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Practice Naturalization Test When you are applying to become a U.S. citizen, you must submit a written application and take a naturalization test . This test takes the form of an interview with a UCIS officer and covers basic information about U.S. history, traditions, and government. Although the amount of information you will need to learn may seem challenging, many naturalization practice tests are available to assist you. Studying this test and others like it will greatly increase the chance that your application will be accepted. What Is Included in the Tests? The immigration and naturalization tests include both a civics test and an English test. The civics test includes questions about U.S. government, history, geography, and your rights and duties as a citizen. The English test checks your ability to speak, read, and write English. A Reliable Practice Naturalization Test The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) website provides a variety of resources in different formats to help you prepare and practice for your naturalization tests. By following the link above, you can view and download study materials for the civic and English tests. Occasionally, answers to questions may be updated, so be sure to check the website frequently. Civics Practice Test The civics test is comprised of 100 questions. Although you will only be asked ten questions during your naturalization test, you won’t know in advance which questions will be asked. Therefore, it is important to study well and know the answers to all of the questions. You must correctly answer six of the ten questions in order to pass the test. The USCIS website offers practice materials in a variety of different formats. To assist your studying, choose the format from which you learn best. - Learn about the United States Audio CD (English or Spanish) – Listen to short lessons about U.S. civics. Each lesson includes answers to the questions you will be asked during the immigration and naturalization test. - Videos – View videos that discuss U.S. history, civics, and citizens’ rights and responsibilities. - Civics Flash Cards (English or Spanish) – Each flash card has a question on one side and an answer on the other side. The flash cards include historical photos. You may use them to quiz yourself, or ask a friend or family member to test you. - 100 Civics Questions and Answers (Chinese, English, Spanish) – The official list of questions and answers can be downloaded and printed in Spanish and Chinese. However, remember that it will be administered in English, so it is probably wisest to practice from the English version. - Study Booklets – The website offers a standard or pocket-sized booklet about U.S. history and civics which you may download and study. - Online Civics Practice Test (English and Spanish) – After you have studied the questions, the USCIS website allows you to test yourself online through the civics naturalization practice test portal. English Practice Test Your ability to speak, read, write, and English will greatly affect your eligibility for citizenship. Your answers to questions during the interview will help the interviewer determine if you can speak English. You will be asked to read three sentences aloud and write three sentences that are related to U.S. history and civics. In order to pass, one of the three sentences must be read correctly, and one of the three sentences must be written correctly. As with the civics practice test, materials for the English test are available for download on the USCIS website. Choose materials in the format that help you learn best. - Flash Cards – Download flash cards for the reading and writing tests. - Vocabulary List – Access a list of all the words found in the reading and writing tests. - Interactive English Practice Tests – Access tests to help you understand the interview and familiarize yourself with the vocabulary for the reading test. - Videos – View a video for an overview of the immigration and naturalization interview and learn what to expect during your appointment. Often, the anxiety and nervousness about an important event can be decreased if you prepare well. The same is true with your immigration and naturalization interview and tests. Use the resources on the USCIS website to help you become confident in your knowledge about U.S. history and civics, and use the practice naturalization test regularly. Asking a friend or family member to test you on the questions can help you be less nervous during your interview. If you need assistance with the process of becoming a U.S. citizen, contact an professional immigration attorney

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The Healing Power of Pets The pet-health link has been well established for relationships with dogs, cats, birds, mammals, reptiles, aquarium fish and horses. A prominent researcher in this field also suggests that similar benefits may extend to individuals who care for their gardens, farmers actively tending their crops, 4-H children with pet animals, as well as bird watchers and wild bird feeders. As society has become more industrialized and urbanized and agriculture increasingly mechanized, the potential for such activities appears to be declining. It is postulated that such contact with the natural world plays an essential but unappreciated role in human development. Infants who are deprived of touch fail to thrive or develop normally and the healing benefit of touch therapy in adult patients is well recognized. Nurturing and caring seem to induce or be associated with significant psychological and physiological responses that have beneficial health repercussions. Conversely, social isolation, bereavement an inability to care for others and lack of zest for work and daily activities are associated with increased susceptibility to illness, depression, and loneliness. Caring for and looking after other living things, regardless of whether they are people, pets or plants seems to provide a powerful buffer against such problems by somehow promoting the healing ways of nature (vis medicatrix naturae).

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272 miles N of Phoenix; 130 miles E of Grand Canyon North Rim; 130 miles NE of Grand Canyon South Rim Had the early Spanish explorers of Arizona suddenly come upon Lake Powell after traipsing for months across desolate desert, they would have either taken it for a mirage or fallen to their knees and rejoiced. Imagine the Grand Canyon filled with water, and you have a pretty good picture of Lake Powell. Surrounded by hundreds of miles of parched desert, this reservoir, created by the damming of the Colorado River at Glen Canyon, seems unreal when first glimpsed. Yet real it is, and it draws people from around the region with its promise of relief from the heat. Construction of the Glen Canyon Dam came about despite the angry outcry of many who felt that this canyon was even more beautiful than the Grand Canyon and should be preserved in its natural state. Preservationists lost the battle, and construction of the dam began in 1960, with completion in 1963. It took another 17 years for Lake Powell to fill to capacity. Today, the lake is a watery powerboat playground, and houseboats and water-skiers cruise where once only bird songs and the splashing of waterfalls filled the canyon air. These days most people seem to agree, though, that Lake Powell is as amazing a sight as the Grand Canyon, and it draws almost as many visitors each year as its downriver neighbor. While Lake Powell is something of a man-made wonder of the world, one of the natural wonders of the world -- Rainbow Bridge -- can also be found on its shores. Called nonnozhoshi by the Navajo, or "the rainbow turned to stone," this is the largest natural bridge on earth and stretches 275 feet across a side canyon off Lake Powell. The town of Page, originally a camp constructed to house the workers who built the dam, has many motels and inexpensive restaurants, and is the main base for most visitors to the area.

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|Year||Population||Rank in US||Growth Rate| Based on the latest 2022 data from the US census, the current population of Netawaka is 141. Netawaka, Kansas is the 17,435th largest city in the US. The peak population of Netawaka was in 2000, when its population was 170. In 2000, Netawaka was the 17,384th largest city in the US; now its fallen to the 17,435th largest city in the US. Netawaka is currently 17.1% smaller than it was in 2000. Netawaka has shrunk 17.0% since the year 2000. Netawaka, Kansas's growth is about average. 52% of similarly sized cities are growing faster since 2000. |17429||Elk River, Idaho||141||-9.0%| |17430||Elko, South Carolina||141||-33.4%| |17432||Hills and Dales, Kentucky||141||5.2%| |17434||Montrose, West Virginia||141||-9.6%| |17440||Bingham Lake, Minnesota||140||-16.6%| |17441||Chest Springs, Pennsylvania||140||27.2%| The total voting age population of Netawaka, Kansas, meaning US citizens 18 or older, is 129. The voting age population is 51.9% male and 48.1% female. According to the latest census statistics, 16.5% of the residents of Netawaka are 65 or older. The racial demographics of Netawaka are 85.4% White, 11.0% Two or more races and 3.7% American Indian. Additionally, 0.6% of the population identifies as Hispanic. In Netawaka, 20.1% of residents have an income below the poverty line, and the child poverty rate is 54.3%. On a per-household basis, 10.4% of families are below the poverty line in Netawaka. Among those aged 16 and older, 56.5% of Netawaka residents are in the labor force. Among the adult population 25 years old and over, 95.0% of Netawaka residents have at least a high school degree or equivalent, 14.3% have a bachelor's degree and 5.0% have a graduate or professional degree. Among Netawaka residents aged 5 and older, 0.6% of them speak a non-English language at home. Broken down by language: 0.0% of residents speak Spanish at home, 0.6% speak an Indo-European language, and 0.0% speak an Asian language. In Netawaka, 17.9% of the residents in the non-military labor force are employed by the local, state and federal government. The median household income in Netawaka is $61,250. In Netawaka, 92.3% of housing units are occupied by their owners. Renters occupy 7.7% of housing units in Netawaka. Of all the housing units in Netawaka, 38.5% of them were build before 1940. In Netawaka, 10.8% of the total housing units were built after the year 2000. The median gross monthly rent payment for renters in Netawaka is $638. In Netawaka, 80.0% of households have an active broadband internet connection.

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CIMRM 1253-1254 - Statue of a genius. Dieburg, Germany Behn fig 31. The head depicted does not belong to the torso, as Vermaseren makes clear. Behn states that it was found separately and attached by the excavators. Statue in yellow-red sandstone (H. 0.44 Br. 0.26 D. 0.195), found in the pit of the Mithraeum. Inv. No. 147/52. Behn, 31 No. 6 and fig. 31. See fig. 328. Standing figure the upper part of whose body is naked. He holds in his l.h. a double cornucopia which emerges from two leaves. With his r.h. he puts a patera on an altar. The l.h. and the head are broken off (Genius). Head in red sandstone (H. 0.12). Behn, 31 No. 6 and fig. 31 in which the head is erroneously represented as belonging to the preceding No. See fig. 329.

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An in-depth genomic and molecular analysis of cervical cancer, reported in Nature, reveals potential new therapeutic targets for the disease, which remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. The study identifies new molecular subtypes of cervical cancer that could inform the development of clinical trials to treat populations of cervical cancer patients with distinct therapies. Cervical cancer accounts for 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths worldwide each year. Most cases are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Prophylactic vaccines are available for HPV, but uptake remains poor. Early cervical cancer can be treated with surgery or radiation, but metastatic forms of the disease are incurable and new therapeutic approaches are needed. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) Research Network, Christopher Vellano and colleagues report the largest comprehensive genomic study of cervical cancer to date. They characterize genetic and molecular alterations in 228 primary cervical cancers, identifying five novel genes that are significantly mutated in cervical cancer. The authors also find a new role in cervical cancer development for the BCAR4 gene, which can be targeted indirectly by lapatinib, an existing treatment for some breast cancers. The findings reveal new cervical cancer subtypes, including a set of endometrial-like cervical cancers that tend to involve HPV-negative tumours and have high frequencies of three specific genetic mutations. Article: Integrated genomic and molecular characterization of cervical cancer, The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature21386, published online 23 January 2017.

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The first associate’s degree credit program in Ohio in the burgeoning field of wind turbine power generation is underway this fall semester at Lorain County Community College. The Associate of Science degree in Alternative Energy Technology Wind Turbine major will train students to become installation and maintenance professionals. “Wind turbine power is expected to be one of the fastest-growing alternative energy sources,” said LCCC program coordinator Duncan Estep, “and it will need qualified people to service the technology that is involved.” Here are some facts to consider. According to the American Wind Energy Association, wind now provides 20,152 mega watts (MW) of electricity generating capacity in the United States – producing enough electricity to serve 5.3 million homes or power a fleet of more than 1 million plug-in hybrid vehicles. This amount of wind capacity can generate as much electricity every year as 28.7 million tons of coal or 90 million barrels of oil. Wind generation currently displaces 34 million tons of carbon dioxide annually, equivalent to taking 5.8 million vehicles off the road. “Wind turbine technology has a great potential impact for Lorain County,” said Estep “This translates into the generation of clean energy production and jobs in the installation and maintenance of these turbines.” The new associate’s degree program will cover an overview of alternative energy sources with specialized training in electronics, electronic controls, mechanical systems and more. The program will focus on residential-sized wind turbines and will include training on commercial-sized turbines according to Estep. For more information, please click here

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A teacher, psychologist, crisis-line supervisor and others share their suggestions for what you can do. Bullying knows no borders — it occurs in every country in the world — and its impact can last long after the incidents end. For National Bullying Prevention Month, we asked people from the TED community who have firsthand experience of the problem to offer their best advice. 1. Asking for help is not a sign of weakness … “Don’t think that letting someone else know you’re being bullied or asking them for help is a sign of weakness or that it’s a situation you should be able to handle on your own. Going through it alone isn’t a sign of strength on your part, because that’s what the bully wants. They want your isolation, they want you to feel helpless, and if they think they got you in that position, then they’re often emboldened. That was a mistake I made as a kid. It made things worse. When you don’t reach out, you feel like nobody understands what you’re going through and nobody can help you. Those monologues in your mind start getting louder.” —Eric Johnson, sixth-grade teacher from Indiana and a TED-Ed Innovative Educator (TEDxYouth@BHS Talk: How do you want to be remembered?) 2. … And telling someone about being bullied is not snitching. “Often, kids have this fear of what they call snitching. But if you feel significant stress when you come to school, if it’s too hard for you to come into the building, or if you have the fear that someone will bother you by saying something or touching you inappropriately, then you must tell someone. This is not snitching — you’re protecting yourself.” —Nadia Lopez, principal of Mott Hall Bridges Academy, Brooklyn, New York (TED Talk: Why open a school? To close a prison) 3. Surround yourself with allies. “Bullies tend not to want to bully someone when that person is in a group, so make sure you’re with friends, people you trust and connect with. Knowing you have defenders around you who will stand up for you can really help.” — Jen James, founding supervisor of the Crisis Text Line (Watch the TED Talk: How data from a crisis text line is changing lives from Crisis Text Line founder and CEO Nancy Lublin) 4. Try to pity, rather than hate, your bullies. “I was bullied as a child, and I like to think the experience contributed to my sense of empathy. I want to see people treated with dignity, always. But for those who are being bullied, the key thing for them to remember is that bullying is not a show of strength but a show of weakness on the bully’s part. And if you can pity those who are bullying you — which I know is not so easy to do — then you can defend your inner self from their behavior.” —Andrew Solomon, professor of clinical psychology at Columbia University Medical Center and author of Far from the Tree: Parents, Children and the Search for Identity and The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression (TED Talk: Love, no matter what) 5. It’s possible to triumph over bullies in your own mind. “Fighting back on the inside can be as important as what happens on the outside. There was a study of 81 adults who were held as political prisoners in East Germany. They were subjected to mental and physical abuse, and decades after release, about two-thirds of the prisoners had struggled or were still struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder; one-third of the prisoners had not. Why? The smaller group had fought back in their own minds. Even though they complied with guards and signed false confessions, they prevailed on the inside in ways no one could see. Secretly, they refused to believe they were defeated, and they imagined that, sooner or later, they’d triumph.” —Meg Jay, clinical psychologist and associate professor of education at the University of Virginia (TED Talk: Why 30 is not the new 20) 6. Focus on everything that’s great about you; others notice those things, too. “If you’re being bullied, remind yourself of all the good and beautiful things about you. You, like most of us, are here to make the world a better place. Nobody is liked by everyone, so just because one bully or one group of bullies doesn’t like you doesn’t mean other people don’t see all your amazing qualities.” –Shameron Filander, sixth grade student and member of a TED-Ed Club in Capetown, South Africa 7. The traits singled out by your bullies are the ones that make you the wonderfully singular person you are. “Bullies think and think about us to come up with various ways to make us feel down. But whatever reason you’re bullied for, that’s exactly what makes you unique! Do they call you fat? Correct them: you are not fat; you are just easier to see! Do they say you have a big nose? Tell them you breathe better than other people do! Everything about you is unique, like nothing else in the world.” –Donara Davtyan, college freshman and former member of TUMO TED-Ed Club in Yerevan, Armenia 8. If you’re considering retaliating against your bullies, stop before you act. “Pause for a moment, and understand that what you’re about to do or about to say can have long-range implications. What you do or say will be how you’re remembered. So think: how do you want to be remembered? As somebody who was kind or mean?” –Eric Johnson, teacher 9. If you ever witness someone being bullied, show them your support. “This can be in the moment or afterwards, and it can consist of sending them a text, an anti-bullying emoji, or asking them to sit with you. Stepping into a bullying situation can sometimes be helpful if handled in the right way, but that’s not always right for each situation or each upstander.” — Monica Lewinsky, social activist (TED Talk: The price of shame)

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Children’s Eye Exams in Tulsa, OK Dr. Snodgrass and his staff specialize in children’s eye exams. Here are some suggestions from Dr. Snodgrass: - Around age 5, children should have their vision and eyes checked by an Optometrist. - After age 5, routine screenings should be done and if symptoms such as squinting or frequent headaches occur you should see your Optometrist immediately. - Children who wear prescription glasses or contacts should have annual checkups by an eye doctor to screen for vision changes. Signs of Eye and Vision Problems According to the American Optometric Organization: A child may not tell you that he or she has a vision problem because they may think the way they see is the way everyone sees. Signs that may indicate a child has vision problem include: - Frequent eye rubbing or blinking - Short attention span - Avoiding reading and other close activities - Frequent headaches - Covering one eye - Tilting the head to one side - Holding reading materials close to the face - An eye turning in or out - Seeing double - Losing place when reading - Difficulty remembering what he or she read Vision Skills Needed for School Success According to the American Optometric Orginization: Every child needs to have the following vision skills for effective reading and learning: - Visual acuity — the ability to see clearly in the distance for viewing the chalkboard, at an intermediate distance for the computer, and up close for reading a book. - Eye Focusing — the ability to quickly and accurately maintain clear vision as the distance from objects change, such as when looking from the chalkboard to a paper on the desk and back. Eye focusing allows the child to easily maintain clear vision over time like when reading a book or writing a report. - Eye tracking — the ability to keep the eyes on target when looking from one object to another, moving the eyes along a printed page, or following a moving object like a thrown ball. - Eye teaming — the ability to coordinate and use both eyes together when moving the eyes along a printed page, and to be able to judge distances and see depth for class work and sports. - Eye-hand coordination — the ability to use visual information to monitor and direct the hands when drawing a picture or trying to hit a ball. - Visual perception — the ability to organize images on a printed page into letters, words and ideas and to understand and remember what is read. If any of these visual skills are lacking or not functioning properly, a child will have to work harder. This can lead to headaches, fatigue and other eyestrain problems. Parents and teachers need to be alert for symptoms that may indicate a child has a vision problem. Watch your child for signs of poor vision or crossed eyes. If you notice any eye problems, have your child examined right away so that the problem doesn’t become permanent. If caught early, eye conditions often can be corrected.

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Using the galaxy cluster Abell 383 (center) as a "gravitational lens," astronomers identified a galaxy so far away we see it as it was 950 million years after the Big Bang. It is visible as two tiny dots on either side of Abell 383. Distant objects seen through gravitational lenses are typically multiply imaged and heavily distorted. Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Richard (CRAL), J.-P. Kneib (LAM). Acknowledgement: Marc Postman (STScI) The first galaxies may have formed much earlier than thought, a new study suggests — just 200 million years or so after the universe's birth. Using several different telescopes, astronomers have discovered a distant galaxy whose stars appear to have formed 200 million years after the Big Bang, the explosive event that brought the universe into being. That's about 300 million years earlier than the oldest previously known galaxies. The universe itself is estimated to be 13.7 billion years old. The finding could force astronomers to rethink what they seem to know about the cosmos and its early days, researchers said.[Photo of the newfound galaxy] "This challenges theories of how soon galaxies formed and evolved in the first years of the universe," study lead author Johan Richard, of France's Center of Astronomical Research of Lyon, said in a statement. "It could even help solve the mystery of how the hydrogen fog that filled the early universe was cleared." In a galaxy far, far away The newfound galaxy is not the farthest-flung galaxy ever detected; several with younger stars have been spotted at greater distances, the researchers said. They detected the galaxy through a cluster of galaxies called Abell 383, whose powerful gravity bends light rays almost as a magnifying glass would. The alignment of the newfound galaxy, Abell 383 and Earth amplified the galaxy's light, allowing the researchers to make detailed observations. “Without this big lens in space, we could not study galaxies this faint with currently available observing facilities,” said study co-author Eiichi Egami of the University of Arizona. “Thanks to nature, we have this great opportunity to see our universe as it was eons ago.” Using the Keck-2 telescope in Hawaii, the team then analyzed the galaxy's light, determining its redshift. "Redshift" measures the distance that an object has moved away from Earth as space expands, through observations of the stretching of the object's light to longer (or redder) wavelengths. Light from objects moving away from us shifts to the red end of the spectrum as its wavelengths are stretched. The shift, known as the Doppler phenomenon, is experienced on Earth when sound waves from an ambulance change pitch when the ambulance moves toward you versus away from you. Astronomers use redshift measurements to determine an object's distance, and by extension its age. The bigger the redshift, the greater the distance. The universe’s first galaxies The newfound galaxy’s redshift turned out to be 6.027, which indicates that astronomers are viewing it the way it appeared when the universe was around 950 million years old. However, the stars in the galaxy appear to be at least 750 million years old, meaning that they must have formed just 200 million years or so after the Big Bang.That’s a few hundred million years earlier than astronomers had thought galaxy formation first started. Other studies had detected farther-flung galaxies that seem to have formed about 500 million years after the universe’s birth. "Our work confirms some earlier observations that had hinted at the presence of old stars in early galaxies," said co-author Dan Stark, of the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. "This suggests that the first galaxies have been around for a lot longer than previously thought.” Richard and his team publish their results in an upcoming issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Early universe explained? The discovery has implications beyond the question of when galaxies first formed, researchers said. For example, it may help explain how the universe became "reionized." About 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the hydrogen in the universe was neutral, meaning it carried no charge. Over the course of the next1 billion years, however, something threw off enough radiation to ionize most of this hydrogen, splitting it into its constituent electrons and protons. This reionization made the hydrogen transparent to ultraviolet light, clearing the "fog" of the early universe. Astronomers suspected that the radiation that powered this reionization must have come from galaxies. But researchers had not found enough old, distant candidate galaxies to provide the necessary radiation. The new study may help solve this enigma, researchers said. “It seems probable that there are in fact far more galaxies out there in the early universe than we previously estimated — it’s just that many galaxies are older and fainter, like the one we have just discovered,” said co-author Jean-Paul Kneib, of the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille in France. As of today, we can discover these galaxies only by observing them through massive clusters that act as cosmic telescopes, as Abell 383 does. NASA's next-generation James Webb Space Telescope, however, will specialize in high-resolution observations of distant, highly redshifted objects. The James Webb Space Telescope, an infrared space observatory slated to launch no earlier than autumn 2015, could help solve this and other cosmic mysteries, researchers said.

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What factors are involved in the creative process Yes, there are more creative than others. However, creativity can be developed with discipline, as is training in a gym. Creativity is inherent to all human beings. However, certain people are more likely to generate innovative solutions. The American psychologist Ellis Torrance dedicated in the 60s a comprehensive study related to creativity, to the point where it is known as “the father of modern creativity.” In 1962 Torrance defined creativity as the process of discovering problems or gaps in information, forming ideas or hypotheses, test, modify and communicate results. For Torrance, the factors involved in the creative process are: The fluidity, which consists in producing a large number of ideas. The flexibility that has to do with producing ideas, but with variety. The development , related to embellishment or improvement of those ideas. The originality associated with rare and unusual ideas. We also recommend following: Since beginning Torrance study analyzing the creative ability have been many studies that have concluded that it is possible to develop creativity, because “the muse” PURE arise if attention to the production of certain idea is focused on a target. Hence the importance of knowing and handling techniques to bring out ideas that can be turned into action.

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Out of an income of less than $1,000 a year, the average urban family of five in most large American cities has to spend from 40 to 50 per cent. of their income for food. Undoubtedly an important factor contributing to this large percentage is the cost of municipal food handling and distributing, as was indicated by a recent study in New York City, where it was ascertained that about 37 cents out of every consumer's dollar went for the cost of municipal food transportation. Public markets are considered by many an essential factor in combating the high cost of foods resulting from the present individualistic methods of municipal food handling. The past few years have seen many experiments along market lines, either under public, semipublic or private control, either temporary or permanent in character. It would seem that the most effective results might be expected with the highest degree ARMSTRONG DB. THE SANITATION OF PUBLIC MARKETS. JAMA. 1917;LXVIII(2):103–106. doi:10.1001/jama.1917.04270010103008 Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.

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LONDON (Reuters) - Robot "fish" developed by European scientists to improve pollution monitoring moved from the lab to the sea in a test at the northern Spanish port of Gijon on Tuesday. The developers hope the new technology, which reduces the time it takes to detect a pollutant from weeks to seconds, will sell to port authorities, water companies, aquariums and anyone with an interest in monitoring water quality. It could also have spin-offs for cleaning up oil spills, underwater security, diver monitoring or search and rescue at sea, they said. The fish, which are 1.5 meters (5 feet) long and currently cost 20,000 pounds ($31,600) each, are designed to swim like real fish and are fitted with sensors to pick up pollutants leaking from ships or undersea pipelines. They swim independently, co-ordinate with each other, and transmit their readings back to a shore station up to a kilometer away. "Chemical sensors fitted to the fish permit real-time, in-situ analysis, rather than the current method of sample collection and dispatch to a shore based laboratory," said Luke Speller, a scientist at British consultancy BMT Group who led the project. The fish can avoid obstacles, communicate with each other, map where they are and know how to return to base when their eight-hour battery life is running low, their makers say. After the tests this week, the team will look at modifications needed to move the fish into commercial production, which they expect to reduce the cost of each unit. The development project was part-funded by the EU and drew on expertise from the University of Essex and the University of Strathclyde in Britain, Ireland's Tyndall National Institute and Thales Safare, a unit of Europe's largest defense electronics group, Thales, which was responsible for the communication technology. ($1 = 0.6326 British pounds) (Reporting by Chris Wickham; Editing by Robin Pomeroy)

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What Is The HTML Full Form? HTML Full Form: HTML is for “Hyper Text Markup Language”. It is a hyper text markup language that is used to create web pages. It is written as HTML elements. A hyperlink refers to a series of connections from one page to another. Markup language means that tags are used to define page layouts and elements within a page. Its main focus is on the way information is displayed on web pages, that is, the webpages we see on the Internet are written using HTML code. HTML paperwork are interpreted and displayed by internet browsers. Some famous web browsers are: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari, Internet Explorer etc. HTML was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in the late 1990s. It was initially released in 1993. Until then, several HTML versions have been released. - What Is The IPS Full Form? - What Is The HTTP Full Form? - What Is The MBBS Full Form? - What Is The SSC Full Form? The current HTML5 version is gaining popularity due to its many broad features. Some of which are as follows: - Video: The video element allows users to stream video from a website. - Figure: The picture element helps display visual content such as photos, drawings, diagrams, etc. - Sections: Section elements, such as divs, help organize webpage content into thematic groups. - NAV: It is used for the part of the website that links to other pages of the website. - Header: This allows for introductory elements such as logos, navigation items, search forms, etc. to be grouped together on a website. - Footer: It’s positioned on the backside of a webpage.. This typically includes copyright information, links to social media, and navigation items. Information about HTML In the Internet field, the term HTML is often heard. It is used to create web pages. Many webpages together form a website, through which we see information today. This can be considered the basis of the Internet. In fact, HTML is a language that uses many types of code. Each page is added by these codes, and the color and appearance of the website is adjusted. This page provides information about what is HTML, complete form, code, usage of HTML. What is html? HTML is a language in which many types of code are used, these codes determine the buttons, links, colors, and windows of a web page, a web page is created through these codes. Information in the form of content is input on these webpages and when we visit this type of website with the help of the internet, we get the information we need, which we collect. Full form of HTML HTML Full form is Hypertext Markup Language (Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext). In the HTML language many codes are used to execute the task, instructions are given inside these codes. As a result of that information is displayed on our web page. Here is an example of HTML code. Example of HTML Code - <title>Your Website Name </title> - <head>Statements </head> - <p>Paragraph </p> - <a href=”Webpage Path/URL”>Click Here</a> HTML language is used to create a website. More and more code is used to make the feature of the website attractive and beautiful. After the website is created, this website can be viewed with the help of internet. Necessary information can be obtained from this website. Here we have provided information about HTML, if you have any type of question related to this information, or want to get any other information related to it, ask through the comment box. can do

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Strength training could help to lower blood glucose levels and liver fat in people with type 2 diabetes, even before weight loss occurs, research suggests. Brazilian researchers aimed to investigate the effects of short-term strength training on obese mice to see how it affected liver health. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a positive correlation with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and there is minimal research into the effects of short-term strength training on liver fat. The University of Campinas (UNICAMP) study comprised of separating mice into three groups. One group followed a standard diet and lived a sedentary lifestyle, the second followed a high-calorie diet for 14 weeks and also remained sedentary, and the third group followed a high-calorie diet but also completed two weeks of strength training. The research team wanted to look at the direct benefits of the exercise without any other factors coming into play, so they only staged the weight exercises for 15 days. According to the findings, the mice that exercised had significant improved blood glucose levels compared with both sets of sedentary mice. The mice that exercised also had 25-30% reductions in liver fat and a lower number of inflammation-causing proteins. These findings existed independent of weight loss. While the findings only apply to animal models so far, it may be significant that the exercise group experienced improved insulin sensitivity because this could indicate strength training as a treatment approach for people with NAFLD. “The liver should produce glucose only under fasting conditions, but if insulin signalling in tissue is impaired, the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream even after ingestion of carbohydrate, when insulin levels are high, and this raises the level of blood sugar,” said the study’s author, Professor Leandro Pereira de Moura. The researchers now plan future studies to validate their findings and understand more about the benefits of strength training on liver tissue. The study was published on the Journal of Endocrinology.

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Computers are every place we look today and used for many different purposes today. A good reason for buying a computer would be something like writing papers for a class or keeping track of your finances or business. In this ever-changing world of technology it can be very intimidating when making decisions on purchasing a new computer. . The first step to purchasing a computer is to decide what is the main purpose a user will need the computer to do. Most home computers are used for writing papers for classes, surfing the World Wide Web, or just to play computer games. Knowing how the computer will be used will help in determining what the minimum requirements need to be. A buyer must have an idea of what the minimum requirements they will need for their computer. Knowing how the computer will be used will help with the decision on the type of processor, amount of memory, and the size of hard drive that will be needed. An additional area to look at is the ability to create a compact disc, CD, or digital versatile disc, DVD. Select the correct processor chip based on what the primary use of the computer will be. For the Windows operating system there are three commonly used types of processors. Intel and American Micro Devices (AMD) are the leading manufacturers of processors. Intel makes two of the commonly found processors, the Pentium 4 and the Celeron. The type of processor or the class of computer is important. Most home users will be happy with the Intel Celeron for surfing the web, writing papers and e-mailing, this tends to be the cheaper choice. While most gamers have a tendency to look for the AMD chip because it tends to run the games better and its price falls in the middle. Users planning to be running video editing or computer aided drawing (CAD) software should look at getting the Intel Pentium chip, plan on spending more for this chip. All processors are rated with a speed measured in megahertz or gigahertz.

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Becoming Human: Our Evolutionary Journey Paleontologist Donald Johanson’s 1974 discovery of “Lucy,” the most widely known and thoroughly studied fossil find of the 20th century, provided a crucial link in the chain connecting us to our distant progenitors. In addition to making his own scientific discoveries, Johanson has devoted himself to sharing and explaining the important work of paleontologists such as himself to the general public. His 2009 book Lucy’s Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins offers the latest interpretations of Lucy and more recent developments in the field. Driven by a notion that we cannot fully grasp who we are and where we are headed as a species until we have a more complete knowledge of our evolutionary roots, Johanson will report on the latest discoveries from Africa and reflect on the lessons that continue to be learned from Lucy. A book sale and signing will follow the presentation. Tickets are required. Purchase online here. The National Geographic Lecture Series is proudly sponsored by KCTS 9.

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Several months ago I reported on a unique drug, Neo40, which has now been approved by Health Canada. To find out more about Neo40, which is available in health food stores, I interviewed Dr. Nathan Bryan, professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Texas Health Center in Houston and creator of the formula. G-J: What is Neo40? NB: Neo40 is a lozenge that contains L-Citrulline, an amino acid derived from protein, vitamin C, beet root and hawthorn, a potent combination that produces nitric oxide. Early in life our bodies manufacture large amounts of nitric oxide (NO). But after age 40 production of NO decreases. This sets the stage for hypertension, kidney dysfunction, diabetes, heart attack or stroke, just to name a few major illnesses. It's called the "miracle molecule" because it helps so many diverse problems. G-J: But is there science behind its claims? NB: The discovery of NO resulted in a Nobel Prize for three U.S. scientists and now over 130,000 scientific papers about this molecule have been published in medical literature. NO is produced in the inner lining of all blood vessels. Lay a single layer of these cells on a flat surface and it would occupy a soccer field. The cells cause arteries to relax, thus lowering blood pressure. But with insufficient NO, arteries constrict, resulting in hypertension, bringing increased pressure in the heart and other organs. G-J: But there must be more to NO than the dilation of blood vessels. NB: Experiments show that NO prevents blood platelets from sticking together, decreases plaque formation and chronic inflammation in arteries, all factors that increase the risk of heart attack. Other research shows NO lowers triglycerides, bad cholesterol, and raises good cholesterol. And it prevents bone destruction from osteoclasts. G-J: Can N0 help the epidemic of type 2 diabetes? NB: High blood sugar destroys the circulatory system and 50% of diabetes patients die of heart attack. Diabetes causes insulin resistance which makes it hard for glucose to enter cells. Raising NO levels helps to control these problems and also decreases the risk of diabetic ulcers and gangrene of the legs by improving blood flow. G-J: Does NO help other conditions? NB: Many people suffer from glaucoma, increased pressure in the eye. This is caused by a clogged trabecular meshwork that drains fluid from the eye. Hungarian researchers report that NO may benefit this problem. NB: Twenty-seven million Americans also suffer from asthma and its inflamed, constricted, mucous-clogged airways. Experts say it's due to pollution, allergies and stress. Now research at Hammersmith Hospital in London, England, reports that NO helps to maintain a biochemical balance in air passages and that it could be helpful in treating inflamed airways. Another Dutch study reports that NO can calm nerves in tightened airways and relax muscles. G-J: Can patients increase the production of NO by natural means? NB: The big problem is that obesity decreases NO and 50% of the population is overweight, so for them it's difficult to increase NO by dietary measures. Exercise can also boost NO levels, but people with endothelial dysfunction don't produce the same amount of NO during exercise as healthy people. We know that weight-loss surgery can boost N0 by as much as 40%. But this is a radical and risky way to lose weight. G-J: Are foods helpful? NB: Leafy green vegetables such as kale, Swiss chard, arugula, spinach, chicory, wild radish and bok choy are all high sources of bioactive NO. Dark chocolate and wine also increase NO. G-J: What about the use of supplements? NB: Neo40 is the only answer if people refuse to change their lifestyle. This is one lozenge that must be dissolved slowly in the mouth twice a day until NO increases and then used once a day. Neo40 is supplied with a quick saliva test to determine the current level of nitric oxide. G-J: Dr. Bryan, it's been a pleasure to learn of your work at the Institute of Molecular Medicine. I'll consider your advice about bok choy. But it will be difficult to say no to one of your Texas steaks. For more information see neogenis.com.

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For most us, technology is fairly common in our everyday lives. Unfortunately, we often are uncertain about what the terms pertaining to technology actually mean. This mini glossary of tech terms can help you to understand some of the most common terms. Cookies are what allow websites to know who you are. If you allow cookies, your web browser will automatically supply your information such as username, password or preferences. They are convenient because they save you from having to reenter your information every time you visit a website. Although cookies are quite convenient, some view them as a privacy issue. They store your information and track your activity, which can make it easier for others to access your information. Most experts agree, however, that limiting the amount of cookies you use is sufficient for protecting your online identity. A URL, or uniform resource locator, is the web address for a specific site. It is what you type into the address bar at the top of your web browser which brings you to the website you wish to visit. The cloud is one of the most talked about tech terms today. It is talked about on television and in blogs and newspaper articles. The cloud is made up of services that are based on the Internet and do not require you to install hardware or software on your machine. Flash is an Adobe Systems-owned platform that allows for great web interactivity. Installing a Flash plug-in on your browser enables you to view animations, certain displays and videos. Although Flash has been the longtime standard, HTML5 is emerging as a valid competitor. Technology-related terms can seem overwhelming but understanding the basics can make it all much easier to grasp. For more tech terms and their meanings, check out this glossary.

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The following guides and tutorials to help you get started on your own. The guides will help you: - Apply critical thinking skills to the secondary research process - Polish your database search skill - Create citations David Lam Library – Jump-Start Your Research A step by step guide to planning your secondary research that you can e-mail to yourself and/or a business librarian. Basic Library Skills Tutorial – UBC Vancouver An interactive set of tutorials, introducing the core knowledge needed to complete quality research using UBC Library resources. Tips for searching databases effectively and for realistic research. APA Citation Examples Tips and examples of citations from business databases How to Cite Sources (Chapman Learning Commons) Guide to citing sources in APA, MLA and other citation styles. RefWorks at UBC Library Citation management software that allows you to create your own database of citations and generate citations and bibliographies in a variety of citation styles. Jump Start Your Debate Research A step by step guide to help you start researching secondary sources for debates. Need more help with your research? Click on the “Ask a Business Librarian” tab above to find out how and where you can receive research help from the David Lam librarians. Information Desk: 604.822.9400 |In person:||David Lam librarians provide research help by email, or By Appointment in person or by phone.|

