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In Christianity, we have just traveled through epiphany. Epiphany is an "ah ha" moment but it is also specifically that time when Jesus is found by the magi in Christian scripture. We often travel through the whole story of the magi searching for Jesus, finding him, Jesus & family escaping to Egypt, then living there, Herod dying, and then Jesus & family returning home in five minutes. Yep. We go through about 5 years in 5 minutes. Rush rush rush. We do that very well. I decided to break up the readings so each major event occurred on a different day. Today is the day Herod orders all the children in Bethlehem killed. My thoughts, artwork, and haiku: searching for rest grace found in the wilderness enslaved no more Today is Herod's murder of Bethlehem's children. It is horrible and why I shaded that pericope red. Red for blood. I also did a zentangle teardrop to represent the mother's tears. Now those tears. Can we talk about the quote within this pericope: A voice was heard in Ramah weeping and much grieving. Rachel weeping for her children, and she did not want to be comforted, because they were no more. (Matt 2:18) This is quoted from Jeremiah. That quote (31:15) is literally lifted from Jeremiah's "scroll of comfort." As in, "Keep your voice from crying and your eyes from weeping because you will be rewarded." It is weird to use scripture of comfort to illustrate the grief that mothers of Bethlehem would experience. Perhaps the take away is that these families will not be forgotten. Even in grief, knowing that you are not forgotten, is enough. I think Christians need to consider that the Jewish writers of scripture knew their Jewish scripture and went backwards into Torah to find supporting scripture. This is one of those examples. The scripture fits but like a shoe that is 1/2 size too big. We might call it cherry picking. But anyway... I have always thought this scene was a mirror to the moment in the exodus when God sentences all the children under 2 to death. I don't know what to do with that exactly but if we are horrified by what Herod does here, we should definitely be horrified when "God does it." I am sure there is some academic paper in existence comparing these two events. For the leader, two things--do we make excuses for people close to use when they misbehave in the exact same way that others that we condemn do? Also, how do we encounter those who are in traumatic grief? With platitudes of future rewards? Or reminding them they are not forgotten--by you, the community, and God. What are your thoughts? How do you approach this horrible story?

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Buildup of too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain is known as hydrocephalus. Causes can include head injuries, strokes, infections, tumors, and bleeding in the brain and can occur at any age. Hydrocephalus can permanently damage the brain, leading to impaired physical and mental development. Treatment usually involves surgery. Related Journals of Hydrocephalus Trauma & Treatment, International Journal of Neurorehabilitation, Journal of Neurological Disorders, Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Journal of Neurological Disorders, Experimental Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience, Functional Neurology

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Many people around the world are currently at home, or working in buildings that when found contain a certain amount of asbestos disposal or other dangerous substances. Safe asbestos treatment needs to be fast and thorough to reduce the risk of people living in buildings. Health hazards associated with contact with substances can have devastating consequences for all humans and animals. Regardless of the location of asbestos or what is present, it is recommended that a team of experts be trained in specific asbestos removal to process the material. This process is completed without endangering others and requires skill and attention to avoid further corruption with others and other areas. There are many different ways in which asbestos removal n Brisbane Northside can be carried out, as well as very specific procedures for what happens to the material after it is removed. Many asbestos treatment sites are specially designed for this purpose and are prepared so that they can safely destroy the material without harming people or the environment. Before placing it in one of the separate disposal sites, the asbestos material is wrapped in thick plastic and sealed so that the fibres cannot escape and contact the organism and must be marked before being removed disposal. People know what’s in the packaging and are careful not to open or tear the sealing. Many homes with asbestos shingles on the roof must be inspected before being removed by experienced contractors to ensure that shingles are properly removed and disposed of without compromising the roof structure and integrity. It is very important to employ trained professionals to carry out this task and not try to dispose of the material you, as asbestos shales do not contaminate the house and is not dangerous to the occupants and they are extremely difficult to remove. When dealing with hazardous materials and performing tasks such as removing asbestos or mastic underground, the cost of completing a job by hiring contractors and especially skilled professionals can be very high if you find full of materials or you are in a difficult position. People need to think about the cost of removing asbestos and the cost of health. Such substances can cause fatal health problems, are highly volatile for humans and must be removed from any area where people live. In the interest of the safety of everyone in the building, asbestos removal and asbestos treatment must be done quickly and effectively to ensure that this silent and deadly killing is no longer endangered. Currently, many regulations apply, and a professional company must remove asbestos. This is due to the use of safe asbestos treatment technology to prevent these fibres from entering the air during the demolition process. How to treat chronic asbestos (a lung disease known as waste-rock) is only possible with prolonged exposure to fibbers. There are low levels of asbestos fibres in the air, they are all inhaled, but our body can fight low levels of these fibbers, so there’s no need to worry.

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An intermediate grammar reference and practice book for class use or self-study. The book has 78 units which follow a regular and easy-to-use pattern. Each grammar point has one page of explanation and up to five pages of exercises. Explanations are given as summaries, explaining the essentials, and comments which develop the students' understanding to a higher level. The book contains 350 practice exercises, 3200 examples and a full answer key. Вы можете заказать Grammar and Practice: With Answer Key по привлекательной цене на нашем сайте OZON.RU с доставкой в любой регион России.

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Feb 7, 2013 Understanding today the light sources of tomorrow Using both time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL & TRPL), scientists based at Université de Montréal (Canada) have joined the debate of trying to explain the mechanism of emission in InGaN/GaN nanowires heterostructures and, arguably, have brought the discussion to a satisfactory conclusion. Conventional white LEDs suffer the same flaw. Their internal efficiency significantly falls with the injection current. Try to pump up the output power too much and you get an overall efficiency that’s not much better than fluorescent tubes. This is the so called "efficiency droop". Improving on broadly emission tunable InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructures, researchers at McGill University (Canada) came up, in 2011, with a phosphor-free device made of multiple InGaN insertions stacked in GaN nanowires, which does not suffer such limitations. Although PL and TRPL studies had already been carried out on similar heterostructures, the team succeeded in extending the time window enough to be able to observe the strong power law shape of the photoluminescence decay. Using a simple charge separation model involving a bright and a dark state, the scientists faithfully reproduced the data. The behaviour of both the recombination and separation rate (two parameters involved in the model) with the energy of emission is coherent with carrier radiative recombination occurring on In-rich nanocluster sites. A full description of the study and the samples can be found in the journal Nanotechnology. About the author Vincent Cardin is currently an MSc candidate in the Physics Department at the Université de Montréal under the direction of Prof. Richard Leonelli. Full credit should be given to Prof. Mi’s group (McGill University) concerning the growth and characterization of the nanowires. The study was supported by both the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Nature et Technologie (FRQ-NT).

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Water is one of the most essential natural resources – recognised by the United Nations as a human right and a key input to the global economy. Today, water risks are becoming more apparent in companies’ supply chains. But as some struggle with the complexities of water stewardship, we explain how we assess it as an environmental, social and governance (ESG) concern in our investment decisions. Despite their complexity and global reach, an increasing number of companies are embracing their responsibilities towards water risk in their supply chains. Last year, companies reported 3,770 water risks which threaten their license to operate, the security of their supply chains, and their ability to grow, according to CDP. Moreover, companies committed $23.4bn to tackle water risk in 91 countries around the world in 2017. This commitment to water stewardship is illustrated well by the water policy of current holding General Mills. Approximately 99% of General Mills’ water use occurs upstream of its direct operations in agriculture, ingredient production and packaging. Food production, in particular, relies heavily on an adequate supply of clean water, for growing crops and making products for consumers. Today, agriculture accounts for 70% of global water use. As such, companies sourcing agricultural commodities are exposed to physical, regulatory and reputational water risks, which can manifest as financial damage. It is therefore necessary for General Mills to manage its exposure to water as it is critical to its long-term success as a global food company.

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The term vaginitis describes conditions that cause infection or inflammation of the vagina. It can be a result of an infection by certain organisms such as bacteria, yeast or viruses or irritation and inflammation (due to chemicals in creams, sprays or even clothing) that come in contact with the vaginal area. In some women, it may be caused by organisms that are transmitted between sexual partners such as chlamydia and trichomonas. Prognosis of vaginitis depends on the underlying cause and efficacy of treatment. Prognosis of vaginitis Vaginal candidiasis: Most women with vaginal candidiasis respond well to treatment with medications such as miconazole, tioconazole, butoconazole, clotrimazole creams and gels. The infection usually clears in 1-2 weeks of treatment. If the infection takes time to clear or recurs after treatment, it may be because of some other underlying problem such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, chemotherapy that weakens the immune system. Chlamydia vaginitis: Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment of chlamydia infection. With appropriate treatment, chlamydial infections can be cured 95% of the time. Complications of chlamydia in women if not treated appropriately include irreversible damage to the female reproductive organs and infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (about 10 to 40% of women will develop pelvic inflammatory disease) and cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix). Non-infectious vaginitis: Vaginitis caused because of allergic reaction or irritation to various products such as vaginal sprays, scented soap, douches or spermicidal products requires avoidance of the causative factor and treatment to relieve symptoms. Prognosis of this type of vaginitis is good if the causative factor can be avoided. Acute symptoms of non-infectious vaginitis respond well to prescribed medicated creams. Bacterial vaginosis: Treatment of this type of vaginitis with prescription medications cures the infection, but many women may have recurrent bacterial vaginosis. If you have recurrent bacterial vaginosis, your doctor may recommend tests to rule out any predisposing factor. Trichomoniasis: Treatment of trichomoniasis cures the infection. It is treated with a single dose of prescription antibiotics. Treatment of sexual partners at the same time is needed to prevent them from reinfecting each other. Viral vaginitis: Viruses are common cause of vaginitis and the two types of virus that commonly cause vaginitis are herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Human papilloma virus (HPV). Treatment does not cure genital herpes or HPV, but the symptoms can be controlled with medications. Following the initial infection, these virus stay in the person’s body for life and can lead to a recurrence of the symptoms.

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FUTURE time, according to Theosophy, is included in both past and present time. With this assertion The Secret Doctrine anticipated modern quantum theories and even what might come — modern Theosophy is still way ‘ahead of the curve.’ An article in New Scientist this month is titled “Why now doesn’t exist, and other strange facts about time” takes us closer to Mme. Blavatsky’s assertions. Quoting the American Theoretical Physicist John Wheeler’s statement ‘Time is what prevents everything happening at once,’ “… is as fair a summary of what time does as any other – especially given that our hunt for the most basic ingredients of reality (see “Essence of reality: Hunting the universe’s most basic ingredient”) has left us a trifle muddled about its status.” “One culprit was Einstein, whose theory of general relativity merged time with space. But even before him, out understanding of the laws of physics worked the same regardless of whether you travel forwards or backwards in time. That just doesn’t tally with our experience. So what is time really?” “Einstein’s relativity tells us that time results from gravity warping the fabric of reality – resulting in a picture that is weirdly at odds with our experience.” With her usual stunning clarity H. P. Blavatsky asserted (The Secret Doctrine 1:37) that “Time is only an illusion,” and even endowing atoms with consciousness. Yet she insisted that Time as we know it is only “produced by the succession of our states of consciousness as we travel through eternal duration — and it does not exist where no consciousness exists in which the illusion can be produced.” “The real person or thing,” she maintained, “does not consist solely of what is seen at any particular moment, but is composed of the sum of all its various and changing conditions from its appearance in the material form to its disappearance from the earth. “It is these ‘sum-totals’ that exist from eternity in the ‘future’, and pass by degrees through matter, to exist for eternity in the ‘past’.” One of Mme. Blavatsky’s occult teachers, one of the two adept co-authors of The Secret Doctrine declared: “I feel even irritated at having to use these three clumsy words — past, present and future! Miserable concepts of the objective phases of the Subjective Whole, they are about as ill adapted for the purpose as an axe for fine carving.” Electric and magnetic affinities are generated, occult teachers say, whenever there is physical touch, the sound of a voice, or even seeing or looking. Every action we take carries information about us and the life around us, a kind of psychic body language. We also call them ‘vibes’ – and clearly they can be ‘good’ or ‘bad.’ The invisible transfer of information between persons, animals, trees, bacteria and brain neurons, is still largely a mystery. Even birds and bees do it. The general term today is “psi,” coined from parapsychology, and usually refers to telepathy or other forms of extrasensory perception currently unexplained. It is important to point out that Mme. Blavatsky with her Adept Teachers authorized Three Objects of the Theosophical Society, of which the Third included study of this mysterious phenomena. Most importantly, The First Object of the Theosophical Society was “to form the nucleus of a Universal Brotherhood of Humanity.” This first fundamental idea was further explored in The Key to Theosophy as including universal “Sisterhood:” “… it is only by all men becoming brothers and all women sisters, and by all practising in their daily lives true brotherhood and true sisterhood, that the real human solidarity, which lies at the root of the elevation of the race, can ever be attained. “It is this action and interaction, this true brotherhood and sisterhood, in which each shall live for all and all for each, which is one of the fundamental Theosophical principles that every Theosophist should be bound, not only to teach, but to carry out in his or her individual life.” The Second Object is stated as “the study of Aryan and other Scriptures, of the World’s religion and sciences etc.” These two have been preserved intact by almost all Theosophical groups. The original Third Object was clearly stated by H. P. Blavatsky in The Key to Theosophy, Section 3, published in 1889, and reads: “To investigate the hidden mysteries of Nature under every aspect possible, and the psychic and spiritual powers latent in man especially.” Despite the Founder’s unambiguous wording, some theosophical revisionists have chosen to unilaterally remove both the words ‘psychic” and “spiritual” from this Third Object. As a result of this unauthorized tinkering only a timid, and watered-down version of the original Third Object is all the public sees today. How could this happen with a subject that pervades every major textbook the Teachers wrote, and hundreds of original articles?

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Boning Up Leads to Sloth as a Student Makes a Rare Find updated 07/03/1989 AT 01:00 AM EDT •originally published 07/03/1989 AT 01:00 AM EDT When his class reached the dig, a limestone quarry 10 miles from the Gainesville campus, Delgado's spirit sank further; the students would be searching for fossils in a rockbound site. "I thought I could borrow a tool, but no one had one to spare," he reports. "You can't dig in rocks with your fingers." So Delgado wandered off alone to a place about a half mile away where he spotted a limestone wall containing a layer of clay. Hanging by one arm some 25 feet up, he dug into the soft sediment with his free hand, and there it was—a bone and then another, each a dinner-plate-size oval about five inches thick. "I almost fell off the wall," he says. Fetched by the excited Delgado, others in the digging party came over to pitch in, and Prof. Paul Cisielski immediately recognized the bones as vertebrae of a long-extinct giant ground sloth. The professor allowed his class to uncover some more bones "to experience the thrill of the discovery" and then called a halt, knowing that inexperienced diggers were likely to damage the site for future excavation. They left all their finds in place—except a half dozen bones—and returned to campus. There scientists verified the bones as the remains of a rare Eremotherium sloth, in this case a 15-foot specimen that lived around 2 million years ago. A distant cousin of today's South American tree sloth, giant sloths were lumbering vegetarians that became extinct about 10,000 years ago, probably as a result of climatic changes or over-hunting by humans. Further excavation revealed that Delgado had stumbled on a complete skeleton, the oldest of this species found to date—and that another one lay just below it, with part of a third nearby. Delgado acknowledges that his achievement, now classified a "major find" by experts, owed a lot to beginner's luck. The Miami-born son of an auto-body repairman, Danny had been planning to go to medical school. But since his amazing chance find, he's wavering ever so slightly on his career path. "If someone were to offer me a scholarship to study paleontology," he says, "I would consider it."

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Rate of reaction coursework a level Rate of reaction a study of reaction rates (chemical kinetics) allows us to understand exactly how the products are at a lower energy level than the reactants. Investigating the rate of a reaction 1 preliminary work gcse chemistry coursework: investigating the rate of a reaction your task is to plan, and carry out. A grade gcse chemistry coursework, rates of reaction, decomposition of sodium thiosulphate, introduction, method, safety, results, discussion sodium thiosulphate. You can directly support crash course at http://wwwsubbablecom/crashcourse subscribe for as little as $0 rate law and reaction order | knetics. An introduction to order of reaction and rate equations orders of reaction and rate equations for uk a' level purposes, the orders of reaction you are likely to. I'm in my last year of a-level chemistry the activation energy/rate of reaction for a certain acid arrhenius equations a2 chemistry coursework. Investigation into the effect of substrate concentration on the hydrogen peroxide affects the rate of reaction of the title for my coursework this. The effect of concentration on reaction rates the rate of reaction has doubled by doubling the this is the more important effect from an a' level point of. A good worksheet on rates of reaction reaction rates doc, 34 kb level ladders to help students get to next level or for you to mark a piece of work and. Kinetics of the reaction between propanone and iodine in of reaction: (rate kinetics investigation - the reaction between propanone and iodine. Rates of reaction coursework rates of reaction essay - rates of reaction what is a rate of reaction higher level of accuracy. The collision theory of how chemical coursework assignments notes on collision theory & rate of reaction speed o level chemistry. The chemistry kinetics chapter of this course is designed to help you plan and teach the definition of reaction rate chemistry kinetics lesson plans. This section of revision science covers reaction rates and the factors that affect them a-level chemistry. For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you i loafe and invite my soul offered gcse rate of reaction coursework as a gcse and a-level courses. Introduction my investigation is about the rate of reaction a rate of use of catalyst – if a catalyst is present then the reaction rate will increase due to. Your coursework write-up must expressed in your language and expressed at 'your scientific level' this page should help with rates of reaction coursework. - We are carrying out an investigation to see whether the concentration affects the rate of reaction we will be looking at how the concentration of. - My investigation is about the rate of reaction a rate of reaction is defined as how fast or slow a reaction takes place • measure volumes ate eye level. Discover the science the rate of reaction and its role marked by teachers a grade gcse chemistry coursework rates of reaction pinterest science igcse o level. Chemical kinetics: introduction to rate of reaction chemical kinetics deals with the rates of chemical reactions ie, how fast a reaction occurs. A level & ib university study rates of reaction coursework word we are carrying out an investigation to see whether the concentration affects the rate of. This is the definition of reaction rate this is the definition of reaction rate reaction rate definition factors that affect chemical reaction rates.

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Posted on June 21, 2017 by Minerals Make Life Grand Junction, Colorado – Just before school let out for the summer, a group of students at Wingate Elementary huddled around screens and controllers, eager to play one of the country’s most popular video games– Minecraft. But this wasn’t your standard game of Minecraft. This particular version was tweaked by two Wingate students to teach kids what it’s really like to mine. Avid Minecraft enthusiasts, Atwood brothers Jayce, 8, and Corban, 11, combined forces with their dad, Garrett — a mining professional and gaming novice — to increase young students’ understanding of the necessity and benefits of mining Their idea takes an industry not well understood in some parts the United States – despite its prevalence in their hometown – and pairs it with a video game phenomenon that already incorporates elements of mining – from minerals to pick axes – in its virtual world. The Atwoods entered their idea at the first-ever SME Move Mining competitionThe event at Wingate Elementary was a tryout of sorts—a way to test their version of the game with some of its biggest fans — elementary school students. “Minecraft is relevant to these guys right now,” said Kevin Hoskin, Wingate’s director of after-school programming. “The fact that they can apply a game that they spend a ton of their own free time involved with and have that tie into geology, and renewable and non-renewable resources, that’s going to take them further later.” Through game-based learning (GBL), the Atwoods’ program gives Minecraft an educational twist that offers gamers a more realistic and competitive mining experience, allowing them to learn what it is like to be a miner. In the Atwoods’ version, players can choose between a variety of power sources like coal, nuclear, wind, solar and geothermal energy. They use modern mass extraction machines, rather than the pick axe. They can also mine for a wider variety of ores and compete using an updated scoring system that incorporates the amount and value of the ore mined, and rewards higher scores when ores are further processed. The Atwood brothers created their new game scenario after their father heard about the annual Move Mining Competition hosted by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME) and judged by a number of mining industry professionals, including Ashley Burke with the National Mining Association (NMA). According to Garrett, Corban came up with a scoring system for minerals featured in the game, providing opportunities to amplify points based on the rarity of the resource and the extent to which it was smelt or refined. “That’s real life,” said Garrett. “The further you process and refine a material, the more it is worth. It hammers home how we [miners] can use natural resources to make things.” Players run the risk of losing points if they damage or fail to repair the surrounding environment– mirroring the same responsibility miners demonstrate every day through reclamation processes. “My brother managed to find a diamond, but he forgot to reclaim his topsoil so he took some heavy point deductions,” said Corban during the competition. “I didn’t mine the valuable ore, but at least I remembered to reclaim […] I didn’t find diamond like Jayce, but I won the game because remembered to reclaim and mine ore.” As detailed in their concept paper for the competition, the Atwoods plan to officially modify the PC version of Minecraft, something the game’s inventors and owners allow. Judges were particularly impressed by the game’s ability to make mining resonate with a younger generation and portray a more realistic version of the mining industry. “One of the things that absolutely floored me when they did their presentation is how popular that game is,” said John Chadwick, a Move Mining judge and the editor and founder of International Mining magazine. “Hopefully it’ll raise people’s awareness,” he said. “The industry has changed dramatically for the better in the last 10, 15 years in its management of the environment and the way it lives with its neighbors, particularly rural communities in less developed countries.” Leveraging Minecraft’s existing popularity is an effective way of teaching a new generation about the importance of mining. More than 106 million copies of it have been sold worldwide and, at any given point, there are one million people playing it. Minecraft enables players to construct their own world in virtual reality. Beyond just building it, players must learn to adapt and survive through exploration, resource gathering, tool building, crafting and combat. “We need to tap into the excitement and enthusiasm that already exists in virtual mining,” said Corban. “Redeeming the gap between real-world mining and virtual mining and game-based learning will change the way the world views mining.”

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A lot of cooking comes down to simple physics. Porous foods cook more quickly than dense foods, small pieces cook more quickly than big pieces, and uniform pieces cook more evenly than randomly-shaped pieces. That's why many recipes call for vegetables, or meats such as pork, to be cut into specific sizes and shapes. For example, a stir-fry recipe might call for julienne pork. Introduction to Julienne Julienne is a French term, like so many others that are used in the kitchen. It means cutting your pork into long, thin, evenly-shaped strips. In the professional kitchen "julienne" refers to strips of precisely one-quarter inch square, and three inches long. Chefs also use the terms "allumette" for a smaller version, or "batonnets" for a larger version. At home, you don't have to worry about precise sizes. As long as you cut your pork into thin, even strips of the same thickness and length, you'll be fine. Cutting your pork into julienne strips isn't rocket science, but there's definitely a bit of technique involved. For example if you're turning pork chops into julienne you should start by cutting away any bones in the chop, and trimming the rind of fat from around the edge. Remove any visibly gristly sections as well. Cut the chop into long strips, approximately a quarter-inch wide. Cut those strips into a convenient length, usually two to three inches. Turn your strips on their sides, and cut them again lengthwise. If your chop was a half-inch thick cut it in half, or if it was an inch-thick cut it in quarters. Continue, until all the pork is julienned. Julienning a Roast For larger quantities of strips, you can cut julienne from a pork roast. Cut the roast across the grain of the muscles into strips one-quarter inch wide. Once you've cut it down into strips, cut the strips to a convenient length and cut them again lengthwise into julienne. Rolled, deboned roasts from the shoulder have muscles going in several directions, so they're relatively complicated to cut. Unless you have the time and patience -- or it was a really great price -- it's easiest to start with a loin roast, which is quick and easy to julienne. It's easiest to cut julienne with a very sharp knife, preferably a chef's knife or santoku with a slight curve to the cutting edge. Sharpen the knife before you start cutting. Raw pork is soft and will tend to slide around as you try to cut it, creating uneven strips. It's easiest to work with if you partially freeze it first, to the point that it's beginning to stiffen but not yet hard. If the pork was frozen to begin with, cut it as soon as it's thawed enough to be slightly pliable. - Professional Cooking; Wayne Gisslen - NA/AbleStock.com/Getty Images

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A tilt table test assesses how your blood pressure responds to a change in positions. It is most often used to diagnose the cause of fainting. During the Procedure During the test, you will be connected to an electrocardiograph machine while lying on a special examining table that can be tilted to various positions. Safety straps ensure you remain secured to the table should you begin to feel faint. The table will be adjusted to a 60 to 80 degree position for approximately 45 minutes. During that time your heart and blood pressure will be monitored. If you complete this portion of the test without experiencing a steep drop in blood pressure, a medication that mimics the effect of adrenalin may be injected into an IV in your arm. The table will then be tilted for an additional 45 minutes. Patients may become very light-headed when the table is tilted, but can usually be returned to a flat position before they actually faint. Depending on your responses the test may last up to 2 hours. After the Procedure Some patients report feeling slightly queasy or tired for a brief period afterward. Almost all patients return to feeling normal within 5-10 minutes of the test. Unless you feel unusually fatigued, you may drive yourself home. Your physician will discuss the results of the test with you. A positive test - one that does induce fainting - indicates that vasovagal reflex -a sudden drop in blood pressure that reduces blood flow to the brain - is the most likely cause of your fainting. The condition is not dangerous except for the increased risk of accidents during a fainting spell and can be treated with cardiac medications.

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

https://www.lowellgeneral.org/procedures/tilt-table-test

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en

In the armored fleets of England and France, all warships that had iron belt at the waterline, at that time was called the armadillos — just in case. For example, along with desyatitysyachnye “Warrior”, “Achilles”, “Minotaur”, “Agincourt” and “Northumberland” in the main forces of the Royal Navy and was listed as such “pocket” ships, like 1350-1750 enterprise and ton-ton “research”. DAV cruisers to call them was incorrect: neither speed (9-10 knots), no range and seaworthiness they are not suited for corporate life. A certain confusion in the minds of the admirals and engineers has led to the fact that the British had to invent for them a rather strange class of ships — armored sloops. A little more in line with the cruising specifications armored corvettes. The first of these, 3250-ton “Feyvorit”, which entered into operation in 1866, remained discoparty, and its armament consisted of eight smoothbore (!) 100-fotovac. Loser has served only 10 years before sending in a reserve, where he stood as much again before you go to be scrapped. Had a Central battery, “Pallas” (3660 t, 1866), at first glance, is quite consistent with raider performance, with a speed of over 13 knots and rifled 178-mm artillery. However, in fact, built on the personal initiative of a famous shipbuilder of E. reed, the ship had been originally a specialized RAM. In fact, the only real cruiser from the early Rangoni battleships were only “Penelope”. This Corvette with a narrow armor belt and armored Central battery had a high Board and good seakeeping. However, the location of artillery did not contribute to the solution of cruising task: battery vosmidesyati could not shoot the bow and stern, which operated only three 127-graph paper, which are generally removed in the course of modernization in 1878. Even from this brief description it is evident that the British were not so very wrong in not assigning a proud cruising the title of his little armoured vessels. The French, like the British, too, preferred in doubtful cases, call their armored cruisers battleships. The first such polylaser, “Belies”, formed two years after the commissioning of the “Warrior”, but it was a weak wooden ship with a displacement of 3700 tons, which had a full armor belt at the waterline with a thickness of 150 mm and a battery with a 120-mm armor, which housed four 194 mm and 164 mm rifled breech-loading guns. Two more 164-mm guns were on the upper deck and was the primary weapon in bad weather and in the end, because the battery ports were rising above the water only 2 m and are often filled with waves. Two years later this was followed by a great solo for France a series of 7 units of the “Alma.” Originally intended to impose on them a very progressive scheme of location of the artillery: four 164-mm guns on the corners of the Central battery. Already during the construction of the scheme was changed to an even more advanced, replacing General casemate on four separate barbecue installation. But after a more thorough calculation of weights the designers have begun to doubt the possibility of reduction of stability and left only two Barbet; four guns the old fashioned way placed in battery. And “Belies” and “Alma” with the company received another type of weapon that have become a hallmark of French cruisers. Issued by three meters forward, the wooden battering RAM was covered with several layers of metal and represented quite a serious threat. Alas, to see this had not the enemy. In July of 1877 “Tethys” successfully rammed its sister ship “Rhine Blanche”. Fortunately, both ships were rescued. In 1868 the French quite consistently repeated the previous series, increasing the displacement of up to 4600 t, that though as-that to eliminate the main drawback of their “cruisers” — to increase the maximum speed, which barely exceeded 11 knots. Three “La Galissoniere”, “Tiompan” and “Victories” developed in the service of about 12.7 site. Another improvement was the larger caliber guns: “galissoniere” carrying six 240-mm guns instead of 164-mm (at the same location — two in barbettes and four in the battery), plus one 194 mm linear gun and six 138-millimetrovogo on the upper deck. Further improvement in the same direction— increase in speed — showed the next pair, “Bayar” and “Turenne”. For its time (and was put into operation, they are only in 1882) housing material (all the same tree) was already quite archaic, as opposed to the location of artillery. All four 240 mm guns of the model 1870 was placed in the barbettes, and two of them for the first time on cruisers were located in the median plane: one in the middle of the body and the other in the stern, and another two side by side closer to your nose. The armament was supplemented by a pair of 194 mm (linear and recordnum) and six 138-mm guns. Also for the first time a French cruise ship appeared 50-mm armor deck covering on top of the armor belt, the thickness of which reached in the middle of the case is 250 mm. Speed increased to 14.5 knots, but increased the displacement, which reached 6000 tons. In General, the French armored cruiser gradually returned to business failure, in the ranks of ironclads, and did not become real raiders or “destroyers of the raiders.” “Pathetic nephew of the great uncle” of Napoleon III, there was neither the desire nor the doctrines for war at sea. And the collapse of 1871 left the broken Empire in severe economic and political problems. Oddly enough, but neither Britain nor France in the 1860-ies did not even try to create a full armored cruiser. And the idea of such a ship appeared in Russia. Father armored cruiser fleet can rightly be called Admiral A. A. Popov. He had a rich experience of long hikes and a good understanding of how valuable it may be in time of war a strong ocean ship, able if necessary to fight with any of the many frigates or corvettes of the enemy and to get out of this fight, retaining the ability to further raiding. And this is highly desirable to have the full armor belt, covering the waterline. In 1868, A. A. Popov presented the project of a radical remaking of the wooden frigate “General-Admiral”, which was supposed to leave only six guns, but large caliber, to replace the entire lower part of the body on the iron with the steel armor. However, the frigate was so amazed at the decay that chose to build a new ship. 24. Armored cruiser “Dmitry Donskoy”, Russia, 1885 Built at the shipyard of the New Admiralty in St. Petersburg. Displacement 5800 t waterline Length 90,43 m, width of 15.85 m draft 7.85 m Power single-shaft steam installation of 7,000 HP, speed 16 knots Reservations: belt 152— 120mm (armor “compound”), 51 mm deck. Armament: two 203 mm, fourteen 152 mm and the four 87-mm guns, 14 small-caliber turret guns, five 381-mm torpedo tubes. In 1895, upgraded with the installation of new rapid-fire artillery, six 152-mm, ten 120-mm, six 47-mm and ten 37-mm guns. Only in 1884— 1885 built 2 units somewhat different construction and armament: “Dmitry Donskoy” and “Vladimir Monomakh”. Both died in the battle of Tsushima on may 28 1905 25. Armored cruiser “Penelope”, England, 1868 Built at the shipyard of the Navy at Pembroke. 4470 T. displacement waterline Length 83,2 m, width 15,24 m, draft 5,15 m Capacity single-shaft steam setting 4760 HP., speed 12.75 mm uz. Reservations: belt 152 mm, 152 mm battery Armament: eight 203-mm and five 127-mm muzzle-loading rifled guns. In 1897, retired from the Navy and turned into a floating prison in South Africa. Scrapped in 1912 26. Armored cruiser “General-Admiral”, Russia, 1875 was Built on Nevsky plant in St. Petersburg. Displacement 5030 t waterline Length 87,12 m, width of 14,63 m and draft of 7.37 m. the Capacity of a single-shaft steam setting 4470 HP, speed of 12.3 KTS. Reservations: belt 152— 127 mm Armament: six 203-mm and two 152-mm and four 87-mm guns. Later added eight 37 mm revolving guns and two 381-mm torpedo tubes. Only in 1875 — 1877 built 2 units: “General-Admiral” and “Duke of Edinburgh”. In the 80-ies of the XIX century. both rearmed, in 1892 and 1896, respectively, received new engines and boilers. Served as training ships until 1909, then converted into mine layers “Narva” and “Onega”. 27. Armored cruiser “Northampton”, Britain, 1878 Built by “Napier”. 7630 T. Displacement waterline Length of 88.1 m, a width of 18.29 m, a Deposit of 7.58 m. Capacity twin-shaft steam installation 6100 HP, the speed of 13.25 bonds. Reservations: belt 229— 152 mm, deck 51 mm. Armament: four 254-mm and eight 229-mm rifled guns, six 20-pounder smoothbore guns. Only in 1878— 1881 he built 2 units: “Northampton” and “Nelson.”In the 90-ies of the XIX century, both modernized and rearmed, but soon both sent to the reserve. “Northampton” scrapped in 1905 and Nelson in 1910. Since the main task expected of an individual RAID, special attention was drawn to the speed, seaworthiness and autonomy. Application raketnogo for reduced body weight up to 30% (the first iron “British” “Inconstant”, this figure reached 50%). Hence there was a possibility to allocate more than 400 tons on the reservation. The caliber of the guns limited the 203 mm because it was believed that the auxiliary cruisers (which in large quantities could muster in case of war, England) can’t carry anything heavier than a 6-Dujmovic. Due to the fact that the number of guns was limited to only four trunks to maximize the angle of attack they mounted on the protruding overboard semicircular platforms called sponsons. Now of the 8-Dujmovic could fire almost at the bow and stern, do not fear for the integrity of all as rich rigging. New “General-Admiral” still carried almost 2.5 thousand square meters of sails other ways to provide greater duration of the voyage in those days did not exist. Successful experience decided the fate of another ship, the “languishing” nearly 10 years on the same Nevsky shipyard. Founded in 1865, the “Pearl” (similar to sailing steam battleship “Knyaz Pozharsky”) had to undergo a lot of changes, many of which, fortunately, remained only on paper. During the construction of the Technical Committee of the Russian Navy Department proposed to turn it into a fashionable tower battleship. However, death in a storm Descoberto prototype of the British “Captain” — was forced to suspend all work. Only in 1874 A. A. Popov insisted on another remake, this time in ocean cruiser on the model already released for testing “General Admiral”. The builders had to work the entire surface part of the side was dismantled and made the new project, the underwater part is sheathed with wood and copper, removing the pre-armor belt, which was established again in 1878, just before the commissioning. The British regarded the Russian ocean armored raiders without any enthusiasm. Their appearance meant a great threat to the “mistress of the seas”. Therefore, the Admiralty ordered to oppose a couple of “General-Admiral” — “Duke of Edinburgh” (the second ship of the series, ironically, was so exotic for our fleet name in honor of the visit of the British Prince) of their own, only more powerful. So appear true Royal Navy armored cruiser “Nelson” and “Northampton”. Noticeably larger, they were carrying more powerful weapons and slightly exceeded the speed of their opponents. Their project largely based on the first full British armored cruiser “Shannon”, founded in 1873, almost simultaneously with the “General-Admiral”. This vysokovoltny three-masted ship had a thicker armored belt (229 — 152 mm), deck and even the cabin (229 mm). The British themselves say that “the reason for its appearance in the fleet is somewhat obscure”. However, the original purpose of its founders is quite clear: Britain is needed in combat units intended for service in remote corners of the vast Empire, strong enough to crush a weak battleships of possible opponents, and quick enough to chase after them and other enemy vessels. Although the “Shannon” had a reputation negovorite ship, the artillery of two 254-mm and seven 229-mm rifled muzzle-loading guns (normal for the British in those days) looked convincing enough. In fact, he could compete with the “General-Admiral” or “Minin” with a very good chance to win. However, Russia did not stop there. In 1880, the same indefatigable A. A. Popov presented the draft of the improved ships of the vending class. Although the “Dmitry Donskoy” and “Vladimir Monomakh” was inferior to “the Nelsons” in displacement, but for purely cruising qualities of speed and range of speed left rivals far behind. Booking for the first time carried out storagelink plates “compound”, the resistance of which exceeded the iron a quarter. Our admirals preferred to have more guns, though somewhat smaller caliber, rightly believing that a lone raider is more important to suppress a weaker opponent and try to get away from stronger. In the course of construction on both ships managed to introduce all sorts of innovations, but to each their own. So, “Monomah” received a two-shaft machinery installation, and “don” is closed at the top with the battery. First cruiser equipped with regular propellers instead of lifting. As a result, they have become almost purely steam fighting ships: if the course of sailing the screws provided significant resistance — and the speed has remained small. “Monomah” was built in a record for the period over 20 months. This time the British not tried to create a symmetrical response. But this does not mean that the “enlightened sailors” paid Russian threat any attention. On the contrary: when “Monomakh” was released in its first foreign journey to the far East, all the way he was constantly accompanied by one of the newest British battleships. In 1884-1885 years of relations between the two countries remained very tense, and potential opponents often went with loaded guns and artillery open ports. At that time there was no bloodshed. However, the best Russian armored cruisers had a long career. Most of their service was in the Pacific waters near the dangerous neighbor — quickly build muscles Japan. There and ended their career. Doing once familiar route Kronstadt — the far East, this time in the 2-nd Pacific squadron ZP Rozhdestvensky, they became members unlucky for us the battle of Tsushima. “Vladimir Monomakh” received a torpedo hit and was sunk the next morning. But the share of “don” fell heavy, but a nice lot. After the fight, the main force who served at that time about 20 years Russian cruiser managed to fight off six opponents — light and auxiliary cruisers, although got a lot of hits. Unlike their armored counterparts, such as “Svetlana” or “Novik”, “Donskoy” managed to keep the speed and buoyancy, quite convincingly proving the validity of the doctrine of the raider with a fully armored waterline. Hot From battle he went undefeated and only because of the complete hopelessness of the situation was flooded by the team the next morning. The last battle “the don”, absolutely unfairly forgotten and is rarely mentioned by historians, belong to the most brilliant pages of Russian naval glory.

