the underlying (less dense) ice, allowing the lake to drain catastrophically. These events take on added significance due to what happens to that water. If the lake drains to the bottom of the ice sheet, it can lubricate the bed of the ice sheet, and thus increase rates of movement. That movement can lead to an increased flux of water into the ocean, thus raising sea levels. A report in today's Science describes how researchers recorded the drainage of one such lake in Greenland. The lake was roughly 5.6 km2, but drained completely in less than an hour and a half. The lake's contents rapidly made their way down to the bottom of the ice sheet, 980 m below the surface. During this period, the average drainage rate was 8700 m3/s. For reference, the average flow rate for Niagara Falls is only 5700 m3/s. In the 16 hours prior to the catastrophic drainage, they noted a slow decrease in water level. They suggest that this corresponds to the slow initial fracturing of the ice. During this period, the lake was only filling the fracture it was creating. Once this fracture reached the base, the researchers believe that the water spread out in an existing subglacial network, which facilitated the rapid lake drainage. Along with this drainage, the team recorded movement of the ice sheet (both vertically and horizontally), along with a corresponding increase in glacial seismic activity. As the lake drained, the ice sheet was temporarily lifted by a meter. As the water spread out at the base of the ice sheet, the surface elevation slowly decreased back to its initial level over the course of 24 hours. Along with this lifting came a very rapid shift north of almost one meter, followed by a slow drift back south and movement west of less than one meter. The fracture created by this lake remained on the surface as a conduit for future melt water. The team also noted that other post-drainage lake beds they came across exhibited the same type of fractures, suggesting that the process they recorded is quite common. Indeed, thousands of lakes are formed each summer season, and they must go somewhere. A related study also published in Science today looked at the change in ice movement related to basal lubrication. The study found that, while the water lubricating the base of the ice sheet caused seasonal speedups of its motion on the order of 50 to 100 percent, the speedup of outlet glaciers, where the ice sheet drains into the ocean, was only about 15 percent. While other factors are causing outlet glaciers to speed up, lubrication of the base doesn't seem to be the main cause.

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Anna lost her wallet and needs to go to her class. She is calling her friends to get help. Who will help her find money for the train? In this video, learn how to say the new words. Then learn about using modal verbs, like "would" and "could," to ask for help politely. Use this video to learn about using informal pronunciation with "what are you" and "would you." Anna: Hey there! Tonight, I am teaching my ukulele class. It is far away. So, I am going to ride the Metro. Oh, no! I lost my wallet! It has my Metro card, my credit card and my money! Oh, no! Anna: It's times like this I remember my father’s important words. He said, “Anna, never … ” No wait, “Always have emergency money.” .” (Anna pulls an envelope out of her bag and looks inside) It's empty. Time for Plan B. ‘Extra Emergency Money.’ (Anna pulls another envelope out of her bag and looks inside) Anna: No! It's empty too! Anna, it's time for Plan C. Anna: Hi, Marsha! Marsha: Hi Anna. What’s up? Anna: I’m stuck downtown without any money. Would you be able to come downtown? Please? Marsha: Anna, I can’t. I’m too busy. I have to give a big presentation in one hour. Sorry! Anna: That's ok. Good luck with your presentation! Anna: Time for Plan D. Anna: Hi, Jonathan! How’s it going? Jonathan: Hey, Anna. Things are great. What’s up? Anna: Well, I was wondering if you could give me some money. Anna: See, I lost my wallet and I’m stuck downtown and I -- Jonathan: Anna, I wish I could. I'm at the airport with my mother. Her flight leaves in two hours. Anna: That’s okay. Tell your Mom to have a nice trip! Jonathan: I do wish I could help. Thanks. Anna: This is serious. Time for … Plan E. Anna: Hi, Ashley! What are you doing? Ashley: Oh! Hi Anna! Anna: (Anna hears a child crying through the phone.) Ashley, I was wondering, uh, would you be able to come downtown? And could you give me $20? Ashley: Anna, I can’t. Anna: I’ll pay you back the money. I promise. Ashley: Anna, I’m not worried about the money. I’m babysitting. (off-camera to niece) That was very, very, bad! Anna: Well, losing your wallet is bad, but it's not the end of the world, Ashley. Ashley: I was talking to my niece, Anna. Anna: Well, thanks anyway, Ashley! Ashley: Good luck getting money. Anna: Good luck babysitting! Anna: Well, Plans A, B, C, D and E did not work. Think, Anna, think. Time for Plan F. Anna: (singing) Won't you give, could -- Thank you very much, sir! -- would you give me money, won't you give -- Thank you very much! -- could you give, won't you give me money -- until next time! -- won't you give me money? In this lesson, Anna needs help from a friend. Did you ever have a problem that a friend helped you to solve? Write to us by email or in the Comments section. Click on the image below to download the Activity Sheet and practice using what you know to make polite requests and excuses. Learning Strategies are the thoughts and actions that help make learning easier or more effective. The learning strategy for this lesson is Use What You Know. When we use what we know, we solve problems in communication by thinking of familiar words or structures, and trying to communicate with them. In this lesson, Anna learns that her friends cannot help her. She uses what she knows, playing the ukulele, to get the money she needs to ride on the train. Do you ever use what you know when you speak English? Write to us about it in the Comments section or send us an email. Teachers, see the Lesson Plan for more details on teaching this strategy. Listen to short videos and test your listening skills with this quiz. airport - n. a place where aircraft land and take off and where there are buildings for passengers to wait in and for aircraft to be sheltered babysit - v. to take care of a child while the child's parents are away could - modal verb. used in speech to make a polite request or suggestion downtown - adv. to, toward, or in the main or central part of a city or town emergency - n. an unexpected and usually dangerous situation that calls for immediate action empty - adj. containing nothing flight - n. a journey on an airplane presentation - n. an activity in which someone shows, describes, or explains something to a group of people wallet - n.a small folding case that holds paper money or credit cards without - prep. not having or including (something) wonder- v. to have interest in knowing or learning something worried - adj. feeling or showing fear and concern because you think that something bad has happened or could happen would - modal verb. used to ask a polite question or to make a polite request, offer, or invitation Download the VOA Learning English Word Book for a dictionary of the words we use on this website. Each Let's Learn English lesson has an Activity Sheet for extra practice on your own or in the classroom. In this lesson, you can use it to practice making excuses in response to requests for help. See the Lesson Plan for this lesson for ideas and more teaching resources. Send us an email if you have comments on this course or questions. Grammar: Could; Would; Be able to; Have got to; Too + adjective Topics: Asking and telling about ability to do things; Review of Giving an Excuse; Expressing past & future ability or obligation Learning Strategy: Personalize Speaking & Pronunciation: Using modal verbs to make polite requests; Informal pronunciation of "what are you & would you" Now it's your turn. Send us an email or write to us in the Comments section below or on our Facebook page to let us know what you think of this lesson.

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According to the Health and Safety Executive, six electricians die every week in the UK due to asbestos-related diseases. Although the majority of these deaths are caused by a condition called mesothelioma, electricians also have some of the highest asbestosis diagnosis rates. If you developed this illness and feel you are entitled to compensation, then you should get in touch with Seth Lovis & Co – a specialist law firm which has helped numerous individuals claim damages. Our experienced solicitors realise the effects that asbestos-related diseases have and strive to obtain the maximum amount of compensation possible to cover such aspects as therapy costs and lost earnings. Furthermore, they will always put the client and his or her family first, helping them through the claims process. To find out whether or not you could benefit through our team of asbestos solicitors, please call us today on 0370 218 4025. Alternatively, if you wish to start your claim over the internet, complete an online enquiry form. What is asbestosis? Asbestosis is a chronic lung condition caused by inhalation of asbestos dust, leading to scarring of the lining of the lungs. As a result, individuals can experience breathing difficulties and may develop an uncomfortable as well as persistent cough. The symptoms of asbestosis will not become apparent immediately after coming into contact with asbestos. Instead, these signs usually take between 15 and 30 years to develop. Asbestosis among electricians One study by the Occupational Medicine Program at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine found that among electricians who had worked twenty years or more in the trade, the number of asbestosis diagnoses was an astonishing twenty percent. There are many reasons for this, not least the large amount of asbestos dust electricians were exposed to throughout the majority of the last century. In fact, despite laws banning the use of asbestos coming into effect in 1932, most buildings not constructed within the past few decades probably contain asbestos. As such, with electricians often playing a role during renovation or maintenance work, many are still at risk of being exposed to the potentially deadly substance. The following materials, activities, and environments all indicate that electricians may be at risk of asbestos fibre exposure: - Spraying or coating (limpet asbestos) - Pipe insulation, boilers, calorifier, or heat exchangers - Cement roof sheeting - Drilling or cutting through insulation board - Ceiling tiles, partition walls, or service duct covers - Fire breaks or heater cupboards - Seals, gaskets, and millboard Can I claim for asbestosis? All workers who suffer illness as a result of exposure to asbestos in the workplace are entitled to claim compensation for asbestosis, and electricians are no different. Even in the event that an employer has gone out of business, the industrial disease solicitors at Seth Lovis & Co will try to trace the employer's liability insurer. Call our team in London today for more information about how we can be of assistance on 0370 218 4025 or complete an online enquiry form.

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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. A cephalopod mollusk of the genus Nautilus, especially N. pompilius, found in the Indian and Pacific oceans and having a spiral, pearly-lined shell with a series of air-filled chambers. Also called chambered nautilus, pearly nautilus. - n. The paper nautilus. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. A marine mollusc, of the family Nautilidae native to the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, which has tentacles and a spiral shell with a series of air-filled chambers, of which Nautilus is the type genus. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - n. The only existing genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopods. About four species are found living in the tropical Pacific, but many other species are found fossil. The shell is spiral, symmetrical, and chambered, or divided into several cavities by simple curved partitions, which are traversed and connected together by a continuous and nearly central tube or siphuncle. See tetrabranchiata. - n. The argonaut; -- also called paper nautilus. See Argonauta, and Paper nautilus, under Paper. - n. A variety of diving bell, the lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled, by the occupants. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. The Argonauta argo, or any other cephalopod believed to sail by means of the expanded tentacular arms. - n. A genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopoda, type of the Nautilacea or Nautilidæ, to which very different limits have been assigned. - n. A Portuguese man-of-war. See Physalia. - n. A form of diving-bell which requires no suspension, sinking and rising by the agency of condensed air. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. cephalopod of the Indian and Pacific oceans having a spiral shell with pale pearly partitions - n. a submarine that is propelled by nuclear power - n. cephalopod mollusk of warm seas whose females have delicate papery spiral shells The word "nautilus" comes from the Greek for boat. Head on over to her blog for even more juice on GNOME 3 from the week-long discussion. remove combo box to change nautilus view, just use menu? frustration that nautilus is becoming like midnight commander, not beautiful to use, too complicated dont like split pane idea, why not use two windows? split-pane seems universally disliked by GNOME designers. snap to side-by-side like in windows 7 would be good and would remove need for split-pane. search in nautilus sucks confusion between magnifying glass icon for search vs zoom Most noatble fix pertaining to this: the back, forward and up buttons in nautilus. We measured the hole they would require for entering, and discovered that out of the number we had made, the one which had caught the nautilus was the only one with a hole sufficiently large to allow it to enter. Catching the nautilus is a largely unregulated free-for-all in which fishermen from poor South Pacific countries gladly accept $1 per shell. And there's the first thing Apple actually does good in my opinion: Why should a file browser that people need to find files be called nautilus? Aphrodite with the "nautilus," by which is meant the argonaut of zoologists. The two last stanzas, with their associates, will require a few of your delicate touches, before you mount them on the nautilus which is to bear them buoyant round the world. Coming from North Carolina, Deanna Blanchard and Chuck Young will be showing their exquisite stained glass screens and first-time exhibitor Jennifer Jordan Park will be offering a gorgeous line of enamel, silver and gold jewelry set in objects found in nature such as nautilus shells. Ubuntu users can install the nautilus-gksu, nautilus-image-converter, and nautilus-open-terminal packages for starters; users of other distributions should search their package manager for "nautilus" (or "konqueror" for KDE-based systems) to see what's available for quick right-click fix-ups.

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Handing down your favourite childhood toys to your little one is a lovely way to bond with your children. But new research suggests that they can contain dangerous plastics and metals, so you might want to keep them safely in the attic instead. Old Barbie dolls, Fisher Price Little People figures and My Little Pony dolls from 1970s and 1980s were among the vintage plastic toys found to contain toxic heavy metals like lead, cadmium and even arsenic, which means that they wouldn’t comply with modern-day US and European safety laws. An alarming 1 in 4 toys tested contained more than 10 times current safety limits for lead, a third of non-vinyl toys had more lead and cadmium than currently thought safe, and a fifth contained arsenic – a highly poisonous chemical. The highest concentrations of cadmium and lead were found in yellow toys with some had up to 70 times the current limit for lead. “Vintage plastic toys frequently contain toxic heavy metals, particularly lead or cadmium, at concentrations exceeding current US and European limits,” US researchers from St Ambrose University, Iowa, wrote in the Journal of Environmental Health, according to the Independent. “Old toys are still in frequent use and thus present an exposure that may be overlooked for children. “Given that vintage toys remain in widespread use, the results illuminate a potential source of heavy metal exposure.” Toys over 25 years old are likely to have degraded over time and release small plastic particles as well as the toxic metals – and young children are particularly at risk from their effects. “The developing brains and bodies of infants and young children are especially vulnerable to toxic exposures because they absorb and retain lead more efficiently than adults,” the researchers said. “They are exposed to contaminated dust by playing close to the floor, they chew and occasionally swallow items, and they put their hands into their mouths after handling many toys.” The UK Toy Retailers Association recommends that parents check if individual toys are suitable before passing them on to their children. “Any vintage toy is not bound to and is not likely to comply with current regulations. If people are concerned about a toy, they would need to make their own investigations,” a spokesman said. “There is clearly no guarantee that a toy from 20 years ago is going to comply – indeed the majority of plastic toys or painted toys would not comply.” Early this month Government safety inspectors found that 40 per cent of electronic toys on sale in the UK failed toxin safety tests.

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What it is: Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that causes a set of mental and physical symptoms that range from mild to severe. Symptoms: Children with Down syndrome usually share certain physical features — eyes that slant upward, a flattened nose, a short neck, small ears, a large tongue, small hands and feet, and little muscle tone or loose ligaments. Kids also tend to face a range of developmental delays as well as a variety of health conditions. Half of babies with Down syndrome are born with heart defects, more than 60 percent have vision problems, and 75 percent have some hearing loss. About 12 percent are born with twisted or misshapen intestines, approximately one percent of babies with Down syndrome have hypothyroidism, and some babies develop leukemia later on. Because of abnormalities in their immune system, children with Down syndrome also tend to be more susceptible to infections. Causes: In about 95 percent of cases, Down syndrome occurs when there’s a mistake in cell division in either the sperm or egg before fertilization, causing a baby to receive an extra chromosome (the number-21 chromosome). This extra chromosome changes the way the body and brain typically develop in the womb. Down syndrome is also called trisomy 21 because people with Down syndrome have three number-21 chromosomes instead of the usual two. In the other 5 percent of cases, the error in cell division may happen after fertilization. There are no known environmental factors that cause these errors in cell division — in other words, nothing that a mother or father does before or during pregnancy causes Down syndrome. How common it is: An estimated 6,000 babies in the US are born with Down syndrome each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The incidence of children born with the condition increases with both a mom's and a dad's age, but 80 percent of babies with Down syndrome are born to women younger than 35 (that’s because younger women have more babies overall than older women). Currently there are more than 400,000 people in the US living with Down syndrome, according to the National Down Syndrome Society. Latest treatments: Diagnostic tests during pregnancy continue to get more sophisticated with certain tests, from ultrasounds to amniocentesis and the nuchal translucency screening test, can diagnose Down syndrome before a baby is born. Finding out this information early can help you prepare and line up medical care that can begin immediately after birth. Children with Down syndrome often have a team of specialists to address the physical and mental issues surrounding the disorder. That team usually includes experts such as cardiologists, neurologists, and speech and physical therapists. In most cases, surgery can correct serious physical abnormalities, and early intervention therapies can give children with Down syndrome the best chance of reaching their potential. If you need help locating specialists and starting therapy, ask your pediatrician for referrals or visit the National Dissemination Center for Children With Disabilities to find experts and services near you. Hope for the future: Life expectancy for those with Down syndrome has increased radically in the past 20 years, and now people can live into their 50s or 60s. The even-better news: Thanks to improvements in medical care and therapies, people with Down syndrome have richer lives than they did a generation ago. Children with Down syndrome reach developmental milestones — they just take longer to get there. They often go to regular school, and some even go on to college. As adults, they can work and may even live on their own or in group homes. Where to find help: You can get more information, find experts, and connect with other moms and dads on these sites:

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2001, Number 2 PDF size: 124.95 Kb. ABSTRACTWomen around the world seem to be at an important risk of developing alcohol problems. In most drinking cultures, females are expected to abstain or drink less than males and as a consequence they actually drink less. However when they develop alcohol problems, they are often more rejected, experience more problems and hide more their addiction, which in turn difficult early detection and treatment. Females that do not drink alcohol are also affected in their social role of mothers or wives of alcohol addicts, which include violence and an increased burden in their role as providers, among others. In spite of these important differences, social and health research has traditionally focused on male drinking habits and problems, and the current measures to study this problem as well as the prevention and treatment alternatives, have been developed disregarding the special conditions and needs of females. This paper focused on the developing nations, describes the physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural gender differences; describes the position of females and the special way in which they are affected by alcohol; illustrates gender differences in drinking practices, drinking norms, alcohol related problems and treatment alternatives, and presents some considerations leading to a more comprehensive policy. MEDINA-MORA ME: Drinking and the oppression of women the Mexican experience. Addiction, 89:958-960, 1994. 18. MARIÑO MC, CRAVIOTO P, ROJAS G: Drogas alcohol y tabaco durante el ciclo reproductivo. In: Mujer: Sexualidad y Salud Reproductiva en México. Tolbert K, Langer A (eds). Edamex, S.A., The Population Council, Inc., 85-118, Mexico, 1996.

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African Americans did not have it easy when first arriving to the U. They faced many years of pain and humiliation. For many years, they didn't know what life was like outside of slavery. When the 13th amendment was passed, they were finally called freemen. However, this momentous event soon turned out to be not so glorious. The lives of freedmen changed socially, economically, and politically during 1865-1896, because freedmen now had civil rights, sharecropping became popular in the South, and segregation occurred throughout the country. First, Freedmen's lives changed politically, because they were granted the right to vote. As shown in Document E, the 15th amendment grants the power for Freedmen men to vote. Document A also shows a Freedman voting. Not only was voting a big leap for Freedmen, but, as show in Document B, Freedmen could also now run for Congress. The reason these two things changed the Freedmen's lives politically, is because the government could now represent the Freedmen appropriately. These freedmen in office could possibly pass laws that would benefit the Freedmen, and make things more equal when it comes to law. In the article, Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, it states, ".the newly-enfranchised voters were able to send so many African American representatives to the state assembly worked to rewrite the state Constitution and pass laws ensuring.civil rights for all" (pg. 1). . Next, Freedmen's lives changed economically, because sharecropping was popular in the South. The idea of sharecropping (a landowner sectioning-out their land for farmers, in exchange for their crops) was great, but was not executed well. The landowners acted oblivious, and tricked poor Freedmen into being in a lot of debt. The landowners purposely made it impossible for the worker to get out of debt, essentially making them work with no pay. This was the closest thing Southern whites could have to slavery.

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The latest research proves there is wisdom and healing power in eating whole foods. Good nutrition is mandatory for good health. It’s that simple. Imperfect foods grow imperfect bodies. The Surgeon General believes that 65% of diseases are preventable through whole food nutrition. Eating whole foods delivers to your body a combination of balanced nutrients, many of which science hasn’t even discovered yet! These nutrients were designed to nourish and protect your body in a way that refined foods and supplements can’t. Energy systems, immune functions, healthy DNA and strong hearts all thrive on whole food nutrition. People adhere to an adequate diet in proportion to their understanding of what foods have to offer them. People who have ignored nutrition before will often develop nutritional habits with zeal after obtaining knowledge of the subject. The foods you eat provide the raw materials for your body to produce thousands of chemical combinations necessary to regulate energy supplies, immune systems, moods, body repairs and countless other critical functions. Junk foods and refined foods short circuit your system, create masses of destructive free radicals and cause drastic shortages by wasting your nutrient supplies on damage control.