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Coordinates: 51°31′01.65″N 00°06′52.48″W / 51.5171250°N 0.1145778°W / 51.5171250; -0.1145778 The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn is one of the four Inns of London to which barristers of England and Wales England and Wales belong and where they are called to the Bar. It is recognised to be one of the world's most prestigious professional bodies of judges and lawyers. It is the largest Inn and it covers 11 acres (4.5 hectares). The other three are Middle Temple, Inner Temple and Gray's Inn. The Inn is believed to be named after Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. The Inn is also well known for its large garden and library, which have existed since 1422. It awards the Buchanan Prize to the student who is placed first in the annual Bar Examinations. Lincoln's Inn is situated in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, just on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster, and across the road from London School of Economics and Royal Courts of Justice Royal Courts of Justice and King's College London's Maughan Library. The nearest tube station is Holborn tube station or 2 Structure and governance 3 Buildings and architectural points of note 3.1 Old Hall 3.3 Great Hall 3.6 New Square Lawn 3.7 East Terrace Underground development, New Library and New Teaching 4 Coat of arms 5 Notable members 6 Preachers of Lincoln's Inn 7 Other organisations based in the Inn 8 See also 11 External links During the 12th and early 13th centuries, the law was taught in the City of London, primarily by the clergy. Then two events happened which ended this form of legal education: firstly, a papal bull in 1218 that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law; and secondly, a decree by Henry III of England Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London. The secular lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn, near to the law courts at Westminster Hall and outside the A map showing the boundaries of the Inn in 1870 As with the other Inns of Court, the precise date of founding of Lincoln's Inn is unknown. The Inn can claim the oldest records – its "black books" documenting the minutes of the governing Council go back to 1422, and the earliest entries show that the Inn was at that point an organised and disciplined body. The third Earl of Lincoln had encouraged lawyers to move to Holborn, and they moved to Thavie's Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery, later expanding into Furnival's Inn as well. It is felt that Lincoln's Inn became a formally organised Inn of Court soon after the Earl's death in 1310. At some point before 1422, the greater part of "Lincoln's Inn", as they had become known, after the Earl, moved to the estate of Ralph Neville, the Bishop of Chichester, near Chancery Lane. They retained Thavie's and Furnival's Inn, using them as "training houses" for young lawyers, and fully purchased the properties in 1550 and 1547 respectively. In 1537, the land Lincoln's Inn sat on was sold by Richard Sampson to a Bencher named William Suliard, and his son sold the land to Lincoln's Inn in 1580. The Inn became formally organised as a place of legal education thanks to a decree in 1464, which required a Reader to give lectures to the law students During the 15th century, the Inn was not a particularly prosperous one, and the Benchers, particularly John Fortescue, are credited with fixing this situation. Structure and governance New Hall of Lincoln's Inn, London, by Henry Fox Talbot, circa 1841/46 Lincoln's Inn had no constitution or fundamental form of governance, and legislation was divided into two types; statutes, passed by the Governors (see below) and ordinances issued by the Society (all the Fellows of the Inn). A third method used was to have individual Fellows promise to fulfill a certain duty; the first known example is from 1435, and starts "Here folowen certaynes covenantes and promyses made to the felloweshippe of Lyncoll' Yne". The increase of the size of the Inn led to a loss of its partially democratic nature, first in 1494 when it was decided that only Benchers and Governors should have a voice in calling people to the Bar and, by the end of the sixteenth century, Benchers were almost entirely in control. Admissions were recorded in the black books and divided into two categories: Clerks (Clerici) who were admitted to Clerks' Commons; and Fellows Socii who were admitted to Fellows' Commons. All entrants swore the same oath regardless of category, and some Fellows were permitted to dine in Clerks' Commons as it cost less, making it difficult for academics to sometimes distinguish between the two – Walker, the editor of the Black Books, maintains that the two categories were one and the same. During the 15th century, the Fellows began to be called Masters, and the gap between Masters and Clerks gradually grew, with an order in 1505 that no Master was to be found in Clerks' Commons unless studying a point of law there. By 1466, the Fellows were divided into Benchers, those "at the Bar" (ad barram, also known as "utter barristers" or simply "barristers"), and those "not at the Bar" (extra barram). By 1502, the extra barram Fellows were being referred to as "inner barristers", in contrast to the "utter" or "outer" barristers. In Lord Mansfield's time, there was no formal legal education, and the only requirement for a person to be called to the Bar was for him to have eaten five dinners a term at Lincoln's Inn, and to have read the first sentence of a paper prepared for him by the steward. The Gate from Lincoln's Inn Fields A Bencher, Benchsitter or (formally) Master of the Bench is a member of the Council, the governing body of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn. The term originally referred to one who sat on the benches in the main hall of the Inn, which were used for dining and during moots, and the term originally had no significance. In Lincoln's Inn, the idea of a Bencher was believed to have begun far earlier than elsewhere; there are records of four Benchers being sworn William Holdsworth and the editor of the Black Books both concluded that Benchers were, from the earliest times, the governors of the Inn, unlike other Inns who started with Readers. A.W.B. Simpson, writing at a later date, decided based on the Black Books that the Benchers were not the original governing body, and that the Inn was instead ruled by Governors (or gubernatores), sometimes called Rulers, who led the Inn. The Governors were elected to serve a year-long term, with between four and six sitting at any one time. The first record of Benchers comes from 1478, when John Glynne was expelled from the Society for using "presumptious and unsuitable words" in front of the governors and "other fellows of the Bench", and a piece of legislation passed in 1489 was "ordained by the governors and other the worshipfuls of the Bench"[clarification needed]. By the late 15th century, the ruling group were the Governors (who were always Benchers) with assistance and advice from the other "masters of the Bench", and occasional votes from the entire Society. The Benchers were still subordinate to the Governors, however; a note from 1505 shows the admission of two Benchers "to aid and advice for the good governing of the Inn, but not to vote". The practice of using Governors died out in 1572 and, from 1584, the term was applied to Benchers, with the power of a Governor and a new There are approximately 296 Benchers at the moment November 2013[when?], with the body consisting of those members of the Inn elected to high judicial office, those who have sat as Queen's Counsel for six or seven years and some of the more distinguished "junior" barristers (those barristers who are not Queen's Counsel). There are also "additional benchers"—members of the Inn who have been successful in a profession other than the law, who have the rights of a normal bencher except that they cannot hold an office, such as Treasurer. In addition there are "honorary benchers", who hold all the rights of a Bencher except the right to vote and the right to hold an office. These are people of "sufficient distinction" who have been elected by the Inn, and includes people such as Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In common with the other Inns, Lincoln's Inn also has a "Royal Bencher"—a member or members of the Royal Family who have been elected Benchers. The present Royal Bencher is Duke of Kent who was elected after the death of the previous incumbent Princess Margaret. In 1943, when she was elected as Royal Bencher, Queen Mary became the Bencher in any Inn. His Royal Highness Prince Andrew Duke of York was elected a Royal Bencher in December 2012. Buildings and architectural points of note The Inn is situated between Chancery Lane and Lincoln's Inn Fields, north of Inner and Middle Temples and south of Gray's Inn. The Inn is surrounded by a brick wall separating it from the neighbourhood; this was first erected in 1562, and it is said that Ben Jonson did some of the brickwork. The only surviving part is that on that on the western side between the North Lawn and the Fields. As well as the major buildings discussed below, the Inn consists of three squares; Old Square, Old Buildings, Stone Buildings and Hardwicke buildings. The two specimens of early 16th century mural paintings upon plaster were uncovered in the pictured room when the original building of 1538 was partially reconstructed in the years 1969–1970 and after preservation were replaced in the same building. First built in 1683, New Square, sometimes known as Serle Court, finished in about 1697. New Square was originally named Serle's Court because it was built as a compromise between the Inn and Henry Serle over ownership of the land. A compromise was made in 1682, and Serle built eleven brick sets of chambers on three sides of the square between 1682 and 1693. Alterations were made in 1843, when the open area in the middle was replaced by gardens and lawns. Because of its difficult history of ownership, some parts of the Square are still freehold, with individuals owning floors or sections of floors within the buildings. The Lincoln's Inn Act 1860 was passed directly to allow the Inn to charge the various freeholders in the Square Stone Buildings was built between 1775 and 1780 using the designs of Robert Taylor, with the exception of No. 7, which was completed the range in the same style in 1845. The design was originally meant to be part of a massive rebuilding of the entire Inn, but this was Stone Buildings were seriously damaged during The Blitz, but their external appearance remains much the same. From 'within' it appears as a cul de sac rather than a square, the two ranges closed to the north with a third which originally contained the library. The eastern side along Chancery Lane and the western backing onto the North Lawn. These provide the standard layout of 'staircases' of working chambers. From the North Lawn there is no access but the west range provides a fine institutional range of some distinction. No. 10 was originally provided by the Inn to strengthen its ties with Chancery (which used to be held in the Old Hall) as the office of the Six Clerks of the Court of Chancery, with the Inn taking it back when the Clerks were abolished and the Court moved to the Royal Courts of Justice in 1882. It is currently used as the headquarters of the Inns of Court Inns of Court & City Yeomanry, part of the Territorial Army. The Officers Mess facilities make use of the principal rooms. Lincoln's Inn has maintained a corps of volunteers in times of war since 1585, when 95 members of the Inn made a pledge to protect Queen Elizabeth against Spain. George III gave the then-temporary unit the epithet "The Devil's Own", which remains attached to the Regiment to this day. There is a large War Memorial between New Square and the North lawn containing the names of the members of the Inn killed in the First World War and World War 2. Lincoln's Inn, building 1 to 4 Old Square and Old Buildings were built between 1525 and 1609, initially running between numbers 1 and 26. Although 1 exists near the Gatehouse, the others now only run from 16 to 24, with some buildings having been merged to the point where the entrances for 25 and 26 now frame windows, not doorways. Hardwicke Buildings was built in the 1960s, was originally named 'Hale Court', between the east range of New Square name changed in the 1990s. The buildings of Lincoln's Inn in Old Square, New Square and Stone Buildings are normally divided into four or five floors of chambers, with residential flats on the top floor. The buildings are used both by barristers and solicitors and other professional bodies. Lincoln's Inn Old Hall The Old Hall dates from at least 1489, when it replaced the smaller "bishops hall". The Old Hall is 71 feet long and 32 feet wide, although little remains of the original size and shape; it was significantly altered in 1625, 1652, 1706 and 1819. A former librarian reported that it was "extensively remodelled" by Francis Bernasconi in 1800. This remodelling led to the covering of the oak beams with a curved plaster ceiling, "a most barbarous innovation". The weight of the plaster created the risk that the roof would collapse, and between 1924 and 1927 Sir John Simpson dismantled the entire hall, straightening warped timbers, removing the plaster, replacing any unserviceable sections and then putting the entire hall back together. It was reopened on 22 November 1928 by As well as its use for revels, moots and feasts, the Old Hall was also used as a court. The Master of the Rolls sat there between 1717 and 1724 while the Rolls Court was being rebuilt, and Lord Talbot used it as a court in 1733. From 1737 onward it was used to house the Court of Chancery, a practice that ended with the opening of the Royal Courts of Justice. The Hall's most famous use as a court is in the start of Charles Dickens' Bleak House, which opens with "London. Michaelmas Term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall". It is now used for examinations, lectures, social functions and can be hired for private events. In 2010 the Hall was refurbished and its Crypt was improved and made more accessible by the installation of a stairs from the outside. 17th century vaulted undercroft below the chapel The Great Hall of Lincoln's Inn, during the 2010 Gresham Special The Library (left) and Benchers' rooms (right) The first mention of a chapel in Lincoln's Inn comes from 1428. By the 17th century, this had become too small, and discussions started about building a new one in 1608. The current chapel was built between 1620 and 1623 by Inigo Jones, and was extensively rebuilt in 1797 and again in 1883. Other repairs took place in 1685, after the consultation of Christopher Wren, and again in 1915. The chapel is built on a fan-vaulted, open undercroft and has acted (sometimes simultaneously) as a crypt, meeting place and place of recreation. For many years only Benchers were allowed to be buried in the Crypt, with the last one being interred on 15 May 1852. Before that, however, it was open to any member or servant of the society; in 1829 a former Preacher was interred, and in 1780 William Turner, described as "Hatch-keeper and Washpot to this Honble. Society", was buried. The chapel has a bell said to date from 1596, although this is not considered likely. Traditionally, the bell would chime a curfew at 9 pm, with a stroke for each year of the current Treasurer's age. The bell would also chime between 12:30 and 1:00 pm when a died. Inside the chapel are six stained glass windows, three on each side, designed by the Van Linge family. The chapel's first pipe organ was a Flight & Robson model installed in 1820. A substantial William Hill organ replaced it in 1856; a model designed at the peak of his skill, with thick lead and tin pipes, a set of pedals, and three manuals. During its service years it was rebuilt nine times, the final overhaul carried out in 1969. In the 2000s the organ, increasingly unreliable, was seen to have little unaltered initial material, with little hope of returning it to original condition, and it was replaced with a Kenneth Tickell model, the new organ installed during 2009–2010. The chapel is used for concerts throughout the year. The Great Hall, or New Hall, was constructed during the 19th century. The Inn's membership had grown to the point where the Old Hall was too small for meetings, and so the Benchers decided to construct a new hall, also containing sizable rooms for their use, and a library. The new building was designed by Philip Hardwick, with the foundation stone laid on 20 April 1843 by James Lewis Knight-Bruce, the The building was completed by 1845, and opened by Queen Victoria on 30 October. The Hall is 120 feet long, 45 feet wide, and 62 feet high, much larger than the Old Hall. The Great Hall is used for the call to the Bar, as a dining place and for concerts arranged through the Bar Musical Society. The lower ground floor was divided by a mezzanine in 2007 and the upper part became the Members Common Room for informal dining and with a lounge. It replaced the Junior Common Room, Barristers Members Room and Benchers Room as a social facility. In effect it is a club providing bar and restaurant facilities for all 'entitled' persons, i.e. members of the Inn and its bona fide tenants. The Library was first mentioned in 1471, and originally existed in a building next to the Old Hall before being moved to a set of chambers at No. 2 Stone Buildings in 1787. A bequest by John Nethersale in 1497 is recorded as an early acquisition. The current Library was built as part of the complex containing the Great Hall, to the designs of Hardwick and was finished in 1845 being formally opened by Queen Victoria. At this point it was 80 feet long, 40 feet wide and 44 feet high. It was extended, almost doubled, in George Gilbert Scott George Gilbert Scott in the same style. The ground floor contained a Court room which became part of the Library facilities Court of Chancery Court of Chancery moved out of the Inn in the 1880s. It has since 2010 been utilised as a lecture room and during the developments of 2016 to 2018 became the 'interim' Members Common Room. The Library contains a large collection of rare books, including the Hale Manuscripts, the complete collection of Sir Matthew Hale, which he left to the Inn on his death in 1676. The Library also contains over 1,000 other rare manuscripts, and approximately 2,000 pamphlets. The total collection of the Library, including textbooks and practitioners works, is approximately 150,000 volumes. The collection also includes a complete set of Parliamentary records. The Library is open to all students and barristers of Lincoln's Inn, as well as outside scholars and solicitors by The Library is primarily a reference library, so borrowing is restricted. The only other lending service available is offered by Middle Temple Library, which permits barristers and students of any Inn, on production of suitable ID, to borrow current editions of textbooks that are not loose-leaf – but not any other material – half an hour before closing for return by half an hour after opening the following day. Gatehouse of Lincoln's Inn The Gatehouse from Chancery Lane is the oldest existing part of the Inn, and was built between 1518 and 1521. The Gatehouse was mainly built thanks to the efforts of Sir Thomas Lovell, the Treasurer at the time, who provided at least a third of the funds and oversaw the construction itself—as a result, his coat of arms hang on the gate, along with those of the Earl of Lincoln and Henry VIII (the king at The Gatehouse is a large tower four stories high and features diagonal rows of darker bricks, along with a set of oak gates that date from 1564. The Gatehouse was restored in 1695 and again between 1967 and 1969—the arms of the Treasurers for those years (Lord Upjohn, John Hawles and Princess Margaret) were added to the inwards side of the Gatehouse itself. Minor repairs also took place in 1815, when the three Coats of Arms were repaired and cleaned. The image shown here however is in fact the Victorian Gated Entrance to Lincoln's Inn Lincoln's Inn Fields, and is not to be confused with the ancient Gatehouse of the Eastern wall adjoining Chancery Lane. New Square Lawn The New Square Lawn is surrounded by the block of New Square. It is bordered by the Lincoln Inn chambers, and is visible from the Gatehouse. Centered on the New Square Lawn is Jubilee Fountain. After the original fountain from 1970 was removed, William Pye installed the new Jubilee fountain in 2003, to celebrate Queen Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee. The construction of the fountain was funded by David Shirley. The Jubilee fountain is a two tier fountain centered in New Square. The top level of the fountain creates arches in the air with the water, and the lower level has complimentary tiny fountains. A photo of the fountain can be found on the designer's website East Terrace Underground development, New Library and New Teaching The Inn has self funded a major improvement and extension of its facilities from 2016 due for completion in 2018. The Inn being a conservation area and consisting of listed buildings could not simply add modern structures within the precincts without considerable difficulty of their impact on the current layout and planning objections by interest groups, as well indeed from members of the Inn. The improvement requirements for the Library and teaching activities were partly addressed by demolition of the Under Treasurer's House on the north side of the Library, which was a post WW2 building, replacing it with an extension to the Reading Rooms and Book Stack. The solution of providing a 150-seat Lecture Theatre and Tutorial Rooms was to exploit the space under the large east Terrace of the Great Hall. This when completed will hardly be noticeable as the only visible change shall be a staircase on the unused part of the Terrace and plate windows lying flush with the 'floor' to provide natural top Coat of arms An approximation of the arms (but the lion should be purpure in For many years, the Inn used the arms of the 3rd Earl of Lincoln as their own; in blazon, a "lion rampant purpure in a field or", which is a purple lion on a gold field. Around 1699, Sir Richard Holford discovered the Inn's own coat of arms on a manuscript, granted to them in 1516. The arms are "azure seme de fer moline or, on a dexter canton or a lion rampant purpure". Following validation using some heraldry books, the arms were placed first in the council chamber and then in the library. Since then, they have been used continuously in Lincoln's List of members of Lincoln's Inn Preachers of Lincoln's Inn The office of Preacher of Lincoln's Inn or Preacher to Lincoln's Inn is a clerical office in the Church of England. Past incumbents John Donne (1616–1622) Reginald Heber (1822–?) Edward Maltby (1824–1833) William Van Mildert William Van Mildert (1812–1819) William Warburton (1746-?) Other organisations based in the Inn 68 Signal Squadron The volunteer militia, later formalised (1908) within the Territorial Army, and today forming the headquarters of 68 Signal Squadron. Lincoln's Inn Fields ^ "History of the Inn: Origins". The Honourable Society of Lincoln's ^ Hurst, Gerald Berkeley (1942). Closed Chapters. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 172. GGKEY:RQYZZJ4QLQ8. ^ Brathwaite, Joan A. (1999). Women and the Law: A Bibliographical Survey of Legal and Quasi-legal Materials with Special Reference to Commonwealth Caribbean Jurisdictions and Including Relevant Commonwealth Caribbean Legislation and Case Material. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press. p. 288. ^ Bellot (1902) p. 32 ^ Douthwaite (1886) p.2 ^ "Uncommon counsel (2): Barts, butchers and barristers". Counsel. Retrieved 1 October 2017. ^ Barton (1928) p.7 ^ Barton (1928) p.256 ^ Spilsbury (1850) p.32 ^ Barton (1928) p.257 ^ Barton (1928) p.258 ^ Ringrose (1909) p.81 ^ Pulling (1884) p.142 ^ Simpson (1970) p.247 ^ Simpson (1970) p.256 ^ Simpson (1970) p.243 ^ Simpson (1970) p.250 ^ Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. Heward, Edmund (1979), Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd., ISBN 0-85992-163-8, p. ^ Rozenberg, Joshua (19 October 2008). "Some jolly good fellows". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-08-27. ^ Pearce (1848) p.133 ^ Simpson (1970) p.242 ^ Simpson (1970) p.245 ^ Simpson (1970) p.248 ^ Simpson (1970) p.249 ^ "Lincolns Inn History – Benchers". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-18. ^ Edward (1860) p.96 ^ Spilsbury (1850 p.35 ^ Spilsbury (1850 p.81 ^ a b c d "Lincolns Inn History – Chambers". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-18. ^ Catt, Richard (1997). "Small urban spaces: part 8 – protecting London squares". Structural Survey. Emerald. 15 (1): 34–35. doi:10.1108/02630809710164715. ISSN 0263-080X. ^ Spilsbury (1850) p. 36 ^ Spilsbury (1850 p. 83 ^ a b c Barton (1928) p.261 ^ a b " Lincoln's Inn History – Old Hall". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-17. ^ a b c "Lincolns Inn History – Great Hall". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-17. ^ "United Kingdom: Lincoln's Inn : Events Hire". hirespace.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March ^ a b "The Chapel". The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-08-07. ^ Teller, Matthew (2004). The Rough Guide to Britain. Rough Guides. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-84353-301-6. Retrieved 7 August ^ Barton (1928) p.263 ^ Barton (1928) p.264 ^ a b c "AES London 2011 Organ Recital". Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved 24 April 2011. ^ Thistlethwaite, Nicholas (2009). The making of the Victorian organ. Cambridge University Press. p. 237. ^ Barton (1928) p.267 ^ Barton (1928) p.268 ^ page 48 'The Library of Lincoln's Inn' University of London; Rye, Reginald Arthur, 1876–1945; University of California Libraries (1908), The libraries of London: a guide for students, London, University of London, retrieved 23 February 2014 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Edward (1860) p.97 ^ "Lincolns Inn History – Rare books and manuscripts". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved ^ "Lincolns Inn History – Scope of the collection". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved ^ "Services". Lincolnsinn.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-01. ^ Loftie (1895) p.175 ^ Barton (1928) p.262t ^ "Lincolns Inn History – The Gate House". Lincoln's Inn. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-18. ^ Ringrose (1909) p.78 ^ "Jubilee Fountain – Work William Pye Water Sculpture". Williampye.com. Retrieved 2017-10-01. ^ Pearce (1848) p.135 ^ online-law.co.uk Archived 15 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jessopp, Augustus (1888). "Donne, John (1573-1631)". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Overton, John Henry (1891). "Heber, Reginald". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Gordon, Alexander (1893). "Maltby, Edward". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 35. London: Smith, Elder & ^ Courtney, William Prideaux (1899). "Van Mildert, William". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ "Aleph main menu". www.kcl.ac.uk. ^ Stephen, Leslie (1899). "Warburton, William". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Barton, Dunbar Plunket; Benham, Charles; Watt, Francis (1928). The Story of the Inns of Court. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Douthwaite, William Ralph (1886). Gray's Inn, Its History & Associations. Reeves and Turner. OCLC 2578698. Draper, Warwick (1906). "The Watts Fresco in Lincoln's Inn". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 9 (37). Loftie, W J (1895). The Inns of Court Inns of Court and Chancery. New York: Macmillan & co. OCLC 592845. Pearce, Robert Richard (1848). History of the Inns of Court Inns of Court and Chancery: With Notices of Their Ancient Discipline, Rules, Orders, and Customs, Readings, Moots, Masques, Revels, and Entertainments. R. Bentley. OCLC 16803021. Pulling, Alexander (1884). The Order of the Coif. William Clows & Sons Ltd. OCLC 2049459. Ringrose, Hyacinthe (1909). The Inns of Court Inns of Court An Historical Description. Oxford: R.L. Williams. OCLC 60732875. Simpson, A.W.B. (1970). "The Early Constitution of the Inns of Court". Cambridge Law Journal. Cambridge University Press. 34 (1). Spilsbury, William Holden (1850). Lincoln's inn; its ancient and modern buildings: with an account of the library. W. Pickering. Stanford, Edward (1860). Stanford's new London guide. Stanford Edward, ltd. OCLC 60205994. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lincoln's Inn. Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn Inns of Court Inns of Chancery Inns of Chancery (Barnard's Inn, Clement's Inn, Clifford's Inn, Furnival's Inn, Lyon's Inn, New Inn, Staple Inn, Strand Inn, Thavie's Faculty of Advocates History of the formation of the London Borough of Camden Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place St Andrew Holborn Holborn Above the Bars with St George the Martyr St Giles in the Fields St Giles in the Fields and St George Bloomsbury St George Bloomsbur

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The goal of nanowrimo is to write and entire novel(50,000 words) in one month. Obviously, that’s not an easy task. Here are 10 strategies to make it through nanowrimo. In case you’re not familiar, nanowrimo means National Novel Writing Month. It takes place in November and the goal is to write 50,000 words. Here are 10 strategies that help you get through your goal. 1. Set daily goals. If you divide 50,000 by 30(the number of days in November), you get 1667. That means you have to write 1667 words every day to complete your goal. If there are going to be days where you wont be able to write as much, you can distribute that day’s goal to other days in the month. 2. Set mini goals(goals within your daily goals). If you have 1,000 words left to write, you can set mini goals. Tell yourself that your next goal is to write 100 words. When you get that goal, set a new one. 3. Bribe yourself. Promise yourself something desirable if you finish your mini goal, daily goal, or monthly goal. 4. Remember-quantity, not quality. If you take tons of time to edit yourself as you go, you’ll never reach your goal. Just type/write as many words as you possibly can as fast as you possibly can. 5. Give yourself breaks. Don’t expect, or try, to sit down and write for 3 hours straight. It might happen, but you still need to give yourself breaks. Every hour or so, get up, stretch, eat a snack, go to the bathroom, etc. When you sit back down, you’ll be able to type faster and think more clearly. 6. For once, don’t let inspiration come to you. When you’re writing without a deadline, waiting for inspiration is a good idea. When you’re writing with a deadline, especially for nanowrimo, you have to hunt inspiration down. Don’t stress yourself out about it, though. That wont help at all. Instead, just write something. 7. Don’t kill yourself. This one has a double meaning. Don’t stress yourself out too much, you wont get anything done. Also, remember to eat, drink, go to the bathroom, etc. 8. Find how you work best. You might work best in a perfectly silent room, or in a loud, bustling one. Either way, try to work where you work best. 9. If you can, turn off the internet. Unless you know you’re going to need a lot of research as you go, make it so that you don’t have internet access. Then you wont be distracted by Facebook, Twitter, etc. 10. Most importantly-Have Fun!!! If you don’t like what you’re doing, you’re really stressed out or your torturing yourself to finish your novel, you wont be able to write a word. Instead, look at nanowrimo as a crazy thing you’re doing for fun. I hope these tips help you get through nanowrimo, and any other writing you do.

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The introduction to this book recognizes Exodus as a Christian book, although it respects its pre-Christian roots in the Hebrew Bible. The commentary then moves in a straightforward manner to review issues of faith and history, the critical and theological tasks of a commentary, and other leading theological concerns. Terence Fretheim gives special treatment to the significance of the hardening of Pharaoh's heart, the relationship between law and narrative, and the shaping of literature by liturgy. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching is a distinctive resource for those who interpret the Bible in the church. Planned and written specifically for teaching and preaching needs, this critically acclaimed biblical commentary is a major contribution to scholarship and ministry.

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Bavaria is the largest and oldest state in Germany. With over 1000 years of history, Bavaria's cultural heritage is very much alive today and continues to define the region and its inhabitants. The face of Bavaria is unmistakeable and at the same time inextricably bound in German and European culture and history. Each state in Germany is responsible for forming and implementing its own educational policy. Annual comparative studies regularly confirm that Bavaria boasts one of the best educational systems in Germany. The Bavarian school system Bavaria has a flexible and multifaceted school system. Every child begins their academic career with numerous educational paths to choose from. There are 13 different types of schools with various areas of focus, requirements, goals and speeds. There are more than 5,500 schools in Bavaria. These fall into three main categories: schools of general education, vocational schools and schools of adult education. If you are looking for a suitable school near your place of residence, we recommend searching at the Bavarian school database. As a rule, every student is eligible to enter the next higher academic level after receiving a school-leaving certificate. Based on the principle of permeability, each secondary school is allowed to award its graduates an intermediate school-leaving certificate. Therefore, when a child leaves primary school and is placed into a secondary school, the child's educational path through the school system is by no means set in stone. When parents and children decide on what path to take, they should bear in mind that it's always possible to switch to a different type of school at a later time. Parents are responsible for choosing the educational path suited to the specific needs and abilities of their child. This decision should be based on: • personal goals, • the child's current academic performance and • the requirement profile of each type of school. The teaching staff at primary school help parents make this decision through ongoing consultation and support, as do the primary school teachers at secondary schools (Realschule and Gymnasium) who serve as guidance counselors in the transfer process. Teacher advisors, school psychologists and the State School Advisory Boards can also help parents decide which educational path is best for their child. The advising and support phase begins at the preschool level. Primary school is the first general school for all school-age children. At the end of primary school (fourth grade), pupils enter a secondary school of their choice, i.e. either a Mittelschule (general, vocationally oriented secondary school for non-university bound pupils), Realschule (professionally oriented secondary school) or Gymnasium (university-preparatory secondary school). As of the seventh grade, students may transfer to a business school. A child is permitted to switch to another type of school if his/her academic achievement develops accordingly. Each school-leaving certificate opens the door to new academic paths and connections. After receiving a Mittelschule school-leaving certificate, the pupil may begin: After receiving the intermediate secondary school-leaving certificate, the pupil may continue with: • Vocational training • Vocational secondary school (FOS) • Gymnasium (higher level) Remedial school is for children and young adults who have special learning needs. It offers a variety of pedagogical support programs in the areas of language, learning, emotional and social development, hearing, seeing, physical and motor development and intellectual development. Bavaria also operates schools for sick children which provide instruction to pupils in hospitals and similar facilities.

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The now-meaningless Supreme Court decision that Ray Finch asks about in 011119 MMD -- a decision that was once extremely important and has impacted the recording industry up until the Copyright Act of 1976 slammed the door on piracy, essentially reversing the Court's position by statute -- is the 1908 case titled "White-Smith Music Publishing Company, appellant, vs. Apollo Company." The official report of the Supreme Court decision can be read by going to any law library and consulting v. 52 of the U.S. Supreme Court Decisions. The decision synopsis reads: "Perforated rolls which, when used in connection with mechanical piano players, reproduce in sound copyrighted musical compositions, do not infringe the copyright in such compositions, which ... secures to the composer the sole liberty of printing and reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending the same." Because the outcome of this case was crucial to the recording industry (which in 1908 was the music roll industry, but would later become the recording industry), the suit was joined by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company and a few other interested parties. Essentially the Supreme Court held that, because even a skilled person cannot read the music encoded on a perforated roll or on a pinned cylinder, such products did not infringe copyright and were, in fact, outside the purview of Federal copyright. Therefore the Copyright Act of 1909, which was at the time of the decision being written by Congress, left mechanically produced music and the mediums encoding such music uncopyrightable. The whole playing field was changed by a new copyright law in 1976. One of the major problems that needed to be addressed was record piracy, which had become rampant, given that phonograph records could not be copyrighted under Federal law. Most states had their own laws governing piracy, but when pursued under those laws, the pirates simply packed up and moved to another state to continue their operation. The 1976 act made sound recordings copyrightable and made piracy a Federal crime. Moreover, as I wrote in MMD, the new act retroactively gave copyright protection to pre-existing sound recordings, and that protection will not expire until some of us are dead -- in 2024. Matthew Caulfield (ex-librarian, not a lawyer)

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“If men can run the world, why can't they stop wearing neckties? How intelligent is it to start the day by tying a little noose around your neck?” Jane Y. McCallum Suffragist, Politician, and Author, 1877-1957 Deeply committed to winning the vote for women, Jane McCallum organized rallies, wrote newspaper columns, made speeches, distributed literature, lobbied legislators, and directed campaigns. Yet she insisted on making time for her family—she cooked dinner for them each evening, attended school functions, sewed curtains for the boys’ room, sharing the dilemma of today’s working mothers who juggle multiple responsibilities. Originally from La Vernia, Jane settled in Austin with her husband and children. Here she grew interested in women’s suffrage and prohibition. By 1915 she held leadership roles in city and state suffrage associations, using her organizational skills to manage publicity. During World War I, suffragists raised funds and volunteered on the home front. At war’s end they pressed for the vote with renewed vigor. In March 1918 the Texas legislature approved a bill allowing women to vote in primary elections. The next year the U.S. Congress passed a women’s suffrage amendment extending the vote to all elections. Jane personally lobbied state legislators to ratify this measure, and in June 1919 Texas became the ninth state and first Southern state to do so. During the 1920s Jane headed the Petticoat Lobby, a coalition of women’s groups pressing for laws to benefit women and children. Nearly all of their legislative agenda was enacted: school funding, prison reform, maternal/infant health care, restrictions on child labor, stricter prohibition laws. The Petticoat Lobby supported the campaign of Dan Moody for governor. When he won, he appointed Jane McCallum as Texas Secretary of State. She served from 1927 to 1933. While in office, she discovered the original Texas Declaration of Independence hidden in a vault. In later years Jane continued to write and participate politically, with support from her loyal family. She penned a weekly newspaper column, profiled the sculptor Elisabet Ney, and published a book of biographical essays, Women Pioneers. Jane McCallum and a Texas senator are reported to have had the following exchange in a corridor of the legislature: Senator: You ought to get married. McCallum: But I am married. Senator: Then you ought to be having children. McCallum: I have five. How many do you suggest I have? Senator: Then you should be home taking care of them. McCallum: They’re in school, and their grandmother is there. Senator: Then you should be home darning stockings!

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Graphics and the Internet The PNG format (Portable Network Graphic, pronounced PING) has often been touted as a replacement for GIFs, but so far it doesn’t seem to have taken off. This month we’re going to find out a bit more about it. GIFs are lossless so you won’t lose any image quality, but they only support up to 256 colors. JPEGs support millions of colors, but they are lossy and aren’t particularly good at rendering text. File sizes are significantly reduced by JPEG compression, but the resulting quality can be poor. As you can see, both image formats have their limitations. PNG gives us an alternative. One problem with GIF is that it is not an open format, meaning that if you plan to write some GIF creation software you’ll be required to obtain a licence from Unysis. That may be okay for big companies like Adobe, but not so fun for freeware and shareware programmers. In 1994 Unysis started actively chasing up these licenses. As you can imagine, the Internet community was annoyed, so a group of enthusiasts led by Thomas Boutell put together plans for a better, free, lossless graphic format to replace the GIF: PNG. I feel that the following are the major features of the PNG file format. While GIF only supports 256 colors, PNG supports ‘truecolor’ images. GIF lets you choose to make a certain color transparent so everything underneath shows through. However, if you have a shadow edge (for example) on an image, unless you know the background color, the resulting image will look odd. PNG supports alpha-channel transparency so that regardless of the background the image is placed over, it looks fine. This is better explained in the example below. As you can see, the shadow area on the GIF image doesn’t look as good as the PNG. PNG boasts file sizes up to 25% smaller than GIF. That sounds a bit scary, doesn’t it? Well, it’s not as bad as it sounds. Images created on a Mac generally look darker on a PC, and PC-created images look paler on a Mac. This is because different computer systems and monitors interpret color values differently. Gamma correction makes allowances for these differences. PNG supports gamma correction, so a PNG image should look almost identical on all major platforms. Unlike GIFs, the PNG format doesn’t support animation—which, believe me, is a good thing! So Why Hasn’t PNG Taken Off? While PNG has been accepted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and most image editors (such as Photoshop, CorelPaint, and GraphicConverter) can write PNGs, browsers have been slow to accept the format and to implement support for all of PNG’s features. This is happening gradually; if you want to use PNG images, try them out on a few non-essential images on the site and see what visitor feedback you get. Netscape (Mac & PC) from version 4 and Internet Explorer from version 4 (PC) and version 5 (Mac) all support the PNG format, although they don’t yet fully support all of its features. iCab supports PNG very well, but doesn’t support some features like gamma correction. To see if your browser supports PNG visit this page. The image is quite large, which gives you the opportunity to see PNG’s interlacing as it downloads. One of the other reasons PNG hasn’t taken off is ignorance. Whenever you read an Internet graphics tutorial, all you read about is GIF this and JPEG that. PNG rarely gets a mention. It would be good if PNG took, but history has shown that the stronger product doesn’t necessarily win the market. • • • Although this column has covered just the basics of PNG, you can learn more at the PNG Web site. If there is enough interest, I may return to PNG in a future column. Happy holidays, everyone! Also in This Series - PNG · December 2000 - Seven New Deadly Internet Graphic Sins · November 2000 - Seven Deadly Internet Graphic Sins…or Things That Look Really Bad on Web Pages · October 2000 - The Animated GIF · September 2000 - The GIF File Format · August 2000 - Banner Advertisements · July 2000 - JPEGs and JPEG Compression · June 2000 - Help, I Can’t Draw! · May 2000 - Copyright · April 2000 - Complete Archive

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A significant proportion of the workforce is women, and the types of jobs they occupy are diverse and span across industries. It’s crucial to take a closer look at which occupations have the highest concentration of women to better understand their roles in the workforce. Interestingly, some careers tend to be predominantly held by women, and these occupations have experienced notable growth in recent years. From healthcare and social care professions to education and public relations, women are making their mark across various industries. One fascinating area to explore is women’s representation in leadership and high-paying roles, which has been steadily increasing. While there are regional variations, it’s evident that women are integral to the workforce and their most common occupations provide valuable insights. Make sure to check out our ultimate guide to the best jobs for work-life balance and earnings for a broader view on this topic. - Healthcare and social care fields have a high concentration of women employees. - Women are well-represented in public relations, human resources, and education sectors. - Regional differences exist, but the trend of women occupying leadership roles is growing. The Top Jobs Occupied By Women As a knowledgeable and confident individual, I’ve noticed that women have made significant progress in various fields and industries. Nowadays, it’s common to find women working as physicians, pharmacists, and surgeons. These medical professionals are well-respected, and their skills are crucial for maintaining the health of our communities. Therapists have also become a common job for women. A large majority of speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists are women, dedicated to improving patients’ lives. Similarly, physical therapists are a growing field for women, as they assist in the rehabilitation of clients after injuries or surgeries. In the nursing field, I’ve observed that registered nurses and nurse practitioners are among the most common occupations for women. They play a vital role in patient care, providing necessary support to physicians and surgeons. Have you ever considered how critical human resources management is to any organization? Many women are successful human resources managers, responsible for managing employee relations, recruiting top talent, and ensuring a positive workplace. Another occupation where women appear to excel is in the dental field. A high number of dental hygienists are women, responsible for maintaining patients’ oral hygiene and health. Did I mention that women also find success in other fields? Accounting and director positions are frequently held by women, showcasing their skills in financial management, strategic planning, and decision-making. It’s also worth noting that women are increasingly finding opportunities as physician assistants and veterinarians, actively contributing to healthcare and animal welfare. So, as you can see, women have made remarkable strides across various industries throughout the years, and their contributions to society are invaluable. Women in Leadership and High-Paying Roles As someone who is passionate about equal opportunity and representation in the job market, I noticed a lot has been changing in the business world regarding women in leadership and high-paying roles. Let’s explore these developments and some of the most common high-paying jobs occupied by women today. I discovered that only 10% of Fortune 500 companies are led by women. While this number is low, it’s essential to recognize the progress being made and understand that women in leadership roles have the power to increase productivity, enhance collaboration, and inspire dedication within their organizations. Management positions are increasingly becoming occupied by women as we strive for a more equal distribution of power and decision-making. Still, disparities in representation can be seen at the highest levels of organizations. For example, white men account for 62% of C-suite roles, while white women hold 20%, men of color hold 13%, and women of color only hold 4%. In terms of high-paying jobs, women have made significant strides in some sectors. For instance, 61.9% of all veterinarians are female, making it one of the most common jobs held by women. Besides, some prevalent high-paying careers for women in the United States include Associate Professors and Information Systems Managers, with an average salary of $107,536 per year. Women are increasingly becoming lawyers as well, a traditionally male-dominated and high-paying profession. According to the American Bar Association, 36.9% of all lawyers in 2021 were women. So, while there’s still a long way to go, I’m hopeful and optimistic about women’s continued growth in leadership and high-paying roles as we all move towards a more equitable job market. Regional Variations and Women Workers As someone familiar with the employment trends, I’ve noticed that the most common jobs for women vary across regions. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics provides useful data on the subject. In my experience, some regions present more job opportunities in specific sectors, depending on the local economy and industries. Take real estate, for example. In regions with bustling housing markets, women workers may find more opportunities as real estate agents or brokers. However, in areas where the real estate market is less active, these opportunities might not be as widespread. It’s essential to consider factors like local economies, regional industries, and labor needs when assessing the most common jobs for women. One can’t help but wonder, are there any overarching trends that apply to women workers across diverse locations? It seems that certain job categories are more likely to have a higher percentage of women workers regardless of the region. For instance, healthcare and education tend to be sectors where women have a stronger presence. Furthermore, the rise of remote work has been a game-changer for many women, as it broadens the scope of available job opportunities beyond their geographical location. To be financially free, it’s crucial for women over 40 to adapt to these regional variations in job opportunities. A proactive approach to navigating the job market can lead to a more prosperous and fulfilling career. Do you find yourself looking for new employment options or contemplating a change in fields? Remember, being aware of regional trends and finding the right opportunities is a crucial step towards securing a stable financial future. Healthcare and Social Care Fields I consider myself well-informed when it comes to the healthcare and social care fields, and it’s clear to me that these industries are particularly vital for women’s employment. Many women are drawn to roles that involve caring for others, and there is a wide range of healthcare and social care professions to suit various interests and skillsets. From my observation, one of the most predominant jobs for women in healthcare is the role of a registered nurse. Nurses play an essential role in hospitals and other healthcare facilities, providing patient care, education, and emotional support. Another popular job in this field is the nurse practitioner, who has advanced training and can diagnose and treat medical conditions, often working alongside a physician. Speaking of physicians, female doctors are becoming increasingly common, especially in women’s health. Whether as a primary care provider or a specialist like a surgeon, women are making their mark in the medical profession. Similarly, pharmacists play a crucial role in healthcare, and many women choose this career path for its combination of scientific expertise and patient interaction. Jobs in the dental field, such as dental hygienists, are another area where women excel. These professionals provide preventive care and educate patients on maintaining good oral health. They make up a large portion of the dental workforce, contributing significantly to the industry. When it comes to rehabilitation and wellness, women also dominate the occupational therapy and physical therapy professions. They work closely with patients who require assistance in improving their physical or cognitive abilities, often taking a holistic approach that makes a significant impact on their patients’ lives. In the realm of mental health, many women find fulfilling careers as psychologists, counselors, and social workers. These professionals provide support and guidance to individuals, families, and communities in need, often targeting emotional, psychological, or social issues. In the arena of nutrition and wellness, dietitians and nutritionists are vital in educating clients on healthy eating habits and developing personalized nutrition plans. Women are prominently represented in this field, helping individuals achieve optimal physical health through tailored dietary advice. Lastly, women make significant contributions in the role of home health aides, providing personal care and support to individuals who need assistance with their daily living activities. These dedicated professionals form a crucial link between patients, their families, and healthcare providers. The healthcare and social care fields showcase the diverse career opportunities available to women who want to make a positive impact on others’ lives. From patient care to specialized medicine and mental health support, the need for skilled and compassionate professionals in these industries is ever-present, and women continue to rise to the challenge. Women in Public Relations and Human Resources As someone interested in the most common jobs for women, I discovered that a significant number of them work in the public relations (PR) and human resources (HR) fields. Both PR and HR are known for requiring strong communication and interpersonal skills, which many women naturally possess. In the PR industry, women make up 60-80% of the workforce, but they occupy only one in five senior positions source. Despite this apparent discrepancy, the increasing number of women in this field demonstrates their aptitude for it. Public relations specialists are responsible for managing an organization’s reputation, crafting strategic messages, and engaging with the media. These tasks align well with the skill sets that many women possess. When it comes to human resources, women dominate the profession. A recent study found that women held two-thirds of executive positions in HR source. As an HR manager, one is responsible for employee relations, recruitment, benefits administration, and staff development. These roles require excellent planning and organizational skills, which many women excel in. So why do I think women are drawn to these fields? Public relations and human resources both allow women to combine their natural abilities in communication, empathy, and collaboration. These strengths enable them to excel in these industries, providing strategic value to the companies they work for. Both public relations and human resources professions offer satisfying careers for many women. These fields provide opportunities to make a real difference in organizations and leverage women’s unique strengths in communication and interpersonal skills. Women in the World of Education I have noticed that women often dominate the education sector, where they contribute significantly across many roles. For instance, we find many women employed as preschool and kindergarten teachers, guiding and nurturing the development of young minds. Their ability to empathize and connect emotionally with children is a great asset in these settings. As elementary and middle school teachers, women continue to play a vital part in shaping the future of our society. They introduce students to foundational concepts in various subjects, and their dedication to fostering learning environments positively impacts children’s lives beyond the classroom. I also recognize the role of women as school psychologists. They work tirelessly to support students facing mental, emotional, and behavioral challenges. Their expertise in assessing, diagnosing, and developing intervention strategies helps create a safe space for students to grow and thrive. Moreover, special education teachers are another critical segment where women excel. These dedicated professionals adapt their teaching methods to accommodate students with disabilities, ensuring that they too have an equal opportunity to learn and succeed. Lastly, women also make up a significant portion of tutors. They provide one-on-one attention to students in need of assistance and help them improve their academic performance in specific subjects. Despite facing unique challenges, women continue to have a profound impact on the field of education. Their passion for learning and commitment to empowering students will no doubt continue to drive their success in these important roles. For further reading, we recommend the following articles for a more in-depth look into jobs with work-life and wage balance: Frequently Asked Questions What are the top female occupations in 2023? In 2023, some of the top female occupations include roles in healthcare, education, and finance. I’ve noticed a high demand for nurses, teachers, and financial advisors. These jobs provide stable income and growth opportunities, making them highly desirable for women. Which high-paying careers are dominated by women? High-paying careers dominated by women often exist in fields such as healthcare, legal professions, and human resources. For instance, nurse practitioners, attorneys, and HR managers are predominantly female positions that offer excellent compensation and room for career advancement. What are some popular careers for women without a degree? Many popular careers for women without a degree are in industries that value experience and soft skills. Roles like administrative assistants, licensed practical nurses, and childcare providers are popular choices. These positions allow women to excel professionally even without a formal education. What are the statistics for female-dominated professions? When it comes to female-dominated professions, nearly 76% of all healthcare practitioners and technical occupation jobs are held by women. Similarly, women make up about 66% of the workforce in education, training, and library occupations. These statistics show the significant presence and impact of women in these industries. What are some unique jobs that women often pursue? Some unique jobs that women often pursue include roles in fashion design, event planning, and nutrition. These professions allow women to showcase their creativity and passion for something more unconventional than typical female-dominated positions. Are there any male-dominated industries where women are starting to excel? Yes, I’ve observed that women are starting to excel in traditionally male-dominated industries like technology, engineering, and construction. As more women join these fields, they’re helping to break down barriers and promote gender diversity in the workplace. Kurt has gone from the financial lows of the ’08 financial crisis to personal financial success. He is a professional real estate investor owning properties in multiple states. One of his passions is financial education and the pursuit of financial freedom. You can learn more about Kurt here.

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Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn, 1630 Downcast, the biblical prophet Jeremiah leans his tired head on his hand. He mourns the burning city of Jerusalem (left background), the destruction of which he had predicted. The most important part of the depiction – the figure of Jeremiah – is painted with great precision, while his surroundings are barely worked out. Rembrandt used powerful contrasts of light and shadow to heighten the drama of the scene.

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Vegan Babies and Toddlers Breastfeeding Beyond Infancy Is there any benefit in breastfeeding your baby beyond her first birthday? Aren’t we told that after the age of 12 months a baby no longer needs formula or breastmilk and can be weaned onto straight cow’s milk or non-dairy milks? Most people follow this advice. But should they? Could it be that this belief is just a cultural myth? While it is true that for formula-fed children there is no increased benefit in giving formula over other forms of milk, breastfed children are a different case entirely. Essential differences between formula and breast milk mean that the benefits of breastfeeding extend into toddler-hood and exist as long as breastfeeding continues. by Katharina Bishop The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF have long supported and encouraged breastfeeding for two years and longer. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recently revised its breastfeeding policy and now recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months and that breastfeeding should ideally continue for a minimum of one year. The AAP statement goes on to say that “there is no upper limit to the duration of breastfeeding and no evidence of psychological or developmental harm from breastfeeding into the third year of life and longer.” Indeed, scientific evidence shows that “the benefits of breastfeeding (nutritional, immunological, cognitive, and emotional) continue as long as breastfeeding itself does.” (1) What then, exactly, are the benefits of nursing your toddler? Studies show extended nursing has nutritional, immunological, and developmental benefits. In the second year of life (from 12 - 23 months) 445 ml of breast milk provides your toddler with the following: 29% of energy requirements, 43% of protein requirements, 36% of calcium requirements, 75% of vitamin A requirements, 76% of folic acid requirements, 94% of vitamin B12 requirements and 60% of vitamin C requirements. Breast milk is a nutritional super food. Best of all, it is completely free. For picky eaters (and most toddlers are at some stage) breastfeeding offers a valuable nutritional supplement - with added immunological benefits. Breastfed toddlers have been shown to be sick less often (2) and to suffer from fewer allergies (3). Not only does breastfeeding beyond infancy benefit your child, it offers health benefits for you too. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer (4). Studies have found a significant inverse association between duration of lactation and breast cancer risk. Statistically, this means the longer you breastfeed, the lower your risk of breast cancer. Breastfeeding also reduces the risk of ovarian cancer (5), uterine cancer (6), and endometrial cancer (7). Studies have found that breastfeeding protects against osteoporosis (8) and reduces the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (9). Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease insulin requirements in diabetic women (10). Last but not least, breastfeeding mothers tend to lose weight easier due to an increase in caloric requirement (breastfeeding uses from 500 to 800 kcal a day). A commonly held misconception is that extended breastfeeding will create an overly dependent toddler. In fact, researchers have found the opposite to be true. Studies show that “there are statistically significant tendencies for conduct disorder scores to decline with increasing duration of breastfeeding.” (11) Elizabeth Baldwin sums up the psychological and developmental findings in Extended Breastfeeding and the Law as follows: “Meeting a child's dependency needs is the key to helping that child achieve independence. And children outgrow these needs according to their own unique timetable. Children who achieve independence at their own pace are more secure in that independence then children forced into independence prematurely.” Whether and how long to breastfeed is a very personal decision. All too often mothers find themselves pressured into making choices based on cultural and social expectations rather than following their personal preferences and instincts as a mother. Mothers who choose to breastfeed beyond infancy may find support and encouragement in knowing that they are providing their children with nutritional, immunological and developmental benefits while also doing something good for their own health. (1) KA Dettwyler, "Beauty and the Breast" from Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives, 1995, p. 204. (2) Gulick EE. The effects of breastfeeding on toddler health. Pediatr Nurs. 1986 Jan-Feb;12(1):51-4. (3) Savilahti E, et al. Prolonged exclusive breast feeding and heredity as determinants in infantile atopy. Arch Dis Child. 1987 Mar;62(3):269-73 (4) Furberg H, Newman B, Moorman P, Millikan R. Lactation and breast cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:396-402. (5) Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH, Layde PM, Rubin GL. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and oral contraceptives and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:559-68. (6) Brock KE et al. Sexual, reproductive and contraceptive risk factors for carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix in Sydney. Med J Aust. 1989 Feb 6;150(3):125-30. (7) Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB, and the WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. Prolonged Lactation and endometrial cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1995;24:499-503. (8) Osteoporosis: Reduced risk with nursing? by Debbi Donovan, IBCLC (9) Karlson EW, Mandl LA, Hankinson SE, Grodstein F. Do breast-feeding and other reproductive factors influence future risk of rheumatoid arthritis? Results from the Nurses' Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Nov;50(11):3458-67. (10) Davies HA et al. Insulin requirements of diabetic women who breast feed. BMJ. 1989 May 20;298(6684):1357-8. (11) Sally Kneidel in "Nursing Beyond One Year" (New Beginnings, Vol. 6 No. 4, July-August 1990, pp. 99-103. Mothering Your Nursing Toddler by Norma Jane Bumgarner The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding: Seventh Revised Edition (La Leche League International Book)