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The sections covered include: - Learning Objectives and an introduction to Food Safety and Hygiene - Food Safety and Hygiene are terms commonly used, here we will look at how they relate to food that has been processed or manufactured. - Impact of Food-Borne Illness - looking at what food-bourne illnesses are and how they affect us. - Understanding Food Law - food often has a long journey from growing, harvesting, delivery, preparation through to being eaten. As a result there are many opportunities for it to become contaminated. In this section we look at legislation in place that relates to food hygiene and safety. - Food Safety Hazards and Contamination - exploring food safety hazards and how they arise and consider how they can be prevented and controlled. - Food Preservation, Storage and Temperature Control - how to manufacture and preserve food, including appropriate storage and temperature controls. - Personal Hygiene - this section looks at why personal hygiene is so important when working with food, covering hand washing, health, first aid. protective clothing - Hygienic Premises and Equipment - this section looks at good housekeeping and the part premises and equipment design play in maintaining clean, pest-free - Hazards Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) - it is a requirement of regulations that all businesses implement and maintain a documented Food Safety Management system based on HACCP. This section looks at what this involves. This Food Safety and Hygiene for Manufacturing module is aimed at anyone working in a manufacturing or processing environment, small or large, which could include food factories, meat cutting plants, dry goods and vegetable packing, dairies, breweries and bottling plants. When you have successfully completed your course and attained the 75% required test pass, you will receive a City & Guilds Accredited Certificate. The certification process will depend on whether you have purchased the course with the self-print certificate or the posted certificate. If you have chosen the self-print option, then upon successfully completing your course, your certificate will be available to print online through the Learning Management System. If you have chosen the posted option, we will post out your certificate to you first class within one working day. Our posted certificates are of extremely high quality, carry an authorisation seal and will be pre-printed with your name. We recommend that your certificate is displayed prominently as this helps your customers and officials know that you have completed a quality training course. The content of this course has been independently certified as conforming to universally accepted Continuous Professional Development (CPD) guidelines. This course is Accredited by City & Guilds. Note, this course is an accredited training programme, should you require a full qualification you will be required to undertake an additional assessment by visiting an accredited test centre at an additional cost. There are no specific entry requirements for this course. Meet your legal obligations in only 4 easy steps: Step 1 - Purchase the Course Purchase the online course with your credit / debit card. You will receive an automatic email with your unique username and password and step by step instruction on how to access your learning. Step 2 - Access the Course via our Custom LMS Login to the system and away you go. The Virtual College Learning Management System (LMS) will track your progress throughout, recording the information onto your learner record, allowing you to fully understand how you are progressing. This also means you do not have to undertake the learning all at once, because your progress has been tracked you can revisit the material as often as you require. If you should require technical assistance or support, the LMS has a built in feedback system directly to our Support team. Step 3 - Online assessment The online assessment is provided through the LMS, on completion of the training material the assessment will be activated. This consists of a series of questions which are auto marked and you will know instantly if you have reached the 75% pass mark required. If you fail the assessment, you should revisit the training material to fill the gaps in your knowledge and then resit the assessment when you feel you have reached the required level. There is no additional cost for resitting the assessment. Step 4 - Certificate upon completion On reaching the required pass mark, the system will automatically send a message to our administration team who will validate your learning and a certificate will be posted You should ensure that you check that your name and address details are correct on your learner record, as that is what will appear on your certificate.

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en

Did you know that motor vehicle-related incidents are consistently the leading cause of work-related fatalities in the United States? The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that 36 percent of occupational fatalities are associated in some way with motor vehicles. Over the eight year period ending in 2010, 1,275 workers died each year from crashes on public highways, 311 in crashes that occurred off the highway or on industrial premises, and 338 pedestrians died annually as a result of being struck by a motor vehicle driven by someone on the job. Motor vehicle crashes are also the leading cause of work-related fatalities among young people (ages 16-24) in the United States. In addition to the human costs, motor vehicle crashes have economic costs. The cost to employers of on and off the job motor vehicles crashes has been estimated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to be nearly 60 billion dollars annually, a fatality on the job costing employers over $500,000 and a non-fatal injury accident nearly $75,000. Risk of work-related crashes cuts across all industries and occupations. Though workers who drive on the job may be professional drivers whose primary job it is to transport freight or passengers, many other workers spend a significant part of their workday driving a vehicle owned or leased by their employer or their own vehicle on work-related business. Companies and drivers that operate large trucks and buses are covered by comprehensive safety regulations, but there are no Federal occupation safety regulations that cover the workers who use smaller, employer-provided vehicles or personal vehicles. So, for all workers who drive on the job, employer safety policies are a critical factor in the reduction of crash risks. Employer policies may be limited to supporting and reinforcing state traffic laws. However, many employers choose to manage risk more proactively through programs and policies to promote safe driving behaviors, ensure that work-related driving takes place under the safest possible conditions, and ensure that worker vehicles are safe and properly maintained. For employers who choose to manage driving risk more proactively, The Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) has published its Comprehensive Guide to Road Safety that provides a great starting point for companies large and small for implementing a road safety program.

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Delegates Also Laud Intergovernmental Committee Drawing Up Legally Binding Agreement to End Plastic Pollution, Including in Marine Environment Commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, delegates at the General Assembly today considered two draft resolutions that address a diverse range of challenges, including climate change, loss of marine biodiversity, and sustainable fisheries. The Assembly adopted by consensus the draft resolution “Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments”, introduced by Norway’s delegate. By its terms, the Assembly called upon all States to apply widely the precautionary and ecosystem approaches to the conservation, management and exploitation of fish stocks. The Assembly postponed action on the draft resolution “Oceans and the law of the sea”, introduced by Singapore’s delegate. Expressing support for the draft resolutions, Cuba’s delegate described the texts as important steps forward in application of existing instruments on oceans at the global and regional levels. In the same vein, the delegate of the Republic of Korea said the draft resolution on “Oceans and the law of the sea” will have a crucial impact on marine diversity. Further, the resolution addresses various challenges, including climate change, loss of marine biodiversity and potential sources of harm, such as underwater noise and marine debris, he stressed. Meanwhile, the delegate of the Russian Federation voiced concern over the volume and thematic scope of the draft resolutions, as well as the growing number of proposals. These drafts are running the risk of becoming unreadable, and thus useless to their target audiences — relevant national agencies. Along similar lines, the representative of the European Union, in its capacity as observer, noted that the draft resolution on “Oceans and the law of the sea” should have included a factual reference to voluntary commitments made by more than 100 States. While welcoming the resolution’s progress in addressing anthropogenic underwater noise, he expressed regret that growing scientific evidence of this phenomenon’s negative impact is still contested. Sea-level rise and climate change pose grave threats to small island developing States and low-lying communities around the world, especially in the Pacific region, speakers also stressed today. Fiji’s delegate, speaking for the Pacific Islands Forum, stressed that oceanic peoples depend on the ocean as the greatest source of nourishment, livelihood, identity and economic prosperity. He commended the establishment of the intergovernmental negotiating committee to draw up a legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution, including in the marine environment. Echoing that stance, the representative of Antigua and Barbuda, speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States, expressed support for the legally binding instrument on plastic pollution. She noted that “the ocean’s natural adaptive capacity is beyond its limits, resulting in the deterioration of ecosystem structures and functions, and mass mortality events causing the loss of hundreds of species”. As slow onset events are an imminent threat to small island States, sea-level rise must be addressed now, she asserted. Describing climate-induced sea-level rise as the greatest threat to the health of oceans, Bangladesh’s delegate welcomed the adoption of the Global Ocean Observing System 2030 Strategy. Climate-induced sea-level rise may have devastating impacts on the livelihoods of people in Bangladesh, he cautioned, adding that a one meter sea-level rise can submerge 40 per cent of the southern coastal part of his country, resulting in internal displacement, food insecurity and economic losses. “Climate scientists have forecasted that before this century ends, our islands will be inundated — erased from the world map,” warned the representative of Maldives. Discussions of transboundary harm and international accountability based on an intersectional approach are essential, he asserted, stressing the importance of the Global Ocean Observing System in adapting to climate change. In the same vein, the delegate of the Philippines said the fate of his country — with waters encompassing over six times the size of its land — is tied to the global ocean. Climate change continues to have an impact on the ocean, as sea-level rise, ocean heat and ocean acidification broke new records in 2021, he cautioned, noting that sea-level rise in the Philippines is about two to three times that of the global average. Numerous delegates expressed concern about the increasing number of incidents in the South China Sea, with the representative of the Philippines calling on the international community to refrain from such destabilizing activities. Similarly, Australia’s delegate warned against destabilizing actions and serious incidents in the South China Sea, maintaining that any maritime disputes should be resolved peacefully in accordance with international law, particularly the Convention. Later in the day, Judge Albert Hoffmann, President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, briefed the Assembly on noteworthy developments that have occurred in three cases, including the Dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean; the M/T “San Padre Pio” (No. 2) Case (Switzerland/Nigeria); and the M/T “Heroic Idun”. Also briefing the Assembly was Michael W. Lodge, International Seabed Authority. Following action on the draft resolution, the Assembly briefly resumed its debate on the Law of the Sea Convention, which it will conclude at a later date. Also speaking today were the representatives of Guatemala, Canada, China, Honduras, Mexico, Ecuador, Chile, United States, Monaco, Egypt, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Federated States of Micronesia, Sierra Leone, New Zealand, Germany, India, Japan, Nauru, Pakistan, Iceland, Cyprus, Haiti, Palau, Costa Rica, Argentina, Venezuela, Malaysia, Mauritius and the Russian Federation. The representative of China spoke in exercise of the right of reply. The General Assembly will reconvene at 10 a.m. on Monday, 12 December, to take up the reports of its Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization).

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By Dr. Nick Barber The bison reintroduction has been exciting for everyone involved with Nachusa—staff and stewards, volunteers and visitors, and especially scientists. The project provides a unique opportunity to measure the impacts of these animals and their actions on the entire restored prairie ecosystem. I’m fortunate to be part of a small army of researchers and students working closely with Nachusa personnel to understand how bison influence plants, animals, and other organisms. Anyone who has had the opportunity to spend time within the bison units over the past 2 years has undoubtedly seen evidence of these giant herbivores: dung! In addition to grazing on plants and wallowing in dirt, bison play an important role in nutrient cycling by depositing concentrated piles of plant material and nutrients around the prairie. Across the landscape, this may provide hotspots of growth for some plants, adding to the overall diversity at Nachusa. An inconspicuous group of insects help to carry out this nutrient–cycling process. Dung beetles feed on animal waste, and many species collect dung as a food source for their offspring. Some species famously form it into spheres, and roll these “dung balls” away to bury and deposit eggs. Other species tunnel below the dung patty, building chambers where dung is stored and beetle larvae can develop. And some species are “dwellers” who simply dive in to fresh dung and start to feast, laying eggs along the way. When these eggs hatch, the larvae feed, pupae, and emerge as adults, completing their entire metamorphosis in a single patty before heading off to mate and start the process over again in fresh patty. Burying small bits of dung in the soil helps make nutrients accessible to plant roots. In the soil, microorganisms like bacteria and fungi convert organic materials into inorganic forms available to plants. This can represent a significant amount of the nutrients. As dung dries, much of the nitrogen can be lost to the air as ammonia volatilizes. This is why dung beetles are important for ranching: every bit of nutrients back in the soil rather than lost to the atmosphere means more fodder for livestock. So it was a reasonable assumption that the dung beetle community at Nachusa would respond positively to the introduction of several dozen large, dung-producing herbivores to the prairie. I credit Dr. Ken McCravy from WIU for first suggesting that we should investigate these communities. Over the past two years, with support from the Friends of Nachusa Grasslands, I have been working with NIU students to survey the dung beetles to determine which species are present and how their abundances differ between sites with and without bison. We use pitfall traps, baited with fresh bison dung, to collect beetles that are later pinned and identified under a microscope in my lab at NIU. Our preliminary results are exciting: we have documented at least seven species, including rollers, tunnelers, and dwellers. The two most common species are Onthophagus hecate, a widespread species, and Onthophagus knausi, a uncommon species whose range extends west and south through Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The other species are much less common but include the large, blue-black Geotrupes opacus and the spectacular rainbow scarab, Phanaeus vindex. As a preliminary result, the presence of bison doesn’t seem to have a big effect on abundance, as some bison-free sites have high numbers of beetles. But this may not be surprising given how mobile these insects are. They can fly and specialize in seeking out their preferred food. Cattle pastures surrounding Nachusa likely provide population sources as well. Over the next two years, we will be investigating these dung beetle communities in more detail. A Master’s student at NIU will be combining observations of dung decomposition with beetle measurements to understand how different species contribute to dung processing. Ultimately we hope to understand how the management actions that maintain high plant diversity at Nachusa (such as prescribed fire and grazing) affect beetle communities and their ability to process dung. Keep an eye on fresh dung patties and you may see these small but fascinating insects carrying out some of the invaluable “dirty work” that keeps the prairie ecosystem healthy and biodiverse! Nick Barber is an assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Northern Illinois University. To read more about his work, visit the Barber Lab webpage. Thank you Nick, for being our guest blogger this week! I am a nature photographer, a freelance graphic designer, and steward at Nachusa's Thelma Carpenter Prairie. I have taken photos for Nachusa since 2012. I have been a high school French teacher, registered piano technician, and librarian. In retirement I am a volunteer historian at Lee County Historical and Genealogical Society.

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About Adrenal Disease In its simplest terms, adrenal disease are tumors on the adrenal glands which are located in front of the kidneys and generally starts affecting ferrets over the age of 2. There are a number of theories regarding the high incidence of adrenal disease including the over abundance of light, inbreeding, early spaying/neutering practices, diet, etc., but none have been proven to date. The best thing you can do for your ferret, is to use sun blocking shades in their room, and keep lights to a bare minimum. It is recommended that you have routine Adrenal Panels runs to possibly detect the disease in it's early stages (before signs and symptoms), providing you with more treatment options. The high exposure to light and early spaying/neutering, seems have the most validity as a root cause. Ferrets have a very sensitive pineal gland, which in the natural state is stimulated by increased exposure to light. The pineal gland signals the reproductive tract to get ready for reproduction by sending a signal to the hypothalamus to produce GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) which triggers the gonads to secrete the sex hormones. For intact ferrets, the surge in LH signals the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to stop producing the hormones. In a spayed or neutered state, the adrenal glands receive the hormones and respond by producing the sex hormones, but as they lack gonads, the LH surge cannot be produced to stop the hormone production from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. As a result the hormones remain in an on state and are continually producing hormones which can cause the adrenal glands to enlarge. In order to have a better understanding of adrenal disease, it is important to understand the make-up of the gland. The adrenal gland comprises 2 sections, the cortex (where the majority of problems arise) and the medulla. The cortex is then subdivided into 3 zones: the outer (zona glomerulosa-which secretes mineralocortoid hormones), the middle (zona fasciculata-secretes glucocortocoid hormones and comprises about 70% of the cortex), and the inner (zona reticularis-secretes sex hormones and androgens). In ferrets, the tumors overproduce the sex steroids and androgens and is called hyperadrenocorticism. There are 3 forms adrenal disease can take on: Whether the tumors are malignant or benign, the most common symptoms of adrenal disease include hair loss usually beginning at the end of their tail (though it can appear anywhere on your ferret) moving up towards their shoulders in a symmetrical fashion, muscle loss and/or a potbelly appearance, lethargy, an orangey skin color and weight loss which can be dramatic. It is quite common for a ferret to loose all their fur, except for a few areas and their face. Females often develop an enlarged vulva (50%), and males experience an enlarged prostate often causing them to strain while urinating. Male ferrets can also return to intact male behavior including aggressiveness due to the increased levels of testosterone. Diagnosis of adrenal disease can usually be made by your veterinarian without additional testing by the signs and symptoms exhibited by the ferret. Additional testing is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and/or check for any additional problems your ferret may have and include blood profiles, x-rays and urinalysis There is currently only one test that will undoubtedly confirm adrenal disease in your ferret and that is the adrenal panel which is analyzed by the University of Tennessee, School of Veterinary Medicine. Ferret Adrenal Panel Normal Values ||Mean +/- SD ||Upper Normal Cutoff Value 53 +/- 42 0.2 +/- 0.3 107 +/- 38 6.6 +/- 4.1 10 +/- 9 In most cases, the left adrenal accounts for the vast majority of lesions (80%), with the right adrenal accounting for 26%. Ferrets presenting with both glands involved represents about 8% of all cases. It is quite common after the removal of the affected gland (usually the left), to have the other gland affected down the line. If the gland is malignant the window of recurrence to the other gland is usually shortened. You should have frank, open and honest discussions with your vet on the best treatment options. Keep in mind when opting for the drug choice, you will need to continue this for the life of the ferret. If signs/symptoms begin appearing after some use, the dosage time can be increased, and if that doesn't help, chances are the tumor is malignant and surgery should be pursued. Ultrasound is NOT an accurate test for adrenal, and in one study by Dr. Karen Rosenthal, etc at The Animal Medical Center in New York, only 50% of the diseased glands were diagnosed. Bilateral Adrenal Disease Unfortunately, it is quite common after the removal of a gland to have the other gland become affected, and to a lesser degree to have them both affected at the same time. If both are affected together, the recommended protocol is to remove the gland that's worst first and then remove the other one 1-2 months later to avoid Addison's crash. When both glands are removed, the ferrets body stops producing the needed hormones at once, which can send the ferret into shock, Addison's Disease and possibly death. It is very possible that some ectopic tissue remains from surgery, producing enough natural hormones on their own without drug intervention. The only way to know for sure is through frequent Chem Panels to monitor the levels. Your ferret will most likely need to be given Florinef (pill) daily for life or an injection of Percortin monthly for life. Blood tests are vital at the beginning to establish the correct drug dosage, and should continue quarterly thereafter to ensure all is well. A majority of the vets prefer the Florinef for the easier flexibility in dose changes and less visits for you to the office. When both glands are removed, it is very common to immediately administer the Florinef or Percortin to avoid Addison's shock due to the immediate loss of needed hormones not being produced. Constant and continual monitoring by blood tests are vital to the health, survival and well-being of your ferret. Surgery is the MOST effective, recommended and successful treatment for adrenal disease,and involves the removal of the infected gland. It is reported that 90+% of affected ferrets can be cured by surgery, even in ferrets older than 7. Once surgery has successfully been performed, you can expect your ferret to live a normal life for quite a few years, however, there is no guarantee that the disease will not reappear or affect the other gland. The removal of the right gland presents increased complications, due to it's very close proximity to the large vena cava, which is the main abdominal vein. Due to this delicate nature, some veterinarians are not comfortable in performing surgery and will opt for drug use. It is important BEFORE you proceed with this surgery to seek out a veterinarian who is very comfortable performing this operation and has had great success, especially if the right side is involved with it's many complications. Cryosurgery is frequently used by veterinarians, especially when the right adrenal gland is involved. This procedure actually freezes the tissues with a liquid nitrogen to kill the cells that are frozen. There are many benefits to cryosurgery including: decreased bleeding, quicker operative time, quicker recovery time and being an easier procedure to perform. Regardless of which surgical procedure is utilized, within a few weeks hair growth should begin, body weight should increase, as will their activity level. As this option is being used more and more, the high incidence of recurrence is being seen. The risk still remains in first cutting through all the muscle in order to reach the gland. If your ferret is not a good candidate for surgery, usually due to age, overall health, and/or other medical conditions, your ferret will most likely be treated by drug therapy using Lupron Depot. During normal function, the hypothalamus produces GnRH which is released to the pituitary gland in a pulsating release which signals the release of both LH and FSH (primarily LH) which tells the gonads and the adrenal glands to produce the sex hormones. Lupron Depot (GnRH analog) works by binding to pituitary receptors. Lupron sends a steady stream of GnRH to the pituitary which becomes desensitized and stops producing LH and FSH (the pituitary can only handle the pulsating signals). By suppressing LH & FSH from being produced, the sex hormones will also stop being produced in response. With continued use, the decrease in hormones being produced have lasted for more than 5 years and results being seen as early as 2-4 weeks. During this time, the vulva will return to normal size, hair loss will stop and within 1-2 months hair regrowth will begin. Lupron Depot is available as a 1, 3 or 4 month injection (100 - 500 micrograms/ kg per month), with higher dosages often being used: ie; 4 month depot at 2000 mcg/kg. It is important to note that while this can be a very effective treatment option for your ferret, surgery is still considered the first line of treatment. Lupron Depot will NOT cure your ferret of adrenal disease, it will attempt to maintain the condition of your ferret and hopefully stop it's progression. Melatonin is often used in conjunction with Lupron and sometimes used alone. Lupron will not work if the gland is malignant. It's important to consider that while Lupron may stop the progression, and you can increase the amount and frequency of the drug administered, after awhile it is quite possible it will have no effect (the adrenal glands will continue to produce the sex hormones on their own without any LH or FSH signals). By the time this happens, chances are the tumor is malignant and your ferret may no longer be a surgical candidate. Careful, open, honest conversation will need to take place with your veterinarian to decide on the right course of treatment, as many factors come into play. Recently there has been talk about some veterinarians using and suggesting the 24-hour Lupron injection as a 1-month protocol. It is important that you understand the difference between this version and the 1, 3 & 4 month depot version. The actual amount of time the pituitary gland is desensitized with this version and stops the LH and FSH production is only a few hours (vs a steady flow over 1-4 months) followed by the high activity which is common for all forms. If you do not repeat the injections daily, you are providing no therapeutic benefit and might actually be doing more harm than good due to that initial burst of hormone activity. Melatonin is a naturally produced hormone in ferrets and it's use can assist in Adrenal Disease management. As with Lupron Depot, the end result is a reduction or elimination of LF and FSH production, which triggers the gonads and adrenal glands to produce the sex hormones. Lupron works by desensitizing the pituitary gland, while Melatonin works by inhibiting the release of GnRH to the pituitary gland, which is why owners often will use in combination or just alone. Lighting is a main factor for setting the hormone production into motion, as well as the highly sensitive pineal gland. With increased light exposure, the natural production of melatonin from the pineal gland decreases. This decrease adds to GnRH production from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland which releases LH and FSH which causes the gonads and adrenal glands to produce the sex steroids. By increasing the ferrets melatonin level, it can inhibit GnRH to the pituitary gland, which reduces LH and FSH production and decreases the sex hormones being produced. Melatonin should be given 1 mg 8-9 hours after sunrise. As the time to administer the Melatonin may not be feasible (often not home from work yet), you can talk to your veterinarian about using the FDA approved mink Melatonin implant or the ferret Melatonin implant, which lasts 3-4 months. It is possible that Melatonin alone or with Lupron can stop the progression of adrenal disease, but also keep in mind it is equally possible to have no effect. It is however, certainly a viable option given the low cost, minimal side effects (ie; sleepiness first 5 days), and no drug-to-drug complication. Lysodren is another drug that is used to be used prior to Lupron. It's success rate is very low, and it can produce other health problems in your ferret, namely insulinoma and can tear up the liver. Regular monitoring of blood glucose is needed while on this treatment, as Lysodren can cause low blood glucose and lead into other health problems. Lysodren therapy should be stopped immediately if any side effects develop such as, low blood sugar, anorexia, vomiting and lethargy. In addition, if no improvement is seen by week 12, the drug should also be stopped as it is deemed ineffective. No ferret should be ever be placed on this treatment if it already has insulinoma! This treatment is hardly used anymore and is not recommended, unless all other efforts have failed. Ovaban or Megesterol Acetate Generally used as a rescue treatment. It counteracts the estrogen and works even if the gland is malignant. Long term side effects include obesity, fatty liver, diabetes (acquired). Older non-surgical ferrets can go 2-3 years with good quality of life. Propecia/ Proscar (Finasteride) Used to treat an enlarged prostate due to Adrenal disease. Is an enzyme inhibitor which stops the formation of DHT, a main hormone causing the enlargement. Usual dosage is 1 mg day for 30 days, then taper down. Used to treat an enlarged prostate. Blocks androgen (DHT) receptors on the prostate, reducing testosterone levels. Usual dosage is 5 mg daily. Treats estrogen induced anemia, thrombocytopenia and mammary gland hyperplasia. An enzyme inhibitor that stops the formation of estrogen. usual dosage is 1/10 mg/ kg daily. Epogen/ Procrit (Epoetin Alfa) Can be used with Arimidex to treat estrogen induced anemia. used to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC after estrogen levels are reduced. Usual dosage is 100 - 200 units/ kg 3 times a week, then taper off as PVC normalizes.

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The Petit Brabançon, the Griffon Bruxellois and the Griffon Belge belong to Group 9, Section 3 according to the FCI classification. Griffons have an unique appearance. Like many other dog breeds, it was developed by combining other breeds. There are several theories of the breed appearance, but the most common is the mixing of bloods of Belgian dogs, known as Griffon d'Ecurie, Black Pug, Affenpinscher, King Charles Spaniel somewhere in mid 1800's. Belgian grooms who conduct these matings didn't keep such records, but Griffons as we know them today, are known from 1870-80's. Each of the breeds used in development of Griffons, provided special traits that create uniqueness of the breed. Affenpinscher and Griffon d'Ecurie provided rough coat, while Pug contributed its black and smooth hair. Legacy of King Charles Spaniel can be seen in bend of the tail. The crossbreeding of the Pug, King Charles Spaniel and Affenpinscher led to the domed head with large expressive eyes, upswept jaw and flat face. Griffon has evolved from battered rat catcher into delightful little friend. About the breed Find Us On: Petit Brabancon mono-kennel

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In this weekly post, we bring more useful content from the Macmillan Dictionary to English language learners. These tips are usually based on areas of English which learners find difficult, e.g. spelling, grammar, collocation, synonyms, etc. This week’s language tip helps with other ways of saying money: cash coins or notes that can be spent immediately: I don’t have any cash, I’ll have to pay with a card. (small) change coins that are not of high value: Do you have any change for the phone? currency the specific type of money used by a particular country: We don’t accept foreign currency, I’m afraid. dosh (very informal) money: Simon can pay, he’s got loads of dosh! readies (very informal) money that you can spend immediately such as banknotes or coins: Come on, hand over the readies! means money that allows you to survive: I just don’t have the means to go on living in such a big house. savings money that you have saved in order to spend it later: We spent half our savings on the lawyer’s fees. legal tender (formal) coins or notes that are officially accepted in a particular country: As of December 4th, the £1 note will no longer be legal tender. More language tips Browse the list under the ‘language tips‘ tag here on the blog for more useful language tips.Email this Post

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Official State Tartan of West Virginia West Virginia adopted an official state tartan in 2008. All State Tartans The colors of the West Virginia State Tartan were chosen to represent the mountain state's history, culture and beauty: What is a Tartan? Tartan is defined as a cloth with a twill weave, usually made of wool, using a unique pattern of multicolored stripes in both directions, and accepted by some group as "theirs." Tartans represent clans (families) or regions in Scotland. In old Scotland, the tartan was used for clothing. Because a family or community worked the cloth together, their clothing was made of the same patterns. In the eighteenth century Clan Tartans were adopted and a person could be recognized by the tartan they wore. Tartans can also be designed as a symbol to commemorate a special event or person. A tartan pattern is traditionally called a "sett." When woven, the sett is mirrored in all directions and defined by a particular thread count. The sett for the West Virginia State Tartan: Sett Thread Count, Pivots Full: Dark Yellow 4, Forest Green 4, Muted Blue 8, Forest Green 4, Azure 6, Scarlet 24, White 2, Black 6, Scarlet 24, Forest Green 8, Scarlet 8, Muted Blue 8, Forest Green 4, Dark Yellow 4 and reverses. History of the Official West Virginia State Tartan The quest for an official state tartan for West Virginia began at Stone Mountain, Georgia in 2005 when John A. Grant III, a native West Virginian of Scottish descent, asked his good friend Phillip D. Smith PhD, "Why doesn't West Virginia have a state tartan like so many other states?" His reply to John was, "Why don't you design one?" And so, with Dr. Smith's guidance, John began the task of composing a tartan to include symbols of his native state. After several attempts, the West Virgina State Tartan was born. In January 2008, Kevin and Ron (John’s brothers), began a campaign with West Virginia delegates Fragale, Cann, Laquinta, and Miley to establish an official West Virginia state tartan. In February 2008, House Concurrent Resolution #29 was introduced and passed in the House and on March 6, 2008, it was passed in the Senate. On May 3, 2008, the first weave of official West Virginia tartan was unveiled by the Grant family at the Scottish Festival and Celtic Gathering in Bridgeport, West Virginia. This first weave is now housed at the West Virginia Division of Culture and History Museum in Charleston, West Virginia. On May 27, 2008, the Official West Virginia State Tartan was recognized by The Scottish Register of Tartans and given the official reference number of 7631. On March 10, 2009, the first products, woven in Scotland by Ingles-Buchan, reached American soil and on April 6, 2009, National Tartan Day, John, Ron, and Kevin presented an Official West Virginia Tartan tie and scarf to then Governor Joseph Manchin. House Concurrent Resolution No. 29 By Delegates Fragale, Cann, Laquinta, and Miley Designating an adaptation of “West Virginia Shawl” as the Official Tartan of the State of West Virginia. WHEREAS, Several states have recognized their Celtic links, by establishing official state tartans; and WHEREAS, A majority of West Virginia's early settlers were descendants of Celtic people, who came from their native lands, to find freedom and adventure in the new world; and WHEREAS, These settlers were the pioneers who helped carve this nation out of the wilderness; and WHEREAS, Dr. Philip D. Smith, who is not only an accomplished author, professor and recognized world authority on Celtic history and tartan discovered an unknown shawl at the Barboursville “Daughters of the American Revolution Museum”; and WHEREAS, He named this shawl in his book entitled “Book of Tartans” as the West Virginia Shawl; and WHEREAS, The adaptation of the “West Virginia Shawl” includes the colors which most fully represent our states history, culture and beauty; and WHEREAS, The Official West Virginia State Tartan shall be a symmetrical design starting at the dark yellow pivot point and containing the thread count as follows: Dark yellow 4, forest green 4, muted blue 8, forest green 4, azure 6, scarlet 24, white 1, black 6, scarlet 24, forest green 8, scarlet 8, muted blue 8, forest green 4, dark yellow 4; and WHEREAS, In order to complement our mountain state the color red is to represent the cardinal; yellow for the fall colors; dark blue for the mountain rivers and lakes; black for the black bear, coal and oil; green for the rhododendron and mountain meadows; azure for the sky above; and white to have all the colors of this great nation intertwined with the State of West Virginia; therefore, be it Resolved by the Legislature of West Virginia: That the adaptation, as described above, of the “West Virginia Shawl” be designated the Official Tartan of the State of West Virginia; and, be it Further Resolved, That the Clerk of the House of Delegates forward a certified copy of this resolution to Dr. Philip D. Smith, J. Kevin Grant, Ronald E. Grant and John A. Grant III.CONTRIBUTORS: Content for this article was submitted by Kevin Grant and John A. Grant III / Official Site of the West Virginia Tartan

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Regina Tate lights up a cigarette in the garage of a relative's Lancaster… (Gary Friedman / Los Angeles…) Black men and women are twice as likely to die from coronary heart disease as white men and women, according to a study led by University of Alabama doctors. Death rates from heart attacks and coronary heart disease have fallen since the 1970s, but that statement rings far truer for whites than for blacks. Studies have shown a widening gap between whites and blacks in heart disease deaths and in heart-attack hospitalizations, and new research pins down just how deadly that difference is. A paper published in this week’s Journal of the American Medical Assn. included 24,443 participants who didn’t have coronary heart disease when they were first enrolled between 2003 and 2007, and were followed through December 2009 (for an average of 4.2 years). During that time, there were a total of 659 coronary heart disease incidents. When adjusted for age and region of residence, black men were 15% more likely to suffer from coronary heart disease. Black women were 48% more likely than white women to suffer from coronary heart disease, though women fared better than men in general. Here’s an even grimmer figure: Both black men and women bore roughly double the risk of death from coronary heart disease as their white counterparts. Although blacks and whites in the study were about the same average age, blacks suffered more risk factors associated with heart disease. They were more likely to smoke and have diabetes, higher blood pressure, higher body mass index and lower kidney function. Another study in this week’s JAMA looked at risk factors for cardiovascular disease in more than 15,000 Latino participants, including those of South American, Mexican and Cuban backgrounds. They found that 80% of men and 71% of women had at least one risk factor, and that 25% of Puerto Ricans had at least three. The reports “send a powerful and sobering message: despite 50 years of epidemiological knowledge and despite numerous therapeutic advances, risk factor burdens among minority populations are unacceptably high and consequential,” Dr. Michael Lauer, cardiovascular sciences director at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, wrote in a JAMA editorial. Follow me on Twitter @aminawrite.

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Though Detroit makes far more national headlines these days, its neighbor 70 miles to the northwest may have had a rougher time of it. Flint, Mich., population 102,000, has 13,000 vacant lots and 4,000 empty houses. Its 60-per-100,000 murder rate is the highest in the country. Once known as the home of General Motors and the site of the famous Sit-Down Strike in the late 1930s, the city has come to define almost all the negative trends associated with Rust Belt decline. Chief among them is blight, and that’s why Dan Kildee, while serving as Genesee County treasurer, founded the nation’s first community land bank. It has since acquired some 9,000 properties, refurbishing some and demolishing a whole lot more. Kildee, meanwhile, has moved on — to U.S. Congress, where he advocates for post-industrial “legacy” cities like Flint, calling for federal assistance with everything from public safety to economic development. Writer Edward McClelland sets out to see what’s next for Kildee and his shrinking city back home.

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The Muggletonian Collection The Muggletonians, a small English religious sect dating from the mid-seventeenth century, followed the teachings of two founding prophets, John Reeve (1608-1658) and Lodowick Muggleton (1609-1698). In 1651-52, Muggleton and Reeve reported special revelations and announced themselves to be the "two witnesses" referred to in Revelation, ch. xi, v. 3-6 ("the Commission"). Their first book, theirTranscendent Spirituall Treatise (1652) was followed, after a period of imprisonment for blasphemy, by Reeve'sSix Principles (1656) and the jointly-written The Divine Looking-Glass or the Third and Last Testament (also 1656). Following Reeve's death and the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Muggletonianism split and dwindled, and Muggleton developed a new doctrine that, since God no longer intervened in the world, prayer, formal services and evangelism were useless. Muggleton also engaged in furious polemic against the contemporary Quaker movement, notably in his A Looking-Glass for George Fox (1667) and An Answer to William Penn(1668). His autobiography was posthumously published in Thomas Tomkinson's Acts of the Witnesses (1699). The sect, though always small, maintained a continuous existence for nearly three hundred years. Interest in Muggletonianism revived in the 1750s, because of parallels with the teaching of Swedenborg, and again in the late 1820s, when many of the early texts were reprinted. As late as the 1920s, diminishing numbers continued to gather at annual festivals to read the founders' writings and sing their hymns. When the "Last Muggletonian," Mr. Phillip Noakes of Matfield, Kent, died in 1979, the movement's extensive archives went to the British Library. Thomas Cooper Library's Muggletonian Collection comprises 39 different titles or editions, several in multiple copies. It is made up of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century printed material sold by Mr. Noakes's heirs. The earliest edition in the Thomas Cooper Collection is Reeve and Muggleton's A Remonstrance from the Eternal God . . . unto His Excellency the Lord General Cromwell (1719), while the latest is an 1880 reprint of John Saddington's Articles of the True Faith, originally published in 1675. Individual titles are catalogued in the library's online catalogue, USCAN. A keyword search including the terms "muggleton" or "muggletonian" and "suca" will bring up items in the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. A more general search without "suca" will also include material available on microfilm. Older studies of the movement include Alexander Gordon's The Origin of the Muggletonians (Liverpool, 1869) and Lytton Strachey's elegiac essay in his Portraits in Miniature (1931). More recent studies reflect the growth of interest in seventeenth-century radical millenarianism include a collection of essays edited by Christopher Hill, The World of the Muggletonians (London, 1983), and Kevin Lewis's Trevelyan Lecture, The Appeal of Muggletonianism (Durham, 1986). A fascinating account of the rediscovery of the Muggletonian archives and book-stock is given in E. P. Thompson's bookWitness Against the Beast (New York, 1993), 115-119.

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By Samar Fatany June 26, 2015 Ramadan is a month of fasting, prayer, charity and piety. It is an opportunity for Muslims to deepen their faith. The spirit of the holy month brings families together and builds better relations among people. It is a time to worship, seek forgiveness and share the blessings. True fasting is self-purification and spiritual values of mercy, kindness, empathy, forgiveness, generosity and patience. Sharing and caring is the true spirit of Ramadan. A Muslim is meant to come out of fasting a better human being in society. In Ramadan, every capable Muslim is obliged to give charity and do good deeds to relieve the sufferings and pain of the weak and the vulnerable. During the fast, one does not think of the hunger and thirst, but rather of the poor, the needy and the deprived. Fasting teaches self-discipline, self-control and self-restraint. The fast is not complete without avoiding immoral behaviour, controlling one’s temper and rage and refraining from all sins and actions that are harmful to mankind. The following is one of the repeated prayers of the faithful seeking forgiveness, mercy and protection: “Our Lord! Punish us not if we forget or make a mistake. Our Lord! Do not lay on us a burden as Thou didst lay on those before us. Our Lord! Impose not on us (afflictions) which we have not the strength to bear. And pardon us! And grant us protection! And have mercy on us! Thou art our Patron, so grant us victory over the disbelieving people”. The Holy Qur’an was revealed during Ramadan and Muslims celebrate the month with increased prayers and the recitation of the Holy Qur’an. They spend the night in prayers because all doors of Heaven are open and Allah answers the prayers of those who call on Him. When Muslims are faced with misfortune or danger they instinctively pray to Allah for comfort and strength. These prayers enrich a person with spirituality and help him or her to live in peace with themselves and in harmony with those around them at all times and on most occasions. Unfortunately, today many Muslims live in uncertainty and fear of the unknown and they need prayers to overcome their anxieties and fears. May it give them the extra strength to persevere when their own strength fails them. When they find it difficult to get through the agonies and tensions of conflicts and wars, may their prayers and the faith in Allah help them overcome the sufferings and the pain. Muslims continue to have full faith in Allah’s Mercy. The Holy Qur’an says: “None despairs of his Lord’s Mercy, except the strayers.” Muslim scholars have failed as spiritual leaders and have not been able to offer guidance or the proper Islamic principles to address the current deviant terrorist ideology that is preying on the vulnerable minds of innocent youth from around the world. May Allah protect them and have mercy on them. “Our Lord! Make not our hearts to deviate after Thou hast guided us aright and grant us mercy from Thee; surely Thou art the most liberal Giver.” “Our Lord! Make us not a trial for the unjust people. And deliver us by Thy mercy from the disbelieving people”. “Our Lord! Decide between us and our people with truth; and Thou art the Best of Deciders” May the Lord accept the fasting and prayers of the faithful and shower His blessings on all people, purify their souls, make them better people and bring them glad tidings of peace and prosperity. Amen Samar Fatany is a radio broadcaster and writer.

