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Biography of Robert Burns Born into poverty, Robert Burns was born on January 25, 1759 at Alloway, Ayrshre, Scotland. He was the son of William Burness (or Burns), a small farmer. Robert's youth was full of hardships and severe manual labor. As a child, he received little schooling, much of his education was taught by his father; including reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, history and Christian belief. Despite his father's education, the elder Burns was unable to hold a steady income. In 1781, Robert left to Irvine to become a flax-dresser. But due to New Year's partying by the workmen, including himself, the shop was burned to the ground. In 1783, he began composing poetry in a traditional style using Ayrshire dialect of Lowland Scots. A year later, his father died. Robert and his brother Gilbert struggled to keep their father's farm. Moving to Mossigel, they held an equally tough battle for four years trying to get by. During this time, Robert had a love affair with Jean Armour. While with her, he was thinking about moving to Jamaica to become a bookkeeper on a plantation. However, he was quickly persuaded otherwise by a letter from Thomas Blacklock and his brother's suggestion in June 1786 to publish his poems in the volume, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. The volume included many of his best works including The Twa Dogs, The Address to the Deil, Hallowe'en, The Cottar's Saturday Night, To a Mouse, and The Daisy. Many were written while Burns stayed in Mossgiel. Copies of the book are now extremely scarce costing as much as £550 each. The volume was a great success. Burns' name was known throughout Scotland. He was even induced to visit Edinburgh to superintend the next edition. While there, he received an equally great welcome by Dugald Stewart, Robertson and Blair. He also made life-long friendships while at Edinburgh, including Lord Glencairn and Mrs. Dunlop. The new edition of his book brought in £400. And on his return to Ayrshire, he renewed his relationship with Jean Armour, married her, took a farm of Ellisland near Dumfries, and took lessons to be an exciseman incase his farming again proved unsuccessful. With his literature and duties in the Customs and Excise, which he was appointed in 1789, left his farm unsuccessful and in 1791 gave up. In 1790, Burns' published Tam o' Shanter. Around the same time, he was offered a job on the London Star newspaper and a job as the Chair of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh, but refused both. After giving up his farm, Burns' left to Dumfries. While there, he was requested to write for The Melodies of Scotland. In return he contributed over 100 songs and came to the forefront of lyric poets. As he grew older, Burns became sour and alienated many of his friends; mainly due to his support of the French Revolution. His health began deteriorating and fell into despondency and habits of intemperance. Robert Burns died on July 21, 1796. Before his death, money from all over Scotland came in to support his widow and children. Burns is still celebrated by Scots all over the world on his birthday with "Burns suppers." Poems by Robert Burns Next: Lord Byron

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Definition of Separation Separation is the action of couples living separately while remaining married. Separation could be a mutual separation, where a couple just lives apart; it could be a legal separation, where the couple has entered into a formal separation agreement; or it could be a trial separation, where a couple lives apart to decide if they want to separate permanently. Separation differs from a divorce which is a court judgment to terminate the marital contract. Couples who choose to separate will eventually have to settle issues such as asset distribution, child support, child custody and spousal support if they do not reconcile. If a couple decides to outline the responsibilities of each spouse and protect their interest while determining if they want to file divorce they may enter into a separation agreement. Experts warn that because a separation agreement may become the blueprint for a later divorce agreement it is important that couples seek legal counsel prior to its development to ensure they can live with its provisions if it were to become permanent. For instance, it is not unusual for a judge to assume that if each person was content with the separation agreement while they were separated they would also be content with the agreement following a divorce. Why would a couple separate? Divorce, although much more socially acceptable than it has historically been, is still viewed as wrong by some religions. Some couples will separate while they continue to “work on” their marriage in hopes of reconciling. Other couples will separate and not divorce to retain medical benefits which could be terminated after a divorce. Some couples will also remain married for a specified time period to accumulate enough time to get certain governmental benefits such as Social Security benefits.

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April is Oral Cancer Awareness Month and Stephens’ Dentistry would love to invite you in for a screening to prevent the disease. While smoking and alcohol are the biggest risk factors; a large segment of oral cancer patients are young, healthy, and nonsmoking individuals due to the prevalence of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The Center for Disease Control estimates that over 80% of the population will be affected by some strand of HPV. While 99% of these infections may be asymptomatic, there is a small chance a virus of this kind could result in oropharyngeal cancer. Although they border each other, the oral cavity and oropharynx have different tissue and cell types that change how they are affected. The tissues of the floor of the mouth or the cheek can develop into very different types of cancer. These diseases could present themselves in swelling, change of color, numbness/loss of feeling, or difficulty chewing or swallowing. At Stephens Dentistry we use the VELscope as an adjunctive device to our regular intraoral exam. The VELscope emits a blue light spectrum that normal, healthy tissue usually fluoresces under. Cells that are dead or dying do not emit the usual fluorescence, which appear black under the light and leads us to take a further look. If it is something common like a cheek bite or pizza burn, then we check it out and don’t give another thought. If we see anything that appears remotely suspicious under the VELscope, our first step is to take a picture of it and monitor it for several weeks. If the suspicious tissue either enlarges or changes color, than it would be a good time to have the tissue excised and biopsied. Unfortunately the mortality rate associated with head and neck cancer is fairly high. Of the people newly diagnosed with the disease, only about 60% will liver longer than 5 years. If oral cancer is discovered early the 5 year survival rate jumps up to around 83%. However if the disease is discovered late (which it usually is), that 5 year survival rate drops to around 50%. The best defense is regular checkups and dentists that look for unhealthy changes in your tissue. Also it is very important to monitor your own oral health, particularly for changes in size or color of your tissue. If you ever have any questions or concerns about your soft tissue, please feel free to call us and come in for an exam.

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How to Fight Zika -What Causes Gravity-Renewable Energy Properties of Acceleration Author Barry Lebost 1st Ed. Published Sept 17, 2008 A New View on Gravity 2nd Ed. Published Jan 2, 2012 How Gravity Actually Works What Causes Gravity Author Barry Lebost proposes a new principle in physics that would replace Einstein's Principle of Equivalence with The Principle of Exactness using only the universal properties of accelerating bodies in space. Einstein was convinced that gravity was inertia but could not prove that they were exactly the same- if gravity was exactly inertia then the ground would have to be moving up like the floor of a spacecraft. So he backed off of exactness and proposed equivalence instead as he was sure this was the only way to explain the curvature of space time. Barry Lebost claims that gravity is exactly inertia created by the inflation of an expanding, accelerating universe. He calls the system that nature uses to accelerate and expand: A Uniform Symmetrical Accelerated Concentric Radial Expansion (USACRE) which utilizes only the geometric configuration of forces created by acceleration and inertia to construct the spherical architecture of bodies in space and gravity. Gravity exists because of the inertia established by the secondary radial expansion of accumulated particles in the radial direction. Because human observers are integral members of the expanding accelerating universal frame, the entire motion of expansion is invisible ( as described by Jules Henri Poincare in 1897 in his paper on The Relativity of Space. All particle matter appears to be coming together because the space between them is diminishing as expansion progresses. Both Equivalence and Exactness create the curvature of space time but Exactness describes a universe that is both expanding and accelerating while Equivalence attempts to describe a variant universe from the observer position of invariance. The book lays out a progression of logical steps to demonstrate to readers how gravity is merely normal inertia created by an accelerating mass. The book focuses on how the properties of accelerating bodies in space are universal which directly point to the exactness of inertia. What has lead observers to continuously come to the wrong conclusion about gravity is that we are all integral members of two invisible accelerating frames; when you are part of the motion you cannot see or measure the motion directly. Universal accelerated expansion is invisible when observers are integral members of the universal accelerating frame and there is no outside reference frame for comparison. The second edition of Universal Properties of Acceleration/ How Gravity Actually Works and its free DVD video companion entitled A Brief Conversation With Albert Einstein starring Carl Reiner, is available at Amazon.com. ( for $19.95) Review of 1st Edition The Universal Properties of Acceleration: A New View on Gravity by: Barry Lebost Category: Nature and Animals Softcover, 150 pages, $32.40 “Einstein’s instincts as well as his mathematics told him that gravity was caused by inertia,” the author writes. “But the concept of the earth’s surface accelerating outward into space seemed absurd. What if Einstein, Newton, et al., were physically prevented from observing the acceleration of the surfaces of planets and stars? Could this be possible?” In The Universal Properties of Acceleration, after discussing the history of thought about gravity, acceleration, and inertia, Barry Lebost leads readers through a logical progression by means of thought experiments to see how gravity is the inertial effect of inflation’s acceleration. Lebost is an inventor who has worked with fluid dynamics; he also invented a wind turbine that generates heat directly from wind power and a jungle mosquito trap which may significantly reduce the spread of malaria. Regarding physics, Lebost’s ideas stand tradition on its head. He believes that Newton’s separation of gravity from inertia provided a precedent that has continued until today, blinding scientists to reality and preventing the correct understanding of physical properties. Einstein came close to putting gravity and inertia back together, recognizing the mathematical implications and apparent similarity, but couldn’t logically reconcile the two completely. He developed the principle of equivalence so that he could proceed mathematically; this resulted in a curved space-time. Under Lebost’s theory, that curvature is only apparent as an illusion created by the expansion of inflation. Expansion also is the cause of the inertial experience we call gravity. Furthermore, Lebost’s theory apparently requires an open system with massive amounts of energy input. The inflation of the big bang did not stop, but continues today in every atom. It is the driving force that shapes the phenomena we see at work in the universe, from black holes to the earth’s weather, plate tectonics, and why your eyes are on the front of your head instead of on top. The author writes, “Without a doubt, if it weren’t for the force of gravity, life forms would look quite different. Both the magnitude and the direction of force play roles in the design of physical anatomical structure.” Lebost’s theory of Accelerated Concentric Radial Expansion (ACRE) challenges the status quo in physics theory, but the logic is thorough and convincing. If the big bang theory is correct, if inflation is true, this is a major step toward a unifying theory. Some parts of the book are a bit repetitive, and some of the digital illustrations have been enlarged to the point of fuzziness. Still, anyone interested in understanding physics should give this book a long, hard look. Review by: David George Note: The Second Edition is more concise, less repetitive, and the illustrations are all high resolution.

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Sever disease, first described in 1912, is a painful inflammation of the calcaneal apophysis. It is classified with the child and adolescent nonarticular osteochondroses. (The other disease in this group is Iselin disease, which is inflammation of the base of the fifth metatarsal.) The etiology of pain in Sever disease is believed to be repetitive trauma to the weaker structure of the apophysis, induced by the pull of the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon) on its insertion. This results in a clinical picture of heel pain in a growing active child, which worsens with activity. Sever disease is a self-limited condition; accordingly, no known complication exists from failure to make the correct diagnosis. One of the most common causes of heel pain in adolescents, Sever's disease is an overuse injury to the growth plate of the calcaneus (heel). It is commonly seen in growing, active children 8-12 years of age. Soccer players, gymnasts, and children who do any sort of running or jumping activity have an increased risk of developing Sever's disease. Occurring in one or both feet, Sever?s disease occurs at the back of the heel (also known as the apophysis or the insertion of the Achilles tendon). The pain is at the heel or around the Achilles tendon. This is felt commonly during exercise, particularly activities involving running or jumping. The back of the heel may also be tender to touch and there may be localised swelling. There may be stiffness in the calf muscles first thing in the morning and you may notice limping or a tendency to tiptoe. Physical examination varies depending on the severity and length of involvement. Bilateral involvement is present in approximately 60% of cases. Most patients experience pain with deep palpation at the Achilles insertion and pain when performing active toe raises. Forced dorsiflexion of the ankle also proves uncomfortable and is relieved with passive equinus positioning. Swelling may be present but usually is mild. In long-standing cases, the child may have calcaneal enlargement. Non Surgical Treatment Ice the heel(s) well after exercise (until the area is cold and numb!) Stretch hamstring and calf muscles 2-3 times daily (exercises below) REST when pain becomes persistent or moderate (even if it means skipping games or practices.) Anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen. If symptoms persist, your child may need to see a physical therapist for additional exercises, and/or an orthopedist for othotics or temporary casting/crutches if pain is severe. Sever?s disease is self-recovering, meaning that it will go away on its own when the heels are rested or when the bone is through growing. The condition is not expected to create any long-term disability, and expected to subside in 2-8 weeks. However, pain can recur, for example at the start of a new sports season, several times if it is not taken care of. The old adage, "An once of prevention is worth a pound of cure," is most appropriate when trying to prevent the effects of Sever's Disease. If this condition is not prevented, or treated in its earliest stages, it may cause the child to stop certain sports activities until the growth plate has fused and matured (this usually occurs around the age of 16 years old). Long Term Treatment and Prevention must be directed towards protecting the growth plate at the back of the heel during a child's growing years. Being aware of the following best does this. If the child is very active in sports that require repetitive and exertive activities, then the parents must be vigilant when it comes to the child's gait, watching to see if he or she is limping, walking on their toes, or complaining of heel pain when weight-bearing. These may be "early warning signs" of Sever's Disease. Along with these signs, if your child has any of the Predisposing Hereditary Factors listed above, the chances of Sever's Disease occurring increased.

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The Hodag (also known as the Bovine Spiritualis) is native to Wisconsin. In fact, it is the official symbol of Rhinelander, Wisconsin where the first one was captured by Eugene Shepard in 1896. Its name comes from combining the words "horse" and "dog." The Hodag has the head of a bull, the back of a dinosaur, and the leering features of a giant man. Its legs are short, its claws are long, and its tail is spear-tipped. It is a supernatural beast which, in its first life, took the form of an ox that belonged to Paul Bunyan. Upon its death, the ox was burned for seven years to cleanse it of the profanity of its master. But seven years was not long enough. The soul of the ox emerged from the ashes in the shape of a Hodag, exuding a foul odor. The diet of the Hodag is very simple. It only eats white bulldogs, "and those only on Sundays." For many years Shepard displayed his Hodag at country fairs. The exhibition usually occurred in dim light, and according to malicious rumors what was actually exhibited was a large dog over which a horse's hide had been stretched, but such rumors have never been substantiated. Jack Cory, editor of the Rhinelander Daily News , once hypothesized that the Hodag was "the long-sought missing link between the ichthyosaurus and the mylodoan" of the Ice Age.

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In organizations and organisms, lateral communication works in contrast to traditional top-down, bottom-up or hierarchic communication and involves the spreading of messages from individuals across the base of a pyramid. Examples of lateral communication in organisms |This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2008)| Examples of lateral communication in organisms include: - A coordinated flock of birds or a shoal of fish all maintain their relative positions, or alter direction simultaneously due to lateral communication amongst members; this is achieved due to tiny pressure variations. - An ants, termites, bees nest is not coordinated by messages sent by the queen ant / bee / termite but by the lateral communication, mediated by scent trails of the ants. Its physical structure is an emergent property of the individual entities. - Bacterial colonies communicate with each other, coordinating for example an attack, or the production of slime using lateral communication based on chemical messengers so that as a group they can detect how many colleagues there are, and if they are likely to overwhelm a target. - The pacemaker cells in the heart, Cardiac pacemaker is a very small group of cells, where lateral communications sweeps through the cells, much like a Mexican wave as a three-dimensional circulating wave, which relays contraction signals to the whole heart. - With Slime mold millions of individual amoeba like creatures can spread out and graze the surface of a leaf. When conditions change, the amoeba all concentrate and form a slug like creature which can actually move off somewhere else before forming a spore body and releasing millions of individual spores. - The positions of human cells, and which type of cell is mediated by lateral communication. Lateral Communication in organizations and communities It is argued that communities communicate and store collective knowledge through lateral communication, and that it is an essential ingredient to make hierarchies work, by compensating for errors in hierarchies' information flows. The term lateral communication can be used interchangeably as horizontal communication. In his text entitled “Organizational Communication,” Michael J. Papa defines horizontal communication as “the flow of messages across functional areas at a given level of an organization” (Papa and Daniels 55). With this system people at the same level are permitted “to communicate directly without going through several levels of organization” (Papa and Daniels 55). Given this elasticity, members within an organization have an easier time with “problem solving, information sharing across different work groups, and task coordination between departments or project teams” (Papa and Daniels 56). The use of lateral or horizontal communication in the workplace “can also enhance morale and afford a means for resolving conflicts (Koehler et al., 1981) (Papa and Daniels 56). According to research done by John E. Spillan, Mary Mino, and M. Susan Rowles, “lateral communication involves not only the movement of information from the upper levels to the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy but also is defined primarily as the quality of information sharing among peers at similar levels (McClelland and Wilmont, 1990). Specifically, lateral communication occurs among coworkers, during staff meetings and informational presentations, throughout shift changes, and among employees regardless of peer types. In short, lateral communication’s purpose is to keep organizational personnel informed of all current practices, policies, and procedures” (Spillman and Mino 100). “Communicating effectively laterally involves the exchange of information between and among all organizational members. While we may perceive that organizational information flows vertically or from top to bottom, in reality, information moves laterally. In other words, as information directives are communicated from an upper to a lower position on the hierarchy, peers at each hierarchical level should quickly interpret and communicate these directives between and among peers at similar hierarchical levels. Thus, it is critical for an organization to understand its structure and culture, which are the two major determinants of the quality of lateral communication” (Spillman and Mino 101). Quality of Lateral Communication: Structure and Culture Structure 1. Mechanistic Structure “A mechanistic or hierarchical organizational structure emphasizes specialization in position. Examples include healthcare and governmental organizations where information is communicated based on chain of command. This organizational structure type is not conducive to lateral communication and, in fact, discourages it. Since direction and coordination is achieved through upper hierarchical levels, peer information sharing is limited. Overall, a mechanistic structure promotes vertical communication or top down communication with strict alignment and unity of command within the organization” ( Spillman and Mino 101). 2. Organic Organizational Structure “An organic organizational structure is built upon an entrepreneurial concept. Here, the decisions made are decentralized and coordinated by mutual adjustment rather than command and control. Examples include a small business or a manufacturing facility where communication is promoted at all levels of the organization. This organizational structure allows for greater autonomy, promotes individual initiative, and allows employees to be involved in the decision-making process thus enabling employee decision-making to contribute to or detract from organizational goals. In short, an organic organizational structure can encourage and facilitate lateral communication” (Spillman and Mino 101). “Organizational culture refers to the organization's shared visions, values, beliefs, goals, and practices (Gilsdorf, 1998). Deals and Kennedy (1982) have connected culture with effective communication. Strong cultures and effective communication result in employees who are more productive because they know exactly what is expected of them in organizational settings. Gilsdorf (1998) has implied that the more employees perceive a positive or strong organizational culture, the more productive they will be. Poole (1985) has contended that an organization's quality of communication is summed-up in its culture. In many cases, a strong positive organizational culture or climate can encourage employees to communicate effectively laterally when sharing achievements and disappointments. Thus, as Comer (1991) has asserted, managers should actively encourage employees to communicate effectively laterally with their peers. In sum, lateral communication allows for a spirit of collaboration and teamwork by empowering employees at every level of the organizational hierarchy to work effectively together (see, for example, Thamara, 2000)” (Spillman and Mino 102). Problems with Horizontal Communication Although this system of communication can be effective, problems can often ensue within organizations. According to Papa’s book “Organizational Communication,” “horizontal communication problems occur because of territoriality, rivalry, specialization, and simple lack of motivation.” In addition to these problems and in general, “organizations that traditionally have functioned under rigid authority structures with fixed lines of communication may find that the values and expectations that members have acquired under such systems inhibit attempts at horizontal communication.” (Papa and Daniels 56). Other problems with this form of communication can happen between multinational corporations. “Horizontal communication between subsidiaries of the same multinational corporation (MNC) is a problem faced by staff as the demands for communicating across borders are pushed downwards in the organizational hierarchy.” (Mirjaliisa and Marschan-Piekkari 9). Territoriality often occurs when members of an organization “control task-related activity within a defined and fixed jurisdictional area” and as a result “regard others’ involvement in that area as territorial encroachment.” “Departments value their turf and strive to protect it. This problem may be compounded through interdepartmental rivalries that arise from win/lose competition for rewards and resources” (Papa and Daniels 56). Rivalry within organizations occurs for example when the different levels of an organization fail “to cooperate with one another”(Papa and Daniels 56). For example, Papa gives an example of “corporate executives in a national department store chain” who “encountered territorial rivalry when they discovered that local stores within each of the company’s major sales districts refused to cooperate with one another on sales promotions”(Papa and Daniels 56). “Stores within the same sales region literally were in competition with one another as well as with other department store chains” (Papa and Daniels 57). Rivalries such as the example stated in this paragraph inhibit the effectiveness of horizontal communication. Specialization is a problem that often happens when organizations do not have uniformity within departments, causing communication difficulties. Specialization can occur with procedures or vocabulary used by different departments. For example when “different specialties use the same terms in different ways,” this can create confusion and miscommunication. When this occurs organizations have trouble functioning properly and do not run smoothly (Papa and Daniels 57). Lack of Motivation “Horizontal communication often fails simply because organization members are unwilling to expend the additional effort that it requires.” “Horizontal communication may require contact with people in units that are well removed from our own. The channels and rules of interaction may be unclear. We do not really know these people. The need to communicate with them makes us uneasy or takes too much time, so we avoid or ignore it”(Papa and Daniels 57). - Central media - Collective intelligence - Delphi technique - Hierarchical incompetence - Information Routing Group - Interlock diagram - Interlock research - Lateral diffusion - Law of unintended consequences - Relevance paradox - Tacit knowledge - The IRG Solution - hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it - The Wisdom of Crowds - Montana, Patrick J.; Bruce H. Charnov (2000). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-1276-8. Missing or empty - Teissié, J.; B. Gabriel; M. Prats (July 1993). "Lateral Communication By Fast Proton Conduction: A Model Membrane Study.". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 18 (7): 243–246. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(93)90171-I. PMID 8212130. - Papa, Michael J., Tom D. Daniels, and Barry K. Spiker (1997). Organizational Communication Perspectives and Trends (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 1-4129-1684-4. - Spillan, John E., Mary Mino, and Susan M. Rowles (2002). Sharing Organizational Messages Through Effective Lateral Communication. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication 3. pp. 96–104. - Mirjaliisa, Charles, and Marschan-Piekkari Rebecca (2002). Language Training for Enhanced. Business Communication Quarterly 65. pp. 9–29.

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What if we could improve our memory, reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, and keep our brains young with just a few simple mindfulness techniques? Deepak Chopra recently appeared on the Dr. Oz show discussing memory and the brain. With the recent release of his new book, Super Brain, co-authored by Harvard neuroscientist Rudy Tanzi, there has been a lot in the air about the connection between the mind, aging and brain health. Deepak and Rudy discuss some key themes from the book, including memory, love, and sleep, on The Chopra Well series, SUPER BRAIN. As it turns out, we have more of a say in the strength and resilience of our brains than we may have thought. Here are three myths to dispel before we can harness the power of our “super brains.” If we can wrap our minds around these, then we are off to a great start. Myth #1: Over the course of our lives, our brains continuously lose cells that will never be replaced. Truth: We do lose brain cells as a natural course of wear and tear (about one per second), but these cells are replaced and can even increase in a process called “neurogenesis.” Several thousand new nerve cells come into being every day in the hippocampus, home of short-term memory. We can promote the birth of these new cells by choosing to learn new things, take risks, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes avoiding emotional stress and trauma, which have been shown to inhibit neurogenesis. Myth #2: The brain is hardwired and cannot be changed. Truth: Our brains are actually incredibly flexible, if we can just learn to nurture and foster their development. The term for this “re-wiring” is neuroplasticity and is dependent on our own will to try new things, tackle new goals and experience change. The brain’s circuitry can be reshaped by our thoughts, desires, and experiences. This property has been vividly illustrated by dramatic recoveries after injuries, but it also comes to bear every time you take a new route to work or learn a new skill. Myth #3: Memory loss with age is irreversible. Truth: It is possible to prevent and even reverse memory loss! Ever misplaced your keys and blamed it on old age? The fact is, you have to learn something in the first place before you can forget it. So it may be that you just never learned where you placed your keys. Practice mindfulness as the first step toward building a resilient memory. Also, memories associated with feelings are much stronger than memories based in simple, hard fact. We must take an interest in everything going on around us, stay alert, and resist feeling hopeless or apathetic about the aging process. Our brains are capable of miracles, regardless of age. By The Chopra Well

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Scientific name: Peziza badioconfusa Korf Derivation of name: The derivation of Peziza is somewhat uncertain. One source indicates it is an ancient term for a mushroom with little or no stalk. Badi- means "reddish-brown" and confusa implies this fungus can be confused with Synonyms: Peziza phyllogena Cooke Common name(s): Common brown cup Occurrence on wood substrate: Saprobic; solitary or clustered on the ground or well-decayed wood (especially moss-covered stumps); spring through Dimensions: Up to 10 cm wide; deep to shallowly cup-shaped, flattening with age; stalkless. Sterile outer surface: Reddish-brown; dull, Fertile inner surface: Reddish-brown; smooth. Although this fungus resembles Peziza badia, P. badia fruits in the fall. The two species also differ in spore morphology. More information at RogersMushrooms.com: Figure 1. Typical specimen of Peziza badioconfusa. The cups become quite irregular in shape when growing in clusters. Photo © William Roody

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Scientists predict future behavior of turbulent fluid flow Mar 15, 2017 | Atlanta, GA An old adage holds that the flap of a butterfly’s wing in Brazil can trigger a tornado in Texas weeks later. Though chaos theory says it’s basically impossible to compute exactly how that might happen, Georgia Tech scientists are making new advances in getting math around the swirly phenomenon behind it called turbulence. Recent progress by physicists from the Georgia Institute of Technology could one day help sharpen weather forecasts and extend their range by making better use of masses of weather and climate data. Turbulence can curve as a puff of air, swirl past a river bend or churn as a hurricane, and though its curlicues may appear random, turbulence lays down signature patterns that the physicists are investigating. They have developed a simple mathematical model that has helped them show how turbulent flows will evolve over intervals. And, in a novel experiment, they verified their predictions physically in a two-dimensional turbulent flow produced in a lab. ‘Butterfly Effect’ catchphrase The new Georgia Tech research befits the origins of that adage. It was coined more than 55 years ago by MIT meteorology professor Edward Lorenz after he established that tiny forces influenced major weather enough to throw long-range forecasts for a loop. The title of his paper, “Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wing in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” morphed into the well-known catchphrase. Michael Schatz and Roman Grigoriev, professors in Georgia Tech’s School of Physics, along with graduate researchers Balachandra Suri and Jeffrey Tithof, published their research results online in the journal Physical Review Letters on Wednesday March 15, 2017. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation. Order in chaos For hundreds of years, while scientists used math to get a grip on Newton’s falling apple, substantiate the Theory of Relativity and theorize the existence of the Higgs boson, turbulence has been like wet soap in math’s grasp. But for all its elusiveness, turbulence impresses with visibly coherent, recurring, recognizable shapes. Fluid swirls quickly establish themselves then shift or disappear, but they reappear persistently at different locations, producing transient and varying, yet repeating patterns. “People have seen these patterns in turbulent flows for centuries, but we’re finding ways to relate the patterns to mathematical equations describing fluid flows,” Grigoriev said. Some recurrent patterns, in particular, interest Grigoriev and Schatz. They’re called exact coherent structures (ECSs). They give the physicists convenient entry points into computing predictions about what turbulence will do next. Turbulent flow snapshots But what are these exact coherent structures? Visually, in turbulence, they may show up as fleeting moments when the patterns stop changing. And it can look like the flow is temporarily slowing down. To the untrained eye, an ECS doesn’t look much different from the rest of the swirls and curls, but one can learn to spot them. “That’s exactly how we go about finding them,” Schatz said. “We watch the turbulence, continually taking snapshots. The flow is moving around, moving around. We look for the instant when it slows down the most, and we pick out a snapshot.” “We feed that into the mathematical model,” Schatz said, “and it indicates that we’re close, and shows what the math looks like at that point.” That math solution describes a point in the turbulent flow that can be worked with to compute a prediction of what the turbulence will do next. To understand what an exact coherent structure is dynamically, we need to step back from what turbulence looks like visually with bunches of curls and swirls. Instead, let’s look at a turbulent flow as a single physical entity by translating it into a crude metaphor, a swinging pendulum -- with some marked oddities. Pendulum on its head This is going to get a bit abstract: First, invert the pendulum. Instead of picturing the bottom point of a normal pendulum’s swing, the equilibrium, as a stable point in a stable swing, now, with the upside-down pendulum, the equilibrium is the top-most point. And it’s unstable. Also, it doesn’t swing in just two directions but in all directions. A turbulent flow’s reliable patterns reflect dynamics that are back-and-forth-to-and-fro but in all kinds of variations. As the metaphorical pendulum swings up toward its peak, it comes to a near but never complete stop. Instead it flops over to some other side. That near-halt point is analogous to an exact coherent structure, but there are a few more kinks in the metaphor. “If we change initial dynamics ever so slightly, an inverted pendulum can swing past its unstable equilibrium at the peak, or it can stop and then start moving in the opposite direction. In the same way, the turbulent flow can evolve in various different ways after passing by an ECS,” Grigoriev said. Multiple exact coherent structures with varying qualities turn up in a turbulent flow. Turbulence roads to ECS cities That all may feel unusual for a reason. “Usually, people like to look at stable things that are unchanging like the even, symmetric normal pendulum,” Schatz said. “It turns out it’s really these unstable patterns that form a rough core alphabet that we use to build a sort of predictive theory.” Staying with the dynamics of that floppy inverted pendulum, now picture each exact coherent structure as being a city on a map. There are paths that guide the turbulent flow “traffic” toward, from, and around each city just like roadways. “This road map around and between cities does not change in time, which enables us to predict the evolution of the flow,” Grigoriev said. ECSs occur regularly, almost like clockwork, opening up the possibility of refining predictions at regular intervals. Exact coherent structures were already known to exist, Schatz said. “What no one has done before is demonstrate in a lab experiment how they can be harnessed to describe dynamics, the behavior evolving in time, which is really what you need for prediction.” Mining weather data In the 19th century, math equations were developed to describe the basic flow of fluids. Those who took high school physics may remember Newton’s Second Law relating forces, acceleration and mass. The Navier-Stokes equations, used in this study, apply it to fluids. Turbulence is challenging to describe mathematically because its swirls contain myriad dimensions, with the flow in each small region appearing to dance to its own tune. But there is clear order that emerges upon finding exact coherent structures. To make their predictions, Schatz and Grigoriev’s research team devised a way to mathematically connect that high dimensionality to the much simpler roadway concept. They broke down the turbulent flow into regions, each small enough to apply the equations, then used their solutions to precisely place the flows on the road map. Today, the compendium of data on weather and climate, the shape of ocean floors, dimensions of the atmosphere, effects of gravity, rotation, or concentrations of dissolved minerals is impressive and growing. Predictive methods like those in this research offer paths into that data to extract better predictions from it. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation under grants CMMI-1234436 and DMS-1125302. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.114501.

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In the midst of the digital revolution, it seems that the utility of analog mathematical circuits has been shunted aside. This is not surprising. Generally, digital computing has many advantages over analog computing. However, in the realm of microcomputers, some of these calculations are not trivial and can sometimes be downright nasty to implement. So, there are still useful and important applications for analog mathematics in today’s digital world. In fact, the marriage between analog computing and microprocessors (µCs) can be remarkably efficient. For example, suppose you need to calculate the logarithm of a voltage to stabilize your robot. You could try to perform a direct calculation which would take a lot of time. You could use a look-up table which would use a lot of memory. Alternatively, you could employ some sort of recursive estimation which takes a variable amount of time and fairly complex programming. However, using an op-amp and a transistor you can find the logarithm of your voltage as fast as the op-amp can settle. This article will discuss techniques of analog pre-processing in order to streamline your whole µC system. The accuracy of a measurement is how close it matches some standard. That is, if the meter reads 1.000 volts the voltage should really be 1.000 volts, not 1.100 volts. Open-ended analog systems usually have an accuracy of a few percent. This initially seems quite bad. But many µC analog-to-digital converters (A/D) use the positive power supply for a reference voltage. This supply can easily vary by a few percent. The situation is much worse if batteries are used. If a voltage reference is employed (a device that provides a precisely defined voltage), then analog and digital accuracy can be about the same (for simple µC systems). However, it is rare for the accuracy of analog systems to be better than about 0.01% (13 bits). More typically, analog accuracies are about 0.1% (10 bits). Resolution refers to the ability to separate two closely spaced values. Generally, this is defined by the number of digits or bits. An eight-bit A/D has a resolution of 1/256. So, if the A/D reference is 5.000 volts then each bit is 0.0195 volts (5V divided by 256) or about 20 mV. This is pretty bad. Analog systems have “infinite” resolution. That means that there is nothing inherent to the system that limits the resolution. Obviously, no system has true “infinite” resolution. Noise and other factors create a practical limit. But this limit can be very tiny. It is not unreasonable to have analog resolution down to 1 ppm (Part Per Million). This corresponds to about 20 bits in a digital system. (This is seen in ordinary audio recordings. Digital systems of 16 bits are the minimum for Hi-Fi playback. Twenty-four bits and higher are now commonplace.) Repeatability is the big weakness of analog systems and the big strength of digital systems. Unit to unit repeatability is often limited to a few percent for analog systems (without a reference). Worse, over time and temperature an analog circuit can change by many percent. This is generally the result of component value change. Digital systems do not have this problem. However, there is a problem associated with analog repeatability when multiple stages are used. In this case, the errors are multiplied by the number of stages (or worse). So, if you are cascading analog math circuits, don’t expect high precision. This is generally not a problem with digital math because the only error associated with multiple operations is the rounding error of half a LSB (least significant bit). If the word length of the numeric values are large enough (16 to 24 bits), this can generally be ignored. Associated with repeatability is the consideration of noise. Analog systems are susceptible to many sources of noise at all levels. This causes variations in repeatability. Depending on the circuit, this noise may or may not be an important factor. Digital systems are only concerned with noise when it approaches a significant percent of the bit value. Once digitized, noise is rarely a concern. Digital values can be repeated virtually forever without degradation. Analog values (like tape recordings) show a continuous loss of repeatability every time it is reproduced because noise is added every time. However, this repeatability concern is not really a factor here because we are examining analog pre-processing rather than analog reproduction. The simplest analog pre-processing is converting your analog signal to match your A/D. If your A/D has a range of zero to five volts, it will work best if your input signal is in that range. If your input voltage goes from zero to one volt, then 80% of the A/D’s resolution is being wasted. (For convenience and unless otherwise specified, it will be assumed that an eight-bit A/D is available on your µC and that it will operate with an input of zero to five volts and a bit value of 19.5 mV.) This procedure is called scaling. Simple mathematical operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing are used. The simplest scaling problem to solve is when the signal is too large for the A/D. For example, suppose your sensor provides 0 to 10 volts. Here, a simple voltage divider is all that is needed. Figure 1 shows a typical scaling circuit. However, there are a couple of points to address. FIGURE 1. A simple voltage divider can be made up of two resistors or a potentiometer. The voltage out is equal to Vin * Rb/(Ra+Rb). Accuracy depends upon the precision of the resistors. Two 1% resistors can yield a worst-case error of 2%. If the desired divider ratio is not simple, it may not be possible to find exact resistor values (your needs may fall between two standard values). Of course, you can always add additional resistors in series or parallel to obtain exactly what you need. A potentiometer can certainly provide the exact ratio, if you are willing to live with the initial setup effort and the possibility of vibration changing the setting. The formula for determining the resistor ratios is: Vout = Vin * Rb/(Ra+Rb). More importantly — and more subtly — it’s important to match the resistance values of the divider to that of the sensor and A/D. Most µCs expect to see a fairly low impedance for the A/D input. Typically, this is about 10K. Thus, your divider resistors should be significantly lower than this or else conversion errors can happen. However, your sensor must be able to provide enough drive for the divider resistors (generally a few mA). (Note that if this is a problem with the divider, it is likely there is a problem when directly connected to the A/D, as well.) For added drive, an op-amp can be used to buffer the signal as shown in Figure 2. This allows large resistance values to be used for the divider. FIGURE 2. Adding an op-amp as a buffer provides more drive to the divider circuit. Once an op-amp is added, more considerations are necessary. The first is that the input and output range of the op-amp must match the range of the sensor and A/D. Modern rail-to-rail op-amps can come to within one or two bits of zero and Vcc. Normally, this is adequate. Older op-amps may not accept an input value within a volt or so of Vcc (most can accept an input voltage of zero volts) so the maximum input value is reduced. Their output voltages require substantial headroom for both Vcc and ground. For example, consider the popular LM741 op-amp. Its output can’t come closer than two volts to either voltage rail. The LM324’s output can go to as low as 20 mV, but can’t come closer than three volts to Vcc. So, if you are using an LM324 at five volts, the input range is zero to three volts and the output is 0.02 to two volts. (Note this illustrates one of the many reasons why the LM741 and LM324 should never be used for serious work.) A separate power supply for the op-amp is always useful because it allows you to compensate for headroom problems. Additionally, it can reduce noise that may come from the digital switching in the µC. Figure 3 shows a simple method to isolate the op-amp power from the µC power. FIGURE 3. Isolating and filtering the power supplies reduces noise to the op-amp. If the op-amp negative supply is ground, then the V- components should be eliminated and the op-amp V- pin should be connected directly to ground. All of this may seem to be adding more project difficulty than removing it. Proper circuit design demands attention to detail. Examining all the aspects of a circuit is critical for the proper operation of that circuit. It is important to understand the implications of a circuit before implementing it. For example, you know that most µC A/D converters use Vcc as the reference voltage, didn’t you? And that typical three-terminal voltage regulators are accurate to only ±5%. The point is that all the strong and weak issues must be analyzed before you start soldering things together. If you are not familiar with op-amps, it is necessary to explain these points before continuing. This is somewhat similar to examining power-on-reset for a µC before starting a project. There will be no further discussion of op-amp requirements. Making a signal smaller is easy. But how do you make a signal larger if your input signal is only a little smaller than ideal, say 0 to 3.0 volts instead of 0 to 5.0 volts? There is a very easy method that is available on most mCs. Simply use a lower external voltage reference. Figure 4 shows some methods of doing this. FIGURE 4. Supplying a reference voltage less than Vcc can be done in a number of ways. The best use diodes for better stability. Other methods are also possible. The value returned by the A/D is the ratio of the input signal to the reference (or input divided by reference). So, if the reference is changed to three volts (instead of Vcc which is five volts), you will be able to use the full range of the A/D. You will need to check on the reference specifications of your particular A/D to see how low you can go. Ideally, you want the reference to equal the maximum input signal. Note that generally A/D converters are tolerant of input voltages higher than the reference. They usually return a maximum value but are not damaged. However, virtually all A/Ds can be damaged by input voltages higher than Vcc. Using a lower reference voltage provides some safety margin should the input be larger than expected. If your input is very small, you will need to add a gain circuit which multiplies the signal by some factor. Figure 5 shows a typical non-inverting op-amp gain stage. FIGURE 5. A typical non-inverting op-amp. The gain, or multiplication, is defined as: Vout = Vin * (Ra+Rb)/Ra. The formula for finding the resistor ratios is: Vout = Vin (Ra+Rb)/Ra. High resistor ratios (megohms) can result in noise problems. Low resistor values (100s of ohms) will cause relatively high current consumption. Gain stages of 1,000 to 10,000 are reasonable if the frequencies are low. For higher frequencies, multiple stages will be required because the slew rate (a.k.a., gain bandwidth product) of a single amplifier will be exceeded. Adding or subtracting a voltage from your sensor is not too difficult. Let’s assume your sensor produces an AC wave of ±2.5 volts and you want to see zero to five volts. Basically, you want to add 2.5 volts to the signal so that it will always be positive. You can sort of do that with just resistors as shown in Figure 6. The result will be positive but not zero to five volts. FIGURE 6. Voltage summing is simple. Just be sure that the resistor connected to ground is much less than the input resistors so that it will not limit the current. The input resistors do not have to be the same. If they are different, the voltages will sum proportionately. Note that the output is also divided by the resistor to ground. Rsum collects all the currents coming from the other resistors and converts it to a voltage. Therefore, Rsum must be much lower than the other resistors so that it will not limit the current and give poor results. Typically, Rsum is about 1% of the other resistors. The second point is that the circuit acts as a voltage divider, as well as a summer. So as diagramed, the output will be about 1% of the input. The input resistors do not have to be the same. If they are different, the lower-valued input resistor will have a proportionally larger effect on the sum. To determine any individual resistor ratio (see voltage dividers above to calculate the actual voltage), assume all the other input resistors are disconnected. The incorrect output voltage can be fixed by adding a gain stage as shown in Figure 7. FIGURE 7. By adding a gain stage after the resistor summer, the output can be scaled properly. The op-amp gain setting resistors can be the same ratio as the summing resistors. Many other variations are possible. The output is the algebraic sum of the two (or more) inputs. Conveniently, the resistor ratios for the feedback circuit are the same as the individual voltage dividers (in this case, 100:1). Different feedback resistor values can be used as long as the ratios are the same. As shown, the ±2.5V signal has been shifted by +2.5 volts so the output is zero to five volts. You can, of course, use different feedback resistors and the output will be changed accordingly. This is seen as an overall scale factor change or: Vout = (Vin1 + Vin2) * gain. If you used different values for the input summing resistors, you will have to take that into consideration, as well. This is seen as a multiplication/division of an individual input according to the difference in the current supplied to the summing resistor. As you can see, very complicated relationships can be created. Another way to eliminate the problem of negative input voltages is to simply remove them. The mathematical term rectification is generally associated with removing negative parts of a signal. This can be accomplished with a diode connected in series with the input signal. It’s a quick and dirty solution that also eliminates a positive portion of the signal, as well. Because of the forward voltage drop associated with diodes (typically 0.7 volts), the diode strips off 0.7 volts of the positive part of the signal, as well. This may or may not be a problem. (Losing the bottom 0.7 volts of a signal is equivalent to losing 3.5 bits of resolution in our eight-bit A/D.) A precision rectifier (Figure 8) puts the diode in the feedback loop of an op-amp. FIGURE 8. A simple precision half-wave rectifier puts the diode in the feedback loop. That eliminates the 0.7 volt forward voltage drop seen with a bare diode. The circuit will properly rectify millivolt signals (or less). The result is that the 0.7 volt diode drop is eliminated. The whole positive part of the input signal is passed. You should include a negative supply for the op-amp because you should never apply an input signal that is below the negative rail. That being said, most op-amps have protective clamping diodes at the inputs to prevent damage and latch-up from negative voltages. So, if the current is kept very low (<< 1 mA) there is usually no problem for hobbyist-type applications. (Look at the datasheet to verify that there are protective diodes.) Full-wave rectification is mathematically known as the absolute value of the input signal. You can get the absolute value of an AC signal by applying it to a full-wave rectifier. This is done all the time with power supplies. There is still the problem of the voltage drop associated with the diodes, though. Worse, the signal passes through two diodes, so the signal ±1.4 volts around ground is lost. A typical absolute value circuit is shown in Figure 9A. This eliminates the voltage drop problem associated with the diodes. FIGURE 9A. A traditional absolute value circuit is shown on top. It requires a negative power supply. The lower circuit (FIGURE 9B) is much simpler and does not require a negative supply. However, it must be able to tolerate a negative voltage applied to the input. Note that a negative power supply is required for this circuit. Some op-amps — like the LMC6282 and family — are designed to allow a negative voltage to be applied to an input as long as it is current limited. This can be used to simplify the absolute value circuit and eliminate the need of a negative supply voltage. Figure 9B shows this circuit. Note that the input signal and op-amp output are actually joined at the output. When the op-amp is outputting a positive half-cycle, it overwhelms the input portion. When the op-amp output is “off” (because of the reversed-biased diode), the input half-cycle signal passes through the two resistors to the output. This means that the half-cycles have different drive capabilities: high drive from the op-amp and low drive from the input (through the resistors). Therefore, this circuit must be connected to a high impedance load to maintain proper half-cycle amplitudes. Alternatively, it can be buffered with another op-amp. Fundamentally, integration is usually not much more than applying the signal to a capacitor. Figure 10 shows a typical integrator. FIGURE 10. An integrator is easy to implement. The switch is necessary to remove the charge on the capacitor (the resistor limits the discharge current). An electronic switch such as an FET can also be used. The switch (which can certainly be electronic — like an FET) removes the charge on the capacitor before the integration function starts. Resistor R3 limits the current through the switch during capacitor discharge and is especially necessary for electronic switches. As shown, the output of the circuit will be the sum of the voltage applied to the input times the length of time applied, times 1/R1C. (R1 is the resistor value in ohms and C is the capacitor value in farads.) Use a quality capacitor with low leakage and low dielectric absorption. It is also important to keep R1 and R2 the same so that the bias currents are the same. Otherwise, the output can drift considerably, especially over temperature. The circuit works best with high input resistance op-amps (> teraohm). This circuit can also be characterized as a low pass filter with a corner frequency of 0 Hz. There are a couple of points to ponder. If the input signal is removed or set to zero, the output voltage remains unchanged. This makes sense when you stop to think about it. Adding a lot of zeros to a sum doesn’t change the sum. In order to reduce the output, a negative voltage must be applied (and a negative power supply should be used for the op-amp, as well). A reverse or inverted integrator can be created by applying the signal to the inverting input of the op-amp. In this way, a positive input signal will decrease the output. Note that the capacitor must be charged up for this to work, so the switch has to be changed (or better, a signal applied to the non-inverting input to charge the capacitor). A differentiator is also fairly easy to implement in theory, as shown in Figure 11A. FIGURE 11A. A theoretical differentiator uses only a resistor and capacitor. A more practical version (FIGURE 11B) uses an extra resistor and capacitor for stability. However, there are problems. This circuit can be characterized as a high pass filter with the corner frequency at 0 Hz and a positive slope of 6 dB per octave. As such, noise can be a significant problem leading to instability (oscillation) and degraded performance. For that reason, an added RC network (R3, C2) is used to reduce the gain at high frequencies (see Figure 11B). The output of the circuit is the input times R1C1 times d/dt. An inverted function can be obtained by applying the signal to the inverting input resistor and grounding the non-inverting input (as with the integrator above). Now that you know how to sum, multiply, integrate, and differentiate, you can combine them into a PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller. As you can see, it only takes a few parts to create a very sophisticated analog calculator. Analog PIDs can be very fast — as fast as the op-amps and settling times of the capacitors. Often, this is much faster than the µCs. Obviously, the big drawback with the analog system is that it can’t be changed easily. Plus, there is always the concern about component value drift, especially over temperature. Nevertheless, analog PIDs have been around for decades and can be very effective. Previously, we examined multiplication of a value by a constant but suppose you want to multiply two different values together. This is very different. We’ll look at a simple method that is easy to implement. There are more precise and complex circuits that can be built with op-amps, but it makes little sense to do so when you can buy a chip that does it all very cheaply. Analog multipliers/dividers are available for a few dollars. (For example, Analog Devices AD633 costs $7.75 at Jameco. Note that most commercial analog “multipliers” allow you to square and take the square root of a value, too.) There are three things to mention. The first is about proper sign management. There are four possible combinations of signs (or quadrants) when combining two numbers: +X +Y, +X -Y, -X +Y, and -X -Y. The output should provide the proper sign. Not all circuits perform full “four quadrant” calculations. Often, this is not a circuit necessity. Most often — but not always — the magnitude of the result is correct. The second issue is that the terms multiplication and division often seem to be interchanged. This is because the division by a number greater than one can be represented by the multiplication of a number less than one. Figure 12 is an example of a “multiplier” circuit. FIGURE 12. Two voltage dividers end up being called a multiplier because multiplying fractions can be the same as dividing by values greater than one. From the point of view of two fractional numbers, this is true. However, the result is always smaller than the original values so the concept of division is also true. As shown, the output of Figure 12 is the fractional product of the two resistive dividers times the input voltage. The last issue is that many circuits are not scaled for proper output. Their outputs are proportional to the function specified. Like the simple resistor summing circuit mentioned much earlier, the output is not the true sum of the inputs unless additional scaling operations are employed. A simple way of multiplying two numbers is to create a variable gain amplifier. This can be accomplished by simply making the feedback resistor changeable. Figure 13A illustrates this. FIGURE 13A. Multiplication can be accomplished by changing the gain of the circuit with a variable resistor. FIGURE 13B does the same thing with an FET that changes its resistance according to the voltage applied to the gate. The output is the input multiplied by the gain of the amplifier which is (RA+RB)/RA. If your sensor is a variable resistor of some type (like a thermistor), the circuit can be used as-is. If you have a voltage for VIN2, then you can use an FET instead (Figure 13B). Note that the multiplication is not exactly linear because doubling RB does not exactly double the gain. There are many variations on this theme of gain changing for multiplication. Using a photocell instead of an FET is also practical. Important note: The leads to the variable resistor are inside the feedback loop of the op-amp and are extremely susceptible to noise and can easily cause op-amp oscillation. The leads must not be longer than a couple of inches. Most higher function analog mathematics incorporate a log/antilog circuit. This allows you to multiply/divide and exponentiate easily. The procedure is to take the log of the value, perform simple addition/subtraction and/or multiplication/division, and then take the antilog. With this method, adding and subtracting is equivalent to multiplying and dividing. Multiplying and dividing becomes equivalent to raising to a power or extracting a root. So, taking the 3.5th root of a number can be accomplished by taking the log of the number, dividing by 3.5, and taking the antilog of that result. There is a logarithmic relationship between the emitter base voltage of most silicon transistors. In theory, this allows a simple method to generate logs and antilogs. Figure 14A shows a simple log generator with the measured results. For every factor of 10 increase in the input, there is a “constant” increase of about 55 mV in the output. The error is about 10%. This is not great accuracy, but for feedback systems this may be perfectly adequate. Additionally, the circuit is quite temperature-sensitive, changing about 0.3% per degree C. (The capacitor helps to stabilize the op-amp and the diode protects the transistor from excessive reverse current from the op-amp. Neither is probably absolutely necessary.) Some of this error can be eliminated by a self-calibration routine in software. The antilog circuit shown in Figure 14B should work but requires considerable effort. FIGURE 14A. The log circuit on the left is simple and works reasonably well. Actual measures are provided. The anti-log circuit (FIGURE 14B) provided poor results, although others have reported better performance. It probably isn’t practical. However, it has been reported that with the proper matching of transistors, a log/antilog circuit (connecting Figures 14A and 14B in series) provided reasonable results. More complex and much more accurate log/antilog circuits can be constructed. Typically, these consist of a couple of op-amps, a half dozen resistors, two transistors, and a special temperature-compensating resistor. The accuracy of these circuits can be very good — about 1% over six to seven decades of operation. However, in practice, these are probably too complex for typical mC applications. (See References for further reading.) The charging of a capacitor through a resistor also follows a exponential relationship (power of two rather than a power of 10). For every one time constant, the capacitor voltage moves about 63% from where it is towards the supply voltage. I am not aware of any circuit that uses this characteristic for mathematical operation, however it could be useful. (Apply a voltage for a fixed time to a resistor/capacitor network and measure the voltage through the µC’s A/D.) Analog mathematics can be added to your microcontroller system to streamline your design and make it more efficient. Whether it’s simple scaling or complicated functions, there are many basic circuits that can assist in calculations. This removes some of the burden from your code and can speed up your whole system. (Note that all circuits were built and tested using an National Semiconductor LMC6484 op-amp.) NV National Semiconductor Application Notes: AN-4, AN-20, AN-30 (log converters), AN31, LMC6482 datasheet. Signetics: “Operational Amplifiers.” Analog Devices: Analog Multipliers/Dividers (various datasheets). Forrest Mims: January 1979, February 1979, Popular Electronics.