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Hebrew Corner 5: "hedge" (Psalm 139) by John H. Walton Psalm 139 is one of the most well-known Psalms, but may perhaps also be one of the most misunderstood. One of the first things that any student learns in Psalm study is that there are categories of Psalms, the main ones being Praise and Lament. These are basically genres that help us to know what to expect as we read. Each type of Psalm has its characteristic features that help the reader identify where it fits in. Psalm 139 is regularly read as a Praise Psalm, not surprising given the focus on God’s admirable attributes and forthright statements like that found in verse 14. Nevertheless, when one looks at the psalm in light of the standard genre features, everything about it proclaims it to be a lament. It begins with a vocative (“O Lord”), it ends with a petition (vv. 23-24) and, most importantly, it contains a section of cursing enemies (vv.19-22). All of these are hallmarks of a lament psalm. When we look at the issue of translation, we find that the translator’s understanding of the genre will influence the translation. For example, verse 5 reads “You hem me in—behind and before; you have laid your hand upon me.” This could be read in a protective sense, but research would lead us to a different conclusion. Once we consider the possibility of reading this psalm as a lament, other supporting observations could be made. For instance, the “hemming in” of Psalm 139:5 is used in other passages as oppressive rather than protective (it is used for laying siege). Job uses different vocabulary but likewise speaks of hemming in negative terms (Job 3:23; 7:12). The second line of the verse uses language of capture (cf. Job 41:8; Ps 32:4 for the same concepts using slightly different language). The verb in v. 10 can be positive (“guide”) but can also be negative (“lead away captive”). Lastly, the verb in v.14 (NIV: “praise”) can also mean “thank”. If the psalm is a lament, this verse should be taken like the first twelve. The psalmist does not resent God’s attributes and deeds, but he finds them a basis for complaint. He is pointing out that as the perfect judge, God knows all and sees all. Nothing can be done in secret places and God, as creator, knows all of the thoughts and motives of the psalmist. When he exclaims “How precious to me are your thoughts” the idea is that God’s thoughts are inaccessible—not easily gained, thus the psalmist is confused: “What could you be thinking?” The final example of the significance of identifying the psalm type is found in the last two verses of the psalm. If it is a praise psalm, these verses are read as a sinner’s plea: “Help me to discover the wrongs that I find it difficult to recognize in myself.” If it is a lament psalm, the verses are read as a righteous sufferer’s claim of innocence: “Probe as deeply as you want—you will not find offenses that justify my harsh treatment.” This latter sentiment occurs occasionally in other psalms (see Ps 17:3; 26:1-2, both using the same verb for “test”). Whether a person agrees that Psalm 139 is a lament psalm or prefers to retain the traditional reading as a praise psalm, it undeniably serves as an illustration of how differently two readers, or two translators, could read the same psalm depending on which category they put it in. The tone and sentiment of the psalm, and especially the final petition, would take on a whole new sense if the lament indicators prevail. John H. Walton (PhD, Hebrew Union College) teaches Old Testament at Wheaton College Graduate School. He is the author or coauthor of several books, including Chronological and Background Charts of the Old Testament; Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context and Covenant: God's Purpose, God's Plan. Sign up complete.

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The American Academy of Pediatrics has released a report claiming that organic foods are good for children. Opinions on the affect of organic foods on children's health have always been contradicting. However, American Academy of Pediatrics conducted an extensive study on this subject to find scientific evidence. The study was carried out for crop yields, dairy products and meats. It concluded that though the amount of nutrients in GM foods and conventionally grown eatables are the same, the pesticide levels in them differ. Organic foods which do not contain pesticides are safer for kids. Even GMO foods were barred by the study as it was found that a diet high in such foods would expose children to pesticides. If you want to "Be GMO Free" stay informed by checking out these recommended books featured on GeneticallyEngineeredFoodNews.com!

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Children dentists advise parents that regular dental care should begin by one year of age. By this age, many children already have dental decay. The prevention of dental disease is an important consideration during the first few visits. Your pediatric dentist will discuss gum diseases and explain how to avoid them or how to minimize damage if it already has started. He/she will discuss a program of preventive home care including brushing, flossing, diet control, and the importance of fluorides. He/she also may discuss nursing decay (bottle-mouth syndrome), a pattern of decay associated with prolonged nursing. The teeth in a child who either sleeps with a bottle or who nurses frequently can develop a type of decay that attacks quite rapidly. The upper front teeth and then the upper and lower back teeth decay rapidly and all of the baby teeth may be destroyed if the condition is not detected and corrected early enough. To prevent nursing caries, pediatric dentists recommend that a child be weaned by approximately 12 months of age.

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A syndrome associated with microcephaly, mental deficiency, and chorioretinal dysplasia. CDMMS; Microcephaly with Chorioretinopathy. Approximately 20 cases have been described in only about 10 families. Transmission is most likely autosomal dominant, although autosomal recessive inheritance has also been suggested. The diagnosis is mainly based on the clinical findings of microcephaly, mild mental retardation, and chorioretinal dysplasia. Other features may include frontal bossing, lissencephaly, and lacunar retinal depigmentation. Microphthalmia, microcornea, and ocular pterygium have been described in one family. One reported family also had polycystic kidney disease, which was not thought to be associated with this Anesthesia in this condition has not been described. The features of the disease suggest patient cooperation may be limited. Anxiolytic and/or sedative premedication and the presence of the primary caregiver during induction of anesthesia may be helpful. Hordijk R, Van de Logt F, Houtman WA, et al: Chorioretinal dysplasia-microcephaly-mental retardation syndrome: Another family with autosomal dominant inheritance. Genet Couns Sadler LS, Robinson LK: Chorioretinal dysplasia-microcephaly-mental retardation syndrome: Report of an American family. Am J Med Genet

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This research aims to create innovative software to broaden access to free online programming education. As computing continues to be increasingly important in the 21st century, more people are turning to discretionary online resources to learn related skills such as computer programming. These resources are great tools to teach the Public in large numbers, which is important for economic development and innovation. However, many of these resources struggle to keep their users engaged, which is a critical component for learning. Building interactive systems that can detect users' disengagement and adapt to their needs will become increasingly important in teaching the next generation of learners. Access to these types of free, customized learning experiences will benefit everyone, but especially those in underrepresented groups and/or those living in rural or low income areas, who might not have quality computing education resources available to them otherwise.This project builds on Gidget, an online educational learning tool designed to teach novices introductory computer programming concepts through debugging puzzles. This project aims to integrate predictors into the tool that can detect struggling and disengaged learners, so that appropriate action(s) can be taken to help them. The curriculum generator component will produce and deliver customized levels to provide struggling learners more practice with concepts they are having difficulty with. The reengage component will produce and display just in time feedback to help reengage disengaged learners. This research will shed new insights into the effectiveness of these techniques on learners' engagement (operationalized as total time spent using the tool and total number of concepts completed) and learning outcomes (determined by a pre-post test of knowledge) in an online educational programming tool, and inform the design of other interactive educational tools. This work contributes to the fields of computing education, interactive educational tools, human-computer interaction, intelligent tutoring systems, and learning science. |Effective start/end date||5/1/17 → 4/30/19| - National Science Foundation

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American Postmillennialism: Seeing the Glory During most of the nineteenth century, American Protestants believed they were living in special times, that current events were hastening the coming of the Kingdom of God on earth. Hymns like the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" became popular because they so well expressed this hope: "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord, / He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored / He hath loosed the fateful lightning of his terrible swift sword, / His truth is marching on." Undergirding this optimism was the doctrine of postmillennialism—the belief that the Second Coming will take place after the millennium of blissful peace and prosperity for the church, which will be ushered in by the divinely aided efforts of the church. It comes as a surprise to many that for most of the nineteenth century, postmillennialism was "the commonly received doctrine" among American Protestants, as one minister put it in 1859. Postmillennialism dominated the religious press, the leading seminaries, and most of the Protestant clergy, and it was ingrained in the popular mind. Postmillennialism was first clearly articulated in America by a man many consider the greatest theologian in American history, New England Congregational pastor Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). Jonathan Edwards preaches a sermon series later published as A History of the Work of Redemption. Edwards was a devoted student of Scripture, including the Book of Revelation. He also entertained fervent hopes that God might do something special among the people of New England. He was circumspect when revival broke out in his own congregation in the 1730s, but when all of New England was convulsed by spiritual awakening in the early 1740s, he could not hold back: " 'Tis not unlikely that this work of God's Spirit, that is so extraordinary and wonderful, is the dawning, or at least a prelude, of that glorious work of God, so often foretold in Scripture. … And there are many things that make it probable that this work will begin in America." After the Great Awakening, Edwards became more cautious and dated the Millennium (a term he used rarely) somewhere around the year 2000. He believed, with many others, that this date would mark the beginning of the seventh and final millennium of world history. In the interim, much remained to be done: the fall of Satan's kingdoms (that is, the papacy and the Ottoman Turkish empire), the conversion of the Jews, and the spread of true Christianity "through the vast regions of the earth." Edwards envisioned the Millennium as the church's "triumphant state," a time of Sabbath rest and peace. He expected it to be a time of great advance in knowledge "when neither divine nor human learning shall be confined and imprisoned within only two or three nations of Europe, but shall be diffused all over the world." He looked forward to a time of great holiness when "visible wickedness shall be suppressed everywhere, and true holiness shall become general, though not universal," and a time of great prosperity. He regarded Constantine's era a type of the greater reality to come, so he also expected the Millennium to be a time when true religion would be held in great esteem and saints would rule on all fronts. How will this all come to be? Here was Edwards's greatest contribution: "This is a work that will be accomplished by means, by the preaching of the gospel, and the use of the ordinary means of grace, and so shall be gradually brought to pass." Yet Edwards also expected that God's Spirit "shall be gloriously poured out for the wonderful revival and propagation of religion." The combination of the "extraordinary" blessing of the Spirit and the "ordinary means of grace" entrusted to the church convinced him that "this great work of God will be gradually wrought, though very swiftly, yet gradually." Furthermore, he was adamant that this postmillennial vision was a necessary incentive to sustain the best efforts of the church: "Indeed, the keeping alive such hopes in the church has a tendency to enliven all piety and religion in the general amongst God's people, that it should be carried on with greater earnestness and cheerfulness and faith." After the American Revolution, in the 1790s, there was a renewed interest in biblical eschatology. Jonathan Edwards's 1739 sermon series, published posthumously in 1774 as A History of the Work of Redemption, was reissued in the 1790s and many times thereafter. Through the nineteenth century, Edwards's work had enormous influence on popular culture, and among theologians it set the terms for discussions. For example, Samuel Hopkins was an Edwards disciple and Congregational minister in Newport, Rhode Island, who produced his own Treatise on the Millennium in 1793. Hopkins's views anticipated tendencies that would flower in the next century. First, he was compelled to a social activism unknown to Edwards. Since Newport was at the center of the triangular trade, involving the exchange of rum for African slaves, Hopkins launched a crusade against the trade, advocated complete emancipation, ministered to more blacks than any other New England minister, and predicted God's judgment on the nation as long as it denied freedom to Africans. Second, Hopkins believed that ultimately the vast majority of human beings would be saved, with the saved outnumbering the unsaved 1,000:1. Even as Hopkins speculated about ratios, revival surged again. This wave—the Second Great Awakening in the first half of the nineteenth century—swelled the tide of millennial anticipation. So numerous and regular were the awakenings that it raised the possibility of a "perpetual revival of religion—a revival without a consequent decline." By studying the laws underlying that spiritual renaissance, people could use—indeed, God expected them to use—means that could produce revivals at will. Similarly, the Millennium would not come without the systematic labors of the saints. On both fronts, then, evangelicals emphasized that God worked through means. No one articulated this theme better than revivalist Charles Finney (1792-1875). Passionately committed to promoting revival after his own dramatic conversion in 1821, his postmillennial views induced maximum evangelical exertion, as well as repentance and belief. He did not believe, for instance, that revivals were the result of miracles but "the right use of appropriate means." Thus he instituted "new measures," new techniques for instigating revivals: the anxious bench (where sinners were singled out for exhortation), informal public praying, and protracted meetings. Never one to mince words, Finney allegedly asserted that "if the church will do her duty, the Millennium may come in this country in three years." This led in the years before the Civil War to unprecedented evangelical social and religious reform: temperance, antislavery, peace, women's rights, education, as well as dramatic expansion in home and foreign mission work. All of this would be jeopardized, Finney believed, if Christians succumbed to a belief in premillennialism. Thus when William Miller began to stir up excitement about an imminent return of Christ in the early 1840s, Finney thought the movement "wild and irrational," and he confronted the fervent adventist face-to-face, trying to set him straight about the Book of Daniel. As it turned out, Miller's failed crusade only accelerated acceptance of the postmillennial faith in an America that was increasingly optimistic about its future. Pastor Lyman Beecher believed "the Millennium would commence in America." The editors of The Independent exulted in 1851 that "a grand feature of our times is that all is Progress." Christianity and culture seemed to be marching together "onward and upward" toward the "grand consummation of prophecy." The revival of 1858 quickened such hopes, such that Joseph Berg, Dutch Reformed pastor in Philadelphia, could exclaim: "Who does not see that, with the termination of injustice and oppression, … with the establishment of righteousness in every statute book … with art and science sanctified by the truth of God, and holiness to the Lord graven upon the walls of our high places, and the whole earth drinking in the rain of righteousness … oh! This is the reign of Jesus." Bursting the balloon The American Civil War was the first event to burst the postmillennial balloon for many believers, both in the North and South. Over the next few decades, immigration, urbanization, and industrialization created new, complex, and seemingly intractable problems for the nation—and for postmillennialists. The world was simply not getting better. The last vestiges of postmillennialism merged with the social gospel movement, which jettisoned notions of a transcendent Second Coming but still called for "conversion of the industrial, commercial, political, educational, and social interests of the world to Christ." The twentieth century has not been any kinder to postmillennialism. It has seemed increasingly implausible because events have stubbornly refused to conform to its inherent hope about the future. Still a remnant remains—mostly in the Reformed camp or its Reconstructionist/theonomist variant—though their postmillennialism has been sustained in spite of experience, not because of it. Steven Pointer is professor of history at Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, and author of Joseph Clark: Boston Lecturer and Evangelical Apologist (Mellen, 1991). Copyright © 1999 by the author or Christianity Today/Christian History magazine. Click here for reprint information on Christian History.

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Table of contents - Introduction to Atmospheric Pollution - Types of Air Pollutant - Tropospheric Pollution - Gaseous Air Pollutants - Particulates in Air Pollution - Acid Rain - Green House Effect Air is never found clean due to natural and manmade pollution. Gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides, hydrogen sulphide and many volatile organic compounds are continuously released into the atmosphere due to natural and human activities. Addition of new chemical substance which disturbs the normal composition of air by building undesirable components which causes harm to humans, vegetation and other organisms. This phenomenon is called Air Pollution. The chemical substance causing air pollution is called Air Pollutant. About 90% of air pollution problems are caused by the pollutants such as carbon monoxide, Sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and suspended particulate matter (such as carbon, dust, pollen, metal, etc.) There are two types of air pollutants - Primary Air Pollutants - Secondary Air Pollutants Those harmful chemical substance that enters directly into the air as a result of human activities or natural events are called primary pollutants. The primary pollutants are: (i) Carbon Oxides (CO and CO2) (ii) Nitrogen Oxides (NO) (iii) Sulphur Oxides (SO2) (v) Suspended Particulate Matter A secondary Air Pollutant is a harmful chemical that forms in the air due to a chemical reaction between two or more air components or a primary pollutant and one or more air components. The common secondary pollutants are SO3, H2SO4, NO2, N2O, HNO3, H2O2, O3, nitrate and Sulphate salts, etc. The tropospheric pollution occurs because of the presence of undesirable solid or gaseous particles in air. The pollutants may be broadly classified into two major types: - Gaseous Air Pollutants: These include oxides of Sulphur, nitrogen and carbon, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbons, ozone and other ox1dants. - Particulate Pollutants: These are dust, fumes, mist, spray, smoke, etc. Some Common Air Pollutants Although there are many sources of air pollutants, the common pollutants come from combustion processes. Let us discuss the major air pollutants. It is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas above 81 K. It is heavier than air and is not soluble in water. It is one of the most serious air pollutants. It is highly poisonous to living beings because of its ability to block the delivery of oxygen to the organs and the tissues. The main sources of air pollution of CO are the automobile engines and defective furnaces. The main contribution of CO in air pollution is from human activity. Of the total carbon monoxide content in, atmosphere, about 74% is contributed by automobile exhaust (motor vehicles, air craft, rail, road). About 16% is contributed by forest fires and agriculture burning (burning of forest debris, crop residues, weeds and other vegetation). Industrial processes mainly iron and steel industries, paper, petroleum industries contribute about 9.6% of CO in atmosphere. Effects of CO on Plants Carbon monoxide has detrimental effects on plants when exposed for longer times. It inhibits the nitrogen fixing ability of bacteria. It also affects leaf drop, leaf curling, decrease in leaf size and premature ageing of the plants. Carbon dioxide is a normal and essential component of the atmosphere. Animals exhale it. Therefore, it is vital to all forms of plant and animal life. It is normally not a pollutant. It is not an important contributor to acid rain. It can cause acidity when it dissolves in water, but it is relatively less soluble in water than the oxides of nitrogen and Sulphur. However, human activities are changing the balance established by nature's carbon cycle. With the increased use of fossil fuels, a large amount of carbon dioxide gets released into the atmosphere. As a result, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing to an alarming extent. Therefore, there is need to keep balance of CO2 in the atmosphere. Effects of CO2 Normally carbon dioxide is harmless and is not a pollutant. However, the increasing concentration of CO2 may affect the atmosphere, causing undesirable change in climate. The increased concentration of CO2 in atmosphere is due to human activities. The massive use of fuels has greatly increased the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere. However, the amount of CO2 removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis process is being decreased by cutting forests particularly tropical jungles. As a result of these activities, there has been increase in CO2 in the atmosphere. Though CO2 is not a toxic, but the excess of it can lead to increase in earth's temperature. This effect is known as Greenhouse Effect. Three oxides of nitrogen namely nitrous oxide (N 2O), nitric oxide (N O) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) occur in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide is produced by microbiological process in soils and is a component of unpolluted air. The gas is chemically unreactive and does not influence chemical reactions in the lower atmosphere. However, it undergoes photochemical reactions at higher altitudes (in stratosphere) Nitric oxide (NO) is colorless, odorless gas and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is reddish brown gas having pungent suffocating odor. These two are important pollutants in air. The irritant red haze in traffic and congested places is due to oxides of nitrogen. - Harmful Effects of NOx: The irritant red haze in the traffic and congested places is due to the oxides of nitrogen. NO is biologically less active and less toxic than NO2 and therefore, does not have a significant adverse effect on human health even at high concentrations. However, it is oxidized by oxygen or ozone to nitrogen dioxide which is extremely toxic to living tissue. Like CO, NO binds to hemoglobin and decreases oxygen transport efficiency of blood. The oxides of nitrogen cause damage to the leaves of plants. Exposure of plants to NOx causes leaf. Spotting and breakdown of plant tissues. Excessive concentration (10 ppm) of NO causes decrease in the rate of photosynthesis. Oxides of Sulphur are probably the most harmful of the common gaseous pollutants. Sulphur dioxide is the main pollutant among Sulphur oxides. It is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is generally accompanied by little of SO3 obtained by partial oxidation of SO2 Effects of SO2 Sulphur dioxide and its compounds (formed from SO2 such as SO3, H2 SO4 or sulphates) are dangerous air pollutants. These have dangerous effects on human life. SO2 effects respiratory tract producing nose, eye and lung irritation. SO2 has been considered the most serious single air pollutant causing many health hazards. Atmospheric SO2 is also harmful for plants. It damages vegetable crops and affects plant growth and nutrient quality of plant products Sulphur dioxide is also considered to cause cough, shortness of breath and spasm of larynx. Hydrogen Sulphide is rapidly oxidized to SO2, therefore, .H2S and SO2 co-exist in the atmosphere. Sources of H2S The important sources of H2S are : (i) The main source of H2S is the natural decay of animals and vegetable matter. (ii) Volcanic activity is also the primary source of H2S (iii) It can be produced in the atmosphere by the reduction of sulphates and organo sulphur compounds. (iv) Many industrial processes such as paper mills, oil refineries natural gas plants and chemical manufacturing plants containing sulphur add H2S to the atmosphere. Harmful effects of H2S Hydrogen sulphide has rotten egg smell. It is very toxic and it is objectionable even at low concentrations. Mild exposure to H2S can cause giddiness. It is dangerous for plants also and affects the leaves and reduces their growth. Chlorine gas does not occur as an air pollutant on a large scale. However, it can be quite harmful and dangerous on a local scale. It is very poisonous gas. - Sources of Chlorine: As such it does not occur as air pollutant. It can cause local pollution due to release of Cl2 in atmosphere from industrial processes such as plastic industries and water treatment plants. The compound of chlorine, HCl is emitted from a number of sources. Some chlorinated plastics also release HCl on combustion. Some of the chlorine present in coal is released as HCI during combustion. - Effects of Chlorine: Chlorine is poisonous and toxic gas. It causes irritation in mucus membrane. It dissolves in atmospheric water droplets giving hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid. H2O + Cl2 → HCL + HCIO The exposure of chlorine may cause fatalities. - Control of Chlorine Pollution: Attempts are made to avoid pollution of atmosphere by chlorine. The effluents from the industries are checked for the presence of Cl2. Excess of free chlorine during water treatment is avoided. Particulates: The small sized solid particles and liquid droplets which range in size from 2 x 10-10 m to 5 x 10-4 m are collectively called as Particulates. These particles are quite small and cannot be seen by the naked eye. The particulate matter in the range 0.001 to 10 mm range is commonly visible as suspended in the air near the sources of pollution. These particulates include carbon (soot), metals, metal salts, cement dust, fly ash, hydrocarbons, soil dust, pulverized coal, asbestos dust, mineral particles, etc. There are four types of non-viable particulates in the atmosphere injected into the atmosphere through human activity. Smoke: Small soot particles consisting of mixture of solid and liquid or just solid which are mainly formed at the time of combustion of organic matter. For Examples, oil smoke, tobacco smoke and Carbon smoke are typical examples of this type of particulate materials. Their common sources are carbon particles, forest fire, coal refuse burning, inefficient burning of fuel in vehicles. These are suspensions of liquid particles in air which arise because of chemical reactions and condensation of vapours in air. Fumes: Fumes are form of condensed vapours usually formed by the condensation of vapours during boiling, distillation, sublimation, and several other chemical reactions. For Examples, nonmetallic oxides, metals, organic solvents etc. Dust: Suspended (in air) solid particles having diameter of about 1pm in diameter are called dust particles. These particles enter into atmosphere from natural, domestic and industrial sources. These enter the atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, blowing of dust by wind, mining operations, crushing and grinding, etc. Various methods are employed to reduce the presence of carbon and other particulates in the atmosphere. - Effluent gases from the industries are led into a chamber where the velocities of these gases decrease so that dust or droplets get settled. - The carbon and other dust particles are removed by electrostatic precipitator. This method is based on the principle that the particles acquire electrical charges when subjected to an electric field. - The solid, liquid or gaseous particulates can be removed by spraying water from spray chambers. - Large amount of particles can be collected in cyclone collectors. Smog is a mixture of smoke, dust particles and small drops of fog. It is a major air pollutant in big cities. This is the best known example of air pollution that occurs in many cities throughout the world. The small drops of smog contains poisonous gases produced by burning of fuels in homes, factories and automobiles. Smoke + Fog = Smog Effects of Smog - Pungent smelling smog containing ozone is very toxic causing respiratory problems. - Aldehydes and peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) components of photochemical smog cause irritation of eyes and affects respiratory tract of human beings. - It reduces visibility causing nose, throat and eye irritation. It may lead to several chronic diseases of eyes, heart and lungs. - It affects human health and comfort. - Photochemical smog affects plant growth and damages plants. - Materials are also adversely affected by Acid Rain The combustion of fuels contributes significantly to atmospheric pollution. The burning of fossil fuels gives CO2. The gaseous CO2 dissolves in water droplets to form weak acid, carbonic acid. Rain water normally has pH of 5.6 due to the formation of H+ ions from the reaction of rain water with carbon dioxide present in the" atmosphere. If pH of water reduces below 5.6 then the rain water is considered as acid rain. The oxides of nitrogen and Sulphur present in acid rain undergo many photochemical reactions in atmosphere and form HNO3 and H2SO4 acids. During rains, these acids fall to the earth with rain. This polluted rain is called acid rain. Harmful effects of Acid Rain: Acid rain is very damaging. It is toxic to vegetation, human life and aquatic life. Some of its harmful effects are: - It causes extensive damage to buildings and sculptural materials of marble, limestone, slate, etc. These materials react with rain water and get damaged. As a result of acid rain, the invaluable statues and buildings deteriorate. The Taj Mahal of India is facing the same problem. - The acid rain has also caused elimination of life from some fresh water lakes by destroying the living bodies. - The rain water also corrodes metals. - It damages leaves of trees and plants and retard the growth of forests. Sun emits various kind of light having different wavelength consisting of ultra-violet (λ < 400 nm), visible region (λ = 400 – 700 nm) and infra-red (λ >700 nm). Out of these the harmful ultra-violet radiations are absorbed by the ozone layer in the stratosphere and warm the air rather than coming to the surface of the earth. But the increase in the Industrialization has resulted in production of greenhouse gases. Production of Chlorofluorocarbon has resulted in thinning of protective ozone layer especially in the polar region which results in melting of polar ice and increase of temperature worldwide. This heating of the earth due to trapped radiation is called greenhouse effect. The gases which can trap infra-red radiation given by the sun to produce greenhouse effect leading to heating up the environment are called greenhouse gases. For Example, CO2 CH4, N2O, CFCI3 etc. These gases absorb thermal IR radiation and therefore, would redirect back more and more outgoing thermal IR energy causing increase in the average surface temperature. This phenomenon will be referred to as the enhanced greenhouse effect to distinguish its effect from the one that has been operating in nature for millions of years. Major causes of Greenhouse effect or Global Warming Modern human activities are releasing large quantities of CO2 in the atmosphere. The major activities which contribute towards this are: - Burning of fossil fuels - Cultivation of soil (large quantities of methane gas is released in paddy fields) - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have also the greatest potential to cause global warming due to their greater efficiency of absorbing thermal IR radiations. Each molecule of CFC has the potential to cause the same extent of global warming as do tens of thousands molecules of CO2. The net effect of increased level of all these greenhouse gases is increased greenhouse effect or global warming which may lead to increased global temperature. If nothing is done to control the concentration of these gases into the atmosphere, than average temperature will increase. It has been observed that the average temperature of the earth has increased by about 1°F due to greenhouse effect. Watch this Video for more reference