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When the congregation now known as Zion Lutheran Church was formed, the U.S. president was James Madison, the nation's fourth. Pastors rode on horseback to minister to various communities, sleeping in the homes of their fellow faithful. The points listed on a timeline of the South Side church offer perspective on its history - from its beginnings, when a group of like-minded Christians met in a barn or homes, to its present, when members are preparing for an Oct. 14 service and open house to celebrate its 200th anniversary. When the congregation now known as Zion Lutheran Church was formed, the U.S. president was James Madison, the nation’s fourth. Pastors rode on horseback to minister to various communities, sleeping in the homes of their fellow faithful. It was about 50 years before 24,500 Ohioans died in the Civil War, about 100 years before anti-German sentiment during World War?I forced pastors to suspend services in German, and more than 150 years before astronaut Neil Armstrong landed on the moon. The points listed on a timeline of the South Side church offer perspective on its history — from its beginnings, when a group of like-minded Christians met in a barn or homes, to its present, when members are preparing for an Oct. 14 service and open house to celebrate its 200th anniversary. “Faith through the years brought our grandparents and parents here, and they instilled it in all of us,” said Edith Hann, 88, of Obetz. Her children also have attended the church, as has a 15-year-old grandson. Hann and other members of the church’s anniversary committee recalled days when church was a main focus (no skipping Sunday service for a ball game), children played in a nearby graveyard, and their social lives revolved around the congregation. There were chicken dinners and wild-game suppers and strawberry socials. During World War II, American flags became a staple in churches of German heritage, an effort to stem anti-German sentiment. Many churches, including Zion, still fly the flag. “That’s why congregations like ours don’t die easily,” said the Rev. Matthew Cox, who pastors the church of about 200. “These traditions ... are what tie you together, knit you together ... and those bonds don’t break easily.” Cox also pastors sister church Groveport Zion, formed by a group of Zion Lutheran Church members in 1914. Both are part of the North American Lutheran Church. Members of Zion, then called the German Lutheran and Reformed Congregation, hauled and assembled hewn logs to build their first church in 1821. The Zion name was adopted about 1842, and the cornerstone for the first brick church was laid about two years later. That building is gone, but a 6-foot cross made from one of its timbers can be found in the current church on Obetz Road, which was built 50 years ago. The newest structure replaced a church built in 1873, which now houses the Obetz Christian Church and is on the National Register of Historic Places. A search of the register shows that the 1873 structure is one of 291 Ohio church buildings on it, said Barbara Powers, a manager at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office. Among them are St. John’s Episcopal Church in Worthington, Trinity Episcopal Church Downtown and Holy Cross Catholic Church, also Downtown. Powers’ search excluded properties without the word “church” in their historic names as well as churches that are part of historic districts and congregations without a building on the register. For example, Peace United Methodist Church in Pickerington isn’t listed on the register but celebrated its 200th anniversary last year. The congregation has put together a 115-page history book that lists facts such as “this is the fourth building for our congregation” and “there are 150 names inscribed in our church bell,” according to organizers. “Suffice it to say, Ohio has a rich heritage of religious groups settling in Ohio, stemming back to the concept of religious freedom first associated with the Northwest Territory and carried forward into the settlement of early Ohio,” Powers said.

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For Release: January 29, 2015 To celebrate the International Year of Light, a year-long initiative in 2015 endorsed by the United Nations, a new exhibit of spectacular images is being unveiled. This collection, called "Light: Beyond the Bulb," will allow individuals and organizations around the globe to freely host their own exhibit. "Light: Beyond the Bulb" (LBTB) is an open-source international exhibition program that showcases the incredible variety of light-based science being conducted today. Accompanied by brief and informative captions, the images in the collection include examples from across the electromagnetic spectrum, across different scientific disciplines, and across technological platforms. This is the latest incarnation of a "public science" project being led by the same team that created the "From Earth to the Universe" (FETTU) project for the International Year of Astronomy 2009, and others. "Through the incredible work of organizers around the world, FETTU appeared in over 1,000 locations across the globe," said Kimberly Arcand of the Chandra X-ray Center who is one of the leads of LBTB. "We hope that many people will also be interested in hosting an exhibit that marks the wonders of light in all of its forms." LBTB is being made possible by a collaboration between the Chandra X-ray Center that runs science and operations for NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. Additional support is being provided by the International Astronomical Union, which recognizes LBTB as one of its cornerstone projects for IYL 2015. There are currently dozens of LBTB exhibits planned in countries from the United States to the United Kingdom to Brazil. There are many ways that interested individuals and organizations can become involved with LBTB and host or enable an exhibit. To learn more about the possibilities, visit the section of the LBTB website that describes these options: http://lightexhibit.org/howtoexhibit.html The opening ceremonies for the International Year of Light took place at UNESCO headquarters in Paris on January 19 and 20, 2015. A version of the LBTB was on display during this event to help kick off this commemorative year.More information on the International Year of Light can be found at: Chandra X-ray Center, Cambridge, Mass.

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With a great deal of infrastructure work on the horizon, many problems will arise in trying to do work around existing buildings, roads and other structures. Billions of dollars in federal aid money have been allocated to rehabilitating decaying sewer systems. While these are projects that will be done, there will be associated problems with trying to keep roads and businesses open during work. In rehabilitating existing sewer lines, typically the flow of sewage cannot simply be diverted; it must be “bypassed”—or temporarily pumped around the pipe being repaired or replaced. To do this, pumps capable of pumping trash- and sewage-laden effluent are used. The pumps are installed upstream of the faulty pipe. A temporary pipeline is installed from the pumps downstream of the pipe to be repaired and back into the existing sewer line. Temporary plugs are set in place between these points to allow the pipe to be removed or repaired. Depending on the number of homes or businesses serviced by the sewer line, the bypass may handle sewage from a few to several thousand gallons per minute (gpm). This is a very simplified description of a bypass; there are many associated factors that require the work of specialty bypass companies. In order to select the proper pump and equipment, bypass contractors need to know peak flow; sewer line pipe size; sewer line pipe depths; duration of the work; access issues; and any other factors associated with a particular project. The peak flow is the highest flow on the pipeline throughout the day. This usually occurs in the early morning when people are getting ready to start the day and a lot of water is being used (e.g., bathroom, showers, etc.), and again in the afternoon when they return home. Special consideration should be taken during peak flow times such as the Super Bowl. Peak flow will usually occur during halftime and could cause a considerable problem during a bypass if not considered or handled correctly. The peak flow must be known in order to properly size the bypass pumping system. The peak flow is not the average daily flow, and when it is not known or is inaccurate, serious problems can occur—for instance, sewage spills, which are very costly. Once started, some bypasses cannot be stopped. If additional pumps are necessary, every measure must be taken to prevent a spill from occurring. Sewer Pipeline Depth The depth of the sewer pipeline and acceptable effluent/sewage level within the pipeline must be known to properly select a pump. The proper type of pump is predicated on this depth level. If the sewer line is deeper than approximately 25 ft, submersible pumps must be used. In this case, the submersible trash pump is lowered into the pipeline opening and connected to the temporary discharge pipeline. If the sewer line is shallower than 25 ft, then above-ground non-clog or trash pumps may be used. In this case, a suction pipe or hose is lowered into the pipeline opening, leaving the pump above ground, and again the pump is connected to the temporary bypass pipeline. Generally, suction lifts greater than 25 ft are not practical because the flow capacity of the pump will be greatly affected by the deeper suction depth. Additionally, the net-positive suction-head requirement (NPSHr) of the pump—the head pressure that causes the effluent to flow into the pump, whether it is atmospheric or other positive static pressure—should always be taken into consideration because many pumps do not work in applications where there are significant suction lifts. Not taking the NPSHr into consideration will likely result in a sewage spill when the pump does not keep up with the flow. Bypass Project Duration Some bypasses can take as little as a few minutes, while others may go on for months or years. Some projects can be shut off at the end of the day, but the majority will need to run 24/7. Projects lasting less than a day are naturally less intense and problematic. Many safety steps need to be considered in 24/7 operations. Generally, it is a good idea to have a properly trained and equipped pump watchman who can oversee operation and react to any problems. On long projects, things to consider include: adding staff to maintain the system; alarm systems; additional backup pumps and fittings; emergency 24-hour contacts; city requirements in regard to noise pollution; traffic/access control; and many other items that may not be apparent from the beginning but need to be resolved prior to starting any bypass. On occasion, a bypass will occur in a remote area where there is ample space for installation. Most bypasses, however, will occur in busy public areas where little bypass-related disruption can occur. This leads to access issues in which the proper equipment must be installed to safely accomplish the work while minimizing the amount of space required for the installation. Road installations or those near buildings will limit access for both equipment installation and operation. Traffic diversion may be necessary for road installation, or a road may need to be shut down. In some instances, the suction or discharge pipe must be routed to and from the pumps and may need to be buried to allow continued use of the roads or facilities. Additional items such as curtains for sound attenuation or aesthetics may need to be installed. Should the bypass be of long duration, ample room for routine maintenance must be made available. In bigger flow bypasses, multiple pumps may be required that will add to the footprint of the equipment. It cannot be assumed that the installation or operation can be done without proper planning and permitting from local governing bodies. There will likely be a variety of other issues associated with any specific bypass operation. Some of these issues include: Pumps & Equipment Bypass pumps and equipment are available in a variety of options and materials. Typically, any piping will likely be high-density polyethylene, steel or PVC, where allowed. Hose used needs to be of rugged construction and usually will be specified as to the type allowed. Any valves would generally be the type that prevent sewage from tangling on obstructions. The pumps themselves are the most important element of a bypass. All pumps are bound by the laws of physics. At sea level, the theoretical maximum suction lift for water (specific gravity of 1) of any pump under a perfect vacuum—whether self-priming, vacuum-assisted, diaphragm-assisted or compressor/venturi-assisted—would be 33.9 ft. However, other factors limit the pump to a “practical lift” of substantially less—more to the order of 25 to 28 ft. Submersibles are needed at deeper settings because they are not limited by suction lift and “push” water up. For bypasses with suction lifts of less than approximately 25 ft, typically an above-ground self-priming or prime-assisted pump should be used. Again, the NPSHr of the pump will play a significant role in the proper selection. A self-priming pump will prime itself as long as it is full of water. It is generally the easiest to use, consisting of a pump and its driver. A suction hose or pipe is inserted into the manhole or sewer line opening and connected on the suction side. Then a discharge hose or pipe is connected on the discharge side. The pump chamber is filled, and the pump is turned on. These often are used where priming time is not critical. A prime-assisted pump will prime itself under dry conditions. Generally, prime-assisted pumps will prime more quickly than self-priming pumps. They consist of a pump, driver and priming device, which may be a vacuum pump, diaphragm pump or compressor/venturi. A vacuum-assisted pump is quickest due to the air-handling capability, followed by the diaphragm assist, then the compressor/venturi setup. For bypass pumps with lifts of greater than 25 ft, submersible pumps must be used. They are also offered in a variety of types. Most common will be electric motor-driven and hydraulically driven, which consists of a hydraulic power unit, hydraulic hoses and a hydraulically driven submersible pump. Applications depend on whether an electric-driven unit poses a safety issue. When it comes to pumps and equipment, general knowledge of pumps alone is not enough. Experience in setup, installation and maintenance of vital construction works is the best tool for these type of projects.

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A hypothesis that cannot be falsified by empirical observations, is not science. The current hypothesis on anthropogenic global warming (AGW), presented by the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is no exception to this principle. Indeed, it is the job of scientists to expose the weaknesses of this hypothesis as it undergoes peer review. This paper will examine one key criterion for falsification: ocean heat. Albert Einstein once said, “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong.” Einstein’s words express a foundational principle of science intoned by the logician, Karl Popper: Falsifiability. In order to verify a hypothesis there must be a test by which it can be proved false. A thousand observations may appear to verify a hypothesis, but one critical failure could result in its demise. The history of science is littered with such examples. Please click this link to download PDF file from scienceandpublicpolicy.org

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Latest Galaxy clusters Stories El Gordo is Spanish for "the fat one," and according to new Hubble data, galaxy cluster ACT-CLJ0102-4915 definitely lives up to its nickname. WASHINGTON, April 3, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has weighed the largest known galaxy cluster in the distant universe, catalogued as ACT-CL J0102-4915, and On a starry night, around 400 years ago, Galileo turned his primitive spyglass toward the sky. In just a few nights, he learned more about the stars than all of the scientists and philosophers before him, combined. new Hubble image shows ESO 137-001, a galaxy located in the southern constellation of Triangulum Australe (The Southern Triangle) — a delicate and beautiful spiral galaxy, but with a secret. By analyzing data collected by the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes, an international team of astronomers have discovered what could be one of the most distant galaxies ever discovered. Astronomers have located one of the most powerful black holes ever discovered – a gravity-intense region of space that is located nearly four billion light years from Earth and has prevented trillions of stars from forming. Scientists from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) report in a recent study that they have observed a change in an individual object’s cosmic microwave background radiation resulting from its interaction with massive moving objects for the first time ever. NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory has helped astronomers witness the first event of a black hole destroying a star in a dwarf galaxy. Abell 2744, a giant galaxy cluster believed to have formed when four smaller galaxy clusters crashed into one another, is the subject of the first image captured by Hubble's Frontier Fields observational program, NASA and ESA announced Tuesday. The Virgo Cluster consists of galaxies at a distance of around 59 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Containing between 1300 to 2000 galaxies the Virgo Cluster is the heart of the Local Supercluster. Its mass is estimated at 1.2 × 1015 M☉ out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 Mpc. Most of the brighter galaxies in the cluster were discovered by Charles Messier in the late 1770's and early 1780's, including the giant elliptical Messier 87. Messier... The IC 342/Maffei Group (also known as the IC 342 Group or the Maffei 1 Group) is the closest group of galaxies to the Local Group. The member galaxies are both concentrated around the two brightest galaxies of IC 342 and Maffei 1. The group can therefore be described as a binary group. Along with many others the group is located in the Virgo Supercluster. The Coma Cluster (Abell 1656), along with the Leo Cluster, is one of two major clusters compromising the Coma Supercluster. It contains over 1000 identified galaxies. Most of the galaxies in the center of the Coma Cluster are elliptical galaxies including both dwarf and giant. However the center is dominated by NGC 4874 and NGC 4889, two giant elliptical galaxies. The brightest galaxies are visible, a few degrees north of the galactic pole, with an amateur telescope larger than 20 cm. The... The Centaurus A/M83, divided into subgroup Cen A and M83, is a complex group of galaxies located within Hydra, Centaurus, and Virgo constellations. The Cen A Subgroup, at a distance of 11.9 Mly (3.66 Mpc), is centered around Centaurus A, a nearby radio galaxy. The M83 Subgroup, at a distance of 14.9 Mly (4.56 Mpc), is centered around the Messier 83 (M83), a face-on spiral galaxy. Due to the physical closeness of both subgroups they are sometimes identified as two groups sometimes as one.... The Bullet Cluster is made up of two colliding clusters galaxies. According to a 2006 study, the Bullet Cluster also shows the best evidence for the existence of Dark Matter. From observations of galaxy cluster collisions it has been found that many show displacement between their center of visible matter and their gravitational potential. Each component, stars, gas, and dark matter, within a cluster pair behaves differently during a collision allowing for each to be studied separately.... - Growing in low tufty patches. More Images (208 images) »

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Lanham Act, a popular name for the Federal Trademark Act of 1946 is the Act which deals with the federal statutes of trademark law in the United States. The Act inter alia precludes various sphere of action in the area of trademark usage like trademark infringement, trademark dilution etc. Among these comes another concept called "trademark dress." This is a concept which originated from the way a product is packed or a product's total image or appearance. It is distinctive, non-functional, and distinguishes a trader's or manufacturer's products or services from those of others. Typically, trademark consists of only a set of words or a logo. On the other hand, Trade Dress includes appearances like size, color or combinations of color, shape, a product's packaging or atmosphere inside a store, restaurant etc. Moreover, trade dress encompasses both packaging and design of products. The Act which was enacted in 1946 precluded a product's “false description or representation” by a “person who shall with knowledge of the falsity” put the product on trade. This Act did not refer to trade dress protection as such. Later on the courts extended protection granted under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act to trade dress also basically creating a federal law to enhance fair trade practices. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763 (1992) is a landmark case in the history of trademark dressing in US. In 1987, Taco Cabana sued Two Pesos in the United States District Court of the Southern District of Texas for trade dress infringement under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (1982 ed.) and for theft of trade secrets under Texas common law. The case was then put forward to a jury. The jury was asked to put forth its verdict by answering five questions promulgated by the trial judge. The answers to these questions were as follows: 1) Taco Cabana has a trade dress; 2) Taken as a whole, the trade dress is nonfunctional; 3) The trade dress is inherently distinctive; 4) The trade dress has not acquired a secondary meaning in the Texas market; and 5) The alleged infringement creates a likelihood of confusion on the part of ordinary customers as to the source or association of the restaurant's goods or services. In view of this verdict Taco Cabana's trade dress was safeguarded as it either was naturally unique or had derived a meaning which resulted in granting damages to Taco Cabana. Additionally, while calculating damages the court held that Two Pesos had intentionally and deliberately infringed Taco Cabana's trade dress. In Qualitex v Jacobson Products, 514 U.S. 159 (1995) court discussed trade dress protection in a different way. Qualitex's cleaning pads sold to dry cleaning establishments many years were green-gold in color. Jacobson Products started to sell pads of an identical color. The color was already registered by Qualitex as their trademark and they sued against Jacobson for infringement. While considering the case the court took an opinion that color alone could be registered as a trademark. Furthermore, it was noted by the court that anything that could differentiate a provider can be registered which includes shape (of a bottle), sound (chimes or music), and odor (a particular fragrance). While presuming the above view the Court observed that color was nothing other than a distinguishing factor of a product and there was no reason to exclude color from that purview. To register color it must be distinctive and non-functional. As there is nothing essentially distinct about color, secondary meaning is a requisite to build up distinguishing element based on the aspect of color. In order to make a color registrable it must be non-functional. If it has a function, inclusive of aesthetic function it will not be registrable. An example quoted by the Court was that of the competitors of John Deere farm equipment allowing painting their equipment green in spite of John Deere's trademark because farmers want their equipment to match. In addition the court enunciated a list with regard to the trademarks that stands above the trade dress protection. Those are: 1. § 1124 (ability to block importation of confusingly similar goods). 2. § 1072 (constructive notice of ownership). 3. § 1065 (incontestable status) 4. § 1057(b) (prima facie evidence of validity and ownership. The decision was reviewed by the Supreme Court of United States in Wal-Mart Stores v Samara Bros., Inc. (99-150) 529 U.S. 205 (2000). The Court decided on the circumstances under which a product’s design can be distinctive, and conditions under which it is entitled for protection where an action for infringement of unregistered trade dress under §43(a) of the Trademark Act of 1946 (Lanham Act) take place. Court held that product design, like color, is not inherently distinctive. The Lanham Act provides for the registration of trademarks, which it defines in §45 to include: “any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof [used or intended to be used] to identify and distinguish [a producer’s] goods … from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods … .” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. Registration of a mark under §2 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1052 enables the owner to sue an infringer under §32, 15 U.S.C. § 1114; it also entitles the owner to a presumption that its mark is valid, see §7(b), 15 U.S.C. § 1057(b), and ordinarily renders the registered mark incontestable after five years of continuous use, see §15, 15 U.S.C. § 1065. In addition to protecting registered marks, the Lanham Act, in §43(a), gives a producer a cause of action for the use by any person of “any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof . . . which … is likely to cause confusion . . . as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods . …” 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). The Supreme Court held that "the breadth of the definition of marks registrable under §2, and of the confusion-producing elements recited as actionable by §43(a), has been held to embrace not just word marks, such as “Nike,” and symbol marks, such as Nike’s “swoosh” symbol, but also “trade dress”–a category that originally included only the packaging, or “dressing,” of a product, but in recent years has been expanded by many courts of appeals to encompass the design of a product. See, e.g., Ashley Furniture Industries, Inc. v. Sangiacomo N. A., Ltd., 187 F.3d 363 (CA4 1999) (bedroom furniture); Knitwaves, Inc. v. Lollytogs, Ltd., 71 F.3d 996 (CA2 1995) (sweaters); Stuart Hall Co., Inc. v. Ampad Corp., 51 F.3d 780 (CA8 1995)." Distinctiveness is the most important aspect of the trade dress protection. It can be either acquired or inherent. It is pertinent to have distinctiveness of trade dress in claiming a "secondary meaning” where it is can be associated with not more than one specific brand. A design to be inherently distinctive should be unusual in shape, color etc when introduced in the market that is essentially distinct from others. Whereas, acquired distinctiveness is something that is acquired by a design through marketing, advertising, promotions etc. It is a "look" that consumers associate with a particular product's brand identity. Demonstration of such association by a consumer survey or other means can provide the "look" a secondary meaning. It can be concluded from the above discussions that while implementing trademark and related rights such as trade dress one must constantly be aware of the necessity to trade successfully and to maintain proof of ones marketing. By doing so one may acquire secondary meaning, which is the key aspect of trade dress protection. The more distinctive is the selection of mark and packaging design is, the better will be ones chances to claim protection to trade dress.

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See also English version Poland has made commendable efforts to develop a solid energy policy framework over the last years. As energy security is a high policy priority, the country is enhancing gas supply security by building an LNG terminal, expanding underground storage capacity and increasing domestic gas production. Polish plans for developing electricity and gas cross-border links will also contribute to regional security of supply. In addition, the government has announced an ambitious nuclear programme by 2030, envisaging the first unit to enter operation by 2022. Other achievements include energy intensity improvements, an increased share of renewables and a stronger focus on energy research and development (R&D). Despite these positive developments, there is room for improving Poland’s energy strategy. First, a more integrated energy and climate policy is needed to put Poland firmly on a low-carbon path while enhancing energy security. Second, energy policy could put more emphasis on promoting competition to make the energy markets more efficient. Decarbonising Poland’s power sector will be a particularly significant challenge requiring huge investments. Coal accounts for 55% of Polish primary energy supply and 92% of electricity generation, raising significant climate change and environmental challenges. To this end, Poland’s efforts to improve energy efficiency and to diversify the country’s energy mix are praiseworthy and should be pursued. The government’s attention to R&D on clean coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) is also encouraging. The government could put more focus on the positive role that gas can play in decarbonising the electricity mix, especially if Poland’s potential resources of unconventional gas are confirmed. To tap these resources, it will be vital to put the necessary legal and regulatory framework in place. This in-depth review analyses the energy challenges facing Poland and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.

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P200 Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology P200 Home Page | Syllabus | Reading schedule| Lecture Notes | Assignments Quiz | Check your Grades using Post'em (not yet available) Assignment Link to Topic Due Date 1 (10%) Historical Archaeology Jan 24 2 (10%) Comparative Methods for Interpreting Living Floors Feb 21 3 (10%) Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans Option 1: Are they portrayed accurately in movies and novels? Option 2: Help Lisa Simpson interpret some archaeological evidence Monday March 27 4 (10%) Who Owns the Past? Research Ethics in Archaeology April 10 5 (10%) Option 1: Puzzles in African Agriculture TimeWeb Project Option 2: Interpretation of Klubmeddish Option 3: Essay on emergence of civilization May 5 10:00 AM (date of final exam) Project Link to Topic Due Date 1 (20%) Interpreting Evidence March 1 New, Extended Date! 2 (20%) The Archaeology of Ourselves: Campus Archaeology April 26 P200 Home Page | Syllabus | Reading schedule| Lecture Notes | Assignments Human Origins in Africa Homebase | Archaeology Links Sept teaching interests | Sept research | Sept personal home Page IU Anthropology | IU Bloomington Home Page Last updated: 17 April, 2000

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As a young girl, Yvonne Marchand always had an interest in math, but she didn’t know what kind of jobs she could pursue. It wasn’t until she spoke with some Boeing engineers at a career day during her senior year in high school that she considered a career in engineering. “The fact that they mentioned you can use your current passion for math and science to pursue an engineering degree was the main trigger,” said Marchand, an engineer at Southern California Edison (SCE). Her work includes providing detailed cost estimates for transmission lines throughout the utility’s 50,000-square-mile service territory. Recently, Marchand and several female SCE engineers who are part of the Edison Roundtable employee resource group that focuses on women, led a workshop to expose young girls from kindergarten through sixth grade to the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields. The workshop is part of a summer program in partnership with Girls Inc. of Orange County, a nonprofit that inspires all girls to be strong, smart and bold. “The goal was to get the girls exposed to science projects and help build their analytical skills,” said Marchand, who collaborated with her colleagues to develop hands-on activities to introduce the girls to topics ranging from how sound travels and how gravity works, to how materials interact with one another. They also spoke to the girls about the education and training needed to become engineers. “I learned to just keep trying and to share ideas with my team,” said Leila, 10, who took part in the workshop. “Being an engineer seems really cool and something I want to do.” Only about 25 percent of all STEM degree holders are women. To increase the number of female college students seeking technical degrees, SCE is taking part in these mentoring and outreach programs. Engaging girls in STEM subjects early and often in both formal and informal environments, as well as providing mentoring support throughout academic and professional experiences, is something the White House is taking on with their Women in STEM initiative. For Edison Roundtable members like Marchand, their hope is that by participating in community service activities like the workshop with Girls, Inc., they can help generate interest in STEM and create more opportunities for women in the workplace. “Girls deserve supportive, experiential, all-girl environments where they feel invited and encouraged to join the fun of discovering the world around them, and where they can prove to themselves that they do like and can be good at STEM,” said Kelli Norris, elementary program coordinator for Girls Inc. of Orange County.

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By: Andrew Rangel What is DOMS? Have you ever wondered why you are feeling really sore a day or two after a workout? What you are experiencing is most likely DOMS or delayed onset muscles soreness. DOMS is not experienced during a workout and could occur between 12 and 24 hours post workout (Ingraham). Those who have trained at a high intensity or have gone straight to training at high intensity rather than gradually working their way to a high intensity have definitely experienced DOMS. What causes DOMS? Delayed onset muscle soreness can affect anyone, from a beginner to an advanced athlete or even someone who is not an athlete. Exercise that you are not used to or an intensity that is outside your comfort zone can trigger delayed onset muscle soreness (Olson). These are not the only triggers for DOMS though. Eccentric contractions such bicep curls or the downward motion during a squat can also trigger DOMS (Ingraham). Also, being dehydrated can make DOMS worse than normal which is never good. During high intensity workouts, microscopic tears in your muscle fibers can occur. Increasing inflammation is what your body does in response to this which then may lead to delayed onset muscle soreness (Olson). Symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness include muscles that feel tender to the touch, reduced range of motion due to pain and stiffness when moving, swelling in the affected muscles, muscle fatigue, or short-term loss of muscle strength (Olson). Just remember, you do not have to feel sore in order to say you had a good workout. Feeling sore for the next couple of days is not the goal. Ways to Prevent or Treat DOMS You may think that laying on the couch or just relaxing taking the day off will help with DOMS. The truth is, doing either of those things will only make the pain worse. An ideal way to continue with your routine is to do light intensity workouts, just as long as the exercises you are doing do not involve so much weight or volume. Some ways that could help reduce the soreness that comes with DOMS includes massage, using a foam roller, cold bath (if you can handle it), warm bath, etc. DOMS most likely cannot be avoided, but there a few things that can help to lessen the degree of soreness that comes with it. Ways such as staying hydrated, warming up 5-10 minutes before a workout, doing a proper cooldown after a workout along with static stretching, and gradually increasing weight and intensity in your workouts (Olson). It is much better to work your way up step by step rather than jumping from moderate to vigorous intensity within the first month. It is not worth an injury. Paul Ingraham. (n.d.). Post-Exercise, Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness. Retrieved from https://www.painscience.com/articles/delayed-onset-muscle-soreness.php Olson, G. (n.d.). Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/doms#seeking-help

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Data Centers Are Taking Root in Africa The Economist reports that most of Africa’s data are currently stored outside of Africa, zipping down undersea cables that often make landfall either in the French city of Marseille for Europe and Middle East or one of the Canary Islands for the Americas. These centers not only service communications, but are depositories of the African countries’ government records, from individual driver’s license and birth certificates to their international dealings. Via Marseille a message from the continent’s southern tip it can take 180 milliseconds for it to reach Europe and back—long enough to frustrate people trying to trade shares or play games. But a flurry of investment in data centers is now bringing the internet closer to users, laying the ground for a digital revolution. An upheaval is overdue. Africa has more internet users than America, but only as much data-center space as Switzerland. Africa’s demand is soaring as more people get online. Since 2016 capacity on the continent has doubled to around 250 megawatts (power usage is a common measure of capacity). Such is the rate of growth that another 1,200 megawatts will be needed by 2030. The boom is partly driven by regulations. Two dozen African countries have passed data-protection laws or are planning to do so. They often require certain data, such as personal information, to be kept in the country. Another boost comes from competition, says Jan Hnizdo of Teraco, a leading data center in South Africa, where liberalization of the telecoms industry created space for such firms to flourish. Capital is pouring in.

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Study finds forest conservation in Indonesia could be as profitable as palm oil plantations Selling credits for the billions of tons of carbon that are locked in Indonesia's tropical rain forests could be as profitable as converting these areas into palm oil plantations, a study released Friday found. The study, in the current issue of the peer-reviewed journal Conservation Letters, also found that conserving the 3.3 million hectares (8.2 million acres) that are slated to become plantations on Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, would boost the region's biodiversity. The 800 proposed plantations that were studied contain 40 of the region's 46 threatened mammals including orangutans and pygmy elephants, the study found. "Our study clearly demonstrates that payments made to reduce carbon emissions from forests could also be an efficient and effective way to protect biodiversity," said Oscar Venter, a conservation biologist at the University of Queensland in Australia and the study's lead author. "We now need to see policy discussions catch up with science because at the moment the potential co-benefits of linking forest protection to biodiversity are not getting the attention they deserve." The study concluded that conserving forests would be more profitable than clearing them for palm oil if the credits could be sold for $10 to $33 per ton. Currently, the rate per ton is around $20, the study said.

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Poliomyelitis (po-lee-o-my-e-LY-tis), or polio, is a viral infection that attacks nerve cells and causes deterioration of muscles and sometimes paralysis. for searching the Internet or other reference sources Remarkable photographs from the mid twentieth century show people—sometimes a large roomful—enclosed in metal tanks being attended to by nurses. The tanks were called iron lungs. In the 1940s and 1950s, these machines breathed for patients whose breathing had been either temporarily or permanently disabled by poliomyelitis. Once the most feared of childhood diseases because of its potential to cripple people for life, polio is now almost unknown in the United States. Elsewhere in the world, however, the disease still strikes thousands of people each year. What Is Poliomyelitis? Polio is an infection caused when a person swallows water or food contaminated with poliovirus. Poliovirus particles are found in feces, and the virus can be spread when people touch contaminated objects and then put their fingers in their mouths or handle food. It is not spread by coughing or sneezing. Once inside the body, the virus multiplies in the throat and intestines. It then either passes harmlessly from the gut or travels in the blood to all parts of the body. In a very small number of Poliovirus is special in that it attacks only the nerve cells that control muscles—called motor neurons—and leaves other nearby nerve cells unaffected. Nerve cells are like roads connecting our muscles to the central nervous system, and the virus is able to travel along these roads to the spinal cord and brain. The virus infects more than 95 percent of the motor neurons in the spinal cord and many other cells in the brain. The neurons that are destroyed cannot be replaced, and paralysis is the result. But many neurons survive, and when they recover, they form new connections to the muscles. In fact, for reasons that are not clear, a nerve cell that survives the virus sprouts many more connections to muscle cells than it did originally. So even if many neurons are destroyed by the virus, often the remaining neurons are able to make up for the loss. Signs and Symptoms In more than 90 percent of cases, people do not know that they have caught the poliovirus. When symptoms do occur, they may be similar to those of a cold or the flu. Although paralysis is a devastating result of poliomyelitis, most people with polio do not become paralyzed. And many patients who do develop paralysis recover much of the use of their muscles weeks to months after infection. About two-thirds of patients with paralytic polio have long-lasting effects from the disease. Polio in History Polio has caused paralysis and death for most of human history. Reference to paralytic poliomyelitis can be found in Egyptian stone engravings over 3,000 years old. At the start of the twentieth century, however, few people had ever heard of the disease until epidemics of polio began to occur with regularity in the developed world. In the summer of 1916, polio became a more familiar condition in the United States when a devastating epidemic struck New York. The out-break left 27,000 people paralyzed and 9,000 dead. Almost forty years later, on April 12, 1955, it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed the first effective vaccine against paralytic poliomyelitis. With the development of this and other later vaccines, polio has been eradicated throughout most of the industrialized world. How Do People Know If They Have Polio? Usually polio can be diagnosed by the kind of paralysis it causes—more on one side of the body than the other. A person cannot move his or her legs, arms, or even the muscles required for breathing. Tests identify cells in the fluid around the brain and spinal cord that are not supposed to be there. To confirm the diagnosis, samples from a throat swab and a stool culture are tested to see whether they contain poliovirus. There is an even more rapid and sensitive test, called polymerase (pol-IM-erase) chain reaction, that is used in some cases. FDR and Polio Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted polio at the age of 39 while vacationing on Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada. After a day of swimming and playing with his children, he went to bed tired and aching and awoke unable to move his legs. Two weeks later his illness was identified as polio. FDR never walked unassisted again. He had already begun a life in politics, and in 1932 he ran for president of the United States and won. Although FDR did not try to hide his bout with polio, he went to great pains to disguise the extent of his disability. The public never saw him in his wheelchair. In 1938 FDR established the March of Dimes, which funded the research and immunization effort that eliminated polio from the Americas. In 1998 the decision was made to add a sculpture of FDR in his wheelchair to the FDR memorial in Washington. Depicting him this way was controversial. Some people felt that he would not have liked being shown in his wheelchair in the sculpture. Others argued that he would be glad to have his image encourage people with disabilities to accomplish great things. How Is Polio Prevented? There is no treatment for polio infection, but it can be prevented by vaccination. Vaccination is a way of protecting a person from a disease by introducing the body to a harmless form of the disease-causing organism. Then if the body encounters the disease-causing germ, it is able to recognize it and fight against it. In 1952 there were 57,879 cases of poliomyelitis in the United States—the highest number of cases ever. But the introduction in 1955 of an injectable vaccine developed by Jonas Salk and in 1961 of an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin ultimately eradicated poliovirus in the western hemisphere. The last cases in the United States occurred in 1979, among religious groups that had declined to be vaccinated. At present, the only cases of polio reported in the United States are due to the oral vaccine itself. Five to 10 such cases are reported each year. Most of the other cases develop in close contacts of these patients who have not been properly vaccinated or who have weakened immune systems. Of 6,241 polio cases reported from 51 countries in 1994, more than 7 of every 10 were from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. There are several reasons for these outbreaks: Many people live in unhealthy, crowded conditions, and they may be improperly vaccinated or not vaccinated at all. Made One Vaccine Jonas Salk was the head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh when he began to study poliovirus. At first, Salk's work went slowly because it was hard to make enough virus to work with. But in 1948 researchers at Harvard University found a way of creating large quantities of virus, which enabled Salk to refine his vaccine. On July 2, 1952, he tried the vaccine on children who had had polio and recovered and found that their antibodies to the virus—proteins the body manufactures to fight against disease—had increased. Next he tried the vaccine on volunteers who had not had polio, including himself, his wife, and their children, and no one got sick. In 1954 mass inoculation of schoolchildren was begun and resulted in 60 to 70 percent prevention. Between 1955 and 1957, the annual number of new cases of polio in the United States decreased from 28,985 to 5,894. Guidelines of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta recommend giving the Salk vaccine, made from an inactivated version of the poliovirus, when an infant is 2 months old and again at 4 months. This is followed by a dose of the Sabin oral vaccine, made from an altered, live virus, at 12 to 18 months and again at 4 to 6 years of age. If only the live vaccine is used, there is a small chance of getting polio from the altered live virus itself. The substitution of the inactivated Salk vaccine for the first two doses is believed to virtually eliminate this risk. People who become paralyzed by the poliovirus have major adjustments to make. Survivors must receive physical therapy to keep their muscles from deteriorating, and they may need leg braces to walk or have to use a wheelchair. Others may need help breathing for the rest of their lives. Some people overcome early paralysis only to suffer from post-polio syndrome decades later. But most survivors of paralytic polio have normal childhoods and go on to lead fulfilling lives. The violinist Itzhak Perlman, who caught the virus at the age of 4 and wears leg braces, is one example. Franklin D. Roosevelt (see box), who got polio at age 39, went on to become one of our greatest presidents. … and Alfred Sabin Made Another Another researcher, Albert Sabin, felt that using a weakened form of the live virus would provide greater protection than the killed virus used by Salk. Sabin's vaccine was cheaper to make than Salk's, and it was easier to take—people could swallow it rather than getting a shot, which meant that it did not require skilled health workers to administer it. Today children receive both vaccines as part of their immunization against polio. What Is Post-Polio Syndrome? Neurons are constantly losing and making new connections, but in a balanced way, so that no matter how many connections are wearing out, there are always enough to keep the muscles working. But in the late 1970s, some of the people who had survived paralytic polio in the 1930s and 1940s began to complain of muscle and joint pain and of new muscle weakness. At first, physicians did not believe the complaints were real, but the number of patients kept increasing. In the 1980s, the term "post-polio syndrome" was coined to describe the condition. Post-polio syndrome is not caused by reinfection with the virus. Researchers believe that in these individuals, over time, the core, or axon, of their motor neurons may just wear out and can no longer make new connections. Or nerves may fail for other reasons. People who are affected by post-polio syndrome experience weakness, tiredness, muscle twitching, and pain. In addition, muscles affected by polio 20 to 30 years earlier begin to lose strength again. Unfortunately, no test exists to detect post-polio syndrome. The disease progresses very slowly, and treatment consists of exercise and aids such as braces or a wheelchair and assisted breathing when needed. Kehret, Peg. Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman, 1996. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333. The United States government authority for information about infectious and other diseases. World Health Organization (WHO), Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. This group's website provides excellent information on the global polio eradication program. "A Science Odyssey: On the Edge: Paralyzing Polio." A short, entertaining introduction to the Salk and Sabin vaccines. Seavey, Nina Gilden. A Paralyzing Fear: The Story of Polio in America. PBS Home Video. (There is a companion book to this video.)