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CORPUS CHRISTI (AP) - A bloom of toxic red tide algae is spreading along the Texas Gulf Coast, shutting down some oyster fishing and killing millions of fish whose rotting remains are fouling beaches. State environmental officials say it's the largest concentration of red tide since 1986, when more than 22 million fish died in four months. "We do not have an accurate number yet. But we are estimating several million fish have been killed so far," Dave Buzan, spokesman for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Kills and Spills Team, told the Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Buzan said there was a major bloom off Matagorda Bay on Sept. 18. "It is so big it can be detected on satellite imagery," he said. High concentrations of the algae called red tide produce a toxin that kills fish by affecting the central nervous system. For humans eating contaminated fish or shellfish, the toxin can cause numbness, dizziness, nausea, fever and muscle paralysis. The most serious cases can result in respiratory arrest and death. In addition, people who swim in affected bodies of water can suffer breathing and eye irritation. Elsewhere along the coast, officials in Houston said Sunday that red tide was spreading from the gulf into Galveston Bay and other inland waterways. Commercial harvesting of oysters in Galveston Bay has been shut down since Sept. 5 because of red tide. State Department of Health officials were reviewing whether similar restrictions need to be issued elsewhere along the coast. Oyster season doesn't open at Corpus Christi until November. © 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us

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Once considered rare in pediatric practice, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is now being recognized with increasing frequency in children of all ages. In fact, 25% to 30% of all patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 20% of those with ulcerative colitis (UC) present before age 20 (1). Four percent of pediatric IBD occurs before the age of 5 years, with a peak age of onset in the adolescent years (2). IBD has long been known to occur in the pediatric population; the first patient Dr. Crohn described with regional enteritis was a 16-year-old male (3). With the increasing recognition of IBD among pediatric patients, it has become one of the most significant chronic diseases affecting children and adolescents (2). In addition to the usual gastrointestinal symptoms, children may exhibit prominent extraintestinal manifestations such as growth failure, delayed puberty, osteoporosis, and joint pain (4). These symptoms may be subtle, making the diagnosis difficult. The presence of perianal disease and occult fecal blood suggest the diagnosis of CD. Laboratory evaluations may be nonspecific. Often, the next step in the diagnostic evaluation includes a radiologic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract with a small bowel follow through (SBFT). If this is abnormal, the patient may be referred to a pediatric gastroenterologist. When the test is normal, the primary care physician may erroneously infer that the child is not suffering from IBD, resulting in a delayed referral process. Up to 85% of all patients with CD have evidence of terminal ileal disease, which is confirmed using colonoscopy and ileal biopsy (5). Colonoscopy with ileoscopy has been used extensively in the management of adults with inflammatory disease, but its use has been analyzed in children only recently (6). The expanded use of this diagnostic modality was made possible by technological advances in the manufacture of smaller endoscopes and the training of gastroenterologists skilled in pediatric endoscopy (7). In children, the perceived intolerance of colonoscopy and ileoscopy under conscious sedation, as well as fear of complications, has previously prevented many pediatric endoscopists from attempting intubation of the terminal ileum. Consequently, this has led to a reliance on SBFT to diagnose small bowel disease, especially terminal ileal (TI) disease. The aims of this study were to determine the sensitivity and specificity of an SBFT for the diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and to determine the success rate and safety of terminal ileal intubation during pediatric colonoscopy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of all patients who had colonoscopy at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1996. The pathology reports of 637 colonoscopies were reviewed to identify the TI. SBFT was performed in 84 subjects with TI histology within two weeks of ileoscopy. Blinded from the subjects' clinical diagnoses, a radiologist (SM) and a pathologist (ER) read the radiographs and biopsies respectively. The barium follow-through examinations were performed using a standard technique. Studies were reviewed and the appearance of the distal 10 cm of ileum was classified as either normal or abnormal. Lymphonodular hyperplasia was considered as a normal finding. There was no attempt to grade the severity of the abnormalities seen with SBFT. Non-TI findings from SBFT were not evaluated except in helping to support a clinical diagnosis of CD. The ileoscopy biopsy findings were classified as either normal or abnormal. Abnormalities of the TI biopsies ranged from abnormal cellularity to severe inflammation. These findings were compared with the results of the SBFT evaluation of the TI. To evaluate the frequency of TI intubation during colonoscopy, 2,038 pathology reports of colonoscopies and flexible sigmoidoscopies performed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were retrospectively reviewed. All pathology reports from the years 1994 to 1996 and 1999 to 2000 were included, regardless of the endoscopist, the indication, and the clinical diagnosis. The terminal ileum was defined histologically by the pathology department. A colonoscopy was defined as a procedure reaching proximal to the splenic flexure. Once the endoscopist reached beyond the splenic flexure, even in the presence of severe colitis, the procedure was included as an attempt to intubate the terminal ileum. Flexible sigmoidoscopies and colonoscopies limited by the presence of severe colitis (distal to the splenic flexure) were excluded. To evaluate the colonic perforation rate, all the colonic perforations diagnosed in the operating room within two weeks after the colonoscopy were reviewed. The Fisher exact test was used to analyze the associations between SBFT and TI biopsies. Statistical significance was defined as P less than 0.05. Calculations were performed with STATA Statistical software (College Station, TX) and GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for the SBFT study were calculated. Of the 637 colonoscopies reviewed from 1994 to 1996, biopsies of the TI from ileoscopy were obtained from 137 patients. SBFT was done in 84 of the 137 patients within two weeks of ileoscopy. Of the 84 patients whose small bowel radiographs and TI biopsies were reviewed, 36 (43%) had CD, 11 (13%) had UC, 5 (6%) had indeterminate colitis, and 32 (38%) were normal. Abnormal SBFT radiographs were seen in 19 patients, of whom 17 had abnormal TI biopsies. Normal SBFT examinations were seen in 65 patients of whom 20 had abnormal TI biopsies and 45 had normal TI biopsies (Table 1). Therefore, using SBFT as a screening test for the diagnosis of TI Crohn disease, with the TI biopsy as the “gold standard”, resulted in a sensitivity of 46% (17/37) and a specificity of 96% (45/47). The positive predictive value, or the probability that a positive SBFT test result indicates disease, was 90% (17/19), whereas the negative predictive value, or the probability that a negative SBFT test result indicates absence of disease, was 70% (45/65). There was evidence of proximal small-bowel disease, characterized as thickened folds on the SBFT, in 33% (2/6) of the patients with CD that had normal TI biopsies and normal TI on SBFT. We also reviewed 2,038 endoscopy reports from 1994 to 1996 and 1999 to 2000; 1,516 (74%) procedures were considered colonoscopies. Table 2 shows the number of colonoscopies per year and the percentage of TI intubation. Between the years 1994 and 1996, 637 colonoscopies with biopsies were performed (average of 212 per year) with a success rate of TI intubation of 21.5%. Between the years 1999 and 2000, 879 colonoscopies with biopsies were performed (average 440 per year) with a success rate of TI intubation of 65.6%. There were two colonic perforations, one in each time period. Between 1994 and 1996 the colonic perforation rate was 0.16% (1/637) and between 1999 to 2000 was 0.11% (1/837). The terminal ileum in a young child is often nodular but later attains a velvety appearance on direct visualization and as seen by contrast radiography in early adulthood. This nodular appearance may easily be misinterpreted as abnormal on SBFT, suggesting the presence of CD. In these instances, the only reliable way of diagnosing IBD is through colonoscopy and terminal ileal biopsy (6). In addition, some reports have suggested a number of false negative results in the SBFT examinations of patients with CD (8). In 1979, the National Cooperative Crohn Disease Study reported an average of 36 months from the time of the onset of symptoms to the time of diagnosis using the SBFT examination (9). Early radiographic findings of Crohn disease in the small bowel include a coarse villous pattern of the mucosa, thickened folds, aphthous ulcerations, and cobblestoning (10). Ansari et al. (11) concluded that SBFT does not appear to add additional information when compared to ileoscopy for the exclusion of small bowel CD. Colonoscopy with ileum biopsy was shown to be helpful for the diagnosis of inflammatory disorders when radiology of the terminal ileum was abnormal or inconclusive (6,12). Our results show that SBFT is limited by its low sensitivity in detecting terminal ileum involvement. Approximately 31% of the subjects (20/65) had a normal SBFT study and abnormal TI histology. These findings support the importance of adding ileoscopy with terminal ileum biopsies to colonoscopy in revealing the presence of isolated terminal ileal CD. Albertini et al. (13) also reported a low sensitivity (58%) using SBFT in a study of 28 subjects. A study by Halligan et al. (14) demonstrated the distribution of small bowel disease in children to be approximately 30% in the proximal small bowel, 46% in the mid-small bowel, and 80% in the distal small bowel. The authors emphasized the need for SBFT in the evaluation of children with symptoms consistent with IBD because ileoscopy will miss CD disease proximal to the terminal ileum. Thus, although the SBFT is an important modality in the evaluation of a child with known IBD, it should not be used to exclude IBD if the study is normal. Charron et al. (15) suggested, in a retrospective study of 313 children, that 99mTc leukocyte scintigraphy was more sensitive than SBFT as an initial screening modality to exclude IBD. The technique for the ileocecal valve (ICV) intubation has been previously described in adult patients (16,17). Chen and Khanduja described a simple method to facilitate ileoscopy. Briefly, the ICV is identified and positioned inferiorly (6 o'clock position) by manipulating the colonoscope. The tip of the instrument is then advanced above and beyond the valve and slowly withdrawn with the tip flexed downward until the orifice of the TI is exposed; after that, the colonoscope is advanced forward to intubate the ileum (18). Other authors have suggested a similar technique with the valve in the 12 o'clock position (19). In our institution we position the ICV superiorly between the 10 and 2 o'clock positions. Overdistention of the cecum might make the intubation more difficult, so it is important to minimize the air insufflation to relax the tension of the ICV. Terminal ileal intubation during colonoscopy was evaluated in a prospective study by Kundrotas et al. (20). The authors included 295 adult subjects with the cecum being identified 91% of the time. Of the colonoscopies with cecal identification, the terminal ileum was successfully intubated 79% of the time. In our review, we defined a colonoscopy when the colonoscope was passed beyond the splenic flexure. This excluded the flexible sigmoidoscopies, but included procedures in which the endoscopist was attempting to intubate the TI but had difficulties advancing the colonoscope or reaching beyond the hepatic flexure. The percentages of TI intubation presented in our results differed from one time period to the other (21.5% to 65.6%). The dramatic improvement in the success rate of TI intubation during the last time period may be the result of endoscopes that are smaller and more flexible with improved video image. Also increased experience performing pediatric colonoscopies and changes in the staff may have been responsible for this improvement. Clinical competency in pediatric endoscopy depends on several factors that include innate talents (visual pattern recognition, hand-eye coordination, and manual dexterity), quality of instruction and extent of experience (7). Colonoscopy and ileoscopy have demonstrated an excellent safety profile in centers with trained pediatric gastroenterologists. Most children tolerate the procedure with only minor discomfort under conscious sedation with adequate cardio-respiratory monitoring or general anesthesia. There are no previously reported studies on the complication rates in pediatric colonoscopies. It is estimated that the rate of perforation is less than 1% (21). Rates of perforations in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy range from 0.005% to 0.3% (22–24). The colonic perforation rate from our review was less than 0.2% in both groups. This rate was not affected by the increased rate of terminal ileal intubation in the second time period studied. Our experience suggests that the endoscopist can successfully and safely intubate the TI in pediatric patients. Since a large fraction of children presenting with CD have terminal ileum disease, we recommend that ileoscopy should be attempted during the initial evaluation of pediatric patients with IBD if a colonoscopy is performed. An obvious contraindication to this recommendation would be the presence of acute severe colitis, in which case a limited colonoscopy is indicated to avoid the risk of precipitating toxic megacolon or perforation (25). Treatment can still be instituted in these patients. Ileoscopy can be postponed until the patient can safely tolerate the procedure to more accurately evaluate the extent of the disease. In conclusion, the child who presents with signs and symptoms of IBD should undergo a colonoscopy and ileoscopy with biopsies to make the diagnosis, as well as to help determine the appropriate therapy. Terminal ileal intubation during colonoscopy is a safe procedure in the pediatric population. With the advances in pediatric endoscopy and the proper technique, TI intubation can be achieved in more than 50% of all colonoscopies. An SBFT is important in the evaluation of IBD but if normal, it should not be used to rule out IBD in a child with symptoms that suggest it. The authors thank John Tung, MD, for his collaboration in the initial data collection of this manuscript. 1. Mendeloff A, Calkins B. The epidemiology of ideopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Kirsner J, Shorter R, eds. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1998:3–34. 2. Baldassano RN, Piccoli DA. Inflammatory bowel disease in pediatric and adolescent patients. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1999; 28:445–58. 3. Crohn BB, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD. Landmark article Oct 15, 1932. Regional ileitis. A pathological and clinical entity. By Burril B. Crohn, Leon Ginzburg, and Gordon D. Oppenheimer. JAMA 1984; 251:73–9. 4. Sentongo TA, Semeao EJ, Piccoli DA, et al. Growth, body composition, and nutritional status in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31:33–40. 5. Halligan S, Saunders B, Williams C, et al. Adult Crohn disease: can ileoscopy replace small bowel radiology? Abdom Imaging 1998; 23:117–21. 6. Lipson A, Bartram CI, Williams CB, et al. Barium studies and ileoscopy compared in children with suspected Crohn's disease. Clin Radiol 1990; 41:5–8. 7. Fox VL. Pediatric endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2000; 10:175–94, viii. 8. Maglinte DD, Burney BT, Miller RE. Lesions missed on small-bowel follow-through: analysis and recommendations. Radiology 1982; 144:737–9. 9. Goldberg HI, Caruthers Jr., SB, Nelson JA, et al. Radiographic findings of the National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study. Gastroenterology 1979; 77:925–37. 10. Scotiniotis I, Rubesin SE, Ginsberg GG. Imaging modalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1999; 28:391–421, ix. 11. Ansari A, Sanderson J. Ileoscopy minimises the need for small bowel barium study for the exclusion or assesment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:A317. 12. Coremans G, Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, et al. The value of ileoscopy with biopsy in the diagnosis of intestinal Crohn's disease. Gastrointest Endosc 1984; 30:167–72. 13. Albertini JL, Bradan A, Freneaux E, et al. Technetium-99m HMPAO-Labeled Leukocyte Imaging Compared with Endoscopy, Ultrasonography, and Contrast Radiology in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 32:278–286. 14. Halligan S, Nicholls S, Bartram CI, et al. The distribution of small bowel Crohn's disease in children compared to adults. Clin Radiol 1994; 49:314–6. 15. Charron M, Di Lorenzo C, Kocoshis S. Are 99mTc leukocyte scintigraphy and SBFT studies useful in children suspected of having inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1208–12. 16. Nagasako K, Takemoto T. Endoscopy of the ileocecal area. Gastroenterology 1973; 65:403–11. 17. Gaisford WD. Fiberendoscopy of the cecum and terminal ileum. Gastrointest Endosc 1974; 21:13–8. 18. Chen M, Khanduja KS. Intubation of the ileocecal valve made easy. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:494–6. 19. Saunders BP, Sanderson JD. Ileal intubation at colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:1397. 20. Kundrotas LW, Clement DJ, Kubik CM, et al. A prospective evaluation of successful terminal ileum intubation during routine colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40:544–6. 21. Rothbaum RJ. Complications of pediatric endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1996; 6:445–59. 22. Wexner SD, Garbus JE, Singh JJ. A prospective analysis of 13,580 colonoscopies. Reevaluation of credentialing guidelines. Surg Endosc 2001; 15:251–61. 23. Sieg A, Hachmoeller-Eisenbach U, Eisenbach T. Prospective evaluation of complications in outpatient GI endoscopy: a survey among German gastroenterologists. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:620–7. 24. Achiam M, Rosenberg J. [Quality of colonoscopy and surgical treatment of perforations]. Ugeskr Laeger 2001; 163:775–8. 25. Jentschura D, Raute M, Winter J, et al. Complications in endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Therapy and prognosis. Surg Endosc 1994; 8:672–6.

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Have you ever managed a corporate event like a town hall meeting or assembled a task force to tackle challenges like an unexpected company-wide audit? Sometimes you may have to tackle projects that don’t fall under your routine managerial tasks. These may not be daily assignments, but will still require your attention. Even if you’re not an event manager, your organization could ask you to manage an event and coordinate with members from other teams. To be able to do this, you’ll have to redirect your skills and professional resources to achieve the goal at hand. These kinds of standalone projects usually need to be completed by following a set of predetermined guidelines such as the cost or budget of the project, the quality or standard and the amount of time within which you need to complete them. Project management can help you understand and address unexpected projects at work. Project management involves the implementation of an action plan to determine the ‘what, who and how’ of a project for effective execution. Each project that you undertake can be determined using different strategies and methods. Let’s discuss the meaning of project management along with some of these strategies to understand how they can help you become an effective project manager. What Is Project Management? Project management is a process that involves predetermined steps to achieve specific goals within given constraints. For instance, if your organization is participating in a university job fair, you may be given the task of assembling a team of people representing different departments or preparing company brochures, holding mock interviews and distributing freebies like stationery to students. Professional project managers are experts at creating and implementing an action plan but not all organizations employ them and expect their employees to take over the task. In such a case, you can equip yourself with the right skills for project management. What Is A Project Management Framework? A project management framework is a step-wise approach to executing solutions. The key factors in the process are ‘what’, ‘who’ and ‘how’. ‘What’ determines the deliverables and the timeframe for the project; ‘who’ determines the people involved; and, ‘how’ determines the monitoring and implementation of the project. The ‘what’ of project management can be best understood in terms of the scope, quality, time and cost of the project. There are ‘4 Whats’ of managing a project. Your goal is to get everyone on the same page about important factors about the project. The scope will help you define your goals clearly, evaluate your deliverables and see the big picture even as you tackle smaller tasks. The quality factor will help you assess the standards that you want to maintain for the project and how they’ll be impacted by the time and cost of the project. The time factor will help you work within a set timeframe with clearly-defined due dates that are communicated to each member of the team. A project is successful only if it’s completed within given timelines. The cost factor will determine your budget with anticipated expenses and a provision for unexpected expenses. This can impact the quality and time taken as well. Let’s take an example. Imagine that you decide to improve the employee attendance tracker for your office. This project is not a routine task and requires inputs from different stakeholders. You’ll have to consider employee feedback, judge the cost of implementation and monitor the software for tweaks and upgrades. The goal is to implement the new software in 30 days within the budget decided by your finance team. The ‘who’ of project management determines the key stakeholders who’ll participate in the process and will be impacted by its outcome. An easy way to decide who can help you with different tasks is by using the Harappa PACE framework. The PACE framework helps you to: Pick the right person Articulate responsibilities and goals Create an accountability structure Ensure they have the support to do their job It’s important to delegate tasks based on the skills and expertise each member brings to the table. The task may be routine like data entry to keep track of your progress or may require attention and expertise for, say, creating a budget. As a project manager, it’ll be your responsibility to assign each task effectively keeping in mind the skills and ability of each member of the team. Let’s take the same example of implementing a new employee attendance tracker. You can choose to assemble a team with members from within the organization or you can hire an external agency to do the job. You’ll have to assess what’s more feasible based on your time-cost constraint. In case you hire an external agency, you will have to ensure you get regular updates to stay on top of things. The ‘how’ of project management is the final step in the process and requires creating an action plan, which includes: Prioritizing tasks on the basis of importance and urgency Defining clear due dates for each task and member Creating a schedule against which each task should be completed Presenting the plan to the team to get everyone on the same page It’s ideal to monitor the progress of your plan and make any changes, when possible, to avoid any mix-ups or setbacks. You can adopt a ‘hands-off and nose in’ approach to assess if everyone’s getting along with their tasks without micromanaging them. This way you can monitor the workflow without getting in the way. It’s important to give your team members some autonomy so that they can take a call and exercise their judgment. In the employee tracker project example, the final step would be to communicate the plan, constraints and any other relevant information with everyone involved. The Project Management Triangle The project management triangle or ‘triple constraint’ is one of the challenges project managers face. The triangle of scope, time and cost is bound by the quality standards outlined in the project. The model is a representation of the constraints in project management. For instance, if you want to revamp your company website, you would hire a web designer and discuss time, cost and goals with the designer. Now, if you want better quality, you may have to hire someone with more experience who would then charge you more money. This may skew your budget. So, the constraint is to maintain your quality in terms of your scope, time and cost. Each factor impacts the other and the challenge is to strike a balance to reach an optimal solution. This is also known as the ‘Good-Cheap-Fast’ rule. Ideally, project managers pick any two factors over the third. However, to reach an effective solution, you should try to accommodate each factor with limited compromise. Managing Risks In Project Management An action plan is like a guidebook to measure progress and ensure that everything runs smoothly. But no matter how much you plan, there are always things that may not be under control. Unexpected challenges or setbacks may require you to modify your approach as you go along. For this, you need to be flexible so that you’re able to make changes when needed. You don’t have to lose sight of the big picture or your ultimate goal, but you can still try to address each step of the process independently to mitigate errors. Say, you were planning to roll out a new office communication tool with its own audio-video call option in six months, to integrate the branches of your organization across the country. Suppose, due to a system error, a few branches were left out of the process. You would then need to reconfigure the software to account for the mistake. Regular communication and assessments could help minimize such errors. Consider your target or goal, be mindful of your time-cost constraint and employ the best-suited employees for effective project management. It’s an important skill that you can develop with the right mindset. You have to focus on prioritizing your tasks so that you’re able to execute a solution efficiently. It’s no longer ‘business as usual’ in the modern workplace and this new way of working will help you keep up with the fast-paced business environment. Many businesses and industries like automobiles, IT, finance, manufacturing and even small-scale offices have now adopted the project management framework to streamline their work. Although it’s primarily used for standalone assignments, the process of creating and monitoring an action plan can also be used to solve work-related problems. These can be strategies to withstand competition, keeping up with a dynamic business environment or accommodating changes in government policies. Harappa Education’s Executing Solutions course will teach you how to implement project management to achieve your goals. You’ll learn more about some of the frameworks and concepts we’ve discussed and get insights from our expert faculty. The course will help you become an effective problem-solver at work with the right skills to navigate roadblocks and deal with crises. Explore our Harappa Diaries section to know more about the topic related to the Solve habit such as the Importance of Decision Making, Ethical Decision Making, FMEA, Root Cause Analysis & Problem Solving in order to develop your skills. Discover more from Harappa with a selection of trending blogs on the latest topics in online learning and career transformation

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Modern mainboards store the BIOS in a reprogrammable flash chip. There are hundreds of different flash (EEPROM) chips, with variables such as memory size, speed, communication bus (Parallel, LPC, FWH, SPI) and packaging to name just a few. - 1 Packaging/housing/form factor - 2 Communication bus protocol - 3 Hardware Redundancy Probably the only property of flash chips which is completely irrelevant to flashrom. The BIOS copyright holders often place a fancy sticker on the BIOS chip showing a name or logo, BIOS version, serial number and copyright notice (all of which is also irrelevant for flashrom). DIP32: Dual In-line Package, 32 pins A rectangular black plastic block with 16 pins along each of the two longer sides of the package (32 pins in total). DIP32 chips can be socketed which means they are detachable from the mainboard using physical force. If they haven't been moved in and out of the socket very much, they can appear to be quite difficult to release from the socket. One way to remove a DIP32 chip from a socket is by prying a thin screwdriver in between the plastic package and the socket, along the shorter sides where there are no pins, and then gently bending the screwdriver to push the chip upwards, away from the mainboard. Alternate between the two sides to avoid bending the pins, and don't touch any of the pins with the screwdriver (see FAQ about ESD, electro-static discharge). If the chip is soldered directly to the mainboard, it has to be desoldered in order to be reprogrammed outside the mainboard. If you do this, it's a good idea to solder a socket to the mainboard instead, to ease any future experiments. PLCC32: Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier, 32 pins Black plastic block again, but this one is much more square. PLCC32 was becoming the standard for mainboards after DIP32 chips because of its smaller physical size. PLCC can also be socketed or soldered directly to the mainboard. Socketed PLCC32 chips can be removed using a special PLCC removal tool, or using a piece of nylon line tied in a loop around the chip and pulled swiftly straight up, or bending/prying using small screwdrivers if one is careful. PLCC32 sockets are often fragile so the screwdriver approach is not recommended. While the nylon line method sounds strange it works well. Desoldering PLCC32 chips and soldering on a socket can be done using either a desoldering station or even just a heat gun. You can also cut the chip with a sharp knife, but it will be destroyed in the process, of course. DIP8: Dual In-line Package, 8 pins Most recent boards use DIP8 chips (which always employ the SPI protocol) or SO8/SOIC8 chips (see below). DIP8 chips are always socketed, and can thus be easily removed (and hot-swapped), for example using a small screwdriver. This allows for relatively simple recovery in case of an incorrectly flashed chip. SO8/SOIC8: Small-Outline Integrated Circuit, 8 pins Similarly to the DIP8 chips, these always use the SPI protocol. However, SO8/SOIC8 chips are most often soldered onto the board directly without a socket. In that case a few boards have a header to allow in-system programming. You can also desolder a soldered SO8 chip and solder an SO8 socket/adapter in its place, or build a SOIC-to-DIP adapter. The cheapest SOIC ZIF sockets I could find are made by Wieson. They have 3 models available - G6179-10(0000), G6179-20(0000) and a 16 pin version named G6179-07(0000). They are available for example from bios-repair.co.uk, siliconkit and Dediprog, as well as alibaba. For the usual "BIOS" flash chips you want the G6179-10 model (look also for G6179-100000, somebody seems to be confused about model numbers... ;). Dediprog usually has them or similar ones as well but has steep shipping costs and an unpractical minimum order quantity. TSOP: Thin Small-Outline Package, 32, 40, or 48 pins TSOPs are often used in embedded systems where size is important and there is no need for replacement in the field. It is possible to (de)solder TSOPs by hand, but it's not trivial and a reasonable amount of soldering skills are required. BGA: Ball Grid Array BGAs are often used in embedded systems where size is important and there is no need for replacement in the field. It is not easily possible to (de)solder BGA by hand. Communication bus protocol There are four major communication bus protocols for flash chips, each with multiple subtle variants in the command set: - Parallel: The oldest flash bus, phased out on mainboards around 2002. - LPC: Low Pin Count, a standard introduced ca. 1998. - FWH: Firmware Hub, a variant of the LPC standard introduced at the same time. FWH is a special case variant of LPC with one bit set differently in the memory read/write commands. That means some data sheets mention the chips speak LPC although they will not respond to regular LPC read/write cycles. - SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface, introduced ca. 2006. Here's an attempt to create a marketing language -> chip type mapping: - JEDEC Flash -> Parallel (well, mostly) - FWH -> FWH - Firmware Hub -> FWH - LPC Firmware -> FWH - Firmware Memory -> FWH - Low Pin Count (if Firmware/FWH is not mentioned) -> LPC - LPC (if Firmware is not mentioned) -> LPC - Serial Flash -> SPI SST data sheets have the following conventions: - LPC Memory Read -> LPC - Firmware Memory Read -> FWH If both are mentioned, the chip supports both. If you're not sure about whether a device is LPC or FWH, look at the read/write cycle definitions. |Clock Cycle||Field Name||Field contents||Comments| |1||START||1101/1110||1101 for READ, 1110 for WRITE.| |2||IDSEL||0000 to 1111||IDSEL value to be shifted out to the chip.| |3-9||IMADDR||YYYY||The address to be read/written. 7 cycles total == 28 bits.| |Clock Cycle||Field Name||Field contents||Comments| |2||CYCLETYPE+DIRECTION||010X/011X||010X for READ, 011X for WRITE. X means "reserved".| |3-10||ADDRESS||YYYY||The address to be read/written. 8 cycles total == 32 bits.| Generally, a parallel flash chip will not speak any other protocols. SPI flash chips also don't speak any other protocols. LPC flash chips sometimes speak FWH as well and vice versa, but they will not speak any protocols besides LPC/FWH.

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The field of criminology draws on various disciplines including psychology, philosophy, social anthropology, biology, and law. Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. Here, we look at some of the most influential criminologists in the field’s history, and how they have shaped this interesting area into what it is today. Considered the father of criminal law and modern criminal justice, Beccaria studied mathematics and economics before turning to law. His most famous work, On Crimes and Punishment, was the first published argument against the death penalty. Beccaria advocated that the certainty of punishment worked better as a deterrent than the severity of the punishment. An English philosopher, Bentham’s work ranged from economics and advocating animal rights, to social reform and the founding of welfarism. He had an influence in reforming schools, prisons, courts, and England’s Poor Laws, and attempted to codify common law into statutes. In line with his opinions on transparency, Bentham’s body was preserved upon his death, and his auto-icon is publicly displayed at University College London. Bringing the term born criminal into existence, Lombroso argued that criminality was inherent, and could be identified through physical characteristics, suggesting criminals were evolutionary regressions. Lombroso would categorise criminals into four distinctions: Criminaloids; Criminals by Passion; Born Criminals; Occasional Criminals; and by collecting anthropological data, such as physiological measurements, would create a methodology for predicting criminal behaviour. Creating the Lacassagne School of Criminology in Lyon, France, Alexandre Lacassagne was a contemporary and rival of Lombroso, who came to crime and psychology through his work as a physician. It was his belief that criminality was influenced more by social factors, than hereditary ones; he would determine his own categories concerning criminality: thought; act; and instinctual. His partial emphasis on phrenology meant his contributions were overlooked for some time. This time, a student of Lombroso: Enrico Ferri was a radical socialist, whose most famous work, Criminal Sociology, influenced Argentina’s 1921 penal code reforms. He advocated making changes to economics and the social factors that contribute to criminal behaviour, stating that it is better to prevent crime than punish it. As an opponent of Nazism, Eysenck fled from Berlin to England as a young man. As a psychology professor, his primary field of study considered the genetic factors that influence personality. His investigation into psychoticism gave rise to his interest in criminology. With the help of his wife, Sybil, Eysenck produced a book on crime and personality, and developed theories on behavioural therapy and the relation between personality and intelligence. Robert D. Hare Author of notable criminology books Psychopathy: Theory and Research and Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us, Hare is a Canadian researcher in the field of criminal psychology. His work looks at psychopathology and psychophysiology, and, from his research into the qualities of a psychopath, concluded that it may not be possible to identify murderers. Hare’s 20-item checklist is still considered the most reliable metric for measuring psychopathy. Only the second female recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, Adams eschewed her privileged upbringing and traditional womanly duties to study how society and poverty influence crime. Known as the “mother of social work” Addams was an activist and lecturer in these subjects, encouraging their study and helping to establish the US settlement house movement in 1889, with the aim of to combatting crime through economic security. One of the most influential criminologists of the 20th Century, Edwin Sutherland authored Principles of Criminology, a popular textbook. It is from Sutherland we have the term white-collar criminal, and he gave rise to the belief that delinquency likely resulted from learned behaviour. He observed that criminal behaviour stems from criminal associations, and suggested social disorganisation and conflict are major contributors to crime. A prominent socialist and Harvard alumnus, Julius studied urban sociology, with particular focus given to those factors – especially urban poverty – that contribute to crime. Much of his work revolves around racial factors, such as how poverty among black communities influences different crime rates, with discrimination, education, housing, and employment being taken into consideration. His works The Truly Disadvantaged and The Declining Significance of Race examine this at greater length. If you’re curious about the causes of crime and the efforts taken to understand and prevent it, then why not take a look at BA (Hons) Criminology & Psychology or BA (Hons) Criminology & Law and see how your own contributions could benefit this fascinating field. Diploma in Law & Ethics The Diploma in Law and Ethics provides you with postgraduate-level skills in corporate governance and ethics, business law, and policy issues in the global economy.

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Python File Read Error For example, to capture above exception, we must write the except clause as follows − try: Business Logic here... This example shows how to safely open and read from a file and gracefully handle errors. If I don't need an except block, then why do I need the inner try/finally block at all? Many standard modules define their own exceptions to report errors that may occur in functions they define. http://vealcine.com/in-python/python-file-open-error.php See what it does. Working with Directories 6.6. A simple example to demonstrate the finally clause: try: x = float(raw_input("Your number: ")) inverse = 1.0 / x finally: print("There may or may not have been an exception.") print "The Errors and Exceptions¶ Until now error messages haven't been more than mentioned, but if you have tried out the examples you have probably seen some. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/374768/how-do-you-test-a-file-read-error-in-python Python File Open Exceptions The easiest way to do that is with the str function: >>> x = 52 >>> f.write (str(x)) An alternative is to use the format operator %. Exception Handling in Python Exceptions handling in Python is very similar to Java. See the further reading section if you're interested in doing this. - fsock = open("/notthere") ... - Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up What is a good way to handle exceptions when trying to read a file in python? - SystemError Raised when the interpreter finds an internal problem, but when this error is encountered the Python interpreter does not exit. - except NameError: ... One may also instantiate an exception first before raising it and add any attributes to it as desired. >>> try: ... Life on Smooth World How much are taxes for a postdoc in the United States? exception An error that occurs at runtime. Python Ioerror finally: This would always be executed. ...................... asked 5 years ago viewed 15016 times active 8 months ago Blog Stack Overflow Podcast #92 - The Guerilla Guide to Interviewing Related 393Try/Except in Python: How do you properly ignore Io Error In Python x, y = inst.args ... Importing a module that does not exist will raise an ImportError exception. https://docs.python.org/2.7/tutorial/errors.html Sometimes an exception is really because you have a bug in your code (like accessing a variable that doesn't exist), but many times, an exception is something you can anticipate. To put data in the file we invoke the write method on the file object: >>> f.write("Now is the time") >>> f.write("to close the file") Closing the file tells the system An Exception Can Be In Python For example: >>> class MyError(Exception): ... After the except clause(s), you can include an else-clause. ValueError is one of the exception types Python provides for a variety of occasions. Io Error In Python The try statement works as follows. Can you move a levitating target 120 feet in a single action? Python File Open Exceptions python file-io error-handling share|improve this question edited Aug 3 '12 at 14:06 asked Dec 17 '08 at 14:51 Bill the Lizard 223k139449737 add a comment| 4 Answers 4 active oldest votes I/o Error In Python Predefined Clean-up Actions¶ Some objects define standard clean-up actions to be undertaken when the object is no longer needed, regardless of whether or not the operation using the object succeeded or But there is another way to use it as well. weblink except IOError: ... Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 2.7.12 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » © Copyright 1990-2016, Python Software Foundation. this_fails() ... What Type Of Error Occurs When You Can't Open A File This is useful when the try block contains statements that may throw different types of exceptions. def __str__(self): ... What is Exception? navigate here def temp_convert(var): try: return int(var) except ValueError, Argument: print "The argument does not contain numbers\n", Argument # Call above function here. [email protected]:~/tmp$ python finally2.py Your number: 0 Infinity There may or may not have been an exception. Syntax For Generic Except Clause In Python elif IOError: print "Unable to open file: "+str(fName) This way you can attempt to open the file, but if it doesn't exist (if it raises an IOError), alert the user! f = open(rootdir+file, 'rb') data = f.read().decode('utf8', 'ignore') Thank you very much. The next example demonstrates how to use an exception to support platform-specific functionality. If you need to determine whether an exception was raised but don't intend to handle it, a simpler form of the raise statement allows you to re-raise the exception: >>> Usually, the program stops and Python prints an error message. Files are usually stored on a hard drive, floppy drive, or CD-ROM. Is Nested Try Block Possible In Python For example, imagine a dictionary that contains student names as keys and hourly wages as values. else: If there is no exception then execute this block. with open("myfile.txt") as f: for line in f: print line, After the statement is executed, the file f is always closed, even if a problem was encountered while processing the lines. Newb question: Is it OK for the outside of my power supply to touch these metal brackets and screws? his comment is here Attributes: expr -- input expression in which the error occurred msg -- explanation of the error """ def __init__(self, expr, msg): self.expr = expr self.msg = msg class TransitionError(Error): """Raised when SystemExit Raised by the sys.exit() function. Standard exception names are built-in identifiers (not reserved keywords). class Networkerror(RuntimeError): def __init__(self, arg): self.args = arg So once you defined above class, you can raise the exception as follows − try: raise Networkerror("Bad hostname") except Networkerror,e: print e.args Previous Using this kind of try-except statement is not considered a good programming practice though, because it catches all exceptions but does not make the programmer identify the root cause of the An exception flew by! If you read the official getpass documentation, it tells you that the getpass module defines a getpass function. If I add an except block, under what conditions will it be executed, and how do I write a test to make sure it runs under those conditions? The easiest way to think of an assertion is to liken it to a raise-if statement (or to be more accurate, a raise-if-not statement). Our next example shows a try clause, in which we open a file for reading, read a line from this file and convert this line into an integer. raise To signal an exception using the raise statement. print inst.args # arguments stored in .args ...

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Spanish is not just a handy language for World Cup referees. In a 2013 report entitled “Languages for the Future”, the British Council cited Spanish as the most important language to learn. It’s not hard to see why: approximately 470 million people speak Spanish as a native language, 60 million as a second language and 20 million students are studying it as a foreign language. According to El Instituto Cervantes, the organisation charged with the promotion of Spanish language and cultures, demand is highest in the United States- unsurprising considering the geography, immigration patterns and population growth in the country over the past three decades. Research carried out for the Telefonica Foundation shows that bilateral trade increases some 290% when Spanish is the shared language of commerce– a figure hinting at the growth in buying power among Latin American countries and the commercial benefits the language allows foreign speakers. Chris Hoyt, director of Seatle-based Langua Travel confirms that employment and business opportunities are driving factors for US students to study Spanish. “Over 38 million Americans speak Spanish at home, so if you are selling a product or a service, and have trained representatives who speak Spanish, you are greatly expanding your customer base,” he says. Not to mention, the language also has permanent place in the social framework of the US. “We also see a lot of doctors, nurses and medical professionals. They often have patients who speak only Spanish and feel that to give proper care, they must learn the language themselves,” says Hoyt. “It’s an ethical obligation and professional necessity, especially in the southwestern US.” Interest isn’t coming just from the US. Students around the world are waking up the fact that Spanish is a useful language professionally and academically. In 2013, Spain’s Minister of Foreign Affairs José Manuel García-Margallo called Spanish the country’s “most valuable asset” as it attempts to forge trade ties in Asia. And the number of students worldwide taking Instituto Cervantes’ competency exam, the Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera (DELE) has consistently risen since the exam was introduced in 1988 to reach some 66,000 in 2014 signaling the further professionalisation of the language. As demand for higher education grows globally, speaking Spanish can also create opportunities in study destinations that are often cheaper than traditional English speaking countries. As students realise the cost benefits of earning a degree in Spanish, private language centres have found university preparation courses for European and non-EU students are becoming profitable additions to their portfolio. “Spanish hasn’t grown in those types of courses like it has for English but we’ve seen the market start to heat up for potential growth in university preparation courses,” confirms Antonio Anadon, owner of Group Ideal which has some1,500 students annually interested in university exam preparation courses and year-long university foundation classes at its 12 centres around Spain. In general, Spanish language students are becoming more academically focused says Anadon. Semester-long credit bearing courses continue to be a huge draw for students studying at universities around the world. Even at the 10 summer camps Enforex operates, demand for academic level classes is growing. “The idea of a study vacation is less important. It’s much more important to do academic courses,” says Anadon. “In the summer camps that usually include sports and summer activities we’re starting to introduce academic summer camps because people want to have more of an academic focus in their free time.” The trend toward academic Spanish could attract a new type of student and spell relief for Spain’s struggling private language sector which has seen growth in student weeks stagnate in the past few years. Babylon Idiomas has been the most recent victim of the downturn, closing doors to its four locations across Spain after not paying employees for four months. “There’s a whole raft of markets that have just become available to us like China and Korea or are about to become available to us like India, Thailand, Indonesia and the whole of the Middle East,” says Bob Burger, Director of Marketing at Malaca Instituto in Malaga, Spain. “All of these markets are oriented toward language plus preparation for university.” The Spanish government has also begun to see the economic benefits of Spanish as a foreign language. In 2012, the Ministry of Industry launched the ‘Study in Spain’ website which gives potential students information on: universities that offer graduate and post-graduate courses; Instituto Cervantes-accredited language schools and business schools across the country; visa information, and information on how to prepare for their trip and what to expect to find in the regions around Spain. Central and South American destinations offer students a distinct experience wholly different from Spain’s European fare. Adventure in tropical climates, exposure to emerging economies, volunteer opportunities and improving university systems are attracting more students to the region annually. Security and competitive pricing are also facilitating the flow of students to Latin America. “The most important market in the region historically has always been Mexico but it’s been affected by the lack of security recently,” says Anadon. “But we think it’s going to see a surge in the coming year.” In 2013, Ideal Group launched its Latin American chain, Academia Columbus in Colombia and subsequently acquired schools in Ecuador, Mexico and Costa Rica. Anadaon says he’s seen interest rise in Ecuador and Peru but Colombia has pulled ahead to be the fastest-growing Spanish language destination in the world. Rob Danks, founder of the Study Spanish COLOMBIA says the biggest factor in this change is the improving status of Colombia as an “undiscovered destination”. Danks started Study Spanish COLOMBIA as a free hobby website in 2013 but has quickly turned into a profit generating agency for many Spanish language providers. “We have some excellent Spanish schools here,” he says, “from formal universities like the prestigious Universidad EAFIT through to independent Spanish schools like Medellin Language Academy. Both are receiving record numbers of students.” He added that Study Spanish COLOMBIA are on track to generate over 150 million Colombian pesos in sales for EAFIT University alone this year. “We have quickly become their largest selling agent and to be honest it’s an easy sell.” Meanwhile, Coined, who run a network of Spanish schools, volunteer schemes and internships throughout Latin America, have noted particular growth in Buenos Aires and Córdoba in Argentina and Santiago de Chile. Karolina Goralska, Coined’s International Relations spokesperson said: “More and more people, especially higher education students and young graduates are looking for professional hands-on experience in a Spanish-speaking environment, where they can not only improve their language skills but also learn about the local work culture.” Ideal Group plans to open two more schools in the region under its premium school line, Don Quijote. “There are many Spanish schools in the region but none that gives the level of exclusive teaching and European quality that Academia Colombus/Don Quijote offers.” Courses targeting students interested in university credit bearing courses or students looking to continue on to a university degree course in Latin America will be part of the group’s remit he says. Universities are playing an important role in the region’s language exports. National level initiatives in several countries have been launched to promote university systems to foreign students. Last year the Ministries of Education and Culture in Colombia laid out plans to make the country the “best Spanish language destination” and launched the Spanish in Colombia web portal that provides information about the 20 universities that offer Spanish as a foreign language, learning resources for Spanish teachers and cultural, industrial and tourism information about the country. Similarly, the government in Chile launched a website to coordinate the internationalisation strategies of 21 higher education institutions in the country. At this year’s Foro Internacional del Español, Lu Jingsheng, the Chinese government’s National Coordinator for Spanish, said with 40,000 students enrolled at Spanish courses the increased demand for the language is “dizzying” however there are not enough teachers to keep up. Centro Adelante in St. Petersburg became the country’s first language centre accredited by Instituto Cervantes in 2008. “Spanish is very popular in St. Petersburg,” says Olga Evenko. “Many students learn it at university and come to improve with us and many want to go to university in Spain so come to study Spanish with us first. Those who work are just interested in learning the language to communicate when they travel.” Global enrolments at Instituto Cervantes centres in 87 cities have quadruple from 2003 to 2013 driven mostly by demand from students in the United States, Brazil and France. Receive the PVDN morning newsletter, exclusive content, and Whatsapp messaging for emergency alerts, by becoming a PVDN Supporter, learn more here, Or you can support local media with a one-time donation here Indisputably, English is the lingua franca of the world, but Spanish’s second place position means demand for the language won’t wane any time soon. “Spanish isn’t learned in place of English. English is something necessary today worldwide,” remarks Anadon. “But Spanish is the language of the future because the important economies of the future speak Spanish and when an economy begins to operate in one language, everything else follows.” Additional reporting by Sara Custer

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In addition to selecting the appropriate material for a paved area in the landscape, it is also necessary to determine its pattern. A pavement’s pattern is produced by the pavement material’s size, shape, color, arrangement, and whether the material is used by itself or in combination with other materials. In studying a pavement’s pattern, the designer should consider (1) the complexity of the pattern, (2) the suitability of the pattern to the shape of the paved area, and (3) the fit of the pattern to its surroundings. There are three general levels of material complexity as determined by the number of materials used: (1) one uniform material, (2) one varied material, and (3) multiple materials. One Uniform Material The first and simplest pavement design is created with one material that has the same pattern throughout the entire paved area (top left Figure 12—43). The material is laid uniformly with no variation in size, color, or direction. This approach is suitable for richly colored and textured materials such as gravel and brick that have inherent visual appeal, but it does not work as well for bland materials such as concrete. One uniform pavement material can be used to: • provide visual unity when the pavement connects multiple spaces or areas in the landscape. • unify a complex paved area that has numerous sides and/or subspaces. • create a ground surface that settles into the landscape and calls little attention to itself. • establish a simple background for furniture or other elements placed on it. • reduce cost because of comparative ease of installation. One Varied Material This pavement pattern is generated with one material that has variation in size, shape, color, and/or direction across the paved surface. Concrete pavers lend themselves to this type of pattern especially well because of their numerous shapes and colors as previously described. The variations in pattern with one material can be subtle or pronounced depending on the degree of contrast that is generated with material differences. There are numerous ways of creating patterns within one material, including: • border; the creation of edge pattern that is different from the pattern within (top middle, Figure 12—43). Examples of patterns created by combining different materials. caution for integrating different materials is to make sure that they indeed go together both compositionally and technically from an installation standpoint. Multiple materials can be utilized in a pavement to: • create visual interest and/or express creativity (Figure 12—44). • enhance a material such as concrete that is otherwise dull and unappealing. • emphasize material characteristics by combining materials that have divergent texture, color, shape, and so on (Figure 12—45). • create visual directionality and/or linkage with surroundings. • define subspaces or different use areas within the same paved area.