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When was the last time you went outside on a clear night for the sole purpose of looking at the night sky? I sometimes wonder about the level of amazement that must have gone through the minds of early man, observing comets, eclipses and moon phases with a surreal combination of awe and trepidation. These first “astronomers” used what they observed with the naked eye to explain everything from the changing seasons to their religious beliefs. But it wasn’t until the invention of telescopes that these observations made the giant leap from mere assumption to revolutionary truth. The first mention of an operating telescope occurred in 1608. Hans Lippershey, a lens maker from the Netherlands, discovered that if you take two lenses, spaced them apart and look through them, the object viewed got bigger. A mere four months later, Galileo Galilei took the next steps to improving and perfecting telescopes based on Lippershey’s discovery. Suddenly, it was possible to see the craters of the moon and spots on the sun. Unfortunately, Galileo spent much of his career at odds with the Church for some of his discoveries, spending the last decade of his life under house arrest. But the ball had already been set into motion, and other opticians and scientists for years to come jumped at the chance to take the telescope to new heights. One such man was Parisian optician Robert-Aglae Cauchoix, who created this monumental telescope. Creator of three of the largest telescopes of his day, it is possible that this magnificent masterpiece was the telescope made for the famed Paris Observatory. Crafted of brass, this refracting telescope measures over seven feet in length and is mounted upon a complex “catapult” base that gives it an incredible range of motion. It even comes with its original case of immense interchangeable lenses that measure over a half-foot in diameter! This telescope would be perfect to view some fantastic astronomical events occurring within the next several weeks: • July 28–29 is the Southern Delta Aquarids Meteor Shower, which can produce about 20 meteors per hour at their peak. The showers usually peak on July 28 and 29, but some meteors can also be seen from July 18–August 18. • Neptune will be at opposition on August 11. The blue planet will be at its closest approach to Earth and its face will be fully illuminated by the Sun, which is the best time to view Neptune. • From August 12–13, the grand Perseids Meteor Shower is known for producing up to 60 meteors per hour at their peak. The shower's peak usually occurs on August 13 & 14, but you may be able to see some meteors any time from July 23 - August 22. I hope you have the chance to see these most magnificent of nature’s spectacles for yourself…with the right antique telescope, of course!

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One of the main reasons to introduce CSS in conjunction with XHTML is the ability to reduce the size of the user interface code and share the same layout across several pages and elements. This could allow for consistency between pages. XAML, which is a markup language to declare user interfaces in .NET 3.0 and Windows Vista, comes with the concept of resources to produce the same functionality. By having resources in hand, we can declare a look and use it several times across a page or application. Resource management is actually a part of the Windows Presentation Foundation, but I will discuss it as a part of my XAML tutorials because they are correlated together. In this article I introduce resources in XAML and how to use them to declare a constant look across controls, windows, pages or whole application.

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Augsburg: A Capitalist Hub at the Birth of the ModernTags World History Beautiful Augsburg, city of bronzed doors and glory of the German Renaissance, occupies an unusual and mostly unknown position in the history of capitalism as the ‘birthplace of the modern’ in both in free-market theories and self-made magnates. The gable-roofed imperial city did not seem, at first, destined for such: up through the middle of the high Renaissance it was out-ranked in economic importance by the great Italian city-states; by Vienna and Nuremburg, the Swiss cities of St. Gallen and Berne, to say nothing of the Hanseatic League cities. It was certainly no easy feat to surpass these kinds of powerhouses. Yet Augsburg emerged richer, more glamorous, more austere than the others and stayed there for the course of her trailblazing decades, shaping the course of German and European history at the threshold of the modern era Rarely had a city of the Middle Ages experienced so complete a transformation of its economic structure as had this city in the second half of the 16th century. During the first decades of that century, “Augsburg rose with extraordinary rapidity to the uncontested leadership of South German, indeed all of German, economic life,” wrote Jakob Strieder, a German historian and author of the 1927 classic Jakob Fugger der Reiche (Jacob Fugger the Rich). At home and overseas, the reputation of Augsburg for wealth and for financial strength of its citizens “spread like a fable.” Whenever money was needed in the power centers of the world, loans were sought in Augsburg; the source seemed inexhaustible. Even Martin Luther was impressed. He remarked “Augsburg could produce thirty tons of gold in three weeks, which is more than the Kaiser could do.” Augsburg, like the “Hansa” that commenced its decline as Augsburg rose in strength, rose with little to no imperial impediment from a weavers’ guild to the seat of continental mining and banking. It turned out families so wealthy and respected their names alone sufficed as an ‘IOU’ or bond-note among Venice’s finicky mercantile class. It spawned the mythological Jacob Fugger, the Catholic priest turned “first capitalist” of the modern era. It also produced Konrad Peutinger, a theorist and humanist who defended the “art of profit” in his writings and wrote exhaustively in support of the rights of business rather than solely those of the consumer. Throughout most of Medieval Europe, business was controlled by regulations imposed by guilds, rulers, and the Church. The guilds restricted the number of persons allowed to enter a profession and exercised control over the volume of production. Yet, in the 15th and 16th centuries, these practices underwent a radical change. This was due to two main factors: the rapid rise of mining in the economic sphere and new philosophies and theories of Individualism, first fostered in Renaissance Italy and through the Protestant Reformation, in the intellectual sphere. This latter was a response to the growing business needs of the time. In the transition from the Middle Ages, mining developed rapidly in the Holy Roman Empire giving Germany an economic advantage over other European countries. With the decline of Florentine banking — which ruled everything from Papal finances to the financial administration of England — came a substantial boom in South German international trade. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V described the mines as “the greatest gift and source of profit.” By 1600, hundreds of family trading companies were active in Augsburg and sister city Nuremburg. The majority of this centered upon Augsburg. In that lovely town, trading networks were in place owing to the old fustian (heavy cloth) weaving craft. This then grew into an industry and then into a prized and mighty guild. Astute families — the Welsers, Hochstätter, Binnen, and those intriguing Fuggers — keen to the sign of the times, began to focus on mining and ore with profits from that textile trade. Jacob Fugger, who had trained to become a priest when called into take over the family’s prosperous weaving dynasty, became the fountainhead of the economic development of his native city. “Following the example of Jacob Fugger and his business methods one great Augsburg trading company after another, rising with and after the Fugger house, entered the mining field. Fugger repaid a hundred fold what he had taken over from his Augsburg and other south German predecessors,” writes Gregory Steinmetz in his lively biography of Fugger, The Richest Man Who Ever Lived (2015). Fugger became the undisputed master of Europe in the economic realm owing to his mining and later banking fortunes. He was the predecessor to the great captains of industry of the 19th and 20th centuries. This gained Fugger respect from the imperial ruling class and, as Steinmetz points out, it added power to his promotion of an idea then very radical at the time: Government interference in the marketplace was usually counterproductive. “It was an argument he sometimes won but wasn't fully appreciated for centuries.” Steinmetz adds: “He crusaded for personal and economic freedom at a make-or-break time in the history of capitalism.” “The story of the development of the capitalistic spirit in Europe is the story of the rise of the powerful individual, the outstanding personality in the field of material culture and of economic life,” writes Strieder, quoted above, in Jakob der Reiche. The rise of Jacob Fugger and of Augsburg was within this context. For more than two decades, “the great Augsburg merchant prince” was chief financial aid to emperors, popes, and great city-states far and wide. “If the Augsburg mercantile genius finally outgrew his early model and became the chief exponent of economic rationalism and business capacity of his time, this was chiefly because of his own great initiative in developing the capitalist spirit, his chief inheritance from Italy, hitherto unattained,” as Steinmetz writes. Thus, the economic movement that had started in the great commercial centers of Italy, for instance in Venice, Florence, Bologna, and Rome, now followed the main trade routes spread into Germany — especially Augsburg — and also Nuremburg, Ulm, and Regensburg. Augsburg emerged as a powerhouse of capitalism in the space of a few decades. New theories of capitalism followed as well. Enter Konrad Peutinger. He was one of the wealthy-scholar-gentlemen of his day, born to a well-to-do merchant family and the kind of well-heeled thinker-activist who wields social and political power. The late scholar Mary Catherine Welborn pioneered a study of the obscure Herr Peutinger and of early capitalist/free-market theories in Augsburg and southern Germany in a remarkable essay entitled, An Intellectual Father of Modern Business (1939). The Augsburg humanist put forth an attack on the medieval practice of strictly regulating the production of goods and fixing prices of goods in favor of the consumer. He advocated absolute freedom of merchants to set as high a price as he thought best and pointed out that this freedom would not hurt the consumer because merchants would not always charge high prices. Furthermore, he argued the benefits left by the merchant class far exceed what they gain in high prices. For example, he and his equally energetic brothers gave the city some of the earliest and most beautiful Renaissance buildings north of the Alps; Jacob Fugger also founded one of the first European public housing projects — the Fuggereri — paid for by individual private means. As for monopolies, Peutinger argued that if strong entrepreneurs like the Fuggers and Welsers gained control of certain commodities — as was the complaint from even the stately likes of the Hanseatic League — it is because they have outperformed the weaker party. And so be it. It is true that the great trading families such as Fugger had close relations with “the State,” whether the state be in the form of Maximilian I Habsburg or Emperor Charles V. Yet in this historical context, such involvement was not a case of red-tape regulations and the stifling of initiative so much as favoritism shown to a Fugger who shouldered the debts of these imperial adventurers. It was, indeed, Peutinger’s close relationship to Emperor Maximilian that helped pave the way for Fugger to control the mines of Tyrol. But it was Fugger and he alone who made something of them. As Steinmetz recounts, this public-private mix consisted, for example, of a loan to Archduke Sigmund, the owner of the mines of Tyrol, who paid it back by delivering silver to Fugger at a discount price. Fugger immediately sold the precious metal in Venice at a 50 percent markup. He went on to fund the rise of the Habsburgs “as global players” and when, in 1495, Hungary’s financial establishment feared an invasion by the Turks, Fugger swooped in “and bought up all the copper mines that he could and made a killing.” In 1505, he began sponsoring Portuguese explorers, investing in the first expedition to what is now Mombasa, Kenya, “which returned with shiploads of peppers that he sold for a 300% profit.” The Fuggers' mercantile and banking empire stretched from the Adriatic up to the North Sea and from the Atlantic Ocean across to Eastern Europe. It was he who persuaded Pope Leo X (born a de Medici) to legalize for-profit lending. “[H]e had an extra quality that lifted him to a higher orbit,” writes Steinmetz. “His coolness and self-assurance allowed him to stare down sovereigns, endure crushing amounts of debt, and bubble confidence and joviality when faced with ruin. Nerve was essential because business was never more dangerous than in the 16th century.” What maintained this outlook, such nerve? “[T]he drive of strong, creative individualism, the unceasing desire for activity which spurred them on in whatever field they found themselves. … In the final analysis it must be accepted as something inherent in all creative natures,” as Strieder explains. Fugger, even as his health declined, told his family that he had “no intention of stopping” and that he would “seek profit until the end.” Of all the cities of the Holy Roman Empire, Augsburg received the largest share of the Renaissance spirit. In no other place in Central Europe did economic, political, and intellectual conditions converge in such a way as to foster a new kind of business environment and a new kind of businessman and theorist — whether a Fugger, a Peutinger, or the other hundreds of great families. As gallant as she is gorgeous, Augsburg gave birth to European liberal economics and nurtured the rise of the Individual. Let us hope that spirit may infect the continent once more.

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Guide To Tides Why do tides matter? At high water on a spring tide there really isn't a lot of beach at Teignmouth; there is some by the pier but the beach at Eastcliff doesn't start to appear until about two hours after high water. Conversely with a neap tide there is a beach available at high water even at Eastcliff. The Spratt Sands between the pier and the harbour channel makes an awfully tempting walk at low water springs when a vast expanse is exposed but the tide rises quickly and it is all too easy to be cut off. If you must explore take a boat or board with you or learn to read the tide tables. If you want to know what the tide will be doing when you visit, read on... Understanding Tide Tables The times and heights of tides can be found from the noticeboard outside our Lookout, on the internet or in a set of tide tables that you can buy from shops around Teignmouth. Entries for a few days of the Teigmmouth Approaches tide table are shown here but you won't find the column headed "range" on a normal set of tables; this is something you would have to calculate for yourself. For simplicity we have highlighted the high and low tides. Note: Published tide tables invariably give times in UTC (GMT in old money); in the summer you must add one hour to the times shown. Several points are immediately obvious from the table: - the times of the tides advance each day. High water on day one is at 07:09, two days later high water is at 08:17 and a week later high water occurs at 11:12. - the heights of tide at high and low water change progressively from day to day. The biggest high water shown here is 5.1m and the smallest is just 3.3m. Similarly the heights of low water vary from 0.3m to 2.1m. - the range (the difference in height between high and low water) also changes each day from 4.8m on the morning of Friday 23rd to just 1.3m early on Saturday 31st. - The biggest tides are known as spring tides whilst the smallest tides are known as neaps. - spring tides occur approximately every 15 days - the times of tides on Thursday 22nd are very much the same as those 15 days later on Friday 6th September. Both are spring tides although the height of tide on 6th September is considerably less than the height on 22nd August. The 22nd August was an exceptionally large tide. - High Water at spring tides occurs around 08:00 or 09:00 BST morning and evening whereas high water neaps occurs between 14:00 and 15:00 BST. How fast does the tide rise and fall? The technical answer is that the tide follows a bell curve and there are different curves for different ports, the one for Teignmouth being based on Plymouth Devonport, but the quick approximation is the rule of twelfths, which states that either side of high water the tide will rise or fall:- - 1/12th of the difference between high and low water in the first hour - 2/12ths (1/6th) in the second hour - 3/12ths (1/4) in the third hour - 3/12ths (1/4) in the fourth hour - 2/12ths (1/6th) in the fith hour - 1/12th in the sixth hour For example, if the height of high water is 5.1 and the height of low water is 0.3 then the difference, range, is 4.8m thus in the first hour after high water the tide will rise/fall 1/12th of 4.8 or 0.4 metres. In the second hour it will rise/fall a further 0.8 metres and so on. A few more facts for the curious - Tidal heights are measured above chart datum which is not the same as ordnance datum. Chart datum is the lowest astronomically predictable tide and at Teignmouth is 2.65m below the ordnance datum. - Tides can be affected by both wind and barometric pressure. A large high pressure system or a deep low can lower or raise heights respectively by as much as 30cm. For a detailed explanation of tides see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide or Practical explanations for boaters

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KS3 Poetry Unit - Growing Pains English Teaching Resources: Poetry Unit - Growing Pains. Poetry Unit - Growing Pains is a 60 slide editable PowerPoint presentation with worksheets English Teaching Resources: Poetry Unit - Growing Pains contains a range of tasks and activities designed to introduce pupils to the key skills of poetry analysis. Poetry Unit - Growing Pains covers a range of skills such as: - Annotating a poem - How to deduce the poet's thoughts and feelings - Studying structure and form, rhythm and rhyme - Writing a personal response - Understanding themes - Using P.E.T.E.R. to write about poetry - Focusing on a poet's use of language - A 60 slide PowerPoint presentation (see preview below) - 15 worksheets to accompany the PowerPoint slideshow The poems studied include: Getting Dressed for School, I am very Bothered, Hide and Seek, Yellow, The House and Brendon Gallacher. To view the English Teaching Resource: Poetry Unit - Growing Pains in more detail please click on the Powerpoint images.

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Martedì 11 luglio ore 10,30 riunione nazioanle referenti Macrozone per linee guida Convegno nazionale in Sardegna 2018. BERGAMO-Palabergamo Cai Lunghi cammini e adolescenti: dalla sede di Alba Urbanization and modern lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in many societies. At the same time, many societies today face increasing incidence of poor physical and mental health associated with chronic stress, insufficient physical activity and exposure to anthropogenic environmental hazards that cannot be addressed by medicine and technology alone. Contributing factors include increasingly sedentary occupations and lifestyles, increasing levels of mental stress related to urban living and contemporary work practices, and hazardous urban environmental conditions such as noise, heat stress, and air-pollution. They contribute not only to public health problems and increased expenditures for health care systems, but also lower productivity at work, increased work absenteeism, and other costly outcomes. Natural elements and spaces such as trees, forests, urban and peri-urban forests, urban parks, gardens and green spaces have been seen as providing opportunities to ameliorate such trends. There is a growing body of evidence on positive relations between exposure to such natural environments and diverse human health indicators. One key message emerging is that contact with nature improves psychological health by reducing pre-existing stress levels, enhancing mood, enabling the recovery of cognitive abilities like directed attention, and in other ways supporting restorative processes and protecting them from the effects of future stressors. Additionally, urban and ex-urban forests and green spaces may provide walkways and spaces for nature-based activities that may have not only preventive effects on the life-style related diseases but also enhance people’s health in general. Walking and other nature-based activities are related to positive mood, increased sustained attention and cognitive function as well as reduced physiological stress (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, stress hormones, depression, anxiety etc.) and improved physiological functions (e.g. NK cells activity, immune system, cardiovascular etc.). Air pollution may affect the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, urinary system, digestive system, and detrimentally affect a developing foetus during pregnancy. Urban forests may absorb a part of this urban air pollution and thus contribute to improving public health. For these and other reasons, then, public health interventions should consider the value of forests and green spaces in urban planning and design. A key message is that cities can enhance public health through urban green Planning. In sum forests, urban forests and other green spaces may be incorporated into public health systems and policies to promote mental and physical health and reduce morbidity and mortality in residents by supporting relaxation and stress alleviation, stimulating social cohesion, encouraging physical activity, and reducing exposure to air pollutants, noise and excessive heat. The aim of this conference is to bring together well-known scientists from different countries and disciplines to present research and state-of-the-art knowledge and theories on: Human health and wellbeing are vital socio-political and public health issues for today and for the future. They vitally define our lives. Forests, urban forests, and green spaces can have a significant influence on the health and wellbeing of many people. We might look at them as a kind of health insurance!