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Students and teachers work together to set up a water quality sonde. (Credit: Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant) The Limno Loan program, overseen by the Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, is making it easier for educators around the Great Lakes to teach their students about freshwater science. Not only that, but it’s also inspiring youngsters who have never gotten to use real scientific gear. The program, which launched in the 2011-2012 school year, began after suggestions from teachers taking part in a science workshop on the Lake Guardian Research Vessel. The workshop on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ship led them to think that it’d be a great idea to get some of the same gear into the hands of their students. The Limno Loan program of today is pushing the boundaries of success, providing four Hydrolab DS5 water quality sondes to high school and middle school teachers around the Great Lakes. Each gets the sondes for about two weeks, including shipping time to and from the Sea Grant, to use in their lesson plans. That first year, the program only had about five teachers who checked out sondes. This year, more than 20 have already signed up and the pace signals to program managers that nearly 40 could use them by the end of the school year. “High school and middle school students use them the most. That’s the most appropriate age for this type of equipment,” said Kristin TePas, community outreach specialist with the Sea Grant. She says the youngest who’ve used the Hydrolabs were fifth graders. “Most I’d say probably just deploy them in a river or small water body but some have rented boats to take their students out onto lakes.” When that’s the case, it’s common that the educator secures some sort of grant to cover the cost. And there are usually educational discounts that can help. “That is one of the hurdles to getting them out there,” said TePas. “You need to have money to do those field trips.” Loaning the sondes out to teachers provides a substantial cost savings over purchasing. Each one records a standard set of parameters, including temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, turbidity and depth. The measurements are incredibly intriguing to students, who can see how their local water body is doing in real time. But since most of the sampling trips hit ponds on campus or streams nearby, depth is not as important as the other data coming in. “For some, the lesson is just doing a pond day. … Some are just doing a snapshot in time. Others have a monitoring program and they’re comparing the data that they’re getting,” said TePas. “They might compare between two sites or between different areas. It’s more of a comparison spatially than temporally.” TePas points out that the sondes have a lot of advantages over other methods the kids may have used in the past. Water quality testing kits often use tablets or strips that can introduce complexity. And the projects sometimes take longer because of that. One big advantage that the Limno Loan program provides to school kids is that they actually get to use real scientific gear. “For some reason, just using equipment that’s used by real scientists gets them more excited. It’s instantaneous,” said TePas. “They’re able to see right away what the status of the particular lake is.” The teachers benefit as well. Long before students get their hands on the sondes, Sea Grant officials give them hands-on training to use the gear. The training is provided during workshops, TePas says, typically during other activities in partnership with local groups. Because of that, they can take various formats, but the training is consistent throughout. TePas says it usually starts with the parameters, covering what they measure and what their levels mean when it comes to aquatic health. A few suggestions for activities or coursework that the teachers could use are also thrown in. “Then we show them the logistics of using the equipment,” said TePas. “The only thing they have to calibrate is DO (dissolved oxygen) when they get it.” The busy season for the Limno Loan program typically coincides with the school year, it seems. Most of the sondes get checked out in September and October during the fall. When winter comes, TePas and others can’t send them out because of the risk of frost damaging the sondes and their sensors. But things pick back up with educators once again borrowing them in April, May and June. With those restrictions, it’s not likely that the sonde-sharing program could get any bigger than it is currently. The equipment also gets used by Sea Grant educators when not in use by teachers. But it’s certain that the program is providing benefits for teachers and students in the Great Lakes. In just the few years it’s been running, TePas says the sondes have gone from schools in New York to Minnesota and everywhere in between. “First and foremost, I want to increase water quality literacy. … I hope at least they take away a better understanding of water quality. So why do we care, why do we measure this stuff?” said TePas. “And if we had some budding scientists come out of this, that would be awesome.” Top image: Students and teachers work together to set up a water quality sonde. (Credit: Cindy Byers)

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Tips For Mending & Caring For Shoes ( Originally Published Early 1900's ) BOOTS AND SHOES--Cement for Patching Without Sewing.—Pure gutta percha, eschewed or cut fine, 3 oz., sulphide of carbon, 1 1/2 ozs. is about the right proportions. It should be the consistence of thick molasses. Keep corked when not in use, as the sulphide is very evaporative. DIRECTIONS—Cut the patch the right shape, pare the edge thin, remove all dirt and grease from the place to be mended. Apply 2 or 3 coats of the cement to boot and patch,, with a suitable spatula or flat stick, as a brush soon dries up; heat each and press on the patch with a warm burnishing iron, as shoemaker& understand. Remarks—The sulphide of carbon, has proved the best solvent for thegutta percha. If well done, it will prove permanent and satisfactory. I have. had them thus applied, and they kept their position for many months. Boots—To Make Water-Proof.—Farmers and others whose business. calls them into wind, snow, etc., ought to have their boots made purposely for them, not of thick, heavy cowhide, but kip or some soft and pliable leather, a kind the shoemakers know as a " runner," is good, and the soles should be double the whole length, and of firm and well tanned leather, and before wearing the soles should be well filled with tallow, heated and dried in; then oil the uppers with castor oil, also heated in, at least, a tablespoonful of it to each boot; then, if out in muddy or damp weather, or snow, or if you are compelled to stand or work. in water during the day, wash off the boots clean at night, warming them by' the fire while wet, and rub in the castor oil, a teaspoonful at least to each boot, and there will be no shrinkage, nor hard boots to get on in the morning. Do this twice to thrice a week all winter, as the snow or mud demands. Remarks.—I have condensed this from a report of one Delos Wood, address not given, to the Indiana Farmer, retaining all that is essential to, understand it. He says, " I have stood in mud and water 2 or 3 inches deep, for 10 hours a day for a week, without feeling any dampness or having any difficulty in getting my boots on or off, by this heating every night." He had previously tried one of the water proof receipts containing rosin, tallow, etc., but found this the best plan. I will, however, give one of this kind, that any one may suit himself as to plans. The compounds containing rosin, how-ever, must have a tendency to harden the leather, but kerosene, as mentioned below, is now said to soften them as soft as when new, so suit yourselves as to which shall be used. The oil dressing and blacking for leather, carriage tops, etc., below, must, from the nature of its ingredients, prove a good dressing for boots; but if I was making it expressly for boots, I'd leave out the Prussian blue. Neat's foot-oil, and castor oil are both very softening for all kinds of leather. Still, it is considered that rosin, and Burgundy pitch both have a tendency to harden leather; but, as seen below, it has recently been discovered that kerosene will soften old boots equal to new. - Boots—Water-Proofing for.—D. S. Root, of Grand Rapids, Mich., a traveling man, whom I met at Eaton Rapids, after learning that I was the author of the Receipt Books bearing my name, and that I am preparing my Third and Last, desired to give me the following receipt, hoping it might thereby do others as much good as it had him when tramping in snow and wet: I. " Linseed oil, 1 pt. ; spirits of turpentine, 4 pt.; beeswax and Burgundy pitch, each, 4 ozs.; ivory black, 1/4 oz. Make, or simply heat together over a slow fire." Remarks.-He kept it with him in winter, and applied as needed. I should prefer neat's foot oil or castor oil, as they are not so drying in their nature as linseed. II. Mutton tallow with twice as much beeswax, makes a valuable water--proofing for boots, and they will soon take blacking after its application. One-fourth as much Burgundy pitch as tallow, might be put in. Farmer Boy's Water-Proofing for Boots.—" Farmer BO," of Buchanan, Mich., gave one of the papers the following water-proofing for boots, which will be found good. He says: "Melt together beef tallow., 4 ozs. ; rosin and beeswax, each, 1 oz., and when nearly cooled add as much neat's foot oil as the above mixture measures (6 ozs. will be near enough). It, is to be -applied with a soft rag, both to the soles and uppers. The Ieather should be warmed meanwhile before the fire, and the application well rubbed in. It requires two applications to make the leather thoroughly water-proof." Rubber Water-Proofing for Boots.—Neat's-foot oil, 1 pt.; old rubber boots, 2 lb.; rosin, 1 oz. DIRECTIONS—Melt slowly, and then pour off from or take out the cloth of the old boots, and apply warm. The boots will be water and snow-proof.—" C. E. G." in Scientific American. Jettine, or Liquid Shoe Blacking—Water-Proof, and Does Not Soil Ladies' White Dresses.—Alcohol, 1 qt.; gum shellac, 1/2 lb.; camphor gum, size of a hen's egg; lamp black, 1 oz. DIRECTIONS—Breakup the shellac finely and put into a bottle with the alcohol, keeping in a warm place and shaking a dozen times daily till dissolved; then break up the gum camphor and put in, and when dissolved add the lamp black, when it is ready for use. Apply with a sponge fastened with wire to the cork. The camphor pre-vents the cracking of the varnish. It may be applied to anything requiring a black finish. Boots and Shoes, Jet Polish for.—Nice clear glue, 1/4 lb.; logwood chips, 3. lb,; powdered indigo, isinglass and soft soap, each, 2 tea-spoonfuls; best cider vinegar, 1 qt.; soft water, 1 pt. Directions -- Put all together and boil 10 minutes, after it begins to boil. When cool, strain. Remove all dirt from the boots or shoes and apply with sponge or swab. Boots. Hard, to Soften.—The latest discovery as to the. uses of kerosene is that it softens boots or shoes which have become hard ,from water-soaking, making them as pliable as new; but they should then have a coat or two of one of the castor oil or Neat's-foot oil dressings to prevent a like condition again. If you doubt it, try it on a piece of old leather, as I did first. Oil Dressing and Blacking for All Kinds of Leather, Carriage tops, etc.—For 1 gal., take Neat's-foot oil or fish oil (Neat's-foot is the best), qts.; mutton tallow, 2 lbs.; castor oil, 1 pt.; ivory black, very tine, 1 1/2 lbs,; Prussian blue, % lb.; beeswax, % lb.; rosin, 3 lb.; Burgundy pitch, 1 oz. DIRECTIONS—Put all together in an iron kettle over the fire; boil and stir % an hour; then set off and let settle 15 minutes, and pour off, free of all sediment. When cold it is ready for use, Remarks.—Valuable as a water-proof for boots and shoes, harness, carriage tops, etc. The dirt in all cases to be cleaned off or washed off and allowed to .dry, as the case demands. For this recipe, and the one for " Exceisior Axle Grease," an old farmer friend of mine and myself joined, paid $1 for them to .a man who lived near Ann Arbor and was selling them on the streets, and had been doing so for some time, the articles giving satisfaction As the two seem to belong together, I will give the axle grease here, He called it Allen's Excelsior Axle Grease.—Castor oil and linseed oil, each, 1 qt.; tallow and rosin, each, 2 lbs. ; beeswax, 1 lb. Directions—Heat all well together, stirring to incorporate, and stir till cool. Remarks.—" If either of these are too hard," he said, "add a little Neat'a foot oil; if too soft, a little more tallow." They will prove valuable. Boot, Shoe and Harness Edge Blacking, Cheap. — Soft water, 1 pt.; alcohol, 1,4 pt.; tinct. muriate of iron and ex. of logwood, each, 2 ozs.; best blue nutgalls, 1 1/2 ozs. Directions-Pulverize the galls and put into a bottle, adding the others; let it stand a few days, shaking several tittles daily, until the extract of logwood is dissolved, when it is ready for use and will give ,great satisfaction. Remarks.—It has been customary to use all alcohol, but a shoemaker, con-Lidering the use of all water in inks, concluded, and proved by test, that for summer, water is just as good; and for winter the above amount of alcohol is sufficient. Rubber Boots, To Mend.—In a recent Blade a request was made for the publication of a recipe to mend rubber boots and shoes, to which they gave the following: " Cut 1 lb. of caoutchouc into thin, small slices; heat in a suitable vessel over a moderate coal fire, until the caoutchouc becomes fluid; then add 1/2lb. of powdered rosin, and melt both materials at a moderate heat. When. these are perfectly fluid, gradually add 3 or 4 lbs. spirits of turpentine in small portions, and stir well. By the addition of the last, the rapid thickening and hardening of the compound will be prevented, and a mixture obtained fully answering the purpose of gluing together rubber surfaces, etc. Remarks.—A coal fire is called for merely to avoid the blaze of a wood fire which is liable to set the turpentine on fire while pouring in. Avoid a blaze, and Iet there be only a moderate fire, makes it safe with wood. Over a stove will be most safe. One-fourth or % the amount can be made as well, keeping the same proportions; and, if I was making it, I should put all together in the vessel, as there would be less danger of burning the caoutchouc. Keep covered when not in use, to prevent its drying up. The rosin makes it very tenacious. Tanning Skins with the Hair or Wool On.—Alum, 3 lbs. ; rock salt (good hard salt will do), lb. DIRECTIONS — Soak the skin in water for one day; then remove all the meat, fat, etc. Dissolve, by boiling, the alum and salt in sufficient water to cover the skin-this amount for a deer, dog, wolf,. or sheep skin--pour into a tub, and when only lukewarm, put in the skin, and let it soak for 4 days, working it with a pounder or square-ended stick of wood every day; then dry in the shade—a warm shed is a good place to dry in. Then heat up the tan liquor again, and re-soak as before, after which wash out well and beat it with a wooden mallet till quite soft; dry again in the shade, rubbing it well from time to time with the hands. If this is properly done, you will have a very soft and pliable skin, suitable for any purpose for which such skins are used.—Indian Domestic Economy. Remarks.—The following, which is somewhat different, I take from the Toronto Globe, as it suggests the plan of coloring or dyeing, making them equal to those on sale' in the stores. It was given under the following head: To Make Mats from Sheepskins.—" Take a fresh skin and wash the wool in strong soap-suds only slightly warm to the hand. Pick out all the dirt from the wool, and scrub it well on a washboard. A table-spoonful of kerosene added to 3 gallons of warm soap-suds will greatly help the cleaning. Wash in another suds, or until the wool looks white and clean. Then put the skin into cold water, enough to cover it, and dissolve % lb. of salt and the same quantity of alum in 3 pts. of boiling water; pour the mixture over the skin, and rinse it up and down in the water. Let it soak in this water 12 hours, then hang it over a fence or line to drain. When well drained stretch it on a board to dry, or nail it on the wall of the wood-house or barn, wool side toward the boards. When nearly dry, rub into the skin 1 oz. each of powdered alum and saltpeter (if the skin is large, double the quantity); rub this in for an hour or so. To do this readily, the skin must be taken down and spread on a flat surface. Fold the skin sides together and hang the mat away; rub it every day for 3 days, or till perfectly dry. Scrape off the skin with a stick or blunt knife till cleared of all impurities, then rub it with pumice-stone or rotten-stone. Trim it to a good shape, and you have an excellent mat. Dye it green, blue, or scarlet, and you have as elegant a mat as those bought in the stores. Lambskins may be prepared in the same way and made into caps and mittens. Dyed a handsome brown or black they are equal to the best imported skins. Still-born lambs, or those that die very young, furnish very soft skins, which, if properly prepared, would make as handsome sacques, muffs, and tippets as the far-famed Astrakhan. In dyeing these skins shallow vessels are used, which permit the skin to be placed in them wool-side down, so that the skin itself is not injured by the hot dye." Remarks.—The coloring can be done with any of the recipes for coloring woolen goods, being careful that the skin itself is not allowed to touch the hot dye. 1, RECIPES FOR BAKING POWDER.—Tartaric acid, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 10 ozs. ; bicarbonate of soda, 5 ozs. Mix thoroughly. This is improved by the addition of 4 ozs. of flour. 2. Cream of tartar, 6 ozs.; bicarbonate of soda, 2% ozs.; flour, 4% ozs. Remarks.—This receipt was procured from a chemist, and is a receipt for one of the best brands of baking powder sold by the trade.

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CC-MAIN-2015-11

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The Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP) is a team of geospatial science, technology, visualization, analysis, and public health experts within the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and CDC. The program that would eventually become GRASP was established in 1989 to examine environmental exposure at hazardous waste sites. GRASP champions the agency’s efforts to examine the relationship between place and health in order to promote health and prevent disease. In its early years, GRASP provided geospatial science and geographic information systems (GIS) support to characterize communities and estimate populations at risk for environmental exposures near hazardous waste sites. As GRASP grew in size and expertise, GRASP’s environmental data analysis and visualizations were expanded to better support ATSDR’s work. GRASP developed the ATSDR GIS Introductory Map, which has been included in all Public Health Assessments (PHA) for ATSDR since 1994. GRASP expanded the single Introductory Map to become a map series in 2012. The map series improves scientists’ abilities to visualize, analyze, and characterize exposure conditions near hazardous waste sites. Collaborative Tradition: Bringing GIS, Geospatial Science, and Technology Expertise to CDC/ATSDR and Beyond GRASP’s large portfolio of collaborative projects has grown to include work in all areas of public health research and practice, including environmental health, infectious and chronic disease, injury, and public health emergency preparedness, response, and recovery. GRASP works with internal and external public health partners on initiatives involving geospatial science, analysis, technology, and visualization. GRASP established its first partnership with CDC’s National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) to support the Interactive Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke in 1998. This was CDC’s first interactive atlas, and it empowered users with more freedom to explore patterns in both space and time and the ability to interact with the data through mapping, visualizations, geospatial reporting, and geocoding. Since that time, GRASP has assisted in the development of several other interactive atlases, including FluView Interactive with the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases’ (NCIRD), Patient Safety Atlas with the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases’ (NCEZID), AtlasPlus with the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention’s (NCHHSTP), and Diabetes Atlas with NCCDPHP. Additionally, in 2007, GRASP partnered with NCEH-ATSDR emergency response planners to create the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), an index of 15 variables organized into 4 domains that enable public health scientists and planners to better understand how social vulnerability impacts health across the United States. GRASP has sustained this effort and continues to regularly release SVI datasets and examine the relationship between SVI and health. Finally, the GRASP collaborative portfolio has included several research projects including efforts with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) to examine the relationship between access to healthcare and cancer outcomes of many types. Additionally, since 2011, GRASP has provided key geospatial analysis and remote sensing support to advance efforts of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in South Asia, Nigeria, Chad, Niger, and Somalia. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, CDC engaged GRASP to provide geospatial science and technology capabilities to support public health emergency response. In 2003, CDC involved GRASP as part of its Information Operations in the newly established Emergency Operations Center (EOC). Today, GRASP continues to provide full-time geospatial expertise to the EOC’s Situational Awareness Branch for public health emergencies, including support during the 2005 Hurricane Katrina response in Louisiana, 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, 2016 Zika virus outbreak in Puerto Rico, 2017 Hurricane Harvey response in Texas and Louisiana, 2019 Domestic Lung Injury response in multiple states, and 2019 COVID-19 response to support mitigation efforts. Recognizing the impact of geospatial science in public health research, in 2015, GRASP formed a team of geospatial epidemiologists responsible for applying geospatial and temporal epidemiologic and spatial statistical methods to investigate the relationship between geographic variations of disease and environmental, demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic, genetic, and infectious risk factors. These scientists are advancing place-based research efforts at CDC/ATSDR by leading the examination of space and time trends evident in the spread of Ebola and Zika viruses, cancer incidence, and components of the opioid crisis, such as overdose deaths and drug-seeking behaviors. GRASP geospatial scientists also explore the relationship between health and social vulnerability, environmental burden, population activity space, and other processes that occur in a geographic context. Since its beginning, GRASP has expanded from a team of 5 to more than 70. Today, GRASP is the largest geospatial program of CDC/ATSDR, and it continues to evolve as demand increases for geospatial science and GIS applications in public health research and practice. GRASP serves as an integral part of ATSDR’s mission to protect communities from harmful health effects related to exposure to natural and man-made hazards. Additionally, GRASP is continuing its collaborative tradition with CDC/ATSDR and the broader public health community by creating and sustaining partnerships featuring geospatial science, analysis, technology, and visualization in support of public health research and practice. Learn more about how to partner with GRASP. GRASP Support to ATSDR During periods of growth and change, it is important to note that GRASP remains committed to its support of ATSDR. Thus, GRASP continues to provide geospatial analyses and visualizations that enable ATSDR scientists and communities to better understand environmental, sociodemographic, and behavioral issues associated with chemical exposure at hazardous waste sites across the United States. As an ATSDR program, GRASP focuses on the application of GIS to site-specific investigations. Learn more about GRASP’s geospatial science and technology support to ATSDR. ATSDR Introductory Map: GRASP designed and created the first ATSDR GIS Introductory Map, a map and data product that characterizes communities at risk for exposure and presents information on sensitive populations. ATSDR Introductory Map Series: GRASP expanded the Introductory Map into a series of maps to provide a first look at the geographic context of a hazardous waste site and the surrounding community. The Map Series, which is generated for each site, uses maps, charts, and statistics to characterize communities affected by hazardous waste sites. The Map Series enables ATSDR scientists to explore and understand the complex and interrelated conditions associated with chemical exposure and the development of acute and chronic conditions in residents of surrounding communities.

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

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வருந்தத்தக்க, துன்பம் தருகிறவசதிக்குறைவான Adjective(1) conducive to or feeling mental discomfort(2) providing or experiencing physical discomfort (1) For good people it is very uncomfortable to be in the presence of someone in pain and not be able to do anything about it.(2) They made you laugh but feel rather uncomfortable at the same time and comedy should do that occasionally.(3) It is manifest in the wish for pain to go away; or the dismissal of some uncomfortable idea.(4) Although colic is not thought to be due to pain, a baby with colic may look uncomfortable or appear to be in pain.(5) Such a request would also represent a recognition of an uncomfortable fact.(6) I'm very uncomfortable with the idea of these psychologists analysing my responses.(7) As was always the case in company, he appeared uncomfortable and slightly aloof.(8) The figure looked unbearable uncomfortable as he shoved his hands in his pockets.(9) The test can take from 10 minutes up to half an hour and can be slightly uncomfortable .(10) I ended up occupying the end of the bar and nursing a Guinness and feeling decidedly uncomfortable .(11) Rebecca leaned back in her rather uncomfortable wooden chair and folded her arms across her chest.(12) The entire notion of me lying in a hospital bed terrifies me, no wonder I find this bed uncomfortable .(13) People often feel uncomfortable with that concept, but I don't have a problem with it.(14) It is, to say the least, uncomfortable seeing such pain inflicted on an innocent man.(15) Last weekend was very hot and no matter where or what you did it was uncomfortable .(16) Climate change made the wearing of bushy white beards uncomfortable as well as impractical. (1) feel uncomfortable :: சங்கடமான உணர 1. painful :: 2. disagreeable :: 3. intolerable :: 4. unbearable :: 1. comfortable :: 2. comfy :: English to Tamil Dictionary: uncomfortable Meaning and definitions of uncomfortable, translation in Tamil language for uncomfortable with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of uncomfortable in Tamil and in English language. Tags for the entry "uncomfortable" What uncomfortable means in Tamil, uncomfortable meaning in Tamil, uncomfortable definition, examples and pronunciation of uncomfortable in Tamil language.

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CC-MAIN-2019-13

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There is a critical need for an energy solution that does not produce carbon dioxide as a bi-product. While there are a few possible solutions, the direct use of solar energy to produce electricity or fuels is the only one that has the potential to provide the bulk of the worlds' energy needs for many generations. Photovoltaic solar cells offer the possibility of making a significant contribution to this effort and it is this subject that motivates the work that will be discussed in the presentation. More specifically, the role that Excitonic Solar Cells (XSC) can play will be discussed. These are perhaps more commonly known as organic (or molecular) solar cells and with either name they represent a new class of solar cell that works with a fundamentally different physics than conventional solar cells. This difference provides a number of elegant possibilities to the creation of third-generation solar cells, where device efficiencies can exceed the ~30% thermodynamic limit of single-junction devices. This presentation will focus on colloidal quantum dots, single-wall carbon nanotubes, conjugated polymers and dendrimers as candidates for incorporation into XSCs and how their unique properties might help exceed this thermodynamic limit. The importance of understanding the fundamental photoconversion processes, the techniques that are used to follow these processes and how molecular chemistry has the potential to make a significant contribution will all be examined in detail. ANL Physics Division Colloquium Schedule

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CC-MAIN-2014-15

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en

1. Maniakkhi, Maniakkhika. A Nāga king of Kalyāni, maternal uncle of Mahodara. He came to take part in the battle between Mahodara and Cūlodara, and having heard the Buddha preach on that occasion, begged him to visit his kingdom. The Buddha agreed, and, three years later went to Kalyāni in the eighth year after the Enlightenment on the full moon day of Vesākha. The Nāga entertained him and his five hundred monks on the spot where, later, the Kalyāni cetiya was built. Mhv.i.63ff.; xv.162; Dpv. ii.42, 52; it is said that Manikkhika went to Jambudīpa to bring the Buddha to Ceylon (MT.111). According to the Extended Mahāvamsa (i.700) he was the uncle (mātula) of 2. Maniakkhika. The youngest of the three sons of Mahātīssa and Sanghasivā. Cv.xlv.40.

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CC-MAIN-2020-10

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They knew the cadets were waffling. Some were pulling south, others north. They knew that the only hope they had to unite them was to appeal to their sense of patriotism and duty. So on that February day they marched them into the chapel to celebrate what they designed to be a unifying event. They thought that just maybe the words of the father of the country would serve to unite these rebels and yankees. The year was 1861. In far off South Carolina, Fort Sumter was about to become the birthplace of the bloodiest war in America’s history. All of this turmoil was a real problem at West Point. Since the military academy included men from all the states in the union, there was, of course, a great division. What had once been a place of great unity began to stress under the same controversy that divided the country. That’s why they had the celebration. Surely a little meditation on the farewell address of George Washington would remind them of where their real loyalties lay. After the service was over the cadets returned to their quarters and the West Point band marched across the campus playing the Star Spangled Banner. When the cadets heard it, they ran to their windows. Those from the south began to shout “Dixie,” while those from the north shouted out the words to the National Anthem. So much for unity. What was wrong? Both groups respected Washington’s memory and both groups surely appreciated his birthday, but the event that was supposed to have unified them only caused more division. Why was that? It was because both groups perceived the event differently. Those from the North honored the celebration as an attempt to emphasize the importance of remaining one country. Those from the south saw the celebration as a vain attempt to prevent them from leaving. You see, their perceptions brought them to different and quite divisive conclusions.

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CC-MAIN-2017-09

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en

Although both of these life cycles actually are both complete by definition because both cycles result in the adult insect, they are very different. The complete life cycle for example is egg, larvae, pupae, adult, the incomplete life cycle is egg, nymph, adult. Both of these life cycles go through molts or shedding of their exoskeleton in between every stage of development. The differences in the two start with the appearance of newly hatched larvae or nymphs, larvae are worm like and look completely different from their mother, nymphs hatch as miniature versions of the adult females. Larvae in complete life cycles go through a period where they pupate, this process is in complete seclusion and the larvae changes into the adult. Nymphs in the incomplete life cycle go through periods called instars in between every stage of development, they do not pupate but do require food and/or water sources to advance to their next stage in life. An example of an insect that goes through the incomplete life cycle is the Bed Bug. Bed Bug nymphs hatch as mini adult Bed Bugs, they require a blood meal immediately after emerging from their egg! This blood meal is the only source of nutrition this Bed Bug will ever need it’s entire life and is required in between molts in order for the Bed Bug to advance to the next stage in life. Bed Bugs in each instar can survive different lengths of time without blood, some over a year! Bed Bugs have taken over Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, and Henderson! Call Stop Buggn Pest Control on the first sign of Bed Bugs! We offer FREE inspections for Bed Bugs and can deliver and install Bed Bug covers for mattresses and box springs!

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en

While colon cancer deaths are going down among African-Americans, we still are more likely to die from the disease. Overall, African-Americans are twice as likely to die from the disease, with Black men dying up to five years earlier than white men. What’s up with that? Researchers from University of Michigan analyzed 503 patients with colon cancer — 45 percent were Black and 55 percent white — and found that Blacks were 50 percent less likely to develop a type of colon cancer that comes with a better chance of survival. Only 7 percent of Blacks had a type of cancer with a genetic marker called microsatellite instability, or MSI. Even though MSI can be resistant to cancer treatment, those who have this form still have a better chance of surviving the disease. Fourteen percent of whites had MSI. A whopping 93 percent of Blacks with colon cancer do not have this marker and don’t get to reap the survival benefits. However, researchers also found another explanation for our depressing mortality rates: The location of where the colon cancer presents itself in our bodies. We are more likely to have colon cancer on the right side of our bodies than our left. Often doctors miss diagnosing colon cancer on the right side compared to left side. Unfortunately, by the time the cancer is found, it’s progressed in patients, which can lower one’s survival rate. “Right-sided colon cancer may be the ‘black ice’ of the colon, unseen but potentially deadly. Strategies to better recognize and detect right-sided cancer may need to be pursued in a broader fashion,” the study’s main author Dr. John Carethers said. While there’s no magic pill to take to make sure we don’t get colon cancer, there are things that we can do to help prevent it. Getting screened regularly for the disease when you turn 50, eating right, working out and limiting the amount of liquor you drink can all help. Learn more about colon cancer here. BET Health News - We go beyond the music and entertainment world to bring you important medical information and health-related tips of special relevance to Blacks in the U.S. and around the world. Click here to subscribe to our newsletter. (Photo: Siri Stafford/Getty Images) TRENDING IN NEWS

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

http://www.bet.com/news/health/2014/06/25/why-is-colon-cancer-deadlier-among-blacks.html

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en

Archaeologists excavating the site of the biblical city of Ashkelon found what they say is the first Philistine cemetery ever discovered, and which may help resolve a debate about the Philistines’ geographical origins. An archaeological discovery announced on Sunday in Israel may help solve an enduring biblical mystery: where did the ancient Philistines come from? The Philistines left behind plenty of pottery. But part of the mystery surrounding the ancient people was that very little biological trace of them had been found — until 2013. That’s when archaeologists excavating the site of the biblical city of Ashkelon found what they say is the first Philistine cemetery ever discovered. They say they have uncovered the remains of more than 200 people there. The discovery was finally unveiled Sunday at the close of a 30-year excavation by the Leon Levy Expedition, a team of archaeologists from Harvard University, Boston College, Wheaton College in Illinois and Troy University in Alabama. The team is now performing DNA, radiocarbon and other tests on bone samples uncovered at the cemetery, dating back to between the 11th and the 8th centuries BCE, to help resolve a debate about the Philistines’ geographical origins. The archaeologists have not announced any conclusions, saying they are taking advantage of recent advances in DNA testing to get the most accurate results. “After decades of studying what Philistines left behind, we have finally come face to face with the people themselves,” said Daniel M. Master, professor of archaeology at Wheaton College and one of the leaders of the excavation. “With this discovery we are close to unlocking the secrets of their origins.” “Ninety-nine percent of the chapters and articles written about Philistine burial customs should be revised or ignored now that we have the first and only Philistine cemetery found just outside the city walls of Tel Ashkelon, one of the five primary cities of the Philistines,” said Lawrence E. Stager, Dorot Professor of the Archaeology of Israel, Emeritus, at Harvard University. A few human remains at Philistine sites had been discovered in past years, but they provided too small a sample to draw conclusions, he added. The archaeologists kept the discovery a secret for three years until the end of their dig because of a unique hazard of archaeology in modern-day Israel: they did not want to attract ultra-Orthodox Jewish protesters, Master said. “We had to bite our tongues for a long time,” Master said. The Ancient Israelites’ Archenemy In the Bible, the Philistines are depicted as the ancient Israelites’ archenemy, a foreign people who migrated from lands to the west and settled in five main cities which became Philistia, in today’s southern Israel’s coast and the Gaza Strip. The most famous Philistine was Goliath, the fearsome warrior who was slain by a young King David. The Philistines’ legacy lives on in the name Palestine, the term the Romans gave to the region in the 2nd century in an attempt to uproot the region’s Jewish identity, and which is adopted today by Palestinians, despite the fact that there is no connection between them and the ancient maritime nation. Archaeologists and biblical scholars have long believed the Philistines came from the Aegean region, based on pottery found in excavations of Philistine sites. But scholars have debated where exactly in the Aegean region the Philistines came from: mainland Greece, the islands of Crete or Cyprus, or even Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. The bones might hold the answers, said archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel, an Israeli expert on the period who did not participate in the dig. He called the cemetery find “a very significant discovery indeed.” The excavation of the cemetery has also shed light on Philistine burial practices. The Philistines buried their dead with perfume bottles, placed near the face. Near the legs were jars that likely held oil, wine or food. In some cases, archaeologists found the dead were buried wearing necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and even toe rings. Some were buried with their weapons. “This is how Philistines treated their dead, and it’s the code book to decoding everything,” said archaeologist Adam Aja, a participant in the dig. Finds from the cemetery went on display Sunday in an Israel Museum exhibition held at the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem. By: AP and United with Israel Staff Do You Love Israel? Make a Donation to Show Your Support! Donate to vital charities that protect Israelis and help inspire millions around the world to support Israel too! Now more than ever, Israel needs your help to fight - and win - the battle of public opinion. Anti-Israel bias and boycotts are out of control. Israel's enemies effectively use social media to incite brutal terror against innocent Israeli civilians. Please help us fight back!

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CC-MAIN-2021-04

https://unitedwithisrael.org/israeli-excavation-helps-solve-mystery-of-biblical-philistines-origins/

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en

A Review of Capital Cooking’s Maestro Grill by Chef Tony Matassa The Skinny: Excellent grilling performance; Hybrid Radiant System; Grease Manage They are a symbol of home, of Americana, of simplicity. They are the classic way to finish off a meal — everyone saves room for pie — and if the menu offerings of McDonalds restaurants are to be trusted, we are all “Lovin’ it”. But the history of pie has been anything but easy. You could say that pies date back as far as 9500 B.C. in Egypt, when the Egyptians began baking food into pastry shells in order to make them easier to transport. Evidence of these early pies can be seen on the walls of some Egyptian tombs, specifically that of Pharaoh Ramses. While often filled with sweets like honey, fruits and nuts, there were also “savoury” versions of pie which featured whole birds and vegetables. When this type of pie was prepared, the legs of the bird were left exposed through the pie shell to be used as handles. The early Egyptians, did not enjoy the flakey, buttery crust we have today as the original pie crust was hard and not intended to be eaten; their crusts were considered a disposable baking dish. The majority of pies were made with covers, which were known as ‘coffyns’ (literally meaning basket or box) while the lidless pies were called ‘traps’. Egyptians shared pies with the Greeks, who turned over their recipes to the Romans who then took the notion of stuffing and baking pastry and spread it across their empire. Pies slowly made their way into England, around the 12th century. Where they gained popularity. This is when people likely would have started eating the crust as it was passed down to servants after the people of the household ate the contents. By the 16th century, English chefs were creatively baking live birds into pies to be served as entertainment a dinner parties or Entremet. If you’ve ever sang the nursery rhyme A Song of Six-Pence as a child, you were singing a song from this point in time. That which made pie easy to transport in its early days in Egypt, also made pie a natural choice for food to be brought over by colonial settlers traveling to America. Though there is no evidence of pies being served at any of the first feasts after the pilgrims landed, pies have become a staple of Thanksgiving dinners and the preferred choice of dessert for many American dinner tables.

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CC-MAIN-2018-22

http://capital-cooking.com/top-10-foods-the-origin-of-pie/

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en

How to illuminate the reading area Choose appropriate lighting for our home is a very important and it is not as simple as you may think. The choice must be careful: in fact the lighting is not a project that should be a secondary consideration when we decide to illuminate a room in the house, the more so when it comes to the reading area, the part of the house where we relax and read a good book. Nothing can be left to chance and even then the light: every room must be lit based on the task will be carried out in it, for example, kitchen, living room, bathroom, bedroom). Then, we wonder how we can illuminate the area without reading a wrong amount and distribution of light can create areas very much in shadow or dazzling? Let’s read together the steps of this guide will give you some useful information to make our warm and cozy reading corner . Areas reading should be well lit especially to safeguard the health of our eyes. When reading, the eyes are focused primarily on the pages of the manuscript that we have in our hands, and erroneously think that illuminate only the area of interest is enough to keep them from too much strain. It is absolutely not so because the eye, if distracted from the area where there is light, it must work hard to adapt to the surrounding areas that are gray areas or different lighting. The iris, in fact, is forced to expand and contract to accommodate different brightness doing so an effort even greater than it already does with the read-only, namely to focus the pages. Whether a study, a living room or a corner of a room, all the places dedicated to reading must be well lit. It is advisable to install a direct light, which illuminates the most of our position, and an indirect light that illuminates the surrounding environment. This allows you to have a perfect setting for reading and our eyes, avoiding fatigue them too. The lighting fitting should consist of a lamp swivel table if the reading in which we are intent requires a particular concentration, and then it comes to illuminate mainly a plan, such as a desk. If you are intent in a more relaxed, and then the location might be the be sitting comfortably on the sofa, it is recommended that a lamp with a base on the ground nearby. It, with its structure standing, guarantees direct illumination angle reading but also the entire environment is not causing shadows. It is always advisable to illuminate the environment by creating relaxation only the soft lighting in the area that interests us.

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CC-MAIN-2017-17

http://homesweetsplitlevel.com/how-to-illuminate-the-reading-area.html

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en

So accustomed was I to his invariable success that the very possibility of his failing had ceased to enter into my head. Accustomed as I was to my friend’s amazing powers in the use of disguises, I had to look three times before I was certain that it was indeed he. On returning, he found that Horner had disappeared, that the bureau had been forced open, and that the small morocco casket in which, as it afterwards transpired, the Countess was accustomed to keep her jewel, was lying empty upon the dressing-table. She was accustomed to use slang of the kind. Yet his actions were in absurd contrast to the dignity of his dress and features, for he was running hard, with occasional little springs, such as a weary man gives who is little accustomed to set any tax upon his legs. One day, however, as I ascended the stair, I met Mr. Rucastle coming out through this door, his keys in his hand, and a look on his face which made him a very different person to the round, jovial man to whom I was accustomed. "But you can understand," said our strange visitor, sitting down once more and passing his hand over his high white forehead, "you can understand that I am not accustomed to doing such business in my own person. There are no more uses of "accustomed" in the book. Show samples from other sources In the United States we’re accustomed to forming our own opinion about the promises of advertisements and politicians. Actors and politicians are accustomed to less privacy than the rest of us.