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Effects of Florida Red Tides on histone variant expression and DNAmethylation in the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica The Red Tides in Florida affect more than just beachgoers. Scientists are only beginning to understand how marine organisms cope with environmental stressors such as Red Tide. Scientists are investigating how the presence of Red Tide leads to DNA damage in Eastern oysters and how this impacts future generations of oysters. Although oysters may be considered to be a simple marine organism, this study places them at center stage as a model for developing management and conservation programs related to Red Tide. NOTE: This article is part of a Collection of student-annotated papers that are the product of the SitC team’s research into best practices for using primary literature to support STEM education. For this reason, these papers have undergone an alternate review process and may lack educator guides. To learn more, visit the main Collection page: SitC Lab. Massive algal proliferations known as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) represent one of the most important threats to coastal areas. Among them, the so-called Florida Red Tides (FRTs, caused by blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis and associated brevetoxins) are particularly detrimental in the southeast-ern U.S., causing high mortality rates and annual losses in excess of $40 million. The ability of marine organisms to cope with environmental stressors (including those produced during HABs) is influencedby genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, the latter resulting in phenotypic changes caused by heritable modifications in gene expression, without involving changes in the genetic (DNA) sequence. Yet, studies examining cause-effect relationships between environmental stressors, specific epigenetic mechanisms and subsequent responses are still lacking. The present work contributes to increase this knowledge by investigating the effects of Florida Red Tides on two types of mechanisms participating in the epigenetic memory of Eastern oysters: histone variants and DNA methylation. For that purpose, a HAB simulation was conducted in laboratory conditions, exposing oysters to increasing concentrations of K. brevis. The obtained results revealed, for the first time, the existence of H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A genes in this organism, encoding histone variants potentially involved in the maintenance of genome integrity during responses to the genotoxic effect of brevetoxins. Additionally, an increase in H2A.X phosphorylation(H2A.X, a marker of DNA damage) and a decrease in global DNA methylation were observed as theHAB simulation progressed. Overall, the present work provides a basis to better understand how epi-genetic mechanisms participate in responses to environmental stress in marine invertebrates, opening new avenues to incorporate environmental epigenetics approaches into management and conservation programs. The impacts of global change on marine ecosystems are dramatic, as evidenced by growing pollution and acidification, sea level rise, and changes in ocean temperature and currents (Curryand Mauritzen, 2005). Among them, the increase in the frequency and toxicity of episodes of massive algal proliferations known asHarmful Algal Blooms (HABs) represents one of the most important threats to fisheries, aquaculture-based industries, and human populations in coastal areas (Mat et al., 2013; Cook et al., 2015).During HABs, large amounts of potentially harmful biotoxins are produced and recruited into the human food chain through their accumulation by edible marine organisms (Cardozo et al., 2007;Plakas et al., 2008). These biotoxins, among other relevant effects,have the ability to cause DNA damage, both in marine organisms and human consumers of contaminated shellfish (Valdiglesias et al.,2013; Prego-Faraldo et al., 2015; Prego-Faraldo et al., 2016). The southeastern U.S. is particularly affected by HABs (Flewelling et al., 2005), notably by the so-called Florida Red Tides [FRTs, blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis, 1948; Brand and Compton, 2007)] and associated brevetoxins (PbTx). FRTs are responsible for high mortality rates of marine invertebrates, fishes and marine mammals (Brand et al., 2012), causing annual losses in excess of $40 million (Twiner et al., 2007). The consumption of brevetoxin-laden shellfish causes Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) syndrome (McFarren et al., 1965), and exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins is responsible for respiratory distress (Abraham et al., 2005) and severe allergic reactions in humans (Fleming et al., 2007). Furthermore, brevetoxins convey critical disruptive effects at the most fundamental level, as they can induce DNA damage and apoptosis (Radwan and Ramsdell, 2008; Murrell and Gibson, 2009, 2011). Still, while the harmful effects of brevetoxins are well documented, the role these biotoxins play in K. brevis is still uncertain (Sunda et al., 2013; Errera et al., 2014). Coastal areas bear the brunt of HABs, impacting marine communities and commercial resources, especially the aquaculture industry. Consequently, bivalve molluscs are generally used as sentinel organisms to study HAB pollution (Collin et al., 2010; Campos et al., 2012; Fernandez-Tajes et al., 2012; Luchmann et al., 2012; Milan et al., 2013; Suarez-Ulloa et al., 2013; Prego-Faraldo et al., 2015, 2016). Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) are particularly relevant due to their abundance, economic importance and major role in the function of estuary ecosystems in areas affected by FRTs (Dame, 1972). During these episodes Eastern oysters rapidly accumulate brevetoxins (Plakas et al., 2002), causing mortality and interfering with larval development (Leverone et al., 2006; Rolton et al., 2014). At the subcellular level, the exposure to high brevetoxin concentrations was previously linked to the activation of specific molecular mechanisms involved in defense, detoxification and stress response in oysters (Mello et al., 2012), including advanced apoptosis and apoptosis-regulating systems (Zhang et al., 2014). Similarly, the presence of oxidative stress was described in other marine organisms including corals, turtles and manatees, as a consequence of exposure to K. brevis during FRTs (Ross et al., 2010; Perrault et al., 2014; Walsh et al., 2015). Traditionally, the ability of organisms to cope with adverse environmental conditions such as those imposed by HABs was attributed to specifically adapted genotypes (Hoffmann and Willi, 2008). However, we now know that responses to environmental changes are largely dependent on epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, in other words, heritable changes in gene expression resulting from modifications in chromatin structure, without involving changes in the genetic information stored in DNA (Allis et al., 2007; Feil and Fraga, 2012). The study of the epigenetic mechanisms mediating exposure-response relationships constitutes the basis for environmental epigenetic analyses (Baccarelli and Bollati, 2009; Bollati and Baccarelli, 2010), providing information about how different environmental factors influence phenotypic variation (Cortessis et al., 2012; Suarez-Ulloa et al., 2015; Etchegaray and Mostoslavsky, 2016). Chromatin, the association between DNA and chromosomal proteins, provides a framework for the study of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone variants [a set of minority histone proteins encompassing specialized functions in chromatin metabolism (Henikoff and Smith, 2015)] and their post-translational modifications (PTMs), as well as non-coding RNAs, among others (Kouzarides, 2007; Ptashne, 2007; Arya et al., 2010; Talbert and Henikoff, 2010; Mercer and Mattick, 2013). These modifications define specific epigenomic states throughout the genome that are susceptible of being transmitted trans-generationally (both mitotically and meiotically), setting the basis for short-term acclimatization and long-term adaptation (Migicovsky and Kovalchuk, 2011; Fernandez et al., 2014). Among marine invertebrates, bivalve molluscs constitute emerging models in environmental epigenetics, as illustrated by recent studies examining the role of DNA methylation in the Pacific oyster (Gavery and Roberts, 2010, 2013, 2014; Diaz-Freije et al., 2014; Olson and Roberts, 2014) and the characterization of chromatin structure and histone variants in mussels (González-Romero et al., 2012; Rivera-Casas et al., 2016a,b). Yet, studies examining cause-effect relationships between environmental stressors, specific epigenetic mechanisms and subsequent responses in marine invertebrates are still lacking. That is primarily due to the absence of genomic information for many environmentally and ecologically relevant organisms, along with a scarce knowledge about their chromatin structure and dynamics (Arenas-Mena et al., 2007; Schulmeister et al., 2007; Suarez-Ulloa et al., 2015). The present work fills that gap by studying the role of two different epigenetic mechanisms during Eastern oyster responses to FRTs. First, given the genotoxic effect of brevetoxins produced during FRTs (Radwan and Ramsdell, 2008; Murrell and Gibson, 2009, 2011), this study targets a group of three histone variants known to be involved in the maintenance of genome integrity, namely H2A.X, H2A.Z, and macroH2A (Li et al., 2005; Ivashkevich et al., 2012; Shi and Oberdoerffer, 2012; Papamichos-Chronakis and Peterson, 2013; Khurana et al., 2014). Although the presence of these variants has not been yet described in oysters, our previous results on other mollusc species support that notion (González-Romero et al., 2012; Rivera-Casas et al., 2016a,b). Second, the study of environmental epigenetic responses is completed by the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns during FRTs. The obtained results are consistent with a role for histone H2A.X phosphorylation (H2A.X) and DNA methylation during exposure to the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate K. brevis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimen collection and laboratory acclimatization Eastern oyster specimens were collected at Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Naples FL (coordinates 26.050026, −81.700774). Collected organisms were transported to the laboratory and acclimatized to controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 2 ◦C), aeration (dissolved oxygen >6 mg/L), salinity (30 ± 2 ppt), light cycle and substrate in a recirculating seawater system for 5 weeks. During this period, oyster specimens were fed twice a day using a commercial mix of marine microalgae (1 mL per 30L tank) including Isochrysis sp., Pavlova sp., Tetraselmis sp., Chaetoceros calcitrans, Thalassiosira weissflogii and T. pseudonana (Shellfish Diet 1800, REED MARICULTURE). The concentrated diet was diluted with filtered seawater (1:10) to ensure separation of microalgae cells. Experimental HAB simulation The present work simulated the toxic effect resulting from the exposure of Eastern oysters to an incoming patch of K. brevis HAB that disappears within 24 h (Stumpf et al., 2003). HAB simulations were carried out in the laboratory using an exponential culture of the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate K. brevis (approx. 45,000 cells/mL, courtesy of Dr. K. Rein, Florida International University). Toxin content in microalgae cultures was estimated using LC–MS as 5.0–6.8 pg/cell (Sun et al., 2016). Given that the present work aimed to simulate a natural FRT episode, K. brevis exposures were chosen over exposures to purified brevetoxins. The latter have major limitations for that purpose, including the existence of several brevetoxins subtypes (not all can be purified) and their high hydrophobicity, hampering homogeneous solution in seawater. Two groups of oysters (control and treated) were defined in the simulation, each consisting of 3 experimental units (biological replicates) with 20 individuals/unit (80 individuals per group). Each experimental unit consisted of a static 20 L tank where oysters were fed and acclimatized to controlled conditions for 24 h prior to exposure to K. brevis. Treated experimental units were subsequently exposed to increasing concentrations of K. brevis, starting at 5 cell/mL and reaching 1000 cell/mL after 5 h exposure (Fig. 1A). These conditions mirror K. brevis levels during a typical medium high intensity FRT episode (Stumpf et al., 2003). Specimens were initially fed with lower microalgae volumes (0.1 mL per 20 L tank) in order to promote feeding behavior. Effects of high algal densities were controlled in tanks exposed to K. brevis by monitoring water quality (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity) and oyster feeding behavior (production of feces). These parameters remained constant within optimal levels throughout the experiment, discarding significant effects of increased algal levels in exposed individuals. Cell concentrations of K. brevis were quantified hourly using a Multisizer 4 Coulter Counter instrument (BECKMAN-COULTER). Dosage was adjusted to maintain homogeneous microalgae concentrations across replicates (Fig. 1B). Specimens (n = 2 oysters per biological replicate) were collected at 4 different time points: T0, before exposure begins; T1, after 3 h exposure; T2, after 5 h exposure; T3, after 24 h exposure. Upon sampling, oysters were shucked, and gills were dissected and immediately flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The choice of gill tissue as model system in the present work was motivated by previous reports indicating that gills are the part of the organism first contacted by biotoxins during HABs, experiencing substantial DNA damage (Prego-Faraldo et al., 2015, 2016). Gene expression analysis Total RNA was extracted from gill cells using Ribozol Reagent (AMRESCO) and digested with PerfeCTa DNase I (QUANTA BIOSCIENCES) to eliminate residual genomic DNA. cDNA was synthesized using qScript cDNA Supermix (QUANTA BIOSCIENCES). Expression analyses were performed by means of quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments. Accordingly, specific primers for Eastern oyster H2A.X, H2A.Z, and macroH2A histone genes were designed based on sequences retrieved from GenBank (Table 1) using Primer- BLAST software (Ye et al., 2012). Primers were also generated for GAPDH and RPL13, used as reference genes for normalization purposes. Primer efficiency was calculated based on the slope of calibration curves constructed using ten-fold dilution steps, according to the formula E = 10−1/slope. Gene expression profiles were examined in gills from Eastern oyster by measuring SYBR green incorporation, using FastStart Essential DNA Green Master (ROCHE) in a LightCycler 96 System (ROCHE). A pre-incubation step of 10 min at 95 ◦C was included. cDNA amplification was carried out in 45 cycles under the following conditions: denaturation for 10 s at 95 ◦C, annealing for 10 s at 60 ◦C, and elongation for 10 s at 72 ◦C, including a final melting gradient up to 97 ◦C using a ramp of 4.4 ◦C/s to check primer specificity. Each individual reaction was carried out in triplicate including negative controls, No Template Control (NTC) and Non- Reverse Transcription Control (NRTC). Results were recorded as normalized ratio values by the LightCycler 96 Software version 1.1 following the Pfaffl method (Pfaffl, 2001). Statistical analyses were carried out using ANOVA after observing an approximately normal distribution with QQ-plots, including a post-hoc Tukey HSD test for multiple comparisons. All analyses were carried out using R-Bioconductor (Gentleman et al., 2004). Histone protein extraction, separation and western blot analysis Histone protein isolation was performed as described elsewhere (Ausio and Moore, 1998), adapting the protocol to oyster gill tissues in the present work. Accordingly, gills were homogenized with a Dounce Tissue Grinder in 100 mM KCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 Mm MgCl2, and 0.5% Triton X-100 buffer containing a protease inhibitor mixture. After homogenization and incubation on ice for 5 min, samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000g (4 ◦C). The resulting pellets were resuspended in 0.6 N HCl, homogenized and centrifuged again. The HCl supernatant extracts were precipitated overnight with six volumes of acetone at −20 ◦C and centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000g (4 ◦C). Acetone pellets were dried using a speedvac concentrator and stored at −80 ◦C. The extracted histone proteins were separated using Sodium Dodecyl-Sulfate PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in ClearPAGE SDS gels 4–20% (C.B.S. SCIENTIFIC). Gels were stained with 0.2% (w/v) Coomassie blue in 25% (v/v) 2-propanol, 10% (v/v) acetic acid, and destained in 10% (v/v) 2-propanol, 10% (v/v) acetic acid. Western-blot analyses were performed using commercial human-specific antibodies, including anti-H2A.X (ABCAM), anti- H2A.X (ROCKLAND), anti-H2A.Z (THERMOFISHER SCIENTIFIC); as well as antibodies raised in-house against mollusc macroH2A and H4 histones. Gels were electro-transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (C.B.S. SCIENTIFIC) and processed as described elsewhere (Finn et al., 2008). Membranes were incubated with a secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody (ROCKLAND) whose signal was subsequently detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (Amershan ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent, GE HEALTHCARE LIFE SCIENCES) and a CCD based imager (ChemiDoc-It TS2 Imager, UVP). Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis Genomic DNA was purified from gill tissue as described elsewhere (Fernandez-Tajes et al., 2007), adapting the protocol to Eastern oysters in the present work. DNA methylation was analyzed using a Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP) protocol, adapted from (Reyna-Lopez et al., 1997). This method is based on the differential cleavage reactivity to Cytosine methylation (CCGG sites) between the isoesquizomeric endonucleases HpaII and MspI. Accordingly, while HpaII is sensitive to internal Cytosine methylation (i.e., 5-CmCGG-3/3-GGmCC-5) or hypermethylation states (i.e., 5-mCmCGG-3/3-GGmCmC-5), MspI is sensitive to external Cytosine methylation, including hemimethylation states where methylation is located on the external Cytosine of the CCGG pattern but on a single DNA strand (i.e., 5-mCCGG- 3/3-GGCC-5) and hypermethylation states. Thus, by comparing both restriction profiles, MSAP analyses provide a basis for establishing global Cytosine methylation patterns and to perform comparisons among different samples (Diaz-Freije et al., 2014). Briefly, gill genomic DNA samples were separately digested with EcoRI/HpaII and EcoRI/MspI in parallel reactions. The resulting fragments were ligated to EcoRI adapters (5-CTCGTAGACTGCGTACC- 3, 3-AATTGGTACGCAGTCTAC-5) and HpaII/MspI adapters (5- GACGATGAGTCTAGAA-3, 3-CGTTCTAGACTCATC-5). Digestionligation reactions were performed simultaneously for 2 h at 37 ◦C in a solution consisting of 10 nM DNA, 4 U of EcoRI (NEB), 1 U of either HpaII (NEB) or MspI (NEB), 1 U T4 DNA ligase (NEB), 1X ligase buffer (NEB), 1X CutSmart Buffer (NEB). Restriction fragments were selectively amplified through two consecutive PCR reactions as follows: a first reaction containing 1 L of 1/10 diluted restriction-ligation product, 20 pM of each HpaII/MspI + T (5-GATGAGTCTAGAACGGT-3) and EcoRI + A (5- GACTGCGTACCAATTCA-3) primers, 1X PCR buffer, 0.5 mM dNTPs (THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC), 2.5 mM MgCl2, and 1 U BIOTAQ DNA polymerase (BIOLINE). The PCR conditions included an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 95 ◦C followed by 20 amplification cycles (20 s at 95 ◦C; 30 s at 56 ◦C; 2 min at 72 ◦C) and a final extension step of 30 min at 72 ◦C. The second reaction used 0.5 L of 1/10 of the pre-selective PCR product, 0.83 pM of each 6-FAM labelled selective primer, HpaII/MspI + TAG (5-GATGAGTCTAGAACGGTCC- 3) and HpaII/MspI + TCC (5-GATGAGTCTAGAACGGTAG-3), 1X PCR buffer, 0.5 mM dNTPs, 2.5 mM MgCl2 and 1 U DNA polymerase (BIOTAQ). Conditions included an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 95 ◦C followed by 10 amplification cycles (20 s at 95 ◦C; 30 s at 66 ◦C; 2 min at 72 ◦C) and a final extension step of 30 min at 72 ◦C. Amplified products were run in a ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS) with a GeneScan 500 ROX in the DNA Core facility at Florida International University. MSAP restriction profiles were scored using the GeneMapper v.3.7 software (APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS) and the resulting absence-presence matrix was analyzed using the R package MSAP (Perez-Figueroa, 2013). For that purpose, the presence of both EcoRI-HpaII and EcoRI-MspI fragments (1/1) is used as an indicator of unmethylated states; Hemimethylated and internal Cytosine methylated loci are represented by EcoRI–HpaII (1/0) and EcoRI–MspI (0/1) fragments, respectively. Lastly, the absence of both fragments (0/0) mirrors either a target mutation (i.e., recognition site CCGG is not present any more) or hypermethylation, being therefore considered uninformative. Differences among methylation profiles were studied throughout the experiment using Analysis of MOlecular VAriance (AMOVA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Statistical significance was assessed using Fisher’s exact tests. (Benjamini & Hochberg multi-test corrections, adjusted p < 0.05) based on counts for the four pattern categories (unmethylated, hemimethylated, hypermethylated, and internal Cytosine methylation), identifying loci with non-random distribution of methylation states. Relationship estimates were computed using Gower’s Coefficient of Similarity, and the resulting distance matrix was clustered using UPGMA and visualized as a heatmap with the “ComplexHeatmap” R package (Gu et al., 2016). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Florida Red Tide simulation and feeding response in Eastern oysters FRTs are usually patchy and highly mobile (i.e., driven by currents and wind), displaying heterogeneous dinoflagellate concentrations as these episodes develop (Carvalho et al., 2011). In order to improve HAB simulation, the present work focused on the first 24 h of a FRT episode, where dinoflagellate concentrations can be predicted more accurately. Accordingly, Eastern oyster individuals were exposed to an exponential increase in the concentration of the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate K. brevis (Fig. 1A), simulating a typical medium-high intensity FRT episode (Stumpf et al., 2003). The presence of active feeding in exposed oysters was corroborated by the reduction in the number of K. brevis cells in experimental tanks after each hourly dosage application (Fig. 1B), as well as by additional indicators including oyster valve opening and production of feces. These results, together with the absence of oyster mortality and the stability in water quality parameters throughout the experiment and across treatment groups, support the effectiveness of HAB simulation in ensuring exposure of Eastern oysters to brevetoxins through K. brevis ingestion. Eastern oyster exposure to K. brevis does not trigger specific modifications in the expression of H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A Different epigenetic mechanisms participate in environmental responses, including histone variants encompassing highly specialized functions (Talbert and Henikoff, 2014). Among the different histone families constituting the nucleosome, H2A and H3 display the highest diversity of variants, including H2A.X, H2A.Z, macroH2A, and H2A.Bbd (H2A family); as well as H3.3 and cenH3 (H3 family), among several others [see (Cheema and Ausio, 2015; Henikoff and Smith, 2015) for additional details]. Among H2A variants, H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A stand out due to their involvement (along with PTMs) in the maintenance of genome integrity (Li et al., 2005; Ivashkevich et al., 2012; Shi and Oberdoerffer, 2012; Papamichos-Chronakis and Peterson, 2013; Khurana et al., 2014). Given the ability of brevetoxins to induce DNA damage (Radwan and Ramsdell, 2008; Murrell and Gibson, 2009, 2011), it is hypothesized here that genes encoding H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A will be differentially regulated in response to these stressors. Consequently, the expression of these variants was analyzed during HAB simulation, constituting the first report describing their presence in oysters. The obtained results revealed an absence of significant changes in gene expression across different time points (adjusted p-value >0.05) and a substantial amount of inter-individual variation (Fig. 2). That is best exemplified by the expression of H2A.X at time point T1 (Fig. 2A), where individuals under similar experimental conditions display a two-fold factor difference in gene expression. These results suggest that oyster responses to K. brevis exposure do not involve specific modifications in H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A transcription. Yet, it still might be possible that specific cause-effect relationships are masked by the high levels of variation observed. The role of histone variants was further investigated by studying H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A protein expression levels (Fig. 3). This work is the first report describing the presence of these proteins in oysters, as well as the validity of commercial antibodies to detect histone variants in this group. Two of these antibodies constitute commercial products specifically raised against human H2A.X and H2A.Z histones. Their suitability for the study of oyster variants is supported by the high level of evolutionary conservation displayed by these proteins in eukaryotes (Malik and Henikoff, 2003; Eirín-López et al., 2009), as well as by previous reports supporting the experimental application of these antibodies in molluscs (González-Romero et al., 2012; Rivera-Casas et al., 2016b). In the case of macroH2A, an antibody specifically raised against mussel macroH2A (able to specifically detect this variant in invertebrates) was used, further supporting its suitability for oysters (Rivera-Casas et al., 2016a). Similarly to gene expression analyses, western blot hybridizations did not show substantial modifications in H2A.X, H2A.Z or macroH2A protein levels throughout HAB simulation (Fig. 3B). Altogether, these results suggest that oyster exposure to FRTs does not result in specific transcriptional or translational modifications in the studied histone variants. Nonetheless, an active role for histone variants during environmental responses, without invoking modifications in their expression levels, could still be possible. Accordingly, the dynamic mobilization of pre-existing histone variants to specific chromatin regions was described during environmental responses (Morrison and Shen, 2005; Weber and Henikoff, 2014), including responses to DNA damage (Lopez et al., 2012). Long-term exposure simulations combined with biopsy sampling of specific individuals (Acosta-Salmón and Southgate, 2004) will complement the present results, helping ascertain the nature of the role played by histone variants during environmental responses (Romero-Geraldo et al., 2014, 2016). H2A.X increases in oysters exposed to growing concentrations of K. brevis The phosphorylation of a Serine residue at the C-terminal domain of the H2A.X protein (H2A.X) and its subsequent accumulation at damaged chromatin regions (H2A.X foci) rapidly marks double-stranded DNA breaks for repair, constituting a biomarker of DNA damage widely used in standardized assays (Kuo and Yang, 2008; Turinetto and Giachino, 2015). Since DNA breaks stand out as the most severe effects caused by brevetoxin exposure (Altaf et al., 2007; Radwan and Ramsdell, 2008; Murrell and Gibson, 2009, 2011), protein expression analyses were complemented with the study of H2A.X dynamics during HAB simulation. The obtained results revealed an increase in H2A.X, concomitantly with the exposure of Eastern oysters to increasing concentrations of K. brevis (T1, T2), and followed by a slight decrease during the recovery phase (T3, Fig. 3C). Based on these results, it seems plausible that H2A.X formation is triggered by the genotoxic effect of brevetoxins on Eastern oysters (Li et al., 2005; Ivashkevich et al., 2012). This finding has a dual relevance: first, it corroborates the specialization of histone variants and PTMs in the chromatin of molluscs (González- Romero et al., 2012; Rivera-Casas et al., 2016a,b), supporting a role for H2A.X during environmental responses in invertebrates (Suarez-Ulloa et al., 2015) and the evolutionary conservation of this mechanism (Kinner et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2014). Second, it validates the application of commercial antibodies to detect H2A.X in bivalves, opening new avenues for monitoring DNA damage and health in populations of marine invertebrates. Global DNA methylation decreases in oysters during HAB simulation The regulatory role of DNA methylation during environmental responses was previously investigated in marine invertebrates, linking modifications in methylation of stress-responsive genes with phenotypic plasticity and adaptation (Gavery and Roberts, 2010). The present work builds on those results, monitoring DNA methylation in Eastern oysters during HAB simulation. Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP) analyses revealed a total of 428 bands, including 295 methylation-susceptible loci. Among those, 204 (69%) were considered polymorphic (i.e., they have at least two occurrences of both states). The analysis of different methylation states over time revealed a slight increase in unmethylated and hemimethylated states and a loss of fully methylated bands as HAB simulation progressed (T2 and T3, Table 2). More specifically, comparisons among different time points revealed significant differences in DNA methylation (ST = 0.1296, p < 0.05, Table 3), notably between earlier (T0, T1) and later (T2, T3) exposure, as well as between T2 and T3. Such differences were further evidenced by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), comparing samples in a space of reduced dimensionality (Fig. 4A). Accordingly, the first coordinate (C1) accounts for 16% of the observed variation in DNA methylation, allowing to discriminate between two major groups: one of them corresponding to the early time points (T0 and T1), and the other one to the overexposed oyster samples from T2 and T3. The observed differences in DNA methylation were further supported by Fisher exact tests, identifying 10 MSAP loci showing significant differences (p < 0.05) between early (T0 and T1) and late (T2 and T3) exposure times (Fig. 4B). These loci were characterized based on methylation profiles, defining two groups: a first one predominantly showing internal Cytosine methylation at T0 and T1, but mostly unmethylated at T2 and T3 (left cluster); and a second group consisting of fully methylated fragments undergoing demethylation towards later exposure times (right cluster). Overall, MSAP results were consistent with a decrease in genome-wide DNA methylation levels as K. brevis concentration increased. Specific DNA methylation profiles contribute to environmentally induced phenotypes, displaying different levels of heritability in invertebrates (Vandegehuchte et al., 2009). In the case of molluscs, DNA methylation participates in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during development (Riviere et al., 2013; Diaz- Freije et al., 2014), as well as during responses to environmental stress (Gavery and Roberts, 2014). Furthermore, it has been recently suggested that a reduction in global DNA methylation during early invasive episodes could compensate for low genetic variation caused by founder effects in the pygmy mussel (Ardura et al., 2017). Particularly, DNA hypomethylation was described in different organisms during responses to environmental pollution (Vandegehuchte et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2013; Dimond and Roberts, 2016), including exposure to agents inducing oxidative stress (Mirbahai and Chipman, 2014). Given the ability of brevetoxins to induce oxidative damage, it seems plausible that the observed reduction in global DNA methylation in Eastern oysters is a direct consequence of their exposure to the brevetoxin-producing K. brevis during HAB simulation. The present work investigated the effects of FRTs on two types of mechanisms potentially participating in the epigenetic memory of Eastern oysters: histone variants and DNA methylation. This research revealed, for the first time, the existence of H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A genes in oysters along with their active transcription and translation, validating the application of specific qPCR primers, as well as commercial and invertebrate-specific antibodies for their study in vivo. While the expression of these variants does not seem to be specifically altered during FRTs, the observed increase in H2A.X would be consistent with the presence of oxidative DNA damage in Eastern oysters, as a consequence of their exposure to brevetoxins produced by K. brevis. Based on these results, the application of H2A.X as a biomarker of oxidative stress seems plausible, with obvious implications for the conservation and management of Eastern oysters as well as other marine invertebrates. Still, further analyses clarifying the relationship between the magnitude of H2A.X and the levels of DNA damage will be required to fully elucidate the applicability of this histone variant modification in this group of organisms. Additionally, the study of DNA methylation patterns revealed significant differences between early (T0, T1) and late (T2, T3) stages of the HAB simulation. More precisely, a decrease in genome-wide DNA methylation levels was observed as the simulation progressed. These results are consistent with the documented connection between DNA hypomethylation and environmental responses (Vandegehuchte et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2013; Dimond and Roberts 2016), thus supporting an active role for this epigenetic mechanism during oyster responses to K. brevis exposure (i.e., modulation of genes specifically involved in responses to brevetoxin stress). Overall, the present work provides a basis to better understand how epigenetic mechanisms participate in responses to environmental stress in marine invertebrates. By doing so, it opens new avenues to incorporate environmental epigenetics approaches into management and conservation programs. This work was supported by grants from the Biomolecular Sciences Institute (800005997) the College of Arts, Sciences and Education (CASE) at Florida International University (JME-L). This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. HRD-1547798. This NSF Grant was awarded to Florida International University as part of the Centers for Research Excellence in Science and Technology (CREST) Program. VS-U was supported by a Dissertation Year Fellowship (DYF) awarded by the University Graduate School (UGS) at Florida International University. 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Pataky Name History The Hungarian Language is quite distinct from its Germanic and Slavonic neighbors, and is of Finno-Ugric rather than Indo-European origin. Thus, it is related to Finnish. Nevertheless, the strongest cultural influence in historical times has been German, and the pattern of Hungarian surnames is similar to that found in Germany and Austria. Hungarian surnames are placed before rather than after the given name. A few surnames that are relatively common in Hungary are not in fact of Hungarian linguistic origin; they represent Magyarized forms of German and Slavonic names imported from neighboring regions. The Hungarian surname Pataky is of locative origin. Locative surnames are those names which derive their origin from a particular feature, either man made or natural, near which derive the original bearer lived or held land. In this instance, the surname Pataky is derived from the Polish word "potok", meaning "stream". Thus, the surname Pataky was the name given to someone who lived by a brook or stream. Pataky is the Hungarian form of the name. Variants of this surname include such names as Patak, Pataki, Potok, Potocki, and Potucek. References to this surname or to a variant include a record of the Pataky family who were a very large and noble family of Hungary. A specific blazon of arms was granted to one Johann Pataky in 1703.

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Local Name : Sarang semut. Latin Name : Myrmecodia Pendans. Foreign Name : Perutak (Semenanjung Malaysia). Flavonoids, tocopherols, tannins, polyphenols, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron, phosphorus, and sodium. - Overcoming cardiac disorders, especially coronary heart disease. Not known for sure the mechanism Sarang Semut treat coronary heart disease. But supposedly the mineral content of calcium and potassium plays an important role in this regard. In the body, calcium plays a role in heart action, nerve impulses and blood clotting. While the function of potassium in heart rhythm, nerve impulses, and acid-base balance in the body. - Anticancer and antitumor. Medicinal Plants Sarang Semut can be used to treat cancer because the content of antioxidants such as flavonoids, glycosides, and polyphenols present in it. The task of antioxidants is to fight against free radicals, cause cancer. - Overcoming a stroke. - Overcoming hemorrhoid / piles. Ability Sarang Semut treatment for hemorrhoids (piles) associated with the flavonoid and high taninnya. In some studies, both groups of these compounds had been shown to treat hemorrhoids. - Overcoming Lung disease (tuberculosis). Treatment of tuberculosis associated with the role of flavonoids contained in the Sarang Semut that serves as an antiviral. - Overcoming Arthritis (gout). This is related to the ability of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and antioxidant enzymes, and tocopherol as an antioxidant and multi-minerals contained in the ant nest. - Overcoming renal dysfunction and prostate.

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New Publication by Forum of Federations! “Courts In Federal Countries: Federalists or Unitarists” Courts are key players in the dynamics of federal countries since their rulings have a direct impact on the ability of governments to centralize and decentralize power. Courts in Federal Countries examines the role high courts play in thirteen countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Nigeria, Spain, and the United States. The volume’s contributors analyze the centralizing or decentralizing forces at play following a court’s ruling on issues such as individual rights, economic affairs, social issues, and other matters. The thirteen substantive chapters have been written to facilitate comparability between the countries. Each chapter outlines a country’s federal system, explains the constitutional and institutional status of the court system, and discusses the high court’s jurisprudence in light of these features. Courts in Federal Countries offers insightful explanations of judicial behavior in the world’s leading federations. Order this great Forum tool through the link below:

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So if you are an American than you are sure to know that drinking milk is the best natural way to get calcium. It’s been driven into your brain by countless commercials from the Dairy companies. But if getting our calcium from milk is really so effective, than why do American’s who consume such a high dose of dairy products have one of the highest rates of osteoporosis in the world? Makes you wonder doesn’t it? In order identify healthy sources of calcium it’s important to know what Calcium is and why it’s so important. What is Calcium? Calcium (chemical symbol CA) is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the crust of the Earth. It’s also the most abundant metal by mass in animal bodies, accounting for 1-2% of body weight, most of this in the teeth and bones.(1) Along with potassium, calcium plays a role in proper metabolic function, cellular permeability, and electrical conductance in your nerves. Muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and properly functioning glands and blood vessels, along with blood clotting, are all functions of calcium-potassium channels. Needless to say, calcium is an important element in the body. Original Post Here Beside Calcium, our bodies actually need vitamin D, and Magnesium to have proper bone health. It is interesting to note here that High dietary Calcium can cause magnesium deficiencies….So when looking for sources of calcium we have to also look for sources that our bodies are able to digest. According to a recent study, our bodies can digest the calcium more readily from Kale (40% absorption) than from Milk (32% absorption). More Calcium in Kale than in Milk However, dairy is not a necessary component in the equation because calcium is available from so many other sources: kale, almonds, sardines and canned salmon with bones, oranges, broccoli, sweet potatoes[….] Of course, the total calcium content of the milk is far higher, but the point is that the acidic nature of milk may not lend itself to proper calcium assimilation. When all of this is put together, does anyone think that more milk is the answer to keeping your bones strong? It sounds to me like the proper answer is to eat a more alkalizing diet, meaning that at the very least grains have to go, in favor of fruits and vegetables, along with getting plenty of vitamins D and K and magnesium. Moving about here and there wouldn’t hurt anything either. Original Post Here According to healthaliciousness here are some recommendations for getting calcium: Best Ways to Get Calcium Although dried herbs are rarely used in large portions, adding in a few extra pinches to all your sauces, soups, and stews is a great way to get more calcium into your diet. Dried savory tops the list with 2132mg of calcium per 100g serving (213%RDA)… Sesame seeds provide the most calcium when they are roasted or dried with 989mg (99% RDA) of calcium per 100g serving… Tofu is most commonly found in Eastern foods, particularly Chinese food. Fried tofu provides 372mg (37% RDA) of calcium per 100g serving, or 104mg (10%RDA) per ounce, and 48mg (5% RDA) in an average 13 gram piece. Tofu prepared with calcium sulfate can provide much much higher levels. Almonds are a great source of calcium whether dry roasted or made into butter. Almonds will provide 266mg (27% RDA) of calcium per 100g serving… Perhaps better known for their omega-3 fats, flax seeds also provide calcium with 255mg (26% RDA) per 100g serving… Beware however, as milled or whole flax seeds provide calcium but refined flax seed oil provides no calcium whatsoever. Green Leafy Vegetables (Turnip, Mustard, and Dandelion Greens, Collards, Kale) Dark leafy greens are a great source of calcium raw or cooked. Raw turnip greens provide the most calcium with 190mg (19% RDA) per 100 gram serving… Possibily the largest of all nuts, brazil nuts a re a great source of calcium. Brazil nuts provide 160mg (16% RDA) of calcium per 100 gram serving… Herring is a high vitamin D food which aids in the absorption of calcium. Herring provides 74mg (7% RDA) of calcium per 100 gram serving… Are you worried about your kids calcium intake? When looking for the best natural way to get calcium either for us or our kids, the best answer would be not be from Milk, instead pile up the greens people and do you and your bones a favor!

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Location and General Description The Eastern Himalayan Alpine Shrub and Meadows [PA1003] represent the alpine scrub and meadow habitat along the Inner Himalayas to the east of the Kali Gandaki River in central Nepal. Within it are the tallest mountains in the world-Everest, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, and Jomalhari-which tower far above the Gangetic Plains. The alpine scrub and meadows in the eastern Himalayas are nested between the treeline at 4,000 m and the snowline at about 5,500 m and extend from the deep Kali Gandaki gorge through Bhutan and India's northeastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, to northern Myanmar. In addition to being the world's tallest mountain range, the Himalayas are also one of the youngest. Their origin has been traced back to the collision between the northward-drifting Deccan Plateau and the northern Eurasian continent. During this collision the northern edge of the Deccan Plateau pushed beneath Eurasia and began to raise the northern continent from beneath the Tethys Sea to create what is now the Tibetan Plateau, 4,000 m above sea level. The Himalayan mountains were thrust upward during subsequent geologic uplifts and upheavals to form the highest mountain range in the world (Wadia 1966). The eastern Himalayas are wetter than the western extents of the mountain range because of precipitation from the May-September southwest monsoon. The water it brings from the Bay of Bengal is first intercepted and expended here. But within this general trend, the complex topography creates rainshadows, resulting in very localized climatic variations. For instance, Pokhara, in the southern Annapurna Range, faces the brunt of the monsoonal rains and receives more than 3,500 mm of annual rainfall, but Jomsom, just 65 km north and in Pokhara's rainshadow, gets only 300 mm of rainfall (Polunin and Stainton 1997). Aspect is another important criterion that determines local climatic variation. The north-facing slopes are less exposed to sunlight and are thus cooler and retain more moisture. Therefore, they are more likely to harbor a specialized Himalayan flora adapted to these moist, microclimatic conditions. The scrub vegetation of this ecoregion is dominated by colorful Rhododendron species that exhibit high species turnover along the west-east gradient from eastern Nepal to northern Myanmar. For instance, some common species in the Nepal alpine scrublands, Rhododendron campanulatum, R. wallichi, R. campylocarpum, R. thomsonii, and R. wightii (Shrestha and Joshi 1997) drop out of the assemblage in Bhutan, where R. bhutanense, R. aeruginosum, R. succothii, R. fragariiflorum, R. pumilum, R. baileyi, and R. pogonophyllum (Pradhan et al., in prep) are added to the assemblage. And further east in northern Myanmar, the characteristic assemblage consisting of R. calciphila, R. crebriflorum, R. chryseum, R. riparium, R. sanguineum, and R. saluenense (WWF and IUCN 1995) is entirely different. The herbs that lend springtime color to the alpine meadows include hundreds of species from genera such as Alchemilla, Androsace, Primula, Diapensia, Impatiens, Draba, Anemone, Gentiana, Leontopodium, Meconopsis, Saxifraga, Sedum, Saussurea, Rhododendron, Potentilla, Pedicularis, and Viola (Puri et al. 1989; WWF and IUCN 1995; Shrestha and Joshi 1996; Polunin and Stainton 1997). Several of these (e.g., Picrorhiza, Rheum, Aconitum, and Paris) are prized as medicinal herbs (Shrestha and Joshi 1996). The splendor and richness of these meadow communities in full bloom are difficult to describe. The upper elevations of the ecoregion transition into rock screes, where shallow soils support grasses, cushion-forming plants, and rhododendron scrub among large boulders and craggy rock faces. The fauna of this ecoregion is surprisingly rich in large vertebrates. Important mammal species include the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), which roams the high-altitude meadows; blue sheep (Pseudois nayur); Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus); and the formidable takin (Budorcas taxicolor). Avian predators such as the lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus), Himalayan griffon (Gyps himalayensis), black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) soar high among the peaks searching for colonial marmots (Marmota himalayana), which build extensive burrows in which they gain refuge. The ecoregion harbors about 100 mammal species, but because the small and mid-sized mammals are poorly studied in this inaccessible habitat, this number probably is only a conservative estimate. Only one species is considered near endemic to this ecoregion (table 1). The Vespertilionid bat is also found in the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau Alpine Steppe [PA1006] ecoregion, much further west, and probably inhabits several other ecoregions. Table 1. Endemic and Near-Endemic Mammal Species. Vespertilionidae Eptesicus gobiensis An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion. There are several threatened species such as the endangered snow leopard, takin, and Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus baileyi), and the vulnerable serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) and Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) (in eastern Nepal and Sikkim) (IUCN 2000) in this ecoregion. A recent record of a single takin bull was reported from Sikkim, far from the nearest known takin population in Jigme Dorji National Park in Bhutan. The 115 bird species known in this ecoregion include one near-endemic species (table 2). This partridge is limited to the eastern Himalayas and is also found in the adjacent Himalayan Subtropical Broadleaf Forests [IM0115], Eastern Himalayan Broadleaf Forests [IM0401], and Eastern Himalayan Sub-Alpine Conifer Forests [IM0501]. Table 2. Endemic and Near-Endemic Bird Species. Family Common Name Species Phasianidae Chestnut-breasted partridge Arborophila mandellii An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion. There are several other high-elevation specialists, such as the Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae), snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa), Satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra), lammergeier, and the Himalayan griffon, that also need conservation attention. The ecoregion has fourteen protected areas that cover more than 11,680 km2, including several-such as Annapurna, Makalu Barun, Sagarmatha, Jigme Dorgi, and Sakteng-that exceed 1,000 km2 (or, as in the case of Annapurna and Jigme Dorji, 2,500 km2) (table 3). Although the total area protected represents about 30 percent of the ecoregion's area, the reserves are inequitably distributed. Most of the protected areas are in Nepal and Bhutan, whereas the eastern section of the ecoregion, especially in Myanmar, receives little or no formal protection. Because of the high species turnover along the east-west axis, more equitable protection is necessary for better representation of the ecoregion's biodiversity. Moreover, about half of the areas that lie within the existing protected areas represent bare rock and areas covered with permanent ice, not very important habitat for biodiversity conservation. Table 3. WCMC (1997) Protected Areas That Overlap with the Ecoregion. Protected Area Area (km2) IUCN Category Langtang National Park [IM0501] 790 II Makalu-Barun National Park 1,500 II Sagarmatha National Park 1,110 II Makalu-Barun Conservation Area [IM0401], [IM0501] 450 II Torsa [IM0401], [IM0501] 110 I Jigme Dorji [IM0401], [IM0501] 2,510 II Sakteng WS [IM0501] 1,050 IV Black Mountain [IM0401], [IM0501] 70 II Thrumsing La [IM0401] 530 II Walong National Park/WS 180 ? Dong Jiu 220 ? Mo Tuo [IM0501] 120 ? Dibang Valley [IM0501] 380 PRO Annapurna Conservation Area [IM0501], [IM0301] 2,660 Ecoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets. Types and Severity of Threats The assessment of the habitat based on satellite imagery indicates that there is very little habitat loss, but ground surveys indicate widespread habitat degradation. Overgrazing and trampling by large herds of livestock (especially yak) and the unregulated commercial harvest of medicinal plants are the main threats to biodiversity in this ecoregion. These threats extend to the protected areas, so these fragile ecosystems lack effective core protection. Snow leopards are hunted for their pelts but are also killed by herders, who consider them to be livestock predators. Herders also claim that large herbivores compete with livestock for food. Justification of Ecoregion Delineation In a previous analysis of conservation units, MacKinnon divided the Himalayan Range into four subunits along the longitudinal axis: the Northwest Himalayas (I2a), West Nepal (I2b), Central Himalayas (I2c), and Eastern Himalayas (I2d). In doing so, he included all the habitat types, from subtropical broadleaf forests in the lowlands to the alpine habitats, within each subunit. In defining ecoregions, we strove to delineate distinct habitats of regional extent as separate ecoregions. Therefore, we distinguished between the bands of habitat types along the latitudinal axis of the Himalayan Range and placed them within individual ecoregions. We used the Kali Gandaki River, widely considered a biogeographic barrier that defines the eastern and western Himalayan biotas, as a boundary to separate the eastern Himalayan alpine meadows and shrublands from the western alpine meadows and scrublands. We used the digital map of the habitat types of the Himalayas from MacKinnon (1997), aided by a DEM, to delineate the northern and southern boundaries of the alpine meadows and scrub, and placed them in the Eastern Himalayan Alpine Shrub and Meadows [PA1003]. All the Himalayan ecoregions are part of Udvardy's Himalayan highlands biogeographic province. References for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire Indo-Pacific realm. Indo-Pacific Reference List Prepared by: Gopal S. Rawat and Eric D. Wikramanayake, with contributions from Pralad Yonzon

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Reflective writing has become a very popular trend. When it comes to learning how to write a reflection paper, there are certain factors that you need to keep in mind in order to successfully write a reflective essay. In this day and age, all the popular colleges and universities have made it mandatory for their students to learn how to write a reflection paper. Since you are reading this article, chances are you too want to write a reflection paper. If that is the case indeed, then I would highly suggest you read this article to the end as through this article I will be telling you how to write a reflection paper and all they do and don’ts of it. Before I proceed, I would like to inform you that the term reflective essay and reflection paper is the same thing, so I will be using these two terms synonymously in this article. So without wasting further time, let us get started. What Is A Reflection Paper? A reflection paper is nothing but a paper that lets you take a personal approach to a particular topic and express your points of view and experiences. A reflection paper can be informative, educative, and personal. It delves deep into how an incident changed and shaped your character or changed your thought process and understanding of the subject matter. Do note that even though some reflection papers are informative and educative, a majority of them are very subjective and personal. Even though it is personal, it is well organized and maintains an academic style of writing. How To Write A Reflection Paper? Writing a reflection paper can be broadly categorized into three parts, the part you need to take care of before writing, the things you need to do to get organized, and the rules you must maintain while writing. While learning how to write a reflection paper, there are some things you need to be before writing. 1. Brainstorming Session This is the part where you find the necessary things that you are going to write on the topic. I would suggest you take a piece of pen and paper and jot down the summary of your experiences; these should not be too descriptive but rather to the point as you will be describing them later while writing the reflective essay. Ensure that you have a proper reason why these incidences and experiences stand out. 2. Create A Chart In order to make everything less clumsy, you need to create a chart that will help you keep track of the emotions you are associating with a particular event. You can take a step further and have the column divided into three parts. In the first column, you can write anything that the subject matter found to be important and the details of what you found important. In the second column, you can consider writing your own response to those events. And finally, in the third column, you can write only the things that you want to share on your reflection paper. 3. Keep Questioning Yourself This part comes in handy when you do not quite remember the feelings or the responses you had to that particular event. Ask yourself questions like How has the event changed your thinking, how it has affected you. Read Also: How To Write An Essay: A Step By Step Guide While writing a reflection paper, you need to be very organized with the structure if you want to write how to write a reflection essay. 1. Keep It Short And To The Point The word limit of reflection papers is usually somewhere between 300 and 700 words, so you need to make sure that the length of your reflection paper stays within the limit. However, if your instructor has specifically told you to extend the word limit, then you certainly can. 2. Making A Thesis Statement In just 50 words, write what your expectations regarding the particular incident were and how it is now. Do not make it too long. Keep it short and simple. 3. Include The Conclusions In The Body Your body must contain several paragraphs, and each paragraph should conclude with the details. It should unfold how you arrived at those conclusions. Like this, there will be several conclusions in the body, each being explained with proper details. Each paragraph should deal with different topics and must end with different conclusions. 4. Summary Of Conclusions At the end of the reflection essay, you will have to provide a summary of all the conclusions. It should include the lessons you learned, your feelings, and the end result of the experience. Basically, you will have to conclude the paper by giving a summary of all the conclusions. While writing your reflection paper, you need to keep these in mind. 1. The Wise Revelation Of Information In order to learn how to write a reflection paper, you need to reveal the information very wisely. As you would have known by now that reflection papers are highly personal, so you should think twice before adding the information. While writing reflection papers, it is recommended that you do not use personal details like names. 2. An Academic Style Must Be Followed Even though reflection papers are personal, yet a proper academic style must be kept intact. After all, you are writing this paper on behalf of your university. 3. Use Transition Words Transition words include ‘for instance,’ ‘furthermore,’ ‘moreover,’ etc. It ensures that there is a professional tone to your reflection paper. Before submitting your reflection paper, you must ensure that your paper is proofread. You must ensure that there are no grammatical errors or problems with sentence constructions. There you go, that was pretty much everything you need to know about learning how to write a reflection paper. I hope you have found this article to be informative. If you have any further queries or feedback in regards to this article, comment on them down below.

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A big milestone was reached for the MAX IV linear accelerator end of May 2018. The electron bunches accelerated in the linac was compressed to a time duration below 100 femtoseconds (fs). That means that they were shorter than 1*10^-13s. In fact, we could measure a pulse duration as low as 65 fs FWHM. The RMS bunch length was then recorded at 32 fs. These results were achieved using only the first of the 2 electron bunch compressors in the MAX IV linac and shows not only that we can deliver short electron bunches, but also that the novel concept adopted in the compressors is working according to theory and simulations. The ultra-short electron pulses are used to create X-ray pulses with the same short time duration in the linac based light source SPF (Short Pulse Facility). These bursts of X-rays can then be used to make time resolved measurements on materials, meaning you can make a movie of how reactions happen between parts of a molecule. Picture: Linac team at MAX IV.

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Table of Contents - 1 CLASSIFICATION OF EQUITY VALUATION METHODS - 2 Balance Sheet Methods / Techniques - 3 Book Value Method - 4 Liquidation Value Method - 5 Replacement Cost Method - 6 Discounted Cash Flow Methods / Techniques - 7 Dividend Discount Model - 8 Free Cash Flow Model - 9 Earnings Multiple or Comparables or Relative Valuation Methods / Techniques - 10 Price to Earnings Ratio - 11 Price to Book Value Ratios - 12 Price to Sales Ratio Equity valuation methods can be broadly classified into balance sheet methods, discounted cash flow methods, and relative valuation methods. Balance sheet methods comprise of book value, liquidation value, and replacement value methods. Discounted cash flow methods include dividend discount models and free cash flow models. Lastly, relative valuation methods are a price to earnings ratios, price to book value ratios, price to sales ratios etc. A financial analyst primarily conducts two types of analysis for evaluation of equity investment decisions viz. fundamental and technical analysis. All the above methods are part of the fundamental analysis conducted by a financial analyst. The technical analysis analyses the charts and graphs of the market prices of a stock to understand the sentiments of the market. It believes in a fact that history repeats itself. Many believe that it is used to decide the entry and exit time from the market. On the other hand, fundamental equity valuations methods attempt to find the fair market value of equity share. it involves a study of the assets, earning potential, future prospects, future cash flows, magnitude and probability of dividend payments etc. CLASSIFICATION OF EQUITY VALUATION METHODS Fundamental equity valuation methods are explained in brief under the following categories. Balance Sheet Methods / Techniques Balance sheet methods are the methods which utilize the balance sheet information to value a company. These techniques consider everything for which accounting in the books of accounts is done. Book Value Method In this method, book value as per balance sheet is considered the value of equity. Book value means the net worth of the company. Net worth is calculated as follows: Net Worth = Equity Share capital + Preference Share Capital + Reserves & Surplus – Miscellaneous Expenditure (as per B/Sheet) – Accumulated Losses. Liquidation Value Method In this method, liquidation value is considered the value of equity. Liquidation value is the value realized if the firm is liquidated today. Liquidation Value = Net Realizable Value of All Assets – Amounts paid to All Creditors including Preference Shareholders. Replacement Cost Method Here, the value of equity is the replacement value. It means the cost that would be incurred to create a duplicate firm is the value of the firm. It is assumed that the market value and replacement value will coincide in the long run. The famous ratio by James Tobin is Tobin q which tends to become 1. Tobin q is the ratio of market value to replacement cost. Equity Value = Replacement Cost of Assets – Liabilities. Discounted Cash Flow Methods / Techniques Discounted cash flow methods are based on the fact that present value all future dividends and the future price represent the market value of equity. Dividend Discount Model This model finds the present value of future dividends of a company to derive the present market value of equity. There are various models with different assumptions of a period of dividends and growth in dividends. - Single period Model - Multi-period Model - Zero Growth Model - Constant Growth Model - Two Stage Growth Model - H Model Free Cash Flow Model This model is based on free cash flows of the company. Similar to above model, it discounts the free future cash flows of the company to arrive at an enterprise value. To find the value of equity, value of debt is deducted from enterprise value. Earnings Multiple or Comparables or Relative Valuation Methods / Techniques Earnings multiple or Relative Valuation methods are also called comparable methods because they use peers or competitors value to derive the value of the equity. The importance here is of deciding which factor to be considered for comparison and which companies should be considered peers. Following are the well-known methods used for such comparison.