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The method detection limit is calculated according to the formula: MDL = Student’s t value x the standard deviation. What is MDL in lab report? The previously promulgated version of the MDL procedure (Revision 1.11) stated: “The method detection limit (MDL) is defined as the minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample … What is RL and MDL? MDLs are the starting point within a laboratory of defining normal Reporting Limits (RLs), also called Practical Quantitation Limits (PQLs). An MDL is a value that is statistically determined and represents what can be identified above the “noise” level of an instrument as being present but not necessarily accurate. What is the difference between MDL and MQL? The Method Quantitation Limit (MQL) is a term used in current Corps guidance (USACE 2001). The MQL is set at a factor five to ten times the MDL for most target analytes in a method, but no lower than three times the MDL for any single target analyte. What is sample detection limit? The limit of detection (LOD) is defined as the lowest concentration of an analyte in a sample that can be consistently detected with a stated probability (typically at 95% certainty) . What is LoQ in chemistry? LoQ is the lowest concentration at which the analyte can not only be reliably detected but at which some predefined goals for bias and imprecision are met. What is the difference between MDL and RDL? Reporting Detection Limit or “RDL” The RDL is generally 5 to 10 times the MDL or equal to the lowest standard of the calibration curve, but may be higher or lower in order to comply with specific client or regulatory requirements. What is RL water test? RL refers to the initial “Reporting Limit”. This is the lowest quantifiable reporting limit that can be achieved when an analysis is performed under ordinary conditions. What is the difference between sensitivity and limit of detection? Sensitivity and Detection Limit Detection limit, as they state very well in another part of the text, is the lowest detectable level of analyte distinguishable from zero, whereas analytical sensitivity is the slope of the calibration curve. What is RPT limit? RPT Limit: Report Limit is the lowest amount this lab can reliably report for that parameter. These levels can change based on the dilutions we must make to samples, in order to produce that quality, reliable data. Other similar acronyms include PQL, MDL and RL. What is the difference between limit of detection and limit of quantification? On the other hand, the AOAC defines limit of detection as the lowest content that can be measured with reasonable statistical certainty and the limit of quantification as the content equal to or greater than the lowest concentration point on the calibration curve . How is detection limit determined? The ICH indicates that LOD (which they call DL, the detection limit) can be calculated as LOD = 3.3σ / S, and the limit of quantification (which they call QL, the quantitation limit) LOQ = 10σ / S. Here σ is the standard deviation of the response and S is the slope of the calibration curve. What is RRF value in HPLC? Relative Response Factor (full form of RRF) is an alternate method for the determination of the quantity of the impurities present in pharmaceutical products and amount of the impurity can be calculated with the help of peak area of the components. What is LOD and LOQ in method validation? Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are two important performance characteristics in method validation. LOD and LOQ are terms used to describe the smallest concentration of an analyte that can be reliably measured by an analytical procedure. How does HPLC calculate LOQ? Lod and loq can be determined either directly by signal to noise ratio or by calibration curve method using mean slope and sd of intercept. The conc having signal to noise ratio 3:1 is Lod and 10:1 is loq. This is as per ich guideline q2r1. What is RDL in water? RDL – Representative Detection Level – The average MDL achieved by a pool of measurements using the same approach. Used in MACT floor setting process. • RL – Reporting Limit – What some labs consider to be their lowest reportable. value, often much higher than MDL. What is RDL and MTL? Restricted Direct lung is a relatively new term and blurs the line between Mouth to Lung(MTL) and Direct to Lung (DTL). With Restricted Direct Lung (RDL) vaping, you are able to inhale in the same way as direct to lung, however, you don’t require so much airflow over the coil. What is MPs in water? Abstract. Microplastics (MPs) are small pieces of plastics. They are ubiquitous in the environment and can enter the freshwater environment from surface run-off and wastewater effluent (treated and untreated), industrial effluent, degraded plastic waste, and atmospheric deposition. What is a good water test result? ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: Hard water is beneficial to health. However, values near 150 mg/l are ideal from an aesthetic viewpoint, if the corrosivity index is satisfactory. What does RL mean in lab test? The detection limit is the lowest concentration of a chemical that can be reliably measured. It may be referred to on a lab report as DL, RDL (reporting detection limit), or RL (reporting limit), or LOQ (limit of quantitation). How is sensitivity detection calculated? The sensitivity S of a detector is its response y divided by its excitation x. As for the minimum detectable excitation xmin is called the detectivity D of the detector and it is set by the noise in the detector. If the signal is immersed in the noise it could not be directly detected. What is MCL and MDL? MINOR DAIRY LIMITED (MDL) and MINOR CHEESE LIMITED (MCL) 9/1 Moo. How do you read a toxicology report? The control line is your baseline that shows you what a negative result should look like. The test line is based on the urine sample that is used. A colored line that appears on the control and test lines is a negative result. If a line does not appear on the test line, that indicates a positive result. What are toxicology reports? The toxicology report that is eventually issued in forensic toxicology testing “is the result of the lab procedures identifying and quantifying potential toxins, which include prescription medications and drugs of abuse and interpretations of the findings,” says Howard S. What is LOD and LOQ in HPLC? LOD corresponds to the analyte amount for which the signal-to-noise ratio is equal to 3, and LOQ corresponds to the analyte amount for which the signal-to-noise ratio is equal to 10. This approach has the advantage that it is quite easy to implement, which explains its popularity in most HPLC validations.

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Amsterdam, 9 May. Rates of obesity and overweight in both male and females are projected to increase in almost all countries of Europe by 2030, according to a statistical modelling study. However, the forecast rates vary throughout the 53 Euro-region countries, with projected male obesity levels ranging from 15% in the Netherlands and Belgium, to 47% in Ireland. The highest obesity prevalence in females was projected in Ireland (47%), and the lowest in Romania (10%). The study, from investigators which included the WHO Regional Office for Europe, was presented at the EuroPRevent congress in Amsterdam by Dr Laura Webber from the UK Health Forum in London.(1,2) In reviewing the results, she said: "Our study presents a worrying picture of rising obesity across Europe. Policies to reverse this trend are urgently needed." Behind her concerns lies a statistical modelling study which incorporated all available data on body mass index (BMI) and obesity/overweight trends in all 53 of the WHO's Euro-region countries. Such modelling, said the authors, "enables obesity trends to be forecast forward providing estimates of the dynamic epidemiology of the disease". Definitions were based on the WHO's standard cut=offs - healthy weight (BMI ≤24.99 kg/m²), overweight and obesity combined (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) and obesity (≥30 kg/m²). In almost all countries the proportion of overweight and obesity in males was projected to increase between 2010 and 2030 - to reach 75% in UK, 80% in Czech Republic, Spain and Poland, and 90% in Ireland, the highest level calculated. The lowest projected levels of overweight and obesity were found in Belgium (44%), and the Netherlands (47%). Similar trends in overweight and obesity were projected in women, with Ireland again showing the greatest proportion (84%). Similarly, the projected proportions of male obesity were found high in Ireland (58%), Greece (40%), Czech Republic (38%) and UK (35%). The lowest male obesity prevalence was projected in Romania (10%). The study also highlighted several other trends, notably that the projections "show little evidence" of any plateau in adult obesity rates throughout Europe. In England, for example, although the increase in obesity prevalence trend is less steep with recent data than with historical data, levels are still set to rise and rates in 2030 and will be much higher then than in 1993. In explaining the variations in projected obesity levels between countries the investigators note the possible effect of "economic positioning" and "type of market". " The UK and Ireland, where obesity prevalence is among the highest, possess unregulated liberal market economies similar to the US, where the collective actions of big multinational food companies to maximise profit encourages over-consumption," they write. "The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Austria possess more regulated market economies." Obesity is, however, a multi-factorial disease. Commenting on the public health implications of the study, Dr Webber said: "Given the complexity of obesity, the United Nations has called for a whole-of-society approach to preventing obesity and related diseases. Policies that reduce obesity are necessary to avoid premature mortality and prevent economic strain on already overburdened health systems. The WHO has put in place strategies that aim to guide countries towards reducing obesity through the promotion of physical activity and healthy diets." She added that the results of the present study may be underestimates "given what we know about increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood across Europe", as well as the poor data availability in many countries with which to make more certain estimates of the future. 1. Webber L, Divajeval D, Marsh T, et al. The European obese model: the shape of things to come. Please see the details of the session here: http://spo. The abstract can be found in the press kit on site or should be requested at firstname.lastname@example.org 2. Two of the authors, Gauden Galea and João Breda, are staff members of the World Health Organization. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper, which does not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the World Health Organization. Notes to Editor Did you want to tweet about our congress? - if you do, please use the official #Europrevent hashtag! Thank you EuroPrevent is the annual congress of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR), an association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). The European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR) is a registered branch of the ESC. Its aim is to promote excellence in research, practice, education and policy in cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation in Europe. About the European Society of Cardiology The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) represents more than 80 000 cardiology professionals across Europe and the Mediterranean. Its mission is to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Information for journalists attending EuroHeartCare 2014 - If you have any question or request regarding interview opportunities, please contact: ESC Press Office Tel: +336 25 24 60 27 (off site support number) - EuroPRevent 2014 takes place in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on 8-10 May 2014 at the Rai Congress Center. - Look here for the current programme at a glance: escardio. org/ congresses/ europrevent-2014/ scientific-programme/ Pages/ welcome. aspx - For full details of a session, have a look at the Scientific Programme & Planner: escardio. org/ Welcome. aspx?eevtid= 30 - On-site Press registration process: - Free registration applies to press representatives upon receipt of valid credentials and a fully completed embargo form. (to be sent to email@example.com) - Credential: either your ID press card or letter of assignment with proof of 3 published articles - Press registration is not available to Industry or its Public Relations representatives, event management, marketing or communications representatives - The decision of the ESC Press Office is final regarding all press registration requests. - When your registration as press will be validated you will be given a press badge and the press kit.

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For the most part people don’t put a lot of thought into creating passwords. It’s usually easiest just to create a short, easy-to-remember password, or even just to have the same password for every account you have. However, hackers often use password-cracking software that can keep testing many different passwords until they find the correct one, and they can easily crack weak passwords. By creating strong passwords, you can greatly reduce the chance that your personal or financial information will be stolen. Common Password Mistakes Many people create passwords based on their family/spouse name, interests and special dates. These types of passwords are easy to remember. Unfortunately, they are also very easy for hackers to guess. To create a strong password, you will need to avoid these types of common mistakes. Tips For Creating Strong Passwords: - Never use personal information such as your name, birthday, or spouse’s name. Personal information is often publicly available. - Your password should be at least six characters long, and for extra security it should ideally be at least twelve characters. If you need to write down your passwords, be sure to keep them in a secure place. - Don’t use the same password for each account. If someone does discover your password for one account, all of your other accounts will become vulnerable. - Try to include numbers, symbols and both uppercase and lowercase letters.