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CC-MAIN-2016-44

http://www.verbalworkout.com/ub/ub107/ub10753311.htm

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en

In 1903, on the verge of what most historians would later identify as the twentieth century’s first genocide, German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leader August Bebel rose before parliament to condemn the “war of suppression” his country’s forces were waging against the Herero and Nama peoples in southwest Africa. Bebel was one of just two Reichstag members to dissent from the slaughter (the other was also an SPD parliamentarian). During an earlier wave of executions of African natives, the Social Democratic newspaper Vorwärts vehemently criticized the German colonial commissioner, describing him as “an enraged Aryan who wishes to destroy all Jews, but, for a lack of Jews over there in Africa, shoots Negros dead like sparrows and hangs negro girls for his own pleasure after they have satisfied his desire.” Such acts of opposition were not exceptional for German socialists in the hostile atmosphere of the Kaiser’s Germany. The Social Democrats were everywhere the first, and most often the only, to take the side of the persecuted and oppressed. Not content to struggle for the rights of workers domestically, they spoke out against colonialism, discrimination, and national suppression abroad. Their internationalism sprang from the conviction that the liberation of workers in Germany was linked — both morally and practically — to the liberation of oppressed peoples and nationalities outside their borders. Perhaps it was Karl Kautsky, the so-called Pope of Marxism who put it most aptly: “All humans are born equal and are together one noble race.” And just like the oppressed workers of Europe, Kautsky optimistically declared, the colonized would emerge triumphant: “Not only the victory of the proletariat of the white races, but also the liberation of the ‘coloured’ races is only a question of time.” Socialism of Fools Germany was a relative latecomer to the European scramble for Africa. By the time the Kaiser began snatching up territories in the 1880s, Imperial Germany had to pick around the edges of the older British and French properties. But German colonial holdings were soon vast, stretching from Togo and Cameroon in West Africa to modern-day Namibia in the southwest to Tanzania in the east. Within a couple of decades, major wars erupted out of the colonial violence in these areas, and, further afield, German military expeditions took the Kaiser’s forces to China (along the way occupying Papua and New Guinea, the Marshall Islands, and Samoa). The proliferation of bloodshed belied any claims about Imperial Germany bringing a humanizing mission to rest of the world. Colonialism, socialists knew, was a brutal, immoral affair — a form of subjugation that flew in the face of their historic mission. The SPD, the party’s seminal program declared: does not fight for new class privileges and class rights, but for the abolition of class rule and of classes themselves, for equal rights and equal obligations for all, without distinction of sex or birth. Starting from these views, it fights not only the exploitation and oppression of wage earners in society today, but every manner of exploitation and oppression, whether directed against a class, party, sex, or race. But the Social Democrats also recognized that colonialism was their main competitor for the hopes and dreams of the working class. Ruling elites spun rousing tales of nationalism and colonialism, infused with heroism and glory and patriotic togetherness, in a conscious effort to blunt the intoxicating appeal of socialism. As SPD militant Karl Liebknecht thundered, “you just export the social question and conjure up before the eyes of people a kind of mirage in the sands and swamps of Africa.” If they could not dispel that mirage, Social Democrats feared they would be defamed as traitors and enemies, and nationalism — not socialism — would carry the day. In 1907, the Second International — the collection of socialist and labor parties — passed a resolution at its assembly condemning all forms of colonialism, which the body judged a “politics of terror and despoliation.” This was the definitive message that Social Democracy was incompatible with colonialism and imperialism, that the ascendant socialist movement saw the liberation of oppressed workers in Europe as linked with that of colonial subjects. As Liebknecht would later put it, socialists must never mix “the dirty and bloody word ‘colonial policy’ with the sacred word ‘social democratic.’” The assembly also revealed the latent tensions within the SPD. The resolution narrowly passed, with more conservative members of the German delegation accommodating themselves to, or even embracing, colonialism. Some worried that a full-throated denunciation of colonialism would open them up to state repression (hardly a paranoid fear given the party had been banned all through the 1880s) or that it would cause them to lose votes and slow their electoral rise. There was less dissension in the ranks about antisemitism. The Dreyfus Affair in France, which saw a Jewish army captain accused of treason, turbocharged anti-Jewish sentiment across Europe. Rosa Luxemburg, avatar of the SPD left, rightly saw such prejudice as a weapon that everyone from the church to the military could use for anti-socialist, nationalist ends. Antisemitism was not just a potent weapon in the hands of reactionary forces — it could also divert workers’ attention from their true oppressors. Social Democratic leader August Bebel warned of a “socialism of fools” that staked out a “progressive” antisemitism by denouncing “Jewish capital” rather than capital as such. As the Dreyfus Affair swirled, this kind of approach appeared to offer better prospects of success. It was easier to pillory Jewish business elites than take on capital as a whole. But no lesser a party figure than chief theoretician Karl Kautsky saw the dangers of this strategy. Scapegoating Jewish elites was not only inherently noxious — it also ended up stigmatizing Jewish workers and migrants. Like Muslim refugees or Latino migrants today, stereotypes of Jews at the time were as fleeing migrants as well as competing workers. Denouncing elite Jews would end up harming these non-elite Jews as well — and undermine working-class solidarity. To opt for the “socialism of fools” was to traverse through the briar patch of bigotry — out of which nothing resembling a socialist movement could emerge. The case of Poland was a third instance in which the SPD distinguished itself. Around the time of the American Revolution, the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had fallen to the sword of three successive partitions, divvied up by the Prussian, Russian, and Austrian Empires. The commonwealth was one of the most democratic and progressive European states of its day — boasting a non-dynastic, electorally based monarchy and programs of universal education — and its disappearance was an object lesson in the rapacity of the European ruling elite. After accomplishing what had previously been unthinkable — dismembering a neighboring sovereign state — their “Overton window” of action busted wide open. Yet the resilience of the Polish people was also proof that ruling classes had their limits. Writing in 1905, August Bebel observed: Though the last partition of Poland took place nearly 110 years ago, the aspirations of the Polish nations towards national independence, in the three conquering nations, are stronger than ever. An energetic nation, which has been injured in its language, in its civilisation, and therefore in its material interests, will always try to recover its national independence, because that alone guarantees the originality of its civilisation. In such cases of suppressed nationalities, Social Democrats argued that liberation must come as a prelude to, if not a necessary precondition of, socialism. “The normal development of the Socialist movement must be based certainly on the independence of a country,” Luxemburg wrote. “As long as a nation is oppressed, its members will not advocate the class-war, or will only do so in a modified form.” (More controversially, Luxemburg saw the SPD as the only political home for oppressed Poles, insisting that “this party is also where the Polish workers must seek refuge, only here can they expect fraternal support and protection against the violence of the German government.”) Welcoming the struggle of another nationality or domestic minority under socialism’s banner had an additional, crucial effect: it disarmed the ruling class of an instrument of distraction and distortion. Sensitive to the lures of prejudice, Luxemburg reminded the German working class that “they draw no benefit from the persecution of Poles, as those higher classes of German society, who hunt for profits and good positions among us. The German worker, just as our Polish worker or tradesman, in general never lives off injustice he inflicts on others, but from his own hard, but honest labor.” Time and again, the Social Democrats proved themselves the only political force in prewar Germany to oppose colonialism and imperialism. Yet the party wasn’t devoid of figures that spoke the poisoned language of “colonial policy.” Conservative party figures like Eduard David, for instance, believed that colonialism would be inevitable even under a socialist government, which would continue and perhaps improve upon the “civilizing mission” of the European ruling powers. Famed theorist Eduard Bernstein supported some form of colonialism on the grounds that self-governing colonies could prove more democratic than continental European societies strangled by the powers of the old regime. Those outside the conservative camp resisted these pronouncements, often fiercely. Such ideological splits could not have come at a worse time. The first decade of the twentieth century was the high point of German colonialism, and a particularly sly and media savvy chancellor, Von Bülow, correctly wagered that conservative Social Democrats could be picked off. When Social Democrats refused an expanded war budget to “put down” colonial uprisings in 1906 (in reality it was genocide), the chancellor dissolved parliament and launched a media manipulation campaign. Painting the anti-military Social Democrats as traitors and saboteurs of Germany’s world power pretensions, he cobbled together a new expansionist alliance that included liberals and even some unions and industrial organizations. In elections the following year, the defamed “red enemies of the state” paid dearly for refusing to take a strong stand. For the first time, they lost electoral ground. The public paralysis in 1907 foreshadowed the SPD’s deplorable vote seven years later to fund the country’s entrance into World War I — an affront to internationalism that would tear the party asunder. Many of the same figures that had issued apologias for German colonialism marched in step to the drumbeats of war. (Bernstein, to his credit, was a notable exception.) Yet it’s a testament to the internationalist currents in the party that even as the SPD was fraying, prominent leaders denounced the ongoing Armenian genocide — perhaps the Social Democrats’ finest hour of intervention and support for the global dispossessed. Two decades earlier, German socialists had been among the sole voices to condemn the Hamidian massacres, where the number of Armenians killed — up to a couple hundred thousand — dwarfed even that of the anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia. In 1915, the Christian Armenian population (along with Assyrian and Pontic Greek Christians) were targeted for wholesale annihilation by a new regime that espoused a racist pan-Turkism. Identifying Armenians as a progressive religious minority, the Young Turks carried out a genocidal campaign of replacement and despoliation. The German socialists, aware of the atrocities early on, correctly blamed not just the Young Turks but their political patrons, the Imperial German state. Party leaders such as Hugo Haase, Georg Ledebour, and Karl Liebknecht delivered the strongest denunciation of Ottoman crimes and German inaction. As early as January 1916, Liebknecht deemed the genocide “a sin now placed upon Germany.” For his principled stance, he was shouted down on the floor of parliament. Ledebour denounced the mass extermination in similarly scathing terms — “how socialists of any stripe could grant support to such a government is entirely unfathomable to me” — and later grabbed the strongest word available in German, Schande (indicating a deep, irremovable stain of shame), to characterize the country’s compliance. Calls for his censure were immediate. Defending Human Equality The global solidarity that Social Democrats repeatedly showed stood in stark contrast to the silence (in the case of genocide) or vituperation (in the case of colonialism) that emanated from purportedly respectable circles. Whether directing their malevolent fury at Armenians, Jews, Slavs, or Africans, the Kaiser and his partisans justified pillaging and subjugation with reference to their victims’ “sub-human” status — an intolerable state of affairs for anyone that believed in the essential equality of all humanity. These days, liberal humanitarians in the Global North employ lofty rhetoric about minorities in distress or the need to protect human rights. The best of the early German socialists give us something more than empty words, reminding us of the interconnected plight of the working class and oppressed minorities, as well as the means to fight exploitation. Their motivation to struggle for the persecuted abroad strengthened their resolve to fight for the exploited working class at home — and conjured up a vision of a global order of human rights truly worth the name.

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CC-MAIN-2018-47

https://jacobinmag.com/2018/03/spd-kautsky-luxemburg-imperialism-africa-armenia

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Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene; Recent. Venezuela to North Carolina. Original Description (from Conrad, 1846, p. 25): "Short, subfusiform; whorls 7, somewhat channelled or contracted above; longitudinal ribs large, remote; revolving lines robust, alternated with fine lines; lines of growth well defined, becoming prominent wrinkled lines on the spire; color greenish-white, varied with large irregular brown or ferruginous spots; aperture half the length of the shell; labrum striated within, margin plicated; labium with a prominent fold near the summit, and somewhat corrugated towards the base. Locality. Mouth of Manatu river, of Tampa Bay, Florida, inhabiting sand bars." To access this description in its original formatting through the Biodiversity Heritage Library, click here.

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

https://neogeneatlas.net/species/gemophos-tinctus/

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Year 5 Homework Learning Support Homework at Key Stage 2 (Years 5 and 6) will be limited to the two Core Subjects and total a maximum of 1½ hours per week. Core subjects are English (to include daily reading) and Maths. Some Science will be set when it is relevant and appropriate. Teachers in KS2 are expected to ensure that homework is properly recorded in planners by pupils as they learn to organise themselves. Homework should be set at the beginning of the lesson in order for it to be given time to be checked by the teacher to ensure that it has been correctly written in. Parents/Carers are requested to check planners regularly, to ensure tasks etc. have been completed. Form Tutors and Curriculum Team members will monitor planners. Learning Journey: Non-core homework will take the form of projects e.g. 3D modelling, research, writing task. A homework summary will be provided by the teacher at the beginning of each half term. Hand in dates will be detailed on the summary. The department issuing the homework will be expected to give further guidance to students to enable them to break the tasks into smaller parts.

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CC-MAIN-2020-45

https://www.parkside.worcs.sch.uk/curriculum/year-5/year-5-homework-learning-support

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If you are the owner, MD, or CEO of a factory that is engaged in the manufacture of a product, the chances are you will have encountered many sub-standard practices. I recently visited a factory that manufactures ceramic tiles in one of the largest industrial areas of Pakistan. This factory had a total of 400 employees and manufactured sanitary products as well as tiles, and had been in business since 1970. The factory had a plan to embark on export business as well. As a consultant in *ISO 9000 and **ISO 17025, I was invited to deliver a lecture on quality to the management and largely illiterate workers of the factory. My task was to carry out a gap analysis of their manufacturing facilities to establish the factual position on the ground. While I was carrying out the gap analysis, I noticed that during the manufacturing process of the tiles, every third tile was dropping down from the belt that was carrying them to an oven to be baked at a certain temperature. The factory was thus incurring a loss of around 33 per cent. When I brought this to the notice of the production manager who was also an engineer, he said: Not to worry – we will put this wasted raw material to work again and re-manufacture the tiles out of it.‚ Manufacturing: step by step I couldn’t understand the logic behind re-manufacturing the tiles. I asked the engineer whether he knew how many steps were involved in reaching the final stage of the manufacturing process of the tiles, i.e. baking the tiles in the oven. I informed him that to arrive at that stage the factory would have to go through around 14 steps (see Table 1 below). When 90 per cent of the job is over and the tiles are about to be ready, every third tile starts dropping from the conveyer belt and is wasted. Table 1. The tile manufacturing process: - Identification of the raw material used in the manufacture of the tiles - Estimating the quantity of raw material required - Identification of the supply sources (local and abroad) - Approaching those sources - Selecting suppliers - Opening of letter of credit - Following complete tender procedure - Procurement of raw material in ships to Karachi portTransportation of the raw material to the factory by road, 1700 KM away - Checking the quality and quantity of the received raw material and storing the same - Going through the manufacturing process - Manufacture of tiles - Drying process - Placing the tiles on a belt, to be passed through an oven for baking purposes After outlining all of the steps to the engineer he agreed to find out the root cause of the problem. By this time he was convinced that not even a single tile should have dropped from the belt as it involved wasting a huge amount of resources, not to mention effort, time and money. He took less than half an hour, along with his staff, to come up with a solution – the belt had been loose. When it was tightened, the problem disappeared. The factory wasn’t ISO 9000 certified and its management and workforce was not aware of the basic requirements of this quality management standard. The pervasive practice was to keep sitting on a problem as and when it occurred no effort was made to find its root cause, which was a must for the rectification of the problem on a permanent basis. It was, therefore, essential that a corrective and preventive action be in place with proper documentation. Getting down to processes It was soon evident that there were no proper storage facilities in the factory. This meant that the manufactured tiles were lying in open enclosures, fully exposed to the effects of the weather. Also, the said enclosures were not labeled to indicate which material was required to be stored in which enclosure. In addition to this, the procedures of the factory were not available in writing so the employees relied more on their memories rather than following the written procedures. This resulted in a lot of mistakes by the workers. This would be easily corrected by an internal audit system in place to pick up on when processes go awry. Unfortunately, no internal quality audit had been undertaken by the factory for a long time which meant that, crucially, the management and the employees were unaware of their shortcomings. An internal audit programme is the lubricant that makes the whole quality system work in any organization. A matter of safety Besides procedural shortcomings, the factory was also suffering from a lack of health and safety awareness. Problems included: - fire-fighting equipment – although it was available, it was useless because the essential chemical ingredient had long since expired. Plus, no fire training had been imparted to the staff - there was no telephone available in the factory which was essential in case of any unforeseen circumstances - a small store containing inflammable material like POL, paints, etc was located just adjacent to the main factory building – it should have been at least 100 yards from the factory building The whole production process was running on the whims of the production manager. He was not being allocated targets by the factory headquarters. Nothing was in writing, nobody knew as to how much was required to be produced, who was authorized to issue production orders for the day, what was actually required, had the required quantity been produced, etc. The factory desperately needed preparation according to the requirements of ISO 9001:2000. Mind the gap Once the gap analysis of the factory had been made, management was informed of all its shortcomings. In response to this, the company requested preparation for the requirements of ISO 9001, which occurred over a period of six months. The employees of the factory were motivated through a series of lectures on the ISO and its benefits. Through regular internal audits, the weak points of the factory were highlighted and corrective action taken. The factory was finally offered for final audit and was successful in the very first attempt.

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CC-MAIN-2018-22

http://www.goodwriters.net/quality-from-scratch/

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This is the cover of the first edition of E M Forster’s novel A Room with a View. It was Forster’s third novel after Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905) and The Longest Journey (1907), although he began writing it at least five years before it was first published. The novel is divided into two parts, set in Italy and Britain. It narrates the adventures of the protagonist, Lucy Honeychurch, first as a tourist in Florence and then in Windy Corner, her family home in England. A Room with a View and the English tourist A Room with a View is a romance that makes use of the convention of the marriage plot, but it is also a comedy parodying British tourism in Italy. Forster had spent one year travelling in Italy between 1901 and 1902, and the people and situations he observed during his visit greatly influenced the novel. Lucy’s visit to Northern Italy references the 18th-century Grand Tour, the trip across southern Europe, which was seen as a necessary way for young gentlemen to complete their education. In Forster’s novel, Lucy and her cousin travel to Florence to see the ‘real Italy’ but stay in a pension decorated in English style and managed by a ‘Signora’ with a cockney accent. “It might be London”, claims a disappointed Lucy on arrival.

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Between late July and early September of 2018, three major league baseball pitchers — all on different teams — came down with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a highly contagious illness transmitted by a virus. (The pitchers were Noah Syndergaard of the New York Mets, J.A. Happ of the New York Yankees and Brad Peacock of the Houston Astros.) While three high-profile cases of the disease hardly qualify as an outbreak, the cases were unusual because the infection is more likely to strike young children than it is adults, according to the Mayo Clinic. HFMD can spread quickly in child care centers, preschools and elementary schools, but outbreaks of the virus have also been reported on college campuses, where the close quarters of dorms and locker rooms mean that more people can become infected. The disease usually affects children younger than 5 years old, but older kids and adults can sometimes get HFMD too, said Dr. Luis Manrique, an infectious disease specialist at Northwestern Medicine Central DuPage Hospital in Winfield, Illinois. Usually, teens and adults have developed immunity to the disease because they have built up antibodies after being exposed to the virus in their early years, he said. As its name suggests, hand, foot and mouth disease can affect these three locations on the body and may cause the following symptoms: - Mild fever; - Sore throat; - Painful mouth sores that usually begin as flat red spots, then may blister; and - A rash of flat red spots that may blister on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash may also appear on the back side of the hands and on arms and legs. Symptoms of HFMD usually appear in stages and typically don't occur all at once, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In children, the illness usually starts with a mild fever, and a day or two later, the first signs of the disease may show up in the mouth. A child may have sore throat pain and painful sores, or blisters may develop in the back of the mouth and on the tongue, inner cheeks and gums, Manrique told Live Science. A day or two later, red spots may spread to the hands, feet and buttocks. Early symptoms in very young children with limited verbal skills may include crying more, eating less and having a temperature of up to 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius), Manrique said. The painful mouth sores may cause young children to become dehydrated if they can't drink enough liquids, Manrique said. Another clue that helps doctors diagnose HFMD is that the rash tends to be symmetrical, he said, meaning it develops on both hands and both feet. The rash might be painful, but it's not itchy like chickenpox, Manrique said. It may look like bumps with a red rim, and some may blister and have fluid inside of them. Causes and risk factors The main causes of HFMD are two different types of enteroviruses, or single-stranded RNA viruses: Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD in the U.S., but other strains of coxsackievirus can also be responsible, according to the CDC. Enterovirus 71 is another pathogen that may be responsible for causing the infection. There is no clear explanation for why the illness targets a person's hand, foot and mouth and not other parts of the body; it's just the way the virus behaves, Manrique said. [7 Common Summer Health Concerns] People may pick up the virus that causes HFMD and spread it in the following ways, according to the CDC: - By coming into close contact with an infected person, such as kissing, hugging, sharing cups and eating utensils; - By touching objects, such as toys, doorknobs and countertops, or surfaces that have the virus on them; - By being exposed to an infected person's saliva and nasal secretions, which may contain the virus, while they are coughing or sneezing; - By having contact with an infected child's poop, such as when a caregiver is changing a diaper; and - By touching an infected person's blister fluid. HFMD is sometimes confused with foot and mouth disease (also called hoof and mouth disease), which is a viral infection that exclusively affects farm animals, such as cows, sheep and pigs. The two diseases are not the same; humans do not contract or transmit the animal disease and animals don't get or transmit HFMD. A person with HFMD is most contagious during the first week of the illness, spreading it via respiratory secretions, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, the virus can remain in the body, especially the stool, for weeks after symptoms have gone away. And some people, especially adults, can spread the virus without ever showing any signs or symptoms of the disease, according to Mayo Clinic. To prevent the spread of this highly contagious virus, health experts recommend taking the following steps: - Wash hands often with soap and warm water, especially after changing a diaper and using the bathroom. Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands. - Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces. - Avoid close contact with infected people. A physical exam, including a close look at the rash and mouth sores, can help doctors diagnose HFMD. The characteristics of the rash are unique to the disease, making it recognizable to pediatricians, the doctors who see it the most often, Manrique said. In rare cases, a throat culture or stool sample may be taken and sent to a lab for analysis. HFMD is usually a mild illness that people typically recover from in seven to 10 days, according to the CDC. Children may need acetaminophen to help ease fever or pain, Manrique said. Drinking plenty of cold liquids is also recommended, but patients should stay away from citrus juices or soda, because the acids in them can cause irritation and burn mouth sores. To relieve mouth sores, avoid giving a child regular mouthwash, which may sting. Instead, a pediatrician may recommend a mouth rinse or spray to reduce pain. In rare instances, an infected person may develop viral meningitis, an inflammation of the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord, and need to be hospitalized. After having a severe case of the illness, some children's fingernails and toenails fall off, but their nails grew back without any treatment, according to the CDC. Patients may also experience peeling skin on their hands and feet after the illness has run its course. If a child has had HFMD, it's possible they'll get the infection again. Repeat infections can occur because a child may have immunity to just one type of HFMD-causing virus but not another type, making the child vulnerable to a second bout with the illness, Manrique said. - More about hand, foot and mouth disease, from the Cleveland Clinic. - An overview of hand, foot and mouth disease from the U.S. National Library of Medicine's Medline Plus. - Read The Nemours Foundation's Kids Health page on hand, foot and mouth disease. This article is for informational purposes only, and is not meant to offer medical advice.

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DISCUSSION 1 : Companies have become increasingly aware of the advantages that being ethically conscious have to offer, especially in the global economy. Using the overview of ethical leadership provided in this week’s lecture and readings, in what way can ethical business practices increase organizational competitiveness in their respective industries and help to further substantiate the notion that an ethical culture is good for business? Conversely, how does unethical leadership adversely affect the organization’s bottom line? What impact can a leader’s position on ethics have on the culture of an organization? What is the relationship between a leader’s responsibility for ethical behavior and the idea of an ethical organizational culture? Research a specific nonfictional leader of your choice and provide examples of the behaviors this leader exhibits that highlight the role of ethics in leadership. Answer the following in your post: - Can a leader’s public and private morality be distinguished? Should they be? - Can a bad person be a good leader? - Why is it important for leaders to demonstrate ethical conduct? - Which is more important for improving ethical values in an organization: a code of ethics, leader behavior, or employee training?

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Increasingly, big data is changing life’s game board. As technology evolves and becomes further integrated into society, massive amounts of data are being collected and stored. From the app on your cellphone to the swipe of your credit card to the systems that monitor everyday activities, data is endlessly transmitted and interpreted. With supercomputers within easy reach and storage infinitely scalable, researchers now have the power and resources not just to collect data, but to analyze it and make important discoveries. Nowhere has this trend been more apparent than at Harvard. Faculty and researchers are using big data to answer society’s most challenging questions, and doing it with the help of FAS Research Computing (FASRC). Founded in 2007, FASRC had one goal: to provide Harvard faculty, students, and staff with leading-edge computational resources. By building a centralized, high-performance computing environment called Odyssey, FASRC gave researchers the keys to unlock the information inside big data. Users have access to more than 60,000 CPUs and 15 petabytes of storage. At peak usage during a day, Odyssey churns through data so fast that it would take a traditional desktop more than 140 years to process the same information. Jeff Lichtman, the Jeremy R. Knowles Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Randy Buckner, professor of psychology and neuroscience, both use Odyssey extensively in their research to uncover the mysteries of the brain. Lichtman, who studies the connection and wiring of individual neurons, collects massive amounts of data. One of his microscopes produces two petabytes of data per month. In a year, Lichtman collects more than twice the data in the entire Netflix catalog. Buckner’s research takes a more macro approach. He studies the interaction of brain areas across thousands of people. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other human-imaging technologies, Buckner takes images of activity in the thinking brain. Like Lichtman, he is left with petabytes upon petabytes of raw data. Just a decade ago, this much data would have been impossible to sort through in any meaningful way. But today, with access to Odyssey, Lichtman and Buckner are not constrained by technology. They have the resources to push scientific boundaries in innovative ways. FASRC is clearing the path for researchers like Lichtman and Buckner, removing the limitations around big data and opening its possibilities. See the full story featured in the Harvard Gazette. Copyright © 2015. All Rights Reserved. Information about how to reuse or republish this work may be available at Attribution.

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Text in documents is easy to search, but there's a lot of information in other formats. Voice recognition turns audio – and video soundtracks – into text you can index and search. But what about the video itself, or other images? Searching for images on the web would be a lot more accurate if instead of just looking for text on the page or in the caption that suggests a picture is relevant, the search engine could actually recognise what was in the picture. Thanks to machine learning techniques using neural networks and deep learning, that's becoming more achievable. When a team of Microsoft and Facebook researchers created a massive data dump of over 300,000 images with 2.5 million objects labelled by people (called Common Objects in Context), they said all those objects are things a four-year-old child could recognise. So a team of Microsoft researchers working on machine learning decided to see how well their systems could do with the same images – not just recognising them, but breaking them up into different objects, putting a name to each object and writing a caption to describe the whole image. To measure the results, they asked one set of people to write their own captions and another set to compare the two and say which they preferred. "That's what the true measure of quality is," explains distinguished scientist John Platt from Microsoft Research. "How good do people think these captions are? 23% of the time they thought ours were at least as good as what people wrote for the caption. That means a quarter of the time that machine has reached as good a level as the human." Part of the problem was the visual recogniser. Sometimes it would mistake a cat for a dog, or think that long hair was a cat, or decide that there was a football in a photograph of people gesticulating at a sculpture. This is just what a small team was able to build in four months over the summer, and it's the first time they had a labelled a set of images this large to train and test against. "We can do a better job," Platt says confidently. Machine learning already does much better on simple images that only have one thing in the frame. "The systems are getting to be as good as an untrained human," Platt claims. That's testing against a set of pictures called ImageNet, which are labelled to show how they fit into 22,000 different categories. "That includes some very fine distinctions an untrained human wouldn't know," he explains. "Like Pembroke Welsh corgis and Cardigan Welsh corgis – one of which has a longer tail. A person can look at a series of corgis and learn to tell the difference, but a priori they wouldn't know. If there are objects you're familiar with you can recognise them very easily but if I show you 22,000 strange objects you might get them all mixed up." Humans are wrong about 5% of the time with the ImageNet tests and machine learning systems are down to about 6%. That means machine learning systems could do better at recognising things like dog breeds or poisonous plants than ordinary people. Another recognition system called Project Adam, that MSR head Peter Lee showed off earlier this year, tries to do that from your phone. Project Adam was looking at whether you can make image recognition faster by distributing the system across multiple computers rather than running it on a single fast computer (so it can run in the cloud and work with your phone). However, it was trained on images with just one thing in them. "They ask 'what object is in this image?'" explains Platt. "We broke the image into boxes and we were evaluating different sub-pieces of the image, detecting common words. What are the objects in the scene? Those are the nouns. What are they doing? Those are verbs like flying or looking. "Then there are the relationships like next to and on top of, and the attributes of the objects, adjectives like red or purple or beautiful. The natural next step after whole image recognition is to put together multiple objects in a scene and try to come up with a coherent explanation. It's very interesting that you can look in the image and detect verbs and adjectives."

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A new study in Environmental Health Perspectives confirms that when children eat organic, the levels of pesticides in their bodies — including the brain-harming variety — go down. This seems a common-sense conclusion for many of us, but the more science we have to document the case, the better. As we’ve discussed earlier in GroundTruth blogs, residues found on food are an important source of pesticide exposure for children. Earlier, smaller scale studies have also shown that switching to an organic diet reduces pesticide breakdown products in children’s bodies. This new study, conducted by researchers at UC Berkeley, compares a larger group of children of similar ages and socio-economic backgrounds in rural and urban California cities — Salinas and Oakland — and the results confirm food as a source of kids’ pesticide exposure. Given what’s known about the impacts oflow-level exposures to these chemicals, it also confirms the importance of doing something about it. Toward healthier school food Throughout the month of October, parents, teachers, farmers and “healthy school food” advocates are celebrating National Farm to School Month. This week is National School Lunch Week as well, and as we mark the exciting progress in these areas, it’s important to keep these pesticide studies in mind. If we’re serious about supporting the good health of children — it’s also National Children’s Health Month, after all — we must remember that pesticides have been linked to brain harm, autism, developmental delays and childhood cancers, among other health impacts. And these child-harming chemicals are commonly applied to fruits and vegetables across the country. Fruits and vegetables are of course core sources of nutrition for our children, and while we always wholeheartedly encourage eating fresh fruits and veggies, these studies underscore that the healthiest version for our kids will be organic or as close to pesticide-free as possible. School lunches are a great place to start making this change, and it doesn’t need to break the bank. Just look at this example fromConscious Kitchen, an organization that converted the school lunch program in one school district in northern California to one that serves “Fresh, Local, Organic, Seasonal” and GMO-free food every meal at their school cafeterias. They produce meals from scratch at the schools throughout the district at an affordable average cost of $0.70 per meal for breakfast and $1.73 per meal for lunch. National initiatives like Farm to School offer a proverbial win-win, helping to bring nutritious food to schools while supporting local farmers. Some of the Farm to School partnerships support organic farmers, putting their fresh, pesticide-free produce on cafeteria trays. We’re hoping that over time, this growing movement will focus even more on ensuring healthy, local, organic or pesticide-free foods are being served in schools across the country. As I wrote in an earlier blog, several Minnesota and Wisconsin schools have already moved towards healthy and organic lunches, including extensive salad bars and as much organic food as possible. And initiatives, like those led by the Chef Ann Foundation, have helped to move thinking about school lunches towards healthier, more diverse menu options. In some school districts, like Berkeley, California, not only is pesticide-free food served whenever possible, but children are also encouraged to grow their own healthy produce in organic gardens. There’s a lot of good work happening out there — it’s exciting! But as parents, we do need to roll up our sleeves and pressure our school districts to provide safer, pesticide-free school food for our children. Hopefully by the time next year’s National School Lunch Week rolls around we’ll have even more success stories to share! Medha Chandra is PAN’s Campaign Coordinator. Her work focuses on pesticide impacts on maternal and children’s health as well as international pesticide campaigns. She works closely with network members from other PAN regional centers around the world. Follow @ChandraMedha

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Flemish Brabant is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on (clockwise from the North) the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders. Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region. Its capital is Leuven. It has an area of 2,106 km² which is divided into two administrative districts (arrondissementen in Dutch) containing 65 municipalities. Flemish Brabant was created in 1995 by the splitting of the former province of Brabant into three parts: two new provinces, Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant; and the Brussels-Capital Region, which no longer belongs to any province. The split was made to accommodate the eventual division of Belgium in three regions (Flanders, Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region). It is a province with a rich cultural history and a great diversity of typical products, among them several of the world-famous Belgian beers. The province is made up of two arrondissements. The Halle-Vilvoorde Arrondissement has Brussels in its middle. It is therefore mainly a residential area, but it also has large industrial zones. For example, it is home to Belgium's main airport. The other arrondissement is the Leuven Arrondissement, centered on Leuven. The official language in Flemish Brabant is Dutch (as it is in the whole of Flanders), but a few municipalities are to a certain extent allowed to use French to communicate with their citizens; these are called themunicipalities with language facilities. Other such special municipalities can be found along the border between Flanders and Wallonia, and between Wallonia and the German-speaking area of Belgium. Halle-Vilvoorde mostly surrounds Brussels, which is officially bilingual but whose inhabitants mostly speak French.

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Given the example of the great British mathematician and inventor Alan Turing, it’s ironic, writes novelist Leavitt (The Body of Jonah Boyd, 2004, etc.), that the study of mathematics was once thought to cure homosexuality. Turing expanded upon important ideas of how thinking happens and how machines could be taught to think, and he had a certain inclination toward machine-like literalness himself. A brilliant man who never quite shone, he was always off in the corner, becoming increasingly eccentric and spectacularly unhygienic as he grew older, oblivious to the norms by which others around him lived. Still, Turing found himself at the very heart of the British effort during WWII to crack the German Enigma code. He labored endlessly to decrypt enemy communications, making important discoveries about machine logic in the process. Many of Turing’s contributions to mathematics and nascent computer science date to his years doing top-secret work at Bletchley Park. He might have gone on to greater things had he not been hauled up on the postwar morals charge of “gross indecency with another male: the same crime of which Oscar Wilde had been convicted, and for which he had been sent down, more than fifty years before.” No jail for Turing, though: He instead ate a cyanide-laced apple in homage to a favorite movie, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, a gay martyr who had written of himself, sadly: “Turing believes machines think / Turing lies with men / Therefore machines do not think.” Competent and always interesting, if a little cursory on some of the heavier mathematics.

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If you draw ten people out of the hat of America, you can reasonably expect about one of them to be black, and one and a half of them to be Hispanic. Now remove from the hat everybody who has health insurance. Draw ten people out of the group of the uninsured, and about one and a half will be black. Three will be Hispanic. The overrepresentation of black and Hispanic Americans among those who are uninsured is the result of large disparities in the percentages of each racial group who do not have insurance. While the percentage of white Americans of all ages who lack insurance has hovered around ten percent since 2002, the same rate has remained stubbornly close to fifteen percent for Asians, twenty percent for blacks, and thirty percent for Hispanics. The insurance gap is just one of a myriad of racial inequalities in healthcare whose causes have proven difficult to untangle. While higher rates of low-income households and lack of employer-sponsored coverage are major contributing factors, linguistic and cultural barriers can also present serious challenges to individuals seeking coverage. As the Affordable Care Act begins to reshape the health insurance landscape, its effects on racial disparities in coverage will be closely watched. While more people of all races are expected to gain coverage at the national level, variations in policy and outreach efforts between states may cause racial gaps to widen in some areas, even as they may close in others. Whether or not states chose to expand Medicaid has a marked effect on racial disparity in insurance coverage among residents of that state. Among the states that chose not to expand are several with the largest populations of uninsured black adults, including Florida, Texas, and Mississippi. A report from the Kaiser Family Foundation found that more than forty percent of low-income black adults nationally will fall into the “coverage gap” created by states opting against Medicaid expansion, compared to just twenty-nine percent of low-income white adults and twenty-four percent of low-income Hispanic adults. Political opposition to Medicaid expansion in states with some of the largest concentrations of uninsured, low-income blacks could prove devastating to hopes of shrinking racial disparities in coverage. Even states that put their full weight behind implementation of the Affordable Care Act have not necessarily been successful in reaching uninsured minorities. California, for example, has a low rate of ACA enrollment among Hispanics, who make up make up thirty percent of the total population and nearly sixty percent of the state’s uninsured. By the end of the first open enrollment period, Hispanics accounted for just twenty-eight percent of enrollments through the California health insurance marketplace, Covered California. Critics point to problems with the state’s Spanish-language marketing efforts, including incorrect or clunky translations that rendered the media campaign largely ineffective. Others suggest that a cultural preference for in-person transactions makes one of the ACA’s biggest selling points – a website for buying insurance – less popular among Hispanics. Many argue that advertising directed at California’s Hispanic community should have emphasized the availability of Navigators to provide consumers in-person assistance with the enrollment process. At the end of the first enrollment period, the outlook for reducing racial disparities in coverage is mixed. Changes in coverage between September 2013 and March 2014 showed some progress toward closing racial coverage gaps at the national level, but a detailed look at individual states complicates that picture. A recent study from the Urban Institute showed that nationally, racial disparities in health insurance have slightly improved since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. The gap in coverage between Hispanics and whites has shrunk from a difference of 24.7 percentage points prior to the start of open enrollment to one of 22.6 points near the end of it. Unfortunately, this study does not consider other racial groups individually. Instead it provides statistics on all “non-white non-Hispanic” adults, a group that is largely black but also includes Asians, Native Americans, and other racial and ethnic groups. The change in the gap for that cohort was similar to that for Hispanics, down to 6.2 points from 8.1 points. Whether this downward movement will persist remains to be seen, but at least for now the numbers are pointing in the right direction. The picture of overall improvement at the national level obscures surprising variations in gains made among different racial groups and across different states. Of particular interest is how each racial group fared in states that did or did not choose to expand Medicaid. While both the percentage of uninsured in each racial group and the racial gaps in coverage were lower to begin with in Medicaid expansion states than they were in states that did not expand Medicaid, what is remarkable is how those gaps changed between the start and end of open enrollment. Minority groups were expected to experience much larger gains in coverage, relative to whites, in states that expanded Medicaid, while racial disparities were expected to grow in states that chose not to expand. Early results, however, have not cleanly matched those predictions, as different racial groups have seen differing patterns of change across expansion and non-expansion states. For Hispanics, the greatest gains in coverage appeared where they were expected: in the set of states that expanded Medicaid. In those states, the rate of uninsured Hispanic adults dropped from over 34 percent in September 2013 to 27 percent by March 2014, closing the gap between Hispanics and whites by a full four points. Those gains stand in stark contrast to the minimal increase in coverage among Hispanics in the non-expansion states, where the rate of uninsured only decreased by two-tenths of a percentage point to 40.7 percent, and the racial gap in coverage actually increased by half a point. The surprise comes in the pattern of gains seen by non-white non-Hispanic adults. In expansion states, the 3.3 percentage point increase in coverage for non-white non-Hispanics was only slightly larger than the 3.5 point increase for whites, so that the gap between the two groups shrank by just two-tenths of a point. Contrary to every expectation, the largest gains in coverage for non-white non-Hispanic adults actually came in the states that did not expand Medicaid: In those states, coverage increased by a full four points, closing the gap between non-white non-Hispanics and whites by 3.3 points. The large gains seen by non-white non-Hispanics feels counterintuitive given the large number of low-income blacks who were left ineligible for Medicaid or subsidies on the Marketplace. Racial disparities in non-expansion states were expected to grow, not shrink. One possibility is that the change occurred in coverage among individuals who make slightly more than minimum income level needed to qualify for subsidies on the Marketplace, who therefore would have received significant financial support to buy private coverage. Because most analyses group people as having income above or below 138 percent of the Federal Poverty Limit – the maximum income level for Medicaid eligibility in states that expanded the program, but higher than the minimum to qualify for Marketplace subsidies in states that did not – that segment of the population could be difficult to assess. Yet another important factor to consider is a possible increase in employer-sponsored coverage, which a recent study from RAND found accounted for a large portion of the newly insured at the national level. These numbers are not final – the authors of the Urban Institute study are careful to point out that because the survey they use closed on March 6, they did not capture the massive surge in enrollments that occurred right before the March 31 deadline. In California, the racial mix of enrollees changed significantly over the course of the final three weeks, and its possible that a similar pattern occurred in other states. However, all told, it seems unlikely that the first year of open enrollment under the Affordable Care Act has succeeded in closing the gap in insurance levels between black and Hispanic adults and their white counterparts. Even as Americans across the board have seen gains in coverage, those gains have not been evenly distributed across racial groups, nor have they been felt equally in all states. In future years, the experience of states like California may help others in devising better ways to reach out to black and Hispanic communities. As more states consider expanding Medicaid, the potential for increasing coverage, particularly among black adults, is huge. While it may be impossible to fully eliminate racial disparities in health coverage until deeper socioeconomic equities are expunged, it is the responsibility of states to make use of every tool offered under the Affordable Care Act to improve access to coverage for Americans of all races.