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Every year in the United States, summer is unofficially kicked off with Memorial Day. The pools open, the BBQ grills are fired up and kids are generally out of school. To end summer we have Labor Day. It’s the last weekend for a quick vacation. The pools tend to close the day after and kids are back in school. While I discussed the history and importance of Memorial Day in a previous blog post, I would like to cap off the summer by writing about the history and significance of Labor Day. While Memorial Day is a tribute to those who have served our Country, Labor Day is “dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country.” Labor Day celebrations started in the United States as early as 1882, as a demonstration for workers rights, but didn’t become an official national holiday until 1896 under president Grover Cleveland. The American Labor movement sprouted after the American Civil War, in an attempt to provide workers, especially those in factories, with better working conditions, an 8-hour day, better pay and an end to child labor, the National Labor Union was founded in 1866. From there, artisan trade unions, and unions based on occupation carpentry, steel mills etc. or race, nationality such as Irish and Italian, and religion such as Catholic were formed. These unions advocated for the special interests of their members. Some significant events leading up to the creation of Labor Day are as follows: 1882: September 5 Working Men’s Parade and Picnic in New York: About 10,000 workers participated in the parade, which wasn’t as many as the organizers expected. The parade was organized with men walking orderly with their trade unions. 1866; The Haymarket Square Incident in Chicago. The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions organized a May Day strike to demand an 8-hour workday. The strike turned into more of a protest and, eventually, a riot that ended on May 3rd with police and civilian casualties. The organizers were put on trial and later hung. However, the trial was unjust – the judge and jury together decided on a guilty vote before the start of the trial. International Workers Day was created from this event. 1894: Pullman Strike, nationwide: George Pullman, president of Pullman Palace Car Company, ran a factory that made sleeper rail cars. He created a town Pullman Illinois, where his workers were required to live. When an economic recession hit, Pullman started losing money and workers wages were reduced. However, the cost of rent in Pullman City did not decrease and soon many Pullman workers went into debt. The workers went on a wildcat strike (without union backing). The American Railroad Union, in favor of the strike, allowed for members to ban Pullman Rail Cars from passing through. Soon, almost all rails west of Chicago stopped running. More than 50,000 men quit their jobs and the strike only broke up after a federal injunction. After this incident, Congress, with approval from President Cleveland, enacted the first Monday of September as Labor Day. While there isn’t as much manufacturing in the United States as there was in the late 19th Century, there’s still quite a bit. Many have unions that work in favor of the employees to ensure workers are being compensated fairly. Unions are not limited to manufacturing either. There are unions for City and State employees, teachers, police and even librarians have Unions. Although it is funny to think about a bunch of librarians going on strike, it could have severe ramifications to those who rely on library services such as internet access and other social services. Strikes still happen today and workers are still fighting for rights such as equal pay for women, better benefits, safer working conditions, and anti-discrimination. So Labor Day might mark the unofficial end to summer, but it also has an important place in American history. If you’re lucky to have a job like I do where you get Labor Day off, then take some time to consider why you get the day off in the first place. If for some reason you have to work (Dr’s, law enforcement, retail and restaurant employees) then take some time to appreciate the work conditions you do have. It could be worse, you could be 5 years old working for a penny an hour for 12 hours a day, 7 days a week! Data never takes a day off. It is always being created and collected. However, we at Access Innovations (the humans behind the data) will be taking Labor Day off. Jennifer Crawford, MLIS Marketing Librarian for Access Innovations, Inc.

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Ideation is the mode of the design process in which you concentrate on idea generation. Mentally it represents a process of ‘going wide’ in terms of concepts and outcomes. Ideation provides both the fuel and also the source material for building prototypes and getting innovative solutions into the hands of your users. Introduction to the Essential Ideation Techniques which are the Heart of Design Thinking Ideation is at the heart of the Design Thinking process. There are literally hundreds of ideation techniques, for example brainstorming, sketching, SCAMPER, and prototyping. Some techniques are merely renamed or slightly adapted versions of more foundational techniques. How to Select the Best Idea by the end of an Ideation Session Once an ideation session has finished, it’s time to collect, categorise, refine and narrow down the best idea, solution, or strategy. Here are the best selection methods. It’s Post-it voting, the Four Categories method, the Bingo Selection method and the Idea Affinity Diagram. The Six Thinking Hats and the Now Wow How Matrix will help you apply the idea criteria, which are right for your current design challenge. Ideation is Product Management Bryan Mattimore, Co-Founder and Chief Idea Guy at Growth Engine, shares the techniques he’s used to help companies like Kraft and Ford generate new ideas and how to bring ideas to market from within a large organization. A Technique for Producing Ideas This is THE classic on creative thinking, written with the clarity, knowledge, and experience of a skilled advertising man. A Technique For Producing Ideas is a step-by-step technique for sparking creativity in advertising or ANY other field. Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die In Made to Stick, Chip and Dan Heath reveal the anatomy of ideas that stick and explain ways to make ideas stickier, such as applying the human scale principle, using the Velcro Theory of Memory, and creating curiosity gaps. Along the way, we discover that sticky messages of all kinds—from the infamous “kidney theft ring” hoax to a coach’s lessons on sportsmanship to a vision for a new product at Sony—draw their power from the same six traits.

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Elwyn Berlekamp Gives Arnold Ross Lecture The Dots and Boxes Game: Sophisticated Child's Play was the title of Elwyn Berlekamp's Arnold Ross Lecture April 21st at the St. Louis Science Center. Berlekamp, mathematics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, was introduced by Bob Devaney, former chair of the Arnold Ross Lectures Series committee, who called him "one of the outstanding scientists in the country, well known for his ability to communicate the beauty and wonder of contemporary mathematics." Berlekamp began his lecture by noting that when he was growing up, he often played Dots and Boxes during class, and told the audience that he wouldn't mind if any of them played during his talk -- perhaps they would discover a new theorem about the game. To play the game, two players alternate drawing horizontal or vertical lines which connect dots in a rectangular grid. When a player draws a segment that completes a box, he or she gets that box and another turn; the player with the most boxes at the end of the game wins. The rules may be simple but the theorems and strategy presented in the lecture were sophisticated, involving graph theory, duals, chains, and loops. Berlekamp did highlight two or three basic strategies that could help players beat almost any opponent. | || | After his lecture, Professor Berlekamp simultaneously played about a dozen members of the audience in Dots and Boxes. He offered 50 dollars to anyone who could beat him. Although the students played well, and had fun, none collected the money. Five students collected a total of $7000 from the AMS in the game Who Wants To Be A Mathematician, following the talk. Jason Wu and Alex Song from Ladue Horton Watkins High School each won $2000, and, in a shorter round, Gerardo Flores, also from Ladue, and Jon Potts and Alex Schiller, from Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School each won $1000. The two $2000 winners both used their 50-50 and Ask Your Teacher lifelines on their final question. Jim Moser, their teacher, gave them sound and valuable advice as each contestant was inclined toward the remaining wrong answer before consulting Moser. His choices and clear explanations carried the day for his students, who both took his advice. St. Louis television station KSDK-Channel 5 aired a segment from the game on their evening news that day showing the game and Jason winning the grand prize. The ten Who Wants To Be A Mathematician contestants are pictured below. Contestant names and prizes: Jason Wu and Alex Song, Ladue Horton Watkins High School: $2000 from the AMS, Maplesoft's Maple 9.5, TI 89 Titanium graphing calculators from Texas Instruments, Anton's Calculus and access to the Machina website from John Wiley and Sons, What's Happening in the Mathematical Sciences, one-year subscriptions to the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) journals The College Mathematics Journal and Horizons, five AMS T-shirts, two books from the MAA, Mathematical Impressions by Anatolli Fomenko, an MAA T-shirt, a pass to the Omnimax theater from the St. Louis Science Center, and Elwyn Berlekamp's Dots and Boxes (donated by A.K. Peters). Jon Potts and Alex Schiller, Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School; and Gerardo Flores, Ladue Horton Watkins High School: $1000 from the AMS, Maplesoft's Maple 9.5, Anton's Calculus and access to the Machina website, What's Happening in the Mathematical Sciences, one-year subscriptions to The College Mathematics Journal and Horizons, Mathematical Impressions by Anatolli Fomenko, and Elwyn Berlekamp's Dots and Boxes. Eric Nieters, Governor French Academy: An AMS T-shirt, an MAA T-shirt, a pass to the Omnimax theater from the St. Louis Science Center, and Elwyn Berlekamp's Dots and Boxes. Dale Trantham and Nick Little, Ozark High School: One-year subscriptions to The College Mathematics Journal and Horizons, Mathematical Impressions by Anatolli Fomenko, and Elwyn Berlekamp's Dots and Boxes. Justin Myers, Nixa High School; and Michael Kramer, Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School: Elwyn Berlekamp's Dots and Boxes. Each contestant also received a T-shirt from Maplesoft, planetarium tickets from the St. Louis Science Center, an icosahedron from the MAA, and a briefcase from the AMS. The Arnold Ross Lectures are sponsored by the AMS and are held in science museums across the country. Read about the 2003 Arnold Ross Lectureheld in Chicago.

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arrondissement[ȧ rōn dēs män′] - the largest administrative subdivision of a department - a municipal subdivision, as of Paris Origin of arrondissementFrench ; from arrondir, to make round - The chief administrative subdivision of a department in France. - A municipal subdivision in some large French cities. Origin of arrondissementFrench, from Old French, rounded projection on a wall, from arrondir, arrondiss-, to round out : a, to (from Latin ad-; see ad–) + rondir, to make round (from rond, round; see round1).

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By: John Algeo and Carmen Acevedo Butcher Our Price: $86.49 You Save: $18.46 (18%) Usually ships in 24 hours This companion to THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE supplements and enhances material presented in the main textbook. Chapter-by-chapter exercises help students master text material efficiently. A wide variety of topics, problems, and data gives instructors ample material for class discussion. The wealth of information in this workbook invites selective use and assistance with many aspects of the subject that a student may find challenging. For example, students can answer review questions that enrich their learning and they can work on exercises that help them become thoroughly familiar with the Oxford English Dictionary. Paperback: 272 pages Publisher: Cengage Learning (2009-02-12) Dimensions (H L W): 60 x 1080 x 840

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en

According to recent news reports, residents along the gulf are up in arms about a decade-old oil leak from an offshore platform that toppled during a hurricane. Experts have confirmed that the leak could continue spilling crude oil pollution into the Gulf of Mexico for a century or more. They further confirmed that if left unchecked, the problem could continue to create the chronic oil slicks that often stretch for miles off the coast of Louisiana. Authorities suspect that oil is still leaking from at least one of 25 wells that remain buried under mounds of sediment. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan created the initial damage to the oil wells by causing an underwater mudslide. However, despite over ten years since the original incident, a recent AP investigation revealed that the remaining leak is far worse than was publicly reported prompting speculation that parties are trying to cover up the slow-motion spill. So who is responsible for the continuing damage from the oil wells? News agencies have discovered that Taylor Energy Company owns the platform and a cluster of oil wells. The energy company has played down the extent and environmental impact of the leak since it happened. Taylor Energy further contends that nothing can be done to completely eliminate the oil slicks on the Louisiana coastline. In an attempt to buffer itself from responsibility, Taylor had hoped to broker a deal with the government to resolve its financial obligations for the oil leak and the subsequent damage. However, gulf coast residents are happy to see that authorities have denied Taylor’s request and ordered additional clean up and prevention work by the company. Officials have reportedly said that more that can still be done by Taylor to control and contain the oil that is still discharging heavily from the site. In response to government direction, Taylor hired a contractor to drill new wells to intercept and plug nine wells that were reportedly still capable of leaking oil. But a company official has asserted that experts warn that there are significant risks of additional damage if new drilling continues. In an early 2015 court filing, Taylor claimed that oil from their wells was leaking at a rate of less than 4 gallons per day. Additionally, the U.S. Coast Guard has recently provided a new estimate that claims the oil leak is about 20 times greater than Taylor is reporting. According to ecological studies, sheens from the oil leak are sometimes as large as 1.5 miles wide and 14 miles long. Moreover, since last year, the estimated daily volume of oil discharged from the Taylor wells has ranged from approximately 42 gallons to 2,329 gallons, with more than 84 gallons a day on average. Many watch dog groups say that the leak’s extent is far greater than Taylor’s conservative estimates. Many opponents claim that this case illustrates how hurricanes and oil rigs don’t mix. Local politicians are vowing to keep doing everything they can to make sure the Interior Department holds Taylor accountable for the damage from its wells. In 2008, Taylor was directed to set aside millions to pay for leak-related work as part of a confidential clean-up agreement with the Interior Department. The company claims it has spent millions already in its efforts to contain and halt the damages from the leak. However, Taylor refuses to publicly disclose how much money is left in required the trust. Despite Taylor’s formal request to be excused from any further cleanup costs, politicians and environmental groups have vowed to continue their efforts. Additionally, supporters for the Gulf Clean-up and protection efforts have called on federal officials to disclose technical data and other information about the oil leak. How Can J. Price McNamara Help You In Your Time of Need? If you or someone you know has been injured by actions or work performed on or near the water, you need a legal team that understands the intricacies of Maritime Law. The attorneys at J. Price McNamara can help you get the compensation you deserve from your accident. Our skilled and aggressive legal team is experienced in maritime injury and Jones Act injuries. With many years of focus on maritime law and Jones Act cases, our attorneys J. Price McNamara has an impressive legal track record and enjoys a stellar reputation in the Baton Rouge legal community and beyond. A history of favorable verdicts and impressive settlements speaks to the skill and experience J. Price McNamara has with these types of cases. Call us today for your free case review and let us get started on helping you!

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About Child Abuse & Neglect We all want to believe that here in Vermont, all children are safe and healthy and well cared for. Sadly, this is not the case. In our neighborhoods, in our schools – or our children’s or grandchildren’s schools – there are: - children who are scared because home is not a safe place for them - children who are hungry because they don’t have enough to eat - children who are exhausted because they can’t sleep at night because there is violence in their home - children whose parents can’t safely care for them because they are struggling with substance abuse, or mental health, or incarceration, or domestic violence, poverty, or maybe they need help in learning how to parent. Abuse and neglect can happen at any income level, and affect children and teens at any age. What do the statistics show? - In 2018, 20,779 reports of suspected maltreatment were made to the Vermont Department for Children and Families (DCF) Child Protection Line. - VT DCF receives a report of suspected child abuse and neglect about once every 25 minutes, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. We know that many situations go unreported. - VT DCF Family Services opened 5,326 child safety interventions: 3,173 investigations and 2,153 assessments. A record 1,281 cases were opened for services. During the last quarter of 2018, there were a total of 1,283 children/youth in state custody, and 743 in conditional custody in the care of a parent, relative, or other caregiver. The potential toll is "serious and long-lasting impact on children—affecting their development, ability to learn, and future. Children who have been abused and neglected are more likely than other children to experience suicide, depression, poverty, illness, incarceration, and unwanted pregnancy." - Dave Yacovone, Former DCF Commissioner We cannot afford to let a single child experience this trauma.

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What Rainbows offers - Helps a child to engage with their own individual grief journey – to identify, name, understand, express and share their feelings - Provides a safe setting to tell and retell feelings and thoughts with trained listeners - Supports Participants to come to terms with loss and to integrate and adapt to loss in their lives - Allows children to have a shared experience and identification with others’ feelings… “I’m not the only one” - Acknowledges grief and loss – it’s ok to be sad - Supports the rebuilding of self-esteem, trust, confidence and resilience - Promotes emotional growth and a pathway to positive mental health - Provides a model of coping and support for the future life of a child - Contributes to family functioning at a time of stress and difficult What Rainbows is not It is increasingly clear that there is a shortage of children’s services at present in local communities. Rainbows can sometimes be perceived by others struggling to locate services on behalf of children and young people as a ‘One Size Fits All’ service – better than nothing at all in an area where services are not available. However, Rainbows is a limited voluntary service. It is not therapy, professional counselling or clinical professional support (If a child is attending other professional services permission must be sought for them to attend Rainbows). Rainbows is a listening service for children and young people struggling to come to terms with significant loss and change in their lives. Rainbows does not - analyse or diagnose emotional or behavioural problems - give advice or attempt to solve problems - give opinions, pass comment, make judgements, take sides or criticise - give reports, take notes, give feedback or evidence, except as laid down by Child Protection Procedures Duty of Care and Rainbows - It is the policy under Duty of Care of Rainbows, that Site Coordinators will inform a parent/guardian of any concerns. The Rainbows programme may not meet the needs of a Participant at a particular time. The Rainbows Site Coordinators will inform a parent/guardian if it felt that the programme is not meeting the needs of a Participant at this time. It would be suggested to parents to consult with the local GP. - If a Participant displays on-going disruptive behaviour, indicating that the programme is not meeting the needs of a Participant at that time, the Rainbows Site Coordinator will apply the policy and procedures as set down by Rainbows Ireland.

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Washington, Nov 17 (ANI): New research says that wild bats that use their vision to fly short distances are more likely to crash into objects. Bats can navigate both visually and acoustically, by sending out sound waves and listening for echoes bouncing off objects-including prey. Bat vision is generally known to be sharpest in dim light, and to get worse the brighter it gets. For the new study, scientists set up an obstacle course near an abandoned mine in Ontario, Canada, where little brown bats often gather. The team manipulated three types of light conditions-dark, dim, and bright-and observed how little brown bats flying through the course behaved. The results showed that bats primarily relied on their vision to navigate the well-illuminated course-even though their reliance on vision made them more prone to crashing. In the obstacle course, the team used fabrics of three different visibilities-a clear fabric, an opaque fabric, and a reflective fabric. If the bats were mostly using their sonar, they should have detected all three. But the bats did not sense some fabrics-such as the clear one-suggesting the animals were depending more on their vision, the scientists noted. Co-author Dara Orbach, formerly a graduate student at the University of Western Ontario in Canada, said that this study is among the first experiments to confirm such behavior in wild bats. Previous experiments have shown that blindfolded, captive Indiana bats ran into windows less often than bats that could see, and that little brown bats flying through a lab obstacle course crashed more often when the lights were turned up. It's unknown why bats use their vision to their detriment. But the research also turned up a tantalizing clue: Midway through the study, when the bats' hormones shifted, so did their the crash stats. "That was the really unexpected part. We know there are two phases [of bats' preparation for hibernation]. During the first phase of swarming, during the month of August, they're flying around to different hibernation sites. And then there's this distinct day-at least at our field site-[when] there's a switchover," National Geographic News quoted Orbach as saying. After that turning point, the bats changed their eating habits, became sleepier during the day-like a temporary hibernation-and began "promiscuous" mating, Orbach said. The bat-vision study appeared November 9 in the journal PLoS ONE. (ANI)

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It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker. Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool. Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker. Originally posted by jolois Wow quite interesting! I wonder why no one did more work on this before Later Dr Jarl watched how the Tibetans built a monastery halfways up to a vertical montain ridge and levitated big stones from the valley. He made detailed notes and documented the whole process by a movie-camera. The film was later confiscated by the Englishmen and classified for 50 years. This time is over. Maybe somebody can find the film in the British archives now. The device we use to detect the sound of the cells and the motion of the cells is called an atomic force microscope, but its not a microscope. Its actually a sharp tip that we put on top of the cell and we pick up the motion a bit like you would pick up the motion in a gramophone, in the stylus of a gramophone would transduce motion into some signal that we can then amplify. UCLA 2001 TO DATE SETH PUTTERMAN AND BRIAN NARANJO: Arriving at UCLA, I remember meeting Seth in his lab where I first saw sonoluminescence in action. It was so beautiful to again see visible photons emitted from these tiny collapsing bubbles. It was some time later that he informed me of X-ray emission by gently heating ferroelectric crystals. I set up an ultra high vacuum system straight away and we were the recipients of a few small grants aimed at exploring the creation of local X-ray emission. I was interested to generate localized field emission of electrons from a tip mounted on the crystal to perform local chemical analysis using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Since the ferroelectyric crystal is also piezoelectric it seems possible to perform atomic force microscopy in conjunction with chemical analysis. The experiments led to new ides. In one we simple took dental X-ray film and use a small pyroelectric system to create images of a wire mesh. That work indicated the possibility to create point sources of X-rays and perhaps a new form of “Projection Microscopy”. It was the wild discussion on fusion that really got me excited and the possibility to generate ion beams that excited me most though. Recalling Muller’s Field Ion Microscope it seemed clear that a high enough positive potential on the tip would enable tunneling of electrons from gas phase deuterium to the tip there by creating positively charged ions that would be accelerated to the target. It turned out that as expected the sharpest tips were not the best for they would emit at lower potentials so an optimum value of around 100nm in radius was able to generate fusion events. O.K. so the Chinese healer Chunyi Lin says he actually did LEVITATE when he was in deep meditation in the mountains. You have to sit in full-lotus which is the tetrahedron -- and this is the most efficient resonance of the complementary opposites. Chunyi Lin went 49 days in full-lotus in a cave -- nonstop -- taking no water, no sleep and no food. I, myself, went 8 days on no food and just half a glass of water but I was not hungry nor thirsty. You create nutrition and water through electrolysis of the atmosphere. Studies of the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of fully hydrated bone raise some doubt as to whether wet bone is piezoelectric at all at physiological frequencies (5.2). Piezoelectric effects occur in the kilohertz range, well above the range of physiologically significant frequencies (5.2). Both the dielectric properties (5.3) and the piezoelectric properties of bone (5.4) depend strongly upon frequency. The magnitude of the piezoelectric sensitivity coefficients of bone depends on frequency, on direction of load, and on relative humidity. Values up to 0.7 pC/N have been observed (5.4), to be compared with 0.7 and 2.3 pC/N for different directions in quartz, and 600 pC/N in some piezoelectric ceramics. It is, however, uncertain whether bone is piezoelectric in the classic sense at the relatively low frequencies which dominate in the normal loading of bone. The streaming potentials examined originally by Anderson and Eriksson (5.5,5.6) can result in stress generated potentials at relatively low frequencies even in the presence of dielectric relaxation but this process is as yet poorly understood. Becker and co-workers [5.19-5.22] have also explored tissue electrical properties in connection with growth, repair and regeneration. For example, [5.22, 5.23] partial limb regeneration in rats was stimulated by application of weak electrical signals. Electrical signals in amphibians [5.24], which can naturally regenerate lost limbs, differ from those in mammals, which ordinarily do not regenerate lost limbs. Cartilage [5.25] exhibits electrical response to applied force. Bone electricity: wet and dry [SNIP] The piezolectric polarization may consequently depend on the strain gradient (5.7) as well as on the strain. Theoretical analyses of bone piezoelectricity (5.9-5.12) may be relevant to the issue of bone remodeling. Recent, thorough, studies have explored electromechanical effects in wet and dry bone. They suggest that two different mechanisms are responsible for these effects: classical piezoelectricity due to the molecular asymmetry of collagen in dry bone, and fluid flow effects, possibly streaming potentials in wet bone (5.13). Originally posted by Phage Sure it's real but monks don't do it by chanting. It takes a very precise frequency (ultrasonic) and a powerful sound soruce. As a result of multiple reflections between an ultrasonic radiator and a solid, flat or concave reflector - which is adjusted concentrically at a distance of some multiple half wavelengths - a standing wave with equally spaced nodes and antinodes of the sound pressure and velocity amplitude will be generated (see Figure 2-1). Solid or liquid samples with effective diameters of less than half a wavelength will be levitated without contact below the pressure nodes as a result of axial radiation pressure and radial Bernoulli stress. Minimal acoustic power is required for this levitation, when the sound wavelength is about three times the sample diameter (see Table 2-1). Ultrasonic Levitator Manual

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Everyone knows that most students do not like performing writing tasks insofar as developing writing skills and thus making good paperwork are not so easy. It requires hard working and great attempt as from student, also from teacher. Majority of students do not know how to start writing. Sometimes their paperwork is so vague that it requires accuracy and cannot attract the interest of readers, cannot assure in given opinion or position. The case of facing before such problems mainly declines the motivation of students and worsens development of written thought. The effective and approved way for the negotiation of difficulties is that teacher should equip students with various writing strategies and help them to use in practice. Here we discuss two strategies of writing which will be helpful for students in making various types of paperwork and afterwards improving them. 1. Strategy - "What - Why and How?” This strategy is the best way for establishing argued paperwork, proving any views and opinions, finding main subject, etc. It helps student for visualizing discussable subjects and determining interaction between parts of information. Each question in "What – Why and How?” strategy establishes different task and pushes student to think independently over subject, to explain his/her own views and to prove them with arguments: - "What do you think?” - This is the column where you write personal opinions, your position, and attitude toward subject. If it is essay you can write main idea or thesis; - "Why do you think so?” - This is the column where opinions are explained and there should be mentioned what was the reason of it; - "How do you know?” – This is the column for arguments, illustrations and for all means to substantiate general view. It should be foreseen that all explanation and reasons have to be substantiated at least by one example or other kind of argument and also, arguments must be obtained not only from one source, but from different relevant sources (statistic materials, research reports, historical documents, legislation, etc.). Beside above-mentioned purposes "What – Why and How?” strategy can be also used as follows: - Effective processing of discussion: to work out and to discuss the subject that give students opportunity to think around theme, to analyze their own position and to make adequate conclusion; - Making paragraphs: ideas structured in scheme supports students to write easily paragraphs. Records of paragraphs can connect to each other by logical consequence and can be established as whole paragraph; - Stating thesis or establishing answer for main question of research work: in this case, probable answer or thesis are written in the first column of the “What – Why and How?” scheme and reasons - in the second of column, arguments or bibliographical data – in the third column. 2. Strategy – "Idea - Details" Often students express interesting ideas and opinions in their works but they have not clearly and properly established ideas, thus they cannot achieve success. The main reason, in particular, is less details in their paperwork. What is detail? Detail is the answer of the question which may be raised by reader regarding author’s opinion. It is used to explain sentences which need more clearness and accuracy. Why do we need details? Details are very important part in paperwork as far as reader finds hard to penetrate in author’s opinion without particular details. If author did not provide reader with information which is interesting to reader, then, naturally, reader loses motivation for further reading of article. Answering the questions of the latter and satisfying the interest of reader is possible through writing details. How can we insert details in paperwork? The best way to insert details proving ideas and opinions in the paperwork is the strategy “Idea -Detail”. For accomplishing mentioned strategy, we should single out one or more such ideas chosen for paperwork, which requires approval and arguments. It must be written on the left side of scheme and its proper explanations must be written on the right side. After listing all possible details, it is possible to review the list and to choose sentences that mostly prove particular view. It is easy to create paperwork that is oriented toward the interest of readers by connecting details to idea and their logical consequence. - sentences that need more clearness - Important parts from your paperwork - What does your audience need to know? - What kind of questions may your reader have? Recommendations while using strategy “Idea - Details”: - While listing details, if it is possible, teacher should request from students to write everything that more or less is connected to the expressed idea. This is activity before actual writing and it has no decisive importance, how effective will be all details; - It is important to explain students that they should think about what additional information will be needed regarding their opinions represented to the audience while listing details; - Number of details is not defined; it depends on idea and possible questions from the audience. As practice shows, the number of details ranges from 5 to 10; - Student may address to class for improving details, may read them and ask them for questions and for focusing of interesting subjects. Question will help student to determine the scope of interest of the audience and what the audience demands from author; - There are various details but it is important to determine which is more effective for paperwork. Asking questions such are: “Who?”, “What?”, “Where?”, “Why?”, “How?” is one of the best ways to choose the proper detail, but as experience shows that the best source is answers of the questions: “Why?” and “How?” - In case of possibility, one or more detail can be moved to column of Idea from the list for improving ideas and details and then to find and list details around it. As we can see, strategies “What – Why and How” and “Idea - Details” are effective for creating argued, interesting and structured paperwork. Besides, both strategies develop important skills in students, such are personal attitude and working out opinions independently, their explanation on the basis of their position and to argue, finding information, specifying details of ideas and unifying opinions arranged from different corners. And finally, the more Essay writing strategy knows student, the funnier and easier the process becomes.

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THE FIRST ANCESTOR, One day, the World-honoured One offered up a flower with a twinkle in His eye; Mahakasyapa’s face broke out in a smile. The World-honoured One said, “I have the EYE AND TREASURY OF THE TRUE LAW, the wondrous HEART of nirvana, which I Transmit to Mahakasyapa.” Mahakasyapa (Mahakassapa) or Kāśyapa was a brahman of Magadha, who became one of the principal disciples of Śākyamuni Buddha and who convened and directed the first council. Mahakasyapa is one of the most revered of the Buddha’s early disciples. He is often depicted in statuary together with Ananda, each standing to one side of the Buddha. His Indian name was Kāśyapa, which means ‘He of the Tortoise or of the Black-toothed Clan’ whilst in other countries he is known as ‘The Victorious and Esteemed Drinker of Light’. When Mahakasyapa was born, a golden light filled the room, its rays pouring into Mahakasyapa’s mouth, hence the epithet, ‘The Drinker of Light’. Mahakasyapa belonged to the Brahman caste; as the most respected in society, the Brahmans formed the dominant and highest class in India at the time. Mahakasyapa was born in the country of Magadha. His father was Yingzhe and his mother was Hsiangzhi. At a young age, he looked dignified and handsome, his body radiating a golden hue which manifested from his spiritual vibration that was invisible to ordinary folks. His golden light shone far and wide long before he renounced his layman’s life. At his parents’ request, a highly reliable fortune-teller prophesied, “This child has great, inconceivable merit. He seems destined for monkhood.” Upon hearing these words, his parents feared that they might lose their son to the monastic order. Mahakasyapa’s parents decided that when he grows up they must find a beautiful girl and have him marry her. When Mahakasyapa reached the age of fifteen or sixteen, they wanted him to get married. He refused many times, but finally gave in to their persistent efforts. Mahakasyapa said to his parents “Well, I respect your opinion, but you must find a girl who is the same color as I am”. “She must radiate light, have a golden body, and look like me. Only then will I marry, otherwise I will remain single!” Once Mahakasyapa’s parents learned that he wanted to find a girl of his own likeness, they had a sculpture of him carved in gold, because not only did golden rays of light shine forth from him, but his physical body was like gold as well. A nationwide search was made for a girl resembling the sculpture. Finally, one such a girl was found, and Mahakasyapa had to honor his promise and marry her. After Mahakasyapa married the girl, they lived like intimate friends but slept separately, treating each other like fellow practitioners and not having a sexual relationship. A long time after their marriage, they both sought permission from their parents to become monastics, pleading until their wish was granted, whereupon they joined the monastic order and went to different places to pursue spiritual practice. After practicing asceticism in the mountains for some time, Mahakasyapa heard a voice in the sky, “Now a Buddha has descended to the world to teach people. You must go look for Him and follow Him.” Mahakasyapa went to Shakyamuni Buddha’s bamboo grove and, with utmost sincerity, requested that the Buddha accept him as a disciple. Shakyamuni Buddha said, “You are a monk with good merit. Please go shave your hair and beard.” It is said that no sooner had the World-honoured One addressed him, saying, “Welcome, mendicant monk,” the Mahakasyapa’s hair and beard were forthwith removed and a kesa was draped about his body; he was then entrusted with the Eye and Treasury of the True Law. Mahakasyapa was thus initiated into monkhood and followed the Buddha. He progressed very quickly, easily understanding the profound teachings of the Buddha, and becoming His favorite. He practiced diligently and soon attained arhatship. On one occasion, Mahakasyapa returned from far away to see Shakyamuni Buddha. Although he had been born into a wealthy family, he practiced asceticism and cared little about his outer appearance. He came in tattered clothes, looking thin, awful and undignified, most probably because of his ascetic practice and lack of sleep and food. He did not deliberately make himself appear so. At the time of his arrival, many other monastics and disciples were gathered around the Buddha, listening to His lecture. They looked at Mahakasyapa with disdain because of his appearance. These disciples were usually by the Buddha’s side, their ample supply of food and clothes ensuring that they looked good and healthy, while the penniless Mahakasyapa practiced asceticism in seclusion in the mountains. Thus, the monks and nuns looked down upon him. Shakyamuni Buddha noted their reaction and said, Mahakasyapa, come here. I’ll share my seat with you. Mahakasyapa dared not comply and sat on the floor instead. He praised Mahakasyapa for his merits and wisdom, as well as his high spiritual level that put him on a par with fully enlightened saints. These words shocked the monastics, who finally understood and immediately became respectful toward Mahakasyapa. According to Buddhist legend, the Buddha was aware of a karmic connection between himself and Mahakasyapa, and waited for him as his most distinguished disciple to accept him into the order. One day, during a lecture on Mount Grdhrakuta, Shakyamuni Buddha held up a lotus flower. The audience did not understand the gesture. Only Mahakasyapa smiled.

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Fantasy on Scarborough Fair is an English ballad which is at least 300 years old containing a well-known melody. Its story is about a young man and woman asking the listener to tell this same young man and woman (who are former lovers) to perform tasks for each other that are essentially impossible. An example is where she is asked to make him a shirt without a seam and wash it in a dry well. If they do these tasks for each other, then they will take each other back. The title (Scarborough Fair) comes from the opening words of the ballad where he asks her if she is going to this annual fair in Yorkshire. Although the words might be described as somewhat frivolous in nature, I found the melody to have strong potential for emotional expression and dramatic development. For me, I hear first and foremost an explicit sense of pathos and melancholy in the Scarborough Fair melody and this is the primary emotional atmosphere I tried to create when writing this work. Fantasy to Scarborough Fair thus explores what I feel is the essential nature of its melody – one primarily tinged with sadness and sorrow. The work is in eight sections: 1. an opening drone introducing melodic fragments of the Scarborough Fair theme (mm. 1-40); 2. two statements of the Scarborough Fair theme (mm. 41-93); 3. a new contrasting theme (mm. 94-121); 4. a second contrasting theme; this theme will also be used in the next section as a countermelody against the Scarborough Fair theme (mm. 122-146); 5. the Scarborough Fair theme is combined with the countermelody (mm. 147-172); 6. the first contrasting theme (introduced in section 3) reappears here (mm. 173-211); 7. three final statements of the Scarborough Fair theme, the first and last of these are combined with its countermelody (mm. 212-294); and 8. a final ending coda which begins with a modified restatement of the very beginning of the piece (mm. 295-365).

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Pope Celestine IV |Papacy began||25 October 1241| |Papacy ended||10 November 1241| |Predecessor||Pope Gregory IX| |Successor||Pope Innocent IV| |Birth name||Goffredo Castiglione| |Died||November 10, 1241 |Other Popes named Celestine| Pope Celestine IV (Latin: Coelestinus Quartus; died 10 November 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo Castiglione, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 180th Pope for two weeks from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241. Early life[change | change source] Castiglione became a Cistercian monk. Cardinal[change | change source] Pope[change | change source] After his death[change | change source] He died on November 10, 1241; and he was buried in St Peter's. The exact location of his tomb has been lost. Related pages[change | change source] References[change | change source] - "List of Popes," Catholic Encyclopedia (2009); retrieved 2011-11-02. - Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. (1836). "Celestine IV," Penny cyclopaedia, Vol. 6, p. 400. - Beckett, William. (1836). "Celestine IV," A Universal Biography, Vol. 1, p. 720. - "Pope Celestine IV," Catholic Encyclopedia; retrieved 2011-11-3. Other websites[change | change source] - "Pope Celestine IV". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company. - Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence - Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Castiglione

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Peace Officers Memorial Day In 1970, California had done little to honor the final sacrifices made each year by its fallen peace officers. The federal government had already declared May 15 as Peace Officers Memorial Day, but recognition by the state had not followed. Finally, at the urging of Abraham Sussman, who had been instrumental in campaigning for the national memorial day, the issue was brought to the attention of the state and PORAC. Under the presidency of Kenny Joseph of La Mesa, PORAC encouraged Senator Jack Schrade, Chairman of the important Senate Rules Committee, to introduce a resolution that would officially establish May 15 as California Peace Officers Memorial Day, and the week in which May 15 occurs as Peace Officers Week. Senate Rules Resolution Number 137 was adopted on May 20, 1970. The resolution concluded: “RESOLVED, That a suitably prepared copy of this resolution be transmitted to Mr. Kenneth W. Joseph, president, Peace Officers Research Association of California.” PORAC was therefore instrumental in establishing California Peace Officers Memorial Day, but more than this seemed necessary to emphasize the significance and importance of the occasion. Another Resolution Needed In 1975, Joe Aceto of San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department was elected to the presidency of PORAC. Aceto, along with PORAC Director Walter Colfer, also of San Bernardino Sheriff’s Department, met with Rick and Don Baratta to discuss the issue of a memorial. Rick Baratta, former chief of police, was then a consultant with POST and a liaison to PORAC. Rick’s brother Don would later write articles for the PORAC Law Enforcement News. It was decided at this meeting that another resolution should be introduced, calling for a memorial containing the names of California peace officers slain in the line of duty to be erected in a “prominent location near the entrance of the State Capitol.” Walter Colfer wrote the resolution and Senator Robert Presley, former undersheriff of Riverside County, introduced it as Senate Concurrent Resolution 94 on April 6, 1976. It passed without opposition. In the resolution, the memorial was not specifically described. This was done purposely so that there would be no controversy to impede its successful passage. The First Memorial Before the year was out, Rick Baratta was employed by PORAC as the General Manager, and Joe Aceto won another term as President. One of the first orders of business was to raise money and construct a memorial to comply with the Senate Resolution. Rick and Don Baratta designed the memorial, and PORAC asked the state’s police departments and associations to send in the names of officers who had died in the line of duty, and to contribute money to build the memorial. The names came pouring in, some from the last century, a total of nearly 1,000. The money came in a bit slower, from donations of a single dollar to $1,000 each from the California Association of Highway Patrol Officers and the California Correctional Peace Officers Association. The design of the memorial called for the names of the officers to be recorded in a large leather and vellum book, flanked by two large medieval swords. Dave Keenan built the memorial case. Dick Calonder handcrafted the book, and Brenda Walton painted the illuminated design and inscribed by hand the names of the officers who had died in the line of duty. Swords of the designated type were not available, so Don Baratta carved them from wood and had them cast in bronze and plated. He also carved the handles of the swords from rosewood. During the construction of the memorial, it became apparent that a committee should be established to handle the continual policy decisions that were necessary. Joe Aceto asked Senator Presley to chair the committee and appointed Gene Muehleisen, past President of PORAC and former Executive Director of POST; Sammy Hoyt, widow of former PORAC President Dave Hoyt, who had been murdered by an escaping prisoner; and the Reverend Frank Nouza, PORAC Chaplain and graduate of the Oakland Police Academy. The committee developed the guidelines for the inclusion of names in the memorial book, as well as the process employed for keeping track of those peace officers who died during the year. The first memorial was finally built and mounted on a wall at the entrance of the east wing of the Capitol. An article in the PORAC Law Enforcement News described the initial dedication ceremonies: “On Friday, Oct. 14, 1977, the California Peace Officers’ Memorial was dedicated with dignity and care near the governor’s office and the legislative chambers of the State Capitol. “Governor Jerry Brown accepted the impressive monument from PORAC President Joe Aceto and Senator Robert Presley of Riverside. Father Frank Nouza, PORAC chaplain, gave the Invocation. “The memorial, a huge book bound in leather, contains the handlettered names of more than 1,000 state and local officers who have been killed since 1850 while performing their duties in California. There are pages enough to stretch forward to the twenty-first century. Two glistening swords flank the book and a taped message tells the visitors what it’s all about. “The memorial was placed, not without purpose, near the legislative chambers, and part of the tape-recorded message states: ‘This memorial was deliberately placed in the pathway of our legislators to remind them that every law they pass must be paid for.’” (Ten years later, the tape recording was removed during restoration.) Since then, memorial ceremonies have been conducted at the State Capitol each year by PORAC. Initially, they were conducted in the foyer of the east wing of the Capitol, but they were soon moved to a large committee room and eventually the Senate chambers. The surviving family, department administration and association officers for each honoree are invited, along with the governor and other dignitaries. A luncheon for all the families and guests is hosted by PORAC each year. Different associations, such as the California Association of Highway Patrol Officers, have assisted in the ceremonies, since PORAC has always been obedient to the direction of the resolution “That such a monument be a perpetual memorial to all California Peace Officers.” Watch for Part 2 of this article, covering the history of the current memorial, in the June issue. About the Author An expert on the history of PORAC, Rick Baratta has been a life member since 1956 and has served in many capacities, including as General Manager and PORAC LE News Editor from 1976 to 1989. The Meaning of the Memorial In 1987, Rick Baratta reflected on the memorial’s origins and significance in a speech at the annual memorial ceremony: In the early ’70s we were first developing the idea of the Peace Officers’ Memorial. We had searched assiduously for a concept or a theme that would describe and reflect the importance of what we were attempting: recognition for those of us who had been killed enforcing the people’s law. Finally we recalled an incident in history that occurred over 2,000 years ago. It was in a valley called Lacedaemon, and the people called themselves Lacedaemonians; Greece knew them as Spartans, the scattered. The Spartans had created a military society and a moral code that exalted bravery: to be good was to be strong and brave, to die in battle was the highest honor, to survive defeat was a disgrace and to surrender was unheard of, just as today cowardice is unheard of among peace officers. “Return with your shield or on it” was the Spartan mother’s farewell to her soldier son. Flight with the heavy shield was impossible. In 480 BC, Persia invaded the Greek city-states with an army of well over a million. King Leonidas led 300 Spartans and several thousand other Greeks against the invading army. He had taken only fathers so that no family line should die out. The Greek army halted the Persians at the Pass of Thermopylae and delayed them until nearly surrounded. Leonidas sent the other Greeks away to save them and with the remaining Spartans held the pass, outnumbered 3,000 to one. Ten days after the battle began, the last Spartan fell. They were entombed there and over the tomb was placed the most famous Greek epitaph: “Go, stranger, and tell the Lacedaemonians that we lie here in obedience to their laws.” This epitaph was also placed on the California Peace Officers’ Memorial as a reminder to the makers of the people’s law that someone has to enforce the law and that task has been given to the peace officer.

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Examples of Training Agendas Establishing a comprehensive training agenda allows you to plan and organize your training events so they run smoothly. By clearly defining your audience, speakers, time frame, learning objectives and topics, you ensure that training programs fulfill their intended purpose. Typical training agendas for professional development include managing change, negotiating effectively, making decisions and solving problems. The agenda usually includes an introduction, icebreaker activity, lecture, exercises and optionally, a test. The agenda may also specify breaks and homework assignments. An example agenda for a training course on managing change typically includes practical advice for handling change. It lists theories, such as management expert John Kotter’s eight-step change model. The agenda also allocates time that allows participants the opportunity to practice analyzing a situation, preparing a plan, implementing actions, overcoming obstacles and objections, and monitoring progress. Participants completing a training course on negotiation typically follow an agenda that begins with an overview of the negotiation process. This includes assessing their own interests, understanding the interests of the other party, developing options to present some sort of value to the other party and avoiding barriers to agreement. The agenda also includes time to participate in role-playing exercises. For example, the facilitator might divide the class into pairs to practice handling a relevant conflict, such as how much to pay for a critical supply. One person plays the customer. The other person plays the supplier. For the first five minutes, the pairs practice using the distributive negotiation strategy, so that one person wins. For the next five minutes, they practice using the integrative negotiation strategy, so that both parties come to an agreement that suits them both. Then, the agenda specifies time for the pairs to discuss the different methods. Training courses on decision making usually include an agenda that starts with lectures on how to identify issues, generate multiple alternatives, make a decision and communicate the decision to everyone impacted by the outcome. The training agenda might also include examining case studies that help participants practice evaluating the effectiveness of decisions, refining decisions and choosing alternate paths based on data and calculations. A training agenda for a course on problem solving prepares a participant to think more strategically when solving critical business problems. Overview presentations and lectures provide participants with details about counterproductive thinking patterns. The agenda typically includes self-assessment activities that help participants determine their current ability to frame problems effectively so that they can find solutions. During the subsequent training-agenda sessions, participants learn how to recognize and gather information about problems to determine assumptions. Tara Duggan is a Project Management Professional (PMP) specializing in knowledge management and instructional design. For over 25 years she has developed quality training materials for a variety of products and services supporting such companies as Digital Equipment Corporation, Compaq and HP. Her freelance work is published on various websites.

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Sedation and Anaesthetics Main page> Treatments> Sedation and Anaesthetics Intravenous Sedation (IV) For some patients, particularly those that suffer anxiety when visiting the dentist, it is sometimes necessary to administer sedative drugs before giving treatment. These sedatives are administered directly into the blood stream, in a procedure known as intravenous conscious sedation. This enables the patient to relax but also remain conscious during treatment. This means they can understand and respond to the dentist, which may be essential during certain procedures. Sedatives induce a state of deep relaxation. This enables a patient to receive treatments that they would otherwise be too fearful to undergo. However, sedation does have some side effects, in particular, memory loss. Many patients can’t remember the treatment after it is finished and suffer amnesia (memory loss) during the time they were sedated. This is normal, and patients may think they were asleep during the procedure, although this is not the case; they just can’t remember it. Intravenous just means that the sedative is administered directly into the vein. This involves a thin needle being inserted into the arm, or back of the hand, from which a plastic tube is connected. This is called a cannula, but is sometimes referred to as a “drip” in hospital environments. It is through this cannula that the sedative is fed into the blood stream throughout the dental procedure. Before IV sedation can take place, blood pressure needs to be taken and constantly monitored throughout the procedure. In some instances, where the patient is over 65, or has heart trouble, or the dental procedure is to be a long and lengthy one, it may be necessary to have an anaesthetist present to monitor the patient. If you are undergoing IV sedation, it is important that you do not consume food four hours prior to the procedure and do not drink two hours before. After the treatment, it is also important that you don’t drive or conduct any physical activity for the rest of the day. It is also best avoid a heavy meal, as some patients may feel a little nauseated following sedation. It is advisable that patients undergoing sedation have somebody accompany them so they can be escorted home. It is also advisable that you have an adult remain with them until the effects of the sedation have completely worn off. It is important to rest for the remainder of the day and avoid alcohol, and if you experience any unusual symptoms to contact your dentist immediately.