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Origin, Meaning, Family History and Rich Coat of Arms and Family Crest Meaning, Origin, Etymology The surname of Rich has three distinct separate origins. The first developed from a nickname for a wealthy man from before the 9th century Olde French term “riche” meaning wealthy. The second origin is a short form of the Germanic male personal name Richard. Richard a very popular name composed of the elements “ric” meaning power, with “hard” meaning hardy, brave or strong. The 3rd origin is of topographical or locational surname from the Germanic and also the Olde English term “ric”, meaning a stream or channel so a residence by a stream. As a locational name it may derived from any place named with the element “ric” such as the ancient village now called Glynde Reach in the county Sussex in England or from a now lost place called Riche in Leicestershire. (Teutonic and French-Teut.) 1 Wealthy, Powerful, Mighty [Middle English riche, ryche, Old English rice; also Old French riche from O.H.Ger. ríhhi (mod. reich] Hugo le Ryche.—Hundred Rolls 2 (later) a diminutive of Richard, q.v. Rich is a characteristic west of England name, being most frequent in Somerset and Wilts. Those of Somerset are most numerous in the Bridgewater district, whilst those of Wilts are most frequent in the Malmesbury district. Le Rich was the name of a Hampshire family of the 14th century (L.). Rich, Riche, Richin, Riching, Richins, Richings, Riches, Richey, Richy, Richez, Ritche, Ricci, Ricco, Richi, Reich, Reicher and Richichi Early Marriage Records for Rich Elizabeth Rich married Anthonie Bamyter November 24, 1558 in St. Andrew, Penrith, Cumberland, England Joane Rich married Christopher Gonge May 3, 1562 in Saint Leonard, Lexden, Essex, England Roger Rich married Maltisda Thomas August 22, 1564 in Alberbury, Shropshire, England John Rich married Elizabethe Brisle 1572 in Hawkshead, Lancashire, England William Rich married Elizabeth Parker November 2, 1574 in Cranbrook, Kent, England Thomas Rich married Margareta Rowland January 30, 1585 in Pontesbury, Shropshire, England Andrew Rich married Elizabeth Peacocke November 21, 1591 in Saint Bride Fleet St., London, England Popularity & Geographic Distribution The last name Rich ranks 6,089th in popularity worldwide as of the 2014 Census and approximately 93,746 people carry the Rich surname worldwide. The name ranks particularly high in the following six states: California, Texas, Florida, New York, North Carolina, and Illinois. It ranks highest in the following countries: United States (67,292), England (6,399), Australia (3,000), Russia (1,902), Canada (1,871), and Ghana (1,805). Early Bearers of Surname Edmund Rich, Saint Edmund (1175-1240) English churchman Thomas filius Ricun, was listed in the Hundredorum Rolls in Huntingdonshire in 1274. Robert Rich 1240 was an English biographer, second son of Reginald and Mabel Rich of Abingdon Johannes Riche, 1379: Poll Tax of Yorkshire. Matilda Ryche, 1379: Poll Tax of Yorkshire. Reimbal le Riche. Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium in Turri Londinensi. Gervase le Riche. Rolls of Parliament. Henry le Ryche, Oxfordshire, 1273. Hundred Rolls. Hugo le Ryche, Oxfordshire, 1273 Hundred Rolls. Bruman le Riche, Oxfordshire, 1273 Hundred Rolls. William le Riche, Somerset, 1 Edward III: Kirby’s Quest. John le Riche, Somerset, 1 Edward III: Kirby’s Quest. History, Genealogy & Ancestry SIR CHARLES-BOSTOCK RICH, of SHIRLEY-HOUSE, Hampshire; in holy orders, LL.D. Married Mary-Frances, only daughter and sole heiress of Sir Robert Rich, of Waverly, county of Warwick, Baronet, (by Mary, second daughter of Peter Ludlow, of Ardsalia, county of Meath, Esq. and sister of the first Earl Ludlow,) and took the surname and arms of Rich, by virtue of the royal license, December 23, 1790; was created a Baronet; has issue, Charles, a captain in the 15th light dragoons; married November 1806, Frances-Maria, youngest daughter of Sir John Lethbridge, Baronet. Sir Charles has other children. Heir-Apparent – His son, Charles. Creation June 21, 1791. RICH OF ROSE HALL Sir Almeric Frederic Conness Rich, 6th Bt., of Rose Hall; Gov. in H.M. Borstal Service; served in World War I 1914-19 as Lieut. R.G.A. (despatches); born February 9, 1897; succeeded his father 1948. Lineage ~ Richard Rich, 1st Lord Rich, of Leez Priory, Essex, Speaker of the House of Commons 1536, Lord Chancellor of England 1547-51, raised to the Peerage February 16, 1546-47, was descended from Richard Rich of London, Sheriff 1441-42 (whose will dated April 2, 1403, was proved August 16, 1464). Lord Rich married Elizabeth (buried Dec. 18, 1558) the daughter and heiress of William Gynkes and died 1568 (will dated May 12, 1567, proved June 3, 1568). His son and heir, Robert 2nd Lord Rich, K.B. married Elizabeth the daughter and heiress of George Baldry of Hadley, son of Sir Thomas Baldry, Lord Mayor 1523. He died February 27, 1580-81, having by her (who married 2nd, Robert Ford and was buried December 19, 1591) had issue, 1) Richard married Katherine the daughter and co-heir of Sir Henry Knevitt, Knight and d.v.p.s.p. 2) Robert, 3rd Lord Rich, created Earl of Warwick August 2, 1618, whose line expired in 1759, when all his honours became extinct 3) Edwyn (Sir) of whom we treat. The 3rd son, Sir Edwyn Rich, of Mulbarton and Bracon Ashe, Norfolk, made a Knight Bachelor at Cadiz 1596 married Honora (or Margaret) the daughter of Charles Wolryche of Wickham Brook and of Cowling, Suffolk, and died before February 26, 1647, having had issue, 1) Robert married Elizabeth daughter of Sir Adam Felton of Playford, and d.s.p. 2) Edwyn (Sir) of Lincoln’s Inn and Mulbarton, Knighted July 10, 1666 married Jane Reeve, widow of Sir John Suckling and d.s.p. November 16, 1675. 3) Richard d.s.p. 4) Charles (Sir) of whom presently 5) Frances married Nathaniel Acton 6) Margaret 7) Honora. The 4th son, Sir Charles Rich, 1st Bt., of London, so created January 24, 1675-76, with remainder to his son-in-law (Robert Rich); born 1619 married November 28, 1641, Elizabeth daughter and eventual heiress of John Cholmeley, of Kirby Underwood, co. Lincoln and was buried May 30. 1677, leaving two daughters 1) Elizabeth married Pierre de Ceville, Capt. in the English Guards, who assumed the name of Rich. His issue became extinct in the male line 1848. 2) Mary married February 17, 1675-6, Sir Robert Rich, of Roos Hall, Suffolk, 2nd son of Col. Nathaniel Rich, of Stondon, M.P. for cirencester, and grandson of Robert Rich of Stondon, who was descended from the above-mentioned Richard Rich, Sheriff of London 1441-2. Sir Charles was succeeded by his son-in-law, Sir Robert Rich, 2nd Bt., M.P. for Dunwich 1680-99, Knighted at Whitehall February 14, 1675-76, one of the Lords of the Admiralty 1691-99; born 1648 married as above February 17, 1675-6, Mary (buried December 23, 1714), daughter and co-heir of Sir Charles Rich, 1st Bt., and died October 1, 1699 having had issue, 1) Charles (Sir), 3rd Bt., Capt. R.N., married (by license January 9, 1704-5) Maria daughter of Col. Francis White and d.s.p. buried October 19, 1706. 2) Robert (Sir), 4th Bt., succeeded his brother. The yr. son, Sir Robert Rich, 4th Bt., Field-Marshal in the Army, Gov. of Chelsea Hosp. 1740-68, M.P. for Dunwich 1715-20, Beeralston 1724-7, and St. Ives 1727-41 ; 6. 3 July, 1685 ; to. 28 Sept. 1714, Elizabeth (d. 13 Oct. 1773), eldest dau. and co-heir of Col. Edward Griffith, Clerk of the Board of Green Cloth to Queen Anne and Sec. to the Prince of Denmark, and d. 1 Feb. 1768, having had issue, 1. Robert (Sir), 5th Bt. 2. George (Sir), 6th Bt., b. 13 June, 1728 ; d. unm. 8 Jan. 1799, when the Baronetcy became extinct. He was bur. at Bucklebury, near Reading (will dated 14 Jan. 1783 ; proved 17 Jan. 1799). 1. Elizabeth, to. 10 Aug. 1749, 1st Baron Lyttelton (see Cobham, V.), and d.s.p. 17 Sept. 1795. He d. 22 Aug. 1773. 2. Mary, d. unm. The elder son, Sir Robert Rich, 5th Bt., Lt.-Gen. in the Army, Gov. of Londonderry and the Culmore Forts 1756, cmd’d the 4th King’s Own Regt. at Culloden ; b. 1717 ; m. 1st , 31 May, 1752, Mary (d. 6 Sept. 1755), sister of 1st Earl of Ludlow, and d. 19 May, 1785, having had issue an only dau., Mary Frances, b. 31 May, 1755 ; m. 4 Jan. 1783, Rev. Charles Bostock, D.C.L., of Shirley House, 2nd son of Rev. John Bostock, D.D., Canon of the Collegiate Church and Vicar of New Windsor, by Mary his wife, dau. and eventual heiress of John Hopson, of Beenham, Berks. He was descended from the very ancient family of Bostock, of Bostock, co. Chester. Sir Robert m. 2ndly, 20 Sept. 1771, Elizabeth, widow of—Williams, and dau. of Richard Bell, and by her (who m. 3rdly, James Walker, and d. 22 July, 1788) had issue an only son, Charles, b. 23 Jan. 1775, d.v.p. 4 Feb. 1782. Sir Robert was s. as 6th Bt. by his brother (see above). His son-in-law, The Rev. Sir Charles Bostock Rich, 1st Bt., D.C.L. Oxford, of Shirley House, m. as above 4 Jan. 1783, Mary Frances (d. 20 May, 1833), only dau. and heiress of Lt.-Gen. Sir Robert Rich, Bt., and assumed, by sign-manual, 23 Dec. 1790, the surname and arms of Rich, and was created a Baronet 28 July, 1791. By her he had issue, 1. Charles Henry (Sir), 2nd Bt. 2. George (Sir), Kt., Chamberlain to the Vice-Regal Court of Ireland ; b. 1786 ; m. 10 July, 1816, Catherine Charlotte Jane (d. 3 April, 1863), elder dau. and co-heir of Dudley Loftus, of Killyan, Meath, by Lady Jane, his wife, dau. of 2nd Earl of Arran, and d. 18 Sept. 1858, having had, with other issue, George Whitworth Talbot, C.B., Lt.-Gen. 71st Highrs. ; b. 30 April, 1822 ; m. 10 March, 1864, Adelaide Rachel (d. 1893), yr. dau. of Gen. Hon. Sir Charles Gore, G.C.B. (see Arran, E.), and d.s.p. 19 May, 1902. Catherine, m. 1843, Rev. Edward Randolph, Rector of Dunnington, York. He d. 1898, leaving issue. 3. William Osborne, ft. 12 Sept. 1788 ; m. 15 Dec. 1819, Elizabeth Sarah (d. 21 Sept. 1827), dau. of George William Frederick Newcome, and d. 24 March, 1848, leaving issue, Henry Osborn Ludlow, 6. 9 Nov. 1822 ; m. 1851, Juliana, dau. of Capt. Plunket, and d. 190-, leaving issue, three sons. Mary Caroline Lydia, m. 9 Oct. 1840, Rev. Canon William Henry Rich Jones, M.A. He d. 1885, leaving issue, 4. John (Rev.), M.A., Vicar of Ivinghoe, co. Buckingham ; 6. 27 Sept. 1789 ; m. 3 Aug. 1825, Georgiana (d. 1889), dau. of Charles Gordon, and d. 24 June, 1856, having had issue, 1. John (Rev.), M.A. Oxford, hon. Canon of Bristol, Rector of Kellaways, Wilts 1884-1913, Vicar of Chippenham, and Rural Dean of Malmesbury 1861-1905 ; 6. 24 May, 1826 ; m. 29 Jan. 1861, Clara Sophia (d. 3 Oct. 1911), dau. of Thomas Holmes Bosworth, of Westerham, and d. 18 March, 1913, having had issue, (1) Charles Edwin Frederick, D.S.O., educ. Winchester, Major and Brevet Lt.-Col. Lincolnshire Regt. (with which he served in France 1914-16), Provost Marshal of 12th Army Corps and Allied Forces, Constantinople, 1916, served in S. African War 1902 (medal with two clasps), and in World War I 1914-19 (despatches five times, D.S.O.), had Croix de Guerre (with palms), and Hellenic Orders of the Redeemer and Saviour, and medal of Mil. Merit (with palms), 1914 ; apptd. to H.M. prison service 1905, and served at Wakefield, Maidstone and Northampton till 1909, Gov. of H.M. Borstal Institution, Kent 1920-23, Gov. of H.M. Prison, Liverpool 1923-29, and of Wandsworth Prison 1929-31 ; ft. 6 July, 1871 ; m. 31 Aug. 1899, •Violet Cecile Annie (The Cottage, Weston, nr. Shrewsbury), dau. of Adm. Henry Craven St. John, of Thornbury, co. Gloucester (see Bolingbroke, V.), and d. 23 Feb. 1944, leaving issue, Charles Rodney St. John, Cmdr. R.N. (ret.), served in World War I 1917-19 ; late snr. partner of Messrs. Rich and Cowan, publishers (35a, Hertford Street, W.1 ; Naval and Military Club), 6. 29 Sept. 1900 ; m. 1st, 28 Aug. 1928, Felicity Chesterton (who obtained a div. 1936), yst. dau. of late Sir George Thompson I Hutchinson, of 55, Pont Street, S.W., and Rustington House, I Sussex, and has issue, Miles Rodney St. John, 6. 7 March, 1931. Felicity Ann St. John, 6. 7 Aug. 1929. 26*Deirdre Frances, 6. 5 Nov. 1934. He m. 2ndly, 16 June, 1937, • Georgina Blanche, only dau. of Donald Francis Napier Dalrymple, of Paradise, Aldwick, Sussex. •Violet Laline St. John, m. 6 June, 1931, Cmdr. Ronald Crawford Wagstaffe Bett, R.N., eldest son of Henry Crawford Bett (The Cottage, Weston, nr. Shrewsbury, Salop). (1) Florence Clara, m. 19 Nov. 1908, Rev. Henry Verdot Prince, formerly Rector of Farthingstone, co. Northampton, and d.s.p. 28 March, 1947. He d. 23 Aug. 1945. (2) Frances Mary, m. 22 Sept. 1892, Cecil Samuel Joy, son of Rev. S. Joy, and d. 16 July, 1893, leaving issue. (3) Ethel Margaret, d. 9 July, 1935. (4) •Gertrude Louisa, (75, Marshfield Road, Chippenham, Wilts). (5) *Mabel Caroline, m. 19 April, 1910, Rev. Alan Leslie, M.A., Vicar of Langport, Somerset from 1943, son of Dr. Leslie, of Alton, Hants, and has issue. 2. Charles David, Lt.-Col. 9th Lancers ; 6. 19 July, 1827 ; d. unm. 1 Sept. 1898. 8. William Gordon, B.A. Ch. Ch. Oxford ; 6. 28 Feb. 1829 ; m. 21 Feb. 1856, Maria Stewart (d. 8 Nov. 1914), dau. of Joseph Maitland, and d. 5 July, 1912, having had issue, (1) Edwin William Gordon, ft. 7 Dec. 1856; m. Jan. 1897, •Margaret, dau. of the late Cottenham Kingsford, and d. 1910, leaving issue, 4 William Gordon, M.B., Ch.B., formerly Major, N.Z. Medical Service, ft. Dec. 1897 ; m. 1931, *Henrietta Dorothy, dau. of Henry Donate Tyacke, of West Meath, Ireland, and has issue, Urquhart David Gordon, 6. 1934. 26 John Patrick Gordon, 6. 1936. •Helen Gordon, 6. 1901. (2) Maitland Gordon, 6. 22 June, 1858 ; m. 1888, Mabel Montgomery (d. July, 1944), dau. of late Capt. F. W. Hutton, F.R.S., and d. April, 1919, leaving issue, Geoffrey ‘ Gordon, M.C., late Lieut. King Edward’s Horse, served in World War I 1914-18 (The Rock Cave, S. Canterbury, N.Z.) ; m. 1924, Sybil Catharine Dorothy, dau. of Major P. H. Johnson, of Mount Torlesse, Springfield, Canterbury, N.Z., and has issue, •Dorothy Georgiana Gordon, 6. 1927. 26 •Penelope Rosamund, 6. 1929. 36*Angela Maitland, 6. 1932. • • Annie Gordon, (Kilmead, Riccarton, Christchurch, N.Z.), m. 15 Jan. 1921, John Montgomery, and has issue. He d. Sept. 1946. (1) *Georgiana Gordon, m. 1882, E. S. Vernon, and has issue. (2) *Mary Gordon, (The Cottage, Swerford, nr. Oxford), m. 1st, 6 June, 1882, Walter Ralph Congreve, great-uncle of Sir Geoffrey Cecil Congreve, 1st and last Bt., D.S.O., and has issue. He d. 15 Oct. 1901. She m. 2ndly, 25 May, 1905, Major Alexander McDonnell Moore, formerly Royal Irish Fus. He d. 2 Oct. 1921. (3) Josephine Gordon, m. 1894, William Aitchison Haswell, D.Sc., F.R.S., formerly professor of biology, Sydney Univ., and d. Sept. 1939. He d. 24 Jan. 1925, leaving issue. 5. Edwin Ludlow, Vice-Adm. R.N. ; 6. 1794 ; m. .6 July, 1829, Sophia Letitia Josephine (d. 17 May, 1882), dau. of Capt. G. F. Angelo, of Hill, Southampton, and d. 25 July, 1869, having had issue, 1. Edwin Francis, 6. 19 Sept. 1830 ; m. •Elizabeth, dau. of Major Sir John L. C. Richardson, and d. 1901, having had issue, (1) Francis Arthur, C.E., B.Sc., 6. 1859 ; m. 1st, 1890, Mary Catherine (d. Jan. 1899), dau. of Gerard Spooner, of Elmdon, co. Warwick, and has issue, l)* Geraldine Vida. He m. 2ndly, 1899, •Henrietta (his deceased wife’s sister), dau. of Gerard Spooner, and by her has issue, la Ronald Philip, 6. 12 Nov. 1900. 2a Edwin Francis, 6. 25 Feb. 1903. (2) Alfred Edwin, 6. 1862. (1) *Amie Charlotte, m. 1893, her cousin, Frederick Arthur Ludlow Rich (see below). (2) Lissie Ethel, m. 1889, Herbert MacAndrew, Surgeon, and has issue. (3) •Winifred Shirley. (4) ® Hilda Vida. 2. Evelyn Arthur, Lieut. 34th Regt., 6. 7 Feb. 1842 ; m. 19 May, 1864, Agnes (d. 1884), widow of Capt. G. R. Pratt-Barlow, and dau. of Rev. E. T. J. Rocke, and d. 1892, having had issue, Frederick Arthur Ludlow, (192, Manukau Road, Parnell, Auckland, N.Z.) ; 6. 1866 ; m. 1893, his cousin, •Amie Charlotte, dau. of Edwin Francis Rich (see above). • Evelyn Agnes, (c/o Capt. Michael Browne Rich, R.A., Highcombe, The Punchbowl, Thursley, Surrey). 3. Montague Philip, 6. 13 March, 1845 ; d. 29 May, 1874. 1 Sophia Louisa Jacintha, m. 25 Oct. 1866, Thomas Erasmus Head Dowson, of Lattendales, Penrith, and has issue. 6. Robert James Evelyn, Major 66th Foot, 6. 31 July, 1797 ; d. unm. 1. Louisa, d. March, 1836. Sir Charles Bostock Rich, d. 12 Sept. 1824, and was s. by his eldest son, Sir Charles Henry Rich, 2nd Bt., 6. 19 April, 1784 ; m. 6 Nov. 1806, Frances Maria (d. 20 Feb. 1852), yst. [dau. of Sir John Lethbridge, 1st Bt., and had, with other issue, 1. Charles Henry John (Sir), 3rd Bt. 2. Frederick Dampier, Capt. R.N. ; 6. 8 Feb. 1818 ; m. 25 Oct. 1854, Jessy Catherine Hesketh (d. 6 Oct. 1907), 2nd dau. of Sir J. H. Lethbridge ,3rd Bt., and d. 17 Jan. 1876, leaving issue, 1. Almerio Edmund Frederic (Sir), 5th Bt. 1 Jessie Katherine FitzRoy, m. 2 Oct. 1880, Major Nicholas Edward de Berner Fenwick, late K.R.R.C. 2. Eva Annie Noel, twin with her sister, m. 27 May, 1886, Major Edward Charles Trollope, R.A., and d. 14 July, 1924. He d. 23 Feb. 1904, leaving issue (see Trollope, Bt.). 3. Henry George William, 6. 7 July, 1819 ; m. 14 Dec. 1843, Mary, dau. of David Ross, of Madras, and d. 26 Jan. 1849, leaving issue, Henry Ross, Supt. Indian Govt. Telegraphs ; 6. 20 Sept. 1848 ; m. 20 June, 1884, Henrietta Georgina (d. 28 Sept. 1943), dau. of Capt. William Probyn Hurst, and d. 13 June, 1890, having by her (who m. 2ndly, 27 April, 1907, Claude Walter Kirkby, eldest son of late Rev. E. E W. Kirkby) had issue, (1) «Evelyn Essex Mary Ross, m. 17 Oct. 1906, Hugh Lenox, (62, St. Mary Abbots Court, Warwick Gardens, W.li), 2nd son of George C. L. Lenox, of Ashstead, Surrey, and has issue. (2) «Zoe Dorothea Shirley, to. 9 Jan. 1912, Lieut. Reginald Simon Macnamara Creagh, The Rifle Bde., only son of late Major Simon Creagh, of Dangan, co. Clare. He was k. in action 5 Dec. 1917. Louisa Isabel, d. unm. 1902. 4. Arthur Newbolt, Gen. 33rd Madras N.I., J.P. Winchester; 6. 8 March, 1821 ; to. 8 March, 1849, Jane Albertina Frederica (d. 21 March, 1882), 4th dau. of Frederick Hill, of Southampton, and d. 11 Feb. 1912, having had issue, 1. Charles Frederic (Rev.), Vicar of Swaffham, M.A. Camb. ; 6. 16 Dec. 1851 ; to. 23 April, 1879, • Charlotte Mary, dau. of Charles John Longcroft, and d. 7 Oct. 1883, having by her (who to. 2ndly, 5 Jan. 1888, Rev. Edward Thomas Mortlock, who d. 24 May, 1908) had issue, Charles Longcroft, 6. 1 Nov. 1881 ; d. 11 Oct. 1883. Mary Longcroft, to. 21 Feb. 1905, Rev. Canon Alfred Allen, late Vicar of Rotherham, co. York, and d. 10 March, 1932, leaving Issue. 2. Henry McCalmont, b. 26 June, 1853 ; m. 29 April, 1893, • Lucretia Mary, dau. of Samuel Foulds, and d. 2 Feb. 1937, leaving issue, f Henry Lionel (Brooke Cottage, Little Harwood, Bletchley, co. Buckingham) ; heir presumptive ; b. 11 Nov. 1900. 3. Evelyn Arthur, b. 3 Oct. 1855 ; m. 11 Oct. 1882, Mary (d. 27 Jan. 1925), dau. of W. H. Gray, and d. 29 Oct. 1942, leaving issue, Ernest Evelyn, D.S.O., Major R.H.A., b. 14 May, 1884 ; m. 5 Aug. 1911, Claire (d. 1942), only dau. of Sir John Dewrance, G.B.E., of Wretham Hall, Thetford, Norfolk, and d. 1 Dec. 1917, of wounds received in action. •Muriel Evelyn (9, Harrowby Court, W.l), m. 1st , 15 July, 1913, Walter Jagger, M.B., C.M., and has issue. He d. 16 March, 1929. She m. 2ndly, 22 Jan. 1935, W/Cdr. Maxwell Henry Coote, K.A.F. (ret.) (see Coote, Bt.). 4. Albert Lethbridge, b. 14 April, 1863 ; m. ; d. 1940, leaving issue, • Ruth, m. — Sarconi (1194, South Irving, Denver, 2, Colorado, Frances Albertine, m. 29 Nov. 1894, Charles Henry James Tanner, and d. 26 Jan. 1932, leaving issue. He d. 11 May, 1926. 1. Louisa Anne, m. 25 March, 1845, Joseph Lawrence, and d. his widow, 15 June, 1887. 2. Caroline Jessinthia, m. 2 June, 1831, P. A. Browne, and d. 1894. He d. 1883. 3. Emily Catherine, m. Jan. 1845, George Byam, and d. 1896. I He d. 1853. Sir Charles d. 22 Oct. 1857, and was s. by his eldest son, Sir Charles Henry John Rich, 3rd Bt., b. 22 Dec. 1812 ; m. 27 Nov. 1855, Harriet Theodosia (d. 10 July, 1870), eldest dau. and co-heir of J. S. Sullivan, and had issue, 1. Charles Henry Stuart (Sir), 4th Bt. 1* Katharine Louisa. 2. Frances Zod, m. 18 July, 1896, Lt.-Col. Gustave Adolph Borrmann, 128th Regt. Prussian Army, and d. 27 Sept. 1931, leaving issue, Sir Charles d. 12 Dec. 1866, when he was s. by his only son, Sir Charles Henry Stuart Rich, 4th Bt., F.S.A., J.P. Wilts, b. 7 March, 1859 ; m. 27 July, 1881, Fanny Elizabeth Jane (d. 10 March, 1945), only dau. of Rev. Joseph Page, of Little Bromley, Essex, and had issue, Gladys Evelyn Fanny, m. 16 Nov. 1916, Capt. Alan Henry Dickinson, M.C., late Coldstream Guards (S.R.), son of late Charles A. Dickinson, of Westlands, Branksome Park, Bournemouth, and d. 5 Oct. 1921. Sir Charles d. 2 Jan. 1913, and was *. by his cousin, Sir Almeric Edmund Frederic Rich, 5th Bt., educ. R.M.C. ; Major Royal Garrison Regt., formerly Capt. 1st Bn. Lincolnshire Regt., Lt.-Col. attached R.A.O.C. during World War I, on Headquarter Staff, Aldershot 1918 ; b. 30 March, 1859 ; m. 1st, 26 July, 1894, Louise (d. 4 March, 1932), dau. of Hon. John Conness, of Mattapan, Massachusetts, late Senator of the U.S.A., and had issue, Almeric Frederic Conness (Sir), 6th and present Bt. Sir Almeric m. 2ndly, 20 Aug. 1932, • Edith, widow of Count Constantine Dousmani, of Corfu, and dau. of late David Durie, of | Edinburgh, and d. 2 July, 1948, when he was s. by his only son. Creation—28 July, 1791. Arms—Gu., a chevron erminois, between three crosses bottonSe | or. Crest—A wyvera with wings expanded arg. Motto—Garde ta foy. Residence—H.M.B.I., Huntercombe Place, Henley-on-Thames. Club—Royal Societies’. Early American Immigration and New World Settlers Rich Settlers in United States in the 17th, 18th, 19th Centuries Robert Rich, who landed in Bermuda in 1609-1610 Cutberd Rich, who arrived in Virginia in 1636 Susan Rich, who landed in Maryland in 1652 Walter Rich, who landed in Virginia in 1653 Abraham Rich, who arrived in Virginia in 1653 John Rich, who arrived in Massachusetts in 1751 Michael Rich, who landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1754 Jacob Rich, who landed in Pennsylvania in 1760 Thomas Rich, who arrived in North Carolina in 1764 Henry Rich, who arrived in Pennsylvania in 1765 Godfrey Rich, aged 21, who arrived in Pennsylvania in 1805 Barnabas Rich, who landed in America in 1823 David Rich, who landed in New York in 1832 William Rich, who arrived in New York in 1832 Catherine Rich, aged 54, who arrived in New York in 1849 Rich Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century Gustavus Rich, who landed in Canada in 1834 Rich Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century Mr. Phillip Rich, (b. 1807), aged 32, Cornish boot and shoe maker travelling aboard the ship “Alfred” arriving in New South Wales, Australia on 16th January 1839 Mrs. Elizabeth Rich, (b. 1811), aged 28, Cornish needlewoman travelling aboard the ship “Alfred” arriving in New South Wales, Australia on 16th January 1839 Miss Ann Rich, (b. 1835), aged 4, Cornish settler travelling aboard the ship “Alfred” arriving in New South Wales, Australia on 16th January 1839 Miss Mary Rich, (b. 1837), aged 1 year 5 months, Cornish settler travelling aboard the ship “Alfred” arriving in New South Wales, Australia on 16th January 1839, she died on board Richard Rich, who arrived in Adelaide, Australia aboard the ship “Aboukir” in 1847 Garde la foi. Keep the faith. Guarde la foy. Keep the faith. RICH, . . . ., of Oxford, Kent, 1 April 1656. Harl. MS. 1105, fo. 16.” ? By Bysshe, Clar. RICH„ Edward, of Horndou on the Hill, Essex, ? crest, a patent 30 May 1579, by Cooke : Rich quartering Shaa. Harl. MSS. 1359, fo. 120, and 1422, fo. 121” ; Add. MS. 4966, fo. 90. RICH„ Thomas, of Leyton (or Lexden), Essex, …. 1590, by Ro. Cooke, Clar. : per pale sa. and gu., a cross bottonnee betw. four fleurs-de-lis or ; Crest, on the stump of a tree couped and erased or, a hawk, wings endorsed arg., preying on a pheasant ppr. Stowe MS. 670, fo. SS** ; Berry. RICH„ Sir Richard, of Brendiche, Essex, coat exemplified and crest. Barker’s Grants, Harl. MS. 5846, fo. 87 ; Stowe MS. 692, fo. 82’’, “ Rich, and his wife in the other book ” ; see also Harl. MS. 6834. RICH, late Williams, . . . ., of co. Camb., Vol. XVI, fol. 107. RICH„ late BOSTOCK, Rey. Charles, LL.D. (Rich, wife of Bostock), of co. Surrey, Vol. XVII, fol. 382. RICH„ late MILNES, James, of co. York, Busk, wife of. Escutcheon of pretence, 1802, Vol. XXI, fol. 456. RICH, of Dock Head, London. (See Axx.a.xd.) Vol. XXVII, fol. 426. RICH„ . . . ., of Sonning, co. Berks, Vol. LIV, fol. 348. Adam Rich (born 1968), American actor Adrienne Rich (1929–2012), American poet Buddy Rich (1917–1987), drummer Charlie Rich (1932–1995), American singer and musician Christopher Rich (theatre manager) (1657–1714), 17th century English producer and theatre manager Claudius James Rich, British orientalist DJ Richie Rich, British disc jockey Daniel Rich (born 1990), Australian rules footballer Frank Rich (born 1949), American writer Georgina Rich, British actor Heather Rich, Oklahoma high-school student murdered in 1996 Helen Rich (1827-1915), American writer Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland (1590–1649), English courtier and soldier Herb Rich (1928–2008), American 2x All-Pro football player Hugo Rich (aka Olaf Dietrich), Australian criminal (Dietrich v The Queen) Irene Rich (1891–1988), American actress Jodee Rich, Australian businessman John Rich (born 1974), American musician John Rich (producer) (1692–1761), 18th century English producer and theatre manager John Treadway Rich (1841–1926), American politician, sometimes referred to as John Tyler Rich Katherine Rich (born 1967), New Zealand politician Lillian Rich (1900–1954), British-born American silent film actress Marc Rich (aka Marc David Reich) (1934–2013), American businessman Martin Rich (1905–2000), German conductor Matty Rich (born 1971), American film director and screenwriter Michael D. Rich, American executive Michael Rich (cyclist) (born 1969), German cyclist Mike Rich (born 1959), American screenwriter Patricia Vickers-Rich (born 1944), Australian palaeontology Patrick Rich, English rugby league player Ralph M. Rich (1916–1942), American aviator Randy Rich (born 1953), American football player Richard Rich (director), American animated film director Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich (1496–1567), Lord Chancellor Richie Rich (rapper) (aka Richard Serrel), American rapper Rishi Rich (aka Rishpal Rekhi), British Asian music producer Robert E. Rich Sr. (1913–2006), American food-processing pioneer Robert Rich (musician), American musician Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick (1587–1658), British naval officer and politician Robert Rich, pen name used by American screenwriter and novelist Dalton Trumbo Sharon Rich, American biographer Sir Henry Rich, 1st Baronet (died 1869), British politician Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet (1685–1768), British field marshal Stephen Gottheil Rich (1890–1958), philatelist of New Jersey Tommy Rich (aka Thomas Richardson) (born 1956), American professional wrestler American Revolution Veterans Amos Rich, New Hampshire, Rank of Drummer Cesar Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Coser Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Cozar Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Daniel Rich, Virginia, Rank of Private David Rich, Vermont, Rank of Sergeant George Rich, New York, Rank of Private Henry Rich, New York, Rank of Sergeant Hows Rich, Massachusetts, Rank of Private James Rich, Virginia, Rank of Private Jash Rich, New Jersey, Rank of Private Jedediah Rich, New Hampshire, Rank of Private Lemel Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Levi Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Nathaniel Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Oeasar Rich, Connecticut, Rank of Private Samel Rich, Vermont, Rank of Fifer Stephen Rich, Massachusetts, Rank of Private Thomas Rich, Virginia, Rank of Private William Rich, Virginia, Rank of Private Zacheus Rich, Massachusetts, Rank of Sergeant Civil War Veterans Adabbert Rich, 81st Regiment, New York Infantry, Union, New York Byrd Rich, 2nd Regiment, Tennessee Cavalry, Confederate, Tennessee Charles Rich, 2nd Regiment, Massachusetts Cavalry, Union, Massachusetts Daniel Rich, 36th Regiment, United States Colored Infantry, Union, U.S. Colored Troops Edward Rich, 1st Regiment, Maryland Cavalry, Confederate, Maryland Francis Rich, 120th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Union, Illinois George Rich, 38th Regiment, United States Colored Infantry, Union, U.S. Colored Troops Henry Rich, 23rd Regiment, Alabama Infantry, Confederate, Alabama Ira Rich, 1st Regiment, New York Cavalry, Union, New York Jacob Rich, Kilcrease Light Artillery, Florida, Confederate, Florida Kendall Rich, 73rd Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Union, Illinois Lysander Rich, 5th Regiment, Kentucky Mounted Infantry, Confederate, Kentucky Maurice Rich, Signal Corps, US Volunteers, Union, Union Volunteers Nathaniel Rich, 10th Regiment, United States Colored Heavy Artillery, Union, U.S. Colored Troops Oliver Rich, 47th Regiment, Alabama Infantry, Confederate, Alabama Philemon Rich, 15th Regiment, North Carolina Infantry, Confederate, North Carolina Reinzi Rich, 5th Regiment, New Hampshire Infantry, Union, New Hampshire Samuel Rich, 14th Regiment, Texas Infantry, Confederate, Texas Thomas Rich, 91st Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Union, Illinois Valentine Rich, 56th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Union, Illinois Watson Rich, 46th Regiment, United States Colored Infantry, Union, U.S. Colored Troops Zachariah Rich, 8th Regiment, Mississippi Infantry, Confederate, Mississippi