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New Quaker Records on Ancestry.com Tell the Stories of Our Nation's "Friends" -- The Unsung Leaders of Equality and Peace Documents Spanning Over 300 Years Give Insight to the Presence and Influence of Quakers in American History PROVO, UT--(Marketwired - Apr 28, 2014) - Ancestry.com today released 11.5 million new records documenting one of the most prominent groups in American history, the "Religious Society of Friends," more commonly known as Quakers. Spanning over 300 years (late 1600s - late 1900s), the collection includes birth, marriage, death, disownment, and memorial records, sourced from the Quaker's monthly meeting minutes. Quakers have played a key role in American history and society since the country's earliest days. There are currently more than 85,000 Quakers living in the United States and 350,000 worldwide, but it is estimated that in the 1700s, 50 percent of all people living in the Mid-Atlantic States were Quaker. Ancestry.com has collaborated with a variety of institutions to compile a robust online documentation of the Quakers' history. With the help of American Quaker colleges Earlham, Haverford, Swarthmore and Guilford, and The National Archives in England, Ancestry.com estimates that it now has more than 75 percent of all the American Quaker records in existence. "I was raised in the Quaker religion, attended Quaker schools, and was married in a Quaker wedding ceremony. I feel a deep commitment to spreading awareness of their culture, beliefs and powerful influence in history," said Lisa Parry Arnold, a professional genealogist, author and lecturer at Ancestry.com. "These new collections will help people who are researching their family history discover or learn more about their own Quaker heritage."According to Arnold, Quakers tracked the activities of their members through their monthly business meetings. Detailed meeting minutes are part of the collection now available on Ancestry.com, and can provide important information for those researching their family history, including names, dates, and relationships to fellow "Friends." Monthly meetings also kept track of where members came from and their destinations when they chose to move to another colony, state or province -- a real boon for those tracing their ancestors' footsteps.

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WAR IN THE BALKANS Sixty years of ethnic cleansing During the second world war the occupation forces set about the extermination of hundreds of thousands of Jews and Gypsies - and also of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Half a century later the dismantling of Yugoslavia sparked new massacres in which each community has been both victim and executioner. BY TOMMASO Di FRANCESCO AND GIACOMO SCOTTI "From April until autumn the Kosovo countryside was being burned and looted... I was there. The fires and the looting continued through to mid-October. I shall never forget the terrible sight that met my eyes on 18 October. I was coming down from the mountains of the upper Ibar valley and I saw a long and wretched column of Montenegrin Serb refugees. They were coming to find refuge in the town, bringing with them the few possessions they had managed to save, loaded into wagons and handcarts or carried in bundles on their shoulders." That account could have come from one of the OSCE observers (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe). In fact it dates from 1941. It is an extract from a "Report on the Yugoslav Countryside" by an Italian agronomist, Giovanni Lorenzoni (1). It is another way of saying that ethnic cleansing has a long history in former Yugoslavia. As Slobodan Milosevic subjects the Albanians of Kosovo (80% of the population according to the 1991 census) to forced exile and ethnic cleansing, many Serbs see this as a fitting revenge: partly for the bombing of Serbia by Nato, but also for the "cleansing" to which they themselves were subjected in the past. During the second world war the fascist and Nazi occupation forces dismantled Yugoslavia. They set up puppet states headed by fascist dictators - Ante Pavelic in Croatia, Milan Nedic in Serbia - and annexed the other parts (2): Italy turned Montenegro into a protectorate and annexed part of Slovenia, most of the Dalmatian islands and part of Croatia. Germany appropriated most of Slovenia. Hungary took another slice of Slovenia and most of Vojvodina. Bulgaria took almost the whole of Macedonia. Kosovo and Western Macedonia were annexed to "Greater Albania", under Italian control. In each of these annexed regions terrorist methods were used to put a German, Italian, Hungarian or Bulgarian stamp on them. Germany deported hundreds of thousands of Slovenes to Serbia or to concentration camps. Tens of thousands of Slovenes and Croats, mostly intellectuals, were imprisoned in Italy. Ten thousand of them died of hunger, disease or torture. Thousands of others were shot in the annexed regions. In a memo dated 8 August 1942 General Mario Robotti wrote "We are not killing enough!". In line with a directive from Mussolini in June 1942, he issued orders: "I would not be opposed to all Slovenes being imprisoned and replaced by Italians. In other words, we should take steps to ensure that political and ethnic frontiers coincide." In Ustashi Croatia, which had been turned into a German colony, dreadful massacres were carried out against the Serbs, and the survivors were systematically exterminated in the camps of Slano (Pago), Jadovno, Stara Gradiska, Jasenovac and others. Here at least 600,000 Serbs, Jews, gypsies and Croatian anti-fascists perished (3). The German occupying forces also opened extermination camps in Serbia. In the Sadmiste camp between late 1941 and spring 1942 the Nazis murdered some 7,500 Jews and 600 Romanies, and then other peoples - in all 47,000. In the Bandica camp the dead numbered 80,000. Tens of thousands of other internees were deported to Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau etc, where almost all died. An extermination camp for children operated at Smederevska Palanka from 1942. According to statistics published in 1964 ethnic cleansing by the Axis powers and their collaborators in occupied Yugoslavia claimed more than a million dead. This million included the majority of the Serb and Montenegrin inhabitants of Kosovo. Almost all were exterminated between April 1941 and October 1944 by the "balists". These were Kosovar Albanian fascist militias and nationalists of the "Bali Kombhtar". They first collaborated with the Italian blackshirts in "Greater Albania" (which included Western Macedonia) occupied by Mussolini’s troops. Then in September 1943 they put themselves at the service of the German SS. Under both masters they committed terrible atrocities against the Serbs. With the victory of Tito’s partisans, the People’s Republic of Serbia restored its sovereignty in Kosovo. But the Serbs who had been driven out of Kosovo were not encouraged to return. The Resistance wanted to recruit the Kosovars and set about a forced mobilisation of young Albanians, sending them to the Srem front where the Germans were dug in between September 1944 and April 1945. The Albanians were enrolled by every possible means - even executions - denounced at the first congress of the Serb Communist Party in 1945. This self-criticism did not, however, prevent a bloody wave of repression against the Albanians, carried out in the early post-war years and orchestrated by the minister of interior, Aleksandar Rankovic, whom Tito later ousted from the Politburo. Later, when Belgrade gave Kosovo its autonomy under the 1974 Constitution, the province’s Albanians were in a position to exert a real political, cultural and social hegemony in the region - to such an extent that in 1980 the Kosovo Serbs began to revolt against their "subordination". With the encouragement of the Belgrade leadership, and of Milosevic in particular, there were increasing reports of Serb violence against Albanians, and vice versa. It was this cycle of violence between opposing nationalist forces that sparked the local risings that resulted in the "ethnic rape" of Serbian women, fresh terrorist attacks and bloody repression. It led, after a state of emergency, to rescinding Kosovo’s autonomy in 1989. The groundwork for the present tragedy had been laid. During the past ten years around 400,000 inhabitants of Kosovo have left the region. Most were escaping the poverty, but they were also fleeing the crossfire of revenge attacks between the two sides and Milosevic’s military repression. Among the emigrés were Albanians and Turks, but also Serbs who make up barely 10% of the total population. It is estimated that between 1989 and late 1998 ongoing pressures from the Albanians (and for the past three years the violence of the Kosovo Liberation Army) have forced more than 10,000 Serbian peasants to sell their lands and leave the region. Vojvodina and Istria Two other multi-ethnic regions, Istria and Vojvodina, also underwent ethnic cleansing in the immediate post-war period. Here too the expulsion of "unwelcome" (ie non-Slav) populations derived ultimately from Yugoslavia’s all-powerful interior minister: Rankovic was taking it out on minorities accused of collaborating with the enemy. Many of the Germans of Vojvodina (the owners of large farms mostly settled in the Backa) had been members of Nazi militias during the occupation of Yugoslavia: 100,000 - almost all of them - were expelled. Their property was confiscated and their lands handed over to poor ex-soldiers from more backward and less fertile parts of the country. In Istria and the Quarnero the operation was less drastic, because many inhabitants decided not to live under the new regime - during the early post-war years they had already suffered attacks from people from other regions of Yugoslavia who often had no connection with the Resistance. Between June 1945 and the end of 1947, 180,000 Italians crossed the border. There were also 100,000 people, including ex-partisans and anti-fascists, who left after Stalin’s break with Tito (1948-49) or as a result of the "Trieste crisis" (4). Former Yugoslavia now has fewer than a thousand Germans and about 40,000 Italians. Looking at the recent and more familiar ethnic cleansing that caused so much bloodshed in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1991-95, we need to remember that it was preceded by a decade of incitement to hatred by the nationalist leaderships that took power in Zagreb, Belgrade and Sarajevo after the death of Tito. Most of the media were continuously advocating the separation of nationalities, by force if necessary. Lika to Operation Storm In Croatia, with the reappearance of the Ustashis, the Serbs began to be persecuted in all areas. They were not slow to react. They rebelled in the territories where they were in a majority and where they had lived for centuries - Slavonia, Kordun, Banovina and Lika. They drove about 80,000 Croats out of these regions. The response came from May-August 1995: with the approval of the United States and the support of Nato, the army of Croatia’s President Franjo Tujman launched its "Operation Lightning" in Western Slavonia (5) and "Operation Storm" in the Krajina of Krin. These two operations resulted in the retaking of the region and the expulsion of 360,000 Serbs (6). Tens of thousands of Serbs were also forced to flee other towns and regions of Croatia. Tujman has in fact boasted about having reduced the percentage of Serbs in his country from 12% in 1991 to 2-3% today (7). The only region where the Serbs remained in a majority was in Eastern Slavonia. They were initially placed under United Nations administration but were returned to the sovereignty of Zagreb in July 1997. Since then ethnic cleansing has been under way here too, but it has been silent and underground. Nevertheless it has succeeded in reducing the number of Serbs by half. They have been driven from their homes and lands by a combination of political pressure and criminal attacks by "unknown perpetrators". In Bosnia-Herzegovina ethnic cleansing has taken place almost everywhere, and it has been very thorough. Out of the 4 million present inhabitants (compared with 5 million before the war), fewer than 1 million live in the villages in which they were born. The Croats cleansed "their" Herzegovina, driving out Serbs and Muslims. The same kind of operation was carried out in some regions of central Bosnia and in Bosnian Posavine. Muslims drove Serbs and Croats out of Sarajevo (80,000-100,000 of them fled the town in March 1996 after Nato strikes against Bosnian Serb troops who were besieging it) as well as out of other parts of the Federation conquered militarily. The Serbs in turn drove out Muslims and Croats from their Republika Srpska. In this process of vicious mutual ethnic cleansing, physical and psychological terror stemmed largely from the barbaric treatment inflicted in the prison camps created by both Croats and Serbs - particularly, in the case of the Serbs, the notorious Omarska camp with its raping of women. The Muslims did the same, on a smaller scale but equally ferociously, notably at Tarcin and Celebici. Furthermore, they also "cleansed" from among their own number, driving "rebel" fellow-Muslims out of the "republic" of the dubious businessman Fikret Abdic. At least 2 million Bosnian Serbs, Croats and Muslims are currently refugees. Some live abroad, some are in Bosnia-Herzegovina and some are in other republics of former Yugoslavia, where Serbia alone has taken in more than 700,000. All, or almost all, know that there is little chance of ever returning to their homes. All, or almost all, have been sentenced to exile, for ever. Victors emerge from the Balkans wars, but so too does frenzied hatred and an irrepressible desire for vengeance. History is being repeated and the fighting has started all over again because past conflicts have always been "settled" by violence. But only political solutions can end this chain of horrors and ethnic cleansing. Translated by Ed Emery More by Tommaso Di Francesco and Giacomo Scotti * Respectively international news editor of il manifesto, Rome; and a historian of the Balkans, living in Croatia. (1) Marco Dogo, Kosovo, Marco publishers, Lungro di Cosenza, 1992. (2) L’occupazione nazifascista in Europa, ed. Enzo Collotti, Editori Riuniti, Rome, 1964. (3) Report by US Under Secretary of State Stuart Eizenstat: US and Allied Wartime and Postwar Relations and Negotiations with Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey on Looted Gold and German External Assets and US Concerns about the Fate of the Wartime Ustasha Treasury, ed. William Slany, Washington DC, June 1998. (4) After the Liberation the city was run by the Allied Military Government. When this was abolished in 1953 the Allies unilaterally handed Trieste over to Italy, thus creating major tensions with Belgrade. Rome went so far as to mass military divisions on the Yugoslav frontier. The fear of war led many inhabitants to flee. (5) The bombing did not spare even the former extermination camp at Jasenovac. (6) Giacomo Scotti, L’operazione Tempesta, Gamberetti Editore, Rome, 1996. (7) President Tujman’s speech to the Croat parliament in January 1999. tel: +1 336 686 9002 Le Monde diplomatique, originally published in French, has editions in 25 other languages

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CC-MAIN-2015-22

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Chandra Sees Stellar X-rays Exceeding Safety Limits Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Penn State Univ./K. Getman et al.; Infrared: ESA/NASA JPL-Caltech/Herschel Space Observatory/JPL/IPAC; NASA JPL-Caltech/SSC/Spitzer Space Telescope; Optical: MPG/ESO/G. Beccari; Astronomers have made the most extensive study yet of how magnetically active stars are when they are young. This gives scientists a window into how X-rays from stars like the Sun, but billions of years younger, could partially or completely evaporate the atmospheres of planets orbiting them. Many stars begin their lives in “open clusters,” loosely packed groups of stars with up to a few thousand members, all formed roughly at the same time. This makes open clusters valuable for astronomers investigating the evolution of stars and planets, because they allow the study of many stars of similar ages forged in the same environment. A team of astronomers led by Konstantin Getman of Penn State University studied a sample of over 6,000 stars in 10 different open clusters with ages between 7 million and 25 million years. One of the goals of this study was to learn how the magnetic activity levels of stars like our Sun change during the first tens of millions of years after they form. Getman and his colleagues used NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory for this study because stars that have more activity linked to magnetic fields are brighter in X-rays. This composite image shows one of those clusters, NGC 3293, which is 11 million years old and is located about 8,300 light-years from Earth in the Milky Way galaxy. The image contains X-rays from Chandra (purple) as well as infrared data from ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory (red), longer-wavelength infrared data from NASA’s retired Spitzer Space Telescope (blue and white), and optical data from the MPG/ESO 2.2-meter telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile appearing as red, white and blue. The researchers combined the Chandra data of the stars’ activity with data from ESA’s Gaia satellite — not shown in the new composite image — to determine which stars are in the open clusters and which ones are in the foreground or background. The team identified nearly a thousand members of the cluster. They combined their results for the open clusters with previously published Chandra studies of stars as young as 500,000 years old. The team found that the X-ray brightness of young, Sun-like stars is roughly constant for the first few million years, and then fades from 7 to 25 million years of age. This decrease happens more quickly for heftier stars. To explain this decline in activity, Getman’s team used astronomers’ understanding of the interior of the Sun and Sun-like stars. Magnetic fields in such stars are generated by a dynamo, a process involving the rotation of the star as well as convection, the rising and falling of hot gas in the star's interior. Around the age of NGC 3293, the dynamos of Sun-like stars become much less efficient because their convection zones become smaller as they age. For stars with masses smaller than that of the Sun, this is a relatively gradual process. For more massive stars, a dynamo dies away because the convection zone of the stars disappears. How active a star is directly affects the formation processes of planets in the disk of gas and dust that surrounds all nascent stars. The most boisterous, magnetically active young stars quickly clear away their disks, halting the growth of planets. This activity, measured in X-rays, also affects the potential habitability of the planets that emerge after the disk has disappeared. If a star is extremely active, as with many NGC 3293 stars in the Chandra data, then scientists predict it will blast planets in its system with energetic X-rays and ultraviolet light. In some cases, this high-energy barrage could cause an Earth-sized rocky planet to lose much of its original, hydrogen-rich atmosphere through evaporation within a few million years. It might also strip away a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere that forms later, unless it is protected by a magnetic field. Our planet possesses its own magnetic field that prevented such an outcome for Earth. A paper describing these results was published in the August issue of The Astrophysical Journal and is available online. Coauthors of the paper are Eric D. Feigelson and Patrick S. Broos from Penn State University, Gordon P. Garmire from the Huntingdon Institute for X-ray Astronomy, Michael A. Kuhn from the University of Hertsfordshire, Thomas Preibisch from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, and Vladimir S. Airapetian from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Please note this is a moderated blog. No pornography, spam, profanity or discriminatory remarks are allowed. No personal attacks are allowed. Users should stay on topic to keep it relevant for the readers. Read the privacy statement

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Many in the United States may be aware that most Europe governments use a parliamentary system, but the question most are probably thinking is: what is a parliamentary system? More importantly, how is it different from the system used by the United States? Here are the answers to these questions and more. Basics of a Parliamentary System In terms of the U.S. system, a country’s parliament would serve as both its legislative and executive branches. The most important thing to know about parliamentary systems is that the political parties hold the power and not individuals. When citizens vote, their ballots list party names and when a party wins, seat allotment is assigned to party members based on seniority (in most cases). When a party wins the majority of seats, it then selects a leader to serve as the executive called a Prime Minister or, in some cases, a Chancellor. This person will most likely already be the party leader and they then select their cabinet which sets the government’s agenda. If one party does not win the majority of seats in the parliament, then it must form a coalition with other parties to form a majority. This process may take time, but it will eventually allow for the smoother passage of legislation. One House or Two? Many parliaments are bicameral, meaning it has two houses, while others may be unicameral, having only one house. In bicameral systems, there is a lower and an upper house, but most legislating actually takes place in the lower house. The greatest difference between the two is the number of veto points or places where legislation can be halted within the legislative process. Unicameral systems have fewer veto points than bicameral systems making it easier and faster to pass legislation but also easier to overturn. Many parliamentary systems therefore adopt the bicameral system for stability. Parliamentary vs. Presidential In a parliamentary system, the executive is the Prime Minister while in a presidential system, the President is the executive. There are many differences between these two positions, but most notably, the Prime Minister and his/her cabinet arises from the legislature, while Presidents are directly elected by the people. At first glance, many would then prefer a President because citizens choose him/her directly, yet many still prefer Prime Ministers. First of all, they are beholden to their party, so their decisions are far more predictable than a President’s and voters know exactly what values they are voting for. This applies for all members of the legislature as well, not just the Prime Minister. Parliamentary systems also entail the possibility for a vote of “no confidence” by the legislature which can remove a Prime Minister from power at any point if they lose the vote. Presidents, however, have fixed terms and cannot so easily be removed. Citizens in the United States are very fond of the presidential system, yet in reality the success rate for parliamentary systems is far greater. The system has been a part of some European countries for centuries, but that doesn’t mean it’s perfect. When deciding which system to adopt, new countries must consider what is best for its country, and that may or may not be a parliamentary system. – Megan Burtis

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Publicity Poster for '2001' The Orion III space plane is one of the most iconic vehicles in sci-fi movie epic "2001: A Space Odyssey." In this photo essay, we'll look at the Orion III and its history, including awesome images of an incredibly accurate, fan-made model. HERE: A publicity poster for "2001" shows Orion III launching from Space Station 5 (a scene that does not appear in the film). At its premiere in 1968, the film "2001: A Space Odyssey" presented to the public a vision of future space travel as routine and comfortable as airplane travel of the day. Daily shuttles flew to orbital space stations, and from there, large carriers took passengers up to a base on the moon. The Orion III space plane represented the first leg of these voyages. In the reality of 1968, an Apollo crew had yet to walk on the moon, and the reusable space shuttle was a distant dream. Concept Sketch of the German Silverbird Concept sketch of the German Silverbird suborbital bomber from World War II. Austrian-German engineer Eugen Sänger's concept of a plane that could travel around the world was developed for the Nazi war effort. The plane, called "Silverbird," would have been propelled by a rocket sled, taking off from a 2-mile-long (3.2 kilometers) inclined ramp. Silverbird would pass above the United States to drop its bomb, and then skip around the world to a landing site in Japan. Silverbird was never built, but after the war, German rocket scientists captured by the United States and the Soviet Union went on to influence the space programs of those countries. Orion's Ascent to Orbit Sketch of Orion's ascent to orbit. The fully reusable Orion III developed for "2001" was meant to be rail-launched from an inclined ramp at the (fictional) Kennedy Space Port in Florida. The space plane would be boosted by the attached Orion I carrier aircraft. Once at altitude, the booster plane would separate and fly back to Kennedy Space Port for a runway landing and preparation for its next launch. First Glimpse of Orion in '2001' A frame from the film showing our first glimpse of Orion in "2001." Orion could carry up to 30 passengers, but space agency official Heywood Floyd travels alone on a chartered Pan American flight, due to the urgency of his trip to the moon to view a newly discovered alien artifact that predates mankind. With no computer-generated imagery available in the 1960s, the exterior of Orion seen in the film is always a physical model about 44 inches (111 centimeters) long. The model had no lights or interior. The scene visible in the windows of the passenger cabin was composited in optically. In most of the handful of shots in which Orion appears, the space plane is a still photo rephotographed on an animation stand. Only when the Orion is shown matching its rotation to the space station is the model filmed in motion. Interior Passenger Cabin of Orion "2001" still frame showing the interior passenger cabin of Orion. After engine shutdown, Orion is in a weightless condition. To move around, the flight attendant wears Velcro-covered slippers. Pilots and passengers remain strapped into their seats for the 55-minute flight. Orion's destination, Space Station 5, is in low Earth orbit. The space plane cannot travel deeper into space, to, for example, one of the bases on the moon. For that leg of the trip, another spacecraft must be used, the Aries 1B lunar shuttle. Pilot's View from Orion Spaceship A frame from the film shows the pilot's view as Orion approaches the 1,000-foot-diameter (305 meters) double wheel of Space Station 5. To dock, Orion's pilots must align the long axis of the space plane with the rotation axis of the space station and spin up Orion to the required rotation rate. The station appears motionless from Orion's cockpit windows. Space Station 5's exterior is a model about 8 feet (2.4 m) across. Copy of the Orion Miniature This is a 44-inch-long copy of the Orion miniature used for filming "2001." Steve Dymszo built the replica from a resin kit by Scott Alexander. The master pattern was designed by Adam K. Johnson, author of the book "2001: The Lost Science" (Griffin Media, 2012). Graphics design by Karl Tate. The Orion spacecraft seen in the film was designed by Harry Lange. The length of the "real" Orion space plane is taken to be 175 feet (53 m), so this miniature is around 1:48 scale. Orion's Twin Main Rocket Engines Featured in this view of the Orion replica are the mouths of the twin main rocket engines, powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Secondary and tertiary rocket engine nozzles also point toward the tail of the ship. Just aft of the large "Pan Am" logo is a ring of emergency explosive bolts and retrorocket jets, which would be fired to separate the tail section should something go wrong with the main engines. Rectangular outlets are visible on the top surface of the wings, presumably for atmospheric flight. The raised fins along the rear edge of the wings are "wing fences" that control airflow when Orion travels faster than Mach 1 (the speed of sound). Orion's Wing Intake Ports The openings in the front surface of the wings are intakes, presumably for atmospheric flight. At the very front of the wing roots are landing lights, represented in this model by tiny glass beads. The clear canopy covering the lights is actually a part from a P-51 Mustang airplane plastic model kit. The model features a lit interior cockpit with one pilot figure. The flat surface forward of the cockpit is a sliding heat-shield cover that protects the windows — a feature inspired by the XB-70 Valkyrie supersonic nuclear bomber. The oval opening at the very front of Orion's nose houses a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) tracking system used when docking with Space Station 5. Underside of the Orion Replica The underside of the Orion replica. At the wing tips are clear parts representing the anti-collision strobe lights. The ridged trapezoid-shaped plate between the wings is a hypersonic airflow correction plate. Forward and rear landing-gear doors are also visible. The underside of Orion features a titanium heat shield for heat dissipation when returning through Earth's atmosphere. Space Shuttle Concept, 1970 Space shuttle concept, 1970. An Orion-like configuration with a piloted "flyback" booster stage was briefly considered for NASA's space shuttle in the early 1970s. Ultimately, a configuration with an external fuel tank and strap-on solid rocket boosters was chosen instead.

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Data for: Diatom genes originating from red and green algae: implications for the secondary endosymbiosis models Published: 19 February 2019| Version 1 | DOI: 10.17632/6j6m4wtc26.1 A dataset used for establishing whether diatom genes are closer to red algae or green ones. Based on genomes of P. tricornutum, Th. pseudonana, S. acus subsp. radians, F. solaris, F. cylindrus and P.-n. multiseries, as well as all available diatom transcriptomes from MMETSP. The dataset includes ML and UPGMA trees, Likelihood mapping raw data, alignments used for the above and the results of DIAMOND search of diatom predicted proteins against NCBI nr. Bioinformatics, Phylogenomics, Molecular Phylogenetics

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Lennie small of mice and men essay Extracts from this document introduction lennie small from 'of mice and men' by john steinbeck - character study lennie has a dream of owning a small piece of. Of mice and men: character profiles a small, quick man with well novelguidecom is the premier free source for literary analysis on the web. Author biography 03 04 essay on taipei 101 2007 in the second chapter of john steinbeck's novel essay about hairspray of mice and. Of mice and men this essay of mice and men and other 63,000+ term papers george was a small, dark man, and lennie, his companion, was a giant man. Four sample essays on of mice and men steinbeck’s use of stereotypes essay questions it tells the tragic story of george milton and lennie small. Character analysis of lennie small in of mice and men more essays like this: of mice and men, john steinbeck, lennie small sign up to view the rest of the essay. Get your essays here, 10,000 to choose from limited time offer at mytermpapers argumentative essay - of mice and men lennie lennie small. Of mice and men essay loneliness top profile dating writing service for men it involves lennie small says in of mice and men, swallowing the novel. This lesson describes the character of lennie small from ''of mice and men'', including his animal-like, yet innocent nature, through the use of. Of mice and men” – curley and lennie conflicts throughout the novel of mice and men” (john steinbeck), lennie, a mentally challenged but strong migrant worker. Free lennie small papers of mice and men: lennie and george - of mice in this essay i will trace in detail soft things that lennie pets. Lennie’s strength is one of his major positive this is portrayed through the mice and the small pup important choice in of mice and men mice of men essay. Lennie is probably the central character in the book, ‘of mice and men’ at the beginning of the book he is referred to as being like an animal because of his. Lennie small character analysis in of mice and men: gcse english literature. Of mice and men essay plans- what do you through key fictional characters in of mice and men says that ‘the first man was small and quick. Comparison essay - of mice and men it takes george several attempts to kill lennie whereas in the movie he just puts the gun up to the back of lennie’s head. Lennie small of mice and men this essay lennie small of mice and men and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on. Stuck writing a of mice and men essay george and lennie george is a small, smart-witted man, while lennie is a large, mentally- handicapped man. - Essay: of mice and men george, an angel of mercy to his good friend and confidant, lennie small, is not a murderer he is quite the opposite hire an essay writer. - Of mice and men, written by john steinbeck in 1937, is a book about two men who are the best of friends however these two men, lennie and george, are very different. - Summary: essay is about how lennie's strength can benefit him as well as to hurt him in of mice and men by john steinbeck in of mice and men, lennie's role was. - 1 of mice and men loneliness essay of mice and men - 728 words of mice and men is about two guys named george milton and lennie small who are traveling farm workers. The best laid plans of mice and men usually go astray this poem refers to the conditions under which george and lennie live the book of mice and men are about to. Of mice and men lennie essay - original researches at affordable costs available here will make your education into delight proofreading and editing help from best. Read this essay on of mice and men argumentative essay novel of mice and men lennie the novel opens with two men, george milton and lennie small. Of mice and men is a novel written by john steinbeck it is about two men, george milton and lennie small, who go to work on a ranch in california together.

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Benefits of Thermal Processing Unlike landfilling or other Waste to Energy solutions, Thermal processing maximises the recovery of energy from waste while minimising environmental impacts. By diverting all waste for Thermal treatment, not just green or organic waste, the maximum amount of energy can be reclaimed for creating energy. This process also ensures that the need for landfill, where methane and other environmental hazhards are created, is minimised. This also provides a long-term solution to waste management issues, enabling the region around the facility to maximise the recovery of energy from all wastes. The inclusion of a waste sorting and separation process at a Thermal Waste to Energy facility will also increase recycling levels, as recyclables are extracted prior to processing. This improves overall recycling efforts and minimises environmental impact. Thermal in comparison to other waste to energy treatments; Combustion – moving grate: Produces emissions, low thermal efficiency, large amount of space required. Non Thermal (aka biochemistry option): Can only break down feedstock that is biodegradable, which is aproximately 50% of municipal waste, limited applicability, very high maintenance, technology is uncertain. Landfill gas (methane recovery): LFG (landfill gas) is predominantly methane flaring, does not divert waste from landfill but simply extracts any methane created, leachate is created in landfills which can contaminate the groundwater. - Diverts ALL waste types from landfill - Increases recycling rates - Creates minimal emissions (below Australian and European requirements) - Avoids the creation of Methane and other gasses that result from landfilling - Provides a holistic approach to recovering Energy from Waste

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The history of life on Earth has been a rocky one, to say the least, moving in semingly unstoppable cycles of thriving and extinction. Not many species last longer than a few million years before being snuffed out, only to be replaced by new species. The Circle of Life Well, researchers from the Institute and Museum of Paleontology at the University of Zurich have added another spoke to this wheel of death – an ecological disaster from the Lower Triassic, unknown until now. By comparing the prevalence of pollen grains and spores from 400-metre samples of Greenland’s sedimentary layers, the team discovered a massive shift in the kind of plant life that dominated the landscape, where seed ferns and conifer trees were replaced by more hardy spore plants. This all seems to have happened over a period of a few thousand years which, although it may seem like a long time by human standards, is practically overnight on a geological scale. This new cataclysm changes our Triassic timeline almost as much as it changed the Triassic plant life. One of the worst extinction events in Earth’s history happened some 252 million years ago. Cheerily referred to as “The Great Dying”, it marked the end of the Permian and ushered in the Triassic. Scientists have assumed that the environment slowly recovered during the Lower Triassic period that followed. However, analysis of the carbon isotopes from the sediment samples suggests that this new ecological upheaval happened 500,0000 years later than previously thought. It’s still a mystery as to what exactly caused it, but Hugo Bucher, Director of UZH’s Institute and Museum of Paleontology, suggests that there is “a link between this previously unknown global event and the enormous volcanic eruptions we know from the Lower Triassic in what’s now Siberia.” Perhaps that mental image of prehistoric life that many of us had as kids – ash raining from the skies, lava blurting from volcanoes in the background – isn’t too far off after all…

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There are a handful of indisputable influences on Eliot’s early and most formative period as a poet, influences that are corroborated by the poet’s own testimony in contemporaneous letters and subsequent essays on literature and literary works. Foremost among those influences was French symbolist poet Jules Laforgue, from whom Eliot had learned that poetry could be produced out of common emotions and yet uncommon uses of language and tone. A close second would undoubtedly be the worldrenowned Italian Renaissance poet Dante Alighieri, whose influences on Eliot’s work and poetic vision would grow greater with each passing year. A third influence would necessarily come from among poets writing in Eliot’s own native tongue, English. There, however, he chose not from among his own most immediate precursors, such as Tennyson or Browning, or even his own near contemporaries, such as W. B. Yeats or Arthur Symons, and certainly not from among American poets, but rather from among poets and minor dramatists of the early 17th century, the group of English writers working in a style and tradition that has subsequently been identified as metaphysical poetry. The word metaphysical is far more likely to be found in philosophical than literary contexts. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophical inquiry and discourse that deals with issues that are, quite literally, beyond the physical (meta- being a Greek prefix for “beyond”). Those issues are, by and large, focused on philosophical questions that are speculative in nature—discussions of things that cannot be weighed or measured or even proved to exist yet that have acquired great importance among human cultures. Metaphysics, then, concerns itself with the idea of the divine, of divinity, and of the makeup of what is called reality. That said, it may be fair to suspect that poetry that is metaphysical concerns itself with those kinds of issues and concerns as well. The difficulty is that it both does and does not do that. Thus, the question of what metaphysical poetry does in fact do is what occupies Eliot’s attention in his essay to the point that he formulates out of his considerations a key critical concept that he calls the dissociation of sensibilities. Eliot’s essay on the English metaphysical poets was originally published in the Times Literary Supplement as a review of a just-published selection of their poetry by the scholar Herbert J. C. Grierson titled Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the Seventeenth Century: Donne to Butler. In a fashion similar to the way in which Eliot launched into his famous criticism of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in “Hamlet and His Problems” by using an opportunity to review several new works of criticism on the play as a springboard to impart his own ideas, Eliot commends Grierson’s efforts but devotes the majority of his commentary otherwise to expressing his views on the unique contribution that metaphysical poetry makes to English poetry writing in general and on its continuing value as a literary movement or school. Indeed, as if to underscore his opposition to his own observation that metaphysical poetry has long been a term of either abuse or dismissive derision, Eliot begins by asserting that it is both “extremely difficult” to define the exact sort of poetry that the term denominates and equally hard to identify its practitioners. After pointing out how such matters could as well be categorized under other schools and movements, he quickly settles on a group of poets that he regards as metaphysical poets. These include John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Henry Cowley, Richard Crashaw, Andrew Marvell, and Bishop King, all of them poets, as well as the dramatists Thomas Middleton, John Webster, and Cyril Tourneur. As to their most characteristic stylistic trait, one that makes them all worthy of the title metaphysical, Eliot singles out what is generally termed the metaphysical conceit or concept, which he defines as “the elaboration (contrasted with the condensation) of a figure of speech to the farthest stage to which ingenuity can carry it.” Eliot knows whereof he speaks. He himself was a poet who could famously compare the evening sky to a patient lying etherized upon an operating room table without skipping a beat, so Eliot’s admiration for this capacity of the mind—or wit, as the metaphysicals themselves would have termed it—to discover the unlikeliest of comparisons and then make them poetically viable should come as no surprise to the reader. Eliot would never deny that, while it is this feature of metaphysical poetry, the far-fetched conceit, that had enabled its practitioners to keep one foot in the world of the pursuits of the flesh, the other in the trials of the spirit, such a poetic technique is not everyone’s cup of tea. The 18th-century English critic Samuel Johnson, for example, found their excesses deplorable and later famously disparaged metaphysical poetic practices in his accusation that in this sort of poetry “the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.” Eliot will not attempt to dispute Johnson’s judgment, though it is clear that he does not agree with it. (Nor should that be any surprise either. Eliot’s own poetic tastes and techniques had already found fertile ground in the vagaries of the French symbolists, who would let no mere disparity bar an otherwise apt poetic comparison.) Rather, Eliot finds that this kind of “telescoping of images and multiplied associations” is “one of the sources of the vitality” of the language to be found in metaphysical poetry, and then he goes as far as to propose that “a degree of heterogeneity of material compelled into unity by the operation of the poet’s mind is omnipresent in poetry.” What that means, by and large, is that these poets make combining the disparate the heart of their writing. It is on that count that Eliot makes his own compelling case for the felicities of metaphysical poetry, so much so that he will eventually conclude by mourning its subsequent exile from the mainstream of English poetic practice. It is this matter of the vitality of language that the metaphysical poets achieved that most concerns Eliot, and it is that concern that will lead him, in the remainder of this short essay, not only to lament the loss of that vitality from subsequent English poetry but to formulate one of his own key critical concepts, the dissociation of sensibility. The “Dissociation of Sensibility” Eliot argues that these poets used a language that was “as a rule pure and simple,” even if they then structured it into sentences that were “sometimes far from simple.” Nevertheless, for Eliot, this is “not a vice; it is a fidelity to thought and feeling,” one that brings about a variety of thought and feeling as well as of the music of language. On that score—that metaphysical poetry harmonized these two extremes of poetic expression, thought and feeling, grammar and musicality —Eliot then goes on to ponder whether, rather than something quaint, such poetry did not provide “something permanently valuable, which . . . ought not to have disappeared.” For disappear it did, in Eliot’s view, as the influence of John Milton and John Dryden gained ascendancy, for in their separate hands, “while the language became more refined, the feeling became more crude.” By way of a sharp contrast, Eliot saw the metaphysical poets, who balanced thought and feeling, as “men who incorporated their erudition into their sensibility,” becoming thereby poets who can “feel their thought as immediately as the odour of a rose.” Subsequent English poetry has lost that immediacy, Eliot contends, so that by the time of Tennyson and Browning, Eliot’s Victorian precursors, a sentimental age had set in, in which feeling had been given primacy over, rather than balance with, thought. Rather than, like these “metaphysical” poets, trying to find “the verbal equivalents for states of mind and feeling” and then turning them into poetry, these more recent poets address their interests and, in Eliot’s view, then “merely meditate on them poetically.” That is not at all the same thing, nor is the result anywhere near as powerful and moving as poetic statement. While, then, the metaphysical poets of the 17th century “possessed a mechanism of sensibility which could devour any kind of experience,” Eliot imagines that subsequently a “dissociation of sensibility set in, from which we have never recovered.” Nor will the common injunction, and typical anodyne for poor poetry, to “look into our hearts and write,” alone provide the necessary corrective. Instead, Eliot offers examples from the near-contemporary French symbolists as poets who have, like Donne and other earlier English poets of his ilk, “the same essential quality of transmuting ideas into sensations, of transforming an observation into a state of mind.” To achieve as much, Eliot concludes, a poet must look “into a good deal more than the heart.” He continues: “One must look into the cerebral cortex, the nervous system, and the digestive tracts.” The point of this essay is not a matter of whether Eliot’s assessment of the comparative value of the techniques of the English metaphysical poets and the state of contemporary English versification was right or wrong. By and large, Eliot is using these earlier poets, whom the Grierson book is more or less resurrecting, to stake out his own claim in an ageless literary debate regarding representation versus commentary. Should poets show, or should they tell? Clearly, there can be no easy resolution to such a debate. Eliot would be the first to admit, as he would in subsequent essays, that a young poet, such as he was at the time he wrote the review at hand, will most likely condemn those literary practices that he regards to be detrimental to his own development as a poet. Whatever Eliot’s judgments in his review of Grierson’s book on the English metaphysical poets may ultimately reveal, they are reflections more of Eliot’s standards for poetry writing than of standards for poetry writing in general. That said, they should serve as a caution to any reader approaching an Eliot poem, particularly from this period, since he makes it clear that he falls on the side of representation as opposed to commentary and reflection in poetry writing. In addition to its having enabled Eliot to stake out his own literary ground by offering, as it were, a literary manifesto for the times, replete with a memorable critical byword in the coinage dissociation of sensibility, as Eliot’s own prominence as a man of letters increased, this review should finally be credited with having done far more, over time, than Grierson’s scholarly effort could ever have achieved in bringing English metaphysical poetry and its 17th-century practitioners back to some measure of respectability and prominence. For that reason alone, this short essay, along with Tradition and the Individual Talent and Hamlet and His Problems, has found an enduring place not only in the Eliot canon but among the major critical documents in English of the 20th century.