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The abrasion of pebbles rolled in a large concrete basin by a revolving current, both on a sandy and on a pebbly floor, was studied – a setup believed to be a substantial improvement on the customary tumbling- mill experiments. One of the most significant results is that, on a sandy floor, abrasion is less than on a pebbly bottom under similar conditions. The difference increases with size of the rolling pebble and can be four or five times less for medium pebble sizes. Hence reports on measurements of roundness in nature should always be accompanied by statements not only of the size of the pebbles, of current velocities, and which rock type investigated but especially as to the nature of the bottom. On a sandy bottom, weight and velocity have only slight influence on the percentage of abrasion per kilometre. With increasing roundness, there is a small reduction in the rate of abrasion. It was found that abrasion on a pebbly floor is reduced by 10-15 per cent by the introduction of sand. The abrasion on a pebbly floor increases in proportion to the square of the velocity. Over the natural range of stream velocities it is doubled for fine gravel. Pebble weight is of even greater importance, the percentage of loss at low velocities being proportional to the diameter. It increases three to four times between fine and coarse gravel. Increasing roundness, from sharp-cornered to sub-rounded, reduces abrasion significantly; beyond sub-roundness, abrasion is reduced much less. As a result of these relations, coarse gravel can loose four to five times as much in percentages as can fine gravel at equal velocities. Twenty-five times as much loss per kilometre is possible under extreme conditions of velocity, size, and bottom cover. The abrasion processes are shown to be as follows: splitting (= breaking), crushing, chipping, cracking (superficially), and grinding. Sharp-edged material rolled on a pebbly floor chips during the first 2-10 km. of transport, loosing up to five times as much as by cracking, which is the main process later on. On a sandy bed, only grinding takes place. Roundness measurements by Cailleux's method tend to give values that are too high because of parallax, different investigators obtaining different results. Cailleux's method could be somewhat improved by using the middle instead of the longest axis. It should be realized that a pebble will pass relatively very swiftly through the first roundness class and still quite fast through the second and third, then more slowly, until, beyond about the fourth class, the passage from class to class, on an unchanging floor, will require greater and greater distances of rolling until the ultimate shape is attained. The conclusion is reached that splitting is rarely the result of impact, except in poorly consolidated or fissile rock, but breaking does occur and must be attributed to weathering, especially frost action, on pebbles while they form part of alluvial deposits alongside the stream course. Poser and Hövermann studied rounding in rivers of the Harz. The present investigation shows that abrasion of the Graywackes they studied is hastened at the start because the solifluction material is superficially weathered. In the experiments on a pebbly floor the abrasion was about four times as much per kilometer as in nature. This indicates that in these natural streams much of the bed may be covered with sand. The rounding, shaping, and loss in weight of pebbles by wear on beaches and in rivers have been studied by a large number of authors. Their particular interests have been varied, as well as their methods of approach. Laboratory studies on the forms and field work on shapes and sizes have been made, mainly by statistical methods. Various systems have been developed for expressing shape or roundness. To few problems in geology have experimental methods been applied so widely as to the rounding of pebbles. Experimenters invariably used tumbling mills, a rather unsatisfactory procedure. All these studies have greatly increased our insight and have shown this apparently simple problem to be full of complications, most of which are still incompletely understood. It has also been claimed that studies of roundness should teach us the history of the deposits examined, distance and medium of transport, physiography and climatic conditions, etc. There are, however, so many variables involved in the rounding of pebbles, including the nature of the bottom, that it appears doubtful whether quite so much of the history of a deposit can be read from its roundness histogram, even if combined with other shape measurements. In a former paper the writer (Kuenen, 1956) treated the problem of wet sandblast- ing, a process held by some to be highly important for abrasion of pebbles. The conclusion reached by experiment was that sand- blasting is not significant for pebble sizes; for, at the velocity where abrasion begins, any pebble will be rolled along and soon pass beyond the reach of the sandblast. Only boulders can remain stationary in a current of sufficient velocity to transform them into aqua-facts (Kuenen, 1947). The present article describes an experimental study of pebble rounding during transport by a current of water, a method hitherto neglected. The results are discussed partly to find the nature of the abrading processes, partly in connection with the field work of the French school. The first to carry out experiments on pebble abrasion was Daubree (1879). He rolled fragments of feldspar and granite in a revolving cylinder under water and showed that they became rounded and that a fine colloidal mud was produced. Rock fragments were used as abrasives by Wentworth and Krumbein, but Lord Rayleigh had metal fragments as grinding material to abrade his rock pebbles, and Marshall added sand to his pebbles. Schoklitsch allowed single pebbles to roll with sand. What takes place in a tumbling mill, however, is a very poor imitation of the natural action in rivers, as Bonney (1888) realised long ago. The present author's objections to tumbling mills are the following. The water, instead of impelling the fragments, acts as a brake. The movement of the fragments in the mill may be either more or less rotatory than in a river. The fragments alternately drop down a steep slope and then lie still until dropping again, instead of rolling continuously over a horizontal surface The rolling velocity is therefore not distance divided by time. It stands in a complicated relation to the rate of revolution and the amount of sediment involved. Moreover, the latter has not been determined by the experimenters. The influence of various rolling velocities, that is, the factor controlling the rigour of the process, is therefore known only qualitatively. In experiments with many pebbles these interfere with one another's movements, the front of one touching the rear of its leader with an opposite direction of movement, whereas in nature pebbles nearly always roll separately. In some ways the experiments in mills are closer replicas of surf action on a pebbly beach than of stream action. Rolling on a sandy bottom has not been imitated successfully. Because of the drawbacks inherent in the use of tumbling mills, the writer decided to experiment with a revolving current. The rolling velocity was first measured by using pebbles painted white; counting the number of revolutions and measuring the aver- age diameter of the circle followed. This method was not very satisfactory because the pebbles showed up very poorly, especially at high velocities. Most of the experimental results therefore show an uncertainty of about 10 per cent as to velocity and distance. Luckily, this amount is small compared to variations due to other Only toward the end of the investigation was a much better technique evolved. This consisted in painting a pebble with fluorescent paint and watching it in ultraviolet light. The water is first treated with KMnO4 to eliminate fluorescing organic matter. With this method, the size of the circle followed could be accurately measured, even for small pebbles at high speeds, and the velocity or travel distance determined to within a few per cent. Whether on a pebbly floor the addition of sand has any influence was not investigated, because the experiments using these accurate velocities were made on a clean floor. But when sand was added on the cement floor, the circles described were altered. A rough correction was made by feeling under water with a piece of stout wire to determine the size of the circle described by the rolling pebbles. Obviously, this is not a very satisfactory velocity measurement, although the results were adequate for first approximations. PH. H. KUENEN W. C. Krumbein

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These notes are intended for distribution to members and friends of the Kirk of Kildaire, Presbyterian Church family. While effort is made to give credit for work done by others, the notes may use material for which appropriate credit is not given. Also, the notes may differ from the actual sermon as it was delivered. Remember, sermons are meant to be preached and are therefore prepared with the emphasis on verbal presentation; the written accounts occasionally stray from proper grammar and punctuation. Exodus 20:1-4; 7-9; 12-20 From our earliest childhood we remember the words ‘For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten son" (John 3:16). God loves the world. Even when God had quarrels with it, it is, as Robert Frost would say, a lover’s quarrel. We too love the world because it is God’s world-because God loves it. When we quarrel with it, with its falsehood, its brutality, its selfishness, its greed, we love it. We quarrel with it because we love it; for we remember the world as God made it, and we hope for the world that which by God’s grace it may become again. We are responsible for the world because it is God’s world, because God loves it, and because we are servants of God. 1. This is a good thing to remember from time to time. You might think given all of the injustice and brokenness in our world… given the fact that we fail to live out God’s intentions in this world… again and again… you might think that God would learn to hate the world. Given the ways we break all of his commandments again and again… individually and as nations of the world… you might think God after all of these centuries- God just might hate us by now. But that is not what the Gospel says: It says: For God So loved the world. For God so loved the world… when Jesus spoke those words to Nicodemus, he was not stating something new. Jesus knew that God loved the world… that God had loved the world for a long time, since the beginning of time. In fact, Jesus, knowing the story we’ve been following in the Exodus must have known that God loved the world enough to form a special relationship with a people – the Israelites… God loved the world enough to ask them to become a Kingdom of priests and a holy people… for the whole earth is mine (Exodus 19:6) and the reason they were chosen was to be God’s servants in the world God loved. They were chosen not simply for salvation… but also for service.. to care for the world in need of love and redemption. God so loved the world… that God chose a people to be his priests in the world to represent God… to bring redemption to the world… to help God work out God’s purposes in a broken world. But God also so loved this very people he had chosen… he was, in the words of a popular novel, "especially fond of them" (The Shack) … God loved them/ us so much… that he gave them/us the 10 commandments. I wonder if that sounds odd to you. That God loved them so much that God gave them rules to live by. Rules that would govern their relationship with him, and their relationship with each other. God so loved the world, that God gave the rules? Well, yes. And we know it. When we get married, we agree to certain rules… we will stop dating others… No Dating… (called an affair)…. We say we will love our spouse in any circumstance… "in sickness and health, richer poorer…" that kind of love will run deep over the years… it will be a gift to those who are married. Rules of love, I tell you! Every parent who loves their children gives them rules. We give them rules… boundaries is the way we say it today. We give them rules because we love them. Rules I lived by were things like, "don’t play with matches." One day when I was about 8 years old, I learned why my parents gave me that rule. It was the day when I broke the rule thanks to my friend David Taylor. We were over at his house…and he had matches…. A can of gasoline… and well, it was just so tempting… it was going to be so neat to see what happened when that gas was lit. Do you want me to tell you what happens? There is a big fire that can singe your eyebrows off. And try going home… thinking you can hide that from your parents. Not only do you not have eyebrows… I learned that there is a smell to burnt hair. Rules? Who needs them? Well, I did. And my parents gave them to me because they loved me. So why do we not see the laws of God in this way? It took me a long time to see the 10 commandments as much more than a "thou shalt not list" which no one really knows… even those who push to have them placed in public places often don’t even know them very well. Not long ago on the Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert was interviewing Lynn Westmoreland, a congressman who co-sponsored a bill to require the display of the 10 Commandments in the House of Reps and the Senate. After needling the congressman for a couple of minutes Colbert asks: What are the 10 Commandments? Lynn Westmoreland: What are all of them? LW: You want me to name them all? LW: Uhhh. Ummmm. Don’t murder. Don’t lie.Don’t steal. Ummm …I can’t name them all. Truth is, how many of us have really bothered to learn them? If we did, we’d find out they are tricky to enforce in a pluralistic society like ours. For example, how do you enforce, "No other gods before me" in a nation with many religions?" Which god? The sad part in all of the discussion over the years about the 10 commandments is that we seem to miss the whole point. We miss the point because we misunderstand why God gave them to us… that God gave them to us because God loves us. Tom Long set me straight when he said: "In the popular religious consciousness, the 10 Commandments have somehow become burdens, weights, and heavy obligations. For many, the commandments are encumbrances placed on personal behavior. Most people cannot name all 10, but they are persuaded that at the center of each one is a finger-wagging ‘thou shalt not’. For others, the commandments are heavy yokes to be publicly placed on the necks of a rebellious society… Understanding the Decalogue as a set of burdens overlooks something essential, namely that the are prefaced not by an order- ‘Here are the 10 rules. Obey them!’ – but instead by a breathtaking announcement of freedom: ‘I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery" (Ex 20:2). We will probably always refer to the declarations that follow as the ‘Ten Commandments’ but we can also think of them as descriptions of a life that prevails in the zone of God’s loving liberation. ‘Because the Lord is your God," the (commandments) affirm, ‘you are free not to need any other gods. You are free to rest on the 7th day; free from the tyranny of lifeless idols; free from murder, stealing, and covetousness as ways to establish yourself in the land. The (commandments) begins with the good news of what the liberating God has done and then describes the shape of the freedom (and the way of life… or the way that leads to life) that follows. If we want to symbolize the presence of the 10 commandments among us, we would do well to hold a dance. The good news of God (who loved us enough to set us free) is the music; the commandments are the dance steps of those who hear it playing. The commandments are not weights, but wings that enable our hearts to catch the wind of God’s spirit to soar." 2. I thank Tom Long for setting me straight. Those commandments are gifts of love to you and me… gifts to guide us into a way of life that draws us closer with God and one another… gifts to help us avoid the pitfalls that lead to our demise and death… guides to show us the way out of bondage to things we know too well: The 7/24 day work week that leads people away from their life with God and a life with burnout… God would save us from that, you know… God would save us from following gods like the god of greed that is fed by our fears… fears that we never have enough… the god of greed is an all consuming god… there is never enough with this god… our God would save you from that. Or the god of family or marriage… where we place unrealistic expectations on our spouse or our family to meet our every need or desire. Let me tell you, from years of counseling couples who have tried this… it doesn’t work. God loves us enough that God would save you from the lies that complicate our relationships. Have you ever noticed how in the end lying is a poor strategy for healthy relationships? God loves us enough to try to free us from bondage of covetousness consumerism… we are taught by the gods of this age that freedom and peace and joy are just a credit card purchase away? How is that working for us these days? God loves us … loves the world enough… that God would give us rules to help free us from all that would hurt our relationships with each other and would get in the way of our relationship with God. Gifts of love… words of life… God has given us to help us build a rich life with God and one another. God loves us just that much. Thanks be to God for such a gift. Amen. 1. Opening adapted from sermon by John Leith to the Christian action Conference in Mntreat. P54ff Pilgrimage of a Presbyterian 2. Christian Century, March 2006

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By Dr David Whitehouse BBC News Online science editor The historic first image of a planet circling another star may have been taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The picture was taken with Hubble's infrared Nicmos camera The "planet", 5-10 times the mass of Jupiter, is orbiting a small white dwarf star about 100 light-years away. Astronomers are being cautious, saying they require more data to be sure it really is a planet and not a background object caught in the same field of view. Confirmation will come if follow-up observations can show the planet and the star moving together through space. Over the past 10 years, scientists have discovered more than 120 so-called exoplanets. However, all have been found by indirect methods - none was photographed directly. The new Hubble image was taken by John Debes, a graduate student at Pennsylvania State University, US, as part of a project to look for planets around other stars. "The big problem in seeing such planets is not one of sensitivity but of contrast," he told BBC News Online. "The presence of a bright parent star makes the relatively dim planet difficult to see." That is why Debes and his colleagues looked for planets around dim white dwarf stars - stars at the end of their lifetimes that have shrunk to a glowing ball the size of the Earth. "We surveyed seven white dwarfs and around three of them we saw what might be a planet. "In one of them, the planet could be only a few times the mass of Jupiter," he said. The unnamed world is about the same distance from its star as Neptune is from our Sun. The planet would have begun its life several billion years ago much closer to its parent star. This star would have been more massive and brighter than our Sun. At the end of its life, it would have expanded and destroyed any nearby planets. Only the more distant planets would have survived and, as the star lost mass, their orbits would have expanded due to the star's reduced gravity. Debes remains cautious about the object until it has been shown to be definitely associated with the white dwarf. "If it is a planet and not a background object that happens to be in the same direction, we should see it move across the sky with the star in a few months," he said. Debes plans follow-up observations with the Hubble Space Telescope or possibly with ground-based telescopes.

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The ancestors of the Bealy family were part of an ancient Scottish tribe called the Picts . They lived in Bellie, in Morayshire . The name is a topographic surname, which was given to a family who held a barony or lands, had houses, manors or estates in that area. Some think that the name is derived from the occupational name of bailie, but our records cannot confirm that claim. Indeed much of the early records list many of the family in other occupations. Early Origins of the Bealy family The surname Bealy was first found in Moray, where they held a family seat from very early times. Early History of the Bealy family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Bealy research.Another 136 words (10 lines of text) covering the years 1598, 1643, 1648, 1650 and 1743 are included under the topic Early Bealy History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Bealy Spelling Variations In medieval Scotland , names were more often spelled according to sound than any regular set of rules. An enormous number of spelling variations were the result. Over the years, the name Bealy has been spelled Bellie, Belley, Bealie, Beeley, Belley, Bely, Beayly, Beyley, Beilley, Bealy, Bellye, Belly and many more. Early Notables of the Bealy family (pre 1700) Another 49 words (4 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Bealy Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Migration of the Bealy family to the New World and Oceana In such difficult times, Ireland , and North America looked like better homes for many Scots. The trips were expensive and grueling, but also rewarding, as the colonies were havens for those unwelcome in the old country. That legacy did not die easily, though, and many were forced to fight for their freedom in the American War of Independence . The Scottish legacy has resurface in more recent times, though, through Clan societies, highland games, and other organizations. Immigration and passenger lists have shown many early immigrants bearing the old Scottish name of Bealy: Jo, his wife Ann, and daughter Ann Barbara Bellie all settled in Georgia in 1737; John Bellie settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1754; James Beely settled in Virginia in 1635. The Bealy Motto The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. Motto: Per acuta Belli Motto Translation: Through the asperities of war. Bealy Family Crest Products

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- freely available Nutrients 2013, 5(10), 4159-4173; doi:10.3390/nu5104159 Abstract: One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is likely that humans have stuck to any brew containing compounds with psychoactive properties, resulting in a better daily life, i.e., more efficient thinking, exploring, hunting, etc., however, without the serious side effects of drugs of abuse. The physiological effects of methylxanthines have been known for a long time and they are mainly mediated by the so-called adenosine receptors. Caffeine and theobromine are the most abundant methylxanthines in cacao and their physiological effects are notable. Their health-promoting benefits are so remarkable that chocolate is explored as a functional food. The consequences of adenosine receptor blockade by natural compounds present in cacao/chocolate are here reviewed. Palatability and health benefits of methylxanthines, in general, and theobromine, in particular, have further contributed to sustain one of the most innocuous and pleasant habits: chocolate consumption. Xanthines are a variety of compounds produced by plants and animals that have not been studied as frequently as other substances of metabolism, such as ATP or GTP. Interestingly, these compounds belong to the family of purines and all human cells produce them. In fact, xanthine and its derivatives are intermediates in the production of GMP, GDP, and GTP in cells that depend on a salvage pathway that recycles intermediates of degradation back into GTP and nucleic acids. In addition, xanthine has a role in the catabolism of nucleotides and nucleic acids, as it is the precursor of uric acid, which is the final product of the catabolism of the purines (Figure 1A). The anabolic and catabolic metabolism in which xanthine is involved overlap, i.e., xanthine is at a crossroads from which GTP and nucleic acids may be synthesized by salvage mechanisms, or uric acid is produced to be eliminated in the urine. Interestingly, the benefits of xanthines in cacao are not at all related to the anabolic or catabolic purine metabolism in man. The active compounds in cacao that are structurally similar to xanthine are methylxanthines (Figure 1B), of which the action on human physiology is quite remarkable. Most consumers will be unaware that the psychoactive effects caused by cacao, coffee, or tea consumption results from blockade of adenosine receptors. 2. Flavonols and Methylxanthines in Cacao Flavonols and methylxanthines are the most recognizable active components of cacao. Flavonols are polyphenolic structures that in cacao include catechin and derivatives, and B2, B3 and C1 procyanidins. Recent interest on these compounds derives from their antioxidant properties. Andújar et al. have recently reviewed their potential benefits for human health. Among the myriad of health promoting effects suspected for antioxidants, anti-inflammatory actions seem to be promising. In fact, flavonols inhibit lipid peroxidation and affect production of lipid or lipid-derived molecules regulating the immune response and, recently, dietary cacao has been shown to ameliorate obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice . These molecules also seem to be key players in the increase of beneficial gut microbes (e.g., Lactobacilli) and the decrease of less beneficial ones (e.g., Clostridia) that follow cacao intake [3,4]. Hayek has recently revisited data showing that cacao and/or chocolate modifies intestinal flora in the same way that prebiotics and probiotics do. As the functional interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism are indeed shown in several studies (see for instance ), and result in health maintenance, some of the benefits of cacao may be due to this indirect mechanism. Potential health-promoting benefits of flavonols in cacao require more experimental effort. Hence, this review is centered on methylxanthines that (i) are enriched in cacao and cacao-based products; (ii) have central actions because they readily cross the blood brain barrier; and (iii) have been heavily studied from a physiological and a clinical point of view. 3. Chocolate Appeal and Methylxanthine Reward Historical and anthropological data demonstrate that man has searched for nutrients and/or beverages that contained substances that helped, not only calorically, but also in terms of well-being. Apart from cacao, coffee, and tea, other methylxanthine-rich beverages have been used in different cultures. For instance tejate has been ceremonially important but also as an essential staple, especially during periods of hard fieldwork; the beverage is a source of energy, fat, and methylxanthines . Organic residue analysis of ceramics from Cahokia, the largest prehispanic site north of Mexico, reveals the use of an Ilex-derived black drink that contained theobromine, caffeine, and ursolic acid . Indeed, it is quite likely that methylxanthines are at the root of the big interest of humans for certain types of plants. Myths around the origins of coffee point to clear living benefits: (i) that of the lazy shepherd that begins to take good care of livestock after discovering and tasting coffee beans; and (ii) that of Omar, who, after being exiled to a desert discovered and enjoyed the decoctions obtained from roasted coffee beans. Implicitly these two stories take for granted the preservation of the habit of coffee consumption. Today, methylxanthines are still considered the main active components in cacao, coffee, and tea. Methylxanthines, acting on adenosine receptors in the central nervous system, enhance arousal, mood, and concentration levels , and make natural products containing methylxanthines to be explored as functional foods . Drug reward in human evolution constitutes a paradox that has been recently detailed by Sullivan et al. . Many of the drugs incorporated into human “diet”, from natural products, target neurons in the central nervous system and produce a variety of psychoactive, psychomotor, and neuroplastic effects whose description is out of the scope of the present review. However, apart from containing molecules acting on the central nervous system, successful beverages have appeal from a sensory perspective. In this aspect, methylxanthines appear as secondary, but important, players. Long time ago Schiffman et al. reported that adaptation of the human tongue to methylxanthines potentiates taste. Concentrations of compounds used in the study were enough to block adenosine receptors, particularly the A1 subtype, while not affecting phosphodiesterase activity. The results were important to identify adenosine receptors as modulators of taste perception and to involve methylxanthines in the palatability of methylxanthine-containing foods. Although the molecular mechanism is unclear, the appeal of chocolate (and coffee and tea) to the sense of smell is generally known. A recent study has demonstrated that honeybees rewarded with caffeine, which occurs naturally in nectar of Coffea and Citrus species, were three times as likely to remember a learned floral scent as were honeybees rewarded with sucrose alone . This effect is mediated by adenosine receptors in the Kenyon cells in mushroom bodies of the insect brain that are similar in function to hippocampal neurons. Although adenosine receptors are present in human hippocampus, the cognition-enhancing effects of caffeine in healthy subjects seem to be limited . However as indicated below, sustained coffee consumption seems to be protective against suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. 4. Methylxanthine Levels On the one hand, methylxanthines are plant-produced natural products. On the other hand, many of the plants used to prepare beverages for human consumption are enriched in methylxanthines. Linked to three of the most consumed beverages (coffee, tea, and cacao) are the most popular methylxanthines: caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine (Table 1). Caffeine is the most abundant methylxanthine in coffee, its level being smaller in chocolate than in coffee. Unlike coffee, chocolate is enriched in theobromine, and the level of theophylline is quite low in both cacao and coffee. Therefore this review will focus on the two main methylxanthines in cacao: caffeine and theobromine. Trognitz et al. have recently reported the contents of caffeine and theobromine in unfermented and fermented cacao from 100 cacao trees (individual genotypes) representing groups of nine genotype spectra grown in Nicaragua. Theobromine concentration in fermented samples was always higher than that of caffeine although the theobromine/caffeine ratio was highly variable: 1.9 to 10.6. This variability surely impacts on the relative content of the two compounds in the final product, i.e., in chocolate. |Raw ground paste (mg/kg)||33,000||5600||200| |Roasted ground paste (mg/kg)||36,000||330||Below limit of detection| |Cacao a (mg/kg)||26,000||2400||Not determined| |Cacao butter a (mg/kg)||140||400||Not determined| |Cacao a (mg/kg)||4621||489||Below limit of detection| |Baking chocolate a (mg/kg of sample)||10,040||1580||Below limit of detection| |Milka chocolate a (mg/kg of sample)||1004||56||Below limit of detection| |Dark chocolate b (mg/kg)||5000–7500||625–875||Not determined| Modified from Lo Coco et al. , a Srdjenovic et al. ; and/or Risner ; b Bruinsma and Taren ; The Hershey Company 2012; UK Joint Food Safety and Standards Group 1998.5. Safety of caffeine and theobromine. Consumers intuitively notice that the effects of coffee and chocolate are not equal and the reason for that remains obscure. Different pharmacokinetics of the two main methylxanthines in cacao may be a relevant factor. Caffeine plasma concentration levels in coffee drinkers is 2–10 mg/L and, although there is considerable interindividual variability, plasma clearance in 19–21 year-old male volunteers is higher for caffeine (2.1 (mL/min) × kg) than for theobromine (1.2 (mL/min) × kg). Consequently, the half-life in plasma is higher for theobromine (7.2 h) than for caffeine (4.1 h) . The potency of different methylxanthines on different targets should also be taken into account. Whereas differences were not so marked in the case of adenosine receptors of the A1 subtype , the potency of blockade of methylxanthines in receptors of the A2 subtype (A2A plus A2B) was more diverse. IC50 values were 45 and 98 µM for, respectively, theophylline and caffeine, and 2500 µM for theobromine. To our knowledge theobromine has not been tested on A3 receptors although the partner compounds (caffeine and theophylline) display very poor affinity for them . Actual affinities of caffeine and theophylline for the four human adenosine receptor subtypes expressed in heterologous cells are in the range: 4–39 µM with the affinity of theophylline higher by a factor of two to four . A variety of alternative and/or complementary targets have been attributed to methylxanthines. High doses of methylxanthines achieved by supplements may have a variety of actions acting on a variety of targets. However, at the blood levels found after beverage consumption, these alternative effects, for instance the recently reported interaction with DNA to modify its structure , are probably not relevant. Also, this review focuses more on the effects due to cacao/chocolate intake, and less on any potentially beneficial or detrimental effect of methylxanthines in diet supplements or over-the-counter drugs. 5. Safety of Caffeine and Theobromine Theobromine is toxic for a variety of mammals such as dogs . In contrast, the toxicity of methylxanthines in humans is very low. Overwhelming scientific evidence on caffeine proves that moderate consumption of caffeine from natural sources is safe [25,26]; theobromine seems to be even safer for humans (see below). The main pharmacological effects of methylxanthines include central nervous system stimulation, diuresis, cardiovascular and metabolic effects, bronchial relaxation and increased secretion of gastric acids . Despite central actions, these substances do not produce chemical dependence. Even caffeine, which was under suspicion for years, was excluded in 2004 from the list of substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Previously, in 1958, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States included caffeine within the list of “generally recognized as safe” substances, and considered in 1987 that an oral intake equivalent to 3–4 espresso cups (up to 300 mg/day) is safe for healthy adults. Caffeine is currently classified by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as a substance restricted to 12 mg/L of urinary excretion, meaning that a dose of 300 mg (5 mg/kg for an athlete of 60 kg) would be within the limits accepted by the IOC. To our knowledge neither FDA, WADA, nor IOC has considered to put theobromine under close scrutiny. In both rodents and humans theobromine seems to be even safer than caffeine. Oral lethal dose 50 (DL50) for theobromine in rats is higher (1265 mg/kg) than for caffeine (192 mg/kg). One of the advantages of natural compounds that are safe and do not produce chemical dependence is that they may be delivered to humans in clinical trials or in controlled studies in healthy volunteers. In a recent study in which different doses of theobromine (250 mg–1 g) were compared with a single dose of caffeine (200 mg), Baggott et al. reported that theobromine at normal intake ranges may contribute to the positive effects of chocolate, but at higher intakes, effects may become negative. Apart from confirming safety at the highest dose even used in humans, the authors found that theobromine lacked caffeine-like self-reported effects. The benefits of chocolate on mood seem to be mainly exerted by caffeine whereas theobromine may be involved in qualitatively different actions. Toxic effects may appear upon consumption of diet supplements enriched in caffeine or if caffeine is combined with drugs of abuse . It should be also noted that the FDA announced in late 2010 that caffeine is unsafe as additive to alcoholic beverages . 6. Mechanism of Action of Methylxanthines The first attempts to identify the potential targets for methylxanthines reported four different mechanisms. They were identified for caffeine acting on the central nervous system (reviewed ), but they may be extended to both other systems and other methylxanthines. They consist of: regulation of intracellular calcium level, phosphodiesterase inhibition, modulation of GABAA receptor action, and antagonism of adenosine receptors. Caffeine and probably other methylxanthines stimulate calcium release from intracellular stores but at a high µM threshold concentration and with a maximal effect at 5–20 mM . In addition, high concentrations are required for inhibition of phosphodiesterases , which are a family of enzymes that degrade cAMP and cGMP. It therefore seems that at the concentrations reached in dietary intake, these compounds are not effectively acting on phosphodiesterases or on calcium release. In addition, the low affinity of caffeine for GABAA receptors suggested that normal human caffeine consumption is unlikely to produce doses high enough to produce anxiogenic effects by inhibiting these receptors. In summary methylxanthines are mainly acting as adenosine receptor blockers, although other mechanisms may also operate, especially under the intake of caffeine supplements or methylxanthine-enriched medications. 7. Methylxanthines as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists Quite interestingly the majority of receptor antagonists are synthetic, i.e., developed in a laboratory, and a significant number of antagonist are used in therapy, for instance the so-called β-adrenergic-receptor blockers that are used in diseases of the cardiovascular system. Methylxanthines are natural products that behave as adenosine-receptor blockers and this is probably the reason cacao, coffee, and tea, have been so successful in the lifestyle of man. Four types of adenosine receptors have been identified that are widely distributed among human tissues. The widespread distribution of receptors fits with the presence of adenosine in every cell. In fact, adenosine exerts multiple actions in the central nervous, cardiovascular, etc., systems that depend on the activation of adenosine receptors. They belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors and may bind to Gs or to Gi, i.e., activation of A1 and A3 subtypes leads to Gi-mediated decreases in cAMP and that of A2A and A2B leads to Gs-mediated increases in cAMP. The efficacy of blockers of A2A receptors, which may be structurally similar to methylxanthines (Figure 1B), are under clinical evaluation for Parkinson’s disease, and they have been also proposed to combat one of the prevalent arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, for which no drug is yet available [36,37]. When adenosine receptor antagonists are compared, theobromine appears as less potent than caffeine (see above), yet some of the actions displayed by cacao seem qualitatively different to those of coffee. Evidence by Ciruela et al. suggested that caffeine may have different potencies depending on the cellular ambient in which adenosine receptors are placed, and on the capability of forming dimeric structures (adenosine receptor heterodimers). More recently, Orru et al. have demonstrated that different adenosine receptor antagonists may have different potencies in the same receptor in different cells or in different locations in the cell. In neurons the effect of a given antagonist may markedly differ on targeting pre- versus post-synaptic adenosine receptors/receptor heterodimers. It is well known that the role of pre- is quite different from the role of post-synaptic receptors. This variable behavior of antagonists has, for instance, consequences in the effects of methylxanthines on motor control . Therefore, a possibility that should be further explored is whether theobromine is preferentially acting on receptors, that on being blocked, lead to less unwanted effects than other methylxanthines such as caffeine or theophylline. This hypothesis would fully, or partly, explain why caffeine intake may lead to insomnia whereas theobromine intake seems to favor sleep (see below). 8. Physiological and Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cacao 8.1. Theobromine in Oral Health Benefits of theobromine have reached oral health and an interesting study made with extracted human third molars proved a consistent and remarkable protection of the enamel surface upon application of a 200 mg/L theobromine solution . It should be noted that these high levels are not attained in natural sources but the results indeed open the way to consider supplementing toothpaste and/or mouthwash liquids with theobromine. 8.2. Methylxanthines in Respiratory Tract Diseases Usmani et al. were the first to describe that theobromine is able to suppress cough in both guinea-pigs and humans without the side effects displayed by other antitussive drugs, such as codeine. In the latter, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that theobromine suppresses capsaicin-induced cough with no adverse effects. The actions of theobromine appear to be peripherally mediated, as it was directly affecting capsaicin-induced sensory nerve depolarization of guinea-pig and human vagus nerve, suggestive of an inhibitory effect on afferent nerve activation. At the molecular level, the antitussive effect may be due to blockade of adenosine receptors, which were detected in the guinea-pig trachea in 1980 by Coleman, to inhibition of phosphodiesterases, or both . These and other complementary findings have prompted a variety of clinical trials. One trial (registered at US National Institutes of Health—NIH—with Reference No. NCT01416480), for which no results have been yet posted, was completed to assess in acute cough the efficacy of a combined treatment of theobromine and levodropropizine, which is acting in the periphery on an ill-defined target. Another trial on “study of the safety and effectiveness of theobromine capsules to treat frequent long-term cough” (NIH, Reference No. NCT01656668) is, as of May 2013, recruiting participants. Cough is a troubling symptom for some patients with cancer. Accordingly, Halfdanarson and Jatoi suggested, in 2007, a trial on dark chocolate as antitussive in patients with cancer; to our knowledge, such a study has not been undertaken . Whereas being clinically evaluated in different countries by Texas-based Pernix™ and London-based Seek™, theobromine is a first-in-class non-codeine non-opioid drug for cough that has successfully completed trials and regulatory review in South Korea (sold as AnyCough™). Epidemiological evidence suggests that theobromine and caffeine improve lung function and produce bronchodilatation in asthma patients [45,46]. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that patients with asthma and bronchitis may self-administer coffee or cacao/chocolate to relieve symptoms, even though the benefit may come from positive reinforcement . A further beneficial effect of methylxanthines on the airways is related with the apnea of prematurity (AOP). AOP is a common problem affecting premature infants, likely secondary to an immature respiratory system. Methylxanthine therapy is a mainstay of treatment of central apnea by stimulating the central nervous system and respiratory muscle function . Caffeine, as a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors, may improve minute ventilation, CO2 sensitivity, diaphragmatic contraction, respiratory muscle function, and neural respiratory drive, while decreasing the hypoxic depression of breathing [49,50]. 8.3. Methylxanthines as Psycho-Stimulants The psycho-stimulatory action of caffeine is well known and, therefore, the caffeine in chocolate has a certain psycho-stimulant effect. The consensus related to a similar action of theobromine, which is the main methylxanthine component of cacao is in doubt. A careful study by Smit et al. has demonstrated that the combination of caffeine and theobromine in the proportions found in cacao has psycho-stimulant effects. The authors performed two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies measuring the effects on cognitive performance and mood of the amounts of cacao powder and methylxanthines found in a 50 g bar of dark chocolate. In one of the studies voluntaries took visually identical portions of white chocolate, containing no methylxanthines, or low (8 mg caffeine + 100 mg theobromine) or high amounts (20 mg caffeine + 250 mg theobromine) of methyltxanthines. These three forms mimic, respectively, white, milk, and dark chocolate. Using a long duration simple reaction time task, a rapid visual information processing task, and a mood questionnaire, the results showed that the psycho-stimulant effect of chocolate is mainly due to the methylxanthines present . 8.4. Methylxanthines and Sleep Grander et al. have studied dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration in a US nationally representative sample (n = 5587) showing that the largest contributor to sleep duration was theobromine. These results contrast with those known for caffeine, which causes insomnia in a percentage of the general population. It is not well-defined why some individuals become tolerant and may have good sleep even after intake of heavy caffeine loads coming from coffee or cola drinks. Apart from tolerance mechanisms, Yang et al. have reviewed the literature to conclude that predisposition to caffeine use is highly specific to caffeine itself, and that genome association studies link polymorphisms in adenosine and dopamine receptors to caffeine-induced anxiety and sleep disturbances. The fact that cacao consumption is not linked to sleep disturbances and that theobromine is beneficial must be taken into appreciation. 8.5. Methylxanthines and Neurodegenerative Diseases Despite coffee consumption was considered unsuitable for humans suffering a wide range of illnesses, it is nowadays considered a healthy habit (with few exceptions). As an illustrative example of the benefits of coffee consumption is a reduction in the incidence of two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s [56,57]. The active component in actions on the central nervous system is assumed to be caffeine. Epidemiological studies, which are required to detect dietary styles that impact of the occurrence of a given disease, has to involve a high number of subjects and several years of duration. In the case of caffeine it seems that people that consume caffeinated coffee during the middle stages of life are less prone to suffer from neurological diseases when they get older. This hypothesis fits with the main role of methylxanthines, which is adenosine receptor blockade that in the brain results in higher neuronal activity thereby enabling a longer life for these cells. The higher neuronal activity may be due to a regulation in the perfusion of the brain [58,59,60] and/or an increase in cerebral oxygen consumption . Another potential mechanism for neuroprotection may be an increased cerebrospinal fluid production [62,63]. 8.6. Methylxanthines in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases Methylxanthines have a variety of effects in heart and in blood vessels. As early as in 1910, Bond et al. reported “no change in the velocity of circulation” through the coronary arteries and veins by the action of caffeine or theobromine. Even before, in the XIX Century, Askanazi introduced the continued administration of theobromine to prevent the attacks in angina pectoris. In a personal account of the experience with theobromine, Dock indicated that “in most of the cases of angina no relief was given, but in an important minority relief was immediate and complete”. The patients who improved were usually those with frequent, sometimes very severe, pain, moderate sclerosis of palpable vessels, and no other demonstrable circulatory disease. At that time, the physician also wrote that “no patient with angina pectoris or intermittent claudication should be considered intractable or subject to operation until theobromine has been tried”. The treatment was defined as inexpensive and harmless, but its efficacy has been surpassed by more recent therapeutic approaches. In the first half of the 20th Century, McGovern et al. reported theobromine sodium salicylate as a vasodilator. Van den Bogaard et al. have recently addressed the question of whether theobromine could be partially responsive of a blood pressure lowering effect. Consequently, a randomized, double-blind crossover trial with 41 subjects was undertaken to assess the effects of cacao with natural or high-dose theobromine on peripheral and central blood pressure. The two doses were carefully controlled, consisting of a natural dose of 106 mg of theobromine, or a theobromine-enriched cacao preparation with 979 mg of the compound. The results showed that a natural dose theobromine cacao did not significantly change either 24-h ambulatory or central systolic blood pressure compared with placebo. Furthermore, cacao drinks enriched with theobromine significantly increased 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure in a group of middle-aged subjects with high-normal blood pressure or grade I hypertension and low added risk of cardiovascular disease; despite the increased peripheral systolic blood pressure, central systolic blood pressure was lower two hours after consumption of theobromine-enriched cacao drinks. Whereas these data indicate that the cacao components (theobromine or else) at natural doses do not affect blood pressure in healthy and hypertension type I subjects, they may have a beneficial effect on other pathologies displaying hypertension . In this sense, evidence from clinical studies has demonstrated that theobromine from cacao consumption significantly increases plasma HDL cholesterol levels, and decreases LDL concentration in plasma, conferring cardiovascular protection and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease [69,70]. On the other hand, the difference between central and peripheral blood pressure upon consumption of the theobromine-enriched beverages, is an important result that merits further investigation. 8.7. More Clinical Trials on Cacao Effects on Hypertension and Blood Vessel Status It is worth noting that diverse clinical trials for which no results are yet posted have been filed to evaluate the effectiveness of cacao and/or its components on hypertension. One of the trials is addressed to examine the acute and chronic effect of consumption of flavanol-rich chocolate on endothelium function and blood pressure in healthy pregnant women (registered at NIH with Reference No. NCT01659060). The aim of the “Consumption of Chocolate in Pregnant Women”, CHOCENTA study (registered at NIH with Reference No. NCT01431443) that is recruiting participants in 2013, is to investigate the acute and chronic effect of consumption of flavanol-rich chocolate on endothelium function in pregnant women at high risk for preeclampsia, which is a high blood pressure condition after 20 weeks of pregnancy, in a woman who previously had normal blood pressure. Finally, there is another, somewhat similar to the reported by van den Bogaard et al. , registered at NIH with Reference No. NCT01672840 that pursues to know the effects of cacao on ambulatory blood pressure and vascular function in patients with stage I hypertension. In this particular “Dose And Response to Cacao” (DARC) study, which as of May 2013 is recruiting participants, the effects of daily consumption of two doses of cacao-containing products (dark chocolate plus cacao beverage) for eight weeks will be assayed by measuring 24-h diastolic blood pressure, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness. 8.8. Cacao in Insulin Resistance and Body Weight In the absence of adenosine fat cell lipolysis may be stimulated by potent phosphodiesterase inhibitors; the ability of xanthines to stimulate basal and noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis is however in agreement with their potency as adenosine antagonists . Grassi et al. reported that short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. The effect was postulated to be due to flavonols in cacao although the involvement of adenosine receptor blockade cannot be ruled out [72,73,74]. It should be however noted that the benefits of the natural products in cacao may be offset by the heavy caloric intake due to chocolate consumption. The chocolate bars used in the Grassi et al. study contained approximately 500 kcal, which roughly is 20%–25% of the recommended caloric intake per day. Unless sugar in cacao drinks or chocolate is totally or partially substituted by low caloric ingredients, the benefits of cacao on endocrine matters related to glucose and lipid handling can be contrasted, or even reversed, by increases in body weight [72,73]. Nowadays, apart from the benefits for day-life activities, methylxanthines may be even considered instrumental for health-maintenance. The combination of theobromine and caffeine in cacao/chocolate seems to be appropriate for having many of the expected benefits of methylxanthines with few drawbacks. In fact, chocolate/cacao does not generally produce insomnia or cause anxiety. 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A vocabulary and speaking activity for intermediate students. In part one, students read a situation and decipher jumbled letters to find the crime that is described in the situation. The first letter is highlighted to help the students. The second part is a discussion in which students try to decide which two out of five candidates to release from prison. This could be done in groups and followed up by class discussion. This exercise appeared in a very old book the title of which escapes me. I think it is worth reviving.

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How much can a bare bear bear?Submitted by Karl Hagen Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. Which means "Bison from Buffalo (that other) bison from Buffalo intimidate (themselves) intimidate (other) bison from Buffalo." When you understand the trick of reading the "horse" sentence, it isn't too hard to make sense of it (hint: add a that after horse). But the Buffalo sentence remains incredibly hard to make sense of. For another example of a tough, if not impossible, to follow sentence, see this post at Language Log. A few days ago I had an e-mail exchange with someone on a mailing list about one of the second type of these sentences. The sentence at first bothered me, and then interested me. Unfortunately, my interlocutor wasn't as interested in getting to the bottom of things (indeed, seemed downright surly about the possibility that he might be wrong). So I dropped the issue on the list, but I'd still like to pursue it a little further. The sentence is based on the triple homophone bare/bear (n.)/bear (v.), and it's supposed to allow infinite recursion. The sentence is: Bare bear bear bare bear bear bare bear... And then it is expanded with additional "bear bare bear" ad inifinitum That is, "naked bears give birth to naked bears who give birth to naked bears", etc. My initial instinct was that there are two problems with this sentence. The first involves the subject-verb agreement. For me, the noun "bear" doesn't admit a zero plural in this context. In other words, in this sentence bare bear is a plural noun phrase. It's a zero plural because instead of adding an -s, we add nothing. A handful of English nouns always take the zero plural (e.g., sheep, deer), and some can go either way (e.g., fish), while others always use the ordinary plural (dog, bird, etc.). There are some nouns that some speakers use with the zero plural, but overall the use is rare, and I think bear falls into this category. Although I don't use it this way (and so my internal grammar sense wants to asterisk such sentences), others do. See this site about Michigan bears for an example. As an aside, the Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language mentions that "[z]ero tends to be used partly by people who are especially concerned with the animals, partly when the animals are referred to in the mass as game" (p. 307), which may account for the usage on this web page, but I wonder if there's more to it than that. My own grammatically judgments are not all or nothing here. I have different reactions depending on whether bear is an actor in the sentence or the theme. The latter type of sentence I find better than the former. So, (both examples taken from the Michigan bear site): Black bear are considered opportunistic feeders, taking advantage of many seasonally available foods. I find stilted, but OK. On the other hand Bear eat succulent, new green vegetation in the spring after they leave their dens. definitely grates on my ear. In googling for different instances, almost all the examples of zero-plural bear that I found were of the former type. That may suggest that even people who use zero-plural bear tend to avoid it when the subject is performing the action. (Or my googling skills may just suck.) All in all, I can accept that "Bare bear bear bare bear" works as an English sentence, although it's a very marked construction. But what about the recursion claim? Bare bear bear bare bear bear bare bear... For this to work, we have to assume a null relative pronoun, of the sort that we find in a sentence like The bear I saw in the woods seemed unafraid of humans. Here, that is optional after bear. I won't go into a complete analysis of relative clauses, since I don't want to take the time to explain the difference between the subordinator that and the relative pronouns, but notice that in English, that is not omissible when the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause. In the example above, it's the direct object (cf. "I saw [the bear] in the woods."). But in a sentence like The bear that raided our camp ate most of our food. You cannot drop that. (cf. "[The bear] raided our camp.") Yet this is exactly the construction we have with the putative recursion. Filling in a relative pronoun: Bare bear bear bare bear who bear bare bear... Notice that who is the subject of the relative clause. So it really can't be omitted without loss of sense. It's much easier to see the problem by changing the sentence so we can more easily make sense of it: Jenny bore a child bore a child bore a child. Notice that this does not mean the same thing as Jenny bore a child who bore a child who bore a child. At best, it's a repetition of the predicate, as in a song, and you really need to stick commas after the first two childs. What raises the recursion claim above the level of a mere mistake for me is that the person who mentioned this sentence claimed to have learned it from Sidney Greenbaum, one of the authors of the Comprehensive Grammar. So I ask myself, what was Greenbaum, obviously someone who knows the grammar of English very well, thinking when he claimed that this sentence could take a recursive relative clause? Could it be that with sentences that are this hard to parse, our brains turn off and accept, or at least don't bother to challenge, the claim that the sentence is grammatical? I suspect something like that had to be the case here. When we're confronted with a sentence as tough to process as this one, perhaps we don't really bother to process it at all, and we simply look for a vague meaning. That's the only way I can see that Greenbaum would have made this goof.

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Add prefix, suffix or both to the underlined words in the following text: Example – 61 (a) Idle brings (b) destruct for anyone. It is the (c) conspire of the evil. The idle suffer in trip I run. Everybody (d) like an idle person. So, we should work (e) proper in order to (f) cover our idleness. Otherwise, it will be (g) feasible to be (h) success in life. Answer: (a) Idleness; (b) destruction; (c) conspiracy; (d) dislikes; (e) properly; (f) recover; (g) unfeasible; (h) successful. Example – 62 A smart person looks (a) cheer. He does not suffer from (b) frustrate. He is very (c) hope and ( d) optimist in life. Nothing can (e) damp his spirit. He is a man of (t) polite. He is (g) friend towards every day. He does not (h) behave towards anybody. Answer: (a) cheerful; (b) frustration; (c) hopeful; (d) optimistic; (e) dampen; (f) politeness; (g) friendly; (h) misbehave. Example – 63 ay (a) labour is he who does manual labour in many fields. He is not (b) know to us. He is to be (c) health, strong and stout. He works hard from dawn to dusk for his (d) employ He cannot lead an (e) dependent life. He is to depend on his employer. He cannot lead an (f) peace life. He always very (g) happy and indecent life. Answer: (a) labourer; (b) unknown; (c) healthy; (d) employer/employers; (e) independent; (f) peaceful; (g) unhappy. Example – 64 (a) Lazy is the root of all (p) fail in life. Those who (c) use their time becomes (d) success in their life. This kind of (e) lethargy people become a burden not only to society but also to the country. They spend time in (f) idle but blame the Almighty for their (g) fortune. Their (h) tend to succeed in life makes the industrious laugh. Answer: (a) Laziness; (b) failure; (c) misuse; (d) unsuccessful; (e) lethargic; (f) idleness; (g) misfortune; (h) tendency. Example – 65 Eve-teasing is one of our social problems. It is the result of moral (a) degrade of our young generation. Eve-teasing is an (b) moral activity. Laws have been (c) acted to stop Eve-teasing. We want the proper (d) execute of the laws. The steps will not produce the desired result if the (e) offend come out through the loopholes of the laws. We should (f) practical to apply or execute their laws. The (g) use of power makes the criminals go (h) punished. Answer: (a) degradation; (b) immoral; (c) enacted; (d) execution; (e) offenders; (f) practically; (g) misuse; (h) unpunished. Example – 66 The dead body of the (a) war was brought before the widow. She was (b) speech because she was (c) whelmed with grief. All standing around the dead body (d) called the good qualities of her husband. But she was still standing (e) move. She wept bitterly thinking of the (f) fortune of her child. She felt proud of her husband’s (g) hero. Her husband embraced (h) martyr Answer: (a) warrior; (b) speechless; (c) overwhelmed; (d) recalled; (e) unmovingly; (f) misfo1tune; (g) heroism; (h) martyrdom. Example – 67 The (a) tour are (b) chant at the natural beauties of Bangladesh. The moderate climate is very enjoyable. Our tourist spots are very (c) attract but there is (d) adequate arrangement for their development and (e) maintain the tourist spots should be (f) modem and (g) well-communicate. Moreover, the safety of the tourists must be (h) sure. Answer: (a) tourists; (b) enchanted; (c) attractive; (d) inadequate; (e) maintaining; (f) modernized: (g) Well-communicated; (h) ensured. Example – 68 (a) Child is the (b) gold period of life. Children in this period are free and happy. Their mind 1s not filled with (c) jealous. They are not (d) revenge. They love (e) interrupted Joy and merriment. It is a matter of regret that our children are made to (f) part in (g) politics violence. They are made (h) picket. Answer: (a) Childhood; (b) golden (c) fealousy; (d) revengeful; (e) uninterrupted; (f) participate; (g) political; (h) picketers. Example – 69 (a) Truth people are honest, (b) Truthful is a great virtue. One cannot have the virtue of (c) honest without speaking the truth, (d) Honest people tell a lie for personal interest (e) Dishonest spoils other human qualities in life People who are (f) virtue are honest and truthful. They are also (g) believe in God and they fear only God. They are (h) loved to all. Answer: (a) Truthful; (b) Truthfulness; (c) dishonest; (d) Dishonest: (e) Dishonesty; (f) virtuous; (g) believers; (h) beloved. Example – 70 English is an (a) national language. It is now used for global (b) communicate. Many great (c) write like Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, etc. have ( d) rich this language. As we live in the age of (e) globalize, we must have a good (f) proficient in English. The job (g) seek also need · to have knowledge -m English. Some multinational companies give training to their (h) employ in English. We just cannot ignore its importance. Answer: (a) international; (b) communication; (c) writers; (d) enriched; (e) globalization; (f) proficiency; (g) seekers; (h) employees.