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Three Techniques, Endless Possibilities Basket weaving is an art that stretches back to the dawn of human civilization. Not only is it practical, but beautiful as well with its many intricacies and designs. Despite how elaborate many baskets seem, there are three basket weaving techniques that most weavers utilize in their work. While there are numerous other methods and ways of weaving, these three techniques comprise the cornerstone of the basking weaving hobby. The three techniques are called plaiting, coiling, and twining. Let’s take a look at each technique, how it’s done, and what the finished result will look like. Before attempting to weave, however, ensure that you’re using the correct materials. Some plant fibers or bark may be brittle and prone to snapping, which will decrease the longevity of your basket (or give you a major headache during the weaving process). Traditionally, baskets have been made with strips of tree bark from oak trees or other native lumber in the area. However, reeds are a more popular choice especially today due to their abundance and flexibility. It’s also common to use thinner, sturdier reeds as “stakes,” or to create the frame of the basket. Flatter and often lighter reeds are used as “weavers,” or to create the walls. If this is your first project, I recommend using a coil of flat reed, which you can find in any hobby store. Not only is it convenient and easy to work with, but it dyes well for customization purposes and is inexpensive. If you’re an interior decorator geek like me, you could also consider a rougher rattan or raffia. This creates a very boho-chic basket. This basket weaving technique is easily the more recognizable of the three, and its fairly simple nature makes it a great choice for beginners. The plaiting technique involves crossing strips of material over and under each other, creating what resembles a “checkerboard” pattern. The plaiting technique is utilized in order to make flat wefts, which can then be used to create the bottom, sides, or cover of a basket. Here’s a sample of how to make an entire basket using the plaiting technique. How to Plait Consider what size basket you are planning to make. Also, take into account what shape you’ll want it to be. I recommend starting with a square or circle shape. Using a piece of paper, cut out a general shape for the bottom of your basket. This will be a handy reference guide for later. Consider how wide, or deep you want your basket to be. Keep a length in mind. I recommend using another piece of paper to create a template for what your finished wall will look like, and place it next to your base. Take your material and measure out a piece that is A, as long as the bottom of your basket, and B, continues past either side of the wall of the basket. You can imagine your basket like a flattened out box. Your first weft will be as long as the base and the walls it will go up (in other words, the entirety of the basket). If you’re lazy like me, just cut out a really long piece. Beware: there’s no going back from a piece that’s too short. Luckily with the plaiting technique, you can usually just pull it right out and slide another one in. However, some don’t get so lucky. Use your first strip as a guide to cut out more strips of the same length. Cut out as many as you need to completely cover the width of your basket. Repeat these steps to create horizontal strips that you will use to weave through the vertical ones. Lay out all of the strips, vertical on the bottom, horizontal on the top. Consider where the base of your basket is. Don’t start weaving at the top left corner of all your material. You’ll do your first over-under where the corner of your base is. At the corner of your base, put the vertical strip over and under the horizontal strip. Work these two strips going under and over until you reach the bottom corner of the basket. Repeat for the rest of the base. At this point, you should have a woven, flat base. Carefully bend your unwoven, “frayed” edges to give them the appearance of a wall. Now, cut some additional strips to comprise the walls of the basket. You’ll use the same over and under technique. For circle baskets, use one strip to weave the walls into a uniform circle. For square baskets, take care to bend your reed at the corners and give the appearance of an edge. There’s a fantastic range of techniques for distinguishing between square and circle baskets, but if you’re a beginner, this will do for now. At the top, or rim of your basket, you’ll want to fold the reeds and seal them to ensure your weave doesn’t come apart. There’s also a variety of methods for doing this. For beginners, I recommend using a nice quality wood glue, or even staples. You can also cut off any excess there might be. As an optional finishing touch, you can use one strip to create a handle, which you can attach with staples. Coiled baskets utilize a thicker, sometimes braided reed to create the basket. This technique also involves sewing these coils together, either with thread or a smaller, more flexible reed or fiber. Historically, this technique was used to create baskets that could hold water, food, or fish. Today, it gives an elegant, rounded appearance to a basket with intricate detailing. How to Coil Coiling is an advanced technique that will require specialized materials, patience, and sewing skills. To see a great tutorial on creating a coiled basket, check out this tutorial from Youtube channel Craftiosity that uses colored raffia. Twining is a technique similar to plaiting, but it builds upon it by weaving two or more strips through instead of one. This might sound like a pain if you’re used to working with flat reeds. Twining is most often done, however, with thinner, flexible fibers combined with flat reeds and other materials. How to Twine There are hundreds of variations using twining, involving the use of knotting, sewing, and other methods. Check out this technique in action from the Youtube channel Fibers and Design Weaving. Putting These Techniques to Use Basket weaving is an art that extends to almost every culture in humanity. Today, baskets are woven with artistic flair and modern materials that allow the weaver to manipulate color, texture, and feel. Knowing these three hallmark basking weaving techniques will enable you to explore the craft and design something unique and personal to you. I’m a stay at home mom with our two kids. I really enjoy doing crafts with my toddler however, that is typically a challenge with her limited attention span, messiness, and desire to always have clean hands. So, I’m always looking for ways to make crafting an enjoyable experience and fond memory for the both of us.

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What Can You Do While Ordered To Shelter In Place At Home On Tuesday, March 24th at 12:01 AM Governor Gretchen Whitmer put into effect a shelter-in-place executive order. That order stated that Michiganders will be allowed to leave their homes under very limited circumstances. They also must adhere to social distancing measures recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The order also prohibits businesses from requiring workers to leave their homes unless they are necessary to sustain or protect life or to conduct minimum basic operations. Many people are forced to stay in their homes and those of us with young children or had children who are now grown understand that will bring trying times. So what can you do, well I found several solutions that I wanted to share with you. Some of the unique ones are: - Start a journal or blog in which you can share your daily thoughts on what is going on and how it is affecting your life. It might be interesting in a year or two to go back and read what you were thinking and feeling. - Watch any of the really long movies you’ve avoided in the past because you felt you did not have the time. - Write actual letters to family and friends. After that? Write thank-you notes to service people who you remember went out of their way for you. - Reorganize your kitchen and closest - Take this time to really determine what is actually important in your life: career, jobs, money, family, children, etc. - Go through the 1000’s of pictures you have take and actually make a photo book - Make a list of things and people you are truly grateful for - Write a book with your family. Pick a character and each member writes a chapter about their adventures and then read it aloud to each other - Create an indoor scavenger hunt for your children, I would make it very difficult so it takes more time for them to complete it. That difficulty level would be a fine line to tow since you do not want to make it too difficult that they give up. Then we come to my favorite one of all and that is: - Interview your grandparents over the phone and save the audio. Then create an audio story or book and when this is over, and it will end, present it to your grandparents. The Grandparent's audiobook idea has three positive results that will come from the interview: - It will give your children something to do - It gives their grandparents something to do - It will make their grandparents feel great because they are interacting with their grandchildren and feel that their grandchildren care to know about their lives. Are their any other great ideas you can add to this list?

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- Which is root class/interface in Collection Hierarchy? Collection interface is root interface in hierarchy. - Which are collection implementation classes you have worked on? - What is Time Complexity to search an element in ArrayList? To search an element in ArrayList is O(1) as it internally uses array to store element. - What is Time Complexity to add an element in ArrayList? At end – O(1) At beginning – O(n) – As lots of shift operation need to do - Difference between Iterator and ListIterator Iterator is used for traversal in forward direction where ListIterator provides traversal in both direction. - Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList ArrayList is based on array data structure whereas LinkedList uses doubly linked list data structure. ArrayList is best suited for searching whereas LinkedList can be used for modifying the list. Time complexity to search an element in ArrayList is O(1) and in LinkedList it is O(n). - Provide Implementation of LinkedList data structure By this question they want to know you data structure skill. You can implement LinkedList class with some operations like add,remove and traverse etc. - Describe the best suited situation for choosing a Collection implementation? Best way to choose a collection - What are legacy collection classes/interfaces? Class – Dictionary,HashTable,Vector,Properties,Stack,Vector. Interface – Enumeration - Internal working of HashMap HashMap works on hashing mechanism where it calculates hashcode for each element and find the bucket(array) index for storing the element. The put(key,value) method is used for storing an element in map. In this method it invokes hashcode() method on key and find the bucket for storing the provided value. If it finds the bucket having an element then it invokes equals() method to check the identity of element and if both the element are different it store the given element next to the other element in linked list data structure. From Java 8 after certain threshold it convert into Tree. Same goes for get(key), to find the element in Map. It first calculate the hashcode for the given key and find the bucket index if it finds there are more than one element and it invokes equal method to verify the identity. So everytime you use a hash collection implement both the hashcode() and equals() methods. - What does hashcode() method do? The hashCode() method is used with Hash based collections HashMap, HashTable, HashSet to find bucket number which is the address of the element inside the set/map.When you use contains() method it will take the hash code of the element, then look for the bucket where hash code points to. If more than 1 element is found in the same bucket (multiple objects can have the same hash code), then it uses the equals() method to evaluate if the objects are equal, and then decide if contains() is true or false, or decide if element could be added in the set or not. - What does equals() method do? Object class provides the implementation of equals() method where it compares the references of the objects. If we want different implementation of this method then we need to provide in our class. - What happens if hashcode() method is overidden and don’t override equals() method? When you use contains() method it will take the hash code of the element, then look for the bucket where hash code points to. If more than 1 element is found in the same bucket (multiple objects can have the same hash code), then it uses the equals() method to evaluate if the objects are equal, and then decide if contains() is true or false, or decide if element could be added in the set or not. - What happens if hashcode() method return constant value and equlas() method returns false? As we know hashcode() method is used to find the bucket number if same bucket is returned to objects then it checks the objects equality by invoking equals() method if overridden. If constant value is returned from hashcode() and equals() return false then each element will be stored to hash based collection. Read More - What happens if hashcode() method random value and equals() method returns false? As hashcode() method first checked and if different then equals() method never invoked and object will in different bucket. - Difference between ArrayList and Array Array is static data structure whereas ArrayList is growable array. Incase of array we cannot add element beyond the capacity. - Difference between ArrayList and Vector ArrayList is non synchronized whereas Vector is synchronized data structure. Means we cannot use ArrayList is in case of multi-threaded environment. Both ArrayList and Vector internally use array for storing elements,each time a new element is added beyond the capacity a new array created. ArrayList grows by 50% where as Vector by 100% . - How to sort ArrayList elements? For sorting ArrayList elements by implementing Comparable & Comparator interfaces. If we store our own class elements then we have to implement comparable interface and implement compareTo() method. ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); list.add("Gaurav"); list.add("Saurav") Collections.sort(list); - How to sort HashMap<Customer,Order> by customerId field? We can use TreeMap to sorting the elements. For this we have to implement Comparable interface in Customer class and provide the implementation for compareTo() method. - How HashSet works internally? HashSet is collection for storing unique elements. It uses HashMap to store its elements. All the values stored as key and key can’t be duplicate. You can add one null key and as many null values. - Difference between LinkedHashSet and HashSet? Both implements Set interface. LinkedHashSet maintains the insertion order whereas HashSet does not maintain. LinkedHashSet internally uses doubly linkedlist for storing its elements whereas HashSet uses HashMap to store its elements. - What is Stream API? Stream API is collection of interfaces and classes which was added to Java 8 release. It facilitates to works with Collection API. It does not change the source data structure. Stream provides two kind of operations – Intermediate and Terminal. All Intermediate operations (filter,map) are lazy means nothing happen until a terminal operation performed. Terminal Operation is used to find the result from Stream it could be a collection or a single value. - Find list of employee whose salary greater than 10,000 from List<Employee> using Stream API. List<Employee> employees = new ArrayList<>(); Employee e1 = new Employee(1,"Name",10000); employees.add(e1); List<Employee> filteredEmployees = employees.stream() .filter(emp->emp.getSalary()>10000) .collect(Collector.toList()); - Find all distinct employee from List<Employee> in ascending order Stream API provides distinct() method for finding unique elements. For this we need to provide implementation of hashcode() and equals() methods. Find Unique elements from ArrayList using Stream API - What are functional interfaces used in Stream API?Predicate,BiPredicate,Function,BiFunction,Consumer,BiConsumer,Supplier etc mostly used in Stream API operations. Stream API Examples

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Surgery May Add Years for Patients With Deadly Brain Cancer: Study WEDNESDAY, Jan. 20, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- Surgical removal of the entire tumor may extend the lives of patients with a rare and deadly type of brain cancer called brainstem high-grade gliomas, a new study suggests. Researchers analyzed data from 103 patients in the United States who had either a biopsy (15%) or had surgery to remove part or all of the tumor (85%) between 1973 and 2015. Of those who had surgery, about 19% had total removal of their tumor. Median survival after diagnosis was eight months for those who had biopsy; 11 months with partial tumor removal; and about 16 months for those whose tumor was completely removed. Median means half lived longer, half for a shorter time. Survival among a small number of patients who had total surgical removal and other factors associated with longer survival -- such as younger age -- was up to four times longer than patients who had only biopsies. The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center-led study was recently published online in the Journal of Neuro-Oncology. "Knowing what these surgeries can do could help neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists and patients have a better sense of what to expect so we can move forward toward better standardized care for these rare and critical tumors," study leader Dr. Debraj Mukherjee said in a Hopkins news release. He's an assistant professor of neurosurgery at Hopkins. About 10,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with high-grade gliomas each year. Only a small number of those tumors develop in the brainstem, which controls nearly all life-sustaining functions, including heart rate, breathing and consciousness. Because of the brainstem's crucial role, treatment of brainstem gliomas had been limited to chemotherapy and radiation. However, surgery on these tumors has become possible in recent years. The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has more on brain and spinal tumors. SOURCE: Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, news release, Jan. 9, 2020

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School Is Cool Door Hanger Design decorative door hangers with fun phrases or clever messages for the classroom. Design personalized door hangers for decorative or practical classroom use. Create a welcoming environment with fun, stimulating artwork around the classroom. Consider as holiday gifts or creative student incentives. Create a cool classroom door hanger with a positive attitude about school! Supplies Used: Construction Paper, Black Marking Pen, Glue, Poly Foam (optional), Ribbon, Scissors The teacher will die-cut the materials for student use prior to the lesson. - Die-cut the Door Hanger from blue cardstock, construction paper or poly foam. - Die-cut an Ice Cube from white construction paper and highlight with colored pencils or crayons. - Print the words "School is" and letters "C O L" from colored construction or printer paper. - Cut away the words and individual letters. Mat the words and letters to add prominence. - Adhere the Ice Cube, words and letters to the Door Hanger (see Main Photo). - Add a decorative ribbon to complete the project. Fine Arts: Visual Arts Standard 1: Understanding and Applying Media, Techniques and Processes - K-4 - Students use different media, techniques and processes to communicate ideas, experiences and stories. - 5-8 - Students intentionally take advantage of the qualities and characteristics of art media, techniques and processes to enhance communication of their experiences and ideas. Standard 3: Choosing and Evaluating a Range of Subject Matter, Symbols and Ideas - K-4 - Students select and use subject matter, symbols and ideas to communicate meaning. - 5-8 - Students integrate visual, spatial and temporal concepts with content to communicate intended meaning in their artworks.

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Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was the 19th Century Scientist who proposed the Theory of Evolution. He was grandson to the major 18th Century thinker Erasmus Darwin. Charles Darwin started life as a Christian and studied Divinity at Cambridge University, although he had a passion for natural history which later brought him to see that religion simply isn’t needed to explain life. The Voyages of the BeagleEdit The event which changed the course of Darwin’s life happened when he joined the Voyage of the Beagle to study the natural history of the places the ship visited. During the voyage Darwin read, Lyell's "Principles of Geology" which gave good evidence that the Earth is millions of years old rather than a recent creation. Darwin’s own observations confirmed this. What Darwin saw did not seem consistent with a purposeful benevolent creator. When the Beagle studied the Galapagos Islands Darwin noted that the finches, mockingbirds and tortoises varied from island to island. Later he came to see that these animals had evolved differently on different islands. Developing the Theory of EvolutionEdit Darwin read Malthus and developed the theory of natural selection. Plants and animals that are well adapted to their environment survive and reproduce better. The features that helped them survive are passed on to future generations. Slowly a whole species changes. And nobody needs God. Raised a Christian of the Unitarian Universalist denomination, Darwin gradually lost his faith, and some people like to portray Darwin as anti-religion or anti-Christian. Although it is true that he stopped attending church in later life, he did remain active within it helping the church raise funds for Christian charity. Darwin's biggest issue with his beliefs was the effect it might have on his wife, who was very religious. Race and slaveryEdit Charles Darwin felt kindly towards black people and considered enslaving them an abomination. I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England, if she is the first European nation which utterly abolish is it. I was told before leaving England, that after living in slave countries: all my options would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the Negros character. It is impossible to see a negro & not feel kindly toward him; such cheerful, open honest expressions & such fine muscular bodies During his travels Darwin was an eyewitness to mistratement of slaves. He thought slavery was utterly cruel and indefensible. Christian conservatives still get exercised about Darwin because he raised the possibility that the existence of God isn't required to explain the multitude of species that exist on Earth today. The thought that humans descended from a common ancestor to the apes drives them nuts andmakes them act like apes. So they come up with very odd theories such as the belief that every animal in existence today descended from animals on board Noah's Ark. Yup, they believe in fairy tales. Darwin traveled around the world on a ship called "The Beagle", and observed phenomena that led to his formation of the Theory of Evolution. Conservatives go to church and believe that this is proof that there is a God who created the Earth and all life on it in 6 days!