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A trustee is a fiduciary with a high degree of responsibility. As a fiduciary, a trustee has legal duties that he or she must perform. As discussed in Maggie Green’s series of posts, those duties include loyalty, impartiality, and recordkeeping. A trustee must act out of loyalty to the beneficiaries and not to further the trustee’s own interests; the trustee must be impartial to the beneficiaries if a trust has different classes of beneficiaries (such as an income beneficiary and remaindermen); and the trustee takes legal title to the assets while maintaining records of additions, distributions, and expenses. A trustee must also provide accountings to the beneficiaries. A trustee must pay taxes (income and property), expenses, and make distributions in accordance with the applicable trust provisions. While a trustee is required to perform these legal duties, the trustee may hire an attorney or tax advisor and pay their associated fees from the trust when their advice with respect to the performance of trustee duties would be beneficial. A custodian is not a fiduciary and is responsible only for safekeeping of assets. A custodian may collect interest and dividends as well as provide a statement of activity. Further, a custodian does not provide investment advice nor have any duties with respect to how the assets are to be invested. The custodian may make payments and distributions if directed. Because the duties and responsibilities of a trustee and custodian differ significantly, and the documents to create both positions are quite technical, it is important to consult your attorney before determining which is best suited to meet your needs.

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Click on the headline (link) for the full text. Many more articles are available through the Energy Bulletin homepage La Revolucion Energetica: Cuba's Energy Revolution Laurie Guevara-Stone, Renewable Energy World Magazine In this small island of 11 million people, that many other countries could learn from its efforts to be energy independent and curb climate change. Laurie Guevara-Stone reports. Just a few years ago Cuba’s energy situation was bleak. The country had 11 large, and quite inefficient, thermoelectric plants generating electricity for the entire island. Most of the plants were 25 years old and only functioning 60% of the time. There were frequent blackouts, especially during peak demand periods. There was also a high percentage of transmission losses along the electrical distribution grid. To add to the energy crisis, most Cuban households had inefficient appliances, 75% of the population was cooking with kerosene, and the residential electrical rates did not encourage conservation. In 2004 the eastern side of Cuba was hit by two hurricanes in a short period of time, affecting transmission lines and leaving one million people without electricity for ten days. All of this in the face of the overarching drivers of peak oil and climate change, made Cubans realise they had to make energy more of a priority. Thus, in 2006, began what Cubans call La Revolución Energética – the Energy Revolution. Cuba’s recent Energy Revolution has helped it become a true model of sustainable development. The 2006 Living Planet report assesses sustainable development by using the United Nation’s Development Program’s (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI) and the ecological footprint. The HDI is calculated from life expectancy, literacy and education, and per capita GDP. The UNDP considers an HDI value of more than 0.8 to be high human development. An ecological footprint, which is a measure of demand on the biosphere, lower than 1.8 global hectares per head denotes sustainability. The only country in the world that meets both of the above criteria is Cuba. ‘Cuba has reached a good level of development according to United Nations’ criteria, thanks to its high literacy level and very high life expectancy,’ explains Jonathan Loh, one of the authors of the report, adding: ‘While the ecological footprint is not large since it is a country with low energy consumption.’ The statistics are impressive, the country is currently consuming 34% of the kerosene, 40% of the LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) and 80% of the gasoline it used to consume before the implementation of the Energy Revolution a mere two years earlier. Cuba’s per capita energy consumption is now at a level one-eighth of that in the US, while access to health services, education levels, and life expectancy are still some of the top ranking in the world, as Table 1, below shows. ... Cuba’s social workers help the energy revolution To carry out their ambitious energy conservation plan, Cuba relied on their small army of ‘trabajadores sociales’ or social workers. Formed in 2000, Cuba’s social workers are made up of youths who have the task of bringing social justice to the island in many different spheres, including labour, education, culture, sports, and the environment. Along with working with people with disabilities, the elderly, and people convicted of crimes, the latest job of the social workers is to help carry out the Energy Revolution. Since 2006, 13,000 social workers have visited homes, businesses, and factories around the island replacing light bulbs, teaching people how to use their new electric cooking appliances and spreading information on saving energy. The social workers also worked with the Ministry of Agriculture to help save energy in the sugarcane harvest, and work in the transportation sector to achieve more efficiency in the national bus system. Laurie Guevara-Stone is the International Program manager at Solar Energy International, based in Colorado. (9 April 2009) Suggested by EB contributor thorn. Global warming: send in the tanks David Strahan, Guardian Forget expensive high tech silver bullets like nuclear fusion and carbon capture and storage, the solution to climate change lies in the humble electric immersion heater that sits in your hot water tank under the stairs. That’s the view of Dr Mark Barrett, senior researcher at the UCL Energy Institute, who will present his analysis at a meeting in the House of Commons today. A tank with an immersion heater may be just an oversized kettle, but there are thought to be around 19 million in Britain’s homes, which collectively have the capacity to store huge amounts energy as hot water, and this could be key to achieving an almost wholly renewable electricity supply. Dr Barrett says the heaters could be switched on and off rapidly to compensate for the erratic output of wind turbines and solar panels, each heater controlled by a simple gadget that responds to signals sent through the electricity grid – a system that has been used since WWII.“Everybody is always looking for a shiny new silver bullet solution” says Dr Barrett, “but this idea is cheap, safe, and based on technology that’s been around for decades”. Renewables are a problem for the grid as currently configured because supply has to match unfettered demand minute by minute. (18 June 2009) Also at David's blog. ICLEI's Emani Kumar explains Urban Energy Innovation in the Global South Alex Aylett, WorldChanging It's been a while since most cities took an active role in managing their own energy supply. Centralized national or regional generation and supply grids effectively displaced the days when cities ran their own independent systems. But with the interest in local renewables a shift is in the works. Cities are becoming increasingly comfortable integrating energy policies into their mandates and encouraging local level generation. The many facets of this shift have been a key theme at the ICLEI World Congress, running in Edmonton (Alberta) until the end of the week. Through programs like the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP), and the Local Renewables Network, ICLEI has helped foster renewable power projects in many cities that have already been celebrated for their energy accomplishments. German solar cities like Freiburg, or Vaxjo Sweden (acclaimed the greenest city in Europe) are all attending the Congress here in Edmonton. But a draft report released at the conference by REN21, the Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies and ICLEI makes it clear that those cities are not alone. The “Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies” points to 160 other cities who have put in place local renewable energy policies and programs. Solar steam system, Ahamad Nagar, Maharastra, India iclei_solar%20steam%20system.jpg Among the most interesting are cities outside of the areas normally celebrated in the media for leadership on these issue. In India, for example, a small group of cities have been pushing for the adoption of local renewables, and their work has paved the way for a national Solar Cities Project announced earlier this year. One of those leaders is Nagpur, India. A city of 2.4 million, Nagpur has put in place a municipal ordinance requiring solar hot water heaters on all large new residential buildings. (17 June 2009)

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The language of medicine may be complex, but learning it doesn’t have to be. Using short, easy-to-understand segments followed immediately by programmed exercises, Building a Medical Vocabulary:With Spanish Translations, 9th Edition starts with medical terms that you may already know and builds your knowledge by adding new combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. An Evolve companion website reinforces your understanding with interactive games, animations, audio pronunciations, and more. Organizing medical terms by body system, this text provides the building blocks for effective communication in the health care environment. • Easy-to-understand, conversational writing style makes reading and absorbing the material enjoyable. • Programmed Learning sections allow you to actively participate in learning and get instant feedback on your progress. • An Evolve companion website reinforces learning with audio pronunciations, interactive games, exercises, animations, flash cards, and more. • Thorough explanation of terms enhances understanding by presenting vocabulary in the context of medical settings. • Moderate level of A&P coverage provides the background that you need to understand body systems in the context of medical terminology. • Health Care Reportsandcase studies allow you to apply your knowledge to job-like situations. • Spanish translations cover common Spanish terminology that you are likely to encounter in the clinical environment. • Be Careful with These caution boxes highlight important distinctions between terms that are similar in spelling and/or pronunciation. • Comprehensive end-of-chapter reviews allow you to measure your learning against chapter objectives. • The Joint Commission official Do Not Use list of error-prone abbreviations alert you to abbreviations that should not be used in the clinical setting. • Bookmark pronunciation guide makes it easy to find pronunciations and may also be used to cover the answer column while working the programmed learning sections of the text. • Glossary/Index makes it easy to find words and their definitions, and is great for final exam review. • NEW Special Sense Organs chapter is dedicated to coverage of the eye, ear, and other special senses. • NEW! List of key terms with pronunciationsin each chapter provides a helpful review that coordinates with audio files on the Evolve companion website. • NEWICD and CPT information includes ICD and CPT terminology. Introductory Chapters: Foundations of Medical Terminology 1. Tools for Building Medical Terms 2. Building Terms with Suffixes 3. Using Prefixes and Anatomic Terms 4. Blood and Other Body Fluids Body Systems 5. Circulatory 6. Respiratory System 7. Digestive System 8. Urinary System 9. Reproductive System (includes material on Reproduction) 10. Musculoskeletal System 11. Nervous System and Psychological Disorders 12. Special Sense Organs of the Peripheral Nervous System NEW! 13. Integumentary System 14. Endocrine System Appendices I: Abbreviations II: Spanish-English Translation of Selected Terms III: Word Parts: Alphabetized Word Parts and Meanings IV: Solutions to Exercises and Self Test Bibliography and Illustration Credits Everything you want to know about Medical Terminology. The workbook is loaded with information along with all the Medical Terminology you need. The book is suggested as a review for P.A. school, just to give you an idea of the information involved. Because the book is also a workbook, it 'makes' you learn the material by repetition and reviewing. The book will take the word 'Gynecology', tell you Gynec- means Female,Woman and -Logy meaning the study of and then will elaborate on the profession, specialists, tests involved etc. If you want a workbook that is succinct, then go with 'Medical Terminology: A Short Course', which is recommended below. Good luck with your studies. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful? YesNoThank you for your feedback.Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.

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Fifteen years after Earthjustice won a key court case, the state of California finalized strong pollution regulations to clean up the Klamath River. Under court order, the state released new rules that essentially limit pollution from nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment and activities affecting water temperatures and dissolved oxygen. If properly implemented, the Klamath River will once again support more robust salmon runs that are important to tribes and local economies up and down the west coast. The Klamath River was historically the third biggest salmon producing river on the west coast, but in recent years the river has been seriously impaired primarily from farm runoff near its headwaters and five dams blocking salmon migration. The farm pollution flows downstream, gets trapped behind the dams which generates massive toxic algae blooms, heats the water and decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen available for aquatic species. "It's been a long time coming to get these badly needed pollution limits on the Klamath River," said Earthjustice attorney George Torgun. "This development shows that with vision and persistence we can restore one of the west coast's most important rivers." The pollution rules are required under a part of the Clean Water Act that was rarely followed until private citizen groups brought a series of enforcement actions during the 1990s. The case involving impaired rivers in the North Coast region of California, including the Klamath River, was brought by Earthjustice attorney Joe Brecher back when Earthjustice was called the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund. Earthjustice represented the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations (PCFFA) and a number of other conservation groups in the case. PCFFA executive director Zeke Grader said, “Cleaning up the Klamath River will rebuild salmon runs which our coastal communities depend on for food, economy and recreation.” The U.S. EPA has said it will adopt the new limits by the end of this year. Plans are in the works to eventually remove four of the Klamath dams, which will be another great step in restoring that river’s salmon runs. In the meantime, the new pollution rules should go a long ways towards making the river more hospitable to salmon and the other native wildlife that life there. The owner of the dams, an electric utility company called Pacificorp, opposes the new rules as does Siskiyou County. George Torgun, Earthjustice, (510) 550-6784 Earthjustice is the premier nonprofit environmental law organization. We wield the power of law and the strength of partnership to protect people’s health, to preserve magnificent places and wildlife, to advance clean energy, and to combat climate change. We are here because the earth needs a good lawyer.

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CC-MAIN-2016-44

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en

Pine straw mulch is a favorite material for landscapers and gardeners in the southern United States. Millions of pine straw bales are used each year. Producing pine straw can be a profitable source of income for landowners. It's possible for landowners with pine stands in the right condition to make $150 per acre by allowing pine straw producers collect fallen needles according to some sources. Longleaf and Slash pines are the preferred species but Loblolly is also being increasingly used. One company owned by F. Logan Peter in North Carolina sold 1.5 million bales in 2000. Their web site is www.SouthernPineNeedles.com. To produce pine straw, pine stands must be at least 6 to 8 years old, but production peaks at about 15 years old. The best time of year to gather straw is October and November. Pine straw yields are estimated at 100 bales per acre for stands 6 to 15 years old and 200 bales per acre for trees over 15 years old. Today, millions of Mississippi acres in pine plantations are about 15 years old and have potential to produce high-quality pine straw. Pine straw contains nutrients vital to tree growth. Therefore, landowners should fertilize their stands with diammonium phosphate (DAP) to replace the nutrients lost in baling. Otherwise, tree growth rates will suffer, particularly on nutrient-poor, outer coastal plain sites. Also, bale pine stands only every 3 years, instead of annually. Information on pine straw production is available at the following web sites:

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CC-MAIN-2015-18

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The plot of Tom Franklin’s latest novel Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter is irresistible. Mississippians Larry Ott and Silas “32” Jones enjoy a brief boyhood friendship, but drift apart due to the complications that arise from the difference in their races: Larry is white; Silas is black. However, their fates intertwine when a local girl goes missing after Larry takes her out on a date. Without a body or a confession, Larry is never brought to trial; however, the vigilante tendencies of his small Mississippi community prohibit him from enjoying any sense of innocence. Conversely, the adolescent Silas relishes success in baseball and is rewarded with a scholarship to Ole Miss. Years later, then, when another young girl disappears, Larry is again the prime suspect. However, secrets from the past are slowly uncovered as now-Constable Jones works on the new case. Franklin’s mystery in the South is both rich with imagery and characterization and compulsively readable. Most interesting to dissect, however, is the theme of justice that permeates the lives of central characters Larry and Silas. As the mystery unfolds – and this is no spoiler – Larry’s legal innocence becomes increasingly clear. However, the concentrated microcosm of Chabot, Mississippi, continues to ostracize him, destroying his property and barring him from the local Methodist church. The cruelty committed against Larry is appalling and the reader constantly wonders (and hopes) that the communal wrong done to Larry will be put right. Living a parallel, but disparate, life is Silas, Chabot, Mississippi’s local baseball hero. In adulthood, as town constable, Silas is in the profession justice, administering it to the criminals he encounters daily. However, as the story unfolds, Silas’s sense of justice comes deeply into question. The unexamined role he played in the murder from his childhood and his role as investigator during the present-day murder both examine Silas’s integrity and question his own receipt of justice. One of the most memorable aspects of Franklin’s novel is its unique title: Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter. Referring to the mnemonic method of teaching schoolchildren to spell Mississippi: “M, I, crooked letter, crooked letter, I, crooked letter, crooked letter, I, humpback, humpback, I”, the novel’s title refers directly to idea of education in the South. Both Larry and Silas, and really all characters in the novel, are taught to take much of what they encounter at face value, e.g. the idea that a man with white skin is superior while a man with black skin is inferior is constantly reinforced. Therefore, the haste the townspeople exhibit in ostracizing the outcast Larry comes with little surprise. However, through the twists and turns of the novel’s plot, Franklin argues emphatically that this method of thinking is deeply flawed. Tom Franklin’s Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter is at the forefront a mystery, but under the surface an examination of personal justice and modern-day race relations as well. Franklin’s wonderfully realized characters will reel you into their lives and the deep messages they represent will prohibit you from forgetting them. Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter is an interesting read, and one that many will enjoy.

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The food we eat is a lot less secure than we would like to imagine. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, food fraud is estimated to be a $40 billion a year problem, with instances of fraud becoming worryingly frequent—from wood shavings discovered in our parmesan to the 2013 horsemeat scandal in the UK.1-3 Not only do these incidents damage the faith consumers have in their food, but as seen in the 2009 salmonella peanut butter outbreak, which resulted in the death of 9 Americans and sickening of 714, they can have fatal consequences.4 Indeed, the World Health Organization estimates that nearly 1 in 10 people become ill every year from eating contaminated food.5 While it may be uncomfortable to imagine our food supply can be susceptible to such high profile attacks, what is more unsettling is that our food supply chain has grown so complex that it has become almost impossible for food producers to guarantee the provenance of their products—meaning consumers can never entirely trust in the food they eat. In this article I will identify five main issues the global food supply chain faces, and what steps can be taken to address them. Exchange knowledge about managing your supply chain at the Best Practices in Food Safety Supply Chain conference | June 5–6, 2017 | LEARN MORE1. Consumer demand for traceability Traceability is no longer a request from consumers, but a demand, and one that is only growing stronger. A recent transparency survey found that consumers want to see everything from a complete ingredient breakdown to sourcing information, with 94% of respondents saying they are likely to be more loyal to a brand that offers complete transparency.6 While a new study discovered that more than half of Canadians are concerned about food fraud.7 If we take seafood products as an example, almost half (46%) of respondents to an independent research survey conducted by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) agreed that they trust brands that use ecolabels (a form of third-party certification) more than those that do not.8 The survey also found that 66% of respondents felt that traceability of the product was the primary factor determining seafood purchasing decisions. This kind of consumer driven, high-quality information opens up a world of possibilities for companies that recognize the significance of its demand. Brand protection, demand forecasting and consumer loyalty all becomes possible for early adapters who show themselves to be taking practical steps to guarantee the authenticity of their products. 2. Lack of communication between actors One of the biggest challenges preventing full traceability of our food is the fragmented nature of the supply chain. For even the most seemingly simple of food items there can be a huge number of actors involved that are spread around the globe with little to no knowledge of one another’s actions. For instance, to trace your hamburger from farm to fork may involve tracing your lettuce back to the farm in which it was grown (but not what happens to it before it reaches your supermarkets shelves), tracing the beef back to the cattle (with no guarantee, as seen with the horsemeat scandal, that the end product is 100% beef) and any number of logistical barriers. It is vital then that stakeholders within the chain prioritize communication with their suppliers, either through the implementation of traceability solutions, or the commitment to engage only with suppliers they know they can trust. Not only is this beneficial to the end consumer, but to the food producers themselves, allowing them to ensure that their organizational reputation remains solely their responsibility and not left in the hands of unknown and uncontrollable third parties. 3. Influence of organized crime When one thinks of the Mafia, it’s rare that olive oil is the first thing that comes to mind. Currently, however, it is the fraudulent manufacture of this and many other Italian exports (cheese, wine, etc.) that is fueling organized crime and ending up on our shelves.9 High-scale food fraud is not a naturally occurring phenomenon but rather exists as a result of highly organized criminal activity. In his 2014 UK government report, Professor Chris Elliot notes that “food fraud becomes food crime when it no longer involves random acts by “rogues” within the food industry, but becomes an organized activity by groups that knowingly set out to deceive and or injure, those purchasing food”.10 This is not just a problem for Italy; counterfeit food and drink occurs on a massive scale throughout the whole of Europe. A joint initiative by EUROPOL and INTERPOL last year led to the largest ever seizure of fake and adulterated projects. This project, known as OPSON V resulted in 11,000 tons and 1,440,000 liters of hazardous fake food and drink seized across 57 countries.11 In order to combat the growing threat organized crime has on our food supply, it is vital that governments devote resources to organizations with the sole responsibility of identifying food crime. In response to the horsemeat scandal, the UK government launched its National Food Crime Unit within the Food Standards Agency in London, while the FDA has a special focus on food defense. The establishment of these organizations is important, as police forces traditionally have struggled to combat food fraud, either through a lack of time, resources, or simply understanding of the complexities of how fraud affects the supply chain. The creation of specialist taskforces not only legitimizes the fight against food fraud, but allows for easier intelligence share. 4. Lack of transparency throughout the supply chain In her work on trust for the digital age, Racheal Botsman tells us that trust has evolved from an institutional based system to a distributed system. Nowhere has this more potential than with our food supply. In such a complex system it becomes necessary to consider how the food industry can begin to move away from traditional systems of centralized trust. As Botsman points out, “institutional trust is not designed for the digital age”, the emergence of new technologies, most notably the blockchain, highlights the potential to introduce more trust in our food.12 Originally the technology underpinning Bitcoin, the blockchain has wide ranging applications beyond the world of FinTech. Blockchain is a transformative tool in the fight against food fraud, allowing an open and transparent ledger of our food products journey. This allows unalterable trust to be introduced into an untrustworthy system, ensuring every actor in the chain records and shares their interactions with our food. This represents a huge opportunity for those companies who see the advantage of early adoption of blockchain infused traceability systems. Indeed by 2022, Gartner estimates an innovative business built on a blockchain will be worth $10 billion.13 5. Need for strong legislation Steps have already been made in legislation to allow for earlier prevention of food safety incidents occurring, such as FSMA. While it is important that lawmakers are proactive in their response, the focus has primarily been on food safety, and there is still a difficulty in treating food fraud as its own separate entity. Legislation regarding food labelling could also be more stringent, especially in Europe. At present only olive oil, fish (unless it’s canned or prepared), beef (fresh, chilled, frozen or minced), fresh or frozen poultry of non-EU origin, wine, most fresh fruit and vegetables, honey and eggs are required to be labelled. This means that origin information is largely missing on foods such as meat products (e.g., ham and sausages), yogurts and cheese, kitchen staples (e.g., oil, flour, sugar and pasta), biscuits and confectionery, or ready-meals. Tighter legislation, leading to significant punitive measures taken against actors found to be committing fraud, would be a vital catalyst in ensuring that food in our supply chain is as secure as possible. The growth of the global food supply chain may bring with it complexity and challenges, but also great opportunities. If actors can interject their processes with the kind of joined up thinking outlined above, with the help of technological tools that are becoming more and more accessible, the benefits will be significant, not just for them, but for all of us. - PWC. (2016). Fighting $40bn food fraud to protect food supply [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://press.pwc.com/News-releases/fighting–40bn-food-fraud-to-protect-food-supply/s/44fd6210-10f7-46c7-8431-e55983286e22 - Mulvany, L. (February 16, 2016). The Parmesan Cheese You Sprinkle on Your Penne Could Be Wood. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/the-parmesan-cheese-you-sprinkle-on-your-penne-could-be-wood - Grierson, J. (August 26, 2016). Three men charged over UK horsemeat scandal. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/26/three-men-charged-over-uk-horsemeat-scandal - Andrews, J. (April 16, 2016). 2009 Peanut Butter Outbreak: Three Years On, Still No Resolution for Some. Retrieved from http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/04/2009-peanut-butter-outbreak-three-years-on-still-no-resolution-for-some/#.WD7tE6KLTpJ - World Health Organization. (2015). WHO’s first ever global estimates of foodborne diseases find children under 5 account for almost one third of deaths [Press Release] Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/foodborne-disease-estimates/en/ - Label Insight (2016). The 2016 Label Insight Transparency ROI Study. Retrieved from https://www.labelinsight.com/hubf /2016_Transparency_ROI_Study_Label_Insight.pdf?t=1486676060862 - Sagan, A. (February 21, 2017). Study finds 63 per cent of Canadians are concerned about food fraud. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/study-finds-63-per-cent-of-canadians-are-concerned-about-food-fraud/article34094664/ - MSC (2014). MSC Consumer Survey 2014. Retrieved from https://www.msc.org/newsroom/news/new-research-shows-increasing-appetite-for-sustainable-seafood Bacchi, U. (February 21, 2017). Italian police break mafia ring exporting fake olive oil to U.S. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-crime-food-idUSKBN1602BD - HM Government (2015) Elliot Review into Integrity and Assurance of Food Supply Networks. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/350726/elliot-review-final-report-july2014.pdf EUROPOL (2016) largest ever seizures of fake food and drink in INTERPOL-EUROPOL operation [Press Release]. Retrieved from https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/largest-ever-seizures-of-fake-food-and-drink-in-interpol-europol-operation - Botsman, R. (October 20, 2015). The Changing Rules of Trust in the Digital Age. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/10/the-changing-rules-of-trust-in-the-digital-age - Panetta, K. (October 18, 2016) Gartner’s Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2017. Retrieved from http://linkis.com/www.econotimes.com/Zk8mh

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CC-MAIN-2019-09

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The honey benefits for athletes have been recently demonstrated by many studies. Honey is a simple, effective and inexpensive carbohydrate alternative to the highly-refined sugars found in other sport drinks and bars. Richard Kreider, Professor and Department Head, Health and Kinesiology at Texas A&M University, previously Chair of the Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation at Baylor University and Director of the Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab and Center for Exercise, Nutrition and Preventive Health (are you impressed? well, he has a Curriculum Vita of 60 WORD pages!), conducted three studies that showed how honey can improve endurance exercise capacity. All studies demonstrated that honey could be another option for endurance athletes, and possibly strength athletes, for improving athletic performance. Test No. 3 In “Honey and Sports nutrition: Report for the American Honey Board”, 2001, Kreider highlights that it is important for athletes to maintain a consistent blood-sugar level throughout their exercise and competition. It is known that a high-glycemic index can cause spikes in blood sugar and energy. Honey has a moderate glycemic index (he measured it as 43 out of 100, where he placed white bread) but it should not be ingested once in large quantities. All researches on honey and sport nutrition show that it is recommended to adapt the amount of honey to the body weight and to be be ingested at specific times. - 4 hours before exercise: take 4 g per kg body weight - 1 hour before exercise: take 1 g per kg body weight - 10 minutes before exercise: take 0.5 g per kg body weight - take 30-60 g can be taken every 1 hour - within 15 minutes take dry honey + whey protein, in 3:1 ratio, for optimal recovery. Athletes should consume about 1 g per kg body weight. Repeat this procedure for the next 4 to 6 hours. It is known that after physical exercise or competition, carbohydrates should be supplemented by protein. Dry honey + whey protein is more effective than protein + glucose or maltodextrin. Honey and whey, 3:1, may help to inhibit protein catabolism after the exercise. Of course the researches continue, and we can find honey and all the other products of the hive, in all products of sport nutrition. But in my opinion the quantity of honey that should be taken is quite large, if we take 4 g per kg body weight it would meand for a 70 kg body, 280 g of honey. And that is really a lot! I think it’s better to combine it with pollen, and take the benefits from the both. But if you can eat that much and, especially if you have that much honey, then go ahead and win the competition! Stefan Bogdanov, Bee Product Science, feb 2014

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The emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the last decade has opened new avenues in knowledge management that could play important roles in meeting the prevailing challenges related to sharing, exchanging and disseminating knowledge and technologies. The types of ICT-enabled services are capable of improving the capacity and livelihoods of poor smallholders are growing quickly. One of the best examples of these services is the use of mobile phones as a platform for exchanging information through short messaging services (SMS), use of broadband services and other android applications. According to a report of Swedish mobile network equipment maker Ericsson, India is the world’s second-largest telecommunications market, with 933 million subscribers and the subscriptions are adding year by year. The growing market of mobile phones in the country is due to the falling cost of handsets which is coupled with improved usability and increasing network coverage. Why ICT for rural development? PC’s, laptops, Internet, television, radio, and traditional newspapers have been used to promote improved rural development.Mobile phones have emerged as a new ICT tools and is currently exploited in agricultural rural development for disseminating relevant and timely information to the smallholders. A mobile application is defined as a piece of software on a portable device (such as a mobile phone handset, personal digital assistant, or tablet computer) that enables a user to carry out one or more specific tasks that are not directly related to the operation of the device itself. It facilitates sustained and equitable penetration of information and knowledge among households, reducing their vulnerabilities in agriculture and maximizing economic benefit. Plantwise Interventions harnessing ICT in plant clinic: Plant clinics in India are run in collaboration with MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Puducherry and with Self Employed Women Education (SEWA) in Gujarat to offer precise, diagnostic and advisory services for plant diseases and helping create durable plant health systems, and food safety for smallholder farmers in their areas. Further to this, Plantwise in India has been continually improving the existing services they offer as new technologies are emerging. USB computer microscope: The plant doctors in the plant clinics are using USB computer microscope which is also known as a computer microscope or a computer-connected microscope. Using CMOS sensors this hand-held microscope can be plugged into a USB port on a computer or television. Instead of looking through an eyepiece, the viewer then examines the specimen via the computer’s monitor or the television screen. It’s essentially a webcam with a macro lens. The USB computer microscope’s lens can touch an object to see it magnified or can be used to view objects at a short distance. The images can easily be saved as pictures files or video films, printed and sent to experts. Plant doctors are seen to exploit the technology when they are unable to diagnose the problem they click the pictures and videos and share among the other plant doctors and experts. These microscopes although are very helpful for plant doctors but were also found to attract more farmers and increase the plant clinics attendance says Vijay Thokre, Agricultural Scientist MSSRF at Balkheda plant clinic in Maharashtra. He added that it is very helpful in field diagnostics and is portable when they have to travel for conducting plant clinics. It is helpful in developing trust among farmers of the advices being given. A plant doctor in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Sudhakar shares that they click images and videos of sample and can also share for some unidentified samples with experts. These microscopes have increased the diagnostic ability of plant doctors. Offline Knowledge Bank: Plantwise Knowledge Bank is adding to plant doctor’s knowledge as an offline tool in USB devices. The region specific technical and farmers’ factsheets can be viewed by plant doctors in the plant clinics to update their knowledge on pests/diseases. An added advantage of this offline application is that it can be carried and used without any internet connection and can be updated whenever required. Plantwise Factsheet Library: Factsheet Library app has enabled plant doctors to take open access data with them to the plant clinics and field. The advantages of this application is that it can be downloaded in any mobile application for free from the play store and any country can be chosen for viewing the factsheets relevant to that particular country. The app will periodically check the servers for updates to factsheets. Data collection app: Recently use of data collection app via use of tablets has also been tested in a plant clinic in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu to collect data and it was found to be working well in tamil script. The farmers were happy to receive the recommendations through SMS in their local language. Most of the basic phones with farmers viz Nokia and Samsung were found to support the tamil script while phones like LAVA and Micromax were not supporting the script. But still the majority of the phones with farmers were supporting. The farmers sent the recommendations SMS directly to the agro-dealers to confirm the availability of the pesticides recommended. With the overwhelming feedback from the farmers there are plans this year to investigate further the usage of mobile technology in India. All these ICT interventions in plant clinics in India are helping farmers to receive locale-specific, timely and effectual information, knowledge and skill inputs. Related News & Blogs Aflatoxins, rabies and misuse of pesticides and animal health drugs are top ‘One Health’ issues at joint crop-livestock focused clinics in Uganda Aflatoxins, rabies and misuse of pesticides and drugs are among the top issues prioritised to be addressed at joint crop-livestock clinics set up to help improve the health and livelihoods of smallholder farming families in Uganda. So far, over 1,600 s… 20 March 2023 Leave a Reply

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It is one of the biggest battles ever seen. In the Carina Nebula, a dynamic, evolving cloud of thinly spread interstellar gas and dust about 7500 light-years away, in the constellation of Carina, there is a battle between stars and dust. A stunning new image reveals the area in unprecedented detail. Scroll down for video This spectacular image of the Carina nebula reveals the dynamic cloud of interstellar matter and thinly spread gas and dust as never before. The massive stars in the interior of this cosmic bubble emit intense radiation that causes the surrounding gas to glow. By contrast, other regions of the nebula contain dark pillars of dust cloaking newborn stars. Eta Carinae can be seen in this image as part of the bright patch of light just above the point of the ‘V’ shape made by the dust clouds. ETA CARINAES: THE STELLAR SYSTEM THAT LIT UP THE NIGHT SKY Eta Carinae, located about 7,500 light-years away in the southern constellation of Carina, is famous for a 19th century outburst that briefly made it the second-brightest star in the sky. This event also ejected a massive hourglass-shaped nebula, but the cause of the eruption remains poorly understood. The system contains a pair of massive stars whose eccentric orbits bring them unusually close every 5.5 years. The stars contain 90 and 30 times the mass of our Sun and pass 140 million miles (225 million kilometers) apart at their closest approach — about the average distance separating Mars and the Sun. Eta Carinae can be seen in the image above as part of the bright patch of light just above the point of the ‘V’ shape made by the dust clouds. ‘The massive stars in the interior of this cosmic bubble emit intense radiation that causes the surrounding gas to glow, while other regions of the nebula contain dark pillars of dust cloaking newborn stars,’ European Southern Observatory experts say. ‘There’s a battle raging between stars and dust in the Carina Nebula, and the newly formed stars are winning – they produce high-energy radiation and stellar winds which evaporate and disperse the dusty stellar nurseries in which they formed.’ Spanning over 300 light-years, the Carina Nebula is one of the Milky Way’s largest star-forming regions and is easily visible to the unaided eye under dark skies. It lies 60 degrees below the celestial equator, so is visible only from the Southern Hemisphere. Within this intriguing nebula, Eta Carinae takes pride of place as the most peculiar star system. This stellar behemoth – a curious form of stellar binary – is the most energetic star system in this region and was one of the brightest objects in the sky in the 1830s. It has since faded dramatically and is reaching the end of its life, but remains one of the most massive and luminous star systems in the Milky Way. Eta Carinae can be seen in this image as part of the bright patch of light just above the point of the ‘V’ shape made by the dust clouds. Directly to the right of Eta Carinae is the relatively small Keyhole Nebula – a small, dense cloud of cold molecules and gas within the Carina Nebula – which hosts several massive stars, and whose appearance has also changed drastically over recent centuries. The Carina Nebula was discovered from the Cape of Good Hope by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 1750s and a huge number of images have been taken of it since then. But VISTA — the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy – adds an unprecedentedly detailed view over a large area; its infrared vision is perfect for revealing the agglomerations of young stars hidden within the dusty material snaking through the Carina Nebula. In 2014, VISTA was used to pinpoint nearly five million individual sources of infrared light within this nebula, revealing the vast extent of this stellar breeding ground. VISTA is the world’s largest infrared telescope dedicated to surveys and its large mirror, wide field of view and exquisitely sensitive detectors enable astronomers to unveil a completely new view of the southern sky. Last year a NASA study found Eta Carinaes, which is 7,500 light-years away, accelerates particles to such high energies some of them reach Earth as cosmic rays. The star system consists of two huge stars orbiting each other that are so bright and massive that the radiation they produce rips off their surfaces and spews them into space at speeds comparable to the speed of light. ‘We know the blast waves of exploded stars can accelerate cosmic ray particles to speeds comparable to that of light, an incredible energy boost,’ said Kenji Hamaguchi, an astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the lead author of the study., which used data from NASA’s NuSTAR space telescope. ‘Similar processes must occur in other extreme environments. ‘Our analysis indicates Eta Carinae is one of them.’ Astronomers know that cosmic rays with energies greater than 1 billion electron volts (eV) come to us from beyond our solar system. But because these particles — electrons, protons and atomic nuclei — all carry an electrical charge, they veer off course whenever they encounter magnetic fields. This scrambles their paths and masks their origins. Eta Carinae shines in X-rays in this image from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. The colors indicate different energies. Red spans 300 to 1,000 electron volts (eV), green ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 eV and blue covers 3,000 to 10,000 eV. For comparison, the energy of visible light is about 2 to 3 eV. The NuSTAR detection shows that shock waves in the wind collision zone accelerate charged particles like electrons and protons to near the speed of light. Some of these may reach Earth, where they will be detected as cosmic ray particles. ‘Both of Eta Carinae’s stars drive powerful outflows called stellar winds,’ said team member Michael Corcoran, also at Goddard. ‘Where these winds clash changes during the orbital cycle, which produces a periodic signal in low-energy X-rays we’ve been tracking for more than two decades.’ NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope also observes a change in gamma rays — light packing far more energy than X-rays — from a source in the direction of Eta Carinae. But Fermi’s vision isn’t as sharp as X-ray telescopes, so astronomers couldn’t confirm the connection. To bridge the gap between low-energy X-ray monitoring and Fermi observations, Hamaguchi and his colleagues turned to NuSTAR. Launched in 2012, NuSTAR can focus X-rays of much greater energy than any previous telescope. Using both newly taken and archival data, the team examined NuSTAR observations acquired between March 2014 and June 2016, along with lower-energy X-ray observations from the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton satellite over the same period. Eta Carinae’s low-energy, or soft, X-rays come from gas at the interface of the colliding stellar winds, where temperatures exceed 70 million degrees Fahrenheit (40 million degrees Celsius). Previous studies have found an area between the two stars where high velocity stellar winds, travelling up to ten million kilometres (6.2 million miles) an hour, are colliding. Eta Carinae’s low-energy, or soft, X-rays come from gas at the interface of the colliding stellar winds, where temperatures exceed 70 million degrees Fahrenheit (40 million degrees Celsius) But NuSTAR detects a source emitting X-rays above 30,000 eV, some three times higher than can be explained by shock waves in the colliding winds. For comparison, the energy of visible light ranges from about 2 to 3 eV. The team’s analysis, presented in a paper published on Monday, July 2, in Nature Astronomy, shows that these ‘hard’ X-rays vary with the binary orbital period and show a similar pattern of energy output as the gamma rays observed by Fermi. The researchers say that the best explanation for both the hard X-ray and the gamma-ray emission is electrons accelerated in violent shock waves along the boundary of the colliding stellar winds. Some of the superfast electrons, as well as other accelerated particles, must escape the system and perhaps some eventually wander to Earth, where they may be detected as cosmic rays The X-rays detected by NuSTAR and the gamma rays detected by Fermi arise from starlight given a huge energy boost by interactions with these electrons. Some of the superfast electrons, as well as other accelerated particles, must escape the system and perhaps some eventually wander to Earth, where they may be detected as cosmic rays. ‘We’ve known for some time that the region around Eta Carinae is the source of energetic emission in high-energy X-rays and gamma rays’, said Fiona Harrison, the principal investigator of NuSTAR and a professor of astronomy at Caltech in Pasadena, California. ‘But until NuSTAR was able to pinpoint the radiation, show it comes from the binary and study its properties in detail, the origin was mysterious.’

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In August of this year, it will be possible to witness two rare phenomena – two supermoons. According to NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak, the first supermoon will occur on August 1, and the second on August 31. As Huffpost reports, two supermoons in the same month are quite rare, as a lunar phase lasts about 29.5 days. It will be a particularly attractive sight during the second supermoon expected on August 31. On this day, the Moon will reach the closest point of its orbit to the Earth, called perigee (located about 354,027 kilometers from our planet). The last time two supermoons happened in the same month was in 2018, and experts say such an event won't happen again until 2037. This makes the upcoming phenomenon even more special and desirable for all astronomers and lovers of celestial observations. A supermoon is an astronomical phenomenon that occurs when a full or new moon coincides with perigee (when the Moon and Earth are as close as possible to each other). Such an approach occurs due to the elliptical orbit of the Moon, in which it revolves around the Earth. Because of this happy coincidence, the Moon is relatively close to the Earth, and we can observe larger-than-usual dimensions of the lunar disk.