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Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Symptoms And Treatment Central sleep apnea syndrome is a sleeping disorder where a person's breathing is interrupted many times during the night and effects 5% of the population. Do you wake up every morning feeling like you just didn’t get a good night’s rest? And then find yourself going through your work day in a daze, or with a headache, or struggling to stay civil with co-workers? Is driving becoming a problem? Do you find yourself drifting off behind the wheel, and then once you get home find you’re too tired to pay much attention to your spouse, or to your kids? If you display even a few of these symptoms, chances are you’re suffering from sleep apnea. This is a condition where people stop breathing for very short intervals of time during their normal sleep periods. Over the course of a single night these interruptions can happen up to 400 times. Breathing may cease entirely for up to 3 minutes. You wake up, gasping for breath. Once breathing is restored, you drift off again. Within a few minutes it happens again. This cycle continues, all night long, night after night. There are two types of sleep apnea -- obstructive and central. Obstructive apnea is the most common and is caused by something blocking the windpipe -- the tongue, tonsils, or uvula (the little dangle of flesh at the very back of the throat). Fatty tissue or lax throat muscles may also cause a blockage. Central apnea involves the nervous system and is much more rare. The muscles used to breathe get mixed or confused signals from the brain, or the signal might be interrupted. Simply put, the muscles aren’t told when it’s “okay” to breathe. See you doctor as soon as possible if you think you suffer from sleep apnea. He’ll probably ask you if you snore, suffer from morning headaches, mood changes, decreased interest in sex, forget-fulness, and daytime fatigue. He may decide to send you to a sleep centre to have your sleep patterns monitored and a positive diagnosis made. There are various treatments available. Surgery, either conventional or laser, is used to cut away or shrink the tissue causing obstructions in the throat. Non-surgical treatment usually consists of a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) device. This is a mask the patient wears during sleep that sends a light stream of air pressure into the throat. If the mask doesn’t work there’s also a dental appliance option called the mandibular splint. Inserted into the mouth before you go to bed it keeps the jaw and tongue more stable and prevents any possible throat blockage. Studies indicate that 2% of women and 4% of men suffer from sleep apnea. Short term sleep interruptions aren’t usually harmful. But if they persist and go untreated your professional and personal life will likely suffer. And the risk of heart attack or stroke rises. A few other things you should do if you have sleep apnea: if you’re taking sleeping aids of any kind, stop. Sleep on your side instead of your back. If you’re overweight try to shed some pounds. The sooner you begin following a course of treatment for sleep apnea the better. You’ll notice the difference in no time and wake up feeling much more refreshed and looking forward to the coming day.

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The relationships among essence, qi, blood and body fluid Essence, qi, blood and body fluids are the basic material to form and sustain life activities of the human body. The metabolism including generation, distribution and discharge depends on viscera and meridians. Qi has the function of promotion and warming, while essence, blood, and body fluid have the function of nourishing and moistening, so qi pertains to yang, while essence, blood and body fluids pertains to yin according to the character of yin and yang. Although they are different in nature, location, function, they are closely related and promote each other during physiological activities, and mutually affect and transmit in disease. Hence, they are closely related. The relationship between essence and qi Essence and Qi are closely related, so usually known as essential qi, such as essential qi in kidney, essential qi of food. Essence and qi are different in the yin-yang nature, i. e. ,essence pertains to yin while qi pertains to yang, and they can transform mutually. 1. Essence generating qi Essence includes innate essence and acquired essence. Both combine and distribute to viscera to nourish qi of viscera and promote generation of qi. For example, essence stored in kidney can generate original qi, and food essence from food can generate nutritive qi. Therefore, essence can generate qi. Sufficient essence can generate sufficient qi to maintain vigorous functions of viscera; deficient essence can lead to deficient qi and hypofunction of viscera. 2. Qi promoting essence generation Essence generation depends on transforming function of viscera. For example, sufficient qi of the spleen and stomach means normal and active digestion and absorption, so that food can transform into essence needed by the human body. Therefore, qi's circulation is the promotive force for essence generation, i.e., sufficient qi ensures sufficient essence, while deficient qi leads to deficient essence. Furthermore, qi can consolidate essence. For instance, kidney qi deficiency can lead to hypofunction of consolidation, manifesting as man’s spermatorrhea and woman's diluted leucorrhea. The relationship between essence and blood Essence and blood both are generated from food, and supplemented by food essence. Both can promote and transform mutually, so it is said homogeny of blood and essence. 1. Essence generating blood Essence is an important material basis for blood generation. Food essence transforms into blood through functions of the spleen, stomach, lung and heart, and kidney essence can generate marrow then to generate blood. Therefore, sufficient essence can generate sufficient blood. Either deficient food essence or kidney essence can lead to deficient blood generation manifesting as blood deficiency. 2. Blood generating essence Essence of the human body is mainly stored in kidney. Kidney essence at first is inherited from parents and supplemented by acquired food essence. During the generation and distribution of kidney essence, blood is an important stage, for it can supplement kidney essence. For example, the liver stores blood, so that liver blood can nourish kidney essence. Therefore, sufficient blood can generate sufficient essence, while deficient blood can lead to deficient essence. The relationship between qi and blood Qi is active and pertains to yang while blood is static and pertains to yin. So the relationship between qi and blood can be understood according to the relationship between yin and yang. In TCM the relationship between qi and blood is generalized as "qi is the marshal of blood and blood is the mother of qi". Here "marshal" means governing and "mother" means source and foundation. Since qi pertains to yang, it can govern the circulation of blood; because blood pertains to yin, it is the source for qi~transformation. However, the relationship between qi and blood is not so simple as mentioned above. (一) The effect of qi on blood The effect of qi on blood is mainly demonstrated in three aspects, i. e. qi producing blood, qi promoting the circulation of blood and qi controlling blood. 1. Qi producing blood Qi promotes the production of blood in various ways. In terms of the composition, the nutrient qi is the main component of blood, indicating that the nutrient qi produces blood. In terms of the transformation of blood, the production of blood depends on qi-transformation. The material needed for the production of blood is the food nutrient transformed and absorbed by the spleen and the stomach. The normal functions of the spleen and the stomach are directly related to spleen-qi and stomach-qi. If spleen-qi and stomach-qi are vigorous, blood-producing function will be vigorous too. If spleen-qi and stomach-qi are deficient, blood-producing function will be weakened. In fact the transformation of the food nutrients into blood still needs the transformation of other visceral qi. For example, only when the food nutrients has combined with kidney-essence can the process of transforming the nutrients into blood be accomplished; only when blood transformed from the food nutrients and the kidney-essence has been processed by the transforming activity of heart-qi and lung-qi, especially heart-qi, can blood become red. If the functions of the spleen and the stomach are weak due to qi deficiency or if the transforming activity of visceral qi becomes weak, the normal process of blood transformation will be affected, leading to blood deficiency. 2. Qi promoting the circulation of blood Blood depends on the propelling function of qi to circulate. That is why TCM holds that "normal flow of qi ensures normal circulation of blood, stagnation of qi leads stasis of blood". In terms of visceral functions, heart-qi is the primary motivation of blood circulation; lung-qi assists the heart to propel blood to circulate; liver-qi promotes the circulation of blood. If qi is too weak to propel blood, blood will flow slowly; if qi activity is obstructed, blood will become stagnant; if qi activity is in disorder, blood will flow abnormally. 3. Qi controlling blood Qi controlling blood means that qi directs blood to circulate inside the vessels and prevents it from flowing out of the vessels. The kind of qi that can control blood and direct it to flow inside the vessels is spleen-qi. That is why TCM holds that "the spleen commands blood". If qi fails to control blood due to deficiency, blood will flow out of the vessels, leading to bleeding. （二）The effect of blood on qi The effect of blood on qi is demonstrated in two aspects: carrying qi and producing qi. 1. Blood carrying qi Blood pertains to yin and is static, so it keeps on flowing inside. Qi pertains to yang and is active, so it tends to move to the outside. When qi and blood have combined with each other, blood has acquired a motivation to move and qi has obtained a carrier to attach to. That is why it is said that blood can carry qi. That is to say that only when qi has attached itself to blood can it avoid dispersion and loss. Clinically massive hemorrhage is usually accompanied by loss of qi. Therapeutically, apart from using the therapy for supplementing blood and stopping hemorrhage, other therapeutic methods for supplementing qi and stopping prostration must be resorted to. 2. Blood producing qi Qi and blood, pertaining to yin and yang respectively, can transform into each other and produce each other. The primordial qi is produced by the congenital essence in the kidney and the food nutrients transformed by the spleen and the stomach. The normal functions of these organs all depend on nutrients provided by blood flowing in the vessels, and so do the other viscera and meridians. Thus the production of qi by blood is accomplished through its provision of nutrients for the viscera and meridians. The relationship between qi and body fluid The relationship between qi and body fluid is similar to the relationship between qi and blood, because body fluid is a component of blood. Besides, body fluid exists not only in the vessels, but also in all the tissues and organs in the body. In this sense, the relationship between qi and body fluid differs in some way from the relationship between qi and blood. （一）The effect of qi on body fluid The effect of qi on body fluid is demonstrated in three aspects: qi producing body fluid, qi promoting the flow of body fluid and qi controlling body fluid. 1. Qi producing body fluid Body fluid comes from the water and nutrients of food transformed by the spleen and stomach. The spleen and stomach play an important role in the production of body fluid. If spleen-qi and stomach-qi are sufficient and if the digesting and absorbing functions are normal, the transformation and production of body fluid will be sufficient; if spleen-qi and stomach-qi are deficient and if the digesting and absorbing functions are abnormal, the transformation and production of body fluid will be reduced. 2. Qi promoting the flow of body fluid The flow of body fluid, including the distribution and excretion, depends on the propelling function of qi. At the early stage body fluid is transported by spleen-qi to the heart and the lung; heart-qi propels body fluid and blood to flow; lung-qi disperses the fluid in the skin and viscera on the one hand, and descends the fluid to the kidney and the bladder on the other; the kidney and the bladder, through qi-transformation, transports the lucid part of the fluid to the heart and the lung on the one hand, and descends the turbid part of the fluid to transform it into urine to be discharged out of the body on the other. Since the flow and metabolism of body fluid all depend on the propelling and transforming functions of qi, the state of qi and the activity of qi directly affect the flow and metabolism of body fluid. If qi deficiency or qi stagnation occurs, the fluid will accumulate and turn into phlegm and edema. That is why it is said in TCM that "normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of water and stagnation of qi leads to stagnation of water." 3. Qi controlling body fluid Under the propelling and transforming action of qi, the metabolism of the body is demonstrated in two ways: opening and closing. Opening means to excrete the remaining part of fluid out of the body and closing means to keep certain amount of water needed in the body. The way that qi keeps body fluid in the body is called "qi controlling body fluid". The ways to excrete water from the body include urination and sweating. If qi fails to control body fluid due to deficiency, it will lead to abnormal urination and sweating, such as poliguria, incontinence of urine, enuresis and polyhidrosis, etc. (二)The effect of body fluid on qi The effect of body fluid on qi is demonstrated in two ways: carrying qi and producing qi. 1. Body fluid carrying qi Body fluid is the carrier of qi and qi must attach itself to body fluid in order to flow to the whole body. This theory can be understood from two angles. On the one hand, blood produced by body fluid in the vessels can carry the nutrient qi; on the other hand, body fluid flowing in other tissues and organs can carry the defensive qi. If great quantity of body fluid is lost, qi will be exhausted accordingly. This state is called "loss of body fluid followed by exhaustion of qi";. In severe cases, it will become "loss of body fluid followed by loss of qi";. 2. Body fluid producing qi Body fluid, just like blood, can produce qi. On the one hand, body fluid inside the vessels transforms into blood to nourish the viscera so as to maintain sufficiency of qi in these viscera and the body. Relationship between blood and body fluids The relationship between blood and body fluids can be generalized as homogeny of body fluids and blood. First, both are generated from food essence through spleen and stomach's digestion and absorption; also body fluids is consisting part of blood for body fluids generated by the spleen and stomach ascends to the heart and lung to become blood combined with nutrient qi. Second, body fluids and blood can mutually transform. Body fluids outside vessels can permeate into vessels to become a part of blood while body fluids consisting of blood can permeate out vessels to become body fluids. So, both depend on each other and mutually transform. Pathologically blood and body fluids can inter-affect. For example, excessive bleeding can cause body fluids outside vessels to permeate into vessels to supplement blood volume. Hence, patients of excessive bleeding usually are with symptoms of dry mouth, dry throat, scanty urine,dry skin due to deficient body fluids. Excessive loss of body fluids can cause body fluids inside vessels to permeate outside vessels to supplement body fluids outside vessels, resulting into empty blood vessels or deficient body fluids and dry blood. Hence, patients of severe bleeding should avoid diaphoresis and diuresis; patients of severe body fluids loss such as severe sweating, vomiting,diarrhea, should avoid drugs or formulas to remove blood stasis, so as to avoid further damaging body fluids and blood, which are the clinical application of the theory homogeny of body fluids and blood sharing the same origin.

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By Carl Sagan We live in an extraordinary age. These are times of stunning changes in social organization, economic well-being, moral and ethical precepts, philosophical and religious perspectives, and human self-knowledge, as well as in our understanding of that vast universe in which we are embedded like a grain of sand in a cosmic ocean. (…) As long as there have been human beings, we have posed the deep and fundamental questions, which evoke wonder and stir us into at least a tentative and trembling awareness, questions on the origins of consciousness; life on our planet; the beginnings of the Earth; the formation of the Sun; the possibility of intelligent beings somewhere up there in the depths of the sky; as well as, the grandest inquiry of all - on the advent, nature and ultimate destiny of the universe. For all but the last instant of human history these issues have been the exclusive province of philosophers and poets, shamans and theologians. The diverse and mutually contradictory answers offered demonstrate that few of the proposed solutions have been correct. But today, as a result of knowledge painfully extracted from nature, through generations of careful thinking, observing, and experimenting, we are on the verge of glimpsing at least preliminary answers to many of these questions. (…) If we do not destroy ourselves, most of us will be around for the answers. Had we been born fifty years earlier, we could have wondered, pondered, speculated about these issues, but we could have done nothing about them. Had we been born fifty years later, the answers would, I think, already have been in. Our children will have been taught the answers before most of them will have had the opportunity to even formulate the questions. By far the most exciting, satisfying and exhilarating time to be alive is the time in which we pass from ignorance to knowledge on these fundamental issues; the age where we begin in wonder and end in understanding. In all of the four-billion-year history of the human family, there is only one generation privileged to live through that unique transitional moment: that generation is ours". Image Snow York by Stephan Gael

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April Fool's Day April Fool's Day tradition starts in France in 1582 with the adoption of Gregorian calendar which moved the New Year's Day from April 1 to January 1. Many people either refused to accept the new calendar or were not aware of the changes taking place and continued to celebrate New Year on April 1st. The rest took to calling these people "fools", ridiculing them and playing pranks on them. Over time this developed into tradition in many countries and today the day is celebrated by carrying out practical jokes and hoaxes.

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Also during this period Feng-Shui (or geomancy) developed as a ritual expression of Yin-Yang and the five Elements concepts which became a very important part of Taoist religious practices. These three main strands of thought, The Way of the Heavenly Master, Hsuan Hsueh (Neo-Taoism) and T'ai Ping led into the next period.3 The Later Age of Revelation During the Period of Disunity (220-618 CE) the influence of Buddhism grew in China, and as well as resisting the Buddhist metaphysical ideas the syncretic nature of the Chinese philosophical and religious character also found ways to adapt and incorporate the new beliefs. The core being humanism, is believing that human beings are “teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially including self-cultivation and self-creation.” ("Confucianism,") Confucianism emphasizes the importance of the family, reverence for e... In the Song dynasty (960-1279 C.E), a reinterpretation of Confucian teaching called NeoConfucianism stratified the position of women even more. Augmented by ideas of wife fidelity and husband worship brought by the Mongols, NeoConfucian beliefs led to the egregious practices of footbinding, insistence on widow chastity, and the selling of unwanted daughters. Although footbinding illustrates the perceived need to limit female mobility, the practice did not appear until the Song Dynasty and was not universally followed. Women of most ethnic minorities, including Hakka and Manchu women, did not practice it, nor did some peasants who had to work in the fields, nor did women in Japan. In China, the concept of gender difference appears visually in the male/female aspects of the yin/yang Taoist symbol. The dark swirl within the symbols circle is the passive, yielding, feminine yin; the light swirl the active, aggressive, male yang. Neither principle is considered subordinate to the other; each complements the other and is capable of expressing both female and male characteristics. Within Taoism, then, women were able to seek spiritual fulfillment beyond their family duties. Some joined convents, others gathered with men to discuss philosophy and religion, a few became Taoist adepts. In Japan, the influence of Shintoism lessened the initial impact of NeoConfucian on womens lives. Within Shintoism women held power as mikos, a type of shaman with divination abilities. Before the 8th century, half of Japans reigning female sovereigns, such as the popular semi-legendary empress Jingu, were believed to have shaman-like powers. Japans sun goddess Amaterasu, to whom every emperor has had to claim direct descendancy, was also worshiped as a symbol of female mystical power. Her Great Shrine at Ise, cared for by high priestesses, still plays an important role in the lives of the Japanese today. Womens independence was increasing limited during the long centuries of shogunate rule. Although in the early feudal period samurai women took a considerable role in household management and defense, by the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868), womens rights within the samurai family were practically nonexistent. The oft quoted Three Obediences dictated their lives: When she is young, she obeys her father; when she is married, she obeys her husband; when she is widowed, she obeys her son. The 1762 treatise called Greater Learning for Women illustrates this NeoConfucian ideal of proper female behavior. The quest for immortality (Hsien), the traditions of the masters of the occult (Fang-Shih), and the quest for the Isles of the Blest (Pengl'ai) together with the ideas from the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements school (which expressed the inter-dependence between all phenomena by defining the principal cosmic forces of the universe and their relationships) blended with the early Taoist philosophical ideas to move forward into what can be broadly called the early Taoist period. The validity of Lao Tzu has been brought into question, and many believe the Tao Teh Ching is actually the work of several authors in one compilation of ideas thought well before the sixth century or even fourth century, BCE (Coogan 222).... He observed many of the other various characters before coming to the conclusion that Winnie the Pooh, through his actions, was the character that he felt would be able to best explain the principles of Taoism. Duringthe so-called Spring Autumn Period (770-476 , thisritual system was no longer enough to keep the society stable. Benevolence,righteousness, and ritual are the principle belief of Confucianism. When aprimary society is in trouble facing an unwanted division, they called onmembers' subconscious to feel the emotional and psychological bond they havewith the society. Confucian scholars are those who heard such voices and calledon the society for benevolence and righteousness. According to Lao Tzu, violence-basedlegal system was invented only after chaos set in. Legal system represents therational thinking, and therefore, the subjective conscious mind.

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- A brick is thrown upward from the top of a building at an angle of 250 to the horizontal and with an initial speed of 15 m/s. If the brick is flight for 3 s, how tall is the building? - A fire man 50 m away from the burning building direct a stream of water from the ground level fire hose at an angle of 300 above the horizontal. If the speed of the stream as it leaves the hose is 40 m/s, at what height will the stream of water hits the building? - A stone is projected with a velocity of 5 m/s making an angle 500 with the vertical. - Is there any other angle of projection in the X-Y plane having the same range? - Calculate the range of the projectile. - Draw the trajectory of the projectile. - What happens to the time of flight and horizontal range if the motion is performed in moon? - A boy wants to throw a ball through the window of his house to his friend across the street 80 m wide. The window of the boy’s house is 10 m below the window of his friend’s house. How should he throw the ball? - Prove that the gun will shoot three times as high when its angle of elevation is 600 as when it is 300, but covers the same horizontal range. Cite this Simulator:

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CC-MAIN-2020-50

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=74&sim=191&cnt=5

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When train tracks or skis are parallel, one of them doesn’t veer off. They stay the same distance apart. When writing, you want your prose to be parallel as well. When it isn’t, your readers will be jarred by the parts that veer off on their own. Here’s an example: The most frequent causes of snowmobile accidents are mechanical failure, the driver is careless, and the weather conditions might be dangerous. It’s easy to rewrite this sentence in parallel form, seeing that all the pieces are of the same grammatical form: The most frequent causes of snowmobile accidents are mechanical failure, careless drivers, and dangerous weather conditions. Here’s one more: Roger is overworked and not paid adequately. This is very easily fixed: Roger is overworked and underpaid. When you proofread what you’ve written, check to see that lists are in parallel form. If something grates on your ear, you’ll know how to fix it.

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CC-MAIN-2019-30

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that is all, amid the field of sunlight…Basho You can only stand, your neck craned, looking up into the trees at the thousands of Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) clustered against the chill of winter. Looking like nothing more than branches covered with dead leaves until an errant breeze or ray of sunlight causes the brilliant orange and black wings to flash like stained glass. Watching a butterfly flit from flower to flower on a warm spring or summer day I always sense the joy that must come with the power of flight. Although power doesn’t come to mind when watching a butterfly flouncing about like a petticoat in the breeze. Not like the power and joy that is obvious in the flight of Ravens playing on the wind. Nonetheless butterflies fly with determination, at least the Monarch does during the migrations that take it as far as the interior of Mexico or the coast of California. Kinda hard to get my head around this simple fact, migrating butterflies. Of course birds migrate, some mammal species migrate, even tarantulas migrate a short distance so migration isn’t the problem, but butterflies? Yes, there are more butterfly species that migrate, Painted Ladies, some Skippers, the Mourning Cloak and others are known to escape the cold of winter or move when food sources become scarce. There are none like the Monarch or as well-known. There are two migration paths that these critters take. The most well known is the trek that takes them from Canada and the US east of the Rockies south into the mountains of Mexico. The other brings them from west of the Rockies and from western Canada to a number of sites along the coast of California. These migrations are generational on a seasonal basis. Monarchs mate, the eggs hatch, the caterpillars feed on Milkweed the only thing they eat and transition into a chrysalis. The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis and flies on. Summer Monarchs (those that migrate) live for 6-8 weeks, those that form the wintering clusters are a different creature that lives for 6-8 months. Here is what no one knows, how do newly emerged butterflies know where they are going? There are no “old herd members” to pass on the landmarks needed for migration as we understand it. Scientists have discovered that Monarchs use a “time compensated compass” and a circadian clock in their antenna, so that may hint at the process. Now I believe in science and all that may mean but here is the reality in this mystery, it is simply a mystery. It is good to have things that we don’t understand, at least not completely. Things that make us just stand and marvel. Monarchs are not on the Endangered Species list but they are in trouble and some think that this miracle of migration may disappear. The numbers of Monarchs that winter in the Oyamel Fir forest of Mexico have never been lower. In the mid 1990s they covered about 45 acres, this winter the area they wintered on was 1.6 acres. Last winter the area was about twice that. The numbers have had peaks and valleys ever since people have paid attention but the trend has been downward. The culprits are the usual, habitat loss, pollution, climate disruption and the biggie seems to be Big AGs insane love affair with GMO crops and the resultant massive herbicide use. Kill off the food supply you kill off the creature and that which depends on it. The western population follows the same downward trend. At the Butterfly Grove at Pismo Beach, California back in the 1990-1991 season the number of Monarchs was about 230,000. This winter there were about 34,000 in January, and that number is somewhat better than the past few years. For the period of late October through February there are overwintering clusters of Monarchs in a number of locations along the coast of California, Pismo Beach is one of the best to experience the event. In a grove of eucalyptus trees and a smattering of pines the Monarchs find the shelter they need to survive the winter before starting the trek back north and east. There are volunteers there to answer questions and provide a couple of spotting scopes to get a more intimate view of the butterflies. Mornings are generally too cool for any of the Monarchs to bestir themselves but as the day warms some fly out to forage or drink water but many seem to fly for the pleasure of movement, not going anywhere. If you would like to photograph this gathering its pretty simple; find the clusters of butterflies, use a fairly long telephoto lens (we have used both a 200-400mm and a 500mm ’cause they are up in the trees), a flash with an extender is useful, especially on a cloudy day. Remember that a shorter telephoto could be helpful for that environment shot to give some context to the subject. Here is a mystery that I can’t fathom, one of the worlds many. As Ed Abbey said regarding a plant he was contemplating in the desert “we know what it is called, we don’t know what it is”.

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CC-MAIN-2015-35

https://pronghornwildlifephotography.wordpress.com/2014/03/24/unexpected-travelers/

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en

Proposed changes in the way the EU accounts for land use and land use change (LULUCF) emissions are scientifically flawed and could lead to dangerous global warming, writes Hannah Mowat. Hannah Mowat is a campaigner at FERN, an NGO that keeps track of the European Union’s involvement in forest policy. Healthy forests are crucial to achieving the Paris Agreement’s goals. There is not a single peer-reviewed scenario proposing how to limit global average temperatures to 1.5°C that does not include the need to sequester quite large amounts of CO2. If we need to do this, while avoiding dangerous geo-engineering, then we need a long-term target and vision for how to increase removals of greenhouse gases from forests. But this does not take an ounce of pressure away from the need to decarbonise our energy sectors and significantly reduce emissions from fertilisers, meat production and industry processes. Even a casual glance at the carbon cycle shows that removals from forests do not cancel out these emissions. This means the request from 10 member states presented at the informal agriculture council this week asking for removals from the forest sector to count towards – and therefore water down – the Effort Sharing Decision, that covers 60% of the EU’s emissions, is scientifically flawed. Heeding it would risk overshooting our carbon budget, causing runaway climate change. At the heart of this debacle is not a scientific debate, but a political one. The countries that have made this request are reacting to a rumour that the European Commission may not allow credits from forests. If this were true, it would be a sensible move, given the flawed accounting rules that these same countries support. Forestry emissions and removals are measured against a business as usual projection, so as long as countries harvest less than they project, they get credits, even if the sink decreases. That is the equivalent of the car manufacturers getting climate finance to make more polluting cars. The letter, signed by agriculture and forest ministers, including from Austria, Romania, Finland and Slovenia, claims they practice sustainable forest management. It is precisely these countries that are planning to significantly reduce their forest sink by 2030. Austria and Romania are planning to harvest so much wood that they will be cutting more than they grow by 2030. Since this would be business as usual, there is nothing to disincentivise this. Added to this, illegal logging remains rife in Romania (as recent investigations show, undertaken by an Austrian company), so you won’t be blamed for asking what exactly is sustainable about all of this? It is interesting to note that Poland, which is receiving international flack for plans to log its world heritage forest, did not sign this letter, despite forestry credits being a pet project of the current Minister. Perhaps their forest management is too obviously unsustainable? At the moment, the Commission is raising serious questions over how far we can trust the current forest reference levels set by these countries, since early indications show it will lead to a windfall of undeserved credits by 2020. In 2013-2014 alone, this was in excess of 100MT. This is the equivalent of 50 million houses uninsulated, or staying with current CO2 standards for vehicles. In other words, it will lead to less action to reduce emissions, improve air and bring people out of fuel poverty. It is surprising therefore that Sweden signed this letter, despite their position that the Land use, Land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector should not remove any effort to reduce CO2 emissions. These 10 countries are not the only ones that are asking for a fast buck from forests. Ireland and Denmark also want credits, but since they don’t have many trees, they want credits from planting new trees. It is hard to understand what Denmark is going to get out of this, since they don’t propose much planting. But since Ireland is planning a major industrialisation of its agricultural model, it is hoping that its industrial tree plantation efforts will be credited in some way. To have any chance to keeping within the carbon budgets for 1.5 or 2 degrees, while allowing developing countries to peak later than developed countries, the EU needs to make very radical emissions cuts, in the order of 10 per cent per year, and a long-term vision for how forests can help sequester some additional carbon. The enhanced sinks that Austria, Romania, Sweden, Finland and others tempt us with should certainly be encouraged. But not at the risk of catastrophic climate change, which itself is the biggest risk to the health of forests.

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CC-MAIN-2018-51

https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/forestry-emissions-and-the-eus-risky-lulucf-debate/

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Nearly one in five people surveyed as part of a Cleveland Clinic report do not believe their diet is related to their heart health. The clinic conducted the survey in the United States as part of its “Love your Heart” consumer education campaign in celebration of this February’s Heart Month. The study found most people understand that there is a connection between a healthy heart and healthy weight, yet most are not doing enough – or anything – to combat their own weight issues. The report showed that less than half those surveyed (43 percent) had tried to make dietary changes to lose weight and 40 percent of those who describe themselves as overweight or obese say they are not careful about which foods they eat. “Part of the problem may be that most people aren’t sure what to eat for heart health. Nearly one-in-five (18 percent) surveyed believe their diet has nothing to do with their heart health, and a mere 14 percent knew that a Mediterranean diet is healthiest for heart health,” according to a press release detailing the results of the survey. The survey also revealed that people do not fully understand the impact excess weight has on their heart and overall health. The overwhelming majority of those surveyed (87 percent) failed to link obesity to cancer, while 80 percent did not link obesity to atrial fibrillation. More than half also did not know that obesity is linked to high “bad” cholesterol levels (54 percent) or coronary artery disease (57 percent) and two-thirds (64 percent) did not know it can lead to a stroke. “It seems we are not grasping that the leading causes of death and disability – stroke, cancer, coronary artery disease – are all adversely affected by increased weight,” said Dr. Steven Nissen, chairman of cardiovascular medicine at Cleveland Clinic, in the press release. “We need to do a better job of educating patients and the public about the major consequences of carrying excess weight and the benefits of losing weight. A patient only needs to lose 5 percent of their body weight to start seeing important health benefits,” he added. Most surveyed believe their metabolism is detrimental to weight loss – 60 percent of women and 46 percent of men surveyed say their metabolism is working against them. According to Dr. Nissen, “Once you’ve been overweight, your body tries to hold on to that excess fat, making it more difficult to lose weight. It’s best to work with your physician to develop a steady long-term weight loss plan that will help you keep off the pounds. Quick weight loss programs are not effective.” Almost half surveyed (45 percent) falsely believed that all types of fat put them at equal risk for heart disease; however, numerous studies have shown that fat stored in the abdomen is the most dangerous. And while 44 percent of those surveyed said they were most likely to turn to their physician for nutrition advice, only a quarter (28 percent) have told their doctor they’d like to lose weight. Even less (22 percent) say they have discussed heart health in relation to their weight with their doctor. Iinterventional cardiology specialist Dr. Robert Cubeddu from Cleveland Clinic Florida will join other experts at the Cayman Heart Fund International Symposium next month. The online survey was conducted among a national probability sample consisting of 1,002 adults aged 18 and older, living in the continental United States.

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CC-MAIN-2019-13

https://www.caymancompass.com/2019/02/27/study-links-weight-heart-conditions-and-overall-health/

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Almost every flock will experience an outbreak of disease or parasitism at some time, but good management and biosecurity measures can go a long way to protecting your flock and minimizing problems. The first thing every bird owner should do is find a veterinarian familiar with poultry and work with that person to establish a strong flock health program. Your veterinarian will know which vaccinations may be needed in the area where you live and can assist you with a vaccination program appropriate for your flock. Many small flock owners never vaccinate because they think their birds will not be affected. However, anyone attending shows, working with 4-H members and their birds, or bringing in outside birds should vaccinate. Many diseases are very easily transferred by other humans, and birds that appear to be the picture of health can be carriers that constantly shed viruses. Some diseases, such as Marek‘s disease, can never be thoroughly gotten rid of – once your premises are contaminated, they are considered to be contaminated forever. Always get a veterinarian‘s recommendation first, as vaccinating for one disease may cause another to become worse. Symptoms of some diseases may be confused with other conditions, so a serology test is needed for confirmation. Some diseases affect all poultry, others only some. Again, work with a veterinarian to establish a solid flock health program. Source: Purina Poultry

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CC-MAIN-2021-04

https://www.jandnfeedandseed.com/news-updates/preventing-diseases-in-your-chickens-2014-05-2650

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Article by: Betsy Wagner, PhD PAS On every bag of livestock feed is a label reporting the guaranteed analysis of the feed inside the bag. At a minimum that label reports crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber content. It is these values that are used to estimate the energy content of the feed, but a lot of that depends on the source of the fiber. Not all fiber sources are created equal. Some are very digestible and provide a good balance of energy and other nutrients while others fall short. One such ingredient that can be found in low-cost feeds in the Southeastern United States is peanut hulls. Peanut hulls are a by-product feed, meaning they are left over from the processing of some other feed or food ingredient. This makes it a relatively cheap feed ingredient and cattle producers have long used peanut hulls as an affordable, low-quality roughage or fiber source for growing cattle when hay may be lacking. It makes sense then that peanut hulls are often found in “All-Stock” and other generic, low-cost sweet feeds that can be fed to cattle, goats, and/or horses. Just because something can be fed to a horse doesn’t mean it’s the best option. And yes, there are times where small amounts of peanut hulls can be added to a horse’s diet as cheap filler, such as when hay supplies start running low. The emphasis is on the concept of “filler”. Peanut hulls contain 70% or more of the fiber compounds cellulose and lignin. Cellulose can be digested in the cecum and large colon of the horse, but the digestion is not as efficient as what cattle and goats can accomplish. The lignin portion is practically indigestible, and some studies have reported as much as 30% lignin content in peanut hulls. By comparison, good quality Bermuda grass hay usually contains 35-40% cellulose and lignin, with less than 5% of that coming from lignin. With so much of the peanut hulls taken up by this poorly-digested fiber there is little room for anything else of nutritional value. The proportion of readily digestible fiber and other energy sources is low. The ash or mineral content is about 3-5%, much lower than what is typically found in hay. Protein content is variable, with one study reporting about 5% protein content while another reports 9% protein. That variation can be explained by differences in the machinery used to remove the hulls from the peanuts and how much broken peanut kernel material mixes in with the peanut hulls. Aside from poor nutritional quality peanut hulls have another concern regarding horse health. Depending on the soil and weather conditions at the time of harvest and storage, peanuts are sometimes contaminated with the fungi Aspergillus. The same fungi also may be found in cereal grains, cottonseed, and other feeds, again depending on weather conditions at harvest and care in storage. These fungi may produce aflatoxins, which have been associated with liver damage and death in horses. It is important to note that Aspergillis is found in the peanut kernel, not the hull itself, so depending on how carefully the peanut hulls are screened to remove peanut pieces there may be a risk of aflatoxin. Reputable feed manufacturers have safeguards in place to detect aflatoxins, and reject feed ingredients if they are found to be contaminated. So what is a good quality fiber source in horse feeds? Today’s better quality, high fiber feeds often contain beet pulp, soybean hulls, and other readily digested fiber sources. In addition to having low levels of lignin the fiber fraction in these feedstuffs contain a greater proportion of hemicellulose, a type of fiber that is readily digested and converted into energy. These readily digestible fiber sources have another advantage in that they contain more calories and other nutrients on a pound-for-pound basis, so it takes less feed to get the same results as when offering a feed with a low-quality fiber source. In conclusion, though peanut hulls can be an economic way to increase the fiber content of sweet feeds the fiber is poor quality and poorly digested by horses. The feed itself may cost less at the less per bag but generally it will take more of this low-cost feed to maintain the horse’s weight than if the horse was fed a better quality sweet feed or pelleted concentrate from the beginning.

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CC-MAIN-2018-43

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“You shall put the mercy seat on top of the ark, and in the ark you shall put the testimony which I will give to you. There I will meet with you; and from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are upon the ark of the testimony, I will speak to you about all that I will give you in commandment for the sons of Israel” (Exodus 25:21–22, NASB). “Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our confession. For we do not have a high priest who cannot sympathize with our weaknesses, but One who has been tempted in all things as we are, yet without sin. Therefore let us draw near with confidence to the throne of grace, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need” (Hebrews 4:14–16, NASB). The “mercy seat” was basically the “lid” on the Ark of the Covenant in ancient Israel’s tabernacle and the temple in Jerusalem. For brevity’s sake, I will not address all of the details about the tabernacle; if you are interested in getting a big-picture view, you may review this article on Wikipedia. However, I would like to focus on the importance that it is the mercy seat. It is interesting that mercy was seated at the center of Old Testament worship. When the children of Israel came into God’s presence seeking forgiveness, they sought His mercy. When they sought any opportunity to worship and praise God, it was because of His mercy. The two tablets of the Ten Commandments were placed inside the Ark of the Covenant: Thus, the very laws of God were given under His mercy. When God spoke to Moses, it was from the seat of mercy. Jesus came down from His throne in heaven, took on human flesh, encountered every temptation that is common to mankind (without sin), died for our sins, and rose again. Because of this, we have the privilege to boldly approach the throne of grace. Since a “throne” is a special kind of seat, and “grace” is another aspect of God’s love (similar to mercy), I do not find it unreasonable to propose that the “throne of grace” is the Christian’s spiritual mercy seat. While we no longer speak of a physical seat, placed upon a physical Ark of the Covenant and hidden in an exclusive Holy of Holies in an earthly temple, this throne of grace—this mercy seat—is available to all who have entered into a covenant relationship with God through Jesus Christ. His mercy remains at the center of our worship and faith. We enter God’s presence through mercy. We receive forgiveness through mercy. God’s grace and mercy should inspire our worship and praise. Our obedience to God’s Word and will is an outgrowth of His mercy. Even when His word tells us to avoid sin, it is not out of a legalistic control-freak attempt to spoil our fun: It is because God is guiding us by His mercy. Come to Jesus as a recipient of His mercy and grace. None of us deserves to come to Him, but He offers us salvation as a free gift. We cannot earn it, but we can receive it boldly by faith. This post was written as part of the Scripture Sabbath Challenge. This post copyright © 2016 Michael E. Lynch. All rights reserved.

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CC-MAIN-2017-51

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For many people, it can be difficult to describe the feeling of depression in a way that someone who hasn’t experienced it can understand. This is partly because depression is a very individual experience, and also because there are so many different ways that it can manifest itself. In this article, we’ll take a look at some of the most common symptoms of depression, and discuss how you might describe them to someone who hasn’t experienced the condition firsthand. Hopefully, by doing this you’ll be able to help someone who is struggling with depression feel more understood and less alone. Depression is a serious mental illness Depression can cause feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and emptiness People with depression can have difficulty concentrating, making decisions, and enjoying life There is no one “typical” depression experience There is no “cure” for depression Most people with depression need therapy to improve their mental health Symptoms of depression Anyone can experience sadness, but if you have major depressive disorder (MDD), you might experience a long list of symptoms. These symptoms can vary from day to day and can range from minor to serious. If you’re not sure if you have MDD, talk to your doctor. Here are some common symptoms of depression: * Sadness or loss of interest in activities that used to be enjoyable * Trouble concentrating or making decisions * Fatigue or lack of energy * Insomnia or excessive sleepiness * Recurring thoughts about death, suicide, or being a failure * Muscle aches and pain, especially in the neck, back, and chest * Weight gain or weight loss without reason Causes of depression Depression is a serious mental disorder that can significantly impact a person’s life. While there is no one clear cause of depression, there are many factors that can contribute to its development. Some of the most common causes of depression include: genetics, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, brain chemistry abnormalities, and emotional stress. There is no single effective treatment for depression, but effective treatments typically involve a combination of therapies and/or medication. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs or symptoms of depression, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional. There are many resources available to help people diagnosed with depression cope with their condition. Treatment for Depression Depression, one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States, is a serious medical condition that affects millions of people. It’s so difficult to describe depression, because each person experiences it differently. There are many different types of treatment for depression, including medication, therapy and self-help. Treatment options vary based on the severity of the person’s symptoms and on their preferences. Some people need only a short period of treatment while others require ongoing care. If you or someone you know is suffering from depression, don’t wait to get help. There are many resources available to help you find the best treatment for your specific needs. Symptoms of bipolar disorder Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects millions of people around the world. It can be debilitating and very difficult to describe, especially when it comes to bipolar disorder. Here are some of the most common symptoms of depression: 1. Loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities 2. feeling tired all the time even if you’re getting enough sleep 3. poor appetite or an increase in appetite 4. changes in weight, such as gaining or losing a lot of weight without any change in diet or exercise 5. feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or excessive sadness 6. problems concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things 7. irritability or increased anger Causes of bipolar disorder Depression is a serious mental illness that can greatly impair a person’s ability to function in life. The cause of depression is not fully understood, but there are many potential causes. Some of the most common causes of depression include: genetics, brain chemistry, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. There is no single cause of depression, and it is not limited to any one demographic or cultural group. Depression can affect anyone at any stage in their life, and it can be difficult to identify early on. If you are experiencing depressive symptoms, it is important to speak with your doctor or other health professionals about your diagnosis and treatment options. Treatment for bipolar disorder Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders and can affect anyone, no matter their age or gender. Symptoms can include a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed, difficulty concentrating, sleeping problems, and weight gain or loss. If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, it’s important to seek help. There are many different treatments available for depression, and your doctor will decide which is best for you. Here are some tips on how to find the right treatment: 1. Talk to your doctor. Depression can be a difficult condition to deal with alone, so it’s important to get help from a professional as soon as possible. Your doctor may prescribe medication or therapy to help relieve your symptoms. 2. Get involved in therapy. Therapy can be very helpful in treating depression. It can give you support and guidance as you work through your symptoms. 3. Connect with friends and family members. Support groups are also great ways to get support while dealing with depression. They can offer a safe place where you can share your experiences and feelings with others. 4. Try self-care techniques. Self-care includes things like exercise, eating healthy foods, getting enough rest Depression is a common mental illness It’s so difficult to describe depression Symptoms of depression can vary from person to person Depression is a serious mental illness and should not be taken lightly Symptoms of depression Depression is a mental disorder characterized by a persistent low mood, diminished interest in activities and significant impairment in daily activities. The most common symptoms of depression are a decrease in energy, loss of appetite, insomnia, agitation and feelings of worthlessness or guilt. Depression can significantly reduce the quality of life for those who suffer from it. There is no one specific symptom that can indicate that someone is experiencing depression, as the disorder manifests itself in many different ways. However, many common symptoms of depression include: feelings of hopelessness and despair, lack of pleasure in usual activities, decreased energy levels, changes in sleep habits, decreased interest in sex and inability to concentrate. If you are experiencing any one or more of these symptoms, it is important to speak to your doctor about how you might be feeling ill and what could be causing it. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, there are many resources available to help. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline provides 24/7 support for people living with suicidal thoughts or feelings. You can also contact your local mental health hotline for more information on accessing services in your area. Causes of depression Depression is a complex and multi-facted brain disorder that can be caused by a variety of factors. While there is no single cause for depression, there are several factors that can contribute to its development. Some of the major causes of depression are: – Genetics: Some individuals are more likely to develop depression than others. It’s thought that up to 60% of the risk for developing the disorder may be inherited. – Environmental factors: Experiencing traumas or stressful life events can trigger episodes of depression in some people. Poor physical health may also play a role in increasing the risk of developing depression. – Neurochemical abnormalities: Certain chemicals in the brain – called neurotransmitters – can become imbalanced in people with depression, leading to an array of symptoms including mood swings, fatigue, weight gain, and difficulties concentrating. – Psychological factors: Depression is often associated with negative thoughts and behaviours, such as rumination (obsessive thinking), negative self-evaluation, and avoidance of social activities. Treatment for depression Depression is a serious mental illness that can significantly reduce the quality of life for those who suffer from it. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and therapy. There are many different treatments available, and each person’s experience with depression is unique. However, common treatments for depression include antidepressants, cognitive therapy, and stress management. Antidepressants are typically the first line of treatment for depression. They work by restoring the balance of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, which helps to improve mood and decrease anxiety. However, antidepressants can have side effects, so it is important to speak with your doctor about the best medication for you. Cognitive therapy is a type of therapy that helps people change their thoughts and beliefs about their depression. It can be used in addition to antidepressant medication or on its own. Cognitive therapy usually takes around 10 sessions over several weeks. Stress management is also an important part of treatment for depression. It helps people learn how to deal with stress in healthy ways and reduce the symptoms of depression. Techniques include yoga, meditation, journaling, and exercise. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating depression, so it is important to speak with your How to get help if you’re depressed If you’re feeling down and your symptoms seem severe, it can be hard to know where to turn for help. Here are some tips on how to get started: -Talk to your doctor. Depression is a medical condition, and if you think you may have it, it’s important to see a doctor. Your doctor can help rule out other health conditions and give you a full assessment of your symptoms. -Talk to your family and friends. They’re likely very supportive, but they may not know how to talk about depression or what to do if they see someone they love struggling with the condition. Let them know that you need their support, but also that you’re willing to seek help if necessary. -Get involved in community activities. Depression is often associated with loneliness and feelings of isolation, so getting involved in community activities can be a great way to make friends and connect with others. You could look for groups related to your hobbies or interests, or join clubs or organizations that focus on mental health issues. -Consider therapy. If talking with family and friends hasn’t helped, consider therapy as an option. Therapists can help you explore the root causes of your depression and What is Depression? Depression is a serious mental disorder that affects over 350 million people worldwide. It’s so difficult to describe depression, because it impacts every aspect of a person’s life. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and can range from mild to severe. One of the most common symptoms of depression is a feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and emptiness. People with depression may also experience difficulty concentrating, sleeping, eating, and enjoying Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Additionally, people with depression may feel stressed out all the time and have trouble making decisions. If you or someone you know is exhibiting any of the above symptoms, please don’t hesitate to reach out for help. There are many different treatments available to help relieve symptoms of depression, and most people find that they improve significantly after starting treatment. Symptoms of Depression Depression is a serious mental disorder that can impact a person’s mood, energy, concentration, and ability to enjoy life. Although there is no single symptom that always indicates depression, many people experience one or more of the following symptoms: – Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness – Feelings of guilt or worthlessness – Insomnia or hypersomnia – Restlessness or difficulty relaxing – Frequent thoughts of death or suicide – Decreased appetite or weight loss – Tremors or shaking How to Treat Depression Depression is a serious mental disorder that can severely impair your ability to function at work, school, and home. Fortunately, there are many effective treatments available, and you can recover from depression if you seek help. Here are some tips for treating depression: 1. Seek professional help. If you don’t feel like you can handle treatment on your own, see a therapist or counselor. These professionals can help you understand the disorder and develop a treatment plan tailored to your needs. 2. Exercise regularly. Physical activity has been shown to improve mood and relieve symptoms of depression, including fatigue, hopelessness, and anxiety. Start by doing small things every day — like taking the stairs instead of the elevator, walking around the block once, or stretching before bed. Over time, aim for more challenging activities — like going for a run or enrolling in a fitness class. 3. Avoid alcohol and drugs. Alcohol and drugs can trigger or worsen depression symptoms, so avoid using them if you’re struggling with the condition. Additionally, be sure to get enough sleep — inadequate sleep is one of the most common causes of depressive symptoms. 4. Make healthy eating a priority. Eating healthy foods can boost your mood and Depression and the Brain Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, affecting around 20% of the population at some point in their lives. It’s a serious condition, and can have a huge impact on your life. There’s no single answer to how to describe depression, as it can be different for everyone who experiences it. However, here are four basics that will help you understand more about this disorder. 1. Depression is characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure in life. 2. Depression often results in changes in mood and behavior, including feeling agitated and irritable, overeating or overeating unhealthy foods, avoidance of social activities, and decreased energy levels. 3. Symptoms can persist for months or even years without treatment. 4. There’s no single cause of depression, but it’s likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Causes of Depression Depression is a real and debilitating mental illness that can be difficult to describe. The following are some of the most common causes of depression: 1) Biochemical issues, such as a deficiency in serotonin or norepinephrine, can lead to depression. 2) Stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one or a major financial setback, can trigger depression. 3) A history of mental illness or bipolar disorder can also increase your chances of developing depression. 4) Genetics may play a role in causing depression. 5) Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, can also cause depression. 6) Some medications, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, can trigger depressive symptoms in some people. Treatment for Depression Depression is a serious mental illness that can lead to significant impairment in daily life. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating depression, but there are many effective treatments available. Treatment typically includes medication, therapy, and/or a combination of the two. Medication is the most common treatment for depression. The most commonly used medications are antidepressants, which work by restoringbalance in the brain chemistry that is disrupted in depression. Antidepressants are usually safe and effective when taken as prescribed, but they can have side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, nausea, and headaches. Therapy is also an important part of treatment for depression. Therapists help patients learn how to manage their symptoms andlbarrassment, build self-esteem, and improve relationships. Many therapists offer group or individual sessions. A combination of medication and therapy is often the best approach for treating depression. Both medications and therapy can be helpful on their own, but working together can provide a more complete treatment plan that is more likely to be successful. Depression is such an elusive and complex mental illness that it can be difficult to put into words. That’s why we’ve gathered some of the most poignant quotes on depression and how to deal with it. Hopefully, reading these will give you a little better understanding of what goes on inside someone who experiences depression and maybe even encourage you to reach out for help.