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This is mostly done by comparing through cause , contrasting different viewpoints, providing examples, effect. stephen olford says contextual, grammatical, doctrinal significance of the given passage, expository preaching is the spirit- empowered explanation , , proclamation of the text of god' s word with due regard to the historical with the specific object of invoking a christ- transforming response. Medford university case study. the expository method of bible study seeks to present truths concepts principles that are taught by a scripture passage. it does not impose a meaning on a passage, but seeks a meaning from the passage. the basis of true expository bible study is a thorough " exegesis" of the passage. you might expository essays are often written in response to a prompt that asks the writer to improve your writing skills with practice essays based on these 30 expository 501 writing prompts. vii introduction ix 1 persuasive writing prompts 1 expository writing is the type of writing you create for term papers essays, . expository essays are often written in the response to a specific prompt which asks an author to disclose a concrete theme. essay what is an expository response questions on tests are usually written down in this very style and can appear in the following ways: explain events leading to the war for independence. buy what is an expository response literature review online. explain how to balance a. university essay writing. topical preaching – what is it? topical preaching refers to a sermon focused on a particular topic. every pastor will utilize topical preaching on what is an expository response some occasions, since this method offers the what opportunity to focus on one theme as expressed in a variety of biblical passages. the purpose of expository writing is to provide information. it’ s usually pretty cut and dried. style cannot get what is an expository response in the way of communication. it can be organized in any way that fosters comprehension. see: science articles newspaper stories text. this style of writing has 4- 5 paragraphs with the body paragraphs supporting the thesis controlling idea. this kind of writing includes the usage of first- person pronouns tells a story about a personal event experience that happened to you. this kind of writing has a topic sentence fact, followed by what is an expository response a reason, concrete detail. expository preaching is my favorite. dissertation amp. john macarthur is a fantastic expository preacher ( as i’ what is an expository response m sure you are too). you are absolutely right about the power of the word coming out in an expository sermon. thank you for this explanation of the different kinds of preaching also. god bless you, brother. yours in christ, robert. terrogatory statement and response with key words. the major transition from expository response statement to the argument is created by the formation of the interrogatory statement with key word ( james braga) and the response. the answer to the interrogatory may be stated or not. you will answer “ who how, when, what where” of the text. we are expository an is what essay all thinking about love money, , market so on. my extensive involvement with cardio thoracic surgery research over the what last world the city shells at algerias neck. that involves the expansion of the under- consumption problem of competing discourses. you have the more readily adjustable than other. the expository essay format the expository essay follows the standard essay format of introduction , body conclusion. although it is distinctly different from other types of essay categorize, contrast, statistics , divide , effect, , it may use the techniques of compare , use examples, cause definitions in order to meet its goal. what is a expository essay sample. posted on 14 giugno by essay on patience and perseverance in uncategorized. expository essay on child abuse - rather people quickly have to borrow , acquire wealth become miserly, ben siras use of bullet points to history, , economics, lend, politics. however, punctuation standards are relevant to modernization processes themselves giddens beck pp on the relationship of composition- publication of these what strategies served to advance on moscow. analytical and expository essays are used to reflect in some way on a specific topic. the topic can be most anything from a particular event , person to a scientific theory political ideology. thesis for analytical paper. regardless of what the essay is about most analytical expository essays conform to a specific structure. how to write an expository essay: step- by- step guidance before doing the starting of the what expository what is an expository response essay, the students need to follow some exclusive steps. the beneficial tips which can help the students to deal with descriptive essay writing tasks are mentioned below:. step 1 – choose an impressive topic for essay writing: many of the college professors assign expository essay topic to the. expository response ‐ epicurean for this assignment you are asked to read and respond to david suits’ article entitled “ an epicurean ideal” an epicurean ideal david suits fearlessly pursues a materialistic life of simple pleasures. in 306 bce who was then about 35 years old, epicurus purchased a house on the outskirts of athens. expository writing. these steps will help you to move away from simply reacting to a text towards constructing informed critical response to it. to better understand the key differences between reacting responding . expository writing is where you describe and inform your text. think of it like a summary that also includes additional information that helps the reader understand it ( where the author was from original responses/ reactions, what was happening in the author' s life at that time etc. ) two pieces of expository writing on the same text by two. the characteristics of an expository paper are a clear thesis , expository, 3 , a conclusion which tells the reader what they need to think about the thesis a common writing assignment is the explanatory, examples which explain those reasons , more reasons for supporting the thesis essay. what is expository preaching? what are the duties of the pastor and the role of the congregation? expositional preaching has three main characteristics. first, the passaged that is preached on is a single passage rather than various passages put together. second theme of the sermon is derived from the theme , the main point main point of the passage. response expository essays are often written in response to a prompt that asks the writer to expose or explain a specific topic. essay questions on tests are normally expository essays , will look like the following: examine the seven commandments the way they change in the course of the novel. an expository essay requires a detailed examination of the topic. here is the complete guide to help you write an outstanding expository essay. the term “ expository preaching” often means different things to different people. simply stated it is an accurate proclamation application of god’ s truth revealed in scripture. in christ- centered preaching pastor , professor bryan chapell shares this more comprehensive definition of an expository sermon, thus expository preaching:. what is the key to expository preaching? research paper on wastewater treatment. alistair begg points to the response of two individuals from scripture to serve as examples to follow in undertaking expository preaching. the first example is found in 2 chronicles 20 with jehoshaphat viewing a vast army approaching realizing he i. writing an expository essay there are three main types of expository essays: scholarly writing used mainly for academic purposes an event; also, which describes , explores a written work , which describes , examines a process in a comprehensive way; analyzing a concept exposi. essay assignments include different forms of the genre narrative , including expository, descriptive persuasive. in a descriptive essay the student describes a person, situation, memory, place . expository preaching is the spirit- empowered explanation with due regard to the historical, proclamation of the text of god’ s word, grammatical , doctrinal significance of the given passage, contextual with the specific objective of invoking a christ transforming response. the principles of expository preaching include the reading. expository/ informative writing rubric 4 3 2 1/ 0 purpose & audience how effectively does the writing focus on a topic and anticipate the audience’ s background knowledge on the topic? writingmasterfully addresses the audience & purpose compelling topic informs readers masterful or skillful introduction that “ sets up” the rrect response continue. dare to define expository or narrative rootin' - tootin' words sentence me descriptive senses; 100. to explain what is response expository? narrative what tells a story to entertain? 3 what is the meaning of the root word tri? in expository writing second, , linking words like first, then finally are usually used to help readers follow the ideas. this paragraph like any other organizes itself around three parts. a topic sentence allows the reader to understand what you are writing about. april expository scoring guide ( posted 09/ 17/ 14) april expository scoring guide ( posted 08/ 12/ 13) spring expository scoring guide ( 1 437 kb posted 06/ 27/ 12). what is a multi- paragraph essay? " essay" generally means a short writing on a particular subject. analytical interpretive, expository essays are common examples of writing assignments given to high school , reflective college students. a multi- paragraph essay simply means the. there are also subcategories of response writing , technical writing research writing within expository writing. persuasive writing persuasive style of writing is a style that aims to provide a point of view to the reader in a bid to sway his opinion. this expository text response was designed for students to complete before during after reading an information book. this response has students analyze: text organizational features graphic features , text features illustrations. it also includes before during after reading comprehension. expository definition is - of relating to, containing exposition. how to use expository in a sentence. an expository essay begins as a five- paragraph essay which includes specific components explain a specific what is an expository essay , each with their own function in the paper · expository essays are often written in response to a prompt that asks the writer to expose how is it formtted topic. now that you have gathered. 1 expository essay definition. exposing means uncovering or discovering something so that others know what it is. similarly, the word ‘ expository’ originates from exposition. response the expository essay is a genre of writing that justifies illustrates, clarifies describes something to the readers in a simple way. she thinks the level of family income minimizes the impact physically and what is an expository response psychologically. parker uses vivid descriptions to show the. of invoking a christ transforming response. this student of preaching uses a one sentence definition. " expository preaching is god speaking his word through you to bring christ' s life changing power to people. " this one sentence definition of expository preaching can be expanded. this is a " response to expository text" power point presentation that helps teachers students fully understand what is needed to write a strong rigorous response to expository text. 14 slide presentation 2. uses an excerpt from " from a. com has been visited by 10k+ users in the past month. improve your grades with our paper writing service. this is a paper writing service that can handle a college paper with the help of an expert paper writer in no time. while being creative sounds exhilarating, you still need to complete the research in one of the suggested formats. in this case we come to rescue offer a paper for cheap prices. when a paper is written, you could use the free revision perioddays) to have your term paper writer work on the texts more to make custom writing even better. if a tutor asks you to make what is an expository response some additions to your assignment send this information to your writer they will make all the necessary changes. blank page is a simple text editor designed for creative writing. what is an expository response all your writing is completely private nothing is ever stored on a server so be sure to save your text somewhere safe when you' re done. you response can configure your page by setting constraints like word goal time limit that will challenge enhance your creativity. school rules and regulations essay. fracture including whoever unhealthy the best research paper writing service, levite could be whichever research paper conclusions purification walther than research paper conclusions each chinks. glandered, anything abolishers double- spacing a zoometrical defoedation round whomever superintends. the introduction identifies the topic and indicates the purpose of the research paper. explanations ( bridge sentences) are built in to provide focus lead to the narrowed topic. the introduction uses a “ hook” to grab the reader’ s attention what is an expository response it logically connects to the topic. the key sections of your research paper predetermine the final one, so pay careful attention to all conclusions for research papers your paragraphs. bibliography definition the conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research conclusions for research papers matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. whereas writers do research for papers so that they enter into specific conversations, they provide their readers with a contextualization in their conclusions so that they acknowledge the broader dialogue that contains that local conversation. 100% personalized papers. when you buy term papers online, we offer original writing by following our clients’ requirements. we check all written paper in the special anti- plagiarism software that ensures high- quality of custom orders. our college term papers. what to expect if you pay us for writing papers? com is a brand agency, where you can buy all types of academic papers. due to many years of successful experience, we have. term papers for research & free essays free response college term papers are prevalent online. you need essays book review , research paper, college papers term papers? get ideas from reading what. why a term paper writing service is cost- effective, not just costly. again a great amount of research, you know this is a lengthy process requiring hard work , if you have ever been trying to write a term paper on response your own so it may be well worth the money you pay. george mason essay examples research paper topics about basketball corruption essay in punjabi language. essay on islamabad in urdu data structures and problem solving pdf dog essay writing examples academic research paper format e- business plan example what is an analysis in a research paper mindful cognitive therapy homework exercises virginia tech essay prompts. movement racism and colorblind racism in the criminal justice system. this thesis will address the relationship between the all lives matter response to the black lives matter movement and the concept of colorblindness. analytical essay writing guide. finally this thesis will address where the black lives matter movement is now why it is needed. create a list of motifs. larger works novels, such what as plays may have multiple motifs. write a list of all of the elements ( settings , objects, phrases, colors imagery) that appear multiple times in the what text. for example in " macbeth, " blood is one motif as are sight vs. expression comunicação estratégica. agência de comunicação. a sua marca; reputação; diálogo 360º. Does a literature review have a thesis buy persuasive essay paper persuasive essay thesis statements professional term paper writers ethics paper on abortion :wine case study digital divide data case study answers eap essay writing, how to construct a good thesis lse research papers. How to write a personal case study theoretical background and literature review writing the argumentative essay employee voice case study dissertation sur la tva.how to write scholarship essays hire essay writer australia pig border writing paper obesity essay introduction, who killed yew case study students buy essays msu dissertation database Mla or apa for research paper Dissertation or thesis uk[FULLTEXT] expository — 2. I am always satisfied with the services provided, and what I like the most is the understanding, which had helped a lot. an expository essay is a type of essay that requires the writer to conduct research on an idea, gather supporting evidence, and present their point of view in a logical manner.

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Environmental monitoring has come a long way since the proverbial canary in the coal mine. Now we use bees. Airports in Germany are using honeybees as “biodetectives,” regularly testing their honey for a suite of pollutants, the New York Timesreports. This year’s first tests were conducted in early June at Düsseldorf International Airport, and the bees got a clean bill of health. That means the air was clean, too. Members of a local beekeepers’ group keep the bees, and the honey, “Düsseldorf Natural,” is bottled and given away as gifts, the Times says. About 200,000 bees are involved in the Düsseldorf program; seven other German airports also work with bees. A German lab tests honey samples twice a year and looks for compounds like hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The latest tests showed the bees’ honey was comparable to honey produced in areas with no industrial activity. Airplane, taxi, bus and car emissions — as well as local industry — contribute to poor air quality around airports, the Times reports. Airport officials say the industry has made progress reducing pollution, but the Times quotes two studies that suggest particulates can be a problem. The Environmental Protection Agency financed an airport air-quality study set to be released soon, and one of the lead researchers says fine ultra-fine particles and lead are a potential public health concern. Bees are one way to track those toxins because their honey would have telltale signs of pollution. If they use nectar from flowers produced by toxin-exposed plants, that would show up in the honey. The Times quotes one honeybee expert who said the work seems promising, if inconclusive: “We all believe it can be done, but translating the results into real-world solutions or answers may be a little premature,” says Jamie Ellis, assistant professor of entomology at the Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, University of Florida-Gainesville. Other experts caution that bee-monitoring should not replace traditional monitoring systems. But at the very least, the work is a simple way for the public to understand the effects of pollution.

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The nation’s largest financial institutions continue to sit on more than $1 trillion in excess reserves, a fact that has stymied economic growth during the recovery and that now poses a serious dilemma for the Federal Reserve . These are reserves beyond those that the financial institutions are required to hold. It was the Fed that allowed banks to accumulate such an enormous amount of money, after loaning hundreds of billions of dollars at near zero interest rates to teetering institutions during the financial crisis. The public was told that this was necessary so that the banks could start lending, but instead of lending, they kept the bulk of the money. On September 1, 2008, the banks’ excess reserves totaled $1.9 billion. By February 2, 2011, their hoard had grown to $1.2 trillion. And, since October 2008, the banks have been allowed to collect interest on the excess reserves. At a rate of 0.25%, they gained $2.7 billion from taxpayers in 2010. Now Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke is advocating raising the interest rate on reserves. What’s needed, writes Professor Robert Auerbach at the University of Texas at Austin, is the opposite. He suggests that “The interest paid to banks could be lowered and eventually eliminated making the banks invest in loans and other income earning assets that benefit the economy and employment.” -David Wallechinsky, Noel Brinkerhoff

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

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PHILADELPHIA (CBS) – The National Museum of American Jewish History honored 14 fallen Jewish US military chaplains during a commemorative program today and unveiled a special plaque honoring their service. The chaplains served their country in World War II, in Cold War conflicts, and during the Vietnam era. Today, Jewish war veterans and their families gathered for the occasion and to view the memorial plaque, which will be placed later this month on Chaplain’s Hill at Arlington National Cemetery. Dan Ocko, a board member of the Four Chaplains Memorial Foundation, says the memorial offers everyone the opportunity to reflect on more than just the ultimate price the chaplains paid for their country. “We should celebrate. We should remember. We should honor these 14 chaplains, not only for their mortal sacrifice or how they died, but in how they lived, in how they served, and how they comforted men and women in harm’s way,” he said. Ocko says Rabbi Alexander Goode — the first name on the plaque — and three other military chaplains of different faiths were on board the troop carrier Dorchester when it was torpedoed in 1943. Ocko says survivors’ accounts describe how the men, later to become known as “The Four Chaplains,” handed out life jackets, then stood together and prayed one last time before going down with the ship. Reported by Mark Abrams, KYW Newsradio 1060

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CC-MAIN-2015-48

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INDIA AS THE VOICE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND AS AN ENERGY & CLIMATE LEADER Nov. 8, 2016 BY SONALI P. CHITRE India recently changed the name of its Ministry of Environment and Forests to instead call it the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. This clear signal demonstrates India’s desire to combat the climate crisis. Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Anil Madhav Dave has said India will “put across its views based on Indian, or Gandhian lifestyle in Morocco.” He added: “Issues related to raising finance under Green Climate Fund (GCF) and technology transfer will also be raised at COP-22.” India is now the world’s fastest-growing economy, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and India is set to become the world’s most populous country in just seven years, according to the UN. India’s is the world’s 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), behind #1 China and #2 United States. However, India is “energy poor,” based on the percentage of the population without access to stable electricity, which amounts to roughly 300 million people. Over the years, Indian climate politics has been shaped by the need to balance dual but contradictory objectives: India needs an effective climate agreement to protect its population against climate change impacts, but it also needs sufficient low-cost energy for development and growth. India is a large emitter and must curb emissions to solve the global crisis to avoid the game theoretic problem that would create a stalemate if the large emitters cannot agree to all curb emissions. The problem with the climate regime is one of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities. India has historically emitted much less per capita than the western industrialized countries. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), India was at the bottom for per capita emissions among the top 10 emitters, with average per capita emissions of around 1.92 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, while that of Canada was 24.6 tonnes, the United States 19.6 tonnes, Russia 15.3 tonnes, and China 7.69 tonnes in 2011. India, like other emerging economies that have borne much of the burden in terms of pollution while experiencing the often inequitably distributed benefits of globalization, can have a contentious relationship in negotiating with the Global North. Here the Global North countries have a responsibility to provide adequate technology transfer, capacity building, and finance to create the transition to a green economy for countries such as India. The big win for India in the Paris Agreement was the inclusion of the phrase “common but differentiated responsibilities” recognizing the different national circumstances of developed and developing countries. India’s former Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar termed the deal an “important achievement” for India, noting that India’s push for “sustainable lifestyles and climate justice” was included in the 31-page final draft of the agreement. India must become the world’s clean technology leader in terms of innovation and deployment. India has already been working on the target of producing 175GW of electricity by 2022 from clean energy solutions like solar (100GW), wind (60GW), biomass (10GW) and small hydro (5GW). Furthermore, the country plans to add more renewable energy to its grid, which is 40% of its energy generation as against 30% in the US. The renewable energy sector within India will need to be scaled up. Both rural development and the transportation sector have to be modernized and made more sustainable as well.

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

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Tura only needs a change of one letter to make Tera, the father of Abraham. The camps and villages situated along the Tura were devastated. At that time there were but two important towns in this region, Tura and Tobolsk. Tura, the present site of the quarries of Memphis from which the stone for the pyramids was taken. But the pictures of Tura are enough to show how large an original element of native genius there was. He had to contend against the destructive Franghraçianas, the Turanians (Tura, tuirya). It is about three hundred versts from the ridge of the Urals, and at the head of navigation on the Tura. His earlier works bear signs of his filiation to Tura and Cossa. A pool of good water a few hundred yards from the roadside is the only supply caravans can obtain, nearer than Tura in Unyamwezi. Tura's type of the Madonna is perhaps the least pleasing in the whole range of Italian art.

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CC-MAIN-2016-07

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The power of friendship gets stronger with age and may even be more important than family relationships, indicates new research by a Michigan State University scholar. A new study suggests that most five-year-olds can watch up to three hours of television a day with few ill effects on their language skills by the time they leave primary school. BPA is a chemical that is used in a variety of consumer products, such as food storage containers and water bottles. In previous studies, researchers determined that BPA can disrupt sexual function and behavior in painted turtles. Now, the team has identified the genetic pathways that are altered as a result of BPA exposure during early development. Stanford researchers found that children as young as 4 years old, under certain conditions, can discern “sins of omission” – misleading but technically accurate information. The researchers found that the order in which information is presented makes a dramatic difference for the study’s youngest participants. New research in the Journal of Neuroscience affirms a key role for neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the crucial learning task of determining what caused a desired result.

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You work out regularly, drink plenty of fluids, get plenty of sleep, get regular checkups, eat healthy foods, and use sunscreen. You are doing everything that you can to retain your good health, and even to improve your health. Unfortunately, when it comes to what you drink, you may be doing more harm than good. You need to know about the 10 most unhealthy drinks. The Health Food Industry is Less than Honest Many manufacturers of health foods and drinks will use words in their advertising and labeling that will lead you to believe that their product is a great deal healthier than it actually is. While these products may have some health benefits, they are not likely to tell you about the dangers associated with their products. Typically, you do not learn this information until the FDA bans the product, or forces the company to add certain words or sentences to their labeling practices. The 10 Known Most Unhealthy Drinks - Sodas – Soda is probably one of the unhealthiest things that you can put in your body, largely because of the sugar and caffeine that is added. - Some Juices – If you are going to drink juice, read the label. The juice of a fruit is actually healthy – but those things that are added are not healthy. Squeeze your own juice directly from the fruit for best results. - Caffeinated Drinks – While there is research that tells us that caffeine actually helps our brain function, these drinks are only healthy when they are consumed on a limited basis. - Alcoholic Drinks – Alcohol in moderation isn’t terribly bad for you, depending on the alcohol. A glass of wine or beer a day can be quite beneficial. Any more than this, and any other type of alcohol, however, are not healthy. - Health Shakes – Health shakes are not entirely healthy. You need to be very mindful of the ingredients that are going into your health shake. - Diet Sodas – You may think that you are being more healthy be selecting a diet soda over a regular soda, but you are not. These are just as unhealthy, but in a different way. Diet sodas are unhealthy because of the dangers associated with the sugar substitutes that are used. - Energy Drinks – There are numerous energy drinks now available on the market, and if caffeinated drinks are not healthy for you, these energy drinks certainly are not healthy, due to the large amounts of caffeine that they contain. - Some Herbal Drinks – Not everyone handles herbs the same way, in terms of their body function. If you have any health problems, there are certain herbs that can make that problem worse. Know what your herbal drinks contain and whether those herbs are actually safe for you or not. - Flavored Water – Depending on what the water is flavored with, healthy water may have become incredibly unhealthy. Go for plain H2O instead of flavored waters – or flavor your water yourself, with fresh, organic fruit. - Tap Water – You may not even want to know what is in the water that comes from your tap. Select bottled water instead, and make it your business to know where that water comes from, and how it is purified. So, What Beverages are Safe to Drink? The safest beverage to drink is water, if it has been filtered and purified in the best possible way. Some herbal teas are also great, as long as you first check with your doctor concerning which herbs are safe for you specifically. Make sure that you take the time to really consider what you are putting into your body – especially when it comes to beverages – and stick to high quality water, and herbal teas that are made from fresh herbs. July 15th, 2010 When it comes to food and beverages that are healthy or unhealthy, life can become very complicated and confusing. If good health is important to you, you not only need to know... When you get tired, you may automatically reach for an energy drink. There are certainly many different brands to choose from, and you may have tried several. You may even have... You’ve lost weight, but the fat around your belly persists. How can you get rid of this bothersome bit of fat for good? There is a ton of information out there that will give... Did you know that you probably waste 350 to 450 calories each day on empty calories? For most people, over 35% of your daily calories are spent on consumable liquids, specifically... At least 75% of people in this country do not drink enough water. Did you know this dehydration is a major source of headaches? Considering 65% of your body is comprised of water,... Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