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Independence ended the sovereignty of European powers over their territories; however it did not produce states afresh. Despite the rhetoric, the new states were nothing more than new branches based on a trunk planted during the colonial days. The colonization of Muslim lands started with India, the scramble for Africa and the division of Ottoman lands following the First World War. The era ended after the Second World War when Britain and France withdrew from most of their territories. Islam received harsh criticism from the colonialists and their scholars instilling a sense of inferiority in the local elites and rising bureaucrats including even those who opposed colonialism. For Muslims with a world outlook, territorial limitations had been irrelevant. Colonial territories however did little to unify their peoples to create national societies or cultures. Their focus was in defending their territories against other colonial powers or reducing the burden of ruling. The former led to promotion of the sanctity of boundaries leading to permanent borders. The latter prevented the creation of lasting identities seen in the diverseness and tensions in states including Lebanon, Iraq, Indonesia and Nigeria. These sovereign states diverted the mode of loyalty of the subjects from universal to teritorial values. Moreover the new secular law contributing to the assertion of territorial sovereignty, replacing the ecumenical character of Islamic sovereignty - as well as a reformulation of the Islamic political paradigms, including those being discussed in this paper. The deliberate manipulation of diversities to strengthen their rule created increasingly fractured societies, meaning tensions and wars were inevitable. Civil wars in Sudan, Iraq, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania and Chad are but a few. Territorial disputes involved Morocco, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon Palestine, Malaysia and Singapore. The colonizers encouraged and invested in education and educational institutions for those who would run the machinery of state. Over time they influenced generations of Muslim leaders and intellectual developments in the Muslim lands. Famous institutions included University of Punjab, University of Malaya, and Atchison College in Lahore. The elite sent their sons to schools in Eton, Harrow, Oxford and Cambridge in England or in Paris and Amsterdam. Iqbal studied at Cambridge and Heidelberg Universities as well as Lincoln's Inn where Jinnah received his law degree. Many of the North African liberation movement leaders were students in North African French schools and Paris Universities. Amongst the militaries officers would be trained at places such as Sandhurst and Saint Cyr or officer schools modelled on their European counter parts such as Quetta Staff College in Pakistan. The pervasive impact of education introduced the Muslim world to western literature and philosophy. Figures such as J S Mill and Rousseau and over time, Sartre and Camus, became models for dissenting intellectuals just as Lenin, Castro, Mao and Che Guevara captured the imagination of activists. The colonialists generally focused on domination to ensure legitimacy and security. The colonial state was highly centralised utilising institutions with a European flavour; the police, judiciary, military and bureaucracy being key repositories of its authority. The institutions were not designed for society – for instance, the bureaucracy was designed not to maintain order but to ensure the smooth running of government and economy. This structure allowed a European minority to rule vast territories, managing the economic flow of resources and goods between the parent state and its territories. These institutions, embedded in subsequent states determined the basis of the state, its character and its relationship with society and other states. States such as Pakistan replicated the colonial state in set up and function as well as how they envisioned their own roles, with Jinnah the first governor-general and the India Act of 1935 being law of the land until 1956. In Turkey, the law was secularized based on the Napoleonic Code, the Muslim calendar abandoned, the script Latinized, polygamy prohibited and in 1928 the constitution was even amended to remove the statement that Turkey was an Islamic state Military and Police Forces The military, intelligence and police forces were trained to provide support to their colonial masters The training ensured soldiers, and more importantly the officer corp, internalized the military ideas and political values of the colonial administration, resulting in an over-preoccupation with order and impatience with politics of the masses. Militaries were trained not for external war but for preservation of internal order, giving them a perceived right to interfere in politics to restore order The size of the militaries was usually based on the interests of the colonisers and Muslim states inherited omnipotent militaries, too large for their population sizes and economic strengths. The colonial policy of recruiting amongst minorities was due to their closeness with the colonial order and willingness to help suppress the dominant community as well unresponsiveness to religious calls like Jihad. The legacy of the Mutiny of 1857 shaped thinking resulting in Alawis dominating the Syrian army and Punjabis in the Pakistani army The forces having fought with their colonial officers up to independence institutionalised attitudes of mistrust and cynicism of those who fought for independence. Indonesian generals remained wary of Sukarno, removing him with the pretext of Communism. Even left-leaning junior officers who overthrew their senior officers to join the anti-imperialist struggles did not resolve the tensions between military and civilian orders, leading to military takeovers in Egypt, Libya, Iraq and Syria. The pervasive nature of the intelligence services (mukhabaraat) is still widely felt throughout the Arab world, stifling discussion, preventing political dissidence and quashing criticism. The experiences of those who suffering from these institutions are widely known and reported. Like the military, the bureaucracy was moulded in the ethos of colonial culture, sharing the same political outlook Due to their power over the state machinery, politicians would have little control over them lest they disrupt the workings of state As such, they had major input into state formation, ensuring continuities in the ethos and mode of operation of the state before and after independence. In Pakistan the bureaucracy eclipsed the political elite in managing the country, replacing Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan after 1951 by senior bureaucrats Ghulam Muhammad and Iskandar Mirza, both having risen through the bureaucracy under the British. The quality of the bureaucracy was generally determined by the investment the colonial power made in its administration, the Indian Civil Service being exemplary, whilst those of the Arab Near East and Libya being underdeveloped Many lost their independence and their pre-eminence declined resulting in the diminishment of their political role. The Malaysian judiciary has a similar history as do most post-colonial British territories The judiciary had the interesting effect of instituting particular patterns of political activity in the body politic of the pre and post-colonial society, allowing courts to become avenues for political activism. Governance - Politics of Identity Colonial rule was often only possible through the manipulation of divisions in society, ethnic, linguistic and religious. By accentuating social differences, they institutionalised them by treating communities differently in the eyes of the law, at polling booths, in how resources were allocated and in recognition of religious rights etc. This encouraged the politics of identity at the cost of development of uniform civil societies. In India, this resulted in the All-India Muslim League in 1906 that lobbied for separate electorates for Muslims and Hindus with similar reactions in Malaysia, Nigeria and Palestine Elections in colonial rule provided a critical political framework that shaped the conception of communities of their relation to power at the centre as well as their own identity and self-definition. The subsequent state leaders (usually from the colonial military or bureaucracy) would continue manipulating social divisions even as they spoke of national unity - Iraq being a case in question. The importance of certain geographic locations to colonising powers (eg, North West India to the British for supply of troops) or where the colonisers arrived late (eg, the French agricultural relationships with Syria) meant that they developed patronage networks, which have left indelible marks in future state-society relationships. The state emerged as paternalistic and society came to see patronage as a function of state - this contributed to Malays remaining aloof from commercial activities expecting the state to guarantee economic and social standing. Variations of how the colonial administrators ruled their vassal populations accounted for the different experiences in state formations post-colonialism. In Algeria and Libya colonial rule was direct while in Morocco, Tunisia, Malaysia, Java and India local elites were used The Dutch in Java, utilised the local elites to resolve labour shortages, entrenching their socio-political positions, creating dependencies between the peasantry and elite (the Dutch permitting exploitation and impoverishment for their own ends) The British carefully controlled 250 princes in India to control a third of the Indian population – they controlled the rest of the population by manipulating landowners, local chiefs and grandees. Symbiotic relationships resulted, entrenching the positions of these local elites, who favoured compartmentalisation of policy in favour of a uniform national political arena This allowed them to control segments of the polity and negotiate with the centre. In Pakistan this trend is still visible today with the landowning class controlling politics at all levels and resisting land reforms. The power of the monarchy in the Gulf States and Brunei and tribal chiefs in East Africa and Nigeria is reflective of these British policies The Algerian experience with direct French rule to ensure integration into France and exploitation through commercial gain for their settlers resulted in centralised rule – local elites and leaders were seen with hostility, a reflection of the post-colonial Algerian landscape. Colonialism's structural expressions continue to reproduce themselves in a fashion that perpetuates this power relationship. New Muslim elites are largely products of superimposed structures, resulting in polarization and bifurcation between elites and masses. Muslim intellectuals, imbued with the Western discourse of rationality, entered political life as natural allies to elites and colonialists. The masses fell back on their own values to protect themselves from the new class which sought to pattern life along Western lines. Without social cohesion, the State is unable to deal with strains, penetrate society and regulate social relationships. In the absence of an overarching consciousness that unites and merges its subjects at all levels of the social scale in a commonly accepted meaning and criteria of validity, there can be neither strong societies nor strong states. The current regimes across the Muslim world cannot be seen as simply "Muslims" as this fails to take into consideration the institutionalized colonial values, foreign ideologies, systems, agendas and outlooks, visible today across the organs of the modern states, their constitutions, policies, administration and organizations along with the resulting tensions. Cleveland, W (2004) "A History of the Modern Middle East" Esposito, J (1999) "The Oxford History of Islam" Hitti, P (1970) "History of the Arabs" Lewis, B (1997) "A history of the Middle East" A party thrown by the then Shah of Iran, originally bought to power by the Americans, helps explain the why. In 1971 the Shah threw a party for heads of state and royalty across 69 countries in Persepolis, the ancient capital of Persia. The celebration was the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian empire created by Cyrus the Great. No expense was spared with over $100 million being spent on the celebration - 50 gold threaded suits cost $1,000 each, colored light bulbs cost $840,000. French designers were commissioned to design and plan a tent city to host the event in over 160 acres of desert. Fifty luxury apartments surrounded by Persian tent cloth in a start pattern around a central pattern were built to look like the original city. It took over a year to construct, consuming over 23 miles of silk, carpets and marble. He imported one and a half thousand trees and vast numbers of flowers and songbirds from Europe to create an artistic effect with chefs through to bakers flown in from the Parisian restaurant Maxims - which was temporarily shut down for the two week party. Over 250 Mercedes-Benz limousines were purchased just to transport guests to and from the airport. A banqueting hall was decorated with Bohemian crystal chandeliers with food served on Limoges china.The tablecloth itself took 125 women six months to embroider. A special cellar was built to house 2,500 bottles of champagne, 1,000 bottles of Bordeaux and 1,000 of Burgundy. The tribe at the Persepolis was forcibly removed from the region, over 2,000 critics were rounded up and arrested, the region was sealed off by the military by barbed wire and even the University of Tehran, over 400 miles away, was closed for the celebration. The gala feast on 14th October to celebrate his wife's birthday lasted five and a half hours with the menu in Persian and French. It contained the following: The following day, 4,000 soldiers paraded for the guests, donning different costumes, representing armies of the Iranian empires through its history. In Iran and abroad the Shah was condemned for such extravagence amidst the hardship his people and the people of the region were suffering Journalists discussed his wife Farah's sumptuous dresses and jewels and the diamond-studded collar of the pet dog of the Emperor Hailé Selassié of Ethiopia, which, outclassed jewels worn by many of the Queens and First Ladies in attendance. Iranians were shocked by the quantity of alcohol consumed, the scandalous low-cut dresses and the Shah's praising of Cyrus the Great with little to no mention of Islam. The Shah soon realised his celebration had backfired. When the Ayatollah Khomeini condemned his party, he angrily replied, "Should I serve heads of state bread and radishes instead?" However, the damage could not be undone. For a number of royal dynasties in attendance, the writing was already on the wall. Within two years the Greek and Afghan monarchies were abolished. Hailé Selassié was deposed and murdered by Ethiopian revolutionaries and the Islamic Revolution of 1979 terminated the Shah's rule, ending the Pahlavi Dynasty. Great answers start with great insights. Content becomes intriguing when it is voted up or down - ensuring the best answers are always at the top. Questions are answered by people with a deep interest in the subject. People from around the world review questions, post answers and add comments. Be part of and influence the most important global discussion that is defining our generation and generations to come

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Cuban Missile Crisis The History Cat Classroom "You Were Almost Never Born...Or You Would Have Had Something Like Three Eyes and Glowed in the Dark." The Cuban Missile Crisis October 27, 1962, very nearly went down in history as the day that nearly triggered a nuclear apocalypse. On this day, the United States and the USSR came close to pushing the nuclear launch button not once, but three times! For half a century the United States and the Soviet Union had been engaged in history’s most insane game of chicken; complete with military threats, spy games and nuclear-tipped shenanigans that on several occasions came close to wiping out all of humanity. For those who were alive to witness it Black Saturday was by far the most terrifying day in human history. Fifty years later the Cuban Missile Crisis is just another blurb in some history textbook but what is difficult to impress on the general population is just how close we came to World War III. As then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara said, "I thought it was the last Saturday I would ever see." He was on the inside and knew the gravity of the situation. In order to understand the Cuban Missile Crisis we need to understand a few things about the state of international relations after the Second World War. We won. However; one of our "allies," the USSR led by Joseph Stalin, decided that it wanted to export the idea of Communism and the name Boris to the rest of Europe. We had spent a great deal of blood and capital freeing Europe from dictatorship so we were disinclined to allow the commies to take more than they already absconded with i.e. the Truman Doctrine. By the 1960's the Soviets were frustrated in their attempts to keep people enamored with life under Communist domination. They had replaced the Jack-Booted Thugs of Nazism with Ushanka-wearing, AK-47 toting Commie Automatons. Neither was a good choice for most in Eastern Europe so they fled to the west in ever-increasing numbers. This precipitated the Berlin Crisis in 1961. If you could get to East Germany and make your way to Berlin, you could take a train to West Germany and bask in the glories of the Marshal Plan. When the Berlin Wall went up the Soviets looked to see how the United States would react. There were tense moments and tanks did face off but cooler heads prevailed and a hot war did not occur. The Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971), may have felt emboldened to have gotten away with blocking off east and west. But the USSR was not in a state to really threaten the United States as much as we thought they might be able to. There was a "missile gap" but it was in the favor of the United States. We thought the Soviets had large numbers of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). That fact, combined with the very real superiority in soldiers, artillery and tanks put fear into the hearts of the American military and politicians (At least those not named Chief of Staff of the US Air Force Curtis LeMay). It was in the best interest of the Soviets to keep America thinking they had many Nuclear weapons but in reality, they had to get their intermediate (1,200 mile range) and medium (2,800 mile range) missiles much closer to America to do any more than annoy caribou and Atlantic Salmon. Plus, the United States had nuclear missile bases in Turkey and Italy which were geographically very close to Mother Russia. Maybe the USSR could try the same tactic in the western hemisphere? The Revolution that had placed Fidel Castro into power in Cuba made that idea a reality. Since 1959, the United States had watched as Fidel Castro’s Cuba accepted more and more influence and military aid from the Soviet Union. A Communist state ninety miles from Florida was just about the last thing that America wanted. Would other Central or South American nations follow? The Central Intelligence Agency, with the support of President Eisenhower, began training Cuban exiles in the hopes of inserting them back into Cuba and starting a counter-revolution. The debacle known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) was thrust onto the plate of the newly minted President John F. Kennedy. When Eisenhower left office he showed Kennedy the button to call in Marine One and gave him the plans to the Bay of Pigs. Who can blame Kennedy for paying more attention to calling in Marine One? The Bay of Pigs was unsuccessful, in part, due to last minute vacillation on the part of Kennedy who withdrew air and naval support. When the operation failed it demonstrated three things. First, Kennedy looked weak. Second, the United States was willing to invade Cuba. Third, Cuba was important to America. Maybe Khrushchev thought he could use Cuba as a pawn to either eliminate US missiles from Western Europe and Turkey? Or, he may have wanted a realistic first strike capability against the continental United States. With a weak and inexperienced American president, it just might work. The Soviet Union began shipping surface to air missiles, Mig-21 fighter planes, Il 28 medium bombers, and aircrew, as well as soldiers and engineers (gleefully called “Agricultural or Irrigation Engineers) all to set up and protect medium to intermediate range nuclear capable ballistic missiles and nuclear tactical rockets. As an aside, a nuclear tactical rocket is used for shore defense. Basically, you shoot and scoot or die in the resulting really, really close nuclear explosion. They might as well be nuclear hand grenades or a hug activated nuclear suicide vest. The United States may have missed this build-up. We had stopped U2 overflights as Soviet missile technology was proving to match the U2’s service ceiling and had downed several of our or our allies spy planes. When we did resume overflights on October 14th, 1962 the cameras revealed telltale Surface to Air Missile (SAM) arrays similar to those found around nuclear missile sites in the USSR. By October 16th President Kennedy was informed of the possibility of nuclear missiles aimed at the US from bases in Cuba. Kennedy was riding an approval rating of 70% but the numbers had been slowly declining. He could not appear to be weak. The speech he gave at the Berlin Wall did little to scare the Soviets. The Bay of Pigs made Khrushchev believe that Kennedy would “…huff and then agree…” to Soviet demands to either leave West Berlin or remove some offensive capabilities in Europe. Kennedy called on his Executive Committee or ExCom (members of his staff, cabinet and advisors) to meet and mull the options available to meet this dire threat. The options available to Kennedy were limited and all posed some level of risk. The first and worst option was to simply do nothing. The second was to use diplomacy but the United Nations was impotent with a Soviet veto power in the Security Council and the Soviets seemed to think they could bully the Kennedy administration. Third, a secret deal could be put into effect that would somehow make both sides happy. (Spoiler Alert: This option was used but it was secret so few knew about it…you are now in the know). Fourth, and the option desired by the Joint Chiefs of Staff i.e. military was some form of invasion of Cuba. The Air Force suggested bombing, the Army suggested a Normandy-like invasion, the Navy considered shelling coastal regions, the Coast Guard made certain the Great Lakes were secure, and the Marines basically had to be told not to simply swim to Cuba with their K-bars (combat knives) in their teeth. The last option was a naval blockade of Cuba that would halt nuclear weapons ever reaching their destination. (Another Spoiler Alert: They already had nuclear weapons in Cuba). Tense negotiations began. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy met with the Soviet ambassador to the US. Diplomatic calls were made. Most of this was in secret. On October 22nd Kennedy addressed the American public and stated that any attack from Cuba would be considered and attack on the United States from the Soviet Union. We believed we could hit them if necessary, before they could hit us. Kennedy was, therefore, speaking from a position of strength, thinking that there were no missiles in Cuba. The choice Kennedy made, to “quarantine offensive weapons” utilizing a naval blockade was a decisive decision and proved to be the correct one. The Soviets were not quite ready to launch a strike and the US Navy began stopping ships in international waters proving we meant business. If the Soviets pressed the issue too far the United States had the upper hand in ICBMs. It simply was not worth it to Khrushchev. Kennedy called his bluff. But it was very close. One Soviet submarine, B-59 Foxtrot Class, was carrying a nuclear torpedo. When confronted and followed by US Naval destroyers and forced to surface, there was an apparent argument onboard as to whether or not they should fire the weapon. They did not but it came down to a few men deciding not to push some very shiny candy-like launch buttons. The US went to Defcon 2 (imminent war) but then…the Soviet ships turned around. “How can I deal with a man younger than my son?” Khrushchev would not have to worry about that for very long. Kennedy would be the victim of an assassin’s bullet and Khrushchev would be stripped of his role of head of the party in less than two years for disgracefully saving the world from nuclear destruction. The reality is that Kennedy’s decisiveness in implementing the naval blockade along with secret negotiations that removed US missiles from Turkey in exchange for the promise to not put nuclear missiles in Cuba saved the day. Strength and diplomacy, with a little luck added, made it so that you would have to turn on a light to read this rather than utilizing the subtle glow from nuclear radiation that would have emanated from your multi-eyed head. Why the Cuban Missile Crisis Matters The Cuban Missile Crisis was like that scene in a horror flick when the girl hears the floorboards creak upstairs and stupidly asks “who’s there?” Everyone knows that any minute the killer is going to strike from behind a dark corner and the tension is palpable. The Missile Crisis literally marked the height of the Cold War. Thankfully, cooler heads prevailed and the finger was taken off the nuke button. After that the Cold War seemed to thaw, even if it was only a little, because everyone had realized how close they had come to wiping out the planet. A hotline was set up between the White House and Kremlin to avoid any future misunderstandings. America also learned first hand what it was like to be the direct target of containment. Up to this point the Cold War was something that people watched on the nightly news as American troops positioned themselves in some far-flung country like Korea. But now the threat was literally at their backdoor. But the biggest consequence to come out of the crisis was a hostile relationship with Cuba that only began to thaw in 2010 when President Obama began to lift decades long sanctions against the communist country. For nearly half a century Americans have been banned from trade or travel with Cuba, a situation that has baffled even our closest allies. Perhaps someday soon all sanctions will be lifted and Americans and Cubans can begin building closer relations. Images of Cuban nuclear base taken from a U2 spyplane

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Dutch Rabbit – information and facts about the Dutch Rabbit Breed. Learn more about Dutch Rabbits in this article. Breed photos are included. Do you know that Dutch Rabbit was once the most popular of all the rabbit breeds. This is not until the dwarf rabbits came into the picture that the popularity of the Dutch rabbits slowly declined. Dutch Rabbit Facts When people hear of the word Dutch, they would usually associate it to Netherlands. And that’s true in this case. Dutch rabbits originated in Holland, near the Netherland Dwarf’s birthplace. During these times, both the Netherland Dwarf and Dutch rabbits were considered strictly fancy showing animals. However, Dutch Rabbits are not developed in Netherlands. These popular rabbits were developed in England. Fulfilling their meat purposes, England did a series of weekly importations of these rabbits from Ostend, Belgium during the 1830s. One of these rabbits was Petit Brabancon, which originated from Brabant, Flanders. This breed might still be found in paintings from 15th century. This old breed can be accounted as one of the generic roots of Dutch rabbits. Petit Brabancon have Dutch markings. Rabbit breeders chose the ones with even markings, and developed the breed in such a way that they can have the markings of the Dutch rabbits that we have today. Most Dutch rabbits are popular for both pet and showing purposes. 2. Characteristics and Appearance The size of a Dutch rabbit is small to medium. It is a 4-class breed. Those rabbits that are under the age of 6 months, and have a minimum weight of 1.75 pounds, fall under the category of junior rabbits. For senior rabbits, they are over 6 months of age and have a weight between 3.5 and 5.5 pounds. The ideal weight for senior rabbits is 4.5. The bodies of Dutch rabbits are compact and well rounded. Their heads are also rounded, complementing their body shape. The roundedness of their bodies and head should be apparent in all varieties. It should start from behind the head, then over the shoulders to the loin’s highest part, then rounding off over the hindquarters. Their ears are short, stocky and well furred. Dutch rabbits are easily noticed because of their characteristic color pattern. Indeed, this marking pattern is their most striking feature. They have an even edge of white feature that runs through their face. This white feature is shaped by their cheeks, which are the rounded circles of color on either of the face’s sides. This white run in the face is what you call blaze. Dutch rabbits also have this feature called saddle. Saddle is a straight line that runs right behind the shoulders and continues underneath the Dutch rabbit undercut across the belly. On their rear feet, you can find the stops. These are white in color and approximately one-third in length, if measured from the toes. The fur of a Dutch rabbit is glossy and flyback in nature. They come in 6 colors, as recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association: black, blue, chocolate, gray, steel and tortoise. Just a slight overview of their varieties, let’s start it off with the Black Dutch. Black Dutch rabbits should have this dense and very glossy color. This coloring is jet black in nature and runs deeply towards the rabbit’s skin, which perfectly blends into the slate blue under coloring of the Dutch rabbits. The Blue Dutch is slightly lighter when compared with the Black. This rabbit variety has a uniform medium-dark blue and very glossy color. It also runs deep towards the skin, just like the Black variety, and blends perfectly with the slate blue undercolor next to the skin. The major difference between Black Dutch and Blue Dutch is their eye coloring. The Black Dutch rabbit must have a dark-brown eye color while the Blue Dutch must have a blue-gray. We also have the Chinchilla Dutch and the surface color in the top and sides of this rabbit’s body is to pearl white ticked with black. At the top of the intermediary band is a black band. In the belly area is a white surface color, coupled with a slate blue under coloring. Chocolate Dutch, as the name suggests, boasts its dark chocolate brown color running towards its skin. Next to the skin is a bluish dove under color, perfectly complementing the chocolate color. Its fur is very glossy and uniform and the eyes are colored dark-brown. For the Gray Dutch rabbit, a remarkable feature is its agouti patter, which shows the distinct bands of color of the rabbit. Colors on the hair shaft of the Grays should be slate blue at the base, then followed by a medium tan, a thin charcoal brown band, and finished with a lighter tan. The colored portions of this Dutch rabbit’s body should be uniformly spread wit the black guard hairs. We also have the Steel Dutch, whose entire colored portion is covered with black color. On some of its hair tips, there is a uniform disbursement of off-white or cream coloration. It also has a slate blue under coloring of the skin, similar to the Black and Blue Dutch varieties. Last but not the least is the Tortoise Dutch. Its coloring is to be bright, clean orange which blends into a smokey-blue shading over the lower rump and carries well down the haunches The top coloring of the Tortoise should be carried down into the under color, then blends into the dark cream color next to the skin of the rabbit. The upper portion of the color of the tail should match the color of the top body. 3. Personality, Traits and Purpose The Dutch rabbits are known as gentle as well-dispositional animals. Accordingly, they make a great rabbit not just for the beginners but also to advanced exhibitors in rabbit shows and fairs. Dutch rabbits are known to produce an average size of litter at around 6 kits, in a gestation period that runs for 28-32 days. Their kits are born blind, but their eyes will open anywhere between 7-14 days. Dutch rabbits are widely recognized as show rabbits. New varieties of Dutch rabbits that are still being developed right now are the Harlequin, which has an equivalent of Tri Coloured Dutch in UK, and the Chinchilla. For the American Standard of the Dutch rabbits, 50 of the total 100 points is attributed to the rabbit’s markings, 25 points to the general type, 10 points for the color, 10 points to the fur and 5 to the rabbit’s condition. When purchasing a Dutch rabbit, once must take into account the purpose of the rabbit. Also, he must not even think about having a perfect Dutch. There is no perfect Dutch rabbit. But there’s a clear distinction between a good and a bad Dutch rabbit. And that’s what has to be understood from the very beginning. Now, the American Dutch Rabbit Club is in charge of promoting and developing the breed. Feel free to approach any member of ADRC for further information about this amazing and popular rabbit breed.

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Writing essays is considered to be among the toughest meas contador onlineures in the academic field. When it is a written evaluation, opinion piece or a research paper, 1 thing is for sure; it’ll always need careful preparation, demonstration and proofreading. Essays are usually a culmination of a individual’s personal thought and perception towards a specific topic. The topic itself may vary as well as the length of the article. Since the subject and its own nature are the main concern, this will aid greatly in developing the primary points of the essay. Before actually writing an essay, one has to have his bearings put and be on track of everything he would like to write. There are various tips and pointers that can be gotten from several websites dealing specifically with this. These websites not just give one ideas on the subject, but also provide him with considerable resources of interest to the subject of the essay. Included in these are reliable sources for quotations, references and illustrations as well as a plethora of other material which could be utilized. It’s necessary to keep in mind that these resources will be used to follow the whole composition of the essay. Writing an essay is one of those creative endeavors in life that has to be given the time, focus and attention. Someone should contador de palavras online keep in mind that each and every paragraph from the article ought to be well-planned and well-spoken. The aim is to make a well-written, well-crafted and well-prepared piece of writing. A writer should be keen enough to take under consideration the correct punctuation and grammar. Punctuation and grammar are something one should never neglect since they are essential in the making of a good and workable essay. When writing an essay, an individual should also remember it is a source document that’s meant to be awarded to a reader. Therefore, a great deal of care and attention must be given to the choice of words, selection of ideas and tone of writing. A writer should choose words carefully rather than over-use them. The choice of a suitable word for a specific circumstance or essay may be a tough choice sometimes. A individual has to take care to avoid using slang or old-fashioned terms as they might get rid of the desired significance of this essay. It is also wise to avoid using any difficult words that may seem unfamiliar to the reader. One can also be advised to see other’s functions and note down the observations that they make. Then one can adjust his or her own writing style in line with the way it suits the subject or the debate that is presented in the essay. There are many hints and tips about how best to write a better essay. An essay can only be successful if it is well-structured and written. The first phase of planning out the essay can be a daunting job. The article should start off with this introduction. The introduction is one of the most important areas of the essay, as it states what the whole essay is about. The following phase of planning out the article is the body of the essay. This is the point where the main arguments of the essay is going to be formed and discussed.

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Just as the name implies, the elephant ear plant produces deeply veined, heart-shaped leaves that can grow to be the size of an elephant's ear. Although these leaves have a sturdy, leathery texture, they begin to wilt like any other leaf once they have been cut from the main stalk of the plant. But you can preserve an elephant ear leaf, and at the same time make a decorative birdbath for your yard or garden by making a mold of the leaf's shape and then casting it in cement. A cement birdbath made from elephant ears makes a tropical addition to any garden. Make a pile of sand with a large mound in the center to support your leaf, as if you were making a sand castle. The pile of sand should be large enough that your large elephant ear leaf is surrounded by a 2 inch margin of sand all the way around the leaf border. Wet the sand with water until it is as damp as a wrung out sponge to make it stick together. This will help the sand keep its shape and support the weight of the leaf and cement. Select an elephant ear leaf that is large enough to serve as a birdbath. The leaf should almost completely cover your sand pile. Cut the stem at the base of the leaf, leaving just a couple of inches of stem. Cover the surface of the sand with a dry-cleaner bag. This will keep the sand from sticking to the cement when you pour the cement onto the leaf. Turn the elephant ear plant face down and place it onto the surface of the plastic dry-cleaning bag. Gently curve the leaf around the sand mount to create a bowl shape with the leaf. Cut a 2 inch section from the end of a tubular cement form using a utility knife. Then trim the chicken wire so that it is the size and shape of the leaf. Pull on a pair of gloves and a mask for breathing protection before mixing cement. This will protect your skin from irritation and keep you from breathing the cement dust. Pour cement into a 5 gallon bucket. Add water and mix with a trowel until the cement is the consistency of a mud pie. Scoop cement from the bucket and place it into the center of the leaf. Spread the mixture outward from the center of the leaf to the edges as if you were kneading dough. Keep the mixture even as you spread it and try not to tear the leaf. Cover the entire leaf with an ample layer of cement that covers the veins. Once the leaf is covered, place a layer of chicken wire over the cement and press the wire into the surface. Then cover with another layer of cement. Center the 2 inch ring that you cut from the concrete ring form over the curve of the leaf bowl. Fill the ring with cement to create a surface to attach to a pedestal. Cover with the second dry-cleaner bag and allow to dry for 48 hours. Lift the leaf from the sand and turn it over. Peel back the plastic wrap and remove the leaf from the cement. Scrub away any leaf bits that stick to the cement with a wire bristled brush. Turn the cement bowl over and peel away the cardboard ring. Allow the cement to dry and cure for a week before using.

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Expansion joints save a cement structure from cracking. It also adds flexibility to it. Hence, when the freeze and thaw cycle takes place, the cement does not crack. Expansion joints bear the expansion and contraction of the ground and save the floor from cracking. Doesn't it sound good? Yes, it does and it also helps you imagine flexibility in designing buildings and the possibility of saving them from possible damage. It is not only the ground that needs expansion joints; walls can also get them for increased flexibility in interior sectioning and designing. However, they serve the purpose of saving the walls from getting cracked during an earthquake or regular the natural shifting of earth layers. These two factors can cause considerable damage to buildings, especially those built in earthquake zones. An expansion joint can save buildings from damage to a great extent, if not entirely. Building expansion joints in the wall is an innovative and safe method of moving some parts of a wall and bringing changes to the interior. Commercial buildings often need these changes to divide the available space stylishly into smaller rooms or cubicles. Shops and businesses opt for this method to increase the capacity of buildings. Expansion joints are breaks in walls and floor. These breaks mean keeping the integrity and strength of the walls. The wall in sections is easy to maintain if you want to move it. Each section is separate, and when you move them independently, they help you bring changes to the floor plan without compromising on the structure of the walls. There are other benefits of expansion joints also. They are installed in huge buildings where large concrete areas remain under the effect of expansion and contraction of the ground. This natural movement of the ground is not favorable for the concert structures. They crack at places where more pressure or other situations are not good. However, the ease and comfort of expansion joints do not complete without waterproofing them. Sections of separate walls can give water a way to seep inside. The joints make a wall and floor vulnerable to water on the ground or outside, and the best way to prevent water seepage is to waterproof them. Once you save a building from water-related damage, the cement structure remains intact for a long. Waterproofing of expansion joints started more than half a century ago when tunnels showed water seepage profoundly. This was in 1955. Builders planned waterproofing of expansion joints in tunnels to avert the underground water from seeping inside the tunnels through the joints. The damage to the concrete and the constant need for repair worry them. Waterproofing of expansion joints in tunnels started, and tunnels showed better condition after because water stopped damaging them. However, waterproofing was not as developed as it is today. The advancement of technology today has brought new materials to use. Success and failure points of early waterproofing projects led to improvements in waterproofing methods. Stairs can also have expansion joints. Today, expansion joints are more common, but strict installation rules exist. One of those rules is to waterproof them. Why is it important to waterproof expansion joints? As mentioned above, joints have narrow openings, and water can seep through them. Water damages buildings, and repair work cost is higher than waterproofing. Waterproofing suffices a building for many years. Water remains out and away from the walls and floor with properly waterproofed expansion joints. You do not need to repeat repair work of the walls and spend hefty cash on that. Licensed companies offer top-notch waterproofing services to expansion joints and other parts of buildings. ROOTERWORX is a famous company in Mississauga. They are reputable builders and provide extensive services to the residents of Mississauga and surrounding areas. You can read customer reviews t know how successful the company experts are in their job. Modern buildings need fail-proof solutions for waterproofing. ROOTERWORX has acquired the latest waterproofing solutions. These solutions keep a building safe from water access for years. Large structures like airports, hospitals, schools, commercial buildings, and bridges need expansion joints waterproofing so that these colossal buildings remain safe from the damaging effects of water. We were talking about the longevity of buildings after waterproofing the expansion joints. This is true that waterproofing adds more years to the life of cement structures. Waterproofing material that remains active throughout time ensures longevity. Crystalline waterproofing is a modern method that is popular because of its everlasting feature. The question is, how often should you waterproof expansion joints? Not very often, like every year or even every two years. The waterproofing material lasts longer than two or three years. This is possible if you use crystalline or an equally effective material for waterproofing. Do quality waterproofing methods and materials only are enough to ensure reliable waterproofing? No, you need to add to that quality service, too. That is why we especially focus on hiring top-notch waterproofing expansion joints. You can search for popular waterproofing companies and compare their services. The first thing you check is the level of understanding of the waterproofing team. This is key to better services. Comprehensive information and knowing the proper techniques are essential. They are a competent team if you find them well-aware of in and out of waterproofing expansion joints. The second thing is experience. Skilled labor gets polished with more work. You can find someone in the profession of waterproofing for the past five years. If you compare their skills with someone who just started a few months back, the senior person's work style will be impressive. Experience lets you avoid errors and take a mature approach to complete work. ROOTERWORX is a well-established company. It offers many services for home maintenance and building services. So, you can find a team of builders who are knowledgeable and experienced. They are popular in Mississauga. There are homes and commercial centers that receive waterproofing services from this company. Hence, you can find reliable reviews.

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CC-MAIN-2022-49

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In the spring of 1941 a prototype helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky was performing well enough to warrant a contract being awarded to the Vought-Sikorsky division of United Aircraft for the development of a two-seat version, designated the XR-4. The first flight of the new helicopter was made in January 1942, and 130 production examples were soon produced. The R-4 recorded two firsts: it accomplished the first helicopter landing aboard a ship, and the first rescue by a helicopter. Twenty-five R-4s (under the designation HNS-1) were operated by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, and 52 R-4s were operated by the British (under the designation Hoverfly I). information on this aircraft can be found at Wikipedia (updated February 2009) Sikorsky R-4 / HNS-1 Type: two-seat training and rescue helicopter Crew: 2 Armament: none Specifications: Length: 48' 2" (14.68 m) Height: 12' 5" (3.78 m) Empty Weight: 2020 lb (916 kg) Max Weight: 2535 lb (1150 kg) max at takeoff Propulsion: No. of Engines: 1 Powerplant: Warner R-550-1 radial Horsepower: 180 hp Performance: Range: 130 miles (209 km) Cruise Speed: N/A Max Speed: 75 mph ( 121 km/h) Ceiling: 8,000 ft (2440 m) (go to manufacturer's page) If this page does not have a navigational frame on the left, click HERE to see the rest of the website.

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CC-MAIN-2014-52

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NodeB is Killed or It Cannot Connect to the Database Access to a database is vital for running jobs, running scheduler and cooperation with other nodes. Touching a database is also used for detection of dead process. When the JVM process of NodeB is killed, it stops touching the database and the other nodes may detect it. Time-line describing the scenario: 0s-30s - the last touch on DB; NodeB or its connection to the database is down; 90s - NodeA sees the last touch. 0-40s - a check-task running on NodeA detects an obsolete touch from NodeB; the status of NodeB is changed to stopped, jobs running on the NodeB are solved, which means that their status is changed to UNKNOWNand the event is dispatched among the Cluster nodes. The job result is considered as The following configuration properties set the time intervals mentioned above: The periodicity of a database touch, in milliseconds. The interval when the other nodes accept the last touch, in milliseconds. The periodicity of Cluster node checks, in milliseconds. A boolean value which can switch the solvingof running jobs mentioned above.

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CC-MAIN-2021-21

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In the early days of World War One, the enthusiastic patriotism with which young men queued up to join the army gave rise to the concept of a roll of honour war record, to be compiled by the Marquis de Ruvigny and published in honour of those soldiers who would give their lives for their country. It was originally thought that compiling a ww1 military record of names, biographies and photographs would be a relatively easy project to complete, given that most believed the war would be won swiftly and casualties would be small. However, as the war dragged on and the number of dead increased throughout the remaining years on a scale never matched before or since, De Ruvigny's Roll of Honour became almost impossible to complete. Not only was the professional, regular British army (also known as the British Expeditionary Force) wiped out at Ypres during 1914, but also many of the willing volunteers of Kitchener's new armies were then destroyed during the Battle of the Somme in 1916, one of the largest battles of the First World War. In its final published form, the Roll of Honour records the biographies of more than 25,000 men from the British army, navy and air force, with nearly 7000 of the entries being accompanied by a photograph. This is only a tiny fraction of the soldiers who died in the Great War, but nonetheless is a tribute to those who compiled it, and those who feature in it. It is also an insight into a time when the nation naively and confidently entered into the patriotic spirit of conflict, without any comprehension of the eventual scale of the disaster. De Ruvigny's Roll of Honour is a unique wwi record.

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CC-MAIN-2017-09

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LANGKAWI, March 1 — The passage grows narrower and darker as we move deeper underground. We climb down into a lower chamber, our hands grasping the worn limestone for balance. The dank air is ripe with the smell of guano and filled with the echoed sound of fluttering wings. Our guide’s flashlight picks out the distant ceiling. Countless bats hang suspended high above us, with dozens flittering through the beam of the light. “These are Asian roundleaf bats, Hipposideros larvatus,” says our guide Othman Ayeb, a locally based naturalist and founder of Rimbawi GeoDiscovery. By recent estimates, the Gua Pinang cave is said to hold at between eight to ten thousand roosting bats -- more than all the other cave systems in Langkawi’s archipelago added together. And yet Gua Pinang remains almost unknown. People who live nearby are aware of the cave, yet very few have ever visited. Part of the reason is the cave’s relative inaccessibility. We set out from the fishing jetty at Kubang Badak in a traditional wooden sampan. The oars make gentle splashes in the green water as we glide through the silent mangroves, but when we reach the river mouth the long-tail motor chugs nosily to life, sending the boat racing across the ever-widening estuary that leads out to sea. We stay close to the coast, visiting an abandoned charcoal kiln towered over by durian trees planted almost a century ago when this was a trading post for Chinese merchants who ferried goods from Penang to the upper reaches of the Malacca Straits and further still into the Andaman Sea. A few minutes further up the coast is a tiny river, hardly more than a stream. At low tide, it is almost impassable and even at mid-tide our boatman has to struggle with the oars to free the boat from the mangrove roots. We step ashore and clamber uphill. Othman spent a great deal of time and effort clearing a steep pathway through the edge of the forest. Thick fishing ropes act as banisters on the more challenging parts of the climb. In thirty-two degree heat and high humidity we are all sweating, and some of us breathless, by the time we reach the mouth of the cave. The Gua Pinang is at the north of Langkawi’s eponymous main island. Even though we are still in Malaysia our phones beep with a message saying “Welcome to Thailand”, the closest mainland. This is a place to beware of international roaming charges. But there is no phone reception underground. Though we only explore a fraction of the cave, it still takes 20 minutes before we see sunlight again, emerging from a different entrance. As well as bats and guano, there are stalactites and stalagmites of myriad sizes and shapes, and miniature landscapes of mosses and lichens, home to many unusual insects. The bats also play a major role in the delicate balance of the local ecosystem, eating insects, including millions of mosquitoes a year in an area not immune to the occasional outbreak of dengue. In the not so distant past, there were other caves adjacent to Gua Pinang. The older villagers remember them. Which brings us to the other reason Gua Pinang doesn’t appear on any of the tourist maps – the cave is situated on land the state government has leased to the French cement company Lafarge. The neighbouring limestone caves the villagers remember were destroyed to be used as part of the cement manufacturing process. “They were called Gua Tok Sabong and Gua Balai,” says Othman. “Gua Tok Sabong was famous for its stalactites. It was much bigger than Gua Pinang.” The Lafarge cement factory at nearby Teluk Ewa is enormous and could easily be the set for a dystopian science fiction movie. Its contrast to the natural beauty of the surrounding limestone peaks, rainforests, beaches and mangroves is incongruous. But Lafarge is also one of the biggest employers on this part of the island, an area of half-built and ramshackle housing where tourism has only tentatively encroached. Fishing is still a major occupation, not just as a commercial activity, but as a vital necessity. Many of the locals depend on the cement factory for steady work. In 2007, UNESCO accorded Langkawi Geopark status in recognition of its unique geological heritage. This accolade has done much to boost Langkawi’s reputation as an international destination for tourists and naturalists. But the Geopark status is up for review soon, with a UNESCO delegation expected in the upcoming months to decide if it will re-validate Langkawi’s status. “On the notion that a Geopark must benefit its people, some economic activities may threaten natural resource conservation,” said a spokesperson for Friends of Langkawi Geopark (FLAG) on their Facebook page. “But whatever development there is, they must be sustainable. “The cement plant, no doubt, was established long before Langkawi Geopark was instituted and has served well in helping develop Langkawi and the country. Our concern now is its expansion that might encroach and destroy Gua Pinang. Geopark managers should talk to them on protecting this geosite.” “Gua Pinang is approximately three times the size of Gua Kelawar,” explains Othman Ayeb, referring to the popularly named Bat Cave, one the natural attractions in Langkawi’s Kilim River mangrove area. “We hope that we can save Gua Pinang. By bringing visitors here, we can raise awareness that they exist. This is a unique eco-system that should be protected” says Othman Ayeb, as we navigate the trail back downhill to meet our waiting boatman. “Tourism Malaysia have even featured the caves in their latest promotional video for Langkawi.” Last Friday, LaFarge issued a statement about this very issue. “Lafarge Malaysia celebrates 30 years of operations in Langkawi this year,” says Sekar Kaliannan, Lafarge’s Langkawi plant manager, in the statement. “Throughout our operations, we have been part of the community, with a significant socio-economic footprint. We are committed to biodiversity and environmental protection and we will continue to work with our local stakeholders and experts towards this end. “With regards to Gua Pinang, we are aware of its existence within the vicinity of our quarry operations. There are no plans for us to develop or quarry this area, which will be preserved under the designated buffer zone.” “This is very good news,” says Othman Ayeb. “Now we can start to create more awareness about Gua Pinang and come up with a proper proposal to the state government about further promoting this cave as an important natural site in Langkawi.”

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CC-MAIN-2017-34

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Creating a Smart Grid involves modernizing not just power grids, but also many other parts of industry and infrastructure. Creating a Smart Grid involves modernizing not just utility systems and power grids, but also many other parts of a city’s infrastructure, including mobility and rail, building energy consumption, integrating renewable energy resources and improved industrial energy productivity. As one of the largest energy users, industrial consumers have the most to gain from adding power consumption transparency to their operations. In addition to the benefit of knowing the optimal time of day to run equipment for cost savings, adding complex monitoring to expensive equipment allows for proactive instead of reactive maintenance. Energy prices can quickly rise, adversely affecting business and profit margins. Siemens offers the resources, expertise and technology to drive energy consumption down while improving productivity. Share this Page: Share this Page on...

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CC-MAIN-2016-18

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If you plan to travel to Cuba in 2019, I suggest you pay attention to everything you see, hear, and feel. It’s not every day that you’ll have the opportunity to visit a country in transformation. The draft of the new Constitution of the Republic of Cuba was discussed throughout the island in 2018. A commission of the National Assembly of People’s Power, the highest legislative body in Cuba, prepared the preliminary draft of the Constitution, which was then approved by the Assembly, and put to a people’s referendum between August 15th and November 15th, 2018. The final version will be submitted to a referendum on February 24th. According to official data, 8,945,521 people attended the government-organized discussion meetings. Just over half of their proposals were accepted, resulting in 760 modifications. Despite some criticism of not establishing clearer rules about the consultation, there is no doubt that there was massive participation by the people. And for the first time since the revolution in 1959, Cuban emigrants were also invited to opine on a national matter along with the rest of their countrymen, although they will not be able to vote in the referendum. The draft of the new Constitution continues to declare the island a single-party socialist State, establishing that the president is elected by the National Assembly. Among the most important changes, it incorporates, for the first time, the “Socialist Rule of Law,” a proposal that extends citizens’ rights and guarantees. It embraces a more inclusive definition of marriage; it prohibits discrimination based on gender identity, ethnic origin, and disability; and it establishes more rights in the criminal process. Another significant change is the recognition of private property, which has already existed for several years. The current Constitution—approved in 1976 and modified in 1978, 1992, and 2013—established that the president presides over the Councils of State and of Ministers. The new proposal creates the figures of President of the Republic (Head of State), elected by the deputies of the National Assembly, and Prime Minister (Head of Government), appointed by the Assembly at the nomination of the president. New term limits were also established for all government positions: up to two terms of five years each. If approved, as everything seems to indicate, Cuba will begin 2019 with a new Constitution. Those of us who know Cuban society know that the most tangible change will depend on the legal and executive implementation of the principles established in the Magna Carta. Therefore, 2019 will be another year of diverse, intense, and contradictory discussions, from within and outside a country in transformation.

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CC-MAIN-2022-05

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Jordan Enberg writes in “How Not To Be Wrong - the Power of Mathematical Thinking” that the best answer to the age old “When am I ever going to need this” question is: tennis. If you want to play tennis you have to do a lot of boring practice to get good. The implication being that you should practice math because it builds up your thinking muscles. That is probably true. For those that play a lot of tennis and work at the skills needed to get better I assume that they really WANT TO play tennis. Enberg’s analogy to math flops because most students once they reach their teenage years would rather take out the garbage than do math.* The problem with it is that there are other more interesting ways to build the same muscles especially for those students more interested in the softer sciences. Children will build their math power if they see a reason to do it. Just because math is cool to people like Jordan Enberg and many others (including me) who want students to really, really like math, It isn’t going to work unless the students see a need for math. My favorite example for this is Green Globs (see my blog about it.) Green Globs is terrific at motivating students to learn how functions work. But the joys of learning functions is not the main reason they want to learn about them. I always tell my students that the reason they should learn about functions is because in two weeks they will be involved in the Great Green Globs Contest and will need to learn to play Globs well enough to help their team win the contest. Since the math in Globs is intrinsically interesting for most students, they are willing to learn what it takes to do well - just like in tennis. In that blog entry I told you the story of Guillermo the failing math student who managed to get a perfect score of 8191 points by knocking down all thirteen globs with one function. What I didn’t tell you is how many students were inspired by Guillermo to improve their scores because they really wanted to learn the math needed to score higher. Now winning the Green Globs contest is a small incentive compared to how we want math to inspire students to really want to do something significant in the world. What is it that inspires kids to want to learn important math that will help them to achieve their personal goals? By creating real world projects as the central goal of curriculums! The math curriculum that almost everyone uses was set up in 1892 by a group of academics known as the Committee of Ten and hasn’t really changed in over a hundred years. Isn’t it time that something new, that students WANT TO buy into becomes the default curriculum? A curriculum that will encourage areas of study that students are passionate about. At the college level, Roger Schank has “built story-centered curriculums meant to teach practical business by creating simulated experiences. The idea is to deliver it online around the world, using mentors who speak the students’ language. No classes. no lectures. No tests. Graduates get an MBA degree […] The idea is to help people launch their own business or go to work.” (page 58 - Teaching Minds.) This doesn’t mean that the conventional curriculum doesn’t work. My Columbia Prep teaching days made me realize that there were plenty of students who wanted to take on the Royal Road to Calculus and I say more power to them! What I’m suggesting is what Ronald Wolk writes about in "Wasting Minds: Our Education System is Failing and What we Can do About It." We should develop an alternative curriculum that empowers students to really take advantage of math in ways that are appropriate for them. *Karim Ani of mathalicious.org said this during his presentation at the NCTM conference in New Orleans last April.

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CC-MAIN-2019-30

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When we talk about overuse injuries in baseball and softball, we generally discuss upper extremity conditions. Although those injuries are the most common, we are seeing more awareness and discussion of injuries to the hip. How Do Injuries to the Hip Happen? The activities of batting and throwing place high demands on the hips and put them at risk for injury. For instance with overhand pitching, during the wind up phase, a flexion and rotational force is placed on the hip. During the cocking phase, the hips are further apart and more loading stress is placed on them. As the pitcher moves from acceleration through the follow-through phases, the hips go through additional loading and rotational stresses. With Softball pitching, rotational forces occur in both the hips as the pitcher moves from a static standing position through the follow-through phase. With Batting, during the stance or coiling phase, torque is placed on the back hip. As the batter moves through acceleration and follow-through, additional rotational forces are placed on the hips. These are all normally occurring stresses that are just part of the games of baseball and softball. With normal stresses, there is a potential for injury. The potential for injury increases with the following risk factors: 1) Poor Biomechanics- Improper technique with any of the phases of batting, throwing or pitching can cause increase pressures and torque in the hip 2) Deficits in Mobility or Functional Movement- limitation in movement in any of the joints of the Lower body or Spine can contribute to increased problems in the hips 3) Deficits in Strength & Endurance- Weakness in the muscles of the hips or general “core” muscles can cause instability and result in increased pressures in the hips with activity. Fatigue can also play a part in these types of injuries- Arm fatigue is monitored for pitchers to alleviate the possibility of upper extremity problems, but we should also be monitoring lower body fatigue. If the lower body is weak or starts to break down, pitching accuracy will suffer and may be the first sign of fatigue. 4) Deficits in Proprioception/Balance- strength and flexibility are important, but being able to have balance on one leg and being able to shift weight and control motion is an important aspect in injury prevention. With poor balance, or awareness of body position, joints may move beyond their limits or may place undue strain on soft tissues that support them 5) Joint Abnormalities: abnormalities inside the joint may predispose players to certain types of joint “impingement” or pinching with movement. Repeated strain at these end ranges of motion can create pain and inflammation Symptoms of Hip Injury Symptoms of hip problems may be subtle at first and may just be tightness in the hip or buttock area. Other symptoms may include groin pain or aching into the thigh. As symptoms worsen, pain may be experienced at night or with the first few steps after sitting for a prolonged period. These symptoms are a sign that something is wrong in the area- the player should seek medical advice at the onset of these symptoms. Screening for Risk Factors A comprehensive baseball or softball program should include Pre-season screening, followed by preseason and off-season corrective actions to address any problems or deficits found during the screening process. An ideal screen should include the following: 1) A regular pre-season Physical 2) Biomechanics Assessment- video assessment in slow motion during hitting/throwing or pitching 3) Flexibility & Strength screening 4) Screens of Specific Functional Movement Patterns 5) Balance & Stability Screens The best injury treatment advice is to Avoid injury in the first place. Prevention strategies are the Key to keeping players healthy during their careers- if that is Little League Baseball…or all the way through the Majors. Treatment for Hip Related Injuries There are many conservative Physical Therapy treatments available for these types of hip injuries. Hands-on techniques, or manual therapy are an important part of rehabilitation as well as specific exercises to fix any muscle imbalances that may exist. Prior to returning to play, video biomechanical analysis is vital to look at throwing, pitching and hitting. This will help identify any mechanical or technique issues that could be causing problems in the hips. Dr. Jennifer Allen is a Physical Therapist, Board Certified Clinical Specialist in the Areas of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, as well as a Certified Hand Therapist. Sports Programming at Bodycentral Physical Therapy includes Biomechanics assessment, video movement assessment, Injury Prevention, and individual and team performance enhancement. For more information visit www.BodycentralPT.net or call 520-325-4002.

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As a result of coronary artery disease, the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle become hardened and narrow. When medicine and lifestyle modification fail to improve symptoms, surgery may be recommended. In some cases, bypass procedures are recommended, especially if angioplasty or stents have failed to improve the patient. Coronary artery bypass surgery, also coronary artery bypass graft surgery and colloquially heart bypass, is a surgical procedure performed to relieve angina and reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Coronary artery bypass surgery is an open-heart procedure. Bypass refers to a “detour” of the blood around the blockage. The bypass is created using a section of vein from leg or artery in the chest or wrist. This procedure is done under general anesthesia and requires a breathing tube. There are varied approaches to bypass surgery including minimally invasive techniques as well as off-pump procedures. As an open-heart procedure, coronary artery bypass is a significant operation which requires a hospital stay. In the cardiac care unit, you will be under constant monitoring to assess your vitals and help ensure a speedy recovery. After returning home from the hospital, you will receive a set of guidelines which allow you to gradually return your normal routine. It’s important to note that bypass surgery doesn’t eliminate the underlying cause of coronary artery disease. This means it’s important to lead a healthy lifestyle.

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CC-MAIN-2021-49

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Sivan 5756 / 19th May 1996 - 17th June 1996 THIS MONTH'S SIGN TEUMIM / GEMINIThe first two astrological signs are both represented by animals: Taleh (Aries) the Lamb, and Shor (Taurus) the Bull. It is only with this month's sign - Teumim (Gemini), the Twins - that we find a sign which is represented by Man. The Torah was given this month on the sixth of Sivan - under the first human sign, Teumim - to indicate that only after the giving of the Torah can Man achieve his full potential, to be raised above the level of the animals. When the Jewish People camped at the foot of Sinai in preparation to receive the Torah they achieved a harmony and unity which was unparalleled before or since. Israel was united in heart and mind like a single person. It was only in this state of unity, of being One, that they could receive the Torah which is One. For the Torah is the mind of The Creator Who is One. The symbol of the Twins is an expression of 'one-ness'; of different people, physically separate, but joined in a spiritual kinship in which they resemble each other to the point that they are identical. WHAT'S IN A KISS?Kissing is not merely a physical show of love. It is the way that two souls become joined together. On the festival of Shavuot, we read in Synagogue the Book of Ruth. The story begins with Naomi and her husband, Elimelech, leaving the land of Israel because of famine. They move to Moav. Elimelech dies, and their two sons marry Moabite women: Machlon marries Ruth, and Chilion marries Orpah. Ten years later, the two sons also die, and Naomi decides to return to the Land of Israel. Her two daughters-in-law also set out with her, but Naomi tells them to return to their families. She kisses them both and they weep. Ruth, however, refuses to go back to her family. She clings to her mother-in-law, converts to Judaism and subsequently becomes the great-grandmother of King David. Naomi knew that one of her two daughters-in-law would have the honor of being the source of the Kingdom of David and the ancestress of the Mashiach. Though they both stood silently in front of her as she urged them to return to Moav and their families, she knew that one of them contained the spirit of her dead husband, and this would be the foundation of holy progeny. By kissing them, she hoped to arouse this spirit so that it would unite with her own soul and in this way one of these two women who stood before her would become Jewish. With this accomplished, her daughter-in-law would then become eligible to mother the holy seed that would result in the Royal Family of David. When Orpah, the other daughter-in-law, kissed Naomi it was no more than a gesture of affection. In no way was she affected by the kiss. But since Ruth was the destined one, when she kissed her mother-in-law, her neshama (soul) made an eternal connection with Naomi. It was just a kiss, but the whole of world history turned on it. OUT OF THE MOUTHS OF BABES AND SUCKLINGSWe are all familiar with the phrase "Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings." But what is its origin and real significance? When you intend to donate a priceless treasure to an art gallery or a museum, you want to be certain that the treasure will be cared for; that it won't be damaged or neglected. So, naturally you ask for guarantors. When Hashem wished to give the world's greatest treasure - the Torah - to Israel, He said to them "Give Me guarantors that you will observe the Torah." Israel replied "Are not the patriarchs - Abraham, Isaac and Jacob guarantors for us?" Hashem replied "They are already indebted to me." It's like someone coming into a bank for a loan. When the bank manager asks for a guarantor the man borrowing the money says that his guarantor will be one of the bank's biggest existing creditors! Hashem said "You have brought me the patriarchs who themselves owe me a variety of debts - as guarantors. Rather bring me guarantors who are not indebted to Me. And who" continued Hashem "is not indebted to me..?"The children agreed to each of the Ten Commandments, one by one. Finally Hashem said "Through your mouths I give the Torah to My people." As it is written in the book of Psalms 'Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings you have founded strength' (Psalm 8), and there is no strength, but the Torah. "Bring Me the suckling babes!" Hashem commanded. Immediately, the babes were brought from their mothers' breasts (and those yet unborn in their mothers' wombs which had taken on the appearance of translucent glass). Hashem spoke to them: "Do you stand as guarantors that if I give your parents the Torah you will be responsible for them observing it?" They answered "Yes!" Then Hashem said "I am Hashem, your G-d" And they answered "Yes!" "You will have no other gods." "Yes!" If all the trees of the forest were If all the waters of the sea were And if every creature was a scribe, They would not suffice To expound the greatness of And the reflection of His Majesty in Heaven and on Earth - With the breath of the letter The poem Akdamus is read on the morning of Shavuot before the Torah reading. Every line ends with the syllable 'ta', which consists respectively of the last and the first letters of the Aleph-Beis. The allusion is to the endlessness of the Torah. As soon as we reach the final letter 'Tav', we immediately start to dwell again on its infinite depth with the first letter -'Aleph'. - THIS MONTH'S SIGN - 'Above the Stars' - Rabbi M. Glazerson - OUT OF THE MOUTHS - Medrash, 'Sefer HaToda'ah' - Rabbi Eliyahu Kitov, translated by Rabbi Nachman Bulman - AKDAMUS - translated by Rabbi Nachman Bulman - WHAT'S IN A KISS? - The Alshich on The Book of Ruth, translated by Rabbi Leaonard Oschry and Ravi Shahar SEASONS OF THE MOON is written by Rabbi Yaakov Asher Sinclair and edited by Rabbi Moshe Newman. Designed by Y.A. Sinclair Production Design: Lev Seltzer HTML Design: Michael Treblow © 1996 Ohr Somayach International - All rights reserved. This publication may be distributed to another person intact without prior permission. We also encourage you to include this material in other publications, such as synagogue newsletters. However, we ask that you contact us beforehand for permission, and then send us a sample issue. This publication is available via E-Mail Ohr Somayach Institutions is an international network of Yeshivot and outreach centers, with branches in North America, Europe, South Africa and South America. The Central Campus in Jerusalem provides a full range of educational services for over 550 full-time students. The Jewish Learning Exchange (JLE) of Ohr Somayach offers summer and winter programs in Israel that attract hundreds of university students from around the world for 3 to 8 weeks of study and touring. Ohr Somayach's Web site is hosted by DreamHost Copyright © 1996 Ohr Somayach International. Send comments to: email@example.com Dedication opportunities are available for Torah Weekly. Please contact us for details.

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Amasa Leland Stanford (1824-1893) Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824 - June 21, 1893) was an American business tycoon, politician and founder of Stanford University. He was born in Watervliet, New York, one of eight children of Josiah and Elizabeth Phillips Stanford. Stanford's ancestors settled in the Mohawk Valley of New York around 1720. He attended Clinton Liberal Institute, in Clinton, New York, and studied law at Cazenovia Seminary in Cazenovia, New York and later in Albany. He was admitted to the bar in 1848, and then moved to Port Washington, Wisconsin. He married Jane Elizabeth Lathrop in Albany on September 30, 1850. In 1852, having lost his law library and other property by fire, he moved to California and began mining for gold at Michigan Bluff in Placer County, California. He subsequently went into in business with his three brothers, who had preceded him to the Pacific coast. During this time he worked with his brothers as keeper of a general store for miners, served as a Justice of the Peace and helped organize the Sacramento Library Association, which later became the Sacramento Public Library. In 1856 he moved to San Francisco and engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale. He was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. As one of The Big Four, he cofounded and was made president of the Central Pacific Railroad company in 1861. As president of the Central Pacific, he superintended its construction over the mountains, building 530 miles in 293 days. As head of the railroad company which built the first transcontinental railway line over the Sierra Nevada, Stanford hammered in the famous golden spike on May 10, 1869. In 1872 Stanford commissioned Eadweard Muybridge to use newly invented photographic technology to establish whether galloping horses ever lift all four hooves off the ground. (The verdict, by the way, was that horses do lift all four hooves off the ground.) This project, which illustrated motion through a series of still images viewed together, was a forerunner of motion picture technology. Stanford served as president of Southern Pacific Railroad from 1885 to 1890, and while continuing to serve as the head of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1893. As a railroad developer, Stanford encouraged Chinese immigration to find workers for the railroad construction. However, when jobs were scarce, Stanford made them a scapegoat. Stanford encouraged the California legislature to pass taxes and unfair regulations which specifically targeted Chinese. Stanford, a member of the Republican Party, was politically active. He was the eighth Governor of California, serving from December, 1861 to December, 1863. During his gubernatorial tenure, he cut the state's debt in half, and advocated for the conservation of forests. He also oversaw the establishment of the state normal school in San Francisco, later to become San José State University. Following Stanford's service, the term for governorship changed from two years to four years, in line with legislation passed during his time in office. He later served slightly more than one term in the United States Senate, from 1885 until his death in 1893 at age 69. He served for four years as Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. He also owned the great Vina farm of 55,000 acres in Tehama County, containing what was then the largest vineyard in the world at 13,400 acres, the Gridley tract of 22,000 acres in Butte County and the Palo Alto Stock Farm, which was the home of his famous thoroughbred racers, Electioneer, Anon, Sunol, Palo Alto and Advertiser. The Palo Alto breeding farm gave Stanford University its nickname of The Farm. The Stanfords also owned a stately mansion in Sacramento, California (this was the birthplace of their only son, and now a house museum used for California state social occasions), as well as a home in San Francisco's Nob Hill district. With his wife Jane, Stanford founded Leland Stanford Junior University as a memorial for their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died as a teenager of typhoid while on a trip to Florence, Italy. About $20 million of the Stanford fortune originally went into the university, with the estimated total fortune approximately $50 million as of the late 1880s. Leland Stanford died at home in Palo Alto, California and is buried in the Stanford family mausoleum on the Stanford campus.

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Scooters have been around since the 1950s. There have been advancements in their designs and specs in order to make them lightweight and popular. There is even electric scooter for kids. On a sad note, they have also become the cause of fatal accidents. They are behind the increase in injuries and accidents. Those affected most are boys below the age of 15. Most injuries include fractures, cuts, strains, bruises and sprains. The hand is the most affected body part, followed by the head, leg and foot. There have even been deaths from scooter accidents. How then do you protect your child? 1. Use a Helmet A helmet is very important when it comes to safety. It prevents head injuries and could save from serious harm during a fall. The law in most states also demands the use of a helmet while riding a scooter. It is a good practice to make your child wear one. There is a range of children helmets. Some even have bright colors and fun designs to appeal to the kids. You can therefore find a right fit for your child. 2. Use protective gear for hands, knees and elbows As obvious as this safety requirement sounds, do not ignore it. The hands, knees and elbows are among the first parts to touch the ground when the child falls. You can find easy slip-ons for these parts in the shops. The child can keep these in a backpack, locker or desk when not using them. Other parts also have protective gear but it is not as critical. 3. Dress them in appropriate shoes Shoes serve additional functionality besides being a fashion accessory. They shield the feet from stray wheels and other random danger on the ground. The feet are at risk of being poked, cut or tickled. The best shoes while riding a scooter are closed shoes that have a thick sole. They should also protect the ankle. If you are one of those parents allowing kids to ride scooter in sandals, flip-flops and flimsy sandals, it is about time you reconsider this. 4. Consider the weight and height of the child The weight and height of the child also counts while considering the safety of the ride. Scooters are different and suit different heights and weights. It has to be able to handle the mass and height of your kid safely. The right scooter is safer than a disproportional one. The manufacturers provide the safety recommendations based on the child’s age. They consider an average height and weight for the given age. However, not all kids fall within the said range. 5. Train the kids properly Your kids will be safer riding that scooter when they are confident about using it. They should be able to stop suddenly. They need to handle high traffic areas such as make quick stops, make fast turns, and avoid hitting the elderly. They can start slow on the practice while focusing on areas that are easy to ride before extending other areas of operation. They should practice on the paved parking or driveway first. In addition, they should master how to interact with other road users. The safety measures that apply to scooters also apply to bicycling and in-line skating. Many injuries can be prevented or lessened by following the safety guidelines above. Helmets shield from about 85 percent of the likely injuries to the head. Elbow pads prevent about 80 percent injuries while knee pads prevent about 30 percent.

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Lawmakers should act now to preserve Conservation Bank From the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the sandy beaches along our Atlantic coast, the Palmetto State’s natural beauty draws thousands of people here annually. Yet even as our state enjoys remarkable growth, an instrument that has been a key in conserving our state’s most-precious assets is, itself, in peril. Lawmakers created the South Carolina Conservation Bank in 2002 to protect and sustain land that is either of ecological or historical significance, or both. One significant feature of the bank is that it is not funded with taxpayer dollars; rather, its funding comes from the state’s share of the deed recording fee, which is paid each time land in the state is sold. The Conservation Bank has had 15 years of success stories throughout the state. Approximately 300 properties across South Carolina are partially or fully funded by the bank. Many of these are hidden gems that, rather than fall victim to unrestrained development or fragmented ownership, have been preserved for future generations through the efforts of landowners who chose to participate voluntarily in the program. Some are vast and include thousands of acres, while others are relatively small, yet each possesses its own significance. The bank has managed to protect 41 properties in the PeeDee. From Chesterfield to Williamsburg, from Bennettsville to Myrtle Beach, you will find land preserved by the bank. The Marsh Furniture Tract in Marion County contains more than eight miles of river frontage along the Great Pee Dee River. The area contains numerous Native American artifacts as well as habitat diversity for many animals, including the bald eagle and the wood stork. Back Swamp School Woods in Florence County is located just off I-95. The 93-acre tract was slated for development but will serve as an educational nature preserve adjoining a historic 1920s school house that now serves as a community center. The Pettigrew Tract in Darlington County boasts a mixture of bottomland hardwoods, planted pine and cypress-tupelo swamp on Lowther’s Lake, an oxbow lake accessible to the public from DNR’s Whipple Landing. With more than 1,000 acres protected, the variety of forest structure and access to water provides optimal shelter and forage habitat for white-tailed deer. The 25,000 acres in the Woodbury Tract include 38 miles of river frontage, and the entire tract is open to the public. The protection of this land enhances the recovery efforts of the robust redhorse, a fish limited to freshwater rivers in the coastal Southeast. The preservation of the floodplains on this site will also aide in flood control and sediment filtration, and it will preserve the drinking water supply for nearby Myrtle Beach. The Woodbury Tract is the type of land the Conservation Bank envisioned protecting when it was first set up. With successes like these, you might think the Conservation Bank’s future would be assured. Sadly, it is not. The bank is subject to a sundown provision that will kill the agency automatically on June 30, 2018, unless lawmakers vote to continue it. Alarmingly, the needed reauthorization bill has failed to even make it out of committee for three consecutive years. In addition, and despite its lack of reliance on taxpayer funding, the bank also has been impeded with a “death clause” that said whenever half or more of other state agencies’ budgets are cut, the Conservation Bank receives no funds. This has happened several times since its inception. Bank supporters have established a nonprofit organization, the Palmetto Land and Water Legacy Alliance, with the sole mission of securing bank reauthorization without sunset provision or death clause. This is a wide range of business, political and environmental people who have come together to voice their concerns over the bank’s future. To learn more and show your support for this preservation tool, please visit palmettolandwater.com, and the Alliance’s Facebook page. A contribution is not required. Via this grassroots organization, you can receive updates and information so you can contact your representatives in the S.C. House and Senate and let them know your feelings about the Conservation Bank during the General Assembly session. The state’s population will continue to grow, and many people will be drawn to South Carolina and the Pee Dee because of their extraordinary natural and historic resources. The continued good work of the state Conservation Bank is vital to preserving these resources for future generations of South Carolinians. Op-Ed written by David Harper and Tim Dargan. David Harper is the executive director of the Pee Dee Land Trust. Tim Dargan is a Pee Dee Land Trust board member and chairman of the Land Protection Committee. To learn more about helping preserve the SC Conservation Bank, check-out this video.

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Scientists from Stony Brook University have discovered gentoo penguin colonies on Antarctica’s Andersson Island and on an unexplored archipelago off the Antarctic Peninsula’s northern tip. These are some of the southernmost records for gentoo breeding in the region, per a Greenpeace statement. Until recently, these areas were too icy for the penguins, which prefer warmer temperatures to raise their chicks. But as climate change melts Antarctic ice, the penguins are expanding their habitat, a phenomenon some scientists refer to as “gentoofication.” “It’s may be a cliché at this point, but they’re the canary in the coal mine for climate change because they’re so closely tied to those sea ice conditions,” Heather Lynch, an Antarctic penguin expert at Stony Brook University in New York and the remote leader of the expedition, tells Mongabay. Stony Brook researchers were sailing on a Greenpeace expedition, carrying out counts of penguin colonies in remote islands of the eastern Antarctic Peninsula, when they spotted a colony with 75 chicks living on Andersson Island, per Mongabay. The researchers are surveying parts of the peninsula where satellites had spotted penguin colonies but had never before been explored on foot. "As expected, we're finding gentoo penguins nearly everywhere we look — more evidence that climate change is drastically changing the mix of species here on the Antarctic Peninsula,” says Lynch in a statement. Gentoos are the only penguin species along the Antarctic Peninsula that is expanding its distribution and growing in numbers, per the Oceanwide Expeditions website. “This is the climate crisis happening right in front of our eyes,” says Louisa Casson, who was aboard the vessel and is from Greenpeace’s Protect the Oceans campaign, in a statement. “In the Antarctic, one of the most remote places on Earth, we are seeing a process where this species of penguin is spreading into new habitat and breeding further south: a biological manifestation of sea ice loss.” Temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula are rising five times more than the global average annually, per Discovering Antarctica. In 2020, the continent hit a record high temperature of 64.9 degrees Fahrenheit. While gentoos thrive under the warmer temperatures, Adélie penguins, which rely on sea ice, do not. “When we find Adélie penguins, we typically know that sea ice is nearby,” Michael Wethington, a quantative ecologist at Stony Brook, tells Reuters’ Gloria Dickie and Natalie Thomas. “And whenever we’ve seen sea ice declining or disappearing altogether, then we’re seeing corresponding Adelie penguin populations decline substantially.” But during the expedition, scientists found that Adélie penguin numbers in the Weddell Sea have remained stable in the last decade, per a Stony Brook statement. The Weddell sea is the site of a proposed Marine Protected Area, and this discovery provides more evidence that the Weddell Sea might be an important shelter for wildlife as climate change impacts increase. “The Weddell Sea is hardly immune from climate change, but it appears that Adélie penguins breeding in this area remain buffered from the worst of the threats posed to those populations declining so rapidly on the warming western side of the Antarctic Peninsula,” Lynch says in a statement. “Our understanding of the biology in this inhospitable landscape continues to grow every year, but everything we learn points toward its value for conservation.”

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Prevalence and characteristics of aquagenic pruritus in a young African population © Salami et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009 Received: 02 October 2008 Accepted: 17 April 2009 Published: 17 April 2009 Aquagenic pruritus (AP) occurs during or after contact of the skin with water such as occurs in bathing. This study aims to describe the prevalence of aquagenic pruritus in a young adult population and describe the circumstances of bathing. A Population-based cross sectional study involving administration of Questionnaires to young adult Nigerians on the occurrence of pruritus associated with bathing. The prevalence of bathing pruritus among respondents in this study was 23.8%. The commonest type of water respondents itch to was rain water (23%) followed by cold water (19%). 8.33% of respondents feels like avoiding bathing because of these. Bathing pruritus is a common finding among young adult Nigerians in the general population. Among cutaneous sensations, itching has a place of unique importance in dermatology and is still best defined as it has been for centuries as an unpleasant sensation which provokes the desire to scratch. The entire skin and palpebral conjunctiva has the capacity to itch, although there are great regional and individual differences in itch sensitivity. The perianal, perigenital areas, ear canals, eyelids, and nostrils are especially prone to itching. The peripheral receptors of itching are chiefly confined to the superficially situated papillary dermis which in most areas lies within 0.2 mm of the skin surface. In all likelihood, the very superficial nerve fibre endings and network which function as receptors for itching are the same elements which function in the perception of superficial cutaneous pain. When pruritus occurs during or after contact with water such as occurs in bathing, it is called bathing pruritus which is a form of aquagenic pruritus. This is an extremely common cause of generalized pruritus that is characterized by the development of severe, prickling like, tingling or burning skin lesion and is evoked by contact with water . Various properties of water are known to be related for its ability to cause itching when used in bathing. These include the water temperature, physical characteristic/ionic content and the Ph of the water, the soap used in bathing, sponging and towelling afterwards. Most cases are idiopathic and related only to the water itself. It has however been linked to several conditions such as juvenile xanthogranuloma , myelodysplastic syndrome , polycythaemia rubra vera , acute leucocytoclastic vasculitis , lymphoblastic leukaemia , T-cell non Hodgkins's lymphoma , metastatic squamous cell carcinoma , hepatitis C infection , drugs like bupropion , and antimalarials when used to treat lupus erythematosus , idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. It can be a very distressing condition which because of its relatively short duration, most people tend to ignore but it can exert psychological effect, to the extent of abandoning bathing or developing phobia to bathing. Treatment of this condition is non specific and highly unsatisfactory in most patients perhaps because the pathogenetic and pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to it are still poorly understood. According to Greaves et al, pharmacological studies has shown that aquagenic pruritus is associated with local release of acetyl choline in the skin, mast-cell degranulation, and raised blood histamine concentrations as well as to increased cutaneous fibrinolytic activity both before and after contact with water which could explain the lack of wheal formation in this condition. A wide variety of both physical and pharmacologic agents such as Naltrexone , propanolol , astemizole , recombinant interferon alpha , nitroglycerin , topical capsaicin , and intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide have been used as therapeutic agents with various degrees of success. There have been frequent complaints of pruritus after bathing among young adults in this environment which oftentimes history, physical examination and investigations are not revealing of any pathology. Olumide and Oresanya had found a prevalence of bathing pruritus of 21% amongst dermatologic patients seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital Skin Clinic, in patients presenting with generalized pruritus without obvious skin disease . However no study has been conducted to find the prevalence in the general population not presenting to the hospital to seek treatment. This is the main reason where this study was conceptualized. This study aims to determine the prevalence of bathing pruritus in young adult Nigerians and to determine the type, characteristic and the way of use of bathing water in the production of bathing pruritus. This is a population based cross sectional study. A total of 2000 questionnaires were administered to undergraduates of a tertiary institution-Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Ethical approval was waived for the study because the research involved answering of questionnaires to adults who complied of their own free will and does not involve taking any body fluid specimens of any type. The university has an average population of ten thousand students distributed over ten faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Basic medical sciences, Clinical sciences, Education, Engineering and technology, Environmental studies, Law, Natural sciences, and Social sciences). The bulk of the students are not resident within the university premises due to limited accommodation facility available on campus. In this rural part of Nigeria, water is relatively scarce and water from different sources is used for daily activities. Water is mainly bought from water vending vehicles or water tankers who fetch waters from rivers or commercial borehole operators and now distribute to other commercial operators who store in big containers. During the raining season, most people will gather rain water and store for use later. These can be stored in underground 'wells' and used after the rains have stopped for several months. Another major source of potable water is directly from commercial borehole operators who sell water to people in plastic containers. In other words, the sources of water are highly varied with pipe borne water non existent, making this community an ideal place to study this kind of phenomenon with skin contact with various sources of water. Frequency distributions of some variables were determined. Independent and dependent variables were cross tabulated to examine the associations. Data was extracted and subjected to simple statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excel software. 1. Demographic background A total of 2000 questionnaires were administered out of which 840 were returned. The response rate was 42% because some participants requested for more time to go through the questionnaires at a more leisurely time and were to return it later. These are the major group of respondents that did not return the completed questionnaires despite initial explanations and assurances of confidentiality. The mean age of the respondents was 25 ± 3.8 years. Male: Female ratio 1:1. 2. Prevalence of reported aquagenic itch 600 respondents have never experienced bathing pruritus before while 240 has had it, giving a prevalence of 23.8%. Of these, 150(62.5%) were males while 90(37.5%) were females. Male: Female ratio 1.7:1. The average duration of itching after bathing was 5.5 ± 2.7 minutes. 3. Circumstances of bathing pruritus The breakdown of the various precipitating events as seen below in Characteristic of water Both(males & females) Water & sponging Water & particular soap Water & any soap 41/150(27%) of the males had bathing pruritus to multiple factors compared to 35/90(39%) of females. Only 20/240(8.33%) of the respondents had accompanying body swellings (aquagenic urticaria 2 (2.18%) of females, 18(12%) of males). 4. Interventions to mediate event 15 (6.25%) of subjects take antihistamines for the itching while 25(10.42%) indulge in activities like immediate cream application after bathing, and immediate wearing of clothes to abort the itching while the remaining 200 (83.33%) of the subjects did nothing. 5. Personal atopic tendencies in respondents Ten (4%) of the subjects were asthmatic, 30(12.5%) had allergic rhinitis, 45(18.75%) had allergic conjunctivitis. 6. Family atopic tendencies in respondents Seventy five (31.25%) of the subjects had family members with various atopic conditions compared to 100(16.67%) of the subjects without bathing pruritus (with bronchial asthma being the most common atopic condition-40 (40%). 7. Tendency to avoid bathing due to itching 20(8.33%) feels like skipping bathing because of the itching. The prevalence of bathing pruritus (BP) in this study is 23.5%. This is comparable to the 21% found by Olumide and Oresanya amongst dermatologic patients seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital Skin Clinic, in patients presenting with generalized pruritus without obvious skin disease . It is however in contrast to a prevalence of 4.5% of aquagenic pruritus found by Potasman et al in a study of 996 hospital employees in Isreal . This maybe due to different backgrounds in which the studies were conducted and perhaps because classic aquagenic pruritus is a rarer entity which occurs when patients come in contact with water irrespective of its physical attributes whereas bathing pruritus is a variant that occurs more commonly during bathing but is a hardly acknowledged one. The mean duration of itching in this study is 5.5 ± 2.7 minutes after bathing. This differs from an average of, 40.6 minutes found amongst patients with aquagenic pruritus studied by Steinman and Greaves . It is however similar to the time observed by Potasman et al in their patients in which the onset of itching occurred within 5 minutes of exposure in 76% of the cases and usually lasted between 10 and 30 minutes. This seems to confirm the assumption that bathing pruritus is merely a variant of the classic aquagenic pruritus and it may be a valid assumption that it can progress in that direction too. The commonest source of water to which respondents itch was to rain water (23%) followed by cold water (19%) and well water (17%). This may be due to the relatively low pH of rain water compared to other sources of water. This theory may be responsible for the use of sodium bicarbonate baths as a way of treating aquagenic pruritus. Wolf et al reported a great success in one of their patients treated with sodium bicarbonate bath . However not all patients will respond to this type of treatment as reported by Dannaker et al . Well water in this study can also be equated to rain water in this study because the practice in this environment is to store rain water in underground storages called wells which can be used for some period after the raining season. Cold water used for bathing accounted for the next commonest attribute of water responsible for itching. This is in contrast to what was observed by Potasman et al in their subjects in which there was no association of water temperature with occurrence of pruritus. This is not totally unexpected as explained above. Cold is a widely recognised cause of degranulation of mast cells whether in the skin or lungs or elsewhere which may be a strong factor in this condition. In this study 31.25% of the respondents with bathing pruritus had one type of atopic condition or the other which predisposes them to mast cell instability and degranulation compared to 16.62% of subjects not so affected. This is also notably in contrast to what was found by Steinman and Greaves in their study of 36 patients with aquagenic pruritus in which there was no increased prevalence to atopy among their subjects although thirty-three percent of their patients reported a family history of water-related itching. This maybe due differences in sample selection because the subjects in the above quoted study were patients reporting in the hospital with complaints of classic aquagenic pruritus while our respondents are only responding to a pre tested questionnaire on bathing related pruritus. However it is worthy of note that heating the skin to 41°C blocks itch but increases pain perception. Also 10.42% of the affected subjects in this study try to generate body heat by immediately wearing clothes after bathing, or by moving around or immediate application of occluding creams. All this tends to support warmth or elevation of temperature stabilizing mast cells and alleviating the itching of bathing pruritus [28, 29]. This is also supported by the use of PUVA and PUV-B therapies as a means of treatment in various reports, as well as other modalities that will generate heat such as capsaicin , or even alcohol in the treatment of aquagenic pruritus. Sponging and towelling are physical components of the bathing act that also tend to provoke itching in 17% of respondents (after sponging) and 5% (after towelling) respectively. Traditional African sponges consist of a tough collection of the shredded bark of trees which can inflict injury on the skin if used too vigorously. Modern sponge consist of a tough net like nylon material that is unlikely to injure like plant sponge but vigorous scouring of the body will also likely lead to activation and release of peptides as well as cutaneous mast-cell degranulation, and raised blood histamine concentrations . All these will be greatly aided by sponging of the skin during bathing as widely practiced in our environment where the believe is that the more vigorously the skin is scrubbed the cleaner the individual after bathing. Thus it seems that this type of itching might be reduced by changing to a soft foam sponge or even eliminating sponging completely. Also gentle drying of the skin by patting down rather than rubbing might reduce the occurrence of itching after bathing. A small but significant percentage of the respondents (8.33%) had a genuine phobia for bathing because of this condition. This can be understandable especially when affected individuals have tried various methods to alleviate the itching. Bathing pruritus like aquagenic pruritus is a poorly understood condition in which treatment is also very unsatisfactory unless some of these attributes of bathing are identified and avoided. Though not a life threatening condition like aquagenic urticaria and angioedema (AU), it can still exert a marked psychological effect on the affected. Its relation to AU in which there is accompanying transient body swelling is also important (8.33% of the subjects in this study responded to having transient body swellings). These wheal formations often worsen the phobia for water and the act of bathing and raise concern for both the doctor and affected individuals that seek advice. Treatment of cases such as these can be troublesome as reported by Frances et al in their case report of a patient with aquagenic urticaria . A similar case of aquagenic angioedema was also reported by Parks and Camisa which occurred in a patient while swimming . Limitations of the study The study population involved mainly young adults hence generalization to other age groups in the community may not be appropriate. Subjects unwilling to participate in the survey by not returning completed questionnaires are a major source of the low response rate of 42%. However, this was partially addressed by administering the questionnaires to a large number of fairly non homogenous group of participants which is still fairly representative of the study population. Since no blood sample was collected from any of the participants, investigation of pathologic causes of itching cannot be pursued. This might possibly yield additional information among participants that actually itch to water. This is an area of planned future follow up research. In conclusion, bathing pruritus which is a variant of aquagenic pruritus appears to be a common condition in this environment. There are however differences in its presentatation compared to what obtains in the classic aquagenic pruritus and the rarer aquagenic urticaria and angioedema. These clinical conditions can make the act of bathing a daunting one and efforts should be made to understand these conditions in order to offer succour to patients or individuals so affected. We appreciate all those that participated in the study as well as to the authorities of the Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma Edo State Nigeria for giving us the permission to undertake the study. - Woold WE: Dermatologic symptoms without signs. Seeking the cause of itching, pain, and burning. Postgrad Med 1989,85(4):369–370.View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Bircher AJ: Water induced itching. Dermatologica 1990,181(2):83–87.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Handfield-Jones SE, Hills RJ, Ive FA, Greaves MW: Aquagenic pruritus associated with juvenile xanthogranuloma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993,18(3):253–255. 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1993.tb02180.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - McGrath JA, Greaves MW: Aquagenic pruritus and myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1990,123(3):414–415. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06305.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Abdel-Naser MB, Gollnick H, Orfanos CE: Aquagenic pruritus as a presenting symptom of polycythaemia vera. Dermatology 1993,187(2):130–133.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Gerlini G, Prignano F, Pimpinelli N: Acute leucocytoclastic vasculitis and aquagenic pruritus long preceding polycythaemia rubra vera. Eur J Dermatol 2002,12(3):270–271.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Ratnaval RC, Burrows NP, Marcus RE, Norris PG: Aquagenic pruritus and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 1993,129(3):348–349. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb11868.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Khalifa N, Singer CR, Black AK: Aquagenic pruritus in a patient associated with myelodysplasia and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002,46(1):144–145. 10.1067/mjd.2001.117391View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Ferguson JE, August PJ, Guy AJ: Aquagenic pruritus associated with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994,19(3):257–258. 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01181.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Gregor M: Aquagenic pruritus and hepatitis. 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Int J Dermatol 1986,25(8):508–510. 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1986.tb00863.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Ingber S, Cohen PD: Successful treatment of refractory Aquagenic pruritus with Naltrexone. J Cutan Med Surg 2006, 2.Google Scholar - Thomsen K: Aquagenic pruritus responds to propanolol. J Am Dermatol 1990,22(4):697–698. 10.1016/S0190-9622(08)81053-5View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Martinez-Escribano JA, Quecedo E, De la Cuadra J, Frias J, Sanchez-Pedreno P, Aliaga A: Treatment of aquagenic urticaria with PUVA and astemizole. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997,36(1):118–119. 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70344-XView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Reinhold U, Hartl C, Gerdsen R, Kreysel HW: Treatment of aquagenic pruritus using recombinant interferon-alpha. Br J Dermatol 1997,137(2):324–325.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Berrazueta JR, Riestra A, Salas E, Poveda JJ, Fernandez-Llaca H, Navarro-Baldeweg O, Amado JA: Aquagenic pruritus response to the exogenous nitric oxide donor, transdermal nitroglycerin. Int J Dermatol 1994,33(10):752–753. 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01528.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Lotti T, Teofoli P, Tsampau D: Treatment of aquagenic pruritus with topical capsaicin cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994,30(2 pt 1):232–235. 10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70022-2View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Carson TE: Aquagenic pruritus: effective treatment with intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide. Cutis 1991,48(5):382–383.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Olumide YM, Oresanya F: Generalized pruritus as a presenting symptom in Nigeria. Int J Dermatol 1987,26(3):171–3. 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00885.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Potasman I, Heinrich I, Bassan HM: Aquagenic pruritus: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Isr J Med Sci 1990,26(9):499–503.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Steinman HK, Greaves MW: Aquagenic pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985,13(1):91–6. 10.1016/S0190-9622(85)70149-1View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Wolf R, Krakowski A: Variations in aquagenic pruritus and treatment alternatives. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988,18(5 Pt 1):1081–3. 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70110-3View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Dannaker CJ, Greenway H: Failure of sodium bicarbonate baths in the treatment of aquagenic pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989,20(6):1136. 10.1016/S0190-9622(89)80205-1View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Spelman L, Dicker T: Aquagenic pruritus relieved by tight fitting clothing. Australas J Dermatol 2001,42(2):146. 10.1046/j.1440-0960.2001.00503.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Goodkin R, Bernhard JD: Repeated PUVA treatment of aquagenic pruritus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002,27(2):164–165. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.09805.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Goodkin R, Bernhard JD: Repeated PUVA treatment of aquagenic pruritus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002,27(2):164–165. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.09805.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Rivard J, Lim HW: Ultraviolet phototherapy for pruritus. Dermatol Ther 2005,18(4):344–354. 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00032.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Norris JF: Treatment of aquagenic pruritus with alcohol. Br J Dermatol 1998,138(5):927. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02253.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar - Frances AM, Fiorenza G, Frances RJ: Aquagenic urticaria: report of a case. Allergy Asthma Proc 2004,25(3):195–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Parks A, Camisa C: Aquagenic angioedema. Cutis 1986,37(6):465–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar - The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-5945/9/4/prepub This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Many home gardeners and farmers experiment as often as scientists do. But as valuable as the gardeners' and farmers' experiments are, their results are usually called "folklore," not science. Gardeners and farmers often want scientists to test their folklore, to see if it really works. That's what happened with organic farmers and gardeners who discovered that common household vinegar kills weeds. These individuals started using vinegar instead of chemical weed killers--and recommending it to friends. Not all of the gardeners and farmers were entirely convinced, though, and some had questions that the scientists could best answer. Like, would vinegar ruin the soil because it is such a strong acid? Three Agricultural Research Service (ARS) weed scientists in Beltsville, Maryland--Jay Radhakrishnan (formerly ARS), John Teasdale, and Ben Coffman--decided to do scientific experiments to find out. They knew that if it worked, vinegar would be great for farmers and gardeners who choose not to use most weed-killing chemicals, called herbicides. They tested vinegar on five major weeds. One of these was Canadian thistle.You may have noticed it growing on the side of the road or in your own backyard around walls or the patio. In a greenhouse, the three scientists hand-sprayed the thistle with different mixtures of vinegar. Typical white vinegar bought from the store was the weakest mixture--95 percent water and about 5 percent vinegar.

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Why Summer Learning Matters Summer learning is a critical tool in helping students prepare for a new school year. According to the National Summer Learning Association, students can lose up to two months’ worth of reading skills during school vacations. COVID-19 has made this learning gap wider. Due to school closures and transition to the virtual classroom, research predicts that students can lose up to 30% of reading skills when they return in the fall, affecting children from communities in need disproportionately. Access to free, high-quality summer learning programs is more critical today than ever before. That is why Chicago Public Library, Chicago Public Library Foundation, and WITS are working together to provide learning resources to children and families across the city. “Rooted in 77 neighborhoods, Chicago Public Library has always been a hub of learning. As COVID-19 exacerbates the educational challenges facing families all over Chicago, the Library and the Library Foundation are finding innovative ways and forging partnerships with organizations to empower our patrons wherever they may be. We are so proud to be doing this work with WITS. Together, we can broaden the reach and deepen the impact of summer learning in communities,” said Brenda Langstraat, Chicago Public Library Foundation President. Reimagining Summer Learning Since 2012, WITS Early Childhood Summer Program (ECSP) has prepared over 500 young students with foundational reading skills through a holistic program that is both educational and fun. “As we navigate the challenges of learning in the virtual space, WITS has adapted our classroom program into an accessible digital program to ensure that we can engage children and families. Collaborating with the Library ensures that ECSP is reaching as families as possible,” said Tena Latona Kunik, CEO of WITS. This August, WITS ECSP activity books will be available for families to take home in all 81 library branches. The activity book compliments WITS weekly online materials or can be used as a stand-alone activity. To bridge access divide and ensure the widest possible reach, these activity books will also be part of the Library’s mobile van delivery to different neighborhoods – bundled with free books, play kits, and other learning materials. In this way, we can meet families where they are with the resources they need for a fun summer of learning. Broadening Our Reach Together The combined expertise and commitment of the Library and WITS will provide Chicago families with hands-on learning resources that support play, reading, and discovery─both during this challenging time, and far beyond. Together, we will empower thousands of Chicago families to fight the COVID learning slide by connecting them to an unparalleled network of educational services and supports. Learn more about Chicago Public Library and the Library Foundation’s exciting partnerships to serve Chicago’s children and families when you sign up for our free newsletter. When you power our Library, you empower every Chicagoan.

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Memorials to the First World War are ubiquitous and even small towns and villages in France and the UK have monuments commemorating those fallen. This list collects ten of the largest memorials in Western Europe. They are mainly situated in France and Belgium, on or near the sites of the events they commemorate. 1. Thiepval Memorial The Thiepval Memorial to the missing of the Somme commemorates 72,195 British and South African soldiers whose remains were never found after the battles around the Somme from 1915 and 1918. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and unveiled on 1 August 1932 in the village of Thiepval, Picardy, France. 2. Menin Gate Memorial The Menin Gate Memorial to the missing is a war memorial in Ypres, Belgium, dedicated to 54,896 British and Commonwealth soldiers killed in the Ypres Salient who do not have known graves. It was designed by Reginald Blomfield and unveiled on 24 July 1927. 3. Tyne Cot Cemetary Tyne Cot Cemetery and Memorial to the Missing is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery for those killed at the Ypres Salient between 1914 and 18. The land for the cemetery was granted to the United Kingdom by King Albert I of Belgium in October 1917 in recognition of the British contribution to defending Belgium in the war. The graves of 11,954 men are situated here, the identity of most is unknown. 4. The Arras Memorial The Arras Memorial commemorates 34,785 New Zealand, South African and British soldiers killed near the town of Arras from 1916 onwards who have no known graves. It was unveiled on 31 July 1932 and was designed by architect Edwin Lutyens and sculptor William Reid Dick. 5. Irish National War Memorial Gardens The Irish National War Memorial Gardens in Dublin are dedicated to the memory of 49,400 Irish soldiers who died on the Western Front of World War One out of a total 300,000 Irish servicemen who participated. The Gardens were designed by Edwin Lutyens in the 1930s, but were not officially opened until 10 September 1988 after extensive restoration work on the dilapidated original structure. 6. Canadian National Vimy Memorial Located in Vimy in France, the Canadian National Vimy Memorial bears the names of 11,169 missing Canadian soldiers and is dedicated to the country’s 60,000 First World War dead. It was designed by William Seymour Allward and unveiled by Edward VIII on 26 July 1936. The Ijzertoren is a memorial near the Yser River in Belgium which commemorates the predominantly Flemish Belgian soldiers killed in the area. The original was built by Flemish soldiers after the war, but was destroyed on 16 March 1946 and subsequently replaced by the present, larger monument. 8. Douaumont Ossuary Built on the site of the Battle of Verdun, the Douaumont Ossuary commemorates the 230,000 dead of that battle. It was built with the encouragement of the Bishop of Verdun and opened on 7 August 1932. It contains the remains of French and German soldiers. The cemetery beside it is the largest French cemetery of the First World War and contains 16,142 graves. 9. Ablain St-Nazaire French Military Cemetery, ‘Notre Dame de Lorette’ The graveyard and ossuary of the church of Notre Dame de Lorette contain the remains of around 40,000 men from France and its colonies, the most in any French memorial. It chiefly remembers the dead of the battles fought at the nearby town of Artois. The basilica was designed by Louis-Marie Cordonnier and his son and erected between 1921-7. 10. Lochnagar Mine Crater Memorial, La Boisselle, Somme Battlefields Situated near the Somme, the Lochnagar mine was dug under a German fortification south of the village of La Boisselle in 1916. Attempts to remove the crater after the war were not successful and in the 1970s Richard Dunning bought the land containing the crater with the goal of preserving it. In 1986 he erected a memorial there which is visited by 200,000 people annually.

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Fishing without Limits Plundering the oceans prevents fish stock regeneration Our appetite for the delicacies of the oceans along with the fish meal used to feed cattle and other livestock have created a situation in which more than 75 percent of the commercially targeted fish stocks worldwide are overfished or even outside safe biological limits. The situation in the European fishing grounds is particularly alarming with 70 percent of the fish stocks assessed as overfished. Species such as Redfish or Atlantic Cod - in former times known as the „bread-and-butter fish“ of the Germans - are now in short supply. In the meantime, Germans consume about 16 kilograms fish per person per year. Increasing fishing power prevents fish stocks from regeneration In the last decade, the tonnage of fish harvested from the sea has risen sharply worldwide. In 1950, tonnage of fish harvested amounted to 17 million, by 2006 the amount had already increased to 82 million tons. Since the middle of the 1990s the amount caught has stagnated even though new techniques and equipment have improved: but stronger echo sounding systems, bigger vessels and bigger nets have not brought about bigger landings. We are exhausting fish stocks - trawlers are harvesting fewer fish. And the actual fish caught are smaller in size than in former years. In particular, top predatory fish such as tuna, Atlantic cod, sharks and rays have been decimated so severely that, in some areas, their stocks have been reduced up to 90 percent. With fish stocks nearly depleted, the fishing industry is netting smaller and younger fish. In the North Sea up to 93 percent of the remaining Atlantic cod population ends up in the nets of trawlers before having a chance to spawn for the first time. Some scientists fear that commercially targeted fish stocks could collapse completely by the year 2048. And it is not only the European seas that are plundered. Meanwhile, European fishing fleets also operate off the coast of many African countries and, thus, moving the issue of overfishing to other areas rather than finding a solution. The decline in fish stocks in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea has also been significant. Although the North Sea accounts for only 0.2 percent of the world‘s oceans, up to five percent of the catch is taken there. Approximately 3.5 million tons of fish are caught every year. In some regions of the North Sea trawlers drag their nets along the bottom up to 20 times a year in order to harvest bottom dwelling fish. This adversely affects highly sensitive benthic communities (marine flora and fauna on the ocean floor) – corals and sea anemones, starfish, mussels and snails. It will take a long time to recover - and in some instances the damage is irreparable. Massive and destructive fishing practices have enhanced overfishing to the extent that nearly all edible fish species have been depleted. But fish are not the only victims of commercial fishing. Thousands of seabirds as well as marine mammals land as unintended bycatch in the nets of the fishermen. Gill nets are an absolute death-trap for ducks, divers, the Harbor Porpoise and other marine mammals. Ineffective EU laws The fishing industry in Germany is a traditional element of the German economy and culture along its coasts and rivers. Approximately 45,000 people are employed in the fishing sector. The German fishing policy is fully integrated in European fishing policies. Subsidies, close seasons, maximum catch and technical guidelines (mesh size, mitigation measures) are negotiated and agreed at the EU-level. However, there is wide agreement that the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) has failed. Not even the reform dating back to 2002 resulted in a recovery of the fish stocks. The CFP is currently debating a fundamental second reform and results are expected by 2012. NABU is taking an active role in the process.

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Report: Almost Half of All Cancers Caused by Lifestyle Choices Approximately 45 percent of cancers in men and 40 percent of cancers in women could be prevented by living a healthier lifestyle, a report from the Cancer Research UK concludes. The study found that four lifestyle choices contribute to over 100,000 cancers per year in Britain, which also mirrors cancer causes in countries like the United States. These factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, being overweight and maintaining an unhealthy diet. These lifestyle choices, in addition to workplace and environmental factors, account for the causes of a large portion of cancers in humans. One in 25 cancers in the UK was linked to occupational exposure to chemicals and asbestos. These incidences can range from a toxic chemical spill to gradual asbestos exposure while working in a factory or industrial settings. Diseases commonly associated with asbestos exposure include lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis. Mesothelioma is a cancer that develops in the lining of the lungs. Around 2,500 people per year in the U.S. are diagnosed with mesothelioma. When environmental factors are considered in addition to the lifestyle choices, the 100,000 cancer estimate rises approximately to 134,000. The culmination of these two sets of factors attribute to a number of cancers that can clearly be reduced, some by simple changes daily choices. Improving Lifestyle Choices The report further stated that 34 percent of cancers in the UK in 2010 were connected directly to people’s diet, excess weight, alcohol consumption and smoking, equating to about 106,845 cancer cases. These areas become important factors of discussion because each of these issues is within the control of the individual, at some degree. Smoking, for example, is a habit that has long been understood as a deadly decision, clearly linked to over 80 percent of all lung cancer cases in the U.S. The study concludes that 23 percent of cancers in British men and almost 16 percent of cancers in British women can be attributed to smoking, because it causes bladder, kidney, pancreatic and cervical cancer, in addition to lung cancer. As multiple free public and private resources are available to help smokers quit in both the UK and the U.S., the number of smoking-related cancers hasn’t declined as much as some would think. Talk to a Doctor About Your Diagnosis We can connect you with a top cancer specialist who can give you tips for improving your overall health.Get Started Today In addition to quitting smoking, a proper diet and regular exercise can also improve your overall health and reduce your likelihood of obesity. This has been well known for decades, yet some continue to not exercise and maintain poor diets. Eating a well-balanced diet will drastically improve your health. The Cancer Research UK report noted that 6.1 percent of UK cancers were associated with a lack of consumption of vegetables and fruits. By avoiding processed and junk foods and eating healthier alternatives like fruits, these staggering cancer figures could be improved. The levels alcohol consumption has been a topic of much debate for years now. Drinking rates in the UK and the U.S. differ, but the effect on the body doesn’t change from nation to nation. It is evident by research that excessive consumption can be detrimental to your health, especially to organs like your liver, and therefore should be avoided. With 4 percent of cancers associated with exposure to chemicals and asbestos in workplace, a tremendous opportunity exists to reduce these cancers. Occupational hazards can often be minimized by proper training, proper equipment and by having the appropriate policies in place. Furthermore, proper removal of asbestos, known as asbestos abatement, can reduce the chances of dangerous exposure. Researchers have long known about the latency periods of asbestos-related diseases. For example, most cases of mesothelioma develop 20 to 50 years after asbestos exposure occurs. Proactively taking action and adjusting certain lifestyle choices can make a tangible difference in your life. You can’t reduce your chances of cancer unless you understand what causes them. With conclusive results from the Cancer Research UK report demonstrating the causes of some cancers, you can more easily make better decisions to improve your life. One of the less apparent conclusions from the study is the fact that real similarities exist between cancer rates and causes in the United States and the United Kingdom. The same lifestyle choices that plague individuals in the UK are the same ones that keep our cancer rates high in the United States. Incremental changes in your diet and regular exercise, in addition to reducing your smoking and alcohol consumption, may go a long way in improving your overall health, and more importantly, reducing your chances of developing cancer. Share This Article 1 Cited Article Sources The sources on all content featured in The Mesothelioma Center at Asbestos.com include medical and scientific studies, peer-reviewed studies and other research documents from reputable organizations. - Cancer Research UK. (2012). Cancer Prevention: Stacking the odds in your favour. Retrieved from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/prod_consump/groups/cr_common/@nre/@new/@pre/documents/generalcontent/cr_088612.pdf

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A rumor has been coursing through the Internet and black talk-radio shows: Congress will disenfranchise black Americans when it reconsiders the 1965 Voting Rights Act—which it must do by no later than 2007. The Congressional Black Caucus has fielded hundreds of anxious phone calls over the past two years; the Justice Department now posts a Web site rebuttal. Such rumors illustrate that the "paranoid style" in American politics persists. Yet the Voting Rights Act is indeed under fire. In its inception, the act was structured to make sure black Americans could register and vote. But as techniques of resistance in the white South became more baroque, so did the act, its interpretation, and its remedies. To some critics, this shift signaled regulatory overreach and racial preference. And in the past decade, the use of racially conscious legislative districting to increase black representation has further stimulated political and judicial backlash. Today, political momentum has shifted to critics of the act, and a major rollback, either legislatively or through the courts, could well occur. Prior to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, barriers to black registration and voting were massive and crude. The entire white southern way of life was at stake. It was voting rights, more than anything else, that stimulated the 1964 Freedom Summer, voting rights that split the 1964 Democratic National Convention, and voting rights for which young activists gave their lives. In 1964, Mississippi had only about 7 percent of its black voting-age population registered to vote, with a voting-age population that was 36 percent black, Alabama, with a voting-age population that was 26 percent black, registered less than one eligible black voter in four, and Louisiana, with a voting-age population that was 28 percent black, registered less than one in three. In 1964, out of about 29,000 local, state, and national elected officials in the entire ex-Confederacy of 11 states, just 16 such officials were black, 3 of these state legislators and 13 local officials. The 1965 act focussed entirely on the franchise. The act contained two sets of provisions, permanent sections that prohibited discrimination in voting, and temporary elements for enforcement, subject to renewal. The most important of these temporary features was Section 5 pre-clearance, which empowers the Justice Department to pre-clear any proposed changes in local registration and voting procedures. But there were also other temporary sections that barred specific impediments to voting and that provided for direct federal observation or examination of electoral processes as they occurred. This was the most basic takeover by Washington of local civic functions since Reconstruction; it was richly deserved and roundly resented. No sooner was the law enacted than several southern state legislatures adopted programs of massive resistance to voting rights, much like the earlier massive resistance to school desegregation. States recast entire systems of representation in order to dilute black influence. They permitted or required county and municipal governments to create at-large voting for public offices, which submerged geographic black voting strength within a larger white majority. They changed balloting systems so that black voters were forced to vote for entire tickets, thus blocking any "single-shot" or "bullet-voting" by blacks for a liberal or minority candidate, which had been permitted previously in some jurisdictions. They pushed local governments to establish absolute majority vote requirements for winners, thus preventing plurality victory by a black candidate over a split field of whites. They converted elective offices to offices appointed by officials likely to have exclusively white support. Finally, states reapportioned legislative and congressional district lines to submerge black voting strength in white majorities. With these changes, blacks could vote—but could achieve neither fair representation nor elective office. In 1969, however, the Supreme Court rejected such vote dilution in Allen v. State Board of Elections. Mississippi officials had defended a 1966 maneuver converting the district election of county supervisors to an at-large election, as was permissible under the Voting Rights Act. Since the act ostensibly covered only registration requirements, Mississippi's change had not required clearance from the Justice Department. The Supreme Court, however, grasped the essential politics of the matter. If blacks could not elect county supervisors, the old local white power structure would survive intact. Traditional white elites would continue to levy county taxes and spend county money as before, directing construction and maintenance money to white contractors and white neighborhoods, appointing all-white welfare and planning boards without concern for minority interests, and drawing up white jury lists for the state courts. The Court ruled that such devices did in fact require clearance. It held that the right to vote can be affected by a "dilution of voting power as well as by obstacles to casting a ballot. Voters who are members of a racial minority might well be in the majority in one district, but in a decided minority in the county as a whole. This type of change could therefore nullify their ability to elect the candidate of their choice just as would prohibiting some of them from voting." With Allen, the burden of proof shifted to affected states and localities to show that proposed changes in electoral systems, as well as voting procedures, were not discriminatory. Allen thus made it possible for the Justice Department to efficiently monitor the evolution of state and local electoral structures. The Justice Department's Civil Rights Division has scrutinized about 200,000 proposed changes to electoral rules since Allen and objected to about 1 percent of them. In a subsequent 1973 decision from Texas, White v. Regester, the Court further held such vote dilution unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment. Armed with White, the private voting rights bar was able to overthrow many at-large structures and gerrymanders that predated the Voting Rights Act, in some cases by half a century. Litigation also challenged vote dilution in places not explicitly covered by Section 5, including southwestern jurisdictions where Anglo politicians had long rigged systems of representation to short-circuit Latino political influence. The Allen and White rulings and the concept of "dilution of voting power" were in effect codified in the 1982 amendments to the Voting Rights Act. Congress said that while nothing in the act "establishes a right to have members of a protected class elected in numbers equal to their proportion in the population," it also provided that there is a "denial or abridgement of the right to vote" if electoral processes are not "equally open to participation" by "members of a protected class" and if such members "have less opportunity . . . to elect representatives of their choice." The entire anti-vote dilution movement of the past three decades, and the provisions of the Voting Rights Act supporting it, are now lightning rods for controversy. Critics such as Abigail Thernstrom see the anti-vote dilution approach as regulatory excess. She and kindred critics make three basic points. First, even in the Deep South, politics have sufficiently normalized to the point where heroic federal supervision of local affairs is no longer necessary. Second, anti-dilution measures, especially "racial gerrymandering," have gone too far and now amount to unconstitutional favoritism which violates the 14th Amendment. Third, liberal critics such as the political scientist Carol Swain argue that the herding of black voters into districts of their own has "bleached" surrounding districts, paradoxically leading to the overall election of more conservatives unfriendly to black interests. Since the early 1990s, the Supreme Court itself has increasingly undermined the anti-vote dilution doctrine and program without explicitly reversing its earlier decisions. The Court has applied some of its long-held unease about affirmative action to the voting rights domain. A majority of the Court now holds that the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment casts grave doubt on whether government efforts to aid minorities are any more defensible than government efforts to favor whites; ideally, government should be "color-blind." Four justices, Anthony Kennedy, William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas, believe that all race-conscious policies—including voting rights policies—run some risk of being invidious. Racial classifications should therefore be subject to "strict" judicial scrutiny, and upheld only if there is a compelling interest in support of the classification. Otherwise, the policy denies equal protection of the laws. Only the ambivalence of one justice has kept the Court from a major retreat on vote dilution. In key recent decisions, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor has sent mixed signals, leaving 30 years of anti-vote dilution law and politics under a cloud of constitutional suspicion. But there will likely be far less sympathy for the vote-dilution doctrine by the time the temporary provisions of the Voting Rights Act come up for statutory renewal in 2007. If the Supreme Court and/or Congress do substantially weaken the act, what then? The answer depends on how rational politicians with little attachment to minority interests will respond to a looser regulatory environment. Here the paradigmatic story is Jesse Helms's 1990 senatorial re-election campaign. Recall that George Bush won the presidency in 1988 partly by savaging Willie Horton. His chief electoral strategist, the late Lee Atwater, used racial polarization to build the Republican Party. This was the national backdrop to events in North Carolina in the fall of 1990. The Helms for Senate Committee and the North Carolina Republican Party arranged for 125,000 postcards to be mailed to black-majority voting precincts. The cards falsely stated that people who had recently changed residence would not be allowed to vote under North Carolina law, would be required to prove residence on election day, and risked federal criminal penalties of up to five years in jail if they gave false information. Two separate targeted mailings occurred after official voter registration figures showed that the percentage increase in African-American registration in the run-up to the election was twice that of white voters (10.6 percent, as opposed to 5.3 percent for whites). Polls also showed that Helms's African-American opponent, Democrat Harvey Gantt, was ahead eight points. When thousands of postcards came back as undeliverable, the North Carolina Republican Party then began to draw up lists of voters who would be challenged on election day itself. The Justice Department swung against this last effort, and the Helms campaign dropped it. In early 1992, the various defendants and the Justice Department signed a consent decree enjoining such ballot security programs. (Helms evidently misjudged the Bush administration. Its assistant attorney general for civil rights refused to tolerate Helms's "ballot integrity" program.) Whether a future Justice Department could move against a future ballot integrity strategy depends on how seriously Congress and the courts weaken the Voting Rights Act. Rights in Jeopardy The Voting Rights Act, as applied, has been in trouble with the Supreme Court since the Shaw v. Reno decision of 1993, in which the Court limited racial gerrymandering. The Court ruled that white plaintiffs in the Twelfth Congressional District of North Carolina were entitled to a full lower court trial to determine whether the North Carolina state legislature had created a majority-black congressional district so gerrymandered that it violated the equal protection clause. Then, in a 1995 Georgia case, Miller v. Johnson, the Court stated that race cannot be a "predominant factor" in congressional districting. But a year later, in a Texas case, Bush v. Vera, the Court's vital "fifth vote," Justice O'Connor, defected from the coalition she had built in Shaw. In her opinion for the Court, O'Connor explicitly stated that the states could not reasonably avoid taking race into account when they drew congressional districts. Indeed, strict scrutiny did "not apply to all cases of intentional creation of majority-minority districts." Nonetheless, if a Republican takes the oath of presidential office in January 2001, the balance on the Court will likely shift to the "color-blind" camp. During the next presidency, Justice John Paul Stevens will almost certainly retire. A larger majority might well openly conclude that anti-vote dilution policy is always subject to strict scrutiny. That would effectively nullify Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, which holds that there is a "denial or abridgement of the right to vote" if electoral processes are not "equally open to participation" by "members of a protected class" and if such members "have less opportunity . . . to elect representatives of their choice." For the second time in American history, the federal government might largely withdraw from enforcing black voting rights. This last happened in the mid-1890s, when the Democratic Party used the occasion of unified government during Grover Cleveland's second administration to repeal the federal election laws established during Reconstruction to enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments. In that vacuum of federal protection, black disenfranchisement accelerated between 1890 and 1910, as state constitutions were amended and legislatures instituted highly effective literacy tests and poll taxes. The great democratic experiment of Reconstruction expired. Shortly after, Congress and President Woodrow Wilson approved a thorough segregation of the federal workforce and of the government washrooms and lunchrooms in the District of Columbia. Symbolically, the federal government was now for whites only. Of course, unlike in the 1890s, intense racism in electoral politics is now defunct. Both parties now compete for the votes of blacks, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Further, even if racism persists, African Americans have political resources to take care of themselves—due in part to the Voting Rights Act itself. One of the architects of the act, Nicholas Katzenbach, emphasized this point in a recent interview (even as he characterized Shaw and Miller as "nutty decisions"). Every southern legislature has experienced black office holders. Many white politicians have large numbers of black constituents. The playing field in race relations may well be level enough to compensate for federal departure from electoral regulation. Or is it? As an aphorism attributed to Mark Twain has it, "History may not repeat itself but it sure can rhyme." Here is how history might rhyme. How History Might Rhyme (I) First, minority voters might suddenly find the act of voting a bit more chilling. If Congress declines to renew the act's pre-clearance mechanism, then local governments could resort to a variety of tempting tactics. For instance, they would be free to relocate the polls to predominantly white schools in neighborhoods known for, say, aggressive policing. Such ploys occurred in the 1970s; are we sure they would not happen again? Expiration of the act's special provisions would also end the federal observer and examiner mechanism. Crude, Jesse Helms-style "ballot integrity" programs could well produce lawsuits under the weaker 1957 and 1960 Civil Rights Acts. But even armed with the full statutory authority of the 1965 act as strengthened in 1975 and 1982, the feds did not smoothly swing into action against Helms's 1990 ballot security campaign. A former attorney at the Justice Department told me recently that it was a "Herculean task" to assemble a bureaucratic coalition for intervention. Most ballot integrity programs are more subtle, like the radio ads in a local Texas contest in the early 1990s that sought to confuse elderly black voters about whether their absentee voting was legal. Or they resemble New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani's campaign against his predecessor, David Dinkins, in which city police officers placed posters in Hispanic neighborhoods announcing that noncitizens who voted would be subject to penalties by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. With a weaker statute, most such maneuvers would fly below the Justice Department's radar, but still dissuade minority voting. The temptation is enormous, in a close election, to try some funny stuff to keep some minority voters away from the polls, particularly if the candidate has already written off minority support. How History Might Rhyme (II) There's a second way history could rhyme. Local governments with narrow white electoral majorities could return to at-large elections for city or county government. Or they could annex white suburbs or make other kinds of changes that produce vote dilution. But without Section 5 pre-clearance, the burden of proving discriminatory intent would shift to minority plaintiffs. Some changes might actually be immune from challenge at all. Earlier in this decade, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals held that judicial elections were immune from vote dilution claims if a state argued that it had a compelling interest in having such elections be at-large. Obviously this could be a slippery slope toward more at-large elections. A critical factor here is the increased conservatism of the southern federal courts and of their appellate circuits. In this decade, judges appointed by Reagan and Bush have shown a willingness to increase the burdens of proof on minority plaintiffs. Vote dilution cases often rest on a demonstration of what is known as "racially polarized voting," that is, a history of cohesive bloc voting by white voters in the majority such that no ordinary black politician can ever hope to crack it. In 1986, in Thornburgh v. Gingles, the Supreme Court held that remedies to vote dilution could be implemented under the Voting Rights Act if there was strong evidence that this factor of racially polarized voting consistently blocked minority electoral success. Yet in the mid-1990s, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, absurdly, that proof of racially polarized voting must show that such voting is found both in elections with a minority candidate and in elections with no minority candidate. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that proof of racially polarized voting requires disentangling racial animus among white voters from their party identification and showing it to be the primary factor in racially polarized voting—a fairly extraordinary intent standard. In other words, a return to old-fashioned vote dilution could occur simply through shifting the odd, costly burdens of proof to minority plaintiffs. In a more permissive environment of a weaker act, the entire landscape of voting would be different. And all of this would be occurring in the context of dramatically altered public opinion. In 1987—one year after a decision in which a friendlier Supreme Court explained how voting rights plaintiffs could implement the new, amended Section 2, the political scientist Abigail Thernstrom published an influential attack on the anti-vote dilution program. In Whose Votes Count?, she spelled out what she considered regulatory excess. Since her book appeared, several critical propositions about the Voting Rights Act have gained a wide audience. First, as noted, the regulatory excess critique of the Voting Rights Act holds that special provisions for minority office-holding were unnecessary; black politicians would have done fine on their own. Critics such as Thernstrom concede that whites, especially in the South, seldom vote for black candidates. But for Thernstrom et al, black candidates do not lose among white voters because of racial animus, but because they are too liberal for most whites. These outcomes are policy quarrels, largely devoid of invidious racial meaning. Yet in jurisdictions covered by the Voting Rights Act, the increases in black and minority office-holding in local and state legislatures and in Congress have depended on federal intervention. Two landmark studies, Quiet Revolution in the South, edited by Bernard Grofman and Chandler Davidson (1994), and J. Morgan Kousser's Colorblind Injustice (1999), have shown this unambiguously. Thernstrom's idea that minorities, absent federal intervention, would have gained office at anything like the same rate is pure fancy. As Thomas Pettigrew, the sociologist, has put it in an oft-quoted passage, "If a black is running against a white, you look at survey data and you take the white 'don't know' vote and simply add it to the white candidate's total. Ten times out of ten that comes within a couple of percentage points of what happens." Verifying this estimate in an ingenious clinical experiment described in his recent book, Voting Hopes or Fears?, my colleague Keith Reeves empirically confirmed Pettigrew's educated guess. So blacks do have some trouble gaining white support, and not just because there are policy disagreements. Again, this suggests that without the anti-vote dilution program of the past 30 years, there would be far fewer minorities in public office today. Of course, there is more to the debate over the anti-vote dilution program. Many have noted a subtle problem with using the Voting Rights Act to get minorities into state legislatures and Congress: it seems to weaken the southern Democratic Party, as Carol Swain first pointed out some years ago. In order to have more minorities serving in the House, and thus to meet the requirements of the amended Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, Democratic state legislatures armed with new, sophisticated software created ultra-gerrymandered districts in covered states. They did this in order to maximize black ability to elect black representatives, while doing minimal partisan damage to adjacent districts. Swain concluded, with some overstatement, that this process drained surrounding districts of minority voters. Implementing the Voting Rights Act "bleached" these districts, in other words. As Justice Scalia asked in 1995 during oral argument in a voting rights case, "Aren't the black community's interests better served if black voters are spread among many districts rather than concentrated in a few?" In fact, the white South was well on the way to going heavily Republican with or without the creation of majority-minority seats. At most, the concentration of minority votes tipped a few additional seats into the Republican column. In addition, David Lublin, an American University political scientist, has performed a statistical analysis indicating that substantive representation of black interests "kicks in" when a district's voting-age population is around 40 percent black. In other words, "influence" districts of about 40 percent would have been good enough for black representation and even black office-holding, with less "bleaching" of surrounding districts. This finding should strengthen both the intellectual, political, and constitutional case for retaining race-sensitive districting. Nonetheless, it remains the case that strong measures against vote dilution, including the deliberate creation of districts where blacks had a reasonable shot at winning election, were necessary to get minority politicians off to a running start. The representative from a congressional district which has a minority voting-age population below about 40 percent turns out to be more or less blind and deaf to minority policy interests. It is certainly encouraging that minority office holders have been able to build multiracial coalitions, and to survive redistricting that deprived them of majority-minority districts. But this is entirely the fruit of the Voting Rights Act and the racially conscious districting that allowed them to attain office in the first place. We aren't going to get such politicians, however, without majority-minority districting in some form. Without it, there is less chance that we will see minorities at the legislative table, and out and about, working their districts, building multiracial cooperation. In sum, the "regulatory excess" view of federal voting rights policies is a gross exaggeration. The "bleaching" argument is empirically much sounder, but it has been rather overblown. Majority-minority districting of congressional, state, and local districts builds social solidarity. It has, indeed, helped white voters in many congressional districts to trust minority office holders. There are alternatives to it, such as cumulative voting and proportional representation, and in principle they are attractive. But if campaign finance reform, a major issue, cannot make progress, it strains credulity to think that we will ever see a full-scale shift to electoral structures that voters would regard as genuinely foreign. Back to Which Future? Emerging trust in minority office-holding gets to the bottom-line issue: What kind of political future do we want? One future we might go back to is something like the gradual diminution of minority office-holding that happened in the 1880s and 1890s. The other future toward which we can go back is the rich experiment in representation and office-holding which this country pioneered during Reconstruction. From 1867 to 1877 about 2000 blacks served as federal, state, and local office holders in the ex-Confederate states subject to congressional Reconstruction. They were almost all strongly Republican in their policy views, and concentrated in the Deep South states with majority black or significantly black populations: South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, North Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia, in that order. Between 1868 and 1876 an average of 268 black men served during the legislative sessions of the state legislatures in 10 southern states. The standard picture of Reconstruction, of course, is that it was a time of corruption and incompetence. In fact, minority office-holding meant good government—it meant public education systems that the South never had, America's first civil rights laws, and fair criminal justice as blacks sat on juries for the first time. In South Carolina there was a very brief period of decently administered, state-sponsored homesteading and land reform for black families. In the city of New Orleans minority office-holding meant the first genuinely integrated school system in America (and, unhappily, the last such system for a century). In several states, the legislatures also supported nascent trade unions and labor movements of, for instance, stevedores and rice pickers. As it happens, we do not face an all-or-nothing decision of the kind imagined in rumors of disenfranchisement. A reversal of voting rights gains would be gradual and incremental. But rather than passively waiting to see what comes, we ought to positively renew our national commitment to the practices that once made America a pioneer in democratic possibility. We should keep working toward giving the 15th Amendment all of the meaning its framers wanted for it. With the civil rights laws of the 1960s we redeemed the Civil War amendments of the 1860s. But there is still work to do to make history rhyme the right way.

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PALESTINE EXPLORATION, 1 (as of 1915) || Preliminary Consideration I. ERA OF PREPARATION 1. Outside of Palestine 2. In Palestine (1) Early Christian Period (2) Period of Cursory Observation (3) Beginning of Scientific Observation II. ERA OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION 1. Period of Individual Enterprise (1) First Trained Explorers (2) The Climax of Individual Exploration 2. Scientific Cooperative Surface Exploration 3. Most Recent Results in Surface Exploration III. ERA OF SCIENTIFIC EXCAVATION 1. Southern Palestine (1) Tell el-Chesy (2) Excavations in Jerusalem (3) Excavations in the Shephelah (4) Painted "Tombs of Marissa" 2. Northern Palestine (1) Tell Ta`annek (2) Tell el-Mutesellim (3) Tell Chum 3. Eastern Palestine 4. Central Palestine (3) `Ain Shems Previous to the last century, almost the entire stock of knowledge concerning ancient Palestine, including its races, laws, languages, history and manners, was obtained from Josephus and the Bible, with a few brief additional references given by Greek and Roman authors; knowledge concerning modern Palestine was limited to the reports of chance travelers. The change has been due largely to the compelling interest taken in sacred history and the "Holy Oracles." This smallest country in the world has aroused the spirit of exploration as no other country has or could. It has largely stimulated many of the investigations carried on in other lands. I. Era of Preparation. 1. Outside of Palestine: Much direct information concerning ancient Palestine, absolutely essential to the success of modern exploration in that land, has come through discoveries in other countries; but due in many cases to Biblical influence. All the most important Hebrew and Greek manuscripts and versions of the Bible and most of the Jewish Talmud and apocryphal and Wisdom books were found outside of Palestine. The pictures of its population, cities, fortresses and armies give a color and perspective to its ancient history far more vivid than can be found on any of its own contemporary monuments. The records of Thothmes III (15th century BC) describing the capture of Megiddo in the plain of Esdraelon with its vast stores of "chariots wrought with gold," bronze armor, silver and ebony statues, ivory and ebony furniture, etc., and of his further capture of 118 other Canaanite towns, many of which are well known from the Bible, and from which he takes an enormous tribute of war materials, golden ornaments and golden dishes, "too many to be weighed," find no parallel in any indigenous record--such records even if written having been doomed to perish because of the soil, climate and character of the rocks West of the Jordan. So circa 1400 BC, the Tell el-Amarna Letters (discovered in 1887) mention by name many Biblical cities, and give much direct information concerning the political and social conditions at that period, with at least 6 letters from the governor of Jerusalem, who writes to the Pharaoh news that the Egyptian fleet has left the coast, that all the neighboring cities have been lost to Egypt, and that Jerusalem will be lost unless help can be had quickly against the invasion of the Khabiri. The literature of the XIXth Dynasty contains many Hebrew names with much information concerning Goshen, Pithom, Canaan, etc., while in one huge stele of Menephtah the Israelites are mentioned by name. Later Egyptian Pharaohs give almost equally important knowledge concerning Palestine, while the Assyrian texts are even more direct. The black obelisk of Shalmancser II (9th century) catalogues and pictures the tribute received from Jehu; almost every king of the 8th century tells something of his relations with the rulers of Jerusalem or Damascus, throwing immense light on local politics, and the later Bah records give vividly the conditions previous to and during the exile, while the edict of Cyrus gives the very decree by virtue of which the Jews could return to their native land. Later discoveries, like the Code of Hammurabi at Susa (1901), the Sendjirli and other Aramaic texts from Northern Syria (1890, 1908), and the Elephantine papyri, some of which are addressed to the "sons of Sanballat" and describe a temple in Egypt erected to Yahu (Yahweh) in the 5th century BC, may not give direct information concerning Palestine, but are important to present explorers because of the light thrown upon the laws of Palestine in patriarchal times; upon the thought and language of a neighboring Semitic community at the time of the Monarchy; upon the religious ritual and festivals of Nehemiah's day, and upon the general wealth and culture of the Jews of the 5th century; opening up also for the first time the intimate relations which existed between Jerusalem and Samaria and the Jews of the Dispersion. So the vast amounts of Greek papyri found recently in the Fayyum not only have preserved the "Logia" and "Lost Gospels" and fragments of Scripture texts, early Christian Egyptian ritual, etc., but have given to scholars for the first time contemporaneous examples of the colloquial language which the Jews of Palestine were using in the 1st century AD, and in which they wrote the "memoirs" of the apostles and the Gospels of Jesus. 2. In Palestine: (1) Early Christian Period. At this time, during the first three or four centuries the ancient sites and holy places were identified, giving some valuable information as to the topographical memories of the earlier church. By far the most valuable of these carefully prepared summaries of ancient Bible places, with their modern sites, and the distances between them, was the Onomasticon of Eusebius, as it was enlarged by Jerome, which attempted seriously the identification of some 300 holy places, most of these being vitally important for the modern student of the Bible. While some of these identifications were "curiously incorrect" (Bliss) and the distances even at the best only approximate, yet few satisfactory additions were made to the list for 1,500 years; and it was certainly a splendid contribution to Palestinian topography, for the list as a whole has been confirmed by the scientific conclusions of recent investigators. (2) Period of Cursory Observation. The earliest traveler who has left a record of his journey into Palestine was Sinuhit, who, perhaps a century after Abraham, mentions a number of places known to us from the Bible and describes Canaan as a "land of figs and vines, .... where wine was more plentiful than Water, .... honey and oil in abundance .... all kinds of fruit upon its trees, barley and spelt in the fields, and cattle beyond number"; each day his table is laden with "bread, wine, cooked flesh and roasted fowl .... wild game from the hills and milk in every sort of cooked dish" (Breasted, Ancient Records, I, 496). A few other Egyptian visitors (1300-1000 BC) add little to our knowledge. The report of the Hebrew spies (Numbers 13) records important observations, although they can only humorously be called "genuine explorers" (Bliss), and Joshua's list of cities and tribes, although their boundaries are carefully described (Joshua 13-21), are naturally excluded from this review. The record of early Christian travel begins with the Bordeaux Pilgrim (332 AD), and during the next two centuries scores of others write out their observations in the Holy Land, but for 1,000 years there is scarcely a single visitor who looks at the country except through the eyes of the monks. A woman traveler of the 4th century reports some interesting facts about the early ritual of the Jerusalem church and the catechumen teaching, and surprises us by locating Pithom correctly (although the site was totally forgotten and only recovered in 1883), and the Epitome of Eucherius (5th century) gives a clear description of the holy places in Jerusalem; but almost the only other significant sign that anyone at this era ever made serious observations of value comes from the very large, fine mosaic of the 5th century recently discovered at Madeba, which gives a good impression of ancient Jerusalem with its buildings, and a careful bird's-eye view of the surrounding country (see below II, 3). By the middle of the 6th century the old "Holy Places" were covered by churches, while new ones were manufactured or discovered in dreams, and relics of martyrs' bones began to engross so much attention that no time was left in which to make any ordinary geographical or natural-history observations. A little local color and a few facts in regard to the plan of early churches and the persecution of Christians by Moslems constitute almost the sum total of valus to be gathered from the multitude of pilgrims between the 6th and 12th centuries. In the 12th century John of Wurzburg gives a few geographical notes of value; Theoderich notices certain inscriptions and tombs, describes accurately the churches and hospitals he visits, with their pictures and decorations, and outlines intelligently the boundaries of Judea and the salient features of the mountains encompassing Jerusalem; the Abbot Daniel notices the wild beasts in the Jordan forests and the customs at church feasts, and his account is important because of the light it throws on conditions in Palestine just after its conquest by the Crusaders, while in the 13th century Burchard of Mt. Zion makes the earliest known medieval map of Palestine, mentions over 100 Scripture sites, and shows unexpected interest in the plant and animal life of the country--but this practically exhausts the valuable information from Christian sources in these centuries. The Moslem pilgrims and writers from the 9th to the 15th centuries show far more regard to geographical realities than the Christians. It is a Moslem, Istakhri, who in the 10th century makes the first effort at a systematic geography of Palestine, and in the 10th and 13th centuries, respectively, Muqaddasi, after 20 years of preparation, and Yaqut, in a "vast work," publish observations concerning climate, native customs, geographical divisions, etc., which are yet valuable, while Nacir-i-Qhusran, in the 11th century, also gave important information concerning Palestinian botany, gave dimensions of buildings and gates, and even noticed to some extent the ancient arches and ruins--though in all these there are pitiful inaccuracies of observation and induction. One of the best Moslem writers thinks the water of Lake Tiberias is not fit to drink because the city sewerage has ceased to flow into it, and Christian writers from the 7th century down to modern times continually mention the Jor and Da as two fountains from which the Jordan rises, and continually report the most absurd stories about the Dead Sea and about its supernatural saltness never noticing the salt mountain near by and the other simple causes explaining this phenomenon. See DEAD SEA. In the 14th century Marino Sanuto gave a "most complete monograph" (Ritter) of Palestinian geography, his maps being really valuable, though, according to modern standards, quite inaccurate. The Jew, Estoai ben Moses ha-Phorhi, in this same century advanced beyond all Christian writers in a work of "real scientific knowledge" (Bliss), in which he correctly identified Megiddo and other ancient sites, though the value of his work was not recognized for 400 years. The great name of the 15th century is that of the Dominican, Father Felix Fabri, who in his large book, Wanderings in the Holy Land, was the first to notice monuments and ruins to which no Biblical traditions were attached (Bliss), and who, within a decade of the discovery of America, described most vividly the dangers and miseries of the sea voyages of that era, and in most modern fashion narrated his adventures among the Saracens; yet notwithstanding the literary value of the book and his better method of arranging his materials, Fabri actually explained the saltness of the Dead Sea as due to the sweat which flowed from the skin of the earth! In the 16th century travelers showed more interest in native customs, but the false traditional identification of sites was scarcely questioned; the route of travel was always the same, as it was absolutely impossible to get East of the Jordan, and even a short trip away from the caravan was dangerous. (3) Beginning of Scientific Observation. In the 17th century Michal Nau, for 30 years a missionary in Palestine, De la Roque and Hallifix showed a truly scientific veracity of observation and an increasing accuracy in the recording and verification of their notes, and Maundrell advanced beyond all his predecessors in noticing the antiquities on the seacoast, North of Beirut; but all of these, though possessing fine qualities as explorers, were forced to travel hastily and limit their study to a very narrow field. II. Era of Scientific Exploration. 1. Period of Individual Enterprise: (1) First Trained Explorers. True scientific exploration opened with the 18th century, as men began to think of this as itself an important life-work and not merely as a short episode in a life devoted to more serious pursuits. Th. Shaw (1722) carefully fitted himself as a specialist in natural history and physical geography, and scientifically reported a number of new facts, e.g. conditions and results of evaporation, etc., in the Dead Sea. Bishop Pococke (1738) had been well trained, was free from the bondage of tradition, and did for the antiquities of Palestine what Maundrell had done for those of Syria, making a large number of successful identifications of sites and contributing much to the general knowledge of Palestine. Volney (1783) was a brilliant literary man, in full sympathy with the scientific spirit, who popularized results and made a considerable number of original researches, especially in the Lebanon. Seetzen (1800-1807) and Burckhardt (1810-1812) are called by Bliss "veritable pioneers in the exploration of the ruins of Eastern and Southern Palestine." The former opened Caesarea Philippi to light, visited a large unexplored district and made important observations in almost every field of knowledge, zoology, meteorology, archaeology; the latter, having become an Arab in looks and language, was able to go into many places where no European had ventured, one of his chief triumphs being the discovery of Petra and the scientific location of Mt. Sinai. (2) The Climax of Individual Exploration. The climax of the era of scientific observation, unassisted by learned societies, was reached by the American clergyman and teacher, Edward Robinson. He spent parts of two years in Palestine (1838 and 1852) and in 1856 published 3 volumes of Biblical Researches. He strictly employed the scientific method, and showed such rare insight that scarcely one of his conclusions has been found incorrect. His knowledge was as extensive as minute, and although he gave, in all, only five months of steady labor to the specific task of exploration, yet in that time he "reconstructed the map of Palestine" (Bliss), and his conclusions henceforth "formed the ground work of modern research" (Conder). He studied Jerusalem, being the first to show that the ancient fragment of an arch (now "Robinson's") had been part of the bridge connecting the temple with Mt. Zion, and was the first to trace with accuracy the windings of the tunnel leading from the Virgin's Fount to the Pool of Siloam. All Judea, Galilee and Samaria were very well covered by him. He was the first to notice that the ruined building at Tell Chum was a synagogue; from the top of one hill he recognized seven Biblical sites which had been lost for at least 1,500 years; he identified correctly at least 160 new sites, almost all being Biblical places. Robinson's results were phenomenal in number and variety, yet necessarily these have been constantly improved upon or added to in each generation since, for no man can cover the entire field or be a specialist in every department. W.M. Thomson in his Thomson, The Land and the Book (new edition, 1910) and G.E. Post, Flora of Syria, Palestine, and Sinai (1896), gave a needed popular resume of the manners, customs and folklore of the people, as these illustrated the Bible, and many books and articles since have added to this material. In 1848 the United States sent an expedition under Lieutenant Lynch to the Dead Sea, which ascertained the exact width, depth, currents, temperature, etc., and many parties since have added to this knowledge (see e.g. DEAD SEA; and also PEFS, 1911, XII, 7). From 1854 to 1862 De Vogue thoroughly examined the monuments of Central Syria and remained the sole authority on this section down to the American Archaeological Expedition of 1899. Tabler (1845-63) scientifically described Jerusalem and its environs, and the districts lying between Jaffa and the Jordan, and between Jerusalem and Bethel. Guerin who studied Palestine during periods covering 23 years (1852-75), though limited by lack of funds, covered topographically, with a minuteness never before attempted, almost the whole of Judea, Samaria and Galilee, gathering also many new records of monuments and inscriptions, the record of which was invaluable because many of these had been completely destroyed before the arrival of the next scientific party. A most sensational discovery was that of F. Klein in 1868, when he found at Dibon the huge basalt tablet set up by Mesha, king of Moab (9th century BC), on which in a language closely resembling the Hebrew, he gave honor to his god Chemosh by describing his successful revolt against a successor of Omri, the latter being mentioned by name with many well-known Biblical places. In style, thought and language this inscription greatly resembles the early Old Testament records. 2. Scientific Cooperative Surface Exploration: With the foundation of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1865) the work of exploration took on an entirely new phase, since in this case, not a single individual, but a large company of specialists entered the work, having behind them sufficient funds for adequate investigation in each necessary line of research, and with the British War Office furnishing its expert Royal Engineers to assist the enterprise. Under the auspices of this society during the next 15 years Jerusalem was explored as never before, and all Western Palestine was topographically surveyed (see below); a geological survey (1883-1884) of Sinai, Wady `Arabah and the Dead Sea, and later of Mt. Seir (1885) was accomplished under Professor Edward Hull; the natural history of the country was treated with great thoroughness by several specialists; Palmer and Drake in the dress of Syrian natives, without servants, risked the dangerous journey through the Desert of the Tih in order to locate so far as possible the route of the Exodus; Clermont-Ganneau, who had previously made the discovery of the Jewish placard from the Temple, forbidding strangers to enter the sacred enclosure, added greatly to archaeological knowledge by gathering and deciphering many ancient inscriptions, uncovering buried cemeteries, rock-cut tombs and other monuments. He also laid down important criteria for the age of stone masonry (yet see PEFS, 1897, LXI); identified various sites including Adullam, found the "stone of Bethphage," "Zoheleth," etc., and made innumerable plans of churches, mosques, tombs, etc., and did an incredible amount of other important work. Capt., afterward Col., C.R. Conder did an equally important work, and as the head of the archaeological party could finally report 10,000 place-names as having been gathered, and 172 new Bible sites successfully identified, while the boundaries of the tribes had been practially settled and many vitally important Bible locations for the first time fixed. The excavations in Jerusalem under the same auspices had meanwhile been carried out as planned. After an introductory examination by Sir Charles Wilson, including some little excavating, Sir Charles Warren (1867-1870) and, later, Col. Conder (1872-1875) made thorough excavations over a large area, sinking shafts and following ancient walls to a depth of 80-150 ft. They uncovered the Temple-area from its countless tons of debris and traced its approximate outline; examined underground rock chambers; opened ancient streets; discovered many thousand specimens of pottery, glass, tools, etc., from Jewish to Byzantine periods; found the pier in the Tyropoeon Valley, where Robinson's arch had rested, and also parts of the ancient bridge; traced the line of several important ancient walls, locating gates and towers, and fixed the date of one wall certainly as of the 8th century BC, and probably of the age of Solomon (G.A. Smith), thus accomplishing an epoch-making work upon which all more recent explorers have safely rested--as Maudslay (1875), in his masterly discovery and examination of the Great Scarp, and Guthe (1881), who made fine additional discoveries at Ophel, as well as Warren and Conder in their work afterward (1884), when they published plans of the whole city with its streets churches, mosques, etc., 25 inches to the mile, which in that direction remains a basis for all later work. Perhaps, however, the greatest work of all done by this society was the Topographical Survey (1881-1886), accomplished for Judea and Samaria by Col. Conder, and for Galilee by Lord Kitchener, resulting in a great map of Western Palestine in 26 sheets, on a scale of an inch to the mile (with several abridged additions), showing all previous identifications of ancient places. These maps, with the seven magnificent volumes of memoirs, etc., giving the other scientific work done by the various parties, marked such an epoch-making advance in knowledge that it has been called "the most important contribution to illustrate the Bible since its translation into the vulgar tongue." In addition to the above the Palestine Exploration Fund established a Quarterly Statement and Society of Biblical Archaeology from which subscribers could keep in touch with the latest Biblical results, and published large quantities of translations of ancient texts and travels and of books reporting discoveries as these were made. Altogether more advance was made during these 15 years from 1865-1880 than in the 15 centuries before. 3. Most Recent Results in Surface Exploration: The next ten years (1880-90) did not furnish as much new material from Palestine exploration, but in 1880 the Siloam Inscription (compare 2 Kings 20:20; 2 Chronicles 32:30) was accidentally found in Jerusalem, showing the accuracy with which the engineers of Hezekiah's day could, at least occasionally, cut long tunnels through the rock (see also Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches, 313); and in 1881-1885 Conder and Schumacher attempted their difficult task of making a scientific topographical map of Eastern Palestine. In 1881 H. Clay Trumbull rediscovered and properly described Kadesh-barnea, settling authoritatively its location and thus making it possible to fix previously obscure places mentioned in the account of the Exodus wanderings. Since 1890 continued investigations in small districts not adequately described previously have taken place, new additions to the zoological, botanical, geological and meteorological knowledge of Palestine have been frequent; studies of irrigation and the water-supply have been made, as well as investigations into the customs, proverbs, folklore, etc., of the Arabs; many districts East of the Jordan and through Petra down into Sinai have yielded important results, and many discoveries of surface tombs, ossuaries, mosaics, seals and manuscripts have been made in many parts of Palestine. This has been done perhaps chiefly by the Palestine Exploration Fund, but much by individuals and some by the newly organized excavation societies (see below). The most surprising discoveries made by this method of surface exploration (a method which can never become completely obsolete) have been the finding at different times of the four Boundary Stones of Gezer (1874, 1881, 1889) by Clermont-Ganneau, and, in 1896, of the very large mosaic at Madeba by Father Cleopas, librarian of the Greek Patriarch. The latter proved to be part of the pavement of a 6th-century basilica and is a "veritable map of Palestine," showing its chief cities, the boundaries of the tribes, and especially the city of Jerusalem with its walls, gates, chief buildings, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and chief streets, notably one long straight street intersecting the city and lined with colonnades. As Madeba lies near the foot of Mt. Nebo, it is thought the artist may have intended to represent ideally a modern (6th-cent.) vision of Moses. George Adam Smith (HGHL, 7th edition, 1901); Jerusalem (2 volumes, 1910), and E. Huntington, Palestine and Its Transformation (1911), have given fine studies illustrating the supreme importance of accurate topographical knowledge in order to understand correctly the Bible narratives and the social life and politics of the Hebrews. These files are public domain.

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What is 5M • 5M is a new approach by the Ministry of Health Malaysia in improving the life status Malaysians especially in consuming food healthy in a healthy manner • 5M is the abbreviation for: o Minimise sugar o Minimise salt o Minimise oil o Maximise fruits o Maximise vegetables Reduce Sugar Intake • Moderate daily sugar intake is about 10 teaspoons (50 gram) for both natural and hidden sugar. • Sugar in drinks is detrimental to our body because we cannot convert it into energy. The accumulated sugar will be converted into fat that will lead to obesity and increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease. It could also damage teeth. How to reduce sugar during the festive period? • Reduce intake of sweet confectioneries. • Drink plain water instead of carbonated drinks or other sweetened drinks. • Reduce the sugar from the recipe. For example the sugar content in cakes could be reduced by half without affecting the taste quality. • Choose fresh fruits as desserts. If using tinned fruits, choose tinned fruit with water or natural juice. Reduce Salt Intake • Reduce your salt intake bit by bit. Too much salt will lead to high blood pressure. • In addition, food items like herbs (cinnamon, clove, star anise) could be used as substitute to make food taste better. These items lack flavour enhancer and also contains unique properties that are good for health. Reduce cooking oil usage • Oil usage must be reduced. This is because excessive oil usage could lead to disease. • .When using oil, avoid cooking foods that use coconut milk and cooking by deep frying. It could reduce oil in food. • Avoid using coconut milk that is too thick. • Cooking by deep frying. It could reduce oil in food. Eat more fruits • Replace your dessert with fruits. • Fruits are rich in vitamin C required by the body especially for dental health. • Eat more fruits during the festivity. Eat More Vegetables • Vegetables contain fibre and minerals vital for the body and the digestive system. The presence of fibre could reduce blood cholesterol level. • Vegetable dishes is very important while enjoying festive meals because it could balance our diet especially blood cholesterol from consuming meat and chicken • Vegetables could also be served as salad with other dishes. In addition, there are festive dishes that contain vegetables such as lontong. (Excerpt from: Ministry of Health, Malaysia What is 5M

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Kali is one of the goddesses in Hinduism and aspect of Parvati. She is the goddess of creation, destruction, time and commonly presented as dark and violent. Various Shakta Hindu cosmologies, as well as Shakta Tantric beliefs, worship her as the ultimate reality or Brahman. Kali is represented as the consort of Lord Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like Durga, Bhadrakali, Sati, Rudrani, Parvati and Chamunda. She is the foremost among the Dasa Mahavidyas, ten fierce Tantric goddesses. Origin of the word "Kali"[change | change source] The name Kali comes from kāla (meaning black, time, death, lord of death, Shiva). Kālī is the feminine of kāla ("black, dark coloured"). Kāla primarily means "black," but also means "time." Kālī means "the black one" and also "time", "beyond time" and "power of time". Since Shiva is called Kāla - the eternal time, Kālī, his consort, also means "the Time" or "Controller of Time". Hence, Kali is considered the goddess of time and change. She has many names like Kālarātri ("black night"), Kālikā ("relating to time"), or Bhadrakali ("a gentle form of Kali").

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GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a bitmap image format for pictures with up to 256 distinct colors. The format was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web. GIFs are compressed files, and were adopted to reduce the amount of time it takes to transfer images over a network connection. A GIF file employs lossless data compression so that the file size of an image may be reduced without degrading the visual quality. Contrast this to the JPEG file format which discards data to achieve file size reductions. The GIF format's 256-color limitation makes it unsuitable for photographs. Therefore, GIF is normally used for diagrams, buttons, and drawings, that have a small number of colors, while the JPEG format is used for photographs. Many software vendors were caught by surprise when it was revealed that the GIF format had been patented by Unisys and that they would have to pay royalties for writing programs that generated (or displayed) GIF files. The desire for a comparable format with fewer legal restrictions (as well as fewer technical restrictions such as the number of colors) led to the development of the PNG (Portable Network Graphics) standard. Although the GIF patents will expire in the near future, PNG is still touted as a technically superior alternative, and has become the third most common image format on - JPEG or JPG - Optical Character Recognition (OCR) - Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) - Radio Frequency ID (RFID) - Sarbanes Oxley - Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) - Six Sigma Methodology - Supply Chain Management (SCM) - Total Quality Management (TQM) - Utility Computing - Virus Definitions - Wireless Mesh

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Perhaps it’s not surprising then, that 85 percent of graduating seniors expect to move back in with Mom and Dad — a rate four times higher than in 1980. Contributed by Adrien Fraise, CEO of Modern Guild While the numbers are discouraging, students who are encouraged to start thinking about life after college — before college even begins — can position themselves not for their parent’s basement, but for an independent life in a field that matches their interests and skills. Here are five ways to make sure that your child is career-minded heading into and during college. College is a four-year investment in your child’s future. Taking a long-term view of college helps identify and structure each year around what the ultimate goal will be — a job that positions your child to learn tailored practical skills that helps narrow his or her career pursuits and is valued by the real world. At the same time your child is exploring and applying to colleges, he should also undergo an honest evaluation of his skill sets and interests. At Modern Guild, we call this the “DNA Map.” Lacking or being deficient in a skill is no deal-breaker at this stage; it simply shows your child what he needs to work on to make the college investment pay off. Matching one’s DNA Map to the real world produces a flexible but more focused career lens based on your child’s interests and skills (or potential skills). Each student should have two or three possible careers in mind as they enter school. But, don’t worry — they can change them as they gain experiences and find new passions. With self-discovery and career compatibility mapped out, your child must identify the practical skills required in each career pursuit and develop a road map to potential majors and courses, extra-curricular activities (e.g., clubs, speaker series, athletics) and internships. As students discover more about themselves through college, their priorities and interests can certainly change. That’s why focusing on core skills, which translate across careers, will increase a student’s flexibility. Focusing on these five steps will help students weave a common pattern as they develop their “story” throughout college. Ultimately, this story is not related to the courses that a student takes, but to the skills they develop. About the author: Adrien Fraise is the CEO of Modern Guild, an online one-on-one planning and career mentoring service for college and college-bound students. And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed . SheKnows is making some changes!

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- 1. General 14.62 km - In order to truly know Sibiu one has to discover all its stories and history. Therefore every tourist must follow a complete route and thus he or she will truly discover Sibiu. - 2. Ecumenical 8.27 km - Sibiu has always been one of the important spiritual centers in Transylvania and Romania. In Sibiu there is the office of the Orthodox Mitropoly of Transylvania. In Sibiu one finds Orthodox Christians, Roman-Catholics, Greek-Catholics, Evangelicals, Calvinists, Jews. In Sibiu one finds churches older than the town itself, monasteries or chapels, all these wrote important pages in the history of the town. - 3. Military 2.79 km - Sibiu has not been conquered for 700 years. That is why the Ottomans considered it the "Red Town", and the Pope in Rome considered it as a bulwark of Christianity. Sibiu had the most complex system of fortifications with five or even six lines of defense with towers and bulwarks, with well protected gates. Remnants of this system have resisted until today and can be discovered by every tourist. - 4. Romanian 3.02 km - Sibiu was the center of emancipation of all Romanians in Transylvania. There existed ASTRA, the Orthodox Mitropoly, the Romanian Bank and the office of the Romanian party. In Sibiu some of the most important events in the Romanian history of the last two centuries happened. Such a route show you the fight for freedom of our ancestors. - 5. Economic 3.3 km - Sibiu remained an important economic of Transylvania and afterwards of the entire Romania. In Sibiu the most important medieval guilds functioned. Here one found the best weapons, the purest gold was used and the Transylvanian salt was deposited. The Renaissance brought the most powerful bankers and in the last centuries the most important factories were developed. This history can still be discovered in the streets of Sibiu. - 6. Sibiu - Must see 4.08 km - If you are in a hurry in Sibiu you can follow a simple route which will show you the history of the town in only a few hours.

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Mexico’s capital city is shrouded in a haze of hazardous smoke. The smoke is the result of several fires burning in and around the city in recent days. The National Weather Service in Dallas predicted some of the smoke could reach their coverage by later this week. Mexico City residents have been warned to stay inside as the city is enveloped in a cloud of hazardous smoke, and meteorologists in the U.S. predict the haze could reach parts of the U.S. by the end of the week. The pollution is from several recent and current fires in the city and outlying areas. Smoke from the blazes is also hovering over the western Gulf of Mexico. “With the southerly flow, it’s likely some of the smoke pooling in (the) Gulf of Mexico from fires in southern Mexico and Central America will make its way northward,” the National Weather Service in Dallas-Forth Worth predicted in a long-term local forecast for this week. “This will probably result in hazy skies by Friday, but it’s unknown if the smoke will be dense enough to smell and/or cause health related air quality issues.“ Smoke 💨🔥🌳🌲covers Mexico City🇲🇽, Sunday, May 12, 2019. Mexico City has warned residents to remain indoors as forest and brush fires carpet the metropolis in smoke.https://t.co/Mkuvocmga3 pic.twitter.com/OKKHV0SibY — laurent.alfonso (@LaurentAlfonso) May 13, 2019 The weather service said upper level winds will dictate if the smoke reaches the U.S. or not. Patrick Marsh, a meteorologist with NOAA’s Storm Prediction Center, tweeted a similar warning. Mexico City’s environmental commission said the city’s air is polluted with high levels of ash and other solid particles that can cause respiratory problems and other illnesses with prolonged exposure, the Associated Press reported. There have been several fires in or near the city in recent days, including 13 brush fires, four fires on empty lots, two house fires, a forest fire and a blaze at an industrial warehouse, according to the AP report. Thirty fires have broken out in the nearby state of Mexico. Meanwhile, fires in the southern states of Oaxaca and Guerrero have contributed to the crisis. At least 14 fires are burning out of control in Oaxaca, fueled by hot weather and high winds. Mexico City and its surrounding areas are home to some 22 million people. The dry season has gotten longer there in recent years, leading to less rain and higher temperatures, the AP reported. Some residents decided to ignore the warnings and go outside on Sunday anyway. “I’m used to the air, somehow,” Olivia Meza, 28, who was inline skating, told the AP. “We’re like cockroaches – it’s hard to kill us.“

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Australia must invest more in mental health services for children from birth to age 12 following the release of new data showing increased levels of psychological distress and suicide rates among people during early adulthood. The National Mental Health Commission made the call in response to the third Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth (ARACY) report card, which revealed increased levels of high or very high psychological distress among 18-24 year-olds and suicide rates among 15-25 year olds. The report card uses data from a number of sources across a range of indicators to compare how Australian children and young people are faring across six key areas including health, learning and positive sense of identity and culture. Mental health once again emerged as a growing issue, particularly amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth aged 15-19, with a third experiencing a probable mental illness. The Commission’s chief executive, Dr Peggy Brown, said investment in child and youth mental health must become a national priority to ensure the prevention and early intervention of issues so they do not intensify. “We know that 75% of all cases of mental illness will occur by the time Australians reach 25 years old,” Dr Brown said. “When you’re young, the onset of mental illness disrupts every facet of your life – school, family, social life and job prospects – and your future potential. “There’s an estimated 560,000 Australian children and adolescents (4-17 years old) in Australia who have a clinically significant mental health problem and many of them are at increased risk of suicidal behaviour.” Dr Brown said while vital funding had targeted adolescent mental health through initiatives such as headspace, similar investment in children was minimal. “Many issues which go on to develop into mental health problems in adolescence can be identified, prevented and managed if picked up earlier in childhood,” she said. “The national approach needed is for better coordination and integration of services among different siloed providers to enable a healthy start to life for children.” Professor Andrew Cashin, Mental Health Nurse Practitioner and Professor of Nursing at Southern Cross University, stressed any investment into early intervention should not focus solely on formal therapy, but also on promoting a healthy family context and activities that foster community participation and a sense of belonging. “Intervention needs a broad focus to strengthen families and communities. The school curricula need to be strengthened in the focus on health and building health, and health systems literacy, to promote engagement and capabilities to facilitate positioning of young people at the centre of their own care and health promoting activity.” Professor Cashin said nurses could play a significant role in intervention given they work with children, young people and families directly. “Nurses are arguably the most holistic of health professionals in their focus and mission and are well placed to work with the level of individual, family and community. Nurses are person-centred in their focus with a mandate of service provision across the lifespan, including people with intellectual, developmental and psychological disabilities.” Leave A Comment

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Every day I work in my clinic, I meet at least one person whose concern is a raspy, hoarse or abnormal voice. As a general rule, after I examine them with special instruments that enable me to get a close up view of the larynx (voice box), I am able to reassure patients that their condition is not serious, and offer them treatment or management for the condition. However, at least once per week, I will see a patient with a hoarse voice who has developed something more serious. All of us, at one time or another, experience a hoarse voice, especially after a cold, or a period of “vocal abuse” (screaming for, or at your favorite sports team). By resting the voice, hoarseness from these causes should resolve within weeks. If it persists, I am in favor of patients seeing an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist for an office laryngeal endoscopy, which is a quick and easy exam for us to perform. Failure to recognize and treat serious abnormalities of the vocal cords can delay vital treatment, causing permanent vocal cord damage, and in cases of malignancy (cancer), endanger life. Common Causes and Treatments of Hoarseness - Respiratory infection (cold/flu): Very often, viral or bacterial infections of nose, chest or throat can affect the vocal cords. The coughing and throat clearing that frequently accompanies these infections further aggravates swelling of the vocal cords. Hoarseness from this cause will almost always clear up within several weeks. The usual treatment we recommend in this situation is VOICE REST (i.e. no talking or whispering when possible, avoidance of throat clearing), ample fluid intake, and anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen. - Vocal abuse (overuse, raising voice, loud singing): I see many patients who, by virtue of their jobs, hobbies, and personalities abuse their voice. Speaking or yelling over background noise, cheering on your child at a soccer game or your favorite pro team, can damage the vocal cords. Many of my patients have jobs or professions (lawyer, preacher, singer, politician, mom) that result in vocal overuse and damage. The treatment of this situation, logically, is resting the voice, using a public address system if speaking to crowd, avoid voice abuse (screaming, yelling). On occasion, the swelling (edema) of the vocal cords is so severe, we prescribe short courses of steroids like prednisone. If vocal abuse/overuse results in the formation of a nodule or polyp and resting the voice does not result in improvement, the growth can be removed easily. - Growths and tumors: Benign and malignant lesions can form on the larynx. Most commonly malignant (cancer) lesions form as a result of smoking and/or excessive alcohol use. Any lesion that persists longer than 4-6 weeks needs to be removed for biopsy in my opinion, unless that lesion is clearly a benign polyp or nodule in a vocal abuser. The typical symptom of a vocal cord growth is painless, progressive hoarseness. Pain, however, can be a later feature of laryngeal cancer. - Paralysis or weakness of vocal cords: The nerves that move the vocal cords are called the recurrent laryngeal nerves that are situated in the neck under the thyroid gland. Viral infection of the nerves, or injury during neck surgery, can cause paralysis of the vocal cord function by damaging the nerve. In some instances the nerve can recover function over several months. The typical symptom is a very breathy voice, and much effort is required to speak loudly. Also, when the vocal cords do not close normally, the trachea (windpipe) is not protected from throat secretions or liquids, allowing them to enter the air passage causing severe coughing. If the vocal cord remains weak or paralyzed, we can perform endoscopic surgery to permanently reposition the vocal cord so voice is restored. Speech therapy can also be useful if the vocal cord is not totally paralyzed. - Acid reflux into voice box (“laryngopharyngeal reflux” — LPR): Chronic reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus causes heartburn and chest discomfort. The same acid reflux can enter the throat, and the chemicals from the stomach can burn the delicate structures of the voice box. If we suspect a patient has this type of “reflux laryngitis”, we direct our treatment to controlling stomach acid production, and modify the diet and sleeping position to prevent this disorder. This discussion represents the more typical reasons why a voice might become raspy and hoarse. There are many other possible causes, some minor, some more serious, that I have seen in my patients over many years. ENT doctors such as myself are the only physicians that can easily examine the larynx and vocal cords easily in clinic. If this symptom is present for over several weeks, I believe it is wise to have this exam performed.

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EIA released its 2015 reference case for electricity generation between 2000 and 2040. The upshot: while they expect natural gas and renewables to continue their growth in the U.S.’s overall energy portfolio, coal is still very much in the mix in 2040. From a climate perspective, if their reference projection becomes reality, we easily pass 2C warming by 2100. Their reference projection “reflects current laws and regulations—but not pending rules, such as the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Power Plan“. So it is no surprise that current laws and regulations result in passing the 2C threshold (or the GHG emissions which would actually lead to passing the 2C threshold). The EPA’s Clean Power Plan isn’t in effect yet – and it will take time to analyze changes to actual generation once its final form does take effect. Figure 1. EIA’s Reference Case analysis and projection of U.S. electricity generation (2000-2040). The good news is renewables’ share grows during the next 25 years. Again, there’s no surprise there. Nor is it surprising to see natural gas’ share also grow. If you look at the left y-axis, the absolute share of renewables exceeds that of natural gas. The bad news (from a 20th-century climate perspective) is that coal remains 34% of the electricity generation in this scenario. That news is tempered by the fact that in both absolute and percentage terms, coal use is lower during the next 25 years than the last 15 years. The absolute numbers are most frustrating from a climate perspective. In 2040, this scenario projects >1.5 trillion kilowatt hours of coal generation. Absent additional policy measures, that value remains largely unchanged during the next 25 years. How do we address that? Well, beating people over the head with scientific consensus claims hasn’t worked (and won’t in the future either): the American public know what causes global warming, once you get past self-identity question framing. Once you interact with Americans on familiar terms, they’re much more willing to support global warming-related policies than many climate activists want you to believe. Figure 2. EIA’s renewable generation by type. The EIA projects wind penetration to continue as it has for the last decade – almost doubling in absolute terms in the next 25 years. We need that deployment and more to make a serious dent in GHG emissions. Figure 3. EIA’s six cases in their 2015 annual report. You can see how different assumptions impacts EIA’s 2040 projections of electricity generation in 2040 compared to the 2013 historical case. Don’t hope for high oil prices: renewables constitute more than 1 trillion kilowatt hours in that case, but coal also grows to nearly 2 trillion kWh! Putting dreams aside, I don’t think those coal plants will all be running highly efficient carbon capture and sequestration technologies. We still need RD&D for multiple technologies. To do that, we need policies that prioritize innovative – and yes, risky – programs and projects. The government is the only institution that can reliably assume that level of risk. If we want to avoid 4C or 6C, we can; we need innovative policies and technologies today to stay below those thresholds.

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Society plays an integral part in our lives. Without the presence of society an individual has its no due importance and respect. Society basically refers to the procedure of learning social values, norms and duties etc. It is the collections of habits and ideas that every definite individual learns in its society and is passed on to the next generation. A society can help you in achieving your common goals by bringing together individuals and making them realize there aim. Society plays a quality role in every individual living as it let you know about your cultures, tradition and the place where you are born. A good society helps you in improving your living standards and thus makes you a respectable as well as a responsible citizen. One of the biggest advantages of society is that it brings among the individuals the feeling of cooperation and togetherness. Without these no individual can progress in life and would remain a loser. A society has a great impact on the nature and behavior of a person as well. Basically we reflect the kind and type of society we belong to. As we all know every man is a social animal and every individual needs to talk in order to fulfill its personal needs, therefore society gives us that satisfactions as it helps us in interacting with different people and develops and brings out our hidden skills and character. Today if we are doctors, engineers or president of any huge organization then one of the hidden and biggest reasons behind it is our atmosphere or our society in which we are living and we never come to realize this fact that our society has such an outstanding role in our growth. Besides, society not only teaches us how to respect oneself but also make us learn about ones family values, national values, professional values etc. Therefore the role of society is a tremendous one and without the society every human being is incomplete because an individual can become a respectful gentleman only when he follows his values, norms and respect his nation.

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What Body Part Normalizes Hormones & Performs Anti-Aging? There’s a part of the body responsible for creating energy, maintaining ideal weight, balancing mood and hormones, reducing pain and promoting anti-aging; it’s called the adrenal gland(s). In our stressful world, normalizing adrenal function is an integral part of the job of clinical nutritionists. It is also integral to restoring health in the person suffering from gluten intolerance, as adrenal fatigue is one of the secondary effects that gluten creates. The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and release hormones into the bloodstream. Adrenal Fatigue Causes Many Problems When the adrenal glands become exhausted from chronic stress, they cannot keep up with all the demands made upon them and a breakdown of systems occurs. This then leads to fatigue, depression, loss of libido and hormonal imbalance symptoms such as PMS, migraines, cramping and mood swings, to name a few. How Does Gluten Intolerance Add to Adrenal Stress? Gluten intolerance is responsible for placing stress on the adrenal glands due to the inflammatory response created in the digestive tract of an individual who has gluten intolerance. If the inflammatory reaction happened only occasionally it wouldn’t typically upset the adrenals’ ability to function optimally. But in patients with gluten intolerance, this inflammation occurs every time they eat any gluten, which can be several times per day. Thereby the adrenals are stressed by all the inflammation gluten is creating in the intestines. When this stress becomes chronic many symptoms are created due to a phenomenon called “adrenal exhaustion”. Under normal conditions the adrenals make a hormone that is the basic building block of the sex hormones. Specifically the hormones, DHEA, estrogen, testosterone and progesterone, need to be maintained in proper balance to prevent such conditions as PMS, anxiety and infertility, to name a few. So the key point here is that when your body has been under chronic stress it is forced to make a decision: It can get you through the day, putting one foot in front of the other, or it can make adequate amounts of sex hormones. It can’t do both because it’s too stressed. When put in this situation, your body decides that the most pro-survival thing to do is to get you through the day, to the detriment of making sex hormones. The insufficient production of hormones does not initially occur evenly across the board however and progesterone tends to fall more dramatically (especially in the child-bearing years) than does estrogen resulting in a net estrogen dominance. The symptoms of a net estrogen dominance are such things as: • heavy bleeding • menstrual irregularity • polycystic ovaries • fibrocystic breasts A major symptom of progesterone deficiency beyond the above is infertility and miscarriage, along with depression and anxiety. In sum, the presence of gluten intolerance and its resultant stress upon the adrenal glands is common but rarely diagnosed. Millions of women therefore suffer with symptoms that are correctable with often something as simple as diet, nutrition and lifestyle changes. The exciting aspect of treating both gluten sensitivity and adrenal exhaustion is that neither one requires drugs or surgery. The treatment is completely natural. There are lab tests available that test for diagnosing gluten intolerance as well as adrenal fatigue. We would be more than happy to assist you in this area. Do You Have Any of the Above Symptoms? If you are suffering from any of the problems listed above—contact us for a FREE CONSULTATION. Call (408) 733-0400 to schedule. Our medical center is located in Sunnyvale, CA. If you are not local to us, our DESTINATION CLINIC treats patients from across the country and internationally. We will help you find the underlying root cause! To your health,Dr. Vikki Petersen IFM Certified Practitioner Founder of HealthNOW Medical Center Author of "The Gluten Effect" Author of eBook: "Gluten Intolerance – What You Don't Know May Be Killing You!" Call (408) 733-0400 to schedule a FREE CONSULTATION with a doctor orClick here to have us contact you!

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Gold's power is enduring. The price has risen from an average $300 an ounce in 2002, to an average of $1,600 last year, peaking a shade under $2,000. The change has surprised many economists. Gold was seen as "a kind of historical artifact" in the 1990s, according to Matthew Bishop. Bishop is New York Bureau Chief for the Economist, and co-author of a new book, "In Gold We Trust: The Future of Money in an Age of Uncertainty". Bishop argues that something big has changed. He says investors have lost confidence in money, or more specifically in the promises of governments: promises which form the basis of money, since the end of the gold standard. Bishop says he wrote the book to let people know just how tempting it is for governments to simply print money to lower the value of their debts. He says the downside for the public of allowing that kind of inflation is that they will lose their savings. "Now this may be the moment when history doesn't repeat itself," he says, "but I think a lot of people are buying gold because they think that what's always happened in the past will happen again."

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The Northwest Territories’ Environment Minister, Michael Miltenberger, says toxins from a massive coal mine spill in Alberta are making their way north. On Oct. 31, Sherritt International's Obed Mountain coal mine spilled about 670 million litres of contaminated water into the Athabasca River. The mine is no longer operating. The spill happened when a retaining wall collapsed, unleashing the equivalent of about 268 Olympic-sized swimming pools of contaminated water. The Alberta government says the contaminated water is now making its way through the Athabasca River. It should reach the Slave River and Great Slave Lake close to the beginning of December. MIltenberger says he wasn’t informed of the spill of toxic water until Nov. 4, four days after it happened. “We are going to keep doing monitoring as it makes its way north,” Miltenberger said. “This is the first coal mine spill of this magnitude. A huge amount of water filled with these waste substances... In my recollection, this is the first of this type of catastrophic failure.” According to Environment Canada, the water being stored at the mine contained potentially damaging compounds, including a suspected carcinogen known to cause tumours in laboratory animals. There's also arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead and manganese found at the disposal site. The Alberta government says the contaminated water will dilute and be safe once it reaches the Slave River in the N.W.T. Miltenberger says his department will continue to test the water for contaminants as it moves downstream. Miltenberger says there have been oil spills that have leaked into the local watersheds in the past, but they've never affected drinking water. The Alberta government says it's doing comprehensive testing for heavy metals on clay, mud, shale and coal particles moving through the Athabasca River. Alberta Health maintains there are no immediate health concerns. Fort Smith resident worried Fort Smith resident Francois Paulette says that’s far from the truth. “They've been saying that for 40 years,” Paulette says. “The environmental people are saying this is a highly toxic contaminant in the water. We've been instructed that people shouldn't be taking water from the river in that week.” The Alberta government says it’s hoping to share the test results from the affected areas in the Athabasca River early next week. An earlier version of this story included incorrect information and a graphic showing sediment flowing in the Peace River. The sediment path does not affect the Peace River.Nov 18, 2013 4:33 PM CT A previous version of this story reported the amount of water sediment spilled from the Obed Coal Mine as 1 billion litres. This number, an estimate from Sherritt International, was then confirmed by the company and subsequently reported as 670 million litres. The article has been changed to reflect the accurate figure.Mar 17, 2015 12:26 PM CT

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Objective: I can develop and strengthen my story as needed by revising and brainstorming, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose (W11-12.5). Agenda: Entry Task: Organize your Danger of a Single Story handout into your notebook as it is returned to you and look at any comments given by the teacher. You will use this again today. Follow along to the prezi, reviewing the same quote that is at the top of your Danger of a Single Story handout Share with a neighbor your responses to Your Stories from your Danger of a Single Story handout Be ready with your pen(cil) to brainstorm ideas about how your stories could change Remember, “There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so.” Thanks, Hamlet. For each of the 6 prompts given, brainstorm ideas focusing on addressing one of the bolded words in each through telling your own story to stick to the purpose of the prompt. Exit Task: After you have tried each, go back through and select one of the prompts to spend the rest of the time today working on developing. Start a new page--your teacher will hand out the list of prompts, so you can be sure to address all parts of the prompt. You do not need to finish today, but you should continue to brainstorm or begin to develop your ideas further.

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Aluminum is one of the most widely used materials in modern industrial systems worldwide. The recovery and recycling activities of aluminum are extraordinarily advantageous from the environmental and the economic point of view as well.Doing company produced aluminum recycling plant is a high efficiency energy-saving product which is developed by our factory based on absorbing separation technology at home and abroad. With years of testing and theoretical analyzing,this machine can reach the best separating effect. After separating the impurities will be less than 1%, the separation efficiency is up to 99.99%. Aluminum recycling plant working put the raw material into crusher to crush the material into small pieces. Then the screw conveyor delivers the pieces into All-in-one grinder to grind material into metal & plastic powder. Then the bucket elevator delivers the powder mixture into electrostatic separator to separate the mixture powder into metal and plastic separately.

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What is chicken pox in a baby? Chicken pox (or varicella) is a viral infection that causes a unique rash. Kids with chicken pox typically develop fluid-filled blisters that usually start on the chest and then spread to the arms and legs. “The classic description of a chicken pox rash is that the spots first look like dewdrops on a rose petal,” says Jeffrey Kahn, MD, director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at Children’s Medical Center in Dallas. Affected kids may also have a fever. Most people think of chicken pox as a relatively mild disease — and it can be. But be warned: It can also turn serious. “In a minority of cases, it can go into the liver. It can also get into the brain and cause very serious illness and even death,” Kahn says. Most of the time, though, chicken pox lasts four to seven days. The blisters eventually pop and scab over. Your child is considered contagious until the rash scabs over. What are the symptoms of chicken pox in babies? The rash is the classic symptom. Historically, the only other disease that really looked like chicken pox was smallpox, and that, thankfully, has been eradicated. If your child has a blister-like rash, especially one that started on his chest and moved to his extremities, there’s a good chance he has chicken pox. Are there any tests for chicken pox in babies? In the past, doctors typically diagnosed the disease by the rash. The rash was so distinctive that docs felt confident making a diagnosis just by looking at it. But chicken pox has become so rare that some younger docs have never seen a real-life case of it. If there’s any doubt about the diagnosis, your child’s doctor may gently scrape the blisters to get a fluid sample, which can be sent to a lab to check for the varicella virus. How common is chicken pox in babies? “Chicken pox, fortunately, is becoming less frequent in the US because we have an effective vaccination,” says Kahn. Before the chicken pox vaccine became widely available, about 4 million kids per year contracted chicken pox — and up to 100 died annually. Today, there are fewer than 10 deaths per year from chicken pox. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the greatest reduction in deaths has been among children ages one to four. How did my baby get chicken pox? It’s contagious! The virus that causes chicken pox can spread directly (by touching someone’s un-crusted-over rash) or through the air (via coughs and sneezes). Unfortunately, chicken pox is contagious even before the first blister appears, so it’s virtually impossible to avoid people with the disease — and it can be really tough to track down where and when your child might have been exposed. What’s the best way to treat chicken pox in babies? With lots of TLC. In most cases, the virus goes away on its own in less than a week. Your job is to keep baby as comfy as possible. Try soothing baths (some moms swear by oatmeal baths) and lotions (calamine lotion is a popular choice). You can also give your child acetaminophen (Tylenol) to help combat pain and fever. (Never use aspirin, because it can cause Reye’s syndrome, a serious medical condition that can lead to death.) Oral anti-itch meds, like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can also be used; your doctor or pharmacist will help you determine the right dose based on your child’s weight. Keep your baby’s or toddler’s fingernails clipped to prevent him from irritating his skin if he tries to scratch. (If you’ve got a baby, put socks or mittens over his hands.) Scratching might ease the itching temporarily, but it can create cuts in the skin that could become infected. What can I do to prevent my baby from getting chicken pox? Vaccinate! A varicella vaccination is recommended between the ages of 12 and 15 months and again between the ages of four and six. The chicken pox vaccine is recommended for all kids, except those who have serious immune deficiencies and/or severe allergic reactions to gelatin or the antibiotic neomycin. Vaccinating your child can also help protect unborn babies. While most kids will survive a bout of chicken pox with no difficulty, babies of women who contract the disease while pregnant can develop birth defects or mental retardation. What do other moms do when their babies have chicken pox? “Oatmeal baths, calamine lotion, Tylenol...nothing has helped. Tomorrow we’ll try baking-soda baths.” “DD had chicken pox at seven months, and the pediatrician said we could give her Benadryl, but it was a really small dose, of course. We just gave it to her at night.” “Have you tried hydrocortisone cream, or maybe Anbesol? I used to put teething gel on my son’s ant bites to numb them.... If he didn't have the urge to scratch, he wouldn’t.” Are there any other resources for chicken pox in babies? The Bump Expert: Jeffrey Kahn, MD, director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Medical Center, Dallas

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About the Course Latin offers a unique opportunity to engage with the ancient literature upon which modern society is established. The values, society and history of the Roman world will be unlocked by translating authentic Roman authors and analysing the language, context and impact of their creation. You will study the vitriolic attack on Mark Antony, analysing the rhetoric of Cicero in his Philippics, a staunch defence of democracy and the Republican system. A more peaceful but no less interesting piece of literature looks at the myth of the love between the god Cupid, and the mortal Psyche and their struggle against the disapproval of the gods. Finally, you will study some of the of the most acclaimed literature of all time, exploring Virgil’s Aeneid Book 11 and Ovid’s Amores, some of the cleverest and most playful love poetry of Latin literature. This course is a delight to study and complements A-level or university study of another language, Maths, History, Law, Politics or English literature. It provides an opportunity to develop analytical skills and engage in textual criticism. Latin encourages mental versatility by engaging in a range of disciplines through the Latin sources that have retained their popularity for millennia. - Unit 1 Unseen Translation - Unit 2 Prose Comprehension - Unit 3 Prose Literature – Cicero, Philippics; Apuleius, Metamorphoses - Unit 4 Verse Literature – Virgil, Aeneid Book XI; Ovid, Amores II

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When is a DNA ‘match,’ the gold standard for forensic discipline, accurate but insufficient? A recent decision of the Connecticut Supreme Court reminds us of the limits of even this most potent form of proof. The power of DNA to prove guilt, establish actual innocence, or ‘raise a reasonable doubt’ cannot be questioned. More than two decades ago, a Texas appellate court made clear that a DNA profile correspondence between the suspect and the crime scene evidence, standing alone, was enough to prove identity beyond a reasonable doubt, in particular in a case where the victim was unable to identify her assailant. Identification evidence from an eyewitness inculpating a defendant, which can be unreliable and the product of suggestiveness, would not be relied upon by a court in the face of contradictory DNA evidence. Why then should not the opposite be true–that DNA evidence should be relied upon, even in the face of contradictory eyewitness identification evidence exculpating a defendant? Indeed, that is exactly what the jury had done here in finding the defendant guilty. The DNA evidence at the trial was the product of careful evaluation by a recognized expert in a prominent laboratory using a scientific technique to determine a statistical probability. The eyewitness identification evidence came from an injured and traumatized rape victim using impaired vision while in the unfamiliar capacity of a witness in a strange courtroom setting. Roberson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 156, 170, 2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 2390, *38-39. That DNA can exonerate conclusively is beyond question. Roberson references that, and the cases of actual innocence are well catalogued. Contrary DNA results are also admissible under a relevance standard to address whether guilt can be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. As a New Jersey court explained in the post-conviction context, the presence of a different person’s DNA on clothing left at a crime scene may not completely prove innocence but can certainly raise doubt. In that case, a robbery occurred, the defendant was arrested nearby, and near where he was found was the robber’s ski mask. A report submitted in a motion for a new trial [one not offered at trial] showed the following: Defendant was excluded as a potential source of the DNA inside the mask. The DNA was run through the CODIS database, which provided the name of a person whose DNA matched thirteen of fourteen potential alleles, with a one in 8.6 quadrillion chance it would occur in another African-American male. That person was under indictment in a July 2, 2002 armed robbery in Hudson County in which a ski mask was used. Defendant was not excluded as a contributor to the DNA on the outside of the ski mask, with a match of six of six alleles, which would appear in one in 544 African-American males. State v. Baker, 2017 N.J. Super. Unpub. LEXIS 1607, *20-21, 2017 WL 2797433. In holding that the report warranted a new trial, the Baker court explained that the DNA evidence as proffered was material…[,]evidence that would have some bearing on the claims being advanced…Here, the DNA evidence clearly bore on defendant’s denial of guilt and supported a claim of third-party guilt. Not only did it indicate that someone else had been wearing the mask, but it suggested that the bag, handgun, cigarettes, and cash found with the mask belonged to someone else. Hence, the power of DNA. But what was the failure in the Connecticut case? Andre Dawson was one of several men observed sitting near where a gun was found. Dawson told police “he walked through Washington Village to Water Street, stopped to talk when officers came through and [they] found a handgun in the bushes in the area [where he] was talking.” All of the men provided a DNA sample; and all were excluded as the source of the ‘touch DNA’ found on the firearm except for Dawson. The results for him were explained: The defendant, however, could not be eliminated as a contributor. The expected frequency of individuals who could not be eliminated as a contributor to the DNA profile is approximately one in 1.5 million in the African-American population, one in 3.5 million in the Caucasian population, and one in 930,000 in the Hispanic population.9 The defendant is African-American. State v. Dawson, 2021 Conn. LEXIS 221, *7. Why wasn’t this enough to convict? The Connecticut Supreme Court focused on the limits of the proof, and the Court’s analysis is effectively a checklist for DNA cases: - [the analyst] was not able to determine how the defendant’s DNA ended up on the gun; she could not say whether it was via primary transfer, secondary transfer, or aerosolization. In other words, she could not determine whether the defendant’s DNA ended up on the gun because he touched the gun, because he touched something that subsequently came into contact with the gun, or because he breathed, sneezed, or coughed near the gun. - Second, Russell was unable to determine when the defendant’s DNA was deposited on the gun; she could not say if it was deposited on or about August 10, 2014, or at some other undetermined time. - Third, Russell was clear that the DNA sample was consistent with being a mixture, meaning that at least one other person’s DNA was on the gun and possibly as many as three or four other people’s DNA. - Fourth, Russell conceded that, although the other three individuals at the picnic table were able to be excluded as contributors to the sample, that did not mean that their DNA was not on the gun; rather, it simply meant that it wasn’t detected. - Fifth, two individuals also present in the courtyard that night were not DNA - Finally, Russell testified that she could not definitively say that the DNA profile developed was that of the defendant; she could determine only that he could not be excluded as a contributor. Dawson, 2021 Conn. LEXIS 221, *25-26 [“bullets” inserted]. What is the upshot? DNA’s power can’t be questioned; but in so many cases (unlike Roberson) it is at best part of the story and not the entire case. Those relying on it may need more proof; those potentially implicated need to understand the limitations of the science; and those charged with admissibility and sufficiency determinations need to know when DNA, however reliable, just isn’t enough.

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This project will examine the long-term impact of zinc and Vitamin A, with or without glutamine or arginine, using completed clinical trials of interventions for diarrhea in children in northeast Brazil. It will collect long-term follow up data (anthropometry and cognitive development) on these populations and will then conduct a genome wide association study (GWAS) to assess host genetic determinants of diarrhea susceptibility and impact and of intervention outcomes. In a separate population, the project will build on an existing pedigree database to double the number of individuals studied, and to allow staged replicate studies of GWAS findings using salivary DNA. The project will collect pedigree, anthropometry, and diarrhea records and genotype the commonest pathogens. Thus we shall address the microbial and host genetic determinants of 5 phenotypic outcomes of enteric infections and malnutrition as well as the effects of micronutrient and nutrient therapy on these outcomes: 1. specific infection, 2. overt diarrhea, 3. intestinal inflammation and absorptive function, 4. stunted growth, and 5. cognitive impairment. More specifically, the aims are to: 1. In long-term follow-up of at least 400 children from completed clinical trials: a) Assess the long- term impact of zinc, Vitamin A, glutamine, and arginine (ZAQR) by collecting follow-up data on anthropometry and cognitive development in children from 2 completed ICIDR clinical trials, b) Conduct a Genome Wide Association Study on salivary DNA from these 400 children to assess host genetic determinants of short-term (intestinal barrier function, intestinal inflammation, and diarrhea burdens) and long-term (growth and cognition) benefits of ZAQR. 2. In a pedigree cohort of families of >500 children with detailed diarrhea data over 1-2 years: a) Expand pilot pedigree analyses to >2000 individuals in families including >500 children with diarrhea records for at least 12m from birth-3yo (existing database includes >1000 individuals of whom 277 are children with diarrhea surveillance) to quantify Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and enteropathic E. coli (EAEC, EPEC, and ETEC). b) Assess the role of genotype of top pathogens in determining their impact (i.e., C. parvum/hominis;Giardia assemblage and EAEC, EPEC and ETEC genotypes), c) Further define host genetic determinants of infection outcomes with 1536 chip analyses of DNA from >1440 persons in the pedigreed population as an independent replicate of GWAS findings in Aim 1 above. This project will document the long-term impact of diarrhea and malnutrition-as well as the benefits of major interventions-on growth and cognitive development. It will link these outcomes and intervention effectiveness with host genetic analyses, using linkage, SNP, and GWAS approaches. This study will launch state-of-the-art human genetic studies in an endemic area to help elucidate key mechanisms and effective interventions for all children where cognitive function is threatened by enteric infections and malnutrition. |Pinkerton, Relana; Oriá, Reinaldo B; Lima, Aldo A M et al. (2016) Early Childhood Diarrhea Predicts Cognitive Delays in Later Childhood Independently of Malnutrition. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95:1004-1010| |Ponte, Paulo Roberto Lins; de Medeiros, Pedro Henrique Quintela Soares; Havt, Alexandre et al. (2016) Clinical evaluation, biochemistry and genetic polymorphism analysis for the diagnosis of lactose intolerance in a population from northeastern Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 71:82-9| |Lima, Aldo A M; Anstead, Gregory M; Zhang, Qiong et al. (2014) Effects of glutamine alone or in combination with zinc and vitamin A on growth, intestinal barrier function, stress and satiety-related hormones in Brazilian shantytown children. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 69:225-33| |Guerrant, Richard L; DeBoer, Mark D; Moore, Sean R et al. (2013) The impoverished gut--a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:220-9| |Lima, Aldo A M; Kvalsund, Michelle P; Souza, Paula P E de et al. (2013) Zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shantytown children at risk for diarrhea results in sex-specific improvements in verbal learning. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 68:351-8| |Lima, Ila Fernanda Nunes; Quetz, Josiane da Silva; Guerrant, Richard Littleton et al. (2013) Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli quantification in children stool samples using quantitative PCR. APMIS 121:643-51| |Lima, Ila Fernanda Nunes; Boisen, Nadia; Quetz, Josiane da Silva et al. (2013) Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and its virulence-related genes in a case-control study among children from north-eastern Brazil. J Med Microbiol 62:683-93| |Preidis, Geoffrey A; Saulnier, Delphine M; Blutt, Sarah E et al. (2012) Host response to probiotics determined by nutritional status of rotavirus-infected neonatal mice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55:299-307| |Fischer Walker, Christa L; Lamberti, Laura; Adair, Linda et al. (2012) Does childhood diarrhea influence cognition beyond the diarrhea-stunting pathway? PLoS One 7:e47908| |Mitter, Sumeet S; Oriá, Reinaldo B; Kvalsund, Michelle P et al. (2012) Apolipoprotein E4 influences growth and cognitive responses to micronutrient supplementation in shantytown children from northeast Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 67:11-8| Showing the most recent 10 out of 48 publications

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Syria. Can We Remain Indifferent? Workshop 13 January 2014 – 1. Syria’s civil war has occurred in two phases. The first phase, roughly from January 2011 until March 2012, was largely an internal affair. When the Arab Spring erupted in Tunisia and Egypt in January 2011, protests erupted in Syria as well. In addition to the usual grievances under a brutal regime, Syrians were reeling from a massive drought and soaring food prices. The protests became a military rebellion when parts of the Syrian army broke with the regime (in the hands of the Army and the Services) and established the Free Syrian Army. Neighbouring Turkey was probably the first outside country to support the rebellion on the ground, giving sanctuary to rebel forces along its border with Syria. Although the violence was escalating, the death toll was still in the thousands, not tens of thousands. 2. The second phase began on 1 April 2012 when a group of 83 countries, led by the United States, recognized the Syrian National Council (SNC) and deemed it the main opposition interlocutor with the international community. A few days prior, Assad had accepted former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s peace plan calling for a ceasefire followed by a negotiated political transition, but he did not implement the ceasefire. Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton declared: “We think Assad must go”. In practice, also by setting a short timeline, this declaration put the US in effective opposition to the United Nations. Russia and China, aside from seeking to defend their own interests in the region, rejected the idea of US-led regime change in Syria. Russia argued that America’s insistence on Assad’s immediate departure was an impediment to peace. In this, perhaps Russia was right. On the one hand, Russia sought a pragmatic approach that would protect its commercial interests in Syria and its naval base at the port of Tartus, while bringing an end to the bloodletting. Whereas Russia had been supplying arms to the Syrian government, in September 2013 it became clear that the US had begun to provide lethal arms to the opposition Supreme Military Council. 3. Besides the international forces involved, the dispute became a civil war which might cause not only a regional war but, according to certain analysts, even the beginning of the third world war. The conflict is between a regime that is primarily Alawite, but also includes some Druze, Sunnis, Shi’a and Christians, versus an opposition that is largely Sunni, but also includes some Alawites, Druze and Christians. Shi’i Iran, which fears the expansionism of Sunni Wahhabism (a form of extremist Sunni Islam) throughout the region, Russia – that wants to maintain its presence in Tartus – and the Hezbollah in Lebanon support Bashar Hafiz al-Assad. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States fear the creation of a “Shi’i crescent” (Syria-Iran, Hezbollah) and finance Jihadism (al-Quaeda) against the regime. 4. With the use of chemical weapons, probably by the Syrian government (and possibly by both sides), the US again ratcheted up the stakes. Bypassing the UN, the US declared its intention to intervene directly by bombing Syria to deter the future use of chemical weapons. 5. This is why in September Pope Francis used all possible channels to keep the war from escalating. “It is regrettable that, from the very beginning of the conflict in Syria – he affirmed in his letter to Vladimir Putin, the rotating president of the G20 – one-sided interests have prevailed and in fact hindered the search for a solution that would have avoided the senseless massacre now unfolding”. “The leaders of the G20” – urged Francis – cannot remain indifferent to the dramatic situation of the beloved Syrian people which has lasted far too long, and even risks bringing greater suffering to a region bitterly tested by strife and needful of peace. To the leaders present, to each and every one, I make a heartfelt appeal for them to help find ways to overcome the conflicting positions and to lay aside the futile pursuit of a military solution”, because “all governments have the moral duty to do everything possible to ensure humanitarian assistance to those suffering because of the conflict, both within and beyond the country’s borders”. Meanwhile, Pope Francis announced and carried out an important day of fasting (a practice shared by the three monotheistic religions), which was also an indirect sign towards all the religious Iranians and Syrians involved in the conflict, inviting them to concentrate on prayer and peace (the real consequence of prayer), and suggesting that everyone, governments included, should reflect on the profound meaning of peace. Pope Francis wants to help make us aware that if the various religions aren’t at peace with one another, there will be no peace in the Middle East. At the same time, Pope Francis mobilized his nuncios all over the world while his “foreign minister”, Msgr Mamberti, convened the Ambassadors to the Holy See not only to encourage a diplomatic solution, but also to severely condemn chemical weapons and question any party responsible for their use. 6. Putin managed to convince Obama not to go ahead with the bombing after a Framework Agreement was hammered out in which Syria committed to eliminating its chemical weapons program. The decision of surrendering all chemical weapons was taken and the international conference called Geneva-II was confirmed. This action was particularly appreciated in the UK, where the Parliament had turned its back on the government, refusing to let Britain take part in the military strike. In these circumstances, the UN accused Assad for the first time: “He authorized war crimes against humanity”. “We will go to Geneva with a mission of hope”, said the spokesperson for UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon. The presence of Russia and the US, two key states in the negotiations, is confirmed. The list of invitees was determined on Dec. 20 at a trilateral meeting held among the Russian Federation, the United States and the United Nations. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov will meet on Jan. 13 to reach an agreement on Iran's participation. The Syrian opposition has not yet named members of its delegation. 7. In Geneva Assad’s regime and the opposition rebels will negotiate the formation of a transitional government responsible for the military sector and for security. The possibility of holding elections and the drafting of a new constitution will also be discussed. It has also become apparent in the last few weeks that the rebel groups themselves are trying to marginalize those extremist factions, such as ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), that intend to jeopardize the peace process. The resumption of the UN peace process, this time with the US and Russia on the same side to prevent violence, might succeed in keeping al-Quaeda at bay (a shared interest) and finding a pragmatic long-term solution for Syria’s complex internal divisions. And the search might resume for a modus vivendi of the USA and Iran – where a new President suggests a change of course in foreign policy – and among the various religions. Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary of State, interview With Clarissa Ward of CBS News, Istanbul Congress Center, Istanbul, Turkey, April 1, 2012 http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/04/187304.htm Jean-Louis Pierre Cardinal Tauran Miguel Angel Moratinos Thierry de Montbrial Piotr V. Stegniy Georges M.M. Cardinal Cottier Msgr. Antoine Audo Rev. Fr. Miguel Angel Ayuso Guixot, MCCJ Amb. Juan Pablo Cafiero Rev. Fr. Hyacinthe Destivelle Rev. Aleksej Dikarev Msgr. Brian Farrell Amb. Pierre Fux Amb. Eduardo Gutiérrez Sáenz de Buruaga Hieromonk Stefan Igumnov Amb. Bruno Joubert Amb. Pierre Morel Amb. Piotr Nowina-Konopka Amb. Mariano Palacios Alcocer Msgr. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Msgr. Silvano Tomasi Amb. Antonio Zanardi Landi

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Nikola Tesla is known for many great inventions. Almost all modern power distribution and production systems use Tesla’s designs from over 100 years ago. In addition to that, we have Tesla to thank for radio transmission, remote controls, florescent lighting, automotive starter coils, and even the way we encode multiple signals into a single frequency for broadcast and digital processing. The first great invention of Tesla was the polyHphase alternating current generator. By using a rotating magnetic field Tesla was able to transfer mechanical energy into electrical energy more effectively than any generator that existed. When Tesla first proposed the idea to an electrical engineering professor of his, the professor laughed and said it was a perpetual motion machine that would never work. Many of Tesla’s more “extreme” inventions have been lost to time and the fact that he kept a few important details of each project locked away in his eidetic memory. Tesla was obsessed with the idea of resonance. His inventions became increasingly elaborate, until he began experimenting with the fundamental resonance of the Earth itself. Tesla’s experiments with resonance of electrical energy led him to design the Tesla coil. The design was based off of an existing spark gap circuit design, which charged a capacitor from the secondary of a high voltage transformer and discharged the capacitor through an air gap. Tesla added a second transformer to the design. The size of this second resonant circuit had to be exactly ¼ of the wavelength of frequency desired. By doing this the resonator circuit created a second circuit that would build in potential. Using this design Tesla was able to create extremely high voltages and at high frequencies, similar or even exceeding those created by modern radio towers. The Tesla coil became a mainstay in Tesla’s experiments. By running a wire connected to the resonator around his lab he permeated his lab with electromagnetic energy. The effect was so great that he could light a florescent bulb in his hand because the voltage drop through the air was great enough to cause a sufficient current flow. He also reported being able to light a field of bulbs at a distance of 1km using his magnifying transmitter. The magnifying transmitter was an adaptation of the Tesla coil. Instead of being designed to discharge to the earth the magnifying transmitter tuned to the natural resonant circuit of the Earth to create standing waves of electrical energy, which could be harnessed by a tuned receiving circuit. Wireless Global Transmission of Power In order to understand Tesla’s magnifying transmitter an understanding of the electrical circuit of the earth is necessary. Tesla did a lot of work on this subject. There are many forces at work on both the Earth’s surface and in the atmosphere. Telluric currents are electrical currents that travel on the Earth’s surface. They are the result of thunderstorms and changes in the magnetosphere of the Earth from solar winds and other intergalactic phenomena. They are also the result of humans using electric currents and changing magnetic fields. These Telluric currents are very unpredictable, moving mainly toward the equator or polesdepending on the time of day, and are typically of a low current. At the proper frequencies, around 7.3 Hz, the Earth’s impedance drops dramatically. Tesla compared the Earth to a shiny polished metal ball. The ionosphere is a layer of the upper atmosphere that has a large negative electric potential. The space between the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere is called the Schumann Resonance Cavity. Tesla calculated the resonant frequency of this cavity to be 11.3 Hz. In 1963 it was confirmed that this space does have several resonances with a fundamental frequency of 7.86 Hz, although that changes based on environmental conditions. Tesla’s proposal for wireless power was to create a large electric potential at the resonant frequency of the cavity. This would create a standing wave of electric potential around the world, which could be tapped into by any circuit tuned to the same frequency. Tesla meant to tap into the telluric current of the Earth and create the electric potential of the standing wave at the same frequency, using the Earth’s current to power his circuits. This design would require many repeater stations stet up around the globe, as the strength of the signal is inversely proportional to the distance from the transmitter. Weather Control and Earthquakes In the modern world the Schumann resonances are used to track global lightning patterns, and telluric currents are being researched as a method of predicting earthquakes. These ties of the Earth’s resonance to Tesla have led many people to wonder about the nature of some of Tesla’s experiments. The story of Tesla almost bringing a building down with a small mechanical oscillator raises interest in Tesla’s experiments with Earth resonance and telluric currents. Could artificial telluric currents of a resonant frequency cause an earthquake? Could Tesla have been the first man with the power to destroy the whole world? Intriguing questions but unfortunately ones that have been lost to time. One exploitation of the Earth circuit that Tesla did discuss was weather control. He proposed a high potential antenna array of an extremely low frequency could attract and repel the ionosphere in an attempt to control the barometric pressure beneath it. He never claimed to have attempted this but many such arrays exist today, such as the H.A.A.R.P installation in Alaska. They are necessary in studying the ionosphere as it changes in response to intergalactic radiation. The most intriguing of Tesla’s inventions to most people is his “Peace Beam” or “Teleforce”. Tesla claimed to be inspired by an air powered cork gun he had as a child. His design used a circulating air current to create a large static charge, similar to a Van De Graaff generator but 10 time greater potential. This static charge was used to propel a string of single molecules of tungsten, which had been charged to a high potential. This highly repellent force would accelerate the stream of tungsten, projected from an openHended vacuum tube, to 48 times the speed of sound. Since the particle stream was comprised of microscopically thin matter and not just electromagnetic radiation, as in a ray, its energy would not dissipate over a great distance. Tesla claimed it would melt through all but the thickest metals and said he had tested it.

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17th Century Underground Russian Casino Unearthed By Archaeologists Posted on: November 11, 2019, 12:53h. Last updated on: November 11, 2019, 01:37h. A supposed underground Russian casino has been discovered roughly 385 miles east of Moscow. Archaeologists say it dates back to the 17th century. Gambling was highly illegal at the time, and the penalties for those caught testing their luck resulted in whippings and lashings, and even the dismemberment of one’s ears. As a result, Russians went to great lengths to conceal their gaming habits. The UK’s Daily Express reports the Archaeological Society of the Pskov Region made the discovery of the underground casino. Scientists uncovered a wooden bench that had markings of a game called “alquerque.” The strategy board game originated in the Middle East, and was a popular betting format at the time. The game is similar to draughts – a game that closely related to American checkers. Players had to go to all sorts of tricks to hide their addiction,” the Archaeological Society said of their gaming discovery. “Last year, we found a lot of chips for the game, and now more proof of the diverse pastime of the Pskov people.” Alexis, the father of Peter the Great, was the tsar at the time of the underground casino. His reign ran from 1645 until his death in 1676. He was a strong opponent of gambling, and banned such activity across the country. The country’s most notorious gambling creation is also the most dangerous high-stakes gambling “game” – Russian roulette. The first reference to the lethal game of chance came in Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov’s 1840 story “The Fatalist.” The game is played by military personnel to alleviate the boredom of non-war times. Lermontov died just a year later after agreeing to a duel with fellow Russian army officer Nikolai Martynov. Lermontov made it clear he was going to shoot in the air, but Martynov did not, and killed the poet with one gunshot. Gambling has long been a policy troublemaker for USSR and Russian leaders. Casinos and gambling dens became widespread in the 1990s, as oil money began trickling down to the general public. Problem gambling, lawmakers said, became an epidemic so bad that in 2009 President Vladimir Putin made gambling illegal everywhere except four remote zones: Altai, Krasnodar, Kaliningrad, and Primorsky Krai. Prior to Putin’s ban, there were an estimated 300,000 slot machines spread throughout Russia. The leader hoped to create Russia’s own version of Las Vegas in the Far East. But today, only one casino resort is open in the Integrated Entertainment Zone of Primorye – which is located roughly 30 miles north of downtown Vladivostok. The Tigre de Cristal casino resort was developed by Hong Kong billionaire Lawrence Ho, who is the founder and CEO of Melco Resorts. The tycoon divested his stake in the struggling casino in late 2017. However, the casino did report a surge in VIP business through the first six months of 2019. The slowdown in Macau has been credited for the influx in high roller play. Related News Articles Related News Articles September 9, 2020 — 178 Comments— September 19, 2020 — 27 Comments— September 9, 2020 — 6 Comments—

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dear sir, please explain it . 1. to observe the rules in letter and spirit 2. take exam and give exam[ if i am wrong correct it]. 3 . the end thing. If you observe the rules only in letter, it means that you do exactly what is written as a rule, but maybe you are still not being completely honest and scrupulous. If you observe the spirit of the rule or law, then you are being completely honest about it. A student can sit an exam, do an exam or take an exam - the meaning is the same. A teacher gives an exam to his/her students. I'm not sure what you mean by 'the end thing' - what was the context?

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This is an extract of our Possible Worlds Notes document, which we sell as part of our Epistemology and Metaphysics Notes collection written by the top tier of University Of Oxford students. The following is a more accessble plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our Epistemology and Metaphysics Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting: Modality and possible worlds Two kinds of modality de re = specifies the modal status of an object's exemplifying a particular trait. de dicto = ascribes necessary, possible or contingent truth or falsehood to a proposition as a whole. Suppose I am thinking of the number two. de re: the thing I am thinking about is necessarily an even number de dicto: necessarily the thing I am thinking about is an even number Here, de re modality is true, but de dicto is false, since here it tells us that a certain proposition 'the thing I am thinking about is an even number' has the property of being necessarily true, when clearly it is not so. So ascription of de re modality must be distinguished from talk about propositional necessity and possibility ('possibly P', 'necessarily P', etc.), but possible worlds theorists still wish to assert that both styles of modality can be illuminated by their theory - this requires an understanding of objects existing or failing to exist, just as propositions are true or false. Two ways to approach possible worlds: Lewis' reductive nominalism and Platinga's actualism Possible worlds In the late fifties and sixties, logicians found they could give a clear sense of modal notions through the idea of 'possible worlds'. To say a proposition is true is simply to say it is true in the possible world that is our actual world, and to say that a proposition is possibly true is simply to say it is true in at least one possible world. The idea of possible worlds solved the empiricist difficulty of explaining necessity and possibility merely by consulting the contents of everyday experience. Modal claims of these sort do not talk about the way the world is, but about the totality of possibilities. The notion of possible worlds has roots in pre-philosophical beliefs that we all share. For example: we all believe that things could have been otherwise to the way they have turned out. This is to say, we believe that how things did turn out is just one of a number of different ways things could be. We take these different ways that things could have been as the truth-makers for these rudimentary modal claims: if we believe such-and-such is necessary, we believe that whatever way things would have been, that such-andsuch would have been the case no matter what. Possible worlds theory, then, is just a regimentation of this way of conceiving of possibility that we all share, and is just putting a technical name to something we all believe in - complete or total ways that things might have been. Nominalism Nominalism arose in reaction to the problem of universals. Specifically, accounting for the fact that some things are of the same type. For example, Fluffy and Kitzler are both cats, or, the fact that certain properties are repeatable, such as: the grass, the shirt, and Kermit the Frog are green. One wants to know in virtue of what are Fluffy and Kitzler both cats, and what makes the grass, the shirt, and Kermit green. The realist answer is that all the green things are green in virtue of the existence of a universal; a single abstract thing, in this case, that is a part of all the green things. With respect to the colour of the grass, the shirt and Kermit, one of their parts is identical. In this respect, the three parts are literally one. Greenness is repeatable because there is one thing that manifests itself wherever there are green things. Nominalism denies the existence of universals, and possible worlds allow the nominalist to formulate an account of propositions and properties which employs set theory, and avoids ontological commitment to abstract entities. Philosophers who are nominalist about possible worlds want to claim that the framework of possible worlds does more than clarify ascriptions of de re and de dicto modality - they want to claim that it enables the metaphysician to genuinely nominalistic accounts of notions such a 'property' and 'proposition'. 'Possible world nominalists' assert that possible worlds agree with the actual world in incorporating only concrete particulars, and that once the full range of possible worlds is examined through set theory, we can provide an account of what a property is: F-ness is simply the set across all worlds whose members are all and only the concrete particulars that are F. Difficulty for the nominalist view: properties that we know to be different come out as identical - all humans are featherless bipeds. All featherless bipeds are humans. So the property of being human and the property of being a featherless biped are identical. The introduction of possible world theory to this nominalist set theory may allow them to overcome this problem. Just as there is a set of objects that are featherless bipeds in the actual world and a set of things that are human beings in the actual world, there are analogous sets for all other possible worlds. So for each possible world W there is a set whose members are featherless bipeds in W and there is a set whose members are human beings in W. However, some possible worlds will be like the actual world in that these relevant sets are identical to the actual world, but many will not - there will be worlds in which featherless bipeds are not human beings, or in which human beings have feathers, so across all worlds the set of things which are featherless bipeds and the set of things which are humans will diverge. Subsequently, if we bring together each divergent branch under its own set theoretical structure, and identify each structure with the property of being a human, or being a featherless biped, then we have what the nominalist is looking for - an account of properties that shows them to be different, but, nonetheless, nothing more than a set theoretical construction of particulars. To generalise this: properties are functions from possible worlds to sets of objects. A property, Fness, is a set structured in such a way that it correlates a set of objects with each possible world - those objects that are F in that world. So properties are set theoretical objects that run through all the possible worlds and assign sets of objects to worlds. Nominalism about propositions Possible world nominalists wish to go further, however, and show that a proposition is nothing more than the set of possible worlds where the proposition is true. This is in danger of being circular, however - 'a proposition p is the set of possible worlds where p is true'. We can clarify this concept by asking what it is for a proposition p to be true in a particular possible world W. What sort of world must W be for it to be the case that p in W? Most simply, it must be a p-ish world, and possible world nominalists take ideas like that of a p-ish world to be basic. If we accept that certain facts about a possible world are ontologically basic, then the claim that propositions are sets of possible worlds is no longer circular, since this is just an extension of the nominalist account of properties - a property is a set theoretical entity whose members are things that are F, or F-ish. Thus we are invited to treat propositions like global properties that partition worlds, not their inhabitants, according to whether they pass or fail certain criteria of description. Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our Epistemology and Metaphysics Notes.

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Moon Light World Map The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. UTC time = Monday, November 4, 2013 at 5:40:00 PM. = The Sun's position directly overhead (zenith) in relation to an observer. = The Moon's position at its zenith in relation to an observer (Moon phase is not shown). Fraction of moon illuminated: 2% |Previous phase||New Moon||Sunday, November 3, 2013 at 12:51 PM| |Next phase||First Quarter||Sunday, November 10, 2013 at 5:59 AM| Position of the Moon On Monday, November 4, 2013 at 17:40:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at The ground speed of the movement is currently 424.03 meters/second, 1526.5 km/hour, 948.5 miles/hour or 824.2 knots. The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above: |Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total| |1 minute||0° 14' 24.6"||15.81 mi||West||0° 00' 04.7"||0.09 mi||South||15.81 mi| |1 hour||14° 24' 43.4"||948.24 mi||West||0° 04' 47.3"||5.49 mi||South||948.05 mi| |24 hours||14° 17' 50.1"||940.69 mi||East||1° 20' 09.6"||91.89 mi||South||941.54 mi| Locations with the moon near zenith The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. |Arequipa||Mon 12:40 PM||203 km||126 miles||109 nm||NNE| |Arica *||Mon 2:40 PM||236 km||146 miles||127 nm||ESE| |La Paz||Mon 1:40 PM||492 km||305 miles||265 nm||ENE| |Machu Picchu Pueblo||Mon 12:40 PM||534 km||332 miles||289 nm||N| |Sucre||Mon 1:40 PM||772 km||480 miles||417 nm||E| |Lima||Mon 12:40 PM||818 km||508 miles||442 nm||NW| |Cobija||Mon 1:40 PM||868 km||540 miles||469 nm||NNE| |Rio Branco||Mon 1:40 PM||1019 km||633 miles||550 nm||NNE| |Córdoba||Mon 2:40 PM||1707 km||1061 miles||922 nm||SSE| |Santiago *||Mon 2:40 PM||1722 km||1070 miles||930 nm||S| - Seasons Calculator - Moon Calculator – Find times for moonrise, moonset and more - Moon Phase Calculator – Calculate moon phases for any year - Sunrise Calculator – Find times for sunrise, sunset and more Related time zone tools - The World Clock – Current times around the world - Personal World Clock – Shows just the cities you need - Meeting Planner – Find a suitable time for an international meeting - Time Zone Converter – If it is 3 pm in New York, what time is it in Sydney? - Event Time Announcer/Fixed Time – Show local times worldwide for your event.

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Posts Tagged ‘language’ “The English language has a deceptive air of simplicity; so have some little frocks; but neither are the kind of thing you can run up in half an hour with a machine”*… Dr. Philip Durkin is Deputy Chief Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. author of Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English– and creator of the nifty interactive infographic pictured above: I examine how words borrowed from different languages have influenced English throughout its history. The above feature summarizes some of the main data from the book, focusing on the 14 sources that have given the most words to English, as reflected by the new and revised entries in the Oxford English Dictionary. Using the date buttons at the top of the graphic, you can compare the impact that different languages have made on English over time. In the “per period” view, you can see the proportions of words coming into English from each source in 50-year slices from 1150 up to the present day. Compare, for instance, how the input from German has grown and then declined again from 1800 to the present day. (The earliest period, pre-1150, is much longer than 50 years, because more precise dating of words from this early stage in the history of English is very problematic.) If you switch to the “cumulative” view, then you can see how the total number of loanwords from each language has built up over time. Here the shifts from one 50-year period to another are rather less dramatic, but the long-term shifts are still very striking. You can see, for instance, how German, Spanish, and Italian all slowly come to greater prominence. You can see this very clearly if you select any start date and then press the “play” button. (If you would like to see the numbers behind the graphic, a selection of graphs and charts from Borrowed Words is available here.)… Get a feel for the truly global scope of English’s borrowing, and at the same time, an appreciation of just how “dependent” we are on Latin and French– play with the interactive graphic at “The Many Origins of the English Language.” * Dorothy L. Sayers As we marvel at the mash-up, we might recall that it was on this date in 1413 that Henry V became King of England. Immortalized by Shakespeare as the slacker prince who redeems himself in battle (the Henry IV plays) and as the inspirational commander at Agincourt (Henry V), Henry does in fact seem to have been an effective monarch, pursuing a unifying domestic policy that led to relative calm during his reign. His foreign policy was dominated by a steady military campaign against France that continued to his death. The image you see above is a “magic roundabout” in Colchester, England. It includes 5 mini-roundabouts embedded in a giant one. Imagine driving that on the left side of the road! Roundabout. Traffic Circle. Rotary. According to the Harvard Dialect Study, we Americans are pretty divided about what to call a traffic circle, which is my own word of choice, like nearly 40% of the rest of you… Read on at Deborah Fallows’ “Magical Roundabouts and the Language of Signs,” one of a fascinating on-going series of dispatches from Deb and her husband James Fallows in the Atlantic series “American Futures“– tales of “reinvention and resilience across the nation.” As we name that turn, we might recall that it was on this date in 1993 that the last segment of the Natchez Trace Parkway’s Double Arch Bridge was set into place in the Franklin Crossing, over Route 96 near Franklin, Tennessee. The National Park Service had been paving the Natchez Trace a little bit at a time since 1938, turning it into a scenic modern highway. The last stretch was the Franklin Crossing, where engineers had to figure out how to elevate the bridge over Route 96 and the densely wooded valley below while preserving the natural beauty of the site. Engineer Eugene Figg settled on an open, double-arched bridge that supports its deck without spandrel columns, preserving most of the view across the valley– the first precast segmental concrete arch bridge to be built in the United States. The bridge was officially opened in the Spring of the following year, and the Parkway was complete. One might express the exceedingly low probability that one might agree (that, say, Adam Sandler is the artistic and comedic rival of Buster Keaton) in a variety of ways. Here in the U.S., it might be “when pigs fly” or “when Hell freezes over”. Now, thanks to the good folks at Nautilus, one can answer with the appropriately idiomatic expression of improbability all over the world. Just click the image above… As we substitute hyperbole for hyperventilation, we might recall that it was on this date in 2008 that Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, setting off the worst financial crisis since the nineteen-thirties, a seven-hundred-billion-dollar bank bailout, and a painful recession. On this dark anniversary, John Cassidy asks, “What Has Changed Since Lehman Failed?” James Kwak answers, “5 Years Later, We’ve Learned Nothing From The Financial Crisis. And for a really deep dive, leap in here. The folks at Idibon, a natural language processing company, spend a great deal deal of time thinking about how we say what we say. Of late, they’ve become positively ruminative… The language that is most different from the majority of all other languages in the world [that's 2,67 other languages] is a verb-initial tonal languages spoken by 6,000 people in Oaxaca, Mexico, known as Chalcatongo Mixtec (aka San Miguel el Grande Mixtec). Number two is spoken in Siberia by 22,000 people: Nenets (that’s where we get the word parka from). Number three is Choctaw, spoken by about 10,000 people, mostly in Oklahoma. But here’s the rub—some of the weirdest languages in the world are ones you’ve heard of: German, Dutch, Norwegian, Czech, Spanish, and Mandarin. And actually English is #33 in the Language Weirdness Index. The five least-weird languages in the world? Lithuanian, Indonesian, Turkish, Basque, and Cantonese. Read the entire tale– from background and methodology to tongue-twisting examples– at “The Weirdest Languages.” * Jorge Luis Borges’ wry twist on Wittgenstein’s insistence that “the limits of my language means the limits of my world” As we e-nun-ci-ate, we might recall that it was on this date in 1995 that Amazon.com made its first sale: a copy of Douglas Hofstadter’s Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. Readers will likely have heard of the recent research that has identified a list of two dozen “ultraconserved words” that have survived 150 centuries. It includes some predictable entries: “mother,” “not,” “what,” “to hear” and “man.” It also contains some surprises: “to flow,” “ashes” and “worm.” As the Washington Post observes, You, hear me! Give this fire to that old man. Pull the black worm off the bark and give it to the mother. And no spitting in the ashes! It’s an odd little speech. But if you went back 15,000 years and spoke these words to hunter-gatherers in Asia in any one of hundreds of modern languages, there is a chance they would understand at least some of what you were saying. But then there’s the other end of the spectrum… The Guardian recounts the tale of the last two remaining speakers of Ayapaneco: The language of Ayapaneco has been spoken in the land now known as Mexico for centuries. It has survived the Spanish conquest, seen off wars, revolutions, famines and floods. But now, like so many other indigenous languages, it’s at risk of extinction. There are just two people left who can speak it fluently – but they refuse to talk to each other. Manuel Segovia, 75, and Isidro Velazquez, 69, live 500 metres apart in the village of Ayapa in the tropical lowlands of the southern state of Tabasco. It is not clear whether there is a long-buried argument behind their mutual avoidance, but people who know them say they have never really enjoyed each other’s company… Read the whole sad story here… and remember: use it, or lose it. * Peter Drucker As we lament languages that have languished, we might send joint birthday greetings to Chang and Eng; they were born on this date in 1811. The original “Siamese Twins,” they were joined at the waist by a band of cartilage, about 8 in. circumference and 4 in. long. In 1828 British merchant Robert Hunter “discovered” them and paid their family to let them be exhibited as a curiosity during a world tour; at the end of that engagement, the brothers went into business for themselves. In 1839, they visited Wilkesboro, N.C. with P. T. Barnum; they found the town appealing, settled there, took the surname “Bunker,” became United States citizens, and in 1843 married two sisters with whom they raised 10 children. Only after their death was it discovered that the cartilage that connected them could have been easily and safely removed. Click here for Mark Twain’s short story, “The Siamese Twins,” based on Chang and Eng. Here’s an ambiguous sentence for you: “Because of the agency’s oversight, the corporation’s behavior was sanctioned.” Does that mean, ‘Because the agency oversaw the company’s behavior, they imposed a penalty for some transgression’ or does it mean, ‘Because the agency was inattentive, they overlooked the misbehavior and gave it their approval by default’? We’ve stumbled into the looking-glass world of “contronyms”—words that are their own antonyms. 1. Sanction (via French, from Latin sanctio(n-), from sancire ‘ratify,’) can mean ‘give official permission or approval for (an action)’ or conversely, ‘impose a penalty on.’ Find a baker’s dozen other words that are their own opposites at Mental Floss. As we acquiesce to ambiguity, we might send litigious birthday greetings to Scott Frederick Turow; he was born on this date in 1949. A practicing lawyer whose first published work was a law school memoir (One L), Turow pioneered the legal thriller with his 1987 novel Presumed Innocent (as close readers of the book will know, perhaps the best title ever). He has gone on to write eight more novels, edit two fiction collections, and publish another non-fiction work, which have together been translated into over 20 languages, sold over 25 million copies, and in many cases, been made into movies. Turow has argued cases that have won the release of inmates serving time for crimes they did not commit, has served on Federal Judicial appointment committees, and has served as President of The Authors Guild. If he has a fault, it is that by demonstrating the marketability of legal thrillers, he opened the way for John Grisham. (Turow’s day job pays well enough to keep him comfortable; but in his capacity as head of The Authors Guild, he worries about the future of American authors. Other observers of the literary scene disagree. In any case, as Dave Pell notes, “for better or worse, the lack of money being paid to some incredibly well-reviewed authors has led some of them to move over to writing TV scripts. This is the golden age of television for a reason.”) … or they could. With 10-digit strings we can distinguish roughly 10,000,000,000 phones from each other. That assumes someone can have the number 000-000-0000, which is probably God’s number; and sure, maybe Satan has laid claim to 666-666-6666, so it’s not available; but we’re only being approximate here. The bottom line is that there’s enough space in principle for everyone in the USA to have 20 or 30 different cell phone numbers, if we use it efficiently. But we don’t… Read Geoffrey K. Pullam‘s thoughts on making more sensible use of our phone numbering system, in the always-illuminating Language Log. * Nathaniel West As we subscribe to sensible semiotics, we might recall that it was on this date in 1905 that the first U.S. advertisement for a radio receiver– the “Telimco Wireless Telegraph Outfit”– appeared in Scientific American.

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S: Westward Expansion By:Austin Wiberg FC: Westward Expansion | BY:Austin Wiberg 1: IDEAS OF THE WESTWARD EXPANISION | Opening Factories: Francis Towell opened a textile plant. | Interchangeable parts uses same parts to make different products 2: Census | First census was taken in 1790! | Nearly 4 million Americans were counted | Used to take population 3: Natural/Geographic | Roads: used for travel and shipping goods | Very expensive to maintain | many were a base of crushed stone. in muddy areas company's built corduroy roads, consisting of logs 4: River travel! | Traveling by rivers was convent | They made the expansion faster. | Rivers got Lewis and Clark started on their whole journey | This is where it began! 5: Canals | Used for transportation and for moving goods | A lot are man made! | many were man made | Used to link new york city with the great lakes. Idea by De Witt Clinton 6: Social: | Western Settlement: Americans moved west in waves. Began in the 1790's. Pioneer families settled on the rivers, Ohio and Mississippi. | It became popular very fast, Ohio only had 45,000 settlers by 1800 and in 1820 there were 581,000 7: Peace with England: | In 1817 United States and England agreed to set limits on the number of navel vessels each could have on the great lakes | The treaty provided removal of weapons along an imported part of the boarder between the United States and British and Canada 8: The Missouri Compromise | The Missouri compromise, reached in March 1820, provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine a free state. | The Missouri compromise removed slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of 36 degrees and 30'N parallel 10: The United States only had one leader from 1816-1824 and that was the Jefferson republications. The president campaign was one of the worst in American history. The republicans nominated William H Crawford, a former congress man for Georgia. Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay came form the west. Andrew Jackson continued to win the presidency. 11: Andrew Jackson: | Jackson did not win the election by majority but he won by plurality,which is the largest or single share 12: Economic! | The Economy was growing very fast with all the new ideas. like interchangeable parts and new factories 13: MONEY | At this time people were working in factories to make the money that they did 14: The Trail Of Tears.. | The Cherokee,Chickasaw,Choctaw,Creek and Seminole were living in eastern America before the European people arrived.When the settlers started moving in they demanded the land from the Native Americans.In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. The Chickasaw,and Creek ended up moving. And the Cherokee and Seminole resisted. When the Cherokee finally gave in and moved in there journey, known as the "trail of tears" 4,000 died of cold, hunger or disease. 15: Sports! | I like sportZ and i don't care who knows! | Lacrosse is the mane sport being played at this time. Lacrosse: is still being played today and it was originated from this time era! its played with a rubber ball and a long handled racquet | Lacrosse is the oldest sport played in the Americas today. And Grand Rapids has a team. 16: Technology | In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. Which was a simple machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber | This machine worked as much as 50 people working by hand. | Inventors were able to Patent their product, Which gave the inventor rights to the profits for a certain time period 17: New England Factories | The British did know want to go public with their new technology. | They were also trying to keep their workers from moving to the USA. A few of them managed to get away. | They were creating cotton needles. Once in the USA Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant. 18: Thinking like a historian | Cause and effect-"Who did/did not support change"-The Cherokee Indians did not support change. | Using the past-"how is the past different from the present?"- Not all American Indians live on reservations. | Through their eyes-"how did people in the last view their world?"- The American Indians thought it was unfair and did not like it. | Change in continuity-" what has changed?"-The American Indians have gained more respect and we have a society of many different nations. | Turning points-" how did past discussions or actions affect future choices?" When people see how bad past events were they try harder to prevent them, like the Holocaust. 19: Work Cited | Appleby, Joyce. The American Republic to 1877. Orion Place,Ohio: The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc, 2005

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Water is such a central feature to the Japanese garden, that the pond often holds centre stage of the creation, a garden will literally revolve about the pond. Ponds have been central to the concept of a garden since the introduction of the idea of garden building was introduced from China in the fifth century. Ponds were created for their innate decorative effect and were also used as settings for courtly ritual and entertainment. On the larger ponds of the Heian gardens, boats with prows carved as dragons carried groups of courtiers on voyages, accompanying boats carried a compliment of musicians. "It was possible to go by waterfall the way to the Spring garden, first rowing along the Southern Lake, then passing through a narrow channel straight towards a toy mountain which seemed to bar all further progress. But in reality there was a way round, and eventually the party found itself at the Fishing Pavilion...." Lady Murasaki, ‘The Tale of Genji’. There was always a concern that the pond should fit to the lie of the land, the pond shape was determined by the shape of the ground. It is true that the pond of the 'Upper garden' at Shugaku-in Villa, is created by a dam wall, even so the placement and configuration of the pond gives a completely naturalistic impression. It is said that Emperor Nomizuno-o worked on a clay model for the pond, during the design of the garden. The pond is called the 'Bathing Dragon Pond' ( "Yokuryu-chi" ) , a name that is not entirely fanciful. The ideal direction for bringing fresh supplies of water to the pond is from the north-east, and the outflow set to the south-west, according to the principles of feng shui, or geomancy. The pond was seen as being able to accumulate the vital essence ch'i, as ch'i will run away along straight lines, the shoreline should be of a convoluted form. The Dragon represents the vital energy ch'i itself, the very quality that the garden is intended to amass, and thus empower those who are close to the garden. The shores were, and still are, created with boulders or pebble beaches. The beach at the garden of the Sento Palace, Kyoto is laid in flat, black stones the size of the palm of a large hand, it runs for nearly one hundred metres long. Each and every stone arrived to the garden individually wrapped in silk. The Sakuteiki mentions two styles of shoreline, 'suki hoko kishi '' and ' kuwagata kishi ', the 'Spade shore', where the shore line is convex in profile, and the 'Hoe-shape', where the shoreline is concave, respectively. The ponds themselves are often relatively shallow, leading to the term, kage ike or 'mirror pond', which relies for much of its charm on the patterns of reflection in the water surface. The curvature of the underside of bridges is matched in still water by its reflection, thereby presenting an image of the interaction of yin and yang principles. Whilst the Sakuteiki mentions ponds dug in the shape of turtles and cranes, one is far more likely to recognise these symbols as islands in the pond. The ponds were obviously well constructed, as a number have survived into the present day, even if their attendant gardens have not. The ponds were normally clay lined, the shore line of the pond would be installed at an early point in the construction. One can easily imagine the scene of frenzied activity during the digging out by hand of these ponds. One shape of pond that has generated much interest over the years is the shinji chi , or 'heart-shaped pond' , so called as the outline of the pond was loosely based on the calligraphic character shin or kokoro, meaning 'heart' or 'spirit'. In Japanese it is a character charged with meaning, and especially so for the Zen Buddhists. The shin or heart that is referred to by the Zen priests is the pure heart, the origin of everything and nothing. Like the dragon, it is the originator of all rhythmic life, like water it is formless and yet takes on form. What is said of water-ponds may equally applied to karesansui ponds too. The same rigours of composition will apply, though the extent of the 'pond' would invariably be far less. In the event of a karesansui pond featuring in the design, it would not be necessary to define the full extent of the pond. Presenting a section of the pond only, as part of the composition is sufficient to allow the viewer to complete the picture within his own imagination. Today, some of the older gardens featuring karesansui ponds have had the 'water' taken over by moss, the garden of Manshu-in still retains something of the feel of a 'dry-pond'. With the evening breeze, The water laps against The heron's legs.

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Adam Gopnik in his book Angels And Ages: Short Book About Darwin, Lincoln, and Modern Life writes about some of those changes. Observations from the Book Darwin’s Elizabethan England was a theatrical society with a shared vision of the world as a stage. Lincoln’s frontier society was a rhetorical society in which public speaking was central to ambition. We are today a society of images: viral YouTube video, advertising image. Anyone who can’t play the image game has a hard time playing any public game. What Lincoln learned was not a faith in a constant search for justice, but the habit of empathetic detachment. The “grease” is what the lawyers of his time called all the lubricants of the law – conciliation, backroom deals, plea-bargaining – that allowed conflict to be minimized and trials to be avoided. When we look closely even at the height of the Civil War, Brian Dirck says, “we can see Lincoln the President trying hard to apply a lawyer’s grease to the shrill machinery of war. “I am in favor of a short statute of limitations in politics.” John Hay quoting Lincoln.

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24 August, 2017 The Everyday Grammar team often receives questions about academic writing. Students around the world want to improve their academic writing so that they can gain admission – and In this week's report, we are going to explore one pattern that is commonly used in academic writing. You will learn to recognize this pattern, and you will learn how you can use it in your own writing. In addition, you will learn about the times you might not want to use it. Common Structure: noun+that-clause The structure we are exploring is this: noun + a that clause. The structure is often used to evaluate, or judge, a topic or idea. A that-clause is a group of words beginning with the word that. A clause has both a subject and a predicate. The predicate shows what is said about the subject. The noun might come at the beginning or middle of the sentence. Consider the following examples: "The fact that the theory of evolution has been so contentious in public debates deserves some explanation." "This essay is written in the belief that modern historians need to radically change the way they think." In the first example, the that-clause follows the noun fact at the beginning of the sentence. In the second example, the that-clause follows the noun belief at the middle of the sentence. In both cases, the noun plays an important part in showing how a writer evaluates an idea. In other words, the noun helps show how the writer is taking a position and making a claim about something. Let's study these sentences in greater detail. #1 Showing Certainty Think back to the first example sentence we gave you, "The fact that the theory of evolution has been so contentious in public debates deserves some explanation." Academic writers often use the noun + a that clause structure to express certainty. In the sentence, the noun fact plays an important role. When the writer uses the word fact, he or she is showing certainty. It shows that the writer does not consider the point to be a subject of debate. The that-clause contains the idea that the writer is certain about – the theory of evolution has been a contentious topic. Susan Conrad and Douglas Biber are grammar experts. They note that academic writers often use nouns or noun phrases such as conclusion, fact, little doubt, and no doubt to express certainty. The that-clause can have any number of words or ideas. The important point is that it has a subject and a predicate. #2 Showing Possibility A second common use of noun + a that clause is to express possibility. Consider our second example, "This essay is written in the belief that modern historians need to radically change the way they think."" Here, the noun belief suggests possibility – it is possible for historians to change the way they think. Whether this is correct or not depends on the reader's opinion – and the persuasiveness of the author's argument. Conrad and Biber note that other nouns commonly used to show possibility include claim and assumption. Sometimes writers will use the noun possibility itself. What can you do? The structures we have discussed today are common in academic writing. If you are writing for other purposes, you might want to use more direct language. Take our example, "The fact that the theory of evolution has been so contentious in public debates deserves some explanation." You might read this in an academic publication. This structure might not be the best choice for other situations – writing an opinion piece in the newspaper or an email to your supervisor, for example. In those cases, it might be better to use more direct language. For example, you could write, "Here are the reasons why the theory of evolution has been a contentious topic..." Or simply, "People have long debated the theory of evolution." Remember: you have many choices to make when you write a sentence. Learning when to use certain structures can be a long, difficult process. But, we bring this lesson to a close with the belief that you will succeed! I'm John Russell. And I'm Alice Bryant. John Russell adapted it for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section. Words in This Story evaluate – v. to judge the value or condition of (someone or something) in a careful and thoughtful way predicate— n. grammar: the part of a sentence that expresses what is said about the subject contentious –adj. likely to cause people to argue or disagree

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What is the life expectancy of someone with DiGeorge syndrome? Without treatment, life expectancy for some children with complete DiGeorge syndrome is two or three years. However, most children with DiGeorge syndrome that is not “complete” survive to adulthood. Is Velocardiofacial syndrome the same as DiGeorge? 2 deletion (CH22qD) syndrome is also known as DiGeorge syndrome or velocardiofacial syndrome. This deletion syndrome is extremely common with nearly one in 4000 children being affected. Recent advances and a holistic approach to patients have improved the care and well-being of these patients. What is DiGeorge syndrome? DiGeorge syndrome is a condition present from birth that can cause a range of lifelong problems, including heart defects and learning difficulties. The severity of the condition varies. Some children can be severely ill and very occasionally may die from it, but many others may grow up without realising they have it. What is the inheritance pattern of DiGeorge syndrome? Autosomal dominant inheritance In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele. Is DiGeorge syndrome a form of autism? Is DiGeorge syndrome an autism spectrum disorder? DiGeorge syndrome is one of a growing list of genetic disorders whose symptoms sometimes overlap with those of autism. An estimated 15 to 20 percent of those with DiGeorge meet the behavioral criteria for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Does DiGeorge syndrome affect intelligence? Longitudinal studies in 22q11. 2 DS have found a negative correlation between age and IQ scores, particularly a decline in VIQ, suggesting that at least some of these individuals show a gradual decline in cognitive development as they grow into adulthood [30,36]. Is DiGeorge a disability? Many children with 22q have some social difficulties, developmental delays or learning disabilities. For the majority, the symptoms are not severe or extensive enough to warrant an autism diagnosis. Individuals with 22q also share common health issues. Many have heart defects and immune problems. Are there any medical problems associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome? Overview. Medical problems commonly associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome include heart defects, poor immune system function, a cleft palate, complications related to low levels of calcium in the blood, and delayed development with behavioral and emotional problems. How is DiGeorge syndrome related to chromosome 22 deletion? DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) Print. DiGeorge syndrome, more accurately known by a broader term — 22q11.2 deletion syndrome — is a disorder caused when a small part of chromosome 22 is missing. This deletion results in the poor development of several body systems. When does chromosome 22 deletion occur in a fetus? The deletion of genes from chromosome 22 usually occurs as a random event in the father’s sperm or in the mother’s egg, or it may occur early during fetal development. Rarely, the deletion is an inherited condition passed to a child from a parent who also has deletions in chromosome 22 but may or may not have symptoms.

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In the past few days we started learning about reading skills and academic vocabulary. To fit along with our back to school theme, we read If You Take a Mouse to School. As a class we learned how things happen usually as an effect of something else happening. We created a t-chart to display some examples. Then together we worked on a cutting and gluing activity that illustrated those causes and effects. As we contiue with our community unit; this week we started our sub-theme about transportation. We listened to the song / story called “We All Go Traveling By“. The book is turned into the song on youtube here. We used a story map to illustrate the main idea and details of the story. At the end of the story the people in the modes of transportation were all heading to school. So we made a connection to the story and talked about how we got to school. We made a graph displaying how each member of our class got to school. The choices were getting to school by walking, truck, four-wheeler, or snowmachine (snowmobile for those of you living in the lower 48). For writing we wrote about how we get to school each day and used clipart to illustrate our mode of transportation.

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Find the number of triangles in the given figure. Correct Answer : b ) 12Explanation : According to the question Number of triangle in the given figure is ⇒ △AEF, △EFD, △DFC, △CFB, △BFA, △AFD, △BFD, △ACD, △ACB, △BEA, △BED and △ABD ⇒ Total number of triangle = 12 Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

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Practical Application of Aspiration as an Outcome Indicator in Extension Evaluation Extension educators need simple and accurate evaluation tools for program evaluation. This article explains how to use aspiration as an outcome indicator in Extension evaluation and introduces a practical evaluation tool. Aspiration can be described as the readiness for change. By recording participants' levels of aspiration, we will be able to determine whether the program is effective in achieving desired results. This aspiration-recording tool is easy to use in terms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Evaluation data collected from this tool can be used to document accountability and make decisions for program modifications. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Jayaratne, K. (2010). Practical Application of Aspiration as an Outcome Indicator in Extension Evaluation. The Journal of Extension, 48(2), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.34068/joe.48.02.23

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- Special Sections - Public Notices The Kentucky Division of Water is encouraging citizens to learn how they can conserve water during drought and year-round with some simple changes in their water-use habits. “Some customers of public drinking water utilities may have already been notified about a call for voluntary conservation measures while others may be willing to reduce water use as a general principle,” said Bill Caldwell, drought coordinator at the Kentucky Division of Water. “The fact is, there are steps all of us can take to practice water conservation without a great deal of personal sacrifice.” “Some people are shocked to learn how much water they and their families use daily or monthly,” said Caldwell. “It’s always wise to eliminate the possibility of leaks, which is literally money down the drain. Simply read your water meter before and after a two-hour period when no water is being used. If the meter does not read exactly the same, you probably have a leak.” Simple changes in your water-use habits can also reduce your water consumption: · Limit outdoor water use to keeping landscape plants and shrubs alive during the dry period and perform watering in the morning or late evening. Avoid trying to bring a lawn back once it has begun to turn brown. Established lawns and landscape plantings can usually survive without watering. · Avoid washing cars, patios and sidewalks. Use local car washes if absolutely necessary, and use a broom to maintain a clean sidewalk or driveway. · Equip your hose with an automatic shut-off nozzle. · Capture rainwater in barrels and buckets placed at downspouts. Re-use “gray” water from baths, showers and hand basins (not toilets) for use on indoor and outdoor plants. · Repair leaking toilets, faucets and hoses. A leaky toilet can waste as much as 200 gallons of water per day. · Place a weighted plastic one-half-gallon jug or a toilet dam in the tanks of conventional toilets to displace and save water with each flush. · Reduce the length of showers and limit the time a faucet runs while washing hands or brushing teeth. Only about 5 percent of water used in the home is for drinking and cooking. Most water is used in bathrooms (75 percent) and for laundry and cleaning (20 percent). · Install a low-flow showerhead. New models use 2.5 gallons per minute compared to older molds that use 5 to 7 gallons per minute. · Turn off the tap while brushing teeth or shaving to save more than 200 gallons of water per month. · Install aerators on all faucets to reduce water use by 50 percent. · Keep a pitcher of drinking water cold in the refrigerator to avoid running the faucet to get cool water. · Completely load dishwashers and clothes washers prior to operation. Eliminate pre-rinsing of dishes to save 10 gallons of water per load. Use the proper water level or load size selection on the washing machine. For more information about drought in Kentucky, visit the DOW Drought Monitoring web page at http://water.ky.gov/wa/Pages/Drought.aspx.

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NASA announced earlier this week that after Space Shuttle Atlantis flies sometime in June, the entire Space Shuttle spaceflight mission will come to an end after 135 flights. Atlantis, seen here in a 1996 NASA photograph as it was being moved from the Vehicle Assembly Building to Launch Pad 39A, was delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center in eastern Florida after construction by Rockwell International in Southern California back in April 1985. Over the past 25 years, Atlantis has flown more than 120 million miles in space, or enough to travel from the Earth to the Moon more than 500 times. STS-135, during which Atlantis will visit the International Space Station and deliver spare parts and supplies, will log an additional five million miles for Atlantis before it is donated to a museum. View more Pictures of the Day.

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By Xu Qifei | In recent years there have been rising concerns on the ways we raise cattle being incredibly water intensive and inhumane at best. Some conscientious consumers are moving away from beef consumption and switching their main protein source to fish, the industry surrounding which is free of those particular problems. But if I tell you that illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, which takes up a large proportion of the fish we consume daily, leads to massive human trafficking problems, starvation of huge population in the Global South and various irreversible environmental problems, would you still think consuming more fish is a good idea? Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, or IUU for short, has been causing a series of problems that are extremely resistant to enforcement, causing $23.5 billion of loss worldwide every year. Its environmental damage has been known to us for a long time. With 84 percent of the world fish stocks already fully exploited, overexploited or depleted by fishing industries, IUU pushes things over the edge. Unregulated pirate ships and opportunistic fishermen catching in illegal territories constitute only a limited portion of IUU in the world. Much of unreported fishing is done by legitimate fishing vessels. The most common type of unreported fishing is bycatch, which refers to non-targeted species being caught during the fishing process, and it has resulted in enormous amount of unnecessary marine life loss. For instance, the average discard rate of shrimp trawling in the world is 5.7:1, which means 1 pound of fish die for every 6 pounds of shrimps we capture. Many marine species have severely been endangered because of bycatch, including sea turtles, dolphins and albatross. However, there are darker secrets of IUU that are not known to most people. In a study carried out by United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime in 2011 called “Transnational Organized Crime in the Fishing Industry”, a variety of human rights violations and methods of human trafficking are revealed, and the paper commented that “perhaps the most disturbing finding of the study was the severity of the abuse of fishers trafficked for the purpose of forced labor on board fishing vessels. These practices can only be described as cruel and inhumane treatment in the extreme… A particularly disturbing facet of this form of exploitation is the frequency of trafficking in children in the fishing industry.” The paper also pointed out that illicit drug trafficking is also a prominent phenomenon among illegal fishing vessels. The impacts of IUU on the Global South have been especially catastrophic. For instance, West Africa suffers disproportionately from illegal fishing, annually losing over $1.3 billion worth of fish to it. IUU left millions of people with small fragile fish stocks and a run-down job market. It imperils the main source of protein of their population, threatens a quarter of their jobs and trade, and destroys their communities. How are we responsible for all these abominations, one might ask. Just in 2012 alone, it is estimated that consumers in the United States spent $82.6 billion for fishery products, of which more than 90 percent is actually imported. The primary reason why we imported so much of our seafood was that fishery goods are cheaper when captured by countries from the Global South which are far much less likely to monitor and enforce fishing regulations. Africa has been the prime victim of IUU particularly because of this. What’s worse, it’s been indicated by United Nations that there might be corruption in the fishing licensing and control system, leading to foreign corporate entities operating ships with flags registered under developing countries unable or unwilling to enforce their criminal jurisdiction. This means that a lot of these so-called imported fishery products are in fact caught by vessels from developed countries flying flags of developing countries, and these illegal procedures are left neglected and uninvestigated when the goods are imported. Make no mistake. We knowingly chose to ignore the IUU that goes on in the fishing industries, just like how we knowingly chose to outsource so much basic industrial manufacturing to the Global South where countries don’t have the capability or intention to tackle issues regarding human rights and the environment. The effects of IUU show us once more that the living standards we are enjoying have been, not figuratively, not hyperbolically, but truly, at the devastating expense of so many others’ well-being. There is no doubt that fishery regulations and enforcement need to be improved. But more importantly, we have to recognize that industries surrounding IUU are only there because of our infinite need of consumption. We have to realize there is no simple responsible alternative for consumption left. Our only responsible option is to start consuming less. Image: Chilean Seine Fishing

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505,000: The number of victims who were assisted by the STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program, a project of the Office of Violence Against Women. 1,201,000: The number of services provided to these victims in communities across America as a result of the grants awarded by the Office of Violence Against Women’s STOP program. 4,700: The number of individuals arrested for violations of protection orders intended to prevent violence against woman under the STOP program. This data, from 2007, is startling, because we know it only represents a fraction of the women who are victims of violence. One in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. An estimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year, and one in six women will experience an attempted or completed rape at some time in her life. That is why today, President Obama issued a Presidential Proclamation lauding the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act: This bipartisan accomplishment has ushered in a new era of responsibility in the fight to end violence against women. In the 15 years since VAWA became law, our Nation's response to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking has strengthened. Communities recognize the special needs of victims and appreciate the benefits of collaboration among professionals in the civil and criminal justice system, victim advocates, and other service providers. With the support of VAWA funds, dedicated units of law enforcement officers and specialized prosecutors have grown more numerous than ever before. Most importantly, victims are more likely to have a place to turn for help -- for emergency shelter and crisis services, and also for legal assistance, transitional housing, and services for their children. In 1994, then Senator Joe Biden authored this landmark legislation. Created in recognition of the severity of the crimes associated with domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking, it led to the creation of the Department of Justice’s Office on Violence Against Women. This critical component of the Justice Department administers a wide variety of financial and technical assistance to communities around the country. These grants than facilitate the creation of programs, policies and practices aimed at ending domestic and dating violence, sexual assault and stalking – programs like the STOP program. Today the Department of Justice marks the start of a year-long anniversary effort to raise public awareness on issues around violence against women, to reinforce and build coalitions among federal, state, local and tribal law enforcement and victim services communities, and to reinforce the goal of ending domestic and dating violence, sexual assault and stalking for men, women and children across the country. Attorney General Holder noted the Act’s importance to the Department of Justice: "The Violence Against Women Act forever changed the way this nation meets our responsibility to survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault. It has been an essential building block in the Justice Department’s work to end violence against women. The Justice Department will continue to take every possible step to enforce laws protecting victims of violence and to provide resources to aid victim service providers." Over the last 15 years, the Violence Against Women Act, and the work done by the Office of Violence Against Women, has created a paradigm shift in how the issue of violence against women is addressed in communities throughout the nation, but there is still work to do. As Vice President Biden said today: "We’ve made tremendous progress since the Violence Against Women Act first passed in 1994, but we have much more to do. We cannot rest. It will take all of us to fulfill the promise to end domestic violence and sexual assault." You can learn more about the Office and Violence Against Women and the Violence Against Women Act at http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/. Tracy Russo is New Media Director at the Department of Justice

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Geologists are 'scientists' with unnatural obsessions with rocks. Often too intelligent to do monotonous sciences like biology, chemistry, or physics, geologists devote their time to mud-worrying, volcano poking, fault finding, bouldering, dust-collecting, and high-risk colouring. One of the main difficulties in communicating with geologists is their belief that a million years is a short amount of time and their heads are harder than rocks. Consequently, such abstract concepts as "Tuesday Morning" and "Lunchtime" are completely beyond their comprehension. (This difficulty generates problems particularly when dealing with the girlfriend/boyfriend/spouse and attempting to explain why you were "gone for so long" or why something is taking "so long to occur.")eruption, or major earthquake, no geologist is going to give a rat's ass about rescuing a dog even if it does belong to the romantic interest's children. He or she will be far more concerned about the mineralogy of the ash falling from the sky, or the viscosity of the lava flow and its movement across the substrate (which may or may not include a village). Apparently immune to the asphyxiating effect of the ash as it turns normal lungs to stone, the geologist will happily jump around lava fields with a camera trying to get a good photo of a lava tube. Geologists are ice-age cool, although they typically do not look like James Bond, being altogether too filthy to ever pass for a (ignorant Scot with no sense of grammar pretending to be a) suave Englishman. There has been one accurate portrayal of a geologist in a B-rated movie, however. In "Track of the Moon Beast", the mineralogist turned into a flesh-eating monster at night. It is thought that this may be a common occurrence among mineralogists. However, it is a well-established fact that field geologists are magma-hot. The details not well known because field geologists tend to stay in the field most of the time, where only other field geologists get to see how hot they are. Another excellent portrayal of a geologist is in the Hollywood blockbuster 'The Core'. In this widely known film the U.S. government has stopped the revolution of the earth's core (the magnetized liquid outer core, anyway) via the use of sinister 'classified' science, and due to the impending doom of all of the world at their hand from superviolent storms and world flooding, etc. the government feels it has to restart the revolution of the core via the use of thermonuclear explosion, obviously. To administer said explosives they use a craft made from Unobtanium, an alloy which is scarcely believable, ahem, available I meant to say. Suffice to say they all live happily ever after and the few billion tonnes of liquid outer core just plays along with no ill aftereffects or sequential flood-type volcanism, the joys of being a Geologist. (** Dr. Josh Keyes-- the "geologist" character is actually a Seismologist-- which is totally different. Seismologists study how energy propagates THROUGH the Earth and don't actually care about rocks at all. They also don't drink beer nearly as well. The whole "playing the trumpet to a piece of granite" thing ... not so much). Geologists are also portrayed in 'Armageddon', although a real geologist is quick to note how gravity reengaged on the asteroid when the drillers (geologist wannabes) start throwing the boring casings. The physical appearance of "Rockhound" (played by Steve Buscemi) is dead on for a field geologist, and although a bit exaggerated, his attitudes towards the opposite sex (see notes at the bottom of the page regarding relationships), his self serving interests and the way he always seems to be a "few minerals shy of the mother lode"" are pretty accurate as well. A really good example of a retired geologist can be found in "SIX FEET UNDER". He was married 7 times and became crazy in the end. Let us not forget that the character Charles Smithson in the Book and Movie "The French Lieutenant's Woman" is a geologist (or at least pretends to be). In true geologist fashion proceeds to make a complete, as the Brittish say, "Cock-up" of his and others lives in one of the real cinema true portrayals of the archtype. Completely out of character is casting Jeremy Irons as Smithson. Geologists only wish they were so good looking. Another typical portrayal of a geologist is South Park's character Randy Marsh, who is Stan's father. Randy is named after South Park creator Trey Parker's own father, Randy Parker, who was also a geologist. Randy displays many typical geologist tendencies such as being called a 'scientist', but actually being of little use in many situations, and having a drinking problem. In 'Ocean's Thirteen,' Brad Pitt's character disguises himself as a geologist and tricks the enemy into installing a seismograph in a hotel. Brad Pitt's disguise is fairly accurate, with messy hair, dirty boots, etc. In Star Trek - TOS - nearly all of the Geologists on the Starship Enterprise were killed on assorted missions to various planets during different episodes. Their sacrifice was never remembered on the halls of Starfleet command - shocking. Jurassic Park's Dr. Allen Grant is an excellent example of a geologist. In the beginning of the film he sells his soul for funding; all geologists do this at some point in their careers. In the fashion of real geologists, Dr. Grant dates fellow geologist Dr. Sattler in the film. He is also far more concerned with figuring out the flocking behavior of Gallimimus than rescuing the children. In 2008 the blockbuster James Bond movie 'Quantum of Solace' featured the protagonist (Played by Daniel Craig or Barry White) falling through a sinkhole into the Bolivian subterrainean rivers. This then lead popular culture to realise that obviously underground water is stored in huge underground caverns, and it is no longer safe to walk on land, for fear of entering these damp, dark holes. Barry White then goes on to shag a redhead, a breed most favoured amongst geologists. Indiana Jones is technically an archaeologist, but acts as a geologist would in similar situations. A real archaeologist would lie on the ground in fear, removing small particulates from artifacts with a small brush. Only geologists are sufficiently trained with leather whips. No mention will be made of Brendan Faser's 'Journey to the Centre of the Earth' (2008). edit Geologists in Popular Culture While the media rarely represents geologists to the general population, (excluding sound bytes on Discovery Channel volcano specials), there was one recent attempt to integrate geologists into a television program. According to various blog sources, CBS was looking to produce a new reality tv show for 2008, after correctly predicting that the writers' strike would cut down on their ability to create blue-toned dramatic shows centering around corpses. One of their production managers happened to see a documentary on a volcanologist researching lava in Hawaii, and seeing the danger and excitement inherent in people smashing molten hot 'magma' with rock hammers, pitched the idea of a 'geologist survivor-type' show. In December of 2007, CBS hired a production crew to pull the show together; the scenario was that nine geologists would be placed in the field, where they would vote each other off based on their willingness to do dangerous geologist type feats common to the field; like researching active volcanoes, trilobite wrangling, earthquake surfing, landslides catching, and landing in bush planes on glaciers. Geologists that weren't up to the task would be voted off, and the last remaining "Hard-core geologist" would win a prize. The production was plagued from the beginning. They were successful in finding nine geologists, 6 males and three females, between 25 and 50 years of age, and they quickly set up the first challenge; researching an active volcano in the Phillipines. The geologists and camera crew set up camp near the bottom of the volcano. The camera crew filmed the nine geologists bonding. The geologists were supplied with alchohol (a common strategy to loosen up the cast on reality TV shows), but the camera crew was surprised to notice that even after drinking gallons of the liquid, the geologists did not change their behavior, and continued talking in an obscure jargonized language about 'bombs', 'hornitos', 'breccia,' and 'lahars,' none of which made for good reality TV. This trend continued through the entire first challenge; the geologists were seemingly oblivious to the camera, and the only interpersonal drama occurred when the seismologist and structural geologist got into a yelling match over the best recipe for chili. When the camera-crew and geologists went up to do research on the volcano, instead of sticking together, the geologists scattered into the landscape, and the camera-crew found themselves unable to find more than two at a time. Also, after listening to the volcanologist eagerly predict just how soon the volcano would explode, the camera-crew became extremely nervous and returned to the camp. The crew returned from the first shoot to Los Angeles with almost no footage. To further complicate matters, the editors were unable to make sense of what footage there was, because they had no idea what the hell the geologists were talking about. However, it did appear that initially a few of the scientists seemed to understand the concept of 'voting off' another member. After consulting a nearby university, the crew finally explained to the geologists were basically 'competing for funding from the National Science Foundation.' Unfortunately, the NSF grant analogy didn't go well either, as the geologists quickly pointed out that they didn't have enough time to write a successful research proposal. Finally, the geologists were simply told agree upon some arbitrary criteria that they could use to get rid of someone. After a series of seminars, the geologists decided that whoever had the worst aim with a rock hammer would be told to leave. The second event, landing in a bush plane in northern Alaska, was a complete failure. None of the geologists were nervous at the idea, which destroyed the drama the crew was hoping for, and worse yet, no-one in the production crew was willing to accompany the geologists to the field site, out of sheer terror. As a result, small cameras were given to two of the geologists to film themselves. When the geologists returned with their cameras, the editors found tapes filled with footage and commentary about mountains and 'gbbxcvxlacial erratics'. Only ten percent of the footage featured humans, and most of that footage was simply the petrologist standing by outcrops for scale. By the time the production reached Hawaii, most of the camera-crew had quit (because of the steady diet of chili and the dangerous situations) and only five of the geologists were left; not because they had been voted off, but because they had become over-excited by rock formations at various locations and had refused to leave. Moreover, paying for an almost-constant supply of beer, single malt scotch, and transportation for the geologists' luggage' (which contained mostly oversized rock samples padded with unmentionably dilapidated field clothing), had almost exhausted the budget. CBS finally pulled the plug on the project in January of 2008, despite their fear that they might be sued for withdrawing the promise of a prize; however, none of the geologists sued, as they were still under the impression that they needed to publish a research paper to receive the money. Geology began in Edinburgh 2.42 million years ago when celebrated physicist James Clerk Maxwell built a time machine, and went back to Scotland to give James Hutton the idea. Hutton then went to the Galapagos Islands and passed on the idea to Charles Darwin. Hutton then invented the volcano, and modern geology was born. Anne Heche, one of the few famous female geologists, made her name when she discovered the W of Gondwanaland on an expedition to Brazil. Subsequently, while Maxwell was distracted by an argument with Niels Bohr over the exact place in history for Avogadro's number, Waldemar Lindgren stole the time machine and has since used it to visit every historic mine and mining camp in the Western U.S., and in fact he continues to do so to this day. This is the reason you will see Waldemar Lindgren's name on every publication regarding mining in the western U.S., and the reason why his published writings exceed nearly 200 titles, not counting discussions, reviews, more than 1,000 abstracts, in addition to authoring numerous pajama related advertisments for various trade show publications and haberdasheries in his spare time. Geologists had a revival in the late 23rd century when the great Pete Kokelaar emerged from a crater on Montserrat and proclaimed himself an ignimbrite. There is a considerable, and still growing body of scientific literature that suggests that geologists are in fact the world's first alcohol-based life form. Owing to a crucial imbalance in blood electrolyte levels (possibly caused by overexposure to bad rock puns) most find it necessary to imbibe vast quantities of alcoholic beverages at every opportunity. Therefore the phrase "I am not an alcoholic, I am a geologist" has become quite common within many student bodies to explain their metamorphism from an organic based life form to a alcohol-based one. If you ever encounter a geologist who is sober after 6pm, this person is an imposter: possibly an alien; probably a geophysicist or engineer, marine geographer or hydrologist etc. Alcoholism is an acceptable, even socially beneficial, disease for an active geologist. The mark of a true geologist is the ability to draw up a systematic and colour coded diagrammatic representation of good beer distribution across the globe, using no more than a tatty beer mat and burnt twig. **Note** ... Geophysicists are known only to drink alone due to an intense fear of social situations, similar to that of Engineers (though the latter species are known to occasionally gather in packs no greater than the numerical equivalent of the square root of the energy in joules required to stare blankly at a computer screen most of the day in a state of semi-consciousness, happily calling this a 'day's work', plus the number of cups of bad coffee X smoke breaks, divided by 1000. Usually 4 or 5). While the engineer will almost always opt for light beer or white wine, the hardcore geologist will never lower themselves to anything less than full-strength. Light/mid-strength beer is for homosexuals and washing hair only. The female geologist will usually go for spirits, or, if she's hard enough, heavy beer with a shot of absinthe. Alcohol is essential on field activities, either on late night scientific discussions or cold-weather camping; it is also a useful companion and tool in the field (as well as out), just as important as the rock hammer, Brunton compass, and hand-lens. Alcohol is used as an indispensable renewable fuel source for enlightened or hot topics and for surviving in cold weather as a human "internal combustion" liquid fuel. There are known examples of geologists that have survived on a pint of whiskey in the middle of the desert and in way-below freezing temperatures. Alternative conversation topics might include: a detailed consideration of the relative merits of differing brands of gin (including those brands that may only be termed "gin" as "bug-infused lighter fuel" might look bad on the risk assessment forms); whether a hangover is very useful or absolutely essential to the correct practice of geology in the field; and how many crates of beer does it take to cause the average 4x4 to roll over/dump its rear axle/spontaneously combust. It has been observed that undergraduate geology students are berated and whipped with bootlaces by their lecturers if they do not partake in late night drinking on field trips (exception: university of Western Australia). Returning to university without liver-ache is frowned upon by most (exception: university of Western Australia). Early mornings in the field are usually fueled by coffee; however, water is optional in the brewing process and filters are unheard of. In the absence of water, coffee will be brewed with leftover beer. In the absence of beer, vodka, scotch, gin or tequila; coffee grounds may be chewed dry. This perhaps, is the reason it is impossible to communicate successfully with a geologist in the field. Protective cover in the form of beards shields geologists in a field party from sight of each other's gin-etched and coffee-coloured teeth. The inability to grow a beard is one of the factors still hampering female geologists today, though some have a really good crack at it. In recent years, geologists have become more inclined to imbibe absinthe in their efforts to better think like a rock. The proper way to drink absinthe is to prepare a drink known as a green schist. Absinthe is most appropriately consumed by straining a shot into a glass through an absinthe spoon containing a sugar cube. Light the sugar cube. After it burns down, stir it into the glass with the spoon, then take the shot (DO NOT substitute aplite!). Add three shots of ice cold water (preferably from a receding glacier) and watch as the absinthe louches with the cold water and sugar. Caution, do not drink more than five of these in one sitting! Also, ONLY trust female geologists that you observe slamming down shots of absinthe in a bar. You have been warned. edit Geologists and Breeding The prospect of month upon month of fieldwork in remote places has led to some interesting evolutionary peculiarities amongst this species. Amidst only rocks and alcohol, with often long dark nights eliminating the possibility of the former, and leaving only the latter, resourceful geologists fill their time intermingling with other geologists. During this time, upcoming geologists earn their "wings" (or more appropriately, their "hammer") by fulfilling one or more of the following electives: a) Date a fellow geologist b) Sleep with a fellow geologist c) Have an affair with a geologist d) Have an affair with a student geologist e) Marry a fellow geologist f) Marry a current or former student geologist g) Date/Marry or have an affair with a driller h) Date/ Marry or have affair with field hand/ offsider i) Marry a purveyor of alcohol A combination, or multiple repetitions of the above electives result in the true seasoning of a geologist. An informal survey of geologists at 25 of the top 30 geology programs in the US News and World Report 2005 rankings found that 84% of faculty and 78% of graduate students fulfilled at least two of the above electives. Of tenured faculty surveyed, 98% had fulfilled at least three of the above. Surveyors often examine such geological features. For eons, animosity has existed between those folk who understand what an eon is and those who need help tying their bootlaces before a day in the field. However, the most recent escalation of violence between the two warring tribes was sparked when, over a jolly fine supper in the Atheneum Club (turbot und dill, en croute avec carpet sautee), Sir Roderick Impey Murchison was heard to say "Your mum, what!" to Dr. David Livingstone. The avid bug-huffer retired in high dudgeon and went off to sulk in Africa for years and years and years, only returning to civilization when Murchison was safely insane. And dead. In his absence, the serried ranks of the geographers could barely muster a token resistance to the all-powerful, all-conquering, and devilishly handsome (yes, even Adam Sedgwick) geologists. Final defeat came at the blood-soaked Battle of Roger Moor (similar to Marston Moor, but a bit smoother, and orange) where the geographers were ignominiously routed owing to the superior firepower of the geologists' flint-lock machine guns (but lets face it, any weapon with a rock integral to its design was always going to terrify the pants off a geographer). Annual tribute is paid by the geographers in recognition of this defeat, hence the odd obsession with tributaries often displayed by members of their race. Even now, some small conflicts are still happening. Recently, in 2007, a group of drunk Dutch geology students tried to smoke geographers out of their room by setting newspapers and posters on fire near the door, after they left from a social drinking event, where they were personally invited. This was against governing policies unfortunately. In general, it can be said that geographers are scientists that learn less and less about more and more until they know almost nothing about almost everything, whereas geologists are scientists that learn more and more about less and less until they know almost everything about almost nothing! Here is another example of the incomprehension between geologists and physical geographers: Two geologists are doing some fieldwork in the Alps. After a tough day in the field they take a well earned meal at the only restaurant in the local village. They are lucky, the restaurant has a beautiful view on the mountains but also on a nice small river. They are surprised to see two physical geographers from the same university as they work for. The geographers are drilling some holes in the ground next to the river. The geologist eat their meal, drink a beer and keep on watching the ground drilling geographers. One of the geologist says to the other that every drunk dumbass can do that stupid drilling work. To put that to the test the other geologist asks the two geographers to come to the restaurant and he buys them a beer. After the geographers finish their beers they go back to work because they were a bit back on schedule. The geologists are still not convinced. They buy the geographers some more beer. This time a whole pitcher. It takes a while, but after the geographers finish the pitcher they go back to work. The geologists see that they do not drill the holes vertical anymore, the geographers drill them a little inclined now. Probably due to a little to much beer. But still, they are drilling pretty well. So the geologists ask the geographers for some more beer. A whole pitcher per geographer this time. The geologists think that the geographers must be really hammered after more then one and a half pitcher. This will prove their point that every dumbass can be a physical geographer. And indeed, the geographers are really hammered after their last pitcher. To the surprise of the geologists the geographers do not walk back to river to drill another hole, but pick up a hammer, walk to the nearest rock outcrop and start hammering and licking the rocks. edit Geologists and Rock Hunting One of the geologists' favoured pastime is the noble art of rock hunting. A great deal of skill is required for this most awesome of pursuits. The stalk is the hardest part of a rock hunt with the risk that you may startle the herd... Always a bother as you have to set up the ambush all over again once they've quieted down. With regards to weapons, it is generally accepted that projectiles are not suitable as they may mar the trophy and render it less presentable. A swift blow with a geopick (that's why they have a pointed end) is considered the most humane method and generally leaves the trophy undamaged and more suitable for display. One can always scavenge for less mobile specimens but in most cases these have been subject to weathering and decay and do not exhibit the full mating plumage of a rock in its prime. A good nose is also required to "sniff-out" the best examples, hence the term "Rock-Hound". Geographers and pedologists on the other hand have an annoying tendency to hunt for soil samples (an altogether less demanding sport requiring no stalking skill and only blunt, brutish instruments such as spades and/or shovels) in the misguided belief that these may substitute for the rarer, more exotic and infinitely more desirable rock samples. They are, as is usual for geographers and other such "soft" scientists, mistaken. It is thought by leading figures in the field of Geographer Baiting that this could be due to the more docile habit of soils and the fact that they are not nearly as aggressive as true rocks. Other detractors are of the opinion that anything to do with rocks in their native form frankly scares the bejeesus out of such namby-pamby, artsy-fartsy, wishy-washy BA wannabes. This may also account for the fact that a their collections in general tend to sag and/or smell and are not nearly as attractive to the opposite sex as a true geologist's sparkling, shiny and downright stunning collection of specimens taken at great personal risk to life and limb. Geology, an art as much as a science, has always baffled and worried engineers. And while geologists have provided mankind with massive sources of energy such as coal, gas, and flatulence, engineers have been relegated to merely designing tanks to hold these natural resources. Engineers tend to carry defensive weapons of pocket protectors, slide rules, black socks, and lousy humour, although these tools are a poor match for the geologist's rock hammer, hand lens, and Brunton\Breithaupt compass. Note that Microsoft software engineers have neglected to include Brunton or Breithaupt in the Microsoft Word spelling check. Differing world view is a fundamental reason for Geologist-Engineer conflict. Geologists view the world as a beautiful array of possibilities and a wealth of variability; a terrifying idea for detail obsessed and pigeon-holing Engineers. Rough estimates and 'back of the envelope calculations' have long conflicted with engineers' need definitive and quantifiable answers. Geologists, secure in their vague estimates have forever conflicted with engineers and their need for a definitive, quantifiable answer since the building of the pyramids. The ancient Egyptian engineers had determined that the Great Pyramid would require 6961105709.356732519874886510 metric tons of stone blocks to construct. The ancient Egyptian geologists yawned and disagreed. When it turned out that only 6961105709.356732519874886509 metric tons were required, the geologists sneered and said, "I told you your calculations were wrong." The geologists, having been proven correct and superior, have been envied by engineers since that fateful day. Adding further heat to the argument, Engineers commonly envy a Geologist's ability to take time off from his work. Geologists tend to carry their paraphernalia with them even while on break. Hence a Geologist strolling through the park or hiking around a property is viewed as 'on the job' by his or her superiors or employer, ergo always maintaining a facade of hard work. This infuriates engineers, who seldom get time off, nor any pleasure from their work. Similar activities by an engineer may result in demotion or unemployment, thus stoking the fire of their fury at the superior Geologist. Geologists also outlive engineers, who bored by their pitiful existence often forsake engineering for senior management and then have to deal with geologists who have become very skilled in manager-baiting. A complex art that revolves around telling managers almost what they want to know but phrasing it in jargon and vagaries to cause minor unstable mental episodes and periods of delusion followed by depression. Many engineers end their days in cosy little rooms playing with amateur radio or trying to coax a new computer to boot up in CP/M. Subclasses of "normal" Engineers are the Geo-technical and Mining Engineers. edit How do I become a Geologist ? To gain employment as a geologist you must find someone willing to hire one. This, as you may well imagine, is really very difficult. In preparation one could actually learn geology first at university and then seek employment at the same university. A second, and far more practical, method is to skip university and simply go and watch some geologists at work until you get the hang of it. Then off you go to an oil company to hire out to them. Either way, in advance of employment you may be interviewed by the oil company science staff - so make sure to bone up on the science basics like the "Scientific Method" and "Avogadro ... something something". In particular you should be aware of the "Geologic Method". In a nutshell that appears to be to go find some place where oil is being drilled (geologists call this a "find"). Then get someone (known as "consultants") to spread the word that actually you started the whole play. Finally, seek speaking engagements promoting the play. This will make you an invaluable asset at the company. If you do much of this you should end up as an Exploration Manager in short order and you will then no longer have many concerns with geology and will spend your day answering e-mails. Another useful way to gain employment as a geologist is to major in geology at some fine(?) college and study rocks for 4 years. Then, go to graduate school, and learn more about rocks for another 2-6 years. Then, gain a post-doc position at another school, and teach yourself about rocks for another few years. Then, gain a teaching position at that very same academic establishment - and teach others about rocks. At some point in time, you may actually get a real job as a practicing geologist... However, it is unlikely. edit Odd Geological Formations: Recruiting a Geologist or the Geology Trap There are several ways that Geologists can be formed, most of them are terrible and quite unnatural. It starts with an introduction to rocks by some other lost soul. Here I will list a few of their methods: 1) Typically it begins at a third rate university when an unknowing undergrad is lured into the Geology Department by "pretty" rocks. "You like those?" "We've got more!" they reckon... He or she was majoring in some kind of writing or art subject with no real future to speak of, which required four science credit hours for some reason, so he or she took the course in Geology. Big mistake. The introductory course that this poor soul had to endure, along with plenty of kinesiology and marketing majors that also decided to take the "easy" science class, featured a book called "Earth" or "Blue Planet" or some other crap like that, which had definitions for words like "weather" and "climate" that these future P.E. teachers and suicidal economists just couldn't comprehend. And the writer/artist coasted by with an A-. Nice. Stick with it eh? Then comes Mineralogy, and the selling of your soul to Satan, aka Exxon (or Halliburton) -- he goes by many names... According to Paleontology, as this student finds out, Satan is not real, or is possibly a Conodont, now fossilized and incapable of harm, and what the hell is a Conodont anyway? Finally they finish this student off with a pagan festival called "Field Camp" and a Sedimentology class to "round him out" (Average roundness is Subangular). The student endures endless trigonometry and arbitrary measurement taking along with plenty of sandstone. "Where are all the pretty rocks?", the student mutters. Well sorry, Sally, they are not here. This is the freaking desert. That is prickly pear. This town only has one bar with four American beers. Not enough to satisfy the now overwhelming alcoholism that entered the student's life somewhere between Azurite and listric faults. And this is only the beginning. Feel the fear. 2) Retirement from some "high-tech", mental health, military or medical industry and back to school. Now you are between 30 and 40, your fashion is skewed by something near 20 years, and either microchips, a threat from Jimmy the obsessive-compulsive, nymphomaniacal, self-medicating addict, or the constant flow of dead people encouraged you to study rocks. Peace of mind. Or so you think. Soon you will be wondering which direction the paleocurrents of a .05 meter dune were flowing somewhere on top of a mesa. But the fresh air will do your tired soul some good. Hell, they didn't even have to encourage you with those shiny things and colorful rocks. 3) As a child, you listened to John Denver and/or went on a family vacation to a location that had geological "stuff" with which you were unfamiliar, and which your parents/John Denver failed to explain adequately. Seeking answers, you turned to the "Rocky Mountain High," and, in a "dude my hands are huge" moment, you decided that geology was the life for you because that was the only way to A) answer your questions about the life, the Earth, the universe and everything, and B) tick off your evangelical relatives who think the world is 6000 years old and the Flintstones was a documentary. 4) The most odd and horrendous mutation from normal human into a Geologist that I have thus far encountered was the academic scholar. The details are all too terrible. A math professor. Rocks. That is all you need to know. edit How to spot a Geologist To spot a geologist in the wild, look for: - Someone with over enthusiasm on the subject of dinosaurs and who cringes when a dinosaur is called a reptile. - Someone explaining to airport security that a sidewall core covered in gunpowder residue isn't really a weapon. - Someone who only includes people in photos for scale, and has more pictures of his/her rock hammer and lens caps than of family and friends. Especially *Someone who uses their new baby for scale (Oh God..the horror!) - Someone lighting a cigarette with a handlens focussing the sunlight, or a coat hanger stretched between the battery terminals of a University van. - Someone explaining to airport security that just because his/her safety boots are covered in high-explosive (usually ANFEX) residue, it doesn't mean he/she is a terrorist - Someone who will willingly cross an eight-lane interstate on foot to determine if the outcrops are the same on both sides. - Someone who can pronounce the word molybdenite correctly on the first try. - Someone who has hiked 6 miles to look at a broken fence that was "offset by a recent earthquake". - Someone who says "this will make a nice Christmas gift" while out rock collecting. - Someone who looks at scenery and tells you how it formed. - Someone who, when on a beach, will collect shells and try to explain their muscle scars to you. - Someone who knows the phylum, kingdom, and genus of every ancient creature lodged in stone, some of which look nothing like an animal, but can't remember his/her mother's, or spouse's, birthday. - Someone who modifies his/her pace to one meter in order to simplify pace-and-compass mapping. - Someone who walks out of a bathroom and asks if you noticed the fossils in the stall dividers. - Someone whose sentences begin with the phrase, "Let me tell you what happened here." - Someone who can say, "Gneiss Cleavage" or talks about slaty cleavage and means it in a non-derogatory sense. - Someone who gets really upset when the countertop, which is obviously mafic/aphanitic/metamorphic, is called granite and takes 20 minutes to tell you why you're wrong. - Someone who scoffs when they see your compass doesn't have a clinometer as standard. - Someone who has a holster for their rock hammer.

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Snakes have slithered sinuously through sacred ceremonies and stories for many millennia. Sometimes they have been vilified as opponents, but they have also been praised for admirable attributes. In one of the most ancient surviving texts, the 4,000-year-old Epic of Gilgamesh, a snake swallows the 'plant of eternal youth', sloughs its old skin, and leaves the scene. The hero, Gilgamesh (king of a city in what is now Iraq), has been given another lesson in human mortality. He resolves to gain the only kind of immortality available to humans. While snakes will go on continuously rejuvenating themselves, even kings will be forgotten if they do not perform great deeds. Gilgamesh makes his city glorious and we are encouraged to create good impressions that will be our only memorials. A rather different lesson is taught by the first snake mentioned in the Bible. This serpent is now commonly associated with demonic temptation and evil seduction. But the snake is introduced as a wise creature not a bad one. This is not an isolated theme but appears in later west Asian texts. For example, in the Matthew’s Gospel, Jesus encourages his followers to be 'as wise as serpents and as innocent as doves'. While the Garden of Eden is like a children’s playground with cute and friendly animals, to gain wisdom people have to learn by making choices, sometimes getting it wrong, sometimes suffering, sometimes challenging authority, but always gaining in experience. The wisdom of snakes invites people to grow into maturity by doing bold things. Turning to the snakes of ancient art and architecture, the earliest known carved representation of snakes is on the pillars of a temple built nearly 12,000 years ago at Göbekli Tepe in south-eastern Turkey. Other creatures carved on the remarkable T-shaped pillars include lions, boars, foxes, scorpions and cranes. Perhaps they were like heraldic symbols for clans, or companions in religious ceremonies. It is hard to know, especially as the excavation is far from finished, but the fact that busy people carved snakes and other animals must indicate their importance. More recently, the steps of some central American pyramid-like temples have been adorned with elaborate serpents which seem to undulate downwards at the equinoxes as the sun casts shadows. Perhaps these snakes bring cosmic power to revitalise the earth’s vitality. From Minoan Crete, we have a number of female statues holding snakes. One of the most well known figures is of a bare breasted woman holding up snakes in both hands. She could be a Goddess or a priestess. Frequently, she is said to have something to do with fertility but this is not at all a subtle interpretation. Just as bare breasted women holding snakes in our culture are not usually interested in fecundity but in the serious business of pleasure, it is equally likely that Minoan Cretans were honouring vitality and sensuousness. On the other hand, the snake handling figures seem less energetic and mobile than those of people leaping over bulls. Perhaps the snakes were considered dangerous and the women, priestesses or Goddesses were demonstrating bravery or faith. There are, after all, contemporary snake-handling religions, for example among Pentecostalist Christians in the USA, in which people pick up venomous snakes to show that they are pious and that they trust their God to protect them. Snakes themselves have been honoured as protectors, for example of the Buddha, the Hindu deities Vishnu and Shiva, and ancient Egyptian pharaohs. In Kenya, the Luo venerate snakes as the guardians of springs and wells and request their help in times of drought. Although about a fifth of the world’s 2,500 species of snakes are venomous, they have often been associated with healing. A Greek deity of healing, Asclepius, is recognised by the snake curled up his staff. Perhaps this is similar to the bronze serpent God instructed Moses to raise up on pole so that those bitten by snakes could look at it and be healed. John’s Gospel insists that this prefigures the lifting up of Jesus on his cross — which makes it hard to think of snakes only as the embodiment of evil. Then there is the Caduceus of the messenger God Hermes with its two serpents twinned together, somewhat like the double helix of DNA. Snakes, then, have been associated in different religions with wisdom, wickedness, protection, healing, sensuous vitality, cosmic power and much more.

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Oh well, I did some research, and actually still do … here are the results I got so far.: The first account dates from November 30th, 1895 and is given by a Dr. Georg Irmer, who was the Imperial German Government District Administrator in the Marshall Islands, which were a German overseas colony back then. In his account he gives a bit information of some birds he saw when he inspected the Taongi Atoll (now Bokok) to collect guano samples for analysis and to reaffirm the German claim to the island, he mentiones seabirds and a large ground-dwelling bird which he named a ‘Trappe‘, the German term for a bustard. He gives no further description or whatsoever, but it is thought that he might not have seen any of the birds commonly known from the Marshall Islands because neither he nor his Marshallese crew were able to identify that bird. Given his name for the bird, ‘Trappe‘, it is quite likely that he indeed saw a rail of the genus Gallirallus, very much like the one that once inhabited the Wake Atoll to the north of the Marshall Islands. The second account comes from the natives of the Marshall Islands and was forwarded by them to the German ‘anthropologists’ who explored these islands at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a bird named as the anang-, annan-, or annang. This is said to have been a very small bird (the size of a butterfly (!)), and to have possessed a pleasant smell, it is said to have lived among the rocks around the shores of the northern Marshall Islands. The bird is known from oral traditions at least from the Jaluit-, and the Wotho Atoll, and it is always said to have been a ground-dwelling singing bird. This may in fact be a description of a Turnstone (Arenaria interpres (L.)), a species that winters in Micronesia and that was very much appreciated, for example by the inhabitants of Nauru, who cought them not to eat them but to tame them and keep them as pets. Or it is the description of a small crake or a reed-warbler, mixed with some phantastic components. The third account comes from Paul Hambruch, a German ethnologist that researched the life of the natives of the island of Nauru, his accounts are merely stories that were told him by a native named Auuiyeda, and which he translated into German. Let’s read them.: “Es gibt auch Vögel auf Nauru, wie Fregattvogel, schwarze Seeschwalbe, weiße Seeschwalbe, Regenpfeifer, Brachvogel, Möve, Schnepfe, Uferläufer, Ralle, Lachmöve und Rohrdrossel.” “There are also birds on Nauru, as frigate bird, black tern, white tern, plover, curlew, gull, snipe, sandpiper, rail, black-headed gull and reed thrush.“ And he goes on.: “Die Vogelwelt ist nach Zahl und Art reicher. Der Fregattvogel (Tachypetes aquila), itsi, die schwarze Seeschwalbe (Anous), doror, die weiße Seeschwalbe (Gygis), dagiagia, werden als Haustiere gehalten; der erste galt früher als heiliger Vogel, mit den beiden anderen werden Kampfspiele veranstaltet. Am Strande trifft man den Steinwälzer (Strepsilas interpres), dagiduba, den Regenpfeifer (Numenius), den Uferläufer (Tringoides), ibibito, die Schnepfe, ikirer, den Brachvogel ikiuoi, den Strandreiter iuji, die Ralle, earero bauo und zwei Möwenarten (Sterna), igogora und ederakui. Im Busche beobachtet man an den Blüten der Kokospalme den kleinen Honigsauger raigide, die Rohrdrossel (Calamoherpe syrinx), itirir und den Fliegenschnäpper (Rhipidura), temarubi.” “The bird world is richer by number and species, The frigate bird (Tachypetes aquila), itsi, the black tern (Anous), doror, the white tern (Gygis), dagiagia, are kept as pets; the first one was formerly considered a holy bird, with the two others are used for fighting games. At the beach one mets with the turnstone (Strepsilas interpres), dagiduba, the plover (Numenius), the sandpiper (Tringoides), ibibito, the snipe, ikirer, the curlew, ikiuoi, the beach rider [?] iuji, the rail, earero bauo and two gull species (Sterna), igogora and ederakui. In the bush one observes on the flowers of the coconut palm the small honeyeater raigide, the reed thrush (Calamoherpe syrinx), itirir and the flycatcher (Rhipidura), temarubi.“ The author is usually thought to have misinterpreted the things he was told by Auuiyeda, but I personally doubt that somehow, all the mentioned landbirds make in fact sence for georaphical reasons, so, why not? Nauru is now almost deserted, the whole island looks like a building site – and it actually is one! There are some sad rests of the forest that once covered the whole island, and indeed some landbirds still manage to survive in small numbers, one of them, the Nauru Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus rehsei (Finsch)) is even an endemic species, there’s no reason not to accept the former presense of a fantail, a honeyeater, and especially a rail, no reason at all! These birds, especially the rail, may already have been extirpated by the beginning of the 20th century, leaving only memories and storys told by the islanders. And last but not least, here the fourth account of birds from the Namoluk Atoll, Chuuk, that were enumerated by Max Girschner, another German who had lived in Micronesia at the beginning of the 20th century, he was a colonial offical, a doctor, and a ethnologist. I have no access to his accounts, but I can give you quotations of them by Mac Marshall from 1971, here they are.: “Ponape Lory (no Namoluk name) According to Girschner (1912:126), this species was blown to Namoluk in a typhoon in 1905, and apparently it still occurred on the atoll at the time of his visit. there are no lories at present on Namoluk nor can anyone alive on the atoll in 1971 remember seeing them.” According to Donald W. Buden this whole information is unlikely, and if these parrots have ever occurred on the Namoluk Atoll at all, they must have been brought there by people. I personally think … why not, typhoons may indeed blow parrots from one island to another, or how did the loris themselves came to end up on the island of Pohnpei in the first place? But wait, there’s more.: “A second bird mentioned by Girschner that no longer is found on Namoluk is “a small black and white bird” for which he gives the name lipukepuk.” The author states that this can only be the description of a New Hanover Mannikin (Lonchura (hunsteini ssp.) nigerrima (Rothschild & E. J. O. Hartert)), which does not occur anywhere in Micronesia and which is not black and white by the way. The bird he is actually referring to is Hunstein’s Mannikin (Lonchura hunsteini ssp. minor (Yamashina)), which again is very well occuring in Micronesia, at least on the island of Pohnpei (yes, again), and which is at least blackish and greyish …. To me the whole account sounds very much like a nice description of the Truk Monarch (Monarcha rugensis (Hombron & Jacquinot)), and given the fact that most island-dwelling birds in Micronesia also occur on nearby atolls it is quite possible that there once was a native population of this bird here as well. But we will probably never know for sure. The most interesting things that I found out so far are.: 1: Micronesian bird names are odd (to my ears and eyes), I mean the Palau Ground Dove (Alopecoenas canifrons (Hartlaub & Finsch)) for example is named omekrengukl, I do not even know how to pronounce that. 🙂 2: Micronesia harbors only 148 native breeding bird species (including the extinct ones!). 3: The Micronesian landbirds do not only occur on the higher islands but also on the atolls, even on those atolls that are quite far away from the next high islands, a situation that is completely different from Polynesia, where the high islands almost entirely harbor a different avifauna than the atolls. There may have been more species once, especially when we fill some of the illogical gaps between the islands and island groups. Paul Hambruch: Nauru. Ergebnisse der Südsee-Expedition 1908-1910. II. Ethnographie: B. Mikronesien, band 1.1 Halbband. Hamburg, Friedrichsen 1914 Mac Marshall: The natural history of namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 189: 1-53. 1975 Donald W. Buden: The birds of Satawan Atoll and the Mortlock Islands, Chuuk, including the first record of Tree Martin Hirundo nigricans in Micronesia. Bulletin on the British Ornithologists’ Club 126(2): 137-152. 2006 Dirk H. R. Spennemann: Extinctions and extirpations in Marshall Islands avifauna since European contact – a review of historic evidence. Micronesia 38(2): 253-266. 2006

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What is the identity of the Fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil? Soon I’ll discuss what, according to Jewish sources, it might have been. But first allow me to set the record straight about what it wasn’t: an apple. This is a common misconception based on non-Jewish sources and illustrations but is not found anywhere in authentic Jewish texts. The Adam’s apple, then, so called because of the purported lodging of the forbidden fruit in Adam’s throat, is a misnomer. So, what was this forbidden fruit? There are at least three opinions in the rabbinical literature: The grape, the fig, wheat. The grape. This is based on the wording of the verse that states that Eve “took from its fruits” (Gen. 3:6) and not that “she took its fruits”. The implication is that she did not take the fruit of the tree itself, but rather derived a product from it, namely wine which is the fruit of the vine. Thus, this opinion in our Sages posits that “Eve pressed grapes and gave Adam wine”. This, of course, is in keeping with the Torah’s many warnings against the vices of alcohol and the way that wine in particular can cause folly and offense. The fig. This is based on the narrative that relates how after the sin Adam and Eve covered their newly realized nakedness with fig leaves (3:7). The explanation is that when the first couple became aware of the magnitude of their misdeed they sought to hide themselves from G-d. As they grasped for straw to cover their iniquity all trees in the Garden recoiled from abetting their escape. Only the fig tree, their accomplice in sin, offered cover in its leaves. However, conversely, it was this cooperation to conceal that initiated the rectification of their wrong. Wheat. This most interesting assertion is based on the idea that an infant only starts to call his father “abba” when he is able to eat and digest wheat. This ability reveals a certain degree of intelligence and discernment. While a child’s first drooling “daddy” is most endearing, it paradoxically plants the first seeds of rebellion. How so? Initially, an infant is in speechless awe of his father. However, when he starts to call him “abba”, he begins to quantify and thereby limit him such that eventually he second-guesses him until he finally attempts to outdo him. Accordingly, it is wheat which caused Adam and Eve to second-guess G-d’s intention and to ultimately rebel against His Will. Interestingly, this opinion maintains that wheat originally grew on trees in baked form. When Adam sinned, this marvelous tree, which grew ready-made baked goods, was reduced to a lowly kernel sprouting plant. Yet, in the future, when all mankind returns to G-d and rectifies the sin of Adam and Eve, the Tree of Knowledge will be restored to its former glory. Then, all humanity will use its G-d given intelligence and power of discernment not to outdo G-d, but to wholeheartedly do His Will. - Sanhedrin 72 - Bereshet Rabba 19 - Rashi, Gen. 3:7 - Ketubot 111b

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[Hao] from Noisebridge showed me their CNC mill being used to etch PCBs. Using copper clad board, this MAXNC 10 mill routes the PCB with decent accuracy. This makes for very rapid prototyping of single sided PCBs. [Hao] designed the PCB using the open source KiCad EDA tool. This was used to draw the schematic, layout the PCB, and generate the Gerber files. Next, pcb2gcode was used to convert the Gerbers to G-code, which is a standard set of instructions for controlling CNC devices. Finally, LinuxCNC was used to send the G-code instructions to the mill. It’s a powerful application of a completely open source workflow. The PCB being milled is for a pressure based touch sensor. It uses the Freescale MPL115A barometric pressure sensor encased in a rubber housing. This sensor is being incorporated into the Dora Opensource Robot Assistant project, which [Hao] and the Noisebridge folks are working on. We’re looking forward to hearing more about the Dora project in the future.

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Scientists have found that dirty laundry is a potential reason to explain why bedbugs have spread all over the world in the past decades —particularly in the US, Europe, and Australia. The study found bedbugs usually spread through dirty clothes when people are traveling. After this research, humans are no longer considered as the only host that facilitate bedbugs’ dispersal. Most travelers usually leave their suitcases half-closed to avoid having to open them every time they want to get something from it, for example. They also put their dirty clothes in particular open spaces, separated from the clean ones. According to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports on Thursday, these bugs seem attracted to the odor humans leave in clothes after being used. Dr. William Hentley, an ecologist from the University of Sheffield’s Department of Animal and Plant Sciences who led the study, suggests that bedbugs are more found in hotel rooms than any other place. When the insects find worn clothes nearby, they feel attracted to them as if these were magnets. “Our study suggests that keeping dirty laundry in a sealed bag, particularly when staying in a hotel, could reduce the chances of people taking bedbugs home with them, which may reduce the spread of infestations,” said the leader of the study in a statement, according to EurekAlert. “Soiled clothing left in an open suitcase, or left on the floor, of an infested room is more likely to attract bedbugs… When packed into a suitcase, they will accompany their host back home.” Although these bugs can’t swim, jump, or fly —and they are also well hated by humans— they have expanded rapidly around the world, taking over new territories and growing in number and range. According to a 2015 survey by the National Pest Management Association and the University of Kentucky, these insects usually live in nursing homes, hospitals, schools, and even office buildings. Impressively, bedbugs hate to travel alone on their own. The insects feed exclusively on blood, which is why they search for any living being to eat and travel anywhere the prey goes. They live hidden in spaces hard to reach, where people don’t usually notice their existence. They can survive for about six months without feeding. Bedbugs measure about 5 mm long, but they are visible to the average human eye. When they haven’t eaten, they usually look light-brown and oval shaped. But when they feed on blood, their color and form change. They get a little bit bigger, become rounder, and their brown turns darker. Almost all bedbugs preferred the dirty clothing The researchers selected a group of four people and gave them cotton-made clothes to be used for about 3 hours a day, while they performed their usual activities. After the three hours passed, the volunteers gave the scientists the dirty clothes back to wait for the results. The scientists grouped the dirty clothes in a series of bags and separated them from another series of bags, but the latter was filled with clean garments. Both groups were randomly placed in a circle —at an air-tight room so the bedbugs could perceive the smell of the clothes. Then, an open container of parasites was placed in the center of the circle, leaving the family of bugs to freely decide which kind of clothes they wanted. After four days, which is the number of days bedbugs usually take to change their living habitat, more bedbugs had moved from the initial container to one of the bags filled with dirty clothing. By the end, the clean-bag had almost none parasites. Richard Cooper, an entomologist at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, believes this is “a good study”. He was not involved in the research, but he acknowledged the possibility of these parasites traveling in the dirty clothes due to the smell, which attracts them. The number of bedbugs in the world is increasing These parasites do not transmit any disease, but they bite and cause allergic reactions. Due to the annoyances the bedbugs produced, they were largely eradicated from large parts of the developed world… Until now. Bedbugs have recently undergone a global resurgence, which has been partly attributed to an increase in low-cost international travel in the tourism industry. The common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) seemed to be disappearing in the mid-1980 and 1990, but some statistics suggest an impressive high-peak in their numbers lately. The number of people finding bedbugs has increased across Europe, particularly in the UK — almost doubling the number of cases that were reported a few years ago. Anyone who sleeps in a place infested with bedbugs might end with itchy bites and irritations all over their body. However, there are some measures the person can follow to avoid taking any mites with it. “Bedbugs struggle to walk up smooth surfaces, so when I go traveling I always look for those smooth metal luggage racks to keep my suitcase on,” said Hentley, according to The Guardian. “Failing that, I would keep my clothes in a big ziplock bag.” Source: The Guardian

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The world’s oceans are home to a vast array of marine life, providing sustenance and livelihoods to millions of people worldwide. However, overfishing and unsustainable fishing practices have put tremendous pressure on marine stocks, leading to a decline in fish populations and threatening the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. To address this challenge, we must harness the power of technology in the form of software, Internet of Things (IoTs), probes, and interconnectivity to enforce fishery seasons and protect at-risk marine stocks. By leveraging these innovative solutions, we can usher in a new era of sustainable fisheries management and ensure the long-term health of our oceans. - IoT and Real-Time Data Internet of Things (IoT) devices play a crucial role in transforming the way we monitor and manage fisheries. By equipping fishing vessels with IoT-enabled sensors, we can collect real-time data on fishing activities, such as catch volumes, species composition, and geographical locations. This data empowers fisheries management authorities to enforce fishery seasons effectively, allowing them to set catch limits and close fishing areas when necessary to protect spawning grounds and vulnerable marine species. Additionally, IoT devices can aid in combating illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing practices. By using satellite-based communication systems, authorities can remotely track fishing vessels’ movements, ensuring they comply with fishing regulations and remain within designated fishing zones during specific seasons. - Probes and Remote Sensing Technological advancements in underwater probes and remote sensing technologies have revolutionized our ability to monitor marine ecosystems. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with advanced sensors can collect valuable data on marine biodiversity, fish populations, and habitat health. By analyzing this information, scientists and policymakers gain insights into the state of marine stocks and can make informed decisions to protect vulnerable species during sensitive times of the year. - Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) are instrumental in processing and analyzing the massive amount of data collected from various sources, including IoT devices, probes, and satellite imagery. By crunching these datasets, AI algorithms can identify trends, predict fish migration patterns, and even forecast potential fishery conflicts. Fisheries managers can leverage this knowledge to optimize fishery seasons, avoid bycatch, and mitigate the impact on at-risk marine stocks. - Software Solutions for Collaborative Management Effective fisheries management requires collaboration among multiple stakeholders, including governments, fishers, scientists, and environmental organizations. Software platforms and applications can serve as the backbone of this collaborative effort. By providing a centralized platform for data sharing and communication, stakeholders can work together to develop sustainable fishing practices and adapt them to changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, fishery management software can incorporate blockchain technology to ensure transparency and traceability within the seafood supply chain. This innovation helps combat illegal fishing and empowers consumers to make informed choices by knowing the provenance of the seafood they purchase. - Interconnectivity and Global Cooperation The oceans are a shared resource, crossing international boundaries and jurisdictions. To effectively protect at-risk marine stocks, interconnectivity between countries and regions is crucial. By sharing data, best practices, and knowledge, nations can collectively address the challenges of overfishing and unsustainable practices. International agreements and partnerships between governments, NGOs, and industry stakeholders can be facilitated through digital platforms and virtual conferences. Such collaborations enable the development of standardized fishing regulations and promote responsible fishing practices globally. As our oceans face mounting threats from overfishing and habitat degradation, technology emerges as a powerful ally in safeguarding marine stocks and enforcing sustainable fishery seasons. By embracing IoTs, probes, big data analytics, and interconnectivity, we can foster a new era of responsible fisheries management. These innovative solutions empower policymakers, scientists, and fishers to work together in preserving the oceans’ biodiversity for generations to come. Let us seize the potential of technology to ensure a sustainable and thriving future for our marine ecosystems.

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A Word Fitly Spoken By Rev. Bill Langerak Everyone, it seems, wants to be first. Understandable, for to be first is to be best or have the most of some ability or power, which usually brings riches or honor. This appeals to us. And we often imagine that if only we, or our children, our team, business, or nation, were first, life would be much better. But this isn’t true, for Jesus said, many who are first shall be last (Mark 10:31). And so we would do well to consider from the Word what it truly means to be first. Scripture celebrates many firsts, and even as we do, firsts with regard to time. The very first day of the very first year was when God created light (Gen. 1:5). Salvation and deliverance are often associated with the first day of a new year, as when Noah uncovered the ark to discover a new creation (Gen. 8:13). In the first month of the year, Israel was freed from the bondage of Egypt, celebrated with the Feasts of Unleavened Bread and Passover, first set up the tabernacle, crossed over Jordan into Canaan, and returned from Babylon (Ex. 40:2; Josh. 4:19; Ezra 7:9).

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There is more than one way to practice mindfulness, but the goal of any mindfulness technique is to achieve a state of alert, focused relaxation by deliberately paying attention to thoughts and sensations without judgment. This allows the mind to refocus on the present moment. What is the goal of meditation? The goal of meditation is to feel calm Rather, being fully present with what’s unfolding in order to use your energy skillfully, is more important. What is the main focus of meditation? Meditation may be an ancient tradition, but it’s still practiced in cultures all over the world to create a sense of calm and inner harmony. Although the practice has ties to many different religious teachings, meditation is less about faith and more about altering consciousness, finding awareness, and achieving peace. What are the three main components of mindfulness and meditation? In general, they seek to develop three key characteristics of mindfulness: - Intention to cultivate awareness (and return to it again and again) - Attention to what is occurring in the present moment (simply observing thoughts, feelings, sensations as they arise) - Attitude that is non-judgmental, curious, and kind. What is your idea of mindfulness? Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment, through a gentle, nurturing lens. How long should I meditate for? How Long Should You Meditate For? Mindfulness-based clinical interventions such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) typically recommend practicing meditation for 40-45 minutes per day. The Transcendental Meditation (TM) tradition often recommends 20 minutes, twice daily. How do you meditate in bed? How to meditate - Find a quiet area. Sit or lie down, depending on what feels most comfortable. Lying down is preferable at bedtime. - Close your eyes and breathe slowly. Inhale and exhale deeply. Focus on your breathing. - If a thought pops up, let it go and refocus on your breathing. 13 янв. 2020 г. What problems could emerge because of meditation? It revealed that meditation can cause surprising negative side effects, affecting participants’ emotions, sensory perception, social interaction, sense of self, and more. Some of the study subjects reported hallucinations, panic, a total loss of motivation, and the re-living of traumatic memories. Are you supposed to think during meditation? “The key is awareness of the thoughts and allowing them to exist without having to take action right then and there,” Barajas says. “You don’t have to think about anything. There is no ‘should. ‘ The thought process is whatever you’d like it to be.” How do you meditate properly? How to Meditate: Simple Meditation for Beginners - Sit or lie comfortably. You may even want to invest in a meditation chair or cushion. - Close your eyes. … - Make no effort to control the breath; simply breathe naturally. - Focus your attention on the breath and on how the body moves with each inhalation and exhalation. What are the 9 attitudes of mindfulness? The 9 Attitudes of Mindfulness according to Jon Kabat-Zinn - Beginner’s mind. - Non Striving. - Letting Go. What’s the difference between mindfulness and meditation? Mindfulness is the awareness of “some-thing,” while meditation is the awareness of “no-thing.” There are many forms of meditation. Some are aimed at developing a clear and focused mind, known as ‘Clear Mind’ meditations. … Mindfulness Meditation is a form of Clear Mind meditation. What are 5 benefits of mindfulness? 5 Benefits of Mindfulness - Reduced rumination. Several studies have shown that mindfulness reduces rumination. … - Stress reduction. … - Decrease in anxiety, negative affect, and emotional reactivity. … - Mindfulness meditation affects our ability to focus attention and suppress distracting information. … - Relationship satisfaction. What are the 3 things that mindfulness helps reduce? Mindfulness can: help relieve stress, treat heart disease, lower blood pressure, reduce chronic pain, , improve sleep, and alleviate gastrointestinal difficulties. Mindfulness improves mental health. What are examples of mindfulness? What are some examples of mindfulness exercises? - Pay attention. It’s hard to slow down and notice things in a busy world. … - Live in the moment. Try to intentionally bring an open, accepting and discerning attention to everything you do. … - Accept yourself. … - Focus on your breathing. How do you use mindfulness in everyday life? Here are seven tips to incorporate into your daily life. - Practice mindfulness during routine activities. … - Practice right when you wake up. … - Let your mind wander. … - Keep it short. … - Practice mindfulness while you wait. … - Pick a prompt to remind you to be mindful. … - Learn to meditate. 9 июн. 2012 г.

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During pregnancy, the woman’s immunity is weakened, which gives various diseases a fertile ground for development. So, many girls complain of sinusitis. This is one of the varieties of sinusitis, characterized by inflammation of the maxillary sinuses. Can wear a sharp, and also a chronic form. Due to weakened immunity, pregnant women are at risk. Sinusitis occurs as an independent disease, as well as against other respiratory diseases. So, an untreated rhinitis or cold (acute respiratory disease, acute respiratory viral infection, influenza) can cause sinusitis, as well as a sick tooth or chronic inflammation of the tonsils. In addition, sinusitis can be caused by various kinds of infections. Allergic reactions and curvature of the nasal septum in rare cases can be the causes of the disease. The disease occurs in pregnant women, as well as in all other people. The only difference is that the first signs of maxillary sinusitis are not always treated as a disease. The hormonal background in pregnant women varies, all mucus discharges become more dense, which prevents them from easily separating. In addition, because of the expansion of blood vessels from the influx and faster circulation of blood over them, pregnant women tend to have difficulty breathing and a small nasal congestion. Headaches are often written off for fatigue, rather than the initial stage of sinusitis. This is the greatest danger: Due to the fact that time is running out and the disease is not treated in the early stages, there is a risk that it will flow into a chronic form. Sinusitis during pregnancy is a danger for both mom and baby. This is, first of all, in the fact that breathing is difficult, and, consequently, the supply of oxygen. This in turn has a bad effect on the development of the fetus, leading to the development of hypoxia.

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How to Avoid Diabetes and Reverse Diabetes Type 2 The problem is no one's allowed to tell you that you can usually avoid diabetes and sometimes even reverse diabetes naturally. But many studies clearly show that avoiding diabetes and actually even reversing early type 2 diabetes is possible. And learning how to avoid diabetes and reverse diabetes naturally is vitally important. We're clearly in the midst of a serious type 2 diabetes epidemic. Over 24 million Americans and 300 million people worldwide have type 2 diabetes. And the complications of diabetes are down right scary. - Kidney failure, - Damaged nerves, - Circulation problems, - Leg and foot amputations, - And a high heart disease risk. What was once called adult-onset diabetes is now showing up in many more adults and an ever-growing number of teens and children. But the great news is that learning how to avoid diabetes type 2 and even reverse diabetes is simple. But it takes strong commitment and persistence to make the lifestyle changes that reduce your risk for diabetes. However, with the seven simple steps below, you can also reduce your chance of diabetes complications, heart disease and some cancers. 1. Make exercise a priority. Working your muscles with regular physical activity greatly improves circulation and your ability to use insulin and absorb glucose. Studies show that just taking a brisk half-hour walk every day reduces your risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 30%. And adding more physical activity during the day reduces your diabetes risk even more. 2. Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight is the major cause of type 2 diabetes. It increases your risk by seven times. Obesity makes you 20 to 40 times more likely to develop diabetes than someone at a healthy weight. But, if you're overweight, losing just 7% to 10% of your current weight can cut your chance of developing diabetes in half. Healthy permanent weight loss is the best thing you can do to decrease your diabetes risk. 3. Eliminate refined carbohydrates. Sugar, sugary soft drinks, fruit drinks and fruit juice, white bread, white rice, white pasta and other refined carbohydrates cause a fast and furious rise in blood sugar. Eating these high glycemic foods greatly increases your risk of developing diabetes. 4. Focus on plant foods. A diet high in fiber foods, such as colorful vegetables, beans, fresh fruits and 100% whole grains lowers your risk of diabetes and helps keep your appetite and calories under control. 5. Choose healthy fats. The fats you eat affect your diabetes risk one way or another, so it's important to learn bad fat good fat differences. Fats found in omega 3 fish, such as salmon and tuna, raw nuts, seeds, whole grains and olive oil help to lower your risk of diabetes and heart disease. Whereas trans fats do just the opposite by contributing to diabetes. 6. If You Smoke, Quit. Diabetes is just one of the many smoking health risks on the long list of health problems caused by tobacco use. Smokers are at least 50% more likely to develop diabetes than nonsmokers. 7. Manage blood pressure and cholesterol. Diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure all damage blood vessels. And when they team up together, they increase your risk for heart attack, stroke and other deadly conditions. But if you exercise regularly, eat for great health and manage your weight, you can lower blood pressure and cholesterol naturally. And learn all the symptoms of diabetes type 2 and insulin resistance. Although following these steps for avoiding diabetes type 2 and reversing diabetes naturally takes commitment, focus and persistence, type 2 diabetes and the complications of diabetes are highly preventable. More Common Sense Health for You: How to Control Emotional Eating How to Get Rid of Belly Fat and Waist Fat Unhealthy Food to Avoid & Foods NOT to Eat Sugar Addicts Guide to Overcoming Sugar Addiction You'll also want to sign up to receive our free Common Sense Health Newsletter sent out weekly. This only makes good common sense! Just enter your email address below: Posted in: Health Conditions By Moss Greene Google+ Digg this article! Email this article

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Many thousands of people live in Jagatpura, one of Jaipur’s poorest slum and as is the case in many of them in India, it has no electricity or drainage system, nor a community health center or a proper place for children to play. Residents are generally uneducated and are either unemployed or work as unskilled laborers like rickshaw pullers. Because of the very high illiteracy levels among adults and children, one of the biggest challenges is education. As a volunteer on this project, you’ll be helping to school these underprivileged youngsters and give them a brighter future. Though there is an educational facility in the slum, attendance numbers are low as many children are sent out by their families to work. Access to basic education is even more limited for girls, who are often forced into arranged marriages or kept home to look after their younger siblings while the parents work. This project targets children who don’t attend school as well as those who have dropped out, with the aim of enrolling these youngsters in school by motivating parents and encouraging their support. So while the focus is on children, volunteers will work with the entire community to ensure the sustainability of the project. The project operates out of a small community center set up by an NGO called Saarthak. It is here that community meetings are held to create awareness around the importance of education and to motivate parents to send their children to school. The center also provides basic education to children from the slum so that they can enroll in a government school when the time comes. Students are taught basic English and Maths skills, among others, in preparation for further, formal education.

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Late season nitrogen applications for forage grasses are not recommended Benefits of a late season application for forage grasses in Michigan are outweighed by environmental risks. During the month of September, some producers have asked if they should make a late season application (after September 1) of nitrogen (N) to cool season grasses. They know that the benefits of adding N to forage grasses during the spring and summer months include increased yields, increased plant health, faster regrowth and decreased leaf diseases, and they want to make sure their forage stands are healthy and vigorous for the coming year’s spring growth. As the season changes from summer to fall, temperatures drop and day length shortens, and the plants begin to store carbohydrates and N in the root zone for winter survival and new growth in the spring. A brief description of the N cycle can help explain how N becomes available in the soil. The main source of N in soils is from organic matter in plant and animal wastes. When these decompose, they add N to the soil. Bacteria in the soil then convert those forms of N into usable forms that plants can use. The plants are either used by animals for food or are returned to the soil to break down again as organic matter. Sources of inorganic N fertilizer, such as urea, will move into the soil with rainfall and are readily available and do not need to be broken down by bacteria. If inorganic N fertilizers are applied late in the growing season, they may not be used by plants because growth slows when light and temperature decreases. This can result in an excess of N in the soil, leading to leaching and groundwater contamination. Therefore, Michigan State University does not recommend a late season application of N fertilizer to cool season grasses in Michigan. Nitrogen losses from fall applications vary from 10 to 20 percent on fine-to medium-textured soils (clay, clay loams and loams) and from 30 to more than 50 percent on coarse-textured soils (sandy loams, loamy sands and sands). Although applying N in the fall on fine-textured soils may have certain economic benefits, the environmental risks of this practice generally outweigh the potential economic benefit. - Nutrient Recommendations for Field Crops in Michigan, MSU Extension Bulletin E2904

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Bad publicity: No evidence any shark species develops a taste for human flesh Surfersvillage Global Surf News, 4 January, 2012 : - - Rogue sharks exist only in Hollywood. And it is time the term 'shark attack'' was rejected as sensationalist and misleading, according to Christopher Neff, a researcher at the University of Sydney carrying out the world's first PhD on the politics of 'shark bite incidents'. ''Swimmers are in the way, not on the menu,'' he said. ''There is no evidence any shark species develops a taste for human flesh.'' Mr Neff does not want to downplay the tragedy of serious or fatal encounters with these apex predators of the sea, particularly during this summer of heavy rain, when swimmers will have to be extra careful about where and when they take a dip. ''Shark bites are scary,'' he said. But persistent myths and sensationalism can lead to ineffective, political solutions, such as the recent authorisation of a shark hunt in Western Australia after three deaths, which would have made no swimmer safer if it had gone ahead, he said. Rather, straight talking and good information is needed, such as the facts that shark numbers increase in summer in Parramatta River and Sydney Harbour, and people shouldn't swim there for three days after heavy rain because sewage attracts sharks. ''Then people can determine their own level of risk, based on their behaviour.'' Mr Neff, an American, said it was wrong for incidents always to be described as attacks, when bites are often defensive or done out of curiosity. ''The public is unable to tell scratches from fatalities, boats from people, or wobbegongs from great whites,'' he said. About 13 per cent of so-called shark attacks in NSW are by wobbegongs, for example. ''That means someone was stepping on it or pestering it.'' Mr Neff has been fascinated by sharks from childhood. His first research project in Sydney was on conservation of a different carnivore, lions, which provided a telling comparison. Unlike with the ocean, people easily recognise that the African bush is the wild, and it is unwise to wander alone when and where lions feed, he said. Before the ''rogue shark'' concept was developed, shark attacks were often referred to as ''shark accidents''. And after some fatalities in the 1920s, a NSW government committee nevertheless concluded ''sharks do not patrol the beaches on the off-chance of occasionally devouring human prey''. Read the full article at Sydney Morning Herald Survey: Map Surfings future More Australasian Surfing News available here Source: Sydney Morning Herald Sharks - Surfersvillage

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This false-color picture of a thunderstorm near Jupiter’s Great Red Spot was taken by the Galileo spacecraft in June, 1996. “Near” on Jupiter means about 10,000 km. The white cloud in the center is a tall, thick cloud 1,000 km across, extending 25 km or so higher than most of the surrounding clouds. The cloud base extends off to the left and appears red in this picture. Different wavelengths of light penetrates to different depths in Jupiter’s atmosphere before being reflected back by clouds. Red represents data taken with the 756 nm filter, a wavelength where Jupiter’s atmosphere allows the light to penetrate deeply. Green and blue represent data taken with the 727 and 889 nm filters where the gases in the atmosphere absorb strongly, so only high clouds can reflect the light. The green and blue areas show high clouds; the red areas show deep clouds. This red color indicates that the cloud base is very deep in the atmosphere, about 50 kilometers below the surrounding clouds. Most of the features in Jupiter’s clouds are ammonia clouds at a pressure just less than Earth’s sea level pressure. On Jupiter, water is the only substance forming clouds deeper in the atmosphere where the pressure is about five times the Earth’s sea level pressure. The red base of this thunderstorm is so deep that it can only be a water cloud. In 1979, the Voyager spacecraft detected convective clouds of this type near the Great Red Spot, but their cameras could not allow the determination of the storms’ altitude. It is thought that these storms are analogous to an Earth thunderstorm, with the cloud’s high, bright, white portion comparable to the anvil clouds we see on Earth. We can’t tell it the precipitation is rain or snow, but there are indications that storms on Jupiter have lightning in them. The greatest difference between this storm and thunderstorms on Earth is the scale. The anvil of this storm is 1,000 km across and 75 km high. Here on Earth, the largest anvils are 200 km across and 18 km high. The image covers an area approximately 9,000 by 7,000 km. The thumbnail on the left shows an area of similar size on the Earth. Image Credits: NASA

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