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2 April 2023 Fireworks are a fun and exciting way to celebrate holidays and special occasions. However, they can also be dangerous if not handled properly. Many accidents are caused by fireworks, resulting in injuries to both adults and children, so it is important to take precautions. To keep your kids safe around fireworks, follow these five simple tips. It’s critical to remember that while they may be pretty and fun, fireworks are explosives, and if they’re used irresponsibly they can cause serious burns, blindness, or even death. It’s best to leave firework displays to the professionals, but if you do decide to have a firework display in your own garden, make sure you have a big enough space for the fireworks you buy. The packaging should tell you how much space you need to leave - this is a minimum of 8 metres for Category F2 fireworks. You should have more than one adult present, so somebody can keep the kids away while another adult prepares the fireworks. Talk to your children about the importance of safety and of staying well back and keep all explosives and lighters well out of their reach. Never attempt to make your own fireworks. It’s illegal in the UK and extremely dangerous. Fireworks can be sold to people over the age of 18 by registered sellers like supermarkets in the run-up to Guy Fawkes Night and New Year or from licenced shops or websites all year round. If you’re buying fireworks online, make sure the retailer is properly licensed and selling UK legal ones, marked with a CE. Category 4 (labelled F4) fireworks are only legal for professional use. It’s best to avoid storing fireworks at home for a long time. Store them somewhere where they won’t be at risk of getting damp, as wet fireworks can malfunction, which can be dangerous. A metal box is best, or failing that a plastic one. It’s best to keep them in a cool place, like a garage in winter. Keep them well away from anything flammable or sources of heat. Make sure your kids can’t get to the fireworks - keep them somewhere locked, or on a high shelf out of reach. Every year, there are reports of children being injured by fireworks that have been thrown or pointed at them. In some cases, these injuries can be very serious. That's why it's important to ensure you never throw or point fireworks at someone, especially a child. Make sure you explain the dangers to your children, as they may encounter fireworks when they’re older and you’re not around and be tempted to play with them. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions exactly. Keep a torch handy so you can read what’s on the labels (never use a lighter to read them!) If a firework doesn’t seem to have gone off, never return to it to try to relight it - this is a common cause of severe injuries and blindness. Make sure you leave the required amount of space between the fireworks and spectators - preferably more than the minimum. Always have a bucket of water handy in case things do go wrong. By following these tips, your family will be left with only happy memories of fireworks.

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Became a state on..... January 2, 1788 Southern Genres..... Blues, Bluegrass, Folk, Funk, Native American, Jazz, Soul, Gospel, Spirituals, Jazz, Rhythm & Blues, Southern Hip-Hop, Southern Rock, A Cappella, Classical, Shape-note. Music Museum..... Planned location of the Southern Museum of Music From bluegrass to gospel and everything in between, Georgia has a wide ranging musical history that spans as many genres as it does decades. Artists such as Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Trisha Yearwood, Alan Jackson, the B-52s, Outkast, Otis Redding, James Brown, The Allman Brothers Band, Sugarland, Lady Antebellum, Zac Brown Band and more, all hail from the Peach State. Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South. Atlanta is the state's capital and its most populous city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, and to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. The state's northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the state's southern part. Georgia's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet (1,458 m) above sea level; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean. Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River in land area. "Georgia on My Mind" is a song by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell, now often associated with the version by Ray Charles, a native of Georgia, who recorded it for his 1960 album The Genius Hits the Road. It became the official state song of Georgia in 1979. The song was written in 1930 by Hoagy Carmichael (music) and Stuart Gorrell (lyrics). Although it is frequently asserted that the lyrics were written not about the state of Georgia, but rather for Carmichael's sister, Georgia Carmichael, Hoagy Carmichael himself contradicted this view with his recounting of the origin of the song in his second autobiography Sometimes I Wonder. Carmichael wrote that the song was composed when bandleader Frankie Trumbauer suggested that he write about the state of Georgia. According to Carmichael, Trumbauer also suggested the opening lyrics should be "Georgia, Georgia ...", with the remaining lyrics coming from Gorrell. Carmichael made no mention at all of his sister in his telling of the song's genesis. The song was first recorded on September 15, 1930, in New York by Hoagy Carmichael and His Orchestra with Bix Beiderbecke on muted cornet and Hoagy Carmichael on vocals. It featured Eddie Lang on guitar. The recording was part of Beiderbecke's last recording session. The recording was released as Victor 23013 with "One Night in Havana". In 2014, the recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song has been recorded by many artists, significant among them: Ailee, Richard Manuel, Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, Ethel Waters, Frankie Laine, Dean Martin, Jerry Reed, Glenn Miller, Eddy Arnold, The Anita Kerr Singers, Brenda Lee, Zac Brown Band, Michael Bublé, Michael Bolton, Dave Brubeck, Anita O'Day, Mildred Bailey, Leon Russell, George Roberts, Ella Fitzgerald, Rebecca Parris, Gerald Albright, Jo Stafford, Gladys Knight, Gene Krupa, Grover Washington, Jr., James Brown, Usher, Fats Waller, Billie Holiday, Nat Gonella and The Georgians, Django Reinhardt, Khalil Fong, Wes Montgomery, Jerry Garcia, John Scofield, John Mayer, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Willie Littlefield, The Righteous Brothers, Deep Purple, Tom Jones, Jackie Wilson, Maceo Parker, Crystal Gayle, Van Morrison, Willie Nelson, The Hi-Lo's, Ray Bryant, Coldplay, Annie Lennox (from Nostalgia 2014), the Spencer Davis Group (with Steve Winwood on vocals), Tony Rice, Lou Rawls, Arturo Sandoval, instrumental version by Oscar Peterson, and Al Hirt. Bing Crosby recorded this song twice: in 1956 with Buddy Cole and his trio and in 1975 with Paul Smith and Band for the LP A Southern Memoir. Stuart Gorrell's letter to his home town Teen Hop patrons, published in the Bremen Enquirer, 3 Aug 1961 Frankie Trumbauer had the first major hit recording in 1931, when his recording made the top ten on the charts. Trumbauer had suggested that Carmichael compose the song. Another 1931 hit version was Mildred Bailey's vocal made with members of Paul Whiteman's Orchestra. Instrumental version was recorded on March 20, 1962, for the LP There Is Nothing Like a Dame with Pete Candoli and Conte Candoli on trumpets, Shelly Manne on drums, Jimmy Rowles on piano, Howard Roberts on guitar and Gary Peacock on bass. The song was a standard at performances by Ronnie Hawkins and The Hawks in the late 1950s and early 1960s, where it was sung by pianist Richard Manuel. When The Hawks split off on their own and became The Band, they kept the song as part of their repertoire. They recorded a studio version of the song for Jimmy Carter's presidential bid in 1976, which was released as a single that year as well as on their 1977 album Islands. Cold Chisel's version of the song appeared on the album Barking Spiders Live: 1983 and has become a staple of their live shows. Guitarist Ian Moss still performs the song and a live version is included in his Let's All Get Together album. The song is also associated with the Spirit of Atlanta Drum and Bugle Corps. "Georgia" was originally featured in their 1979 show and the corps continues to perform it today. Currently the piece is performed as a warm-up or in a formal setting by Spirit's members and alumni. It was not until Ray Charles' 1960 recording on The Genius Hits the Road, that the song became a major hit, reaching the number one spot for one week in November 1960 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. On March 7, 1979, in a mutual symbol of reconciliation after conflict over civil rights issues, he performed it before the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature). After this performance, the connection to the state was firmly made, and the Assembly adopted it as the state song on April 24. Although there is no actual evidence to that effect, according to the 2004 film Ray, Charles was lifted from a supposed lifetime ban implemented since 1962. This version of the song was played with a video montage each time that Georgia Public Television went off the air nightly. With the advent of 24-hour broadcasting, it is rarely used now, the last time being in 2009 for the permanent sign-off of GPB's analog TV stations on February 17. The song was used as the theme song to the CBS sitcom Designing Women (set in Atlanta), initially as an instrumental (performed by Doc Severinsen), and later in a recording by Ray Charles. Charles' version was also sampled for rap group Field Mob's 2005 single, "Georgia", featuring Jamie Foxx and Ludacris. Lil Wayne also uses the song in his satirical song about George W. Bush called "Georgia Bush". Sometime after 2000, Charles invited the Italian singer Giorgia Todrani to sing the song with him after learning she was named in honor of the song. Jamie Foxx and Alicia Keys, backed by Quincy Jones and his Orchestra, performed a new arrangement in honor of Ray Charles at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Willie Nelson recorded "Georgia" on his 1978 album of standards Stardust. It was released as single, peaked at #1 for a single week and a total of 16 weeks on a country chart. A year later, Nelson won a Grammy award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for his version of the song. In the words of Bobby Moore from the Center for Public History at the University of West Georgia... Georgia has been at the forefront of the music industry since musicians started to become recording stars, from the birth of rhythm and blues and rock and roll and continuing through the rise of southern rock, with Macon's Capricorn Records, and Atlanta's more recent rap and hip-hop boom. Many of these Georgia artists were influenced by traditions they learned in church or by exposure to a range of sacred and secular roots music in their communities. By the 1920s the recording industry had embraced the roots music found in Georgia's rural communities and growing urban centers, and it was turning performers into recording artists and fans into consumers. National labels recorded African American blues music as part of its "race" records series and channeled white old-time musicians into the new "hillbilly" or "Old Favorites" collections. After World War II, regional record labels began to record local performers of new forms of roots-inspired music, such as rhythm and blues and southern rock & roll. These new styles of music increasingly appealed to national recording companies looking for ways to win over American teenagers and their disposable incomes. The popularity of these new music styles in the 1950s brought African American artists into the limelight, both as performers and as the writers of songs that white pop stars turned into instant hits. Among the African American stars from the early years of rock and roll are Georgia natives William "Willie" Lee Perryman, known as "Piano Red," and more famously, Richard Wayne Penniman, known as "Little Richard." Black musicians from Georgia performing rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and soul took their music on the road, as had the generation before. They found places to play in the segregated South through such "Chitlin' Circuit" venues as the Royal Peacock in Atlanta and the Carver Theater in Waycross. By the mid-1960s "Beatlemania" culture caused many of the rawer, underground rock-and-roll sounds of the previous decade to be assimilated into mainstream culture. Georgia natives like pop star Tommy Roe and singer/songwriter Joe South became more than just regional sensations. Several early rock stars emerged from rural Georgia, including Bremen High School graduates and brothers Dean and Mark Mathis of the Newbeats, a rock trio most famous for the 1964 hit "Bread and Butter." Soul music, a blend of gospel and rhythm and blues, gained popularity in the 1950s and 1960s. Well-known Georgians such as Otis Redding, Ray Charles, and James Brown went from small, regional labels and local clubs to the Apollo Theater stage in New York City and international success. Influential African American vocalist and Toccoa native Bobby Byrd discovered James Brown while Brown was serving time in a Toccoa prison. Byrd helped to establish the Famous Flames, in which they both performed. R.E.M. receives an award in 2006.Rock and roll has maintained a presence in Georgia through regional favorites like Col. Bruce Hampton's numerous bands and internationally known acts like R.E.M. and the Black Crowes. New country and rock sounds mixed with older blues influences, like the slide guitar, in the late 1960s to form southern rock, a regional style that sprang from Macon, Georgia; Muscle Shoals, Alabama; and Jacksonville, Florida. Capricorn recording artists the Allman Brothers might be the most famous band to adopt this style, and they influenced peers from Georgia, such as the Atlanta Rhythm Section and Widespread Panic, a jam band from Athens. As rock and roll was becoming a cultural phenomenon, country music in the 1960s began to develop a slicker sound and more promotable stars, including such Georgia natives as steel guitar pioneer Pete Drake, funny man Ray Stevens, and singer/songwriter Jerry Reed. Numerous country stars from the state would go on to The Allman Brothers Band have success in the country music industry, including Trisha Yearwood, Travis Tritt, Alan Jackson, and more recently, the groups Sugarland, Lady Antebellum, and the Zac Brown Band. Georgia has produced many popular commercial songwriters in recent decades, including Spellman born Boudleaux Bryan, who, with his wife and writing partner, Felice, penned the famous bluegrass song "Rocky Top" and "Love Hurts." LaGrange native Chips Moman, a Grammy-winning producer and songwriter, produced hits in country, rock, and pop music before returning to his hometown, where he still continues to produce and record. The Internet and the vitality of Atlanta's underground music scene have nurtured less mainstream but still roots-inspired sounds, from the southern hip-hop stylings of OutKast to the ambient sounds of Deerhunter, which are heard across the world. Georgia's folk musical traditions include important contributions to the Piedmont blues, shape note singing, and African American music. The "ring shout" is an African American musical and dance tradition that is among the oldest surviving African American performance styles in North America. The ring shout tradition is rare in the modern Southern United States, but it still found in McIntosh County, Georgia, where black communities have kept the style alive. The McIntosh County ring shout is a counterclockwise ring dance featuring clapping and stick-beating percussion with call-and-response vocals. The ring shout tradition is strongest in Boldon, Georgia (also known as Briar Patch), where it is traditionally performed on New Year's Eve. The Georgia Sea Island Singers are an important group in modern African American folk music in Georgia. They perform worldwide the Gullah/Geechee music of the Georgia coast and Sea Islands, and have been touring since the early 1900s; the folklorist and musicologist Alan Lomax discovered the Singers on a 1959-60 collecting trip and helped to bring their music to new audiences. The Georgia Sea Island Singers have included Bessie Jones, Emma Ramsey, John Davis, Mayble Hillery, and Peter Davis. Fife and drum blues has been documented in west central Georgia. The Freedom Singers are a group that formed in 1962 in Albany to educate communities about civil rights issues through song. Multi-instrumentalist Abner Jay, born in Fitzgerald, performed eccentric blues-infused folk music as a one-man band. Folksinger/songwriter Hedy West, active in the American folk music revival and famous for her song "500 Miles", was born in Cartersville. In prehistoric times, during the many centuries that passed before the first European explorers entered North America, the original inhabitants of Georgia - the Native Americans- used song, instrumentation, and dance as the means to teach, preserve, and celebrate their traditions. Music was a central element in the practice of religious observances and in the celebration of and teaching about significant historical events and sacred beliefs. Even now, contemporary Native Americans whose roots lie in Georgia continue to practice many of the ancient musical and ceremonial traditions that originated here. Traditional forms of music and ceremonial dance continue to comprise the nucleus of the religious and social activities that are observed today among Indian groups whose origins lie in Georgia. Beginning in the late 1700s and continuing through the 1840s, the Native American communities that existed in Georgia were forced by the U.S. and Georgia state government to Cherokee Map from 1830abandon their traditional homelands. Certain Cherokees, Muscogee Creeks, Yuchis, and several other Indian nations were marched from their aboriginal territories in Georgia to lands west of the Mississippi River- to what was then termed Indian Territory, now the state of Oklahoma. Others in Georgia and nearby states, including additional Cherokees, Seminoles, Hitchitees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, escaped to remote areas in Mississippi, Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and other parts of the United States. Most southeastern Indian tribal groups of today, despite the many centuries of hardship endured by their forebears, continue to maintain their complexes of sacred and social songs and dance. Southeastern Indian tribal groups in Florida, North Carolina, and Oklahoma continue to observe a ceremonial cycle called Green Corn. This ritual has traditional music and dance at its very core. Most old ceremonial songs sung during Green Corn adhere to a call-and-response pattern, a style that is also frequently identified with African American song traditions. The rhythms that accompany the southeastern Indian ceremonial dances and dance songs are produced on turtle-shell or tin-can rattles that are worn on the legs of the women dancers. Hand held turtle-shell, gourd, or coconut-shell rattles played by male dance and song leaders complete the ensemble. There are also special songs that accompany the game of stickball, an important ceremonially connected athletic event that is still frequently played among southeastern Indians. The most likely Indian-related music and dance events to be staged in Georgia today are modern powwows. In addition to the traditional southeastern Indian ceremonial activities listed above, many southeastern Indians of the twenty-first century participate in these more broad-based, intertribal events. Modern-day powwows are public occasions that are open to both Indian and non-Indian participants and audiences. These events, which occur relatively often in modern Georgia, include colorfully costumed dancers who compete for prize money, skilled teams of drummers who play for the dancers, Native American and pioneer crafts demonstrations, traditional Indian and other traditional foodways, Indian flute players, and singers of traditional Indian songs. The several powwows that are staged annually in Georgia, in Indian Springs and elsewhere, sometimes pay a special tribute to the Native American tribal ancestors who were forcibly removed from the state during the nineteenth century. Today, no federally recognized American Indian tribal groups are based in the state of Georgia. The Georgia blues scene, which had its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s. According to AllMusic,"The Atlanta blues scene of the 1920s was among the most fertile in all the South, with a steady stream of rural musicians converging on the city hoping to gain exposure playing the local club circuit, with any luck rising to perform at Decatur Street's famed 81 Theatre." Ma Rainey, from Columbus, was among the earliest professional blues singers and one of the first generation of such singers to record. Piedmont blues artist Blind Willie McTell was born in Thomson. Country blues singer and guitarist Peg Leg Howell was born in Eatonton. Singer Ida Cox was from Toccoa. Singer and guitarist Kokomo Arnold was born in Lovejoy's Station. Singer Lucille Hegamin was born in Macon. Singer Trixie Smith was born in Atlanta. Blues pianists from Georgia include Thomas A. Dorsey, born in Villa Rica, Big Maceo Merriweather, born in Atlanta, and Piano Red, born near Hampton. Barbeque Bob was from Walnut Grove. Singer and guitarist Curley Weaver was born in Covington. Charley Lincoln was born in Lithonia. Harmonicist Eddie Mapp was born in Social Circle. Harmonicist Sonny Terry was born in Greesboro. Buddy Moss was born in Jewell. Singer and guitarist Blind Simmie Dooley was born in Hartwell. Songwriter and one-man band Jesse Fuller was born in Jonesboro. Bumble Bee Slim was born in Brunswick. Country blues artist Precious Bryant was born in Talbot County. Jump blues singer and musician Billy Wright was born in Atlanta. Singer and guitarist Robert Cray was born in Columbus. Many of these musicians banded together into groups; the most popular of these bands were the Georgia Cotton Pickers. More modern blues performers that have come out of or near Atlanta include The Allman Brothers Band, The Black Crowes, Tinsley Ellis, Delta Moon, and Chick Willis. On June 14, 1923, the country music recording industry was launched in Atlanta when Fiddlin' John Carson made his first phonograph record for Okeh Records Company representative Polk C. Brockman. Carson's recordings of "The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane" and "The Old Hen Cackled and the Rooster's Going to Crow" sold over 500,0000 copies and opened the eyes of record company executives to the market for "old-time" country music. Along with Carson, Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers and Georgia Yellow Hammers made Atlanta and North Georgia an early center of old-time string band music. In the 1960s, guitarist Chet Atkins, born in Luttrell, Tennessee but raised in Hamilton, Georgia, drew on jazz and pop music to help create the smoother country music style known as the Nashville Sound, expanding country music's appeal to adult pop fans. Country music superstars Alan Jackson, Trisha Yearwood, and Travis Tritt are natives of Georgia. Other successful country music acts from Georgia include Norman Blake, Jerry Reed, Brenda Lee (who had a #1 Hot 100 hit with "I'm Sorry" in 1960), Billy Currington, Cyndi Thomson, Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland, Daryle Singletary, Doug Stone, John Berry, Rhett Akins, Mark Wills, the Zac Brown Band, and Lady Antebellum, as well as up and coming stars Jason Aldean, Daniel Antopolsky, Brantley Gilbert, Luke Bryan, Thomas Rhett, Kip Moore, Lauren Alaina, and Jessie James. Other notable country musicians from Georgia include Corey Smith and Tabby Crabb from Sumter Co., who worked with the original Urban Cowboy Band, Hank Cochran, Keith Urban, and many others in Nashville. Georgia country music superstars with a #1 album on the Billboard 200 chart include Atlanta area musicians Alan Jackson with 3 #1 albums and Zac Brown Band with 3; Jason Aldean with 3, Luke Bryan (from south Georgia) with 2, and Sugarland with 2 #1 albums. Big band swing bandleader and pianist Fletcher Henderson and his younger brother arranger Horace Henderson were born in Cuthbert. Stride pianist and composer Mary Lou Williams, avant-garde jazz alto saxophonist Marion Brown, and singer Jean Carne were born in Atlanta. Big band bandleader and trumpet player Harry James was born in Albany. Bebop saxophonist James Moody, hard bop saxophonist Sahib Shihab, and singer Irene Reid were born in Savannah. Trombonist J.C. Higginbotham was born in Social Circle. Tenor saxophonist and arranger Teddy McRae was born in Waycross. George Adams was born in Covington. Singer Joe Williams was born in Cordele. Augusta native James Brown and Macon native Little Richard started performing in Georgia clubs on the Chitlin' Circuit, fused gospel with blues and boogie-woogie to lay the foundations for southern rock & roll and soul music, and rank among the most iconic musicians of the 20th century. Soul pioneers Curtis Mayfield and Ray Charles were also born in Georgia; Charles helped to invent the soul genre by borrowing elements of rhythm and blues, country, jazz, gospel, and blues, while Mayfield wrote and produced the popular Blaxploitation soundtrack Super Fly and recorded a number of seminal Civil Rights anthems with the Impressions. Ray Charles had 3 #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, including "Georgia on My Mind" in 1960 (which is the official state song of Georgia). Ray Charles won another Grammy for Album of the Year for his 2004 Genius Loves Company. Atlanta native Chuck Willis was a blues, R&B, and rock and roll singer and songwriter active from 1950-58. In the 1960s, Atlanta native Gladys Knight proved one of the most popular Motown recording artists, while Otis Redding, born in the small town of Dawson but raised in Macon, defined the grittier Southern soul sound of Memphis-based Stax Records. Gladys Knight had a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Midnight Train to Georgia" in 1973. Otis Redding had a #1 hit on the Hot 100 with "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" in 1968. The earliest Atlanta-based music maven, Bill Lowery, started the careers of Ray Stevens, Joe South, Jerry Reed, and countless others, and created the first Georgia-based springboard for such talent, National Recording Corporation, sporting not only a record label, but a recording studio and pressing plant. Lowery would later work with the likes of Billy Joe Royal, Mac Davis, Dennis Yost & The Classics IV, and The Atlanta Rhythm Section, giving Atlanta national relevance with his Lowery Music group of publishing companies, one of the world's biggest music publishers. Noted session and touring drummer, Michael Huey, started his career at Bill Lowery studios. Tommy Roe, from Atlanta, had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including "Dizzy" in 1969. The Allman Brothers Band, founded in Jacksonville, Florida, moved to Macon at the urging of their manager, Phil Walden, who had previously managed Otis Redding. The Allman Brothers had a #2 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Ramblin' Man" in 1973. Walden's Macon-based Capricorn Records, spearheaded the rise of Southern rock, and the success of the Allman Brothers paved the way for other Southern rock bands, including Atlanta Rhythm Section, South Carolina-based Marshall Tucker Band and Lynyrd Skynyrd, also founded in Jacksonville. Georgia has also produced a number of Southern rock groups throughout the last three decades, including the Black Crowes (who had a #1 album on the Billboard 200 in 1992), The Georgia Satellites, Blackberry Smoke, Confederate Railroad, and Drivin' 'N' Cryin'. The city of Athens, Georgia, home to the University of Georgia, has been a fertile field for alternative rock bands since the late 1970s. Notable bands from Athens include R.E.M., The B-52's, Widespread Panic, Drive-By Truckers, Cartel, Of Montreal, and Dead Confederate. Athens is also home to the Elephant 6 Recording Company, an indie collective whose members include The Apples in Stereo and Neutral Milk Hotel. R.E.M. had 2 #1 albums on the Billboard 200, including Out of Time in 1991. Acoustic rock/folk duo the Indigo Girls got their start in Decatur, and alternative rock bands Collective Soul and September Hase began in Stockbridge and Tifton, respectively. Rock pianist Elton John spends some time living in Atlanta, and singer-songwriter John Mayer has lived in Atlanta since dropping out of the Berklee School of Music in 1998. Georgia has contributed to the ska scene with the bands Treephort, 50:50 Shot, and The Taj Motel Trio. Ska punk has seen a recent revival in Georgia with the regional ska festival, the Mass Ska Raid, taking place for the first time in 2008. Along with Louisiana and the rest of the Southern area, there is a strong heavy metal music scene in Georgia, with bands such as Mastodon, Baroness, Collective Soul, Royal Thunder, Black Tusk, Kylesa, Withered, Sevendust, and Attila. Thrash metal band Tetrarch are from Atlanta. Neon Christ are a notable band from the Atlanta Hardcore scene. Several Christian rock musicians have come out of Georgia, including Third Day, Casting Crowns, Bebo Norman, and Family Force 5. Cat Power (Chan Marshall) was born in Atlanta and got her start there. The 2000s saw the rise of Atlanta indie rock bands The Black Lips, Deerhunter, and The Coathangers. Pop rock singer songwriter Phillip Phillips, who won the eleventh season of American Idol in 2012, was born in Albany. Atlanta-based OutKast proved one of the first commercially successful hip hop groups from outside of New York or Los Angeles. In the 1990s and 2000s, Atlanta became the leading center of urban music. Artists like Lloyd, T.I., TLC, Monica, Usher, 112, Ludacris, YoungBloodZ, OutKast, Goodie Mob (as well as the Dungeon Family music collective which both are members of) and producers like Organized Noize, L.A. Reid, and Jermaine Dupri, the latter of whom founded the successful record labels LaFace and SoSo Def, have blurred musical boundaries by blending R&B singing with Hip-Hop production. More recently, Atlanta is also known as a center of crunk music, an electric bass-driven club music whose most visible practitioner has been Atlanta-based producer/hype man/rapper Lil Jon. Kris Kross ("Jump"), TLC 4 #1s- ("Waterfalls"), Silk (group)- ("Freak Me"), Monica 3 #1s (like "Angel of Mine"), Usher (9 #1s), Outkast 3 #1s, Ludacris 5 #1s- ("Stand Up"), Ciara ("Goodies"), D4L- ("Laffy Taffy"), T.I. "The King of the South" 3 #1s- ("Whatever You Like"), Soulja Boy ("Crank That (Soulja Boy)"), and B.o.B. ("Nothin' on You") all had at least one #1 single on the Billboard Hot 100 from the early 90s to 2010. Also, rappers Lil Jon and Young Jeezy were featured on Usher's #1 Hot 100 singles: "Yeah!" in 2004 and "Love in this Club" in 2008. The R&B group 112 were featured on Puff Daddy's #1 Hot 100 song "I'll Be Missing You" in 1997. Rapper Yung Joc was featured on T-Pain's #1 Hot 100 song "Buy U a Drank". R&B singer Sleepy Brown from Savannah was featured on Outkast's #1 Hot 100 song "The Way You Move" in 2004. In addition, Atlanta rapper 2 Chainz had a #1 album on the Billboard 200 in 2012: Based on a T.R.U. Story. And ATL rapper Future has had 3 #1 albums on the Billboard 200 including the trap music album DS2 in 2015. Modernist composer Wallingford Riegger was born in Albany. Singer/composer Roland Hayes was born in Curryville. Opera singer Mattiwilda Dobbs was born in Atlanta. Opera singer Jessye Norman is native to Augusta. Opera singer Jamie Barton is from Rome, GA. Composer/arranger Hall Johnson was born in Athens. Composer Lena McLin was born in Atlanta. Famous music director Robert Shaw spent much of his time living in Atlanta directing the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Notable Georgian classical groups include the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Chamber Players, the Atlanta Symphony Chorus, Atlanta Opera, the Georgia Boy Choir, the Atlanta Boy Choir, Georgia Symphony Orchestra, New Trinity Baroque, the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra, Atlanta Ballet, and the Gwinnett Ballet Theatre, as well as symphonies in the cities of Columbus, Macon, Augusta, and Savannah. The Sacred Harp, first published in 1844, was compiled and produced by Georgians Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King. They helped establish a singing tradition also known as Sacred Harp, fasola, or shape note singing. The Sacred Harp system use notes represented by different shapes according to scale degree, intended to make it easy for people to learn to sight-read music and perform complex pieces without a lot of training. Established in 1933, the Sacred Harp Publishing Company, located in Carrollton, Georgia, publishes the most widely used 1991 edition of The Sacred Harp. Hugh McGraw of Bremen, Georgia, served as the company's executive secretary from 1958–2002 and helped encourage Sacred Harp's recent resurgence in popularity. A Georgia-based music label, Bibletone Records, has reissued a 28-cut CD of Sacred Harp music originally released as LPs by the publishing company. Atlanta is a center of the gospel music scene in many genres, particularly urban contemporary gospel (black gospel) as well as Southern gospel and spirituals. The leading industry award ceremony, the GMA Dove Awards of the Gospel Music Association, have taken place since 2011 in Atlanta's Fox Theater. The Atlanta Gospel Choice Awards are also given out yearly at a well-attended festival. Gospel groups based in Atlanta included The Statesmen Quartet and many others. From the Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains in the north of the state to the southern tip in Thomasville, Georgia is home to authentic old-time and bluegrass music experiences. North American folk traditions of music and dance that have been passed down for generations are performed in town squares, parks and community stages for audiences to enjoy and often, participate in. North Georgia has a strong and well-documented tradition of Hillbilly music. The Fiddler’s Conventions, Fiddlin’ John Carson and Moonshine Kate, Gid Tanner and the Skillet Lickers, Riley Puckett and others contributed to the wealth of music in the first half of the twentieth century. Contemporaneously with these golden years of Hillbilly music, one man heard a different sound and set about assembling the components needed to create that sound. In 1938 Bill Monroe traveled to Atlanta where he advertised for musicians and subsequently hired a young guitarist from North Georgia named Cleo Davis. From this origin Monroe would soon name his group the Blue Grass Boys and begin to create the branch of Hillbilly music which would one day be known as Bluegrass. By 1946 Monroe’s distinctive sound was complete and had begun to draw imitators. By the 1950’s in North Georgia as in other areas, the influence of Monroe, the Stanley Brothers, Flatt & Scruggs and Jim & Jesse McReynolds was seeping into the Hillbilly or country music of the day. The year 1965 brought the first ever multi-day Bluegrass Festival, held in Fincastle, VA. and by 1968 the core group of bluegrass fans in North Georgia had organized the very first such festival in Georgia, held in a transmission repair shop in Austell, GA. This was the first of dozens to follow. They ranged from small community events with a few amateur bands to large, well-established festivals featuring the best the genre had to offer. In the early 80’s the Southeastern Bluegrass Association was established to foster the music and the number of bluegrass bands was counted in the dozens. Bluegrass music was establishing it’s own tradition among the disciples in North Georgia. Among the earliest, most dedicated and enthusiastic performers and promoters of the music in North Georgia are J. N. and Onie Baxter, Murray Freeman and James Watson. J. N. and Ione (Onie) Baxter have been the nucleus of the Bluegrass Five for over 39 years. After marrying in 1954 the couple regularly made music with friends and neighbors wherever they were living. Onie learned mandolin and guitar as a small child and J. N. was a natural singer who learned guitar from his young wife in the early days of their marriage. Both had been introduced to the banjo, mandolin, guitar and fiddle but found themselves drawn more to the acoustic sound than to the electric guitars of their peers. In 1961 the guitar playing couple joined with mandolin player Hughie Wylie, bassist Howard McGuire and banjo player Joe Will McGuire to make their version of bluegrass music. Two years later they were dubbed the Bluegrass Five by Howard McGuire. Copyright 2013-2021. Southern Museum of Music® Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2021 Professor Jam

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code_swarm: visualization of development history code_swarm - an application that allows you to visualize the history of commits in the application. A commit occurs when a developer makes changes to the code or documentation, and then sends them to the central repository. Developers and files are displayed as moving elements. When a developer commits, it is highlighted, and files affected by this commit are also highlighted. The color of the files depends on the type of file (code, documentation). If the developer’s activity drops, its display fades. The histogram below shows the history and activity of the changes. The project is free and available for download at code.google.com/p/codeswarm . At the moment there are many prepared visualizations of the history of such famous projects as Python , Apache., Eclipse , PostgreSQL , Django . I suggest you take a look at these videos and understand the essence. On page code.google.com/p/codeswarm/wiki/GeneratingAVideo are the steps to generate your own video. But we must warn you that the process is quite lengthy, as an example, the author of the video about Django rendered his video from 4300 frames for about 45 minutes on the Macbook Pro .

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I grew up in a church that believed two of every Animal was on Noah’s Ark. Well after being interested in your work I see that you teach God made “kinds” and there were “kinds” on the Ark too. But my main question has to do with Gen. 7:2 what does this mean in contrast that there were “two of every kind, male and female”? This is really confusing me especially after this new “kinds” stuff... Your answer is very much appreciated! Thank you! – E.D., Junction City, Kansas Thank you for contacting Answers in Genesis with your question about the animals on the Ark. I wasn’t able to find the exact wording you mentioned in any of the Bible translations I searched—“two of every kind, male and female”—but each translation had something similar to your quote. This wording simply means that there would be a total of two animals of a given unclean kind, one male and one female. While that is a straightforward answer, your question brings up an important subject that we need to address regularly. The issue of animal “kinds” is crucial to grasp when answering some of the common objections concerning Noah and the Ark. We’ve addressed the subject several times—for example, see this feedback, “Species and Kinds and the Ark.” But there is still a great deal of confusion about the terms kind and species. So let’s see if we can clear up some of the misunderstandings by defining both terms and then examining some of the reasons why the confusion exists. Defining Our Terms The idea that God created plants and animals according to their kind is stated repeatedly in the Bible’s first chapter (Genesis 1:11, 12, 21, 24, 25). Also, Noah was to bring every kind of land animal, bird, and creeping thing on the Ark to preserve them (Genesis 6:19–7:3). These kinds were to reproduce and fill the earth so it could be inhabited after creation and then again after the Flood (Genesis 1:22, 8:17; Isaiah 45:18). When we talk about “kinds” on the Ark, we are referring to the original types of animal that God created. Putting these passages together helps us figure out what is being described by this term. When we talk about “kinds” on the Ark, we are referring to the original types of animal that God created. We believe these passages also imply that no kind of animal (or plant) will ever produce offspring outside of its created kind. Many biblical creationists believe that the kind boundary is frequently at the family level of our modern taxonomy. In a helpful article on the subject, Dr. Georgia Purdom stated that a kind “represents the basic reproductive boundary of an organism. That is, the offspring of an organism is always the same kind as its parents, even though it may display considerable variation.” This variation is important so animals can fill the earth and adapt to the different environments that exist today.1 However, evolution (in a molecules-to-man sense) would be impossible since one kind of animal could never give rise to an entirely different kind. What we see in the world around us fits well with the biblical view. Today we can find hares in the arctic, hares in the desert, and hares in other parts of the world. Although each species is a little different, enabling it to thrive in its environment, they are still all recognizable as hares and would be descended from a single pair on the Ark. The same is true for many other kinds of animals; they are found worldwide but are obviously related. This brings up the problem of equating kinds to the modern-day word species as used in taxonomy. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines species as “a category of biological classification ranking immediately below the genus or subgenus, comprising related organisms or populations potentially capable of interbreeding.”2 The ability to freely interbreed was certainly true within the Ark kinds, but may not always be the case within the same kind today. For example, house mice (Mus musculus) live all over the world (except Antarctica). Yet when certain populations interbreed at contact zones, the male offspring are usually sterile. For this reason, the populations are recognized as different subspecies (and some authors have considered them different species).3 Despite almost identical appearance, genetic differences have arisen that affect the fertility of many of the offspring.4 This makes it clear that barriers to reproduction have occurred within some created kinds. Often different populations derived from the same created kind are more obviously different in appearance. When horses (Equus caballus) are crossed with donkeys (Equus asinus), both male and female hybrids (mules) are usually sterile. In this example, the parent species can be readily distinguished, and it makes sense for biologists to classify them as different species. The fact that hybrids can be formed, even though many or most are infertile, lets us know they are from the same created kind. There is no single definition of species that can be applied to all living things. As it turns out, it is often difficult for biologists to agree on what is a distinct species. Breeding experiments are not usually conducted, so similarities and differences in appearance are an important deciding factor. Sometimes as genetic evidence becomes available it is decided to combine several species into one, or divide one species into more than one. There is no single definition of species that can be applied to all living things. In the end it is important to recognize that different species names are often applied to animals descended from the same created kind. This is largely the consequence of differences that have arisen within kinds as they have reproduced and filled the earth, adapting to many distinct environments. Reasons for the Confusion We’ve already looked at one of the reasons confusion exists on this topic—the original kinds were created to reproduce and fill the earth, which involved some physical and genetic changes as they adapted. Modern taxonomists are not trying to identify kinds; they use definitions that identify distinct groups within created kinds. But this isn’t the only cause for confusion. Let’s take a look at two more of these reasons. 1. Difficulties in Translation When translating a word from one language to another, there is often not an exact match between the two languages. When translating from Hebrew, or any other language, translators must make a decision as to which word or phrase most accurately conveys the meaning of the original terms. One of the difficulties involved here is that our modern scientific taxonomy did not exist when these words were written down, so the biblical writer was not thinking in terms of Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Let’s take a look at a portion of the Flood narrative in Genesis to see how this affects the translation process: And of every living thing of all flesh you shall bring two of every sort into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female. Of the birds after their kind, of animals after their kind, and of every creeping thing of the earth after its kind, two of every kind will come to you to keep them alive . . . to keep the species alive on the face of all the earth. (Genesis 6:19–20, 7:3, emphasis added) The New King James Version includes three different classification terms in this passage: sort, kind, and species. The word sort in v. 19 is not translated specifically from a Hebrew word in this verse, but was added for readability’s sake, which is why it appears in italics in the NKJV. Kind was chosen to translate the Hebrew word מִין (mîn). This Hebrew term refers to “a type of entity in contrast to other entities” and every biblical usage is in the context of a taxonomic system.5 Species is an unfortunate translation of זֶרַע (zera‘). This word is regularly translated as “seed” or “descendants,” a point that is acknowledged in a textual note in the NKJV. The wording, “to keep the species alive” (NKJV) may be more readable in English than “to keep seed alive” (KJV). Yet, this word choice ultimately confuses the issue. While the context helps the reader understand what is being taught, it becomes easy for the reader to conflate the English terms kind and species, thus giving the undiscerning reader the impression that the two terms mean the same thing. Many other translations are more helpful here using offspring instead of species in Genesis 7:3 to render zera‘. 2. Intentional Ignorance I am sure the NKJV translators did not intend to contribute to the confusion on this matter, but the same cannot be said for the many skeptics who intentionally ignore the difference between kind and species so that they can mock God’s Word. We often hear skeptics claim that there are anywhere between 10–100 million species of plants and animals on Earth, and then ridicule the ideas that all the animal species could fit on the Ark and be taken care of by eight people. There are multiple problems with this type of attack. Skeptics . . . mock the biblical term kind, . . . implying that it is some sort of pseudo-science, so it must be wrong. First, these skeptics refuse to acknowledge the difference between kind and species. Instead, they assume that Noah would have needed to bring two wolves, two dingoes, two coyotes, two jackals, and so on. However, these different species can hybridize (mate with each other and produce offspring), so he really just needed to bring two of the dog kind. The same would be true with horses, donkeys, and zebras—Noah just needed two of the horse kind. Oftentimes they mock the biblical term kind, since it is not one of the modern scientific terms, implying that it is some sort of pseudo-science, so it must be wrong. Second, the number of species cited by skeptics is vastly exaggerated. Evolutionary researchers announced in a recent article in the journal Science that the number of species of plants and animals on the planet is around five million, give or take three million.6 They state that 1.5 million have been named. So according to these researchers, the number of species on Earth could be as low as two million or as high as eight million. Third, the number cited by skeptics is misleading in another way. The vast majority of these species are marine organisms, plants, or insects. Noah clearly did not need to bring marine animals on the Ark. He was not commanded to bring all plant species, and he may not have needed to bring insects either.7 When we understand that Noah needed to bring kinds of animals and not species, and we eliminate all of the sea creatures, plants, and possibly insects from the “millions of species,” it becomes clear that the number of animals required to be on the Ark is much lower than the skeptics claim. A detailed study in the 1990s by Dr. John Woodmorappe used “worst-case scenario” estimates to calculate that fewer than 8,000 kinds would have been on board.8 Over the past several years, some creationist researchers have been involved in extensive study of the original animal kinds, and their estimate is even lower—less than 2,000 kinds of animals that would need to be on board. Admittedly, this is only an estimate, since many of the original kinds have gone extinct and are only known today from the fossil record. Also, we do not have sufficient data regarding every type of creature on Earth today to ascertain all of the original kinds. However, we have published a helpful article explaining the criteria used by this research team to determine the created kinds. While researchers will only be able to reach a “ballpark figure” in terms of the total number of animals on the Ark, we can be certain that God knew exactly how many animals to send to Noah (Genesis 6:20). We can also be sure the Lord knew precisely how large the Ark would need to be to hold the animals, food, people, and so on, and that He was perfectly capable of revealing that information to Noah. We know that God spared the lives of Noah and his family from the worldwide judgment of the Flood. Similarly, He will save eternally all people who believe on the Lord Jesus Christ (Acts 16:31)—the Son of God who died on the Cross for our sins and conquered death by rising from the dead.

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Radio Resource Management The role of Radio Resource Management (RRM) is to ensure that the radio resources are efficiently used, taking advantage of the available adaptation techniques, and to serve the users according to their configured Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. An overview of primary RRM functionalities is given in section 8.2, and the chapter then moves on to discuss QoS parameters and admission control issues in section 8.3. Next, details related to both downlink and uplink adaptation and scheduling methodologies are discussed in sections 8.4 and 8.5. Interference coordination is discussed in section 8.6, and a discussion of discontinuous reception is included in section 8.7. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection management is introduced in section 8.8, and the chapter is summarized in section 8.9. 8.2 Overview of RRM Algorithms Figure 8.1 shows an overview of the user-plane and control-plane protocol stack at the eNodeB, as well as the corresponding mapping of the primary RRM related algorithms to the different layers. The family of RRM algorithms at the eNodeB exploits various functionalities from Layer 1 to Layer 3 as illustrated in Figure 8.1. The RRM functions at Layer 3, such as QoS management, admission control, and semi-persistent scheduling, are characterized as semi-dynamic mechanisms, since they are mainly executed during setup ...

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By Emily Walsh, Director of Community Outreach & Mesothelioma Cancer Expert Agricultural workers face numerous airborne threats every day. Air pollutant emissions, soil fumigants, pesticides, mold, asbestos, and dust are a few of the potential lung health hazards that an agricultural worker can come into contact through work. Researchers at the Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety (WCAHS) have a long history of studying ways to protect workers from airborne contaminants. Projects include studying whether agricultural workers have an increased risk for Valley fever, identifying agricultural practices that present increased risk for respiratory toxicity, and how the new chicken caging laws in California affect poultry worker respiratory health. Here, we take a look at how some of these toxins can affect agricultural worker’s health. Soil Fumigants, Environmental Dusts, and Pesticides Pesticides and soil fumigants are commonly used in the agricultural industry. There are many benefits to the uses of pesticides and fumigants, including crop protection, food preservation, and disease control from such hazards as insects, weeds, rodents, fungi or other organisms. A down side is that they can also be hazardous to the human health if not properly controlled. It is important that pesticide and fumigant applicators know how to safely apply pesticides, use appropriate personal protective equipment, and notify other workers when pesticides have been applied. This is because people can become poisoned or die from pesticide exposure. Some of respiratory symptoms and diseases associated with chronic occupational pesticide exposure, include - Chronic bronchitis or COPD - Lung cancer - Impaired lung function - Cough, wheeze, allergy One alternative to the use of toxic soil fumigants currently being researched at WCAHS is the use of biosolarization. Biosolarization uses the process of mulching the soil with a tarp to trap solar heat radiation to heat the soil to a temperature that kills pests. Addition of compost to the soil results in increased microbial activity that adds additional protection against pests. Environmental dust pollution is another common in agricultural pollutant, especially in the western US where dry farming methods are used. For example, tilling the soil can produce large dust clouds as can livestock in stockyards or dairies. Dust exposure has been associated with exacerbating asthma, allergies, and respiratory infections. One lesser-known environmental factor that can affect the respiratory health of agricultural workers is mold. Mold is a naturally-occurring fungus that is often found in damp and humid conditions indoors or outdoors. Once mold begins to grow, it can reproduce even in harsh conditions. On farms, mold tends to hide in things such as haystacks, and also in straw and grain. This happens when crops and hay are stored without sufficient drying, causing the heat and moisture to produce mold growth. For workers, coming into contact with mold can cause numerous health issues. For example, as bales of moldy hay are broken open, a fine dust is released that can cause Farmer’s lung, an allergic reaction. Farmer’s lung is most commonly caused by hay, but any moldy crop can cause it. Some respiratory symptoms of mold exposure are: - Shortness of breath - Asthma-like symptoms - Respiratory illness in children With proper ventilation, low indoor humidity levels, and sufficiently drying hay, most mold can be contained to help to keep workers safe on farms. Asbestos is a naturally-occurring silicate mineral that was often used in the past as a building material in factories, homes, and farms because it is extremely durable and resistant to high temperatures, including fires. The U.S. did not start regulating the use of asbestos until the mid-1980’s, so many structures built before this time have a high possibility of containing asbestos. According to the Congressional Record, roughly speaking, there are still 15 to 35 million structures that contain asbestos in the U.S. Asbestos can be commonly found behind walls, under vinyl tile flooring, in siding and roofing, in certain cement and around pipes. When asbestos is properly installed and enclosed, it provides little threat to workers or people in the structure. However as those wear down over time, the asbestos can become damaged or disturbed, released into the air, and can be inhaled or ingested. There, it becomes a huge health risk as asbestos fibers can become lodged in the lungs linings and lead to mesothelioma cancer. Mesothelioma from asbestos Mesothelioma can commonly take up to 20 to 40 years to fully show the symptoms of the disease and is known for its poor prognosis. Common symptoms displayed in mesothelioma are: - Difficulty breathing - Low oxygen levels - Fluid buildup in the lungs - Difficulty swallowing If any workers or individuals think they have been exposed to asbestos while working at a farm or factory, they should immediately get in touch with a doctor, so that they can be monitored to ensure no damage has occurred. In addition, if you see disturbed asbestos or think there is asbestos at the workplace, home, or farm, contact an asbestos inspector right away to ensure the safety of your family and of workers. Please help us spread awareness by educating workers and staff on potential risks to respiratory health in agriculture. We advocate training agricultural workers on best practices, safety equipment, and how to best prevent injuries and illnesses. For more information on the dangers of asbestos in particular and how it can lead to health issues, such as mesothelioma cancer, the Mesothelioma Cancer Alliance can be used as a resource for questions and answers. For additional questions related to fumigants, dusts, pesticides, molds and biosolarization, please contact the Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety (WCAHS).

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Bernadea Hernandez December 21, 2019 School Worksheets Moreover, in homeschooling education, life principles and basic foundation are taught to a child in the fun and loving manner.Online Home School Resources In your house, there are many approaches to teach a young child. Parents should be aware that kindergarten is an enjoyable time. It ought to be a memorable time for fogeys and child alike. They are able to utilize education resources in the home like text books or worksheets, coloring books, clay, colorful paper and a whole lot. In view that parents are getting to be more innovative and creative in teaching their preschooler, they utilize various home schooling resources from different websites that offer homeschool education. Online educational activity eBooks and worksheets and kindergarten programs are customized to help you parents and youngsters in the learning process. Another reason home–schooling has increased in popularity are cultural. Many parents feel that their children are not learning enough about their own cultures and are in essence losing their cultural identities attending physical public schools. Although physical public schools implement various cultural histories into their lesson plans, there’s not much room or time in the curriculum to advance further into specific areas. The lessons are usually brief and incomplete. Home–school parents can use their fast satellite internet connection to research and expand on these cultural lessons. Parents come up with sub lessons that teach children more about their culture as well as other cultures, including languages, foods, tradition, and history. Most of which are not taught in the physical school setting. For rural area communities, home–schooling through the use of satellite broadband internet has expanded and allowed more in depth education that will give their children the ability to academically and professionally thrive in the new age world we live in. There are plenty of reasons why parents are deciding to home school besides the once common religious reasons. One is perhaps social reasoning. Professionals who once criticized parents for home schooling their children are beginning to change their views, finally realizing what people in rural areas knew for years. That not all social interaction is positive. The physical schools are becoming increasingly violent, along with increased drug usage, and gang activity. Home schooling with satellite broadband internet allows schools to turn into interactive virtual classrooms where children are still able to interact with teachers, students, and parents. The home–school setting draws the child’s attention from negative social behaviors like alcohol, drugs, and risky sexual behavior. Chances of the child encountering violence in the home–school setting are nonexistent. One of the biggest benefits of home schooling is that if your child needs more time to master a specific skill or concept, you have the ability to let them master it at their own pace, rather than being dictated by the school board. With home schooling, your child sets their own pace of learning and you are able to give them far more individual attention than a teacher could with 24 other children to teach. Your child will also benefit from the fact that they aren’t the subject of ridicule from other children if they don’t understand something as fast as others. Follow the course outline closely, You are reminded to follow the course outline provided by your school closely. You must not miss any virtual lectures and online discussions. At the same time, you must make sure that you complete your course work on time. Moreover, you need to pass all the exams successfully. Once you have fulfilled your school’s requirements for graduation, you will be able to receive your diploma. To sum up, earning a high school diploma is no longer a hard task. Every can complete it easily with the utilization of internet. You don’t need to waste your time traveling to your school to attend classes. You can just sit back comfortably at home and earn your academic qualification in a simple manner. Reveal to the child the wonderful thing that she sees inside a simple and understandable manner. That’s actually how parents should teach their children. Introduce the entire world to the child slowly so the child would better appreciate the world they are residing in.Homeschooling Education for Preschool and Kindergarten Homeschooling education has become accepted and adapted by many families across the globe. Our home is really a good training ground to begin teaching kids principles that they can certainly use within life. Many parents prefer to have their young child educated in your house because they feel that with online education resources and homeschool programs, they are able to supervise the youngster better.The nice thing about homeschooling education, the curriculum targets the individual learning needs of the child. The best thing about home school curriculum could be the flexibility from the schedule. It allows the little one to spend additional time with their family. 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Difference Between Income and Collection Income means an increase in equity from the sale of a good or the provision of a service and is recorded in the income statement . When we talk about income we are talking in economic terms. On the other hand, a collection means an entry of cash for the sale of a good or the provision of a service and is recorded in the balance sheet . When we talk about collection we are talking in financial terms. It is very important to differentiate these concepts in order to carry out correct business accounting. Let's see a simple example to make clear the meaning of income and collection: An electronic equipment company sells ten computers at a price of €750. From here, we can find ourselves in two situations, that the collection is deferred or in cash. If there is a deferred payment, this sale will mean an income of €7,500. Therefore, it will produce an increase in your assets. Now, being deferred means you'll probably get paid in 30, 60 or 90 days, depending on the agreement with the customer. That is why it is not a charge but an income. If the sale takes place near the end of the financial year, it is possible that the €7,500 will be collected the following year. When the client finally pays for the purchase of the computers, we can say that the payment has been made because there has been a cash inflow, that is, an increase in the company's treasury. The following conclusions can be drawn from the example: - An income does not have to be a collection, nor vice versa. - It is possible that a deposit and a collection occur simultaneously. This will happen when the payment is in cash. In summary, an income does not mean that the company charges for the good or service provided, only the corresponding accounting entry will be made, but not as a collection -unless it was in cash- while a collection occurs when the company charges -excuse the redundancy- for the good or service provided, either in cash, by check or by bank transfer. Updated on: 2022-02-19T22:22:00Z Published on: 2022-02-19 10:22:00

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Facsimile 3 is described by Joseph Smith as “Abraham sitting upon Pharaoh’s throne, by the politeness of the king, with a crown upon his head, representing the Priesthood, as emblematical of the grand Presidency in Heaven; with the scepter of justice and judgment in his hand.” Once again, this is not about Abraham at all, but is about Hor. And we don’t need the original to show this, since Joseph Smith included the hieroglyphics right in the Facsimile this time. And that’s not all, there are plenty of other hieroglyphics in this one. What’s more is that Joseph specifies what the hieroglyphics mean. This is a rare occurrence that Joseph Smith published something where he provided both the source and the translation. Below I have circled the sections that Joseph Smith attempted to translate, with the translated parts color-coordinated in the “Explanation” section (which is included in the Book of Abraham). Make sure and match the colored words below with the circle of the same color in Facsimile 3: Joseph’s Explanation (from the PoGP): - Abraham sitting upon Pharaoh’s throne, by the politeness of the king, with a crown upon his head, representing the Priesthood, as emblematical of the grand Presidency in Heaven; with the scepter of justice and judgment in his hand. - King Pharaoh, whose name is given in the characters above his head. [look in the red circle above] - Signifies Abraham in Egypt as given also in Figure 10 of Facsimile No. 1. - Prince of Pharaoh, King of Egypt, as written above the hand. [look in the green circle above] - Shulem, one of the king’s principal waiters, as represented by the characters above his hand. [look in the blue circle above] - Olimlah, a slave belonging to the prince. Let’s look at what Egyptologists all confirm as the translation compared to Joseph Smith’s translations and interpretations: |Joseph Smith’s Explanation in the Pearl of Great Price||Explanation by Egyptologists (quotes are from Robert K. Ritner)| |General Comment||Abraham is reasoning upon the principles of Astronomy, in the king’s court.||“Invocation (text at bottom line below the illustration): O gods of the necropolis, gods of the caverns, gods of the south, north, west, and east grant salvation to the Osiris Hor, the justified, born by Taikhibit.”| |Fig. 1||Abraham sitting upon Pharaoh’s throne, by the politeness of the king, with a crown upon his head, representing the Priesthood, as emblematical of the grand Presidency in Heaven; with the scepter of justice and judgment in his hand.||“Label for Osiris (text to the right of figure 1 of facsimile 3): Recitation by Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, Lord of Abydos(?), the great god forever and ever(?).”| |Fig. 2||King Pharaoh, whose name is given in the characters above his head.||“Label for Isis (text to the right of figure 2 of facsimile 3): Isis the great, the god’s mother.”| |Fig. 3||Signifies Abraham in Egypt as given also in Figure 10 of Facsimile No. 1.||“Altar, with the offering of the deceased, surrounded with lotus flowers, signifying the offering of the defunct.” –Theodule Deveria| |Fig. 4||Prince of Pharaoh, King of Egypt, as written above the hand.||“Label for Maat (text to the left of figure 4 of facsimile 3): Maat, mistress of the gods.”| |Fig. 5||Shulem, one of the king’s principal waiters, as represented by the characters above his hand.||“Label for Hor the deceased (text in front of figure 5 of facsimile 3): The Osiris Hor, justified forever.”| |Fig. 6||Olimlah, a slave belonging to the prince.||“Label for Anubis (text in front of figure 6 of facsimile 3): Recitation by Anubis, who makes protection(?), foremost of the embalming booth,…”| I can understand having names differ, but the translations are not remotely similar in content or meaning. He thought Isis (a woman) was King Pharoah, Maat (another woman) was the Prince of Pharaoh, and Anubis was a slave (being black). Let’s focus on Anubis, since it was previously established that he should have a jackal head. Keep in mind that we definitely know that this should be Anubis since it says it right above his head “Label for Anubis”. Why it doesn’t exactly look like Anubis we can only speculate since we don’t have the original. In Joseph Smith’s day, as you know, they didn’t have copying machines. What we have for Facsimile 3 is a trace of what the actual papyrus had. Judging the problems with sections being missing or hard to read for Facsimile 1 and 2, we can speculate that the source for Facsimile 3 was similarly difficult to make out. Besides the fact that they are both black, the most interesting clue we can draw from this poor representation of Anubis is the spike on the his head in Joseph Smith’s attempt to draw him. This is most likely a remnant of Anubis’ pointy ears. Like I pointed out in the first two facsimiles, the first is a common embalming scene depicting Anubis, and the second is a hypocephalus. What about this one? It is simply a depiction of the judgment hall scene in the Egyptian afterlife doctrine. Here is just one example from the book of the dead of Hunefer, 19th dynasty: Let’s compare those left two figures with the ones in Facsimile 3: A match! And who are they? Just as the hieroglyphics indicate just above them in both depictions: these are Isis and Osiris, not King Pharaoh and Abraham. - If Joseph Smith was a prophet, why wasn’t he able to accurately translate the hieroglyphics? - Even if he couldn’t read the hieroglyphics, why didn’t the Spirit tell him who the characters in this scene were? - If he was being inspired to fill in the missing sections, why didn’t he accurately portray Anubis? The actual text of the Book of Abraham Since Joseph’s interpretations of the facsimiles are demonstrably incorrect, it would make sense that the actual text in the Book of Abraham would be made up as well. I would like to demonstrate that in this section. As Joseph was “translating” the papyri, he documented the translation as a glossary in what is now known as the Kirtland Egyptian Papers as I mentioned earlier (which I will call “KEP” from now on). If there’s any question if it was Joseph who was in charge of these papers (even if he wasn’t the scribe), he even kept track in his own journal that he was making this glossary: “The remainder of this month, I was continually engaged in translating an alphabet to the Book of Abraham, and arranging a grammar of the Egyptian language as practiced by the ancients.” (History of the Church 2:238) The KEP are owned by the LDS Church and kept secretly in their vault, but a microfilm copy of them was leaked to the Tanner Lighthouse Ministries. You will soon see why the Church did not want anyone to see these papers. Here, for example, is page 3 from the KEP: If you look closely, you’ll see that in the margin on the left are Egyptian characters and to the right are their translations according to Joseph (which are also found in the Book of Abraham). When we look at these characters in the margins on this page and subsequent pages, we can easily find them in the original papyrus found in 1966: Here is page 3 from the KEP, along with the corresponding characters in the papyrus: You’ll notice that he is looking at the papyrus and taking the characters from the top left of the characters just to the left of what we now know as Facsimile 1, copying them into the KEP, and indicating his proposed translation. The words in his translation on this page, for example, match up with Abraham 1:11–19. You’ll also notice that his translations are whole paragraphs for single characters. This was a common assumption of Joseph’s day that each hieroglyphic stood for many words in English. The Rosetta Stone wasn’t translated into English until 1858. Now we know that each hieroglyphic usually stands for just a single word in English. Joseph’s translations are wrong. Here is an example below of his faulty translations from the page above: |Symbol Number||From Papyrus||From KEP||Actual Translation||Joseph’s Attempted Translation in the KEP / Book of Abraham| |1||*||*||“pool”||“manner of the Egyptians. And it came to pass that the priests laid violence upon me, that they might slay me also, as they did those virgins upon this altar; and that you may have a knowledge of this altar, I will refer you to the representation at the commencement of this record.” (KEP page 3, paragraph 1 / Abraham 1:11–12)| |2||*||*||“water”||“It was made after the form of a bedstead, such as was had among the Chaldeans, and it stood before the gods of Elkenah, Libnah, Mahmackrah, Korash, and also a god like unto that of Pharaoh, king of Egypt. That you may have an understanding of these gods, I have given you the fashion of them in the figures at the beginning, which manner of the figures is called by the Chaldeans Rahleenos, which signifies hieroglyphics.” (KEP page 3, paragraph 2 / Abraham 1:13–14)| |3||*||*||“great”||“And as they lifted up their hands upon me, that they might offer me up and take away my life, behold, I lifted up my voice unto my God, and the Lord hearkened and heard, and he filled me with the vision of the Almighty, and the angel of his presence stood by me, and immediately unloosed my bands;” (KEP page 3, paragraph 3 / Abraham 1:15)| |4||*||*||“Khonsu” (Egyptian moon god)||“And his voice was unto me: Abraham, Abraham behold, my name is Jehovah, and I have heard thee, and have come down to deliver thee, and to take thee away from thy father’s house, and from all the kinsfolk, into a strange land which thou knowest not of; And this because they have turned their hearts away from me, to worship the god of Elkenah, and the god of Libnah, and the god of Mahmackrah, and the god of Korash, and the god of Pharaoh, king of Egypt; therefore I have come down to destroy him who hath lifted up his hand against thee, Abraham, my son, to take away thy life. Behold, I will lead thee by my hand, and I will take thee, to put upon thee my name, even the Priesthood of thy father, and my power shall be over thee. And it was with Noah so shall it be with thee; but through thy ministry my name shall be known in the earth forever, for I am thy God.” (KEP page 3, paragraph 4 / Abraham 1:16–19)| There are a lot more details involved here that I didn’t touch on simply to avoid making this essay any longer than it needs to be. Facsimiles similar to 1, 2, and 3 are standard burial documents, not about Abraham. The text of the papyrus is not about Abraham either. The papers and facsimiles have been translated by egyptologists, and we know they are not what Joseph claimed. I believe this calls into question his ability to translate anything correctly, such as the Book of Mormon.

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It’s easy to confuse the creative economy with the digital economy. Equally, it’s almost impossible to separate them because, in many ways, they depend on each other. Some prominent creative industries did not exist before the advent of digital technology, videogames for example, while others, such as film and publishing, pre-date digital technology but have been transformed by it. The digital world has opened up radical new possibilities for building new businesses, raising investment, and marketing. It has created whole new sectors of social enterprise. And its power extends far beyond the economy. In his essay Ezio Manzini points out that social innovation movements and digital technology are now inseparable, they drive each other and promote each other’s creativity whereas, even fifteen years ago, they had no relationship at all. Social media is changing people’s relationships with each other and with their community and is radically changing politics and the political engagement of citizens. Creativity and innovation are not the same Of course, many creative industries, however much they may have been changed by digital technology, long pre-date it – storytelling, singing, dancing, painting, jewellery making, fashion are amongst the oldest human activities. The act of creative conception, the insight somebody has that sparks a new idea, a work of art, a new product or a new process, comes from people and from the society they live in; digital technology simply allows us new ways to realise the concept, to test it, develop it and spread it to other people. In the same way that a distinction is made between ‘creativity’ as the spark of genius or new thinking that is completely original, and ‘innovation’ as the process by which that spark of creativity can be put to practical use for society or for the economy, digital technology transforms our ability to turn original ideas into real and practical benefits for society. Digital technology is a powerful partner for creativity One of the deep anxieties of the industrial age of the last 200 years has been that machines would impose a standardised ‘same-ness’ on our lives and make individual artisanship a thing of the past. Now 3D printers give machines the capacity to replicate the uniqueness of the handmade article and, as Jacob Matthew points out in his essay, new technologies also have the capacity to re-energise traditional skills and ways of doing business. Technology is neither a servant nor a master; it’s simply a partner. The analytical power of computers allows architects and engineers to design structures in three dimensions that, previously, were impossibly complex. Personal smartphones and laptops allow people to make films and record music which, in the past, would have required expensive capital equipment and teams of trained professionals. It is true that digital technology, in the form of computing power, is now beginning to move from the ‘innovation’ part of the process, the application of creativity, into the area of creativity itself and this ‘artificial intelligence’ is bound to grow in significance. Nevertheless, true creativity is a uniquely human process that is shaped by social, cultural, ethical and environmental factors that are beyond the capacity of any machine we can foresee at the present time. Indeed, research in the United States and Europe points to the fact that while many jobs in our present economies are under threat from robotisation in the next 20 years, the more creative a job is, the less likely it is to be replaced by a machine. This fact alone means that as the productivity of our societies increases in manufacturing, agriculture and services, and as employment opportunities in all those areas decreases because of robotisation, the creative industries are likely to assume growing significance as providers of satisfying jobs and stable communities. It’s also true that as the cost of digital technology falls and the internet, or at least mobile phone networks, reach every community in the world, the ability of previously marginalised economies and societies to ‘leap frog’ over whole generations of economic development will only increase. But the digital world throws up many paradoxes. The internet offers unprecedented free access to almost limitless information and entertainment. It enables people to form friendships and businesses to build relationships irrespective of distance. It makes possible social and political mobilisation on a scale and of a nature never previously thought possible. It allows large numbers of people to collaborate on a free and equal basis – whether it’s an operating system such as Linux, an information database such as Wikipedia or a transparent accounting system and ledger such as Blockchain. But it has also enabled the growth of privately owned businesses with a wealth and power that has never been seen before in history. Socially and economically, the world is already massively dependent on Google, Amazon, Facebook and Apple with Chinese companies such as Weibo and Alibaba not far behind in power and influence. These companies own and control data about individuals and businesses which no State in history has come close to equalling. Yet they remain under private control and their responsibility extends no further than to their owners. In that sense, our apparently open global society with its free flow of information is built on terrifyingly fragile foundations. Will the digital revolution foster a new society of shared creativity, open to all, or is it simply providing the means by which already powerful interests increase and consolidate their power?

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Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was twice lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Alþingi. An inmportant source for the followers of Odinism and Asatru, Sturluson was the author of the Younger Edda or Prose Edda, which is comprised of Gylfaginning ("the fooling of Gylfe"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the Skáldskaparmál, a book of poetic language, and the Háttatal, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a history of the Norse kings that begins, in Ynglinga Saga with the legendary history, and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. He is also thought to be the author of Egils Saga.

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What is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome or BWS? Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is a genetic pathological condition in which the infant born is overgrown or in other words significantly larger than what the norm is. Such infants tend to grow much taller than their peers of their age in childhood. This abnormal growth due to Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome starts to slow down when the child reaches about age 9 and hence adults with this condition are not unusually tall and hence it is hard to differentiate from people who have Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and those who do not have this. In some cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, some children may have a specific body part on one side or the other that may be abnormally longer than the other side which tends to cause an asymmetry or uneven appearance which may not look pleasing to the eye. As stated above, as the child grows this discrepancy in length tends to get shorter and shorter with time as the child grows until it is barely visible. This unusual growth pattern is also termed as hemihyperplasia. The symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome are variable and differ from individual to individual. In some cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, the child is born with an open abdominal wall which causes the internal organs to protrude outside from the opening or the belly button. Umbilical hernia is also one of the common symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. An enlarged tongue is also a symptom of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. It should be noted here that children with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome are at increased risk for developing various benign or malignant tumors and hence should be screened and monitored closely for presence of any such tumors at an early stage. Kidney cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer that an individual with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is at risk of. These tumors normally develop during childhood. Children with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome in majority of cases do not have any other problem with the condition itself and lead a normal healthy life. What are the Causes of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome or BWS? The mechanisms which result in genetic mutations resulting in development of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is quite complex. This condition is caused due to what is called as an imprinting disorder. To understand this, it should be noted that a copy of the defective gene is inherited from each parent meaning that it is an autosomal recessive trait. Imprinting refers to one copy of the defective gene being dormant or inactive and the other copy being active. Imprinting disorders are caused due to inappropriate functioning of the gene expression at imprinted sites. The root cause of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is a change in the DNA called methylation. In this, the child inherits both copies of the genes from the parents resulting in some genes having increased expression and some genes having decreased expression. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is also caused by changes in the genes of chromosome 11. What are the Symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome or BWS? Some of the symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome are: - Abnormally large size than the norm in a newborn infant is a symptom of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - A red birth mark on forehead or eyelids - Creases in ear lobes - A abnormally large tongue is also a symptom of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - Hypoglycemia at the time of birth - An abdominal wall defect in the form of an umbilical hernia or others - Abnormal enlargement of some organs or parts of the body - Abnormal growth on one side of the body relative to the other is also another symptom of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - Growth of a tumor. How is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome or BWS Diagnosed? Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome can be diagnosed just by looking at the size of the child which will be abnormally long than what is the norm, which means that Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is suspected in children who are much taller than their peers of their age, have asymmetry in body parts left relative to the right, the child has an enlarged tongue, and the organs of the abdomen are protruding through the belly button. All these above mentioned features clearly point to Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and no other investigations are required. A detailed physical examination by the doctor is good enough to confirm the diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Additionally, the doctor may also order some tests to confirm the diagnosis like: - Blood test to check sugar levels to see if they are low - Genetic studies to include study of chromosome 11 to look for any abnormalities in them - Ultrasound of the abdomen to look for any abnormalities like an opening in the abdominal wall which will also confirm the diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. How is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome or BWS Treated? As stated, in majority of cases the overgrowth caused by Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome starts to slow down with time and by the time the infant goes into childhood especially by the age of 8 or 9 years the abnormality of height and other discrepancies are almost gone. However, other abnormalities like hypoglycemia and others may need treatment. Low blood sugar is treated with intravenous fluids. In some cases, medications may be required to control the blood sugars and bring them back to normal. For defects in the abdominal wall in which the organs protrude through the belly button, this may need to be repaired surgically. Surgery may also be needed for correction of an enlarged tongue which may make it difficult for the child to breathe or eat. Children with overgrowth on one side of the body giving them an asymmetric appearance needs close monitoring to see if the discrepancy goes away on its own with time. The child should also be closely monitored with scans and radiographic studies, especially of the abdominal areas to see for any signs of tumor growth so that it can be caught early and necessary treatments are implemented for treating them. What is the Prognosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome or BWS? Majority of children lead a normal life despite having Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, although they may need periodic followups and close monitoring for some time to look for development of any abnormal tumors or recurrence of hernias. Apart from this, a child has absolutely no problems leading a normal life due to Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome.

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How did the Quakers' attitude toward slavery contrast with the existing laws of the time? The Quakers' beliefs on slavery were ahead of the time period and represents a rather transformative view of race relations in America. The first state to ban slavery was Pennsylvania, founded by the Quaker William Penn. Pennsylvania was considered to be a Quaker state, at the time. The Quakers' view of the Biblical tradition was one that fused religion with the advancement of human rights in the broadest of stance. Taking a stand abolitionist stand on the issue of slavery was concurrent with such a belief system. Even in the few Quakers who did own slaves, there was a belief of protecting the spiritual and human rights of these slaves. It is reflective of the Quaker view of human beings that they would inject the idea of fair treatment into an institution such as slavery. However, for the most part, the Quakers believed that the profiteering off of human suffering and trafficking of slaves were deemed morally unacceptable through their understanding of the Bible and Christian beliefs. Levi Coffin and Lucretia Mott were two strong abolitionists who advanced their cause with the Quaker interpretation of spirituality.

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can of corn The phrase, first used in 1896, makes reference to a long-ago practice where a grocer would use a stick to tip a can of vegetables off a high shelf, then catch it in his hands or outstretched apron. Corn was the best-selling vegetable and so was heavily stocked on the lowest shelves, making it the easiest of the can "catches" for the grocer. (See Seattle Post Intelligencer - Sports Answer Guy article) - (baseball) An easily caught fly ball. - He hits a can of corn to left.

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Researchers discover key link in understanding sleep disorders Researchers at Upstate Medical University and Penn State Medical Center have discovered a key link to potentially understanding sleep disorders in children, according to a study just published in the journal PLOS One. In a paper titled “Diurnal oscillations in human salivary microRNA and microbial transcription: Implications for human health and disease,” the researchers have discovered circadian molecules in saliva that are disrupted in children with sleep disorders. The findings hold promise for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders among children. The research was funded by Upstate’s Start-Up NY partner, Quadrant Biosciences Inc., based at Upstate’s Institute for Human Performance. The study examined the levels of human microRNAs (miRNA) and microbial RNAs in the saliva of healthy children and adults across multiple days using Next Generation Sequencing. Sets of miRNA were identified that oscillate in circadian fashion and can be used to predict collection time with high precision and accuracy. The levels of some of these circadian-oscillating miRNAs (termed CircaMiRs) were found to correlate with circadian-oscillating microbial RNAs (termed CircaMicrobes) and targeted human genes that regulate circadian function and metabolism. Changes in microbial metabolic profiles across time were also identified – supporting strong temporal relationships between bacteria and their human hosts. Remarkably, the researchers found that while CircaMiRs and CircaMicrobes were accurate at predicting time of day in normal children and adults, the association broke down in children with sleep disorders. According to Steven Hicks, MD, PhD, from Penn State Hershey and lead investigator on the project, “disturbances in sleep or disruption of circadian rhythm are a common problem in many chronic brain disorders, including autism, depression, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s.” As a result, “seeing shifts in the diurnal patterns of RNA expression in biofluids like saliva,” said Hicks, “could have diagnostic potential in diseases with altered circadian rhythm and may one day provide a basis for targeted miRNA therapy of circadian disruptions.” As Frank Middleton, PhD, co-lead investigator from Upstate points out, it also means that a considerable number of publications seeking to use peripheral miRNA expression as biomarkers of human disease could be greatly confounded by failing to account for time of collection. “This research represents a potential sea change in the way we look at miRNA as biomarkers for disease.” said Middleton. “Understanding the implications of shifting diurnal miRNA expression not only requires us to reevaluate the existing body of research in this area, but guides future studies to utilize CircaMiR levels to control for circadian variation in miRNA expression rather than simply focusing on average miRNA levels at a single collection point in comparison with a control cohort.” One of the more interesting findings in the study revealed potential communication between the oral microbiome and the human host. Specifically, that miRNA-microbiome cross-talk may occur in a circadian manner. Hicks noted that given the diurnal rhythmicity of human metabolism, this finding has significant implications in human health and disease. Richard Uhlig, founder and CEO of Quadrant Biosciences, and one of the co-authors of the study expressed his enthusiasm over the results. “It seems that each day we are learning more and more about the significant role epigenetics plays in the overall function of our bodies. Not only are discoveries like this fascinating from a scientific perspective, but they hold enormous potential to positively impact the health of millions of people. It is extremely gratifying to be a part of this research.” Quadrant Biosciences Inc. is a life science company involved in the development of functional assessments and epigenetic diagnostic solutions for large-scale health issues. The company participates in the Start-Up NY program, a New York State economic development program. Quadrant Biosciences has also entered into collaborative research relationships with a number of institutions including SUNY Upstate Medical University and Penn State University to explore and develop novel biomarker technologies with a focus on Autism Spectrum Disorder, concussion, and Parkinson’s Disease. Caption: Upstate‘s Frank Middleton continues his work examing miRNA as biomarkers for disease.

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In May 2018, a worker received severe head injuries while removing a hose from a 100 tonne pressure vessel. Initial inquiries indicate the worker was bleeding the vessel when he was struck on the head by the hose, rendering him unconscious. He died of his injuries in hospital. Investigations are continuing. Preventing a similar incident There are many different types of pressure vessels, lines and hoses which can be hazardous. These include boilers, air compressors and receivers, gas storage tanks and associated equipment. A failure or sudden release of a line or a hose under pressure can be devastating to people nearby. Before performing any work on a pressurised system, a risk assessment must be carried out to determine factors such as: - the type of system and the pressure within the vessel and associated lines and hoses - previous maintenance history of the plant including its condition - the complexity of the system and its controls - the competency required of each person who will be working on the system. The person with management and control of the system must ensure that it is safe to begin work on. When working on pressurised hoses for gas or fluid transfer from one vessel to another, ensure: - hoses intended for fluid transfer from one vessel to another are properly attached to both vessels before valves are opened - valves or controls are properly closed and that the pressure has been bled from the system before hoses or lines are removed - the hose and its end fittings are of the correct type and pressure-rating and that they are in good condition - if part of the hose is to be restrained by fixing, that the fixing is of a type specified by the hose manufacturer or an engineer. Since 2012 we have been notified of another 19 events involving workers or bystanders being struck by gas pressure hoses. None of these previous incidents resulted in a fatality, but the worker's death in this instance highlights the potential for another fatality and warrants issue of this alert. - How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks Code of Practice 2021 (PDF, 1.02 MB) - Managing the Risk of Plant in the Workplace Code of Practice 2021 (PDF, 1.57 MB) - Australian Standard 1200 2015 - Pressure Equipment

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"Often when you're in the process of realizing an image, it's going somewhere else. If that tangent starts going off in a place that feels more exciting, that's what I go with." The following activity ideas can be used to engage audiences in a hands-on approach to processing the ideas presented in the artist's film segment. They were compiled from our Educators' Guides and Screening Toolkits. Activities include not only visual art strategies but writing, research, and other disciplinary methods. Additional resources and strategies for teaching with films and working with contemporary art can be found in Teach. Research a specific location, in your neighborhood or elsewhere. Collect photographs that document a change in that place over time. Use layering and tracing to build an image that reflects this history but becomes increasingly abstract, with successive layers. Write a statement that reflects on the process of visually representing a history. Create a drawing that incorporates both additive and subtractive marks, as a way to represent the transformations of a particular room, public space, or element in nature, over time.

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7 “Bad” Foods That Are Secretly Good for You 7 “Bad” Foods That Are Secretly Good for You Do you avoid avocados? Steer clear of coffee? Some foods just come with a bad reputation. Here are 7 foods that deserve a second chance—after all, they just might improve your health.SEE MORE Why You Avoid Peanut ButterPeanut butter’s creamy goodness is high in fat and calories (16 grams of fat and 188 calories per two tablespoons). Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Peanut Butter Research has shown that there’s nothing nutty about eating peanuts—in fact, they can lower the risk for heart disease. “Nuts are fabulous sources of heart-healthy, unsaturated fats. They also provide essential fatty acids that your body needs daily,” says Joan Salge Blake, M.S., R.D., L.D.N., author of Nutrition & You: Core Concepts for Good Health , clinical professor at Boston University and spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Further research has also suggested that peanut butter as a snack keeps you full and satisfied long enough so that it won’t pack on the pounds (in other words, that one PB&J you had for lunch will be filling enough to keep you from moving on to PB&J numbers two and three). Why You Avoid AvocadoAvocados are high in fat (half of one has 14.8 grams). Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Avocado The “fat” number may seem on the high side, but avocados actually boast a lot of monounsaturated “good” fat, which means that they can help decrease the risk of heart disease when eaten in moderation. They’ve also been found to help prevent certain kinds of oral cancers. “Slice a quarter of an avocado on your salad, mix it with salsa for a flavorful dip or use it as a sandwich spread for a 75-calorie nutritional bonus,” says Sari Greaves, R.D., C.D.N., who represents the American Dietetic Association. “They’re also a good source of potassium, an important mineral for regulating blood pressure.” Why You Avoid CoffeeYou think you’ll get nothing from a cup of joe but the jitters. Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Coffee Coffee gets a bad rap, but the nutritional benefits keep pouring in, suggesting that the pros may outweigh the cons. “As long as you’re not ordering sugar-loaded venti Frappuccinos with whipped cream, you can reap the benefits of the compounds in coffee beans by enjoying an eight-ounce cup or two of brewed coffee mixed with skim or soy milk (for a calcium boost) and a teaspoon of sugar or a zero-calorie sweetener to satisfy your sugar craving,” says Greaves. “Coffee contains chlorogenic acid, which may play a role in the prevention of diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. A little bit of java can also help boost your energy level and help you carry out daily tasks a little more quickly.” But this isn’t permission to set up a coffee IV drip. “More isn’t better!” Greaves says. “Too much caffeine can irritate your gut and disrupt sleep. Stick to no more than two eight-ounce cups daily.” Why You Avoid Grape JuiceIt’s high in sugar, and, well—it’s for kids, right? Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Grape Juice “Grape juice offers similar benefits to those found in red wine,” says Suzanne Farrell, M.S., R.D., owner of Cherry Creek Nutrition and a representative for the American Dietetic Association. According to Farrell, there are many reasons to have great grape expectations—after all, grapes are loaded with powerful antioxidants. Studies have shown that grape juice may help lower blood pressure and slow down “bad” cholesterol, and it might even help prevent or reverse the effects of aging on short-term memory. But, like servings of red wine, don’t drink to excess. More servings don’t necessarily mean more benefits, and the calories will add up quickly: an eight-ounce serving of grape juice contains 170 calories, 40 grams sugar and 42 grams total carbs. Why You Avoid PotatoesPotatoes are often served fried or fully loaded with butter, cheese and bacon bits, which can kill your healthy-eating habits. Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Potatoes “But take away the extra fat and deep frying and a baked potato is an exceptionally healthful low-calorie, high-fiber food that offers vitamin C, vitamin B6, copper, potassium and manganese,” says Greaves. Plus, a medium-size baked sweet potato weighs in at just 103 calories, which you can easily turn into a balanced meal. “Top a medium potato with a half cup of nonfat plain Greek yogurt—a high-protein substitute for sour cream—and steamed broccoli,” she says. “Then melt 1/4 cup fat-free shredded cheddar cheese for an extra calcium boost.” Why You Avoid EggsYou’ve heard they raise cholesterol—plus, aren’t they high in fat? Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Eggs These once-misunderstood ovals are eggcellent (sorry!) sources of protein, according to Farrell. Women need about five to six ounces of protein a day to keep our bodies running at top condition, and a large hard-boiled egg packs in 6.3 grams of the good stuff, all for about 78 calories. Plus, check out all these health benefits: According to one study of adolescents, eggs might help reduce your risk of getting breast cancer. And the American Dietetic Association has found that people who ate eggs for breakfast controlled their weight and had more energy than those who ate carb-heavy meals. Why You Avoid ChocolateIt’s sweet, it’s sugary, it’s high in fat and calories. Hello—it’s chocolate. Why You Shouldn’t Avoid Chocolate Turns out there’s every reason to go loco for cocoa—dark cocoa, that is. “Dark chocolate contains flavonoids, healthy compounds that can protect your heart,” says Greaves. Dark chocolate is chock-full of these flavonoids, which can increase blood flow and ease inflammation and may even decrease the buildup of “bad” cholesterol. “Enjoy a half ounce or an ounce of dark chocolate a day—the higher the percentage of cocoa it contains, the better—and you can satisfy your sweet tooth without expanding your waistline,” she says. “Shave a piece of dark chocolate on top of berries or melt a bit and drizzle it over slices of ripe banana.”

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View our tips, techniques and suggestions to help you handle comments and questions about your visible difference or disfigurement. Most people with a visible difference or disfigurement are all too familiar with people staring in curiosity or surprise. Staring can be difficult, uncomfortable, distressing or even offensive. Many people with a visible difference find that it can be useful to have a plan for how to react when someone stares at you. On this page, we share some tips and techniques you can use if you notice people staring at you. It can help to try to understand why people stare at those with a visible difference or disfigurement. This in itself can make it easier to know how to react when someone stares at you. Not everyone will have met someone with your condition, mark or scar before – and most of us are naturally curious when we see someone or something new. People often look longer than usual without realising that they are doing so, to make sense of what they are seeing. People might stare, double-take or turn away because they are surprised, uncomfortable or unsure of how to act. Most people are not being deliberately hurtful. Maybe you could think of a time you were interested, shocked or surprised by someone’s different appearance – it’s possible you were also curious and looked for longer than usual. You may find this reassuring if you see people staring at you. Although it may help to remember that most people are not being unkind and don’t want to hurt your feelings, it can still be exhausting and upsetting to experience people staring whenever you go out. If you find people staring at you because of your visible difference or disfigurement, the way you respond is up to you. You may choose to respond differently depending on the situation and how you are feeling at the time. If you would like to, try these tips for handling staring in different situations: Help the person to become aware of their staring - Look back, smile and hold the other person’s gaze briefly. Most people will smile back and then look away. - Look back, smile or nod to show them you have noticed – this may also break the ice. - For people staring more persistently, look back and hold their gaze whilst raising your eyebrows as an acknowledgement that you’ve noticed their staring. - If the staring continues, frown to tell them you are not happy. Decide not to respond You might notice people staring at your visible difference or disfigurement and decide that you are not going to respond to them. This doesn’t mean you are “letting them get away with it”. It is in your power to choose how you will respond to others. You may decide to move away from the person who is staring because you do not feel comfortable. Sometimes, people staring at you because of a visible difference or disfigurement can be annoying and upsetting. Reassuring self-talk can help you manage your feelings. Here are some examples of phrases you might say to yourself: - “They are just curious, maybe they know someone who has the same condition.” - “They may be too nervous to ask me a question.” - “I know they are staring but I am going to choose to think about something else, I don’t need to spend energy thinking about someone staring at me.” - “Staring is rude and I don’t need to talk to someone who is being rude.” - “I am more than my appearance.” - “I am OK, I am unique, I have lots of positive qualities.” For this last example, you could use your own personal motto. View our confidence-building techniques page to find out how to develop a motto. Preparing some responses in advance can help with handling staring. Try the exercise below and write your answers down or make a note on your device: Your eldest child has just started school. You arrive to collect her early. Several other parents are there and you become aware that one mother is staring at you. This is someone you are likely to come across many times and you need to be able to meet her without embarrassment in the future. Think of what you would do and what you would say in each of the following scenarios: - A simple response indicating that you would like her not to stare. - A response indicating that the issue lies with her. - A response that might provide a distraction or diversion. Now develop the exercise: - Imagine there is a person staring at you who you are unlikely to meet again. What could you say? - If the person continued staring, how might you be more assertive? - What if the person staring is someone you meet regularly? What could you say? - Think of different situations that you might come across and prepare your responses in advance for each of these too.

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Can chipmunks throw? Rodents can’t vomit at all. All rodents, including squirrels, mice, rats, gophers, beavers, and others, are incapable of vomiting. According to Smithsonian, scientists have known for a long time that rats cannot vomit, but the reason for this has just lately been established. Does the squirrel bury the acorn? Specifically, eastern gray squirrels bury their nuts far and wide. Even scientists are unsure of all the factors that contribute to this behavior, although they have some theories. Scientists have seen gray squirrels burying and reburying their nuts regularly. Do squirrels spit? Tree squirrels mostly consume nuts, seeds, and fruit but are omnivores. When other food sources are limited, gray squirrels have been seen eating insects, snails, bird eggs, and animal corpses. However, unlike many other rodents, squirrels cannot vomit. Do Squirrels Throw Acorns – RELATED QUESTIONS Do squirrels toss nuts from tree branches? They fall with sufficient power to frighten any larvae within and signal that it is time to go. Squirrels and birds, including the acorn woodpecker, store acorns in their shells. Squirrels also consume acorns everyday, but they would never throw away the nut flesh. Why do squirrels discard pine cones from trees? A red squirrel will often transport one of its cached pine cones to a preferred perch, remove the seeds from the cone, then discard the inedible portions of the cone on the forest floor. This practice of storing vast quantities of food in a single location is known as larder-hoarding. How do squirrels make use of acorns? “Grey squirrels may consume numerous acorns, but by storing and losing up to 74% of them, these rodents contribute to the regeneration and dissemination of oaks.” The number of acorns squirrels bury. The razor-sharp incisors of a squirrel develop around six inches every year. As with all other members of the rodent family, squirrels must continually nibble on hard substances to maintain their teeth worn and sharp. A squirrel may harvest and bury 25 nuts in one hour. How do squirrels locate the nuts they bury? Identifying Caches using Spatial Memory According to the article “Grey Squirrels Remember the Locations of Buried Nuts,” published in the journal “Animal Behavior” by Princeton University, squirrels often utilize spatial memory to find buried food. Are grey squirrels destructive? Do grey squirrels cause damage to humans or property? Even while gray squirrels are generally helpful to the ecosystem, when they invade dwellings they may do significant damage. In their efforts to create nests, they may cause damage to electrical wires and structurally significant timber beams. Why are grey squirrels a problem? – Grey squirrels may harm maize and fruit crops. They pose a hazard to market gardens and orchards. They destroy bulbs and corms, consume tree nuts and newly planted seeds, and penetrate roof spaces, causing damage to thatched and shingled roofs, telephone lines, and electrical cables. May I hunt squirrels in my backyard? Are grey squirrels protected? As the legislation currently stands, it is completely acceptable to kill grey squirrels as long since it is done in a humane way, as grey squirrels have minimal legal protection. Despite this, the Wildlife Act of 2006 makes it illegal to give an animal in your care any needless distress. Is the discharge of grey squirrels prohibited? As a non-native species, relocating grey squirrels is prohibited under The Invasive Alien Species (Enforcement and Permitting) Order 2019 and the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981. What does it signify if a squirrel is staring you down? Squirrels may look at people for a variety of reasons, but the most common ones are fear, curiosity, food source, or an effort to communicate. There is always a purpose for this conduct, unless the person is in a zen condition and asleep. What does it indicate if a squirrel pays you a visit? Squirrel encounters and omens Squirrels symbolize vitality and equilibrium. Squirrels are particularly able to use their energy for both laborious tasks and carefree play. If you encounter squirrels often, it may be a sign that you should take life less seriously and relax. Do squirrels bite you? Despite the fact that healthy squirrels would not attack until provoked, the likelihood of contracting rabies via a squirrel bite is low, since they are extremely seldom infected with the virus and have never been known to transmit it to people. How many acorns do squirrels consume on average each day? How many acorns do squirrels consume daily? It is not surprising that squirrels do not consume more than two or three acorns each day given the complexity of the procedure involved in consuming them. How many acorns can a squirrel hold in its mouth? A squirrel can hold two acorns in its mouth, however a chipmunk can hold TWELVE! Regardless, both of these little creatures have had a successful harvest this autumn and are prepared for the winter! Do squirrels take nuts from one another? Many squirrels do nothing except observe others burying nuts in concealed locations. They then retrace the first squirrel’s movements and grab many of the nuts buried by the first squirrel. It is nasty job, but if they are not caught, it may be profitable. What animal accumulates pine cones? If you notice pine cones in the woods that have been chewed up and thrown, or if they are left in mounds or tidy rows for future use, then red squirrels are around. Although you may only hear the squirrels and not see them, they are maintaining a vigilant watch. Do GREY squirrels eat pine cones? They consume nuts, mushrooms, fruits, sap, as well as bark, pine seeds, and pine cones for food. Insects, immature birds or eggs, mice, and newborn bunnies are all included. Who eats a squirrel? Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), domestic cats (Felis catus), wild cats (Felis sylvestris), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), badgers (Meles meles), polecats (Mustela putarius), weasels (M. nivalis), and minks (Mustela putarius) are among the numerous mammalian predators that will eat squirrels if the opportunity presents itself What can I do with acorns that have fallen to the ground? They serve as deer bait, therefore hunters often purchase and distribute them during hunting season. Crafty individuals employ acorns, particularly during the Christmas season, in their work. Examples of acorn-based arts and crafts include wreaths, picture frames, candles, jewelry, animal-shaped ornaments, and Christmas decorations. What do squirrels hate? Squirrels use their keen sense of smell to locate food and shelter. Capsaicin, white vinegar, peppermint oil, coffee grinds, cinnamon, predator urine, garlic, dryer sheets, Irish Spring Soap, and rosemary may be used to deter squirrels. What animals consume acorns besides squirrels? In the United States, more than 100 species of vertebrate animals are known to eat acorns, including white-tailed deer, gray squirrels, fox squirrels, flying squirrels, mice, voles, rabbits, raccoons, opossums, gray foxes, red foxes, and wild hogs. Is it possible for squirrels to forget where they stashed their nuts? Although it is fairly likely that squirrels forget a portion of the nuts they bury throughout the nut-burying season, it is unknown whether these nuts are actually forgotten or just abandoned in favor of those that are simpler to reclaim.

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Center Against #Cyber Bullying (CACB) is an organization which aims to educate all relevant stakeholders in the education ecosystem about the huge challenges that cyber bullying as a phenomenon presents, be it students, youth, parents, teachers, schools, colleges and universities on online safety and further seeks to impart education in this regard to #cyberspace users and netizens. Schools today are facing huge problems pertaining to misuse of communication devices and #computers by students. Despite large number of schools having rules and policies that prohibit the use of #computers and other #cyber technologies at school to bully or harass others, the reality is that large numbers of school students today are carrying #electronic devices and the communication mechanisms to schools. #Social media access through mobile phones has really given a new paradigm shift vis-à-vis misuse of technology by students is concerned. Center against #Cyber Bullying (CACB) is a first prevention program in India addressing the phenomenon of #cyber bullying problems. “Center Against Cyber Bullying” is a platform aimed at providing enabling legal support in matters pertaining to cyber bullying

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Fertilization and conception are two basic concepts that control how and when humans reproduce. However, even couples planning to have a baby may not know everything about staying fertile and basic facts related to conception reproductive cycle. 1) Infertility is more common than you think. Having ideal body mass index, exercising regularly and strictly following a healthy diet may ensure that you are healthy, however, it does not mean that you are fertile. Even healthy couples may face fertility issues at some stage of their reproductive life cycle. In fact, it is estimated that one out of every 6 healthy couples face fertility issues. One of the biggest factors that interfere with fertility is age, as it tends to decrease after a woman turns 27. The other major factor is wrong timing of the intercourse as a majority of couples believe that the day of ovulation is the best time for having intercourse if planning a baby. Instead, they must try throughout the fertile period. 2) Fertile period : When should you have sexual intercourse? Fertility period refers to the day of ovulation and the five preceding days that lead up to ovulation. For example, the fertility period of a woman who ovulates around the 14th day of her menstrual cycle is the day of ovulation (14) and five days leading up to ovulation (9-13). Therefore, these six days (9-14) are considered as the most fertile days of her cycle. The fertile period is the best time to have sexual intercourse as there are maximum chances of conception during this time. 3) Fecundability and Fecundity: What are your chances of successful pregnancy? Fecundability refers to the probability of a single menstrual cycle leading to successful pregnancy. On the other hand fecundity refers to the probability of a single cycle resulting in live birth. Female fecundability is calculated to be around 20 percent. That is, there is only 20 percent chance each month that your menstrual cycle will culminate into a successful pregnancy. Fecundability and fecundity are dependent on a number of factors, however, age continues to remain to be a major factor. While there is a drop in Fecundability because of a decrease in the number of oocytes (eggs) with age, fecundity drops with an increase in the number of miscarriages. 4) Female fertility depends on age The quality and quantity of oocytes(eggs) in ovaries of a woman decline