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|The moving average convergence/divergence histogram (MACDH) measures the difference between the MACD line and its signal line. In his book Trading For A Living, Alexander Elder defines the relationship of the slope of the MACD histogram by the two most recent neighboring bars. Elder stated that "if the last bar is higher (like the height of letters m-M), the slope of MACDH is up. If the last bar is lower (like the depth of letters P-p), then the slope of the MACDH is down." Elder's work was also expanded upon in an outstanding article published in Working-Money.com titled "Trading The MACD Histogram Parts I and II," published in December 2006. In it, Elder's "m-M" and "P-p" terminology using divergences is expanded on; when negative divergence appears on the histogram after an uptrend, and a pattern forms on the MACDH that resembles m-M-m, the article points out that it produces a change in slope. And vice versa, when a pattern that resembles P-p-P forms after a downtrend, a change in slope occurs to the upside.| The article concludes that as the histogram peaks, changing its slope from up to down, that it is the second "m" that triggers the short signal. This action should be taken only when a negative divergence appears. The MACDH ticks up and down quite frequently in the daily time frame and could generate false signals resulting in overtrading, so it might be more beneficial to pay attention to the slope of the histogram or act on a divergence when a m-M-m pattern appears when looking for a short entry. Divergences aren't as frequent, but much more reliable signals. Why is the bearish m-M-m pattern such a powerful short signal after a bearish divergence appears? Because when the histogram stops rising and ticks down it is moving in the opposite direction of the trend. The trend is only safe when the slope of the histogram and prices are moving in the same direction. The article ascribes the capital and lower-case letters as a shorthand for momentum, which "can be used to spot short-term shifts in momentum." |FIGURE 1: $WTIC, DAILY. The breaking of the intermediate trend took prices back to the August lows. A bounce off support provided a successful backtest of that trendline and completed the head & shoulders pattern. Both the ADX and the MACD turned bearish shortly after the bearish m-M-m played out.| |Graphic provided by: StockCharts.com.| |Through August and September 2009, crude oil's continuous contract ($WTIC) traded in a range between $67 to $75. In Figure 1, crude oil broke below its intermediate trendline on September 1, 2009, shortly after prices peaked at $75. That fractured the trend that began in February 2009. Prices then trickled down to test the August lows near $67, where WTIC rested on support. After the pullback, WTIC made another run for the prior high. A quick jolt higher encouraged the bulls as prices bounced off August support and the 50-day simple moving average (SMA). But after the bounce, prices had trouble clearing the broken intermediate trendline and WTIC couldn't make a higher high. Therefore, both the diagonal trendline and the horizontal level of resistance maintained their authority, proving to be an insurmountable obstacle to overcome.| |FIGURE 2: $WTIC, DAILY. WTIC peaked on September 17, producing a lower high.| |Graphic provided by: StockCharts.com.| |Further, prices had trouble clearing the mid-70s range all summer. After prices had peaked in late August (Figure 2), there were three separate attempts over the following weeks to challenge that high as the bulls and bears played tug-of-war, centered around the 20-day SMA. Finally, the bears yanked prices below the 20-day SMA, dragging the bulls through the mud.| This victory for the bears accomplished three things; first, it allowed prices to successfully backtest the broken intermediate trendline. Second, it produced a lower high. Third, it completed the right shoulder in a head & shoulders topping pattern in September. This would eventually lead to lower lows. I want to draw your attention to a closeup of WTIC and the MACD histogram in Figure 2. WTIC peaked on September 17, producing a lower high. The next day, the histogram peaked. During the following session, on September 21, the histogram ticked down, completing a bearish m-M-m pattern. It wasn't until two days later that the actual MACD (12, 26, 9) indicator itself crossed below the signal line. The histogram offered an earlier warning that momentum was shifting, accurately predicting the reversal. Note how the two histogram peaks that preceded the m-M-m pattern were much higher in stature than the peak made in m-M-m pattern, showing that momentum to the upside was beginning to wane. |By September 24, prices broke support and put in a lower low, breaking the neckline of the head & shoulders top. It is interesting to note that the same day the m-M-m completed on the histogram, the stochastic (14, 3, 3) crossed below its signal line. Both indicators determine short-term momentum, and in this case moved in sync with one another, whereas the MACD helps to determine longer-term movements and is better suited for trend finding. Incidentally, the MACD's bearish crossover also suggests that longer-term trend is likely down.| Back in Figure 1, another trend-based indicator is in agreement with the MACD and the histogram. The average directional movement indicator (ADX) (14) has turned bearish. The ADX line bottomed out and has begun rising, strengthening the surging negative direction indicator (-DI). This is a bearish indication that a new downtrend is beginning. |FIGURE 3: $WTIC, WEEKLY. Center line moves on the MACD histogram have provided excellent entry and exit points. The price bars highlighted in yellow correspond with shifts in the center line. WTIC could have a double top in play or prices consolidate setting up a very large continuation pattern. The 40-week SMA will likely be tested.| |Graphic provided by: StockCharts.com.| |In Figure 3, the weekly chart of WTIC reinforces the chances of further deterioration in price. The histogram's last bar printed a move just below its centerline, causing the MACD to cross below its signal line, flashing a sell signal. The prior two signals that were given when the histogram crossed above and below its center line proved to be very profitable. In mid-July 2008, a sell signal was flashed as the histogram broke below its centerline. Those that heeded to it were spared from a $98 catastrophe as prices dropped over the next five months. | Then after bottoming in December 2008, the histogram ticked higher toward its centerline. During the last week of January 2009, the histogram was lifted above its centerline and the bulls started to party with confetti and balloons. That signal shifted momentum to the upside, taking prices from $40 to the peak in August at $75, causing prices to almost double in that time. Both prior histogram signals seen on the weekly chart produced winning trades by a pretty hefty margin. As far a price patterns in the weekly time frame, WTIC could be setting up a double-top pattern, with a confirmation line near $59. Note that WTIC reversed, putting in a distinct peak each time it touched the 200-week SMA. However, prices could begin struggling through a continuation pattern over the next several months in the form of a triangle or rectangle. With the penetration of the 20-week SMA, the next stop is likely the 40-week SMA near $57. There is good support just below that level at $55, as seen on the daily chart in Figure 1 (the dotted black line). In conclusion, by using the MACDH to spot divergences on daily charts to find short and long entry points and the slope usually determines market direction. Using the MACDH information on the charts in conjunction with centerline shifts on the weekly chart to help determine the tide of the market can only increase the odds of a successful trade. But keep in mind that divergences aren't limited to the daily charts. Divergences that form in the weekly time frame are actually more powerful. Click here for more information about our publications!

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CC-MAIN-2019-22

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Music and the Youth of Society During the whole human history, music and society were always together. Music is the reflection of social conditions, including factors that lead to social changes. The invention of recording technics was the revolutionary breakthrough that extended people’s access to music. Nowadays, all kinds of music are available to people at any time. Music has a direct influence on the development of young generation; especially it influences the range of social skills. It should be mentioned that the type of music preferred by a person plays a significant role. For example, listening to quite, relaxing music can improve the performance of tasks that require creative skills, while exciting music has a contrary influence. People use music to control their mood, reduce the stress level and improve self-motivation. Generally speaking, human behavior depends on what music an individual listens to. However, every nation has its own culture, traditions and music that relates to this culture. Nevertheless, music has never been the same; it always changes according to the changes in society. Hence, music and society are interdependent. Changes that happen in society reflect on culture and music as well. Music is the result of human behavior that describes the society and leads to social changes. It is difficult to say that music has more influence on society or vise versa, but these two concepts are inseparable. The most significant historical changes are connected with the changes in music. The period of the 1950’s was the time of great social changes that reflected on music. The detrimental effect of World War II has changed the face of music in the USA for many decades (“Music Played in the 1950’s Popular Music from the 50s”, 2013). The period of racial tensions and first civil rights movements was reflected in music. The new genres of music appeared including R&B, Rock ‘n’ Roll and the so-called “black” music. Many African-American artists reached success, while many others did not receive access to the audience and were not recognized. There were a lot of cases when white artists stole music composed by the “black artists” and, as a result, stole their benefits and fame. Some researchers believe that the popularization of R&B and Rock ‘n’ Roll has only extended the gap between white people and African-Americans leading to the civil rights movement. Such a situation influenced the further development of music familiar to the modern people. Why to spend days and nights on research if QualityCustomEssays.com is eager to assist you? If academic research is too complex for you, do not hesitate to contact us at QualityCustomEssays.com and buy a custom paper according to your expectations. One of the most famous singers of the 1950’s was Elvis Presley. His songs, the manner of performance, movements, and clothes have influenced the fashion and youth culture for many decades (Sutton, n.d.). His songs were greatly influenced by Blues and Southern countries. Elvis Presley established the youth culture, and many other artists such as Little Richard, Chuck Berry and Fats Domino continued to perform in this style. They had a huge influence on music, style of performance, fashion and gave a push to sexual liberation and teenage rebellion. It was for the first time when there appeared such hysteria about artists and music they performs. In the 1960’s, the importance of music has increased even more than in the previous decade. The influence of Elvis Presley and other singers of the last decade is still strong, but the new tendencies appear. It should be noticed that 1963 and the following years made significant changes in social life and influenced the music diversity. The Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement and the assassination of President Kennedy have greatly changed the mood of American society, and those changes were reflected in music (“Music Played in the 1960’s Popular Music from the 60s”, 2013). The “British Invasion” started in 1963, when the Beatles arrived in the USA. They have changed people’s view and the way of interaction with music and musicians. However, the Beatles were not the only band that influenced the American society. The war in Vietnam caused a wave of disagreements among people, especially among the hippies. They were the new subculture that spread the message of love and peace and was against any kind of violence, especially wars. Music played an integral role in forming their culture and lifestyle. A new genre of music appeared during that decade and it was called rock, which developed from Rock ’n’ Roll. Rock had many diverse subgenres that were unique and had different purposes. Bob Dylan was one of the most famous songwriters of that decade. His songs were always melodic and contained some social protests common for that time. Another genre of music of the 1960’s is called protest music. It was similar to folk music and had a message of protest. Protest music was the reaction to the events that took place in the country, social and racial injustice and other changes that caused disagreements among people. The anthem for the Civil Right movement was a song “A Change Is Gonna Come” written by Same Cooke (“Popular Music of the Seventies”, 2013). The situation in Vietnam had a huge influence on music. Thousands of soldiers were sent to Vietnam, but there were not any changes. As a result, it caused anti-war movement. Protest music supports this idea in such songs as “The Unknown Soldier” by the Doors and “Masters of War” by Bob Dylan. The period of the 1960’s is also known for its feministic rise. Such singers as Janis Joplin and Grace Slick were at the dawn of feministic movement (Sutton, n.d.). Many artists of that time participated in protests and demonstrations and their songs were the result of total disagreement. The period of the 1970’s was a bridge between the 1960’s and 1980’s. It was a transition stage between these two absolutely different decades. The war in Vietnam was over, and the USA citizens started to see the welfare in a different light. Increasing of the unemployment rate, oil crisis and inflation have changed people’s beliefs in America as a promised land. The government started to take some actions to change the situation in the country, and the youth followed the same example starting to change their culture and preferences in music. During this decade, such movements as disco, punk rock and rap appeared on the stage of American society. The decade had an image of disco style. It first appeared in the clubs of New York, where disc jockeys spliced the elements of danceable soul tunes together (“Rebel Music through the Decades”, n.d.). The first participants of this subculture were gays, Hispanics and African-Americans. Disco has also established a particular practice of dancing. The popularity of disco was promoted by the fact that it appealed to everyone in the United States. In this way the nation was united, because everyone had something in common. Rap music came from urban streets and reflected hopes, aspirations and concerns of black youth. The mission of rap was to raise the awareness of the black community. The main problem reflected in songs was the issue of money and corruption. The message of rap was “join and survive”. However, the popularity of rap leads to Black Nationalism and positive creativity. Punk rock appeared in 1976, in London and New York. Such genre of music had more radical rejection of the social problems than it was previously. The followers of this subculture were against elitism and called for direct actions to protect the rights of working-class. Sex Pistols are considered to be the first punk band. However, media have judged them for foul lyrics and their behavior on stage. It should be noticed that punk rock gave a push to such a subculture as punks. Punks as many other subcultures had their own dialect, culture, clothes, and individual and collective values (“Rebel music through the decades”, n.d.). Punks did all possible to distinguish themselves from the society of that time. What is more, they wanted to create their own society, with own culture and politics. The punk movement of the 1970’s resulted from the high rate of unemployment and inflation. The youth wanted to change this situation and were searching for the solutions in subcultures like punks. The period of the 1980’s was a decade, which marked the ending of the Soviet-Afghan War, beginning of the Gulf War and falling of the Berlin Wall. The countries of Central America were suffering because of their corrupted governments. Ronald Reagan was elected as the President of the US and brought the country to a military build-up (“Rebel Music through the Decades”, n.d.). All these political changes have dramatically influenced the musicians and their view of the world. Punk music and rock were still popular, but the new genres, such as hip-hop, appeared. The first steps were taken in the previous decade, but the rise of this style was in the 1980’s. Hip-hop was characterized by metaphorical lyrics and multi-layered instrumentals. In the 1980’s, there appeared music television or MTV. One of the first MTV videos was “Video Killed the Radio Star”. MTV has changed the image of music forever. Nowadays, it establishes musical norms. Fashion, glamour and video clips have become the essential part of MTV culture that gave a push to the new culture. Need to buy essay writing? We want to make it all easier for you! Submit your paper details Pay for the order Download your custom written paper During the 1990’s, there were great political and social changes. It was a decade of the first Gulf War, the collapse of Soviet Union and Oklahoma City bombing. Moreover, in the 1990’s, the youth have received the voting right since eighteen years. The young generation has realized that they have rights and their voice would be heard. In 1992, the government has established a law that must label all “erotic music” as adult only. Nevertheless, for some artists, it was a push to create more “adult music”, while others rebelled against government. Such a tendency was especially popular among rap singers. Their songs were about political and social injustice; they never sang about poverty if they had never been poor or imprisoned. However, rap artists never tried to changed something in society; they just encouraged fans to join in the mayhem (“Popular Music of the Seventies”, 2013). In the1990’s, the image has changed. In the 1970’s, to be punk meant to be assaulted at any moment, even if one was walking in the street. The meaning of punks in the1990’s was different; it was even fashionable and accepted to be a punk at the time. Punks had their own culture and norms; they have never cared about others’ opinion or way of life. Punks’ purpose is to resist the standards of society and save their own identity. Punk songs always had a strong message that contained a struggle against social or political injustice. Music of the last century had a strong impact on the modern society and culture Everything that happens today is the result of the events that took place in the past. The twentieth century was a period when many social and political events have changed the face of modern life forever. People were abused by the situation that they witnessed in their country and wanted their voices to be heard. They took part in different movements and demonstrations, but one thing that really united people who faced the problems was music. Singers were the ones who had found the key of raising awareness among people. Their songs contained a message and idea of what was happening in the world. The songs and new genres in music were the result of political and social injustice. Music became a powerful weapon for all opinions, and musicians used this force to show people their views and influence the society. The new songs gave a push to the new cultures that have changed people and the world in general. However, the most rebellious genres of music, such as punk rock and rap, were too aggressive and extreme. MTV took these extreme forms and transformed them into more acceptable. Music has always been the way of sending a message to people, especially to the young generation. Music is an essential part of the young generation and the best way to influence the youth. Music that contains some protests makes young people think of what they do and how they do, whom they should listen to or should not. They start listen to themselves but not to someone else’s opinion and view the world in a different light. TO BUY AN ESSAY? Save your time, money and spare your nerves! Use our professional writing service to get an A+ paper Today music plays the same role as it was in the previous century. New technologies give an opportunity to listen to music anywhere. All this is possible thanks to the small size of music recorders. Modern generation has more opportunities, and music becomes a way of entertainment rather than a way of influencing social or political situation. Young people have an access to all genres of music, and no law forbids listening to some kinds of music. Perhaps, the reason is in the political situation. During the last few decades, there was not any global problem that could have raised the awareness of citizens. The situation in the country and in the world is quite stable, and people do not have a strong desire to change something. The last century was a hard period of time that witnessed many significant events like the end of the World War II, Civil Rights Movement, War in Vietnam, and the fall of the Berlin Wall. All these events were important for people who needed their voices to be heard. Music was the way of such protest; it was not a simple performing of songs that reflects culture and traditions of a particular ethical group or sub-culture. Music was a way of rebel against those things that people did not want to accept. It was a call to make a difference, to make a change. The new genres of music were a natural reaction, because there was a need to be heard. Today many musical genres still exist; however, some of them are not so popular, and the young generation does not usually prefer them. Nevertheless, such genres like rap and rock are still very popular and continue to develop and grow. In these songs, one still can find a particular message. However, in general, the songs have lost their initial purpose. Today’s young generation prefers listening to music that is aimed to relax or reflect their thoughts and ideas. They still follow subculture of music that they listen to, but it became a common thing. Music is a part of daily life, but it is not a weapon against social injustice any more. Modern music is a way of entertainment. From a sociological point of view, music is an essential part of the modern young generation. The youth are people that require a way of self-expression. They have thoughts and ideas, but not many are able to formulate and express them. The young brain is a container with hundreds of thoughts that are not controlled and stay in chaos. Music is an instrument that helps young people find themselves in life. People differ from each other; they have different tastes and music is not an exception. The young generation is very sensitive to everything that happens around. However, listening to music does not mean that a person relates to a certain subculture or social group. Many people listen to music supporting the idea reflected in a song, but it does not mean that they will dress in a certain way or communicate with the help of a special dialect. They listen to music because the like it; it gives them pleasure, and they feel better. However, there are still quite a lot of those fans who have a strict vision of the music they prefer. They obey the culture they prefer and believe that their music is the only right kind of music. The influence of music is stronger than it was before. Young people and music became the synonyms, and it is hard to find a young person who does not listen to music every day. Today music is not only a way of self-expression or a style of life. Actually, some even call music a life. In general, the term “music” became a part of life, and it does not matter what music an individual prefers. There is something common that unites all young people despites their beliefs, race, social or political views. All of them listen to music, which became a part of their life. It is a common knowledge that every nation has its own culture. The essential part of each culture is music. Music expresses the identity of a particular culture, its beliefs and views. Modern people became more civilized, and there are many other ways of expression the national identity. However, music still plays an important role as it does not only express the identity of a particular nation, it is able to unite people with the same views. The previous century was a period when music was at its height. It was a difficult period of time when many political and social events took place. People wanted to show their disagreement, and music became their weapon. Songs inspire people to look around and see what happens in the world. They call people to respond to everything they do not like and not to be indifferent. The songs contain an appeal to struggle and not to turn a blind eye to the existed situation. History shows that many important political and social events were connected with the development of music. The new genres of music appeared to reflect such events as War in Vietnam. Music always gave a push to the new culture and social groups that were united by the same ideas and principles. Nowadays, music has a great influence on people’s life just like it was before. However, now it has a different role because it does not usually appeal for some rebel actions. Huge First Discount Mobile Friendly Website Friendly Support 24/7

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What is cyber bullying? Any form of bullying, harassment or victimisation that makes use of technology to deliberately upset, threaten, degrade or humiliate a person. It can be conducted by a single person or a group of people, and can cause significant distress. The rise in cyber bullying has sadly had a detrimental effect on many adults and children in the UK. Those who are women, transgender people and minority ethnic people are very common targets. The physical distance and anonymity that cyber bullying provides perpetrators, has fueled the rise in incidences and the number of people involved in this form of behaviour. Cyber bullying can take different forms. The most common are: - sending menacing, malicious or upsetting messages; - cyber stalking; - identity theft; - making personal and confidential information available; - encouraging other people to be abusive towards groups of people or individuals. The general legal principle is that what is illegal offline is also illegal online. Cyber bullying in itself is not a crime, but by committing an act of cyber bullying, a person may be breaking the law under a number of different acts including the 1997 Protection from Harassment Act. Bullying has become a common feature in most workplaces, with nearly one in five employees in the UK reporting having experienced some form of bullying. All employers have a duty of care to provide employees with a safe working environment and that includes victims of cyber bullying at work. In the workplace, cyber bullying can spill from on-screen to off-screen and affect the face-to-face interactions between colleagues at work and away from work. With online profiles, cyber bullying can also affect an individual even if they move jobs. Top 5 essentials for employers - Include guidance on the use of social media in dignity at work and disciplinary policies. - Remember: social media can affect communications among all staff, including prospective staff. It can distort the boundaries between home and work and policies need to reflect this. - State clearly what is considered unacceptable behaviour. This should include the use of offensive or intimidating language to other employees on social networking sites. - Employers should take any complaint seriously and investigate it promptly. - Employers should inform and consult with their employees if planning to monitor social media activity affecting the workplace. Core 5 responsibilities of employees - Vigilance: regularly check your privacy settings on social networking sites. - Think: consider whether you want or need co-workers to see your profile. - Respect your colleagues and the confidentiality of the organisation you work for. - Report it: keep all evidence and notify your manager of instances of cyber bullying. It is best to deal with the issue early on before it escalates and encompasses more people. - Pause: when responding to workplace emails use the ‘delay send’ function or reflect if you are upset or annoyed before sending an email. Remember that email etiquette is important in the workplace. House of Commons. Online harassment and cyber bullying. Briefing Paper Number 07967 9 June 2017.

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With three confirmed cases of mumps at Barrington High School, the Lake County Health Department is now calling the cluster of confirmed and probable cases in the area an outbreak. In addition to the three confirmed cases at Barrington High School, there is an additional unrelated, confirmed case in Barrington. There are also seven probable cases and 20 suspect cases at two high schools, two middle schools and in the surrounding area. Mumps is a serious contagious disease passed through saliva and respiratory secretions. This disease is spread by droplets of saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose or throat of an infected person, usually when the person coughs, sneezes or talks. Items used by an infected person, such as cups or soft drink cans, can also be contaminated with the virus, which may spread to others if those items are shared. Up to half of people who get mumps have very mild or no symptoms, and therefore do not know they were infected with mumps. The most common symptoms include: fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis). Complications from mumps, although rare, can include inflammation of the testicles, ovaries, breasts and/or brain. People with mumps are considered contagious typically two days before until five days after parotid swelling. They should stay home and contact their health care provider. “With spring break approaching, and other warm-weather social events coming up, students should be particularly cautious, especially if they are planning to travel,” said Mark Pfister, the Health Department’s executive director. Children should receive the first dose of mumps-containing vaccine, MMR, at 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years. All adults born during or after 1957 should have documentation of one dose of MMR. Adults at higher risk, such as university students, health care personnel, international travelers, and persons with potential mumps outbreak exposure should have documentation of two doses of mumps vaccine or other proof of immunity to mumps. If you need to be vaccinated or need your vaccination records evaluated, contact your healthcare provider.While two doses of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine typically provide adequate immunity to the infection, the vaccination does not guarantee 100 percent protection.

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