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John Suler's Teaching Clinical Psychology - Life Facts - When discussing intake interviews and psychotherapy with my students, I point out that clients engage in a process of exploring their life story, usually at first by describing the most important "facts" about themselves. For this exercise, I ask students to write down four important facts about themselves and their lives - things that have happened to them, information about their family, facts about their personality or their history, etc. (participation, as with all my exercises, is voluntary). I also ask them to include on that list one item that is a LIE. Extra features for the exercise might involve asking students to add to the list: (1) something your parents said about how you were as a baby (to explore early, perhaps temperament-determined aspects of self), and/or; (2) something important about one of your parent's or grandparent's life (to explore identification issues and cross-generational issues in the development of self-identity)I then collect the papers and use the circulating papers technique so everyone gets a chance to give and receive feedback from several other students. I also instruct students, when reading other people's lists, to put a star next to the item in the list that they think is a lie. Here are some issues we discuss about the exercise: - Is there a pattern to the list of life facts? - What does the list say about oneself? - Could people determine which item was the lie? - Is the lie meaningful and revealing of one's personality? - Is there anything important MISSING from the list? back to the In-Class Exercises page back to the Teaching Clinical Psychology home page

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Sonar is an acronym (like radar , now spelled with all lower-case letters) for sound navigation and ranging. The principle involves bouncing acoustic waves off of objects, and determining their distances by measuring the time for the echoes to return. Sonar is commonly used on board ships and boats to measure the depths of bodies of water. It can also be used to locate underwater objects such as fish, submarines, and the shipwrecks of Spanish galleons. A complete sonar set has several components, including an acoustic pulse generator, a transducer for transmitting acoustic waves in narrow beams, an acoustic pickup, a set of amplifiers, a delay timer, and an indicating display. The distance to an object depends on the echo delay. For sonar to be accurate, the speed of sound in the medium must be known. Precision sonar equipment can rival machine vision for mapping and navigation purposes. A high-level sonar set can differentiate among objects in its vicinity. This ability to distinguish individual objects, also called targets, from one another is called the resolution. In order for a sonar set to have high resolution, the acoustic-wave beam must be narrow, and it must be swept around in two or three dimensions.

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Michigan health officials and physicians have launched an awareness-raising effort to get more young people vaccinated. The move comes after data showing an increase in the number of Michigan parents choosing not to get their kids vaccinated. Last year, more than 7,000 kindergartners alone in the state had some kind of vaccination waiver. Michigan is one of 20 states that allow such waivers for philosophical reasons. These waivers often include skepticism that vaccines are essential, that they may be harmful and that not enough is known about the cumulative effect of various vaccines. With the 2013-14 school year a few weeks away, we thought we’d explore the issue some more. Dr. Matt Davis is chief medical executive for the Michigan Department of Community Health and Mary Tocco is the director of vaccine research and education for the group Michigan Opposing Mandatory Vaccines. She’s also the creator of the website ChildhoodShots.com.

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By Geraldo U. de Sousa Bringing jointly equipment, assumptions and techniques from quite a few disciplines, Geraldo U. de Sousa's leading edge research explores the illustration, notion, and serve as of the home, domestic, loved ones, and kinfolk existence in Shakespeare's nice tragedies. focusing on King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth, de Sousa's exam of the house presents a clean examine fabric that has been the subject of fierce debate. via a mix of textual readings and a research of early glossy housing stipulations, observed by means of analyses that draw on anthropology, structure, paintings historical past, the research of fabric tradition, social background, theater heritage, phenomenology, and gender reports, this booklet demonstrates how Shakespeare explores the materiality of the early smooth condominium and inspires household area to exhibit interiority, think of the conduct of the brain, interrogate daily life, and sign in parts of the tragic trip. particular themes comprise the functionality of the disappearance of the citadel in King Lear, the juxtaposition of home-centered existence in Venice and nomadic, 'unhoused' wandering in Othello, and using distinctive lights results to mirror this dating, Hamlet's psyche based on actual area, and the redistribution of family area in Macbeth. photographs of the home, domestic, and loved ones turn into visually and emotionally vivid, and hence mirror, outline, and help a robust tragic narrative. Read or Download At Home in Shakespeare's Tragedies PDF Similar shakespeare books William Shakespeare's performs and poetry make up an unlimited repository of wit and knowledge, of perception and fervour. For the momentous occasions in our lives—the ones that decision for a few memorable comments or a good toast—the Bard is definitely the right speechwriter. On any social gathering, likelihood is there is a Shakespeare quote that is becoming. Glance out for a brand new e-book from Garry Wills, What the Qur'an intended, coming fall 2017. "Riveting . . . a double-barreled salvo that hits bull's-eyes. " —The manhattan occasions ebook ReviewThis miraculous learn of the 3 operas that Giuseppe Verdi tailored from Shakespeare's performs takes readers on a perfectly attractive trip via opera, tune, literature, background, and the character of genius. Nice Shakespeareans bargains a scientific account of these figures who've had the best impact at the interpretation, figuring out and cultural reception of Shakespeare, either nationally and across the world. during this quantity, top students check the contribution of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud to the afterlife and reception of Shakespeare and his performs. Additional info for At Home in Shakespeare's Tragedies So can the tales of those Roman authors who allege that he was torn to pieces by the senators because of his brutality, and that someone by the name of Julius Proculus was suborned to say that Romulus had appeared to him and sent a command by him to the Roman people that he should be worshipped among the divin13 CHAPTER 1 ities; by this means, they say, the people, who had begun to swell in revolt against the senate, were restrained and subdued. 15) Also in keeping with his demystifying aim are Augustine's observations about class struggle, which sometimes read like a background synopsis of Coiiolanus, one of Jonathan Dollimore's setpiece examples of Shakespearean demystification: I am sick of recalling the many acts of revolting injustice which have disturbed the city's history; the powerful classes did their best to subjugate the lower orders, and the lower orders resisted—the leaders of each side motivated more by ambition for victory than by any ideas of equity and morality. In context, then, More's communist proposal appears to look backward at least as much as it looks forward, if not more so. 36 Yet the distinction can, I think, be made in More's case. , the City of God. More's secular proposal is consistent with this conception: he offers it tentatively, ironically—perhaps merely as a vision—and he accompanies it with the skeptical reminder that real political engagement can only restrain evil, not promote goodness. An ameliorative proposal made in this spirit is quite foreign to the optimistic secular rationalism of the Enlightenment. The ideology that animates this devil for satirical purposes is arguably conservative, since it does not seem to reject authority per se, or the hierarchy of inherited privilege, or the traditional communal ideal. 32 THE MEDIEVAL DRAMATURGY OF POWER Yet insofar as it challenges social privilege and de facto power, it has a clear affinity with the kind of residual realism one finds in Utopia or in Las Casas' History of the Indies. Similar concern about innovative social oppression is evident everywhere in the fifteenth century. At Home in Shakespeare's Tragedies by Geraldo U. de Sousa

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Resources to use at home This page has been created to support your child to navigate to all of the websites they will require in a 'home learning' environment. When students use the links they are directed straight to the website in a secure 'safe' environment. The Department of Education Resources The Department of Education have created some learning resources, these are accessible via the following website and the content is sorted by year level. - The Education Department "Learning From Home" information click HERE The following links can be used at home. Math Seeds Click HERE Reading Eggs click HERE Prodigy Game click HERE World Book online Login page click HERE Login ID - connollyps Password - connollyps Go Noodle link click HERE View – Go Noodle on Youtube if you prefer to not register ABC Ya click HERE ABC Behind The News click HERE Languages Online: Japanese click HERE

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Value stream mapping is a visual means to depict and improve the flow of manufacturing and production process, as well as the information that controls the flow of materials through the process. It is the preferred methodology for identifying the inherent waste and losses within an operation. As a management tool, value stream mapping (VSM) is used to: - Graphically illustrate, analyze and understand the flow of materials and the information needed to process them. Unlike process maps that are limited to mapping the sequence of tasks that are performed to complete a procedure or process, value-stream mapping provides the means to: - Display the interaction between multiple functions within the manufacturing process as well as ancillary functions such as production planning, scheduling, and materials management, etc. - The flow of information (communications) and materials throughout the complete manufacturing or production process. Coordination and in-process materials are common sources of significant loss in far too many plants. Value-stream mapping provides the means to visualize and recognize these limiting factors. - Highlight problems, inefficiencies and losses within complex systems. Since the value stream map integrates information and materials flow, as well as the sequence of tasks -- including cycle time and lag between tasks -- the ability to identify restrictions, bottlenecks and all other factors that limit effectiveness and efficiency is greatly enhanced. - Develop and implement countermeasures in a highly visual way that facilitates culture change within the organization. The entire value-stream mapping process utilizes graphical depictions of limiting factors that all stakeholders can easily visualize. The process is also designed to actively involve all stakeholders in each stage. - Focus direction for the lean transformation teams, front-line supervision and upper management towards continuous improvement. - Serve as a dashboard to monitor and continuously improve the process First Pass: Understand the Current State - Train your value stream mapping (VSM) team: Select a cross-functional team that includes all stakeholders of the process or area to be mapped. These teams must include the operators and maintenance personnel with first-hand knowledge of the process or area as well as those who must support them. - Physically walk the path of the material flow, beginning from each source of primary and secondary materials required to support the operation as well as the actual manufacturing or production process that is being mapped. - Document each step observed or discovered as part of the walk-down. Identify the communication points and how communication occurs. - Create your “current state” VSM and include all pertinent data and information. Now is not the time to skimp on detail or short-cut the process. Dig until you are sure that the VSM accurately and completely describes the current process. Second Pass: Analyze and Reflect - Analyze and gain consensus for your value stream analysis. Socialize the current state VSM with all stakeholders. Gain their consensus that the map truly reflects how the process is currently performed. - Identify limiting factors, deficiencies and losses associated with the current process. Think outside the box and do not be constrained by perceptions or artificial boundaries. Quantify the impact on performance and cost for each of the limitations identified. Care must be taken to assure the true root causes, not the symptoms, of each limiting factor are identified. - Develop cost-effective solutions for each of the factors, deficiencies and losses that are limiting the effectiveness and efficiency of the current process. Solutions must directly address the root cause of the identified issues and be affordable. - Change the VSM to reflect the proposed changes that will eliminate or mitigate the limiting factors associated with the initial process map. Make sure that all recommended changes are clearly identified and included in the “Future State” VSM. Third Pass: Improve - Socialize the future-state value stream map with all stakeholders. It is imperative that you gain their consensus and buy-in before proceeding to the implementation stage. Assure that all stakeholders are given the opportunity to review and comment on the new process. - Modify all affected procedures, bills of material and training materials to reflect the changes to be implemented. This step cannot be omitted or minimized without incurring serious restrictions in any real benefits derived from the proposed changes. - Train all affected personnel on the new procedures. Assure that all are trained and can apply them before attempting to implement. - Implement the changes identified through the VSM process. These changes should be implemented based on descending priority—greatest benefit first and thoroughly documented. The preferred approach is to implement the changes in discrete increments with sufficient time between changes to determine the resultant benefit derived from each discrete change. Fourth Pass: Sustain - Establish effective key performance indicators (KPIs) that will accurately measure performance and cost change within and for the applicable process. These KPIs, in conjunction with a verified baseline of the current-state process, will be used to verify and validate change. - Monitor and reinforce compliance with the new standard procedures and practices established as part of the improvement process. One cannot assume that all stakeholders will immediately and voluntarily adhere to the changes that are being implemented. - Verified and validated improvements should be institutionalized across the manufacturing site. VSM is a highly effective continuous improvement tool, but it must be used effectively. Any and all short-cuts will limit the value of the tool, and too many will assure that little gain will be achieved. Use it properly and completely and it will provide a direct path to process optimization and an operation that is assured long-term survival. R. Keith Mobley is a Principal at Life Cycle Engineering, which provides consulting, engineering, applied technology and education solutions that deliver lasting results for private industry, public entities, government organizations and the military. Mobley has earned a reputation for his expertise in the fields of plant performance optimization, reliability engineering, predictive maintenance and effective management. He has more than 35 years of direct experience in corporate management, process design and troubleshooting. For the past 16 years, he has helped hundreds of clients worldwide achieve and sustain world-class performance. Mobley can be reached at [email protected].

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The diverse aims of second language teaching: Implications for New Zealand primary schools Barnard, R. (2004). The diverse aims of second language teaching: Implications for New Zealand primary schools. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 39(2), 207-221. Permanent Research Commons link: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/451 This paper discusses complex issues surrounding second language teaching and learning and relates them to the introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools. After considering the recent trend in many countries to introduce second languages in increasingly younger learners, a review is made of dominant paradigms of second language teaching: grammar-translation, the direct method, audiolingualism, the natural approach and communicative language teaching. Each of these provides valuable insights for teaching aims and methodology, but no one approach or method by itself can meet the perceived needs of all language learners. A range of possible goals is suggested in terms of various competencies: linguistic, communicative and intercultural. Factors constraining the effective introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools are briefly outlined and explained. The paper concludes with the need to decide appropriate educational goals at a local level, according to the selection of target language/s and in the light of the opportunities and constraints of each specific context of learning. New Zealand Council for Educational Research This article is published in the New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies. Archived with the permission of the Editors, New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies.

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Genocide Awareness Project The Genocide Awareness Project (GAP) is a movable anti-abortion display being temporarily installed on multiple university campuses in the United States and Canada since 1997. The display includes pictures they argue are of aborted fetuses or represent what an aborted fetus would look like, juxtaposed next to pictures of victims of genocide. The display is produced and managed by the Center for Bio-Ethical Reform, a privately funded United States organization. In 1999 the display has been on at least seventeen campuses. Gregg Cunningham, the executive director of the Los Angeles-based-center said that most people have never seen abortion photographs, and in 1998 at the University of Tennessee, eight pregnant students who were planning on getting abortions changed their minds after seeing the display. In 2001, the display was mounted on trucks to roam the San Francisco Bay Area streets and freeways. This approach was also used earlier in Florida, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Los Angeles area. The organizers maintain that the display stimulates dialogue among students and others who ordinarily would ignore the abortion issue. In March 2007, anti-abortion students from the University of Calgary successfully organized their third GAP display. Pro-choicers protested at each of their displays, including bringing manure as a sign of what they thought of the campaign. At the same time, in some places the controversy around the project was quite high and some campuses banned the display. On March 16, 2004, The National Post ran the headline, “Pro-life signs rejected as inflammatory,” describing how the University of Alberta turned down the request to put this display in a high-traffic area of the campus, alternatively offering a space in a room. The posters were described as discriminatory and inciting contempt towards women. Other protesters say that to compare these women to Nazis and terrorists is hateful and offensive, and that the use of the word genocide in relation to abortion is contestable because abortion does not discriminate on national, ethnic, racial or religious grounds. In many places the students protested the alleged abuse of the words genocide and Holocaust in this context. For example, at the University of Maryland over 500 students signed the petition "I Am Insulted by the Exploitation of the Holocaust for Political Gain". The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform website maintains a FAQ where they explain their reasons for using this comparison. A Letter to the Editor published in The Cincinnati Post on April 20, 2000 says that the genocide exhibit uses a false analogy between Holocaust and abortion, quoting: "The distinction is simple, and is based on the use of the significant word: Choice." The answer to this accusation published on May 10, 2000, states that there is "the common thread connecting racism, the Holocaust, and abortion. In each case the same technique is the basis of the crime: dismiss the victim as less than human, then dispose of them." In the past, the discussions between the opposite camps have bordered on slander. For example, in September 2000, the Pro-Choice Action Network had to publish an apology to GAP in The Vancouver Sun for an article it published in the newspaper earlier on February 24, 2000. - Genocide Awareness Project uses campuses as forum to address topic Life Advocate article, September/October, 1999 Volume XIII Number 8 - "Abortion foes plan a convoy campaign Pictures of fetuses displayed on trucks", San Francisco Chronicle, November 24, 2001. - Pro-life images disturb students - Litigious GAP Threatens Pro-CAN

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500 years ago, on 24 December 1515, Thomas Wolsey was appointed Lord Chancellor of England. Learn more about the local man with these books and DVDs. A fictionalised account of the rise of Thomas Cromwell, who became Thomas Wolsey’s right-hand man during Henry VIII’s first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and eventually orchestrated the King’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. A long read, but don’t be put off by the size of the book, it’s a truly gripping story! You can also listen to it as an audiobook. Peter Straughan condensed the first two in Hilary Mantel’s trilogy into a six-part television series for the BBC. Widely praised by television critics. Borman skilfully unpicks the political movements of Cromwell throughout his career, serving both the King and Thomas Wolsey. She expertly highlights the fatal actions that caused his downfall, as well as his own ear-bending, which led to the execution of Anne Boleyn. A lighter read than most academic biographies of Wolsey. Matusiak has made a great effort to consider Wolsey’s internal self. He is presented not just as proud and cavalier, but also as a perfectionist, who would overload himself with work and became prone to bursts of anger when under pressure and stress-related illness. Matusiak demonstrates how more and more was expected of the King’s chief advisor, until he eventually cracked. A sensational portrayal of the reign of King Henry VIII and his relationships with the court and the six women he married. Wonderfully acted and beautifully shot. Well-acted two-part series documenting the turbulent 38-year reign of King Henry VIII. Thomas Wolsey is played by Timothy West.

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Note: this challenging chapter concerns the family tree of Esau and the inhabitants of Mount Seir. The chapter – in seven main sections – describes Esau’s three wives and their children born in Canaan and their move from Canaan to Mt Seir. Emphasis is placed on identifying Esau with Edom throughout the chapter. There follow the names of Esau’s grandchildren, which included Amalek. and another list of those who became “dukes” or chieftains (one name is added and the order is slightly changed). The family tree of Esau is followed by the tree of Seir the Horite whose land Esau occupied, and the “kings”of Edom before there was a kingdom of Israel. Finally there is another different list of “dukes” that came from Esau. It would be interesting to hear of reasons why this chapter appears in Holy Writ. A. 1 Now these are the generations of Esau, who is Edom. a. 2 Esau took his wives of the daughters of Canaan; b1. Adah the daughter of Elon the Hittite, b2. and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite; b3. 3 And Bashemath Ishmael’s daughter, sister of Nebajoth. b1’. 4 And Adah bare to Esau Eliphaz; b3’. and Bashemath bare Reuel; b2’. 5 And Aholibamah bare Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah: a’. these are the sons of Esau, which were born unto him in the land of Canaan. 2a. 6 And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all the persons of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all his substance, which he had got in the land of Canaan; and went into the country from the face of his brother Jacob. 2b. 7 For their riches were more than that they might dwell together; 2b’. and the land wherein they were strangers could not bear them because of their cattle. 2a’. 8 Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir: A’. Esau is Edom. 9 And these are the generations of Esau the father of the Edomites in mount Seir: 2A. 10 These are the names of Esau’s sons; a. Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau, b. Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of Esau. a’. 11 And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz. 12 And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau’s son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau’s wife. b’. 13 And these are the sons of Reuel; Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the sons of Bashemath Esau’s wife. c. 14 And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon, Esau’s wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah. 3A. 15 These were dukes of the sons of Esau: a. the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn son of Esau; 16 Duke Korah, and duke Amalek: a’. these are the dukes that came of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these were the sons of Adah. b. 17 And these are the sons of Reuel Esau’s son; b’. these are the dukes that came of Reuel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Bashemath Esau’s wife. c. 18 And these are the sons of Aholibamah Esau’s wife; c’. these were the dukes that came of Aholibamah the daughter of Anah, Esau’s wife. 3A’. 19 These are the sons of Esau, who is Edom, and these are their dukes. 4A. 20 These are the sons of Seir the Horite, who inhabited the land; a. Lotan, and b. Shobal, and c. Zibeon, and d. Anah, 21 And e. Dishon, and f. Ezer, and 4A’. these are the dukes of the Horites, the children of Seir in the land of Edom. a’. 22 And the children of Lotan were Hori and Hemam; and Lotan’s sister was Timna. b’. 23 And the children of Shobal were these; Alvan, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shepho, and Onam. c’. 24 And these are the children of Zibeon; both Ajah, and Anah: this was that Anah that found the mules in the wilderness, as he fed the asses of Zibeon his father. d’. 25 And the children of Anah were these; Dishon, and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah. e’. 26 And these are the children of Dishon; Hemdan, and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran. f’. 27 The children of Ezer are these; Bilhan, and Zaavan, and Akan. g’. 28 The children of Dishan are these; Uz, and Aran. 5A. 29 These are the dukes that came of the Horites; a. duke Lotan, b. duke Shobal, c. duke Zibeon, d. duke Anah, e. 30 Duke Dishon, f. duke Ezer, g. duke Dishan: 5A’. these are the dukes that came of Hori, among their dukes in the land of Seir. 6A. 31 And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel. a. 32 And Bela the son of Beor reigned in Edom: and the name of his city was Dinhabah. b. 33 And Bela died, and Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in his stead. c. 34 And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of Temani reigned in his stead. d. 35 And Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad, who smote Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Avith. e. 36 And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead. f. 37 And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead. g. 38 And Saul died, and Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in his stead. h. 39 And Baalhanan the son of Achbor died, and Hadar reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Pau; and his wife’s name was Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab. 7A. 40 And these are the names of the dukes that came of Esau, 7B. according to their families, after their places, by their names; 41 Duke Aholibamah, 42 Duke Kenaz, 43 Duke Magdiel, 7B’. these be the dukes of Edom, according to their habitations in the land of their possession: 7A’. he is Esau the father of the Edomites. 2 thoughts on “Genesis 36” The chapter is a contrasting one. Why Yahweh loved Jacob and hated Esau. Like flesh v spirit. Esau married people of the land . Jacob married family. Abraham ,Isaac, andJacob dwelt in the land Esau moved around. (he was a mighty Hunter). See Nimrod. Esau went from the face of his brother. See Cain. They both had enough , too much for both in the land. See Abraham/ Lot. Jacob away 40yrs Padan – Aram. Israel in Egypt. 215yrs in wilderness 40yrs. Why didn’t, Esau live in the land. His father Isaac was still there . For another 29yrs. After Jacob c ame back. Because He hated his birthright. Other things in this chapter. The name Saul. Mules/ Asses Kings. (before Israel)….. Sure there must be more. “Saul” in Genesis 36:37 links with the New Testament Saul of Tarsus. When the Lord said that Saul of Tarsus would bear his name “before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel” (Acts 9:15) it links with Genesis 36 where “kings” and the “children of Israel” occur together in verse 31: “And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel”. That language is used from Genesis 36 in the context of Saul of Tarsus directs our attention to the ‘Saul’ in Genesis 36. This ‘Saul’ was “of Rehoboth by the river” (v. 37). The name ‘Rehoboth’ means ‘room’ and it was also used to name a well in the days of Isaac. His herdmen had previously strove with the herdmen of Gerar, but at this well there was peace between them: “and he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said, For now Yahweh hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land” (Gen. 26:22). This well typified room being made for both Jews and Gentiles. The man called ‘Saul’ living by a river at ‘Rehoboth’ is a parable of the work of the New Testament Saul. As Saul waited by the street called ‘Straight’ in Damascus, a street with its river of people flowing by, he was called to preach that there was room for both Jews and Gentiles in the purpose of God. Saul of Rehoboth by the river ironically provides a cameo of the work of Saul. The significance of this is that when Saul of Tarsus was persecuting God’s people he was spiritually an Edomite and was like Esau. When Saul of Tarsus was converted he became like Jacob.

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Most women can expect an uncomplicated pregnancy, but there are some conditions that require prompt and expert attention. These are listed below for your information. Bleeding in pregnancy is not normal and should always be reported to your midwife or doctor, who will arrange the necessary tests to be done to ensure that the correct treatment is given. When babies are presenting bottom first (breech) there can be difficulties with the birth. We will check the presentation of your baby at about 36 weeks into your pregnancy. It may be possible for your Consultant Obstetrician to manually turn your baby to a head first position (External cephalic version) at around 37 weeks. If this is not possible or unsuccessful you will be given an opportunity to discuss your birth options one of which will include a planned caesarean section. As stated previously high blood pressure in pregnancy can be serious and we will perform an assessment of your risk of developing high blood pressure so that we can decide how closely to monitor you during your pregnancy. Itching is common during pregnancy, usually affecting the trunk often combined with a rash. In rare cases where itching is severe and includes the palms of the hands but with no rash this may suggest a condition called Obstetric Cholestasis. This condition affects liver function, is very rare but can be dangerous for the baby and require early delivery. Most babies will be born between 37 and 42 weeks. However some labours begin naturally before this time. The earlier the birth the more problems there are likely to be for the baby who may require intensive care. If it is possible to delay the birth this will be attempted along with treatment to assist with maturing the baby’s lungs. Twins or triplets Being pregnant with more than one baby carries greater risks for mother and babies. It is important to monitor pregnancy closely. During pregnancy and the weeks immediately following birth you are more likely to develop a thrombosis (clot in the blood vessels). You should consult a doctor immediately if your leg is painful and or swollen in the calf area, if you are breathless, have pains in your chest or cough up any blood. One in four women experience domestic violence at some point in their lives. This may take the form of physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse. Thirty per cent of this abuse starts in pregnancy and existing abuse may worsen during pregnancy or after birth. Domestic violence should not be tolerated. It risks your health and that of your baby before and after birth (Department of Health 2007). You can speak in confidence to your GP, midwife, obstetrician, health visitor or social worker. If you wish they can help you take steps to stop the abuse or to seek refuge. If you need urgent help call the National Domestic Violence Helpline which is available 24 hours a day: Freephone 0808 2000 247. Women’s Aid Federation of England – www.womansaid.org.uk

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This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Jane Jacobs died on Tuesday, April 25, in Toronto at the age of 89. The following article is based on one of the last interviews she granted on May 2, 2005. She agreed to the interview because it was to deal with the toughest question in Canadian politics, namely the future of the French-speaking province of Québec. Jane Jacobs has been described has “one of the few true originals living among us” and as “the matchless analyst of all things urban” whose seemingly “wildly eccentric ideas on cities have been vindicated so many times, and in so many ways” (The New Yorker, 2004). Ever since the publication in 1961 of “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”, Jane Jacobs has continued to shape our understanding of a broad range of issues thanks to her informed, straight-forward, and empirical approach to the world. Never one to shy away from difficult but essential political subjects, when she moved to Toronto in 1968, she did not hesitate to grapple with the thorniest issue in Canada, the future of the French-speaking province of Quebec. When CBC asked her in 1979 to do the Massey Lectures – other Massey lecturers have included Martin Luther King, Willy Brandt, Carlos Fuentes – Jane Jacobs chose the subject of “Canadian Cities and Sovereignty-Association”, just a few months before the 1980 referendum on the separation of Quebec. And she supported the separation of Québec. Discussions on the political status of French-speaking people in North America, based primarily in Quebec, and their relationship with Canada and the United States go to the heart of what North America is all about. This is neither a merely Canadian issue, nor something for neighboring states and provinces to dispose of. It is the crisis of nationalities taking place in North America, similar to what is passionately discussed in Europe, Asia, Africa and elsewhere. As Jane Jacobs said in 1979, it has an old story that began when imperial Britain defeated imperial France at Quebec City during the Seven Years’ War. Britain thereby took over some 70,000 French-speaking inhabitants living mainly along the St. Lawrence River valley, but with pockets of traders, explorers and colonists living almost everywhere across the continent. Jane Jacobs mainly wanted to talk about Quebec’s new story that began around 1960 with Quebec’s “Quiet Revolution”. The new story tells of daring but contested legislation to protect the French language and referendums on separation in 1980 and the virtual tie in 1995, when the separatist option was defeated by a razor-thin margin, 50.6 to 49.4 percent. At the time, the Clinton administration came out very strongly against separation. With recent political developments in Canada, another referendum is a serious possibility in coming years. As the most important story of nations in North America continues to be written, one of the continent’s most imaginative and original thinkers had ideas on how that story could be written and the problem solved in a simple and principled manner. But nobody ever wanted to hear her on that subject. This absence of interest prompted Jane Jacobs to grant me an interview in May 2005. I wanted to know how her ideas had evolved over the past 25 years. She had refused interview requests for years because, though she was 89, she had two book projects underway and did not like being distracted. I first asked her how people had reacted to her lectures on Quebec separatism and to the book that followed entitled The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty-Association published in New York by Random House. She answered: “There was practically no reaction. The media practically never asks me about Quebec. You’re the first one”. In 1979 and 1980, Jane Jacobs reached the conclusion that Quebec sovereignty was necessary because of her understanding of how cities emerge and how they influence the development of nations. She looked specifically at Montreal and Toronto and foresaw the regionalization of Montreal, making it into a sort of feeder for Toronto as regional airports are to a hub. “In sum,” she wrote, “Montreal cannot afford to behave like other Canadian regional cities without doing great damage to the economic well-being of the Quebecois. It must instead become a creative economic centre in its own right… Yet there is probably no chance of this happening if Quebec remains a province.” As an example for people to follow, be they in Quebec, Canada or the United States, she also carefully reviewed how Norway peacefully separated from Sweden 100 years ago in 1905. People forget that before becoming independent Norway was part of Denmark from 1537 to 1814 and then part of Sweden until 1905. That separation probably helped both Sweden and Norway politically and economically and it was skillfully resolved, even though the conflict could have degenerated into war since tensions were high. Have things changed in the past twenty-five years? Can nations separate peacefully and maintain prosperity, even in North America? Jane Jacobs insisted that what she wrote then has been borne out. “English-speaking people didn’t react to my lectures and book because of fear. They would prefer not even to think about Quebec separation. The fear is that if Quebec were to separate, Canada would disintegrate, and there would be no more Canadian identity. That’s foolish, because there are so many examples of separatism, and nothing has disintegrated, unless they went to war. There are so many cases. Without counting those in Central Asia, there have been over thirty such cases in recent times since the issue was raised in Quebec. So we have to ask ‘what’s going on here?’ I don’t think it’s pure coincidence. It’s a widespread and deeply felt phenomenon. And there are so many different reasons explaining why people want to separate. But what do they have in common? The world is usually not like this. Here’s how I see it based feedback from the world. What they have in common is that larger units are not satisfying people, they feel that these are out of control. What they’re happy about when they get it, and they calm down, which they do if they’re not taken to war, is the satisfaction at last of having their own sovereignty. “You have to take examples. All except the would-be controlling states are very happy about this outcome. In the Balkans for instance, take the whole break-up of Yugoslavia. The only people who are unhappy about it are the Serbs and they’re unhappy because they’re not in control of all these others any more. But the Slovenes, the Croatians the rest of them are very glad to be independent.” Having lived half of her adult life in Canada and half in the United States, she has closely observed the relationship between the two countries. “People in Canada who are frightened may be right to the extent the United States will try to take advantage of this and aggrandize and maybe scare Canadians into falling in with their plans. After all the United States is irked with Canada these days because it hasn’t fallen in with its war in Iraq. But that is not an inevitability. United States will only succeed if Canada is so scared and docile that it allows it.” She developed the idea of smaller sovereignties in her recent book Dark Age Ahead. In it she explains how early medieval cities helped pull Europe out of the Dark Age because of subsidiarity, the principle that government works best when it is closest to the people it serves and the needs it addresses, and fiscal accountability, the principle that institutions collecting and disbursing taxes work most responsibly when they are transparent to those providing money. Both of these principles have almost disappeared from the modern world. The separation of Quebec would be an excellent way to restore them, argued Jane Jacobs. Citing, as an example, the political corruption scandal that rocked Canada since 2003 and was rooted in the near victory of separatism in 1995, she pointed out how the inability to solve the Quebec-Canada conflict in a civilized way, and thereby respect subsidiarity and fiscal accountability, has corrupted the whole country. “One way frightened English Canadian authorities have operated in Quebec and tried to put this whole thing to rest and say it’s all settled, which it obviously isn’t, has been to try to buy off Quebec. That seems the most promising, more than the use of force. Pierre Trudeau managed it quite well saying essentially ‘forget about sovereignty, your economic interest is elsewhere’. That’s largely a matter of buying off Quebec. But when you buy people, particularly trying to change their deep principles by buying them, it becomes very corrupt, automatically, by the very nature of the transaction. However, that has been the Canadian Liberal Party’s policy, they’ll continue to do it, it’s all they know how to do.” When she proposed the example of Norway and Sweden and basically invited all concerned to be as civilized as those two Scandinavian countries, she noted that to Sweden’s great credit, it never attempted to suppress Norwegian democracy, censor debate, interfere with communications with the Norwegian people, or poison political life with spies and secret police or corrupt it with bribes. She does not give Canada the same high marks. “You simply cannot say that about Canada. English Canada has always wanted to control French Canada. English Canada conquered French Canada. Let’s face the fact that Canada is a conquered country, and conquered countries often never forget what happened to them. Neither the conquered not the conqueror ever really forget. Any indication of revolt on the part of Quebec was either bought off, with a good deal of corruption or suppressed in some other way. Very often it was done by trying to, and succeeding, in undermining the self-confidence of Quebecers. That’s exactly what Pierre Trudeau did. Unfortunately the Quebec leader René Lévesque had so little self confidence in Quebec and in the people themselves that he fell for that and believed it be ruinous economically.” As a supporter of Quebec national sovereignty and a Quebec currency – mainly because cities swing currencies and in this case Toronto swings Canada’s currency to the detriment of Montreal and all of Quebec – Jane Jacobs is not terribly impressed by the blurring of national sovereignties and currencies in Europe. “I think it’s a mistake for all these Western European countries to blot out so many currencies in favor of who knows which one will win out, maybe Frankfurt. It will not favor all those countries. Europe had something really wonderful going for it with the different currencies. Look at all the development in Europe over so many centuries. They did get into those wars and pretty well ruined it. But they also had an awful lot of relationships which didn’t involve fighting each other, but involved learning from each other, and building on each others’ successes.” Cities must relate to each other and flourish as equals according to Jane Jacobs. That explains why European cities like Paris, Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Berlin have all had important roles, because of their independence and their equal stages of development. When cities trade with each other, they require this kind of independence or else one becomes a supplier of the other and the relationship takes on some of the terrible aspects of empire, supply cities being bound to trade exclusively with the metropolitan city. That, she adds, is the logic that governs the relationship between Toronto and Montreal. That can change if Quebec separates and Montreal gains greater independence. Done constructively, it would become a win-win situation, because trade could improve for both, and healthy trade is always a win-win situation. On the other hand, “when people get their jollies in life by fighting with other people and trying to dominate, they are very poor traders and cannot find ways for everybody to benefit.” The need for smaller sovereignties has not changed because of some imperial discourse about “globalization”, a term Jane Jacobs says some economists and politicians bandy about. They try to make people think things have changed and avoid having to explain their mistakes. “People ignore the common threads that run through economic life. Globalization is one of the first things that ever showed up. Way back when trade began to revive after the dark ages, it was very international. Globalization has gone on since around 1200 or so. It went on in classical times, before the Dark Age.” Jane Jacobs saw one prime downside of globalization: “it has more and more come to involve domination, which is an economic lose-lose situation. It simply does not work and so the imperial power, which is now the United States, collapses.” What’s more, Jane Jacobs foresaw that collapse and predicted it would start out as a very banal thing. “These investing entrepreneurs want to keep doing the same thing they’ve always been doing. At one point, for example, there aren’t enough customers for the condominiums.” As she wrote in the conclusion in Dark Age Ahead: “Societies (including our own) that were great cultural winners in the past are in special peril of failing to adapt successfully in the face of new realities. This is because nothing succeeds like success. Formerly vigorous cultures typically fall prey to the arrogant self-deception for which the Greeks had the word hubris, that we still use.” When I read these words before I met Jane Jacobs, I wondered whether the “new realities” included Quebec’s separation from Canada. I came out convinced that it was. Now that she has left us, I wonder whether political and economic leaders in Canada and the United States will know how to adapt to such realities or whether they will succumb to that arrogant self-deception. In any case, one of the best ways to avoid that self-destructive trap is to read and digest the seminal works of the late Jane Jacobs. We miss her already. ROBIN PHILPOT is a Montreal writer. His most recent book in French entitled “Le referendum vole” (Les Intouchables) contains a long interview with Jane Jacobs. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org

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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. A unit or group of complementary parts that contribute to a single effect, especially: - n. A coordinated outfit or costume. - n. A coordinated set of furniture. - n. A group of musicians, singers, dancers, or actors who perform together: an improvisational theater ensemble; a woodwind ensemble. - n. Music A work for two or more vocalists or instrumentalists. - n. Music The performance of such a work. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. a group of separate things that contribute to a coordinated whole - n. a coordinated costume or outfit; a suit - n. a group of musicians, dancers, actors, etc who perform together; e.g. the chorus of a ballet company - n. a piece for several instrumentalists or vocalists from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - adv. All at once; together. - n. The whole; all the parts taken together. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Together; all at once; simultaneously. - In music, same as concerted: as, an ensemble passage or work. - n. The union of parts in a whole; all the parts of anything taken together, so that each part is considered only in relation to the whole; specifically, the general effect of a work of art, piece of music, drama, etc. - n. In music, the union of all the performers in a concerted composition, as in a chorus with full orchestral accompaniment. - n. In mathematics, a manifold or collection of elements, discrete or continuous, finite, infinite, or superinfinite. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. a group of musicians playing or singing together - n. a cast other than the principals - n. a coordinated outfit (set of clothing) - n. an assemblage of parts or details (as in a work of art) considered as forming a whole - n. the chorus of a ballet company We're happy to have here here in Portland, but, alas, the name of our ensemble is the Oregon Symphony - the Portland Symphony is located northeast of your location! He's so thrilled that he actually uses the word "ensemble." With the result that the tout ensemble is looking unusually tidy – not that that makes much difference to the vegetables. Today we will be reviewing a complete catalog of swatches from the Martha Stewart Collection … My ensemble is a ‘bisque,’ by the way. Artistic director Aapo Häkkinen anchored the ensemble from the harpsichord, providing a solid rhythmic foundation with his dynamic continuo realization. It's hard to tell what color the Second Lady's ensemble is due to the lighting, but we're calling it a deep purple. The OSF ensemble is overwhelmed with talent (the entire cast of SHE LOVES ME deserved the thunderous standing ovation and more), the productions are sumptuously designed and executed with vision and resources, the audiences are loyal and plenty. For some men, constructing a matching ensemble is as frightening as hearing the words “some assembly required.” The key idea of an ensemble is that it samples across the uncertainty in the initial conditions. In other words, robustness of the model ensemble is not used as an argument about their validity, but rather as a point of departure for comparing the various mechanisms in detail, and exploring how and why the models differ.

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Here's a slightly more challenging alphabetical order worksheet which asks children to sort 12 well-known wildlife creatures. Three "b's" need to be decided on first! British Wildlife Alphabetical Order Worksheet 2 We've got six well known "wildlife" creatures for the kids to put into alphabetical order on this worksheet. It's a fun accompaniment to a British Wildlife topic - although of course you find these creatures all over the world! Here is a list of twelve sea creatures to put into alphabetical order. This is a more challenging version of our sea creature alphabetical order worksheet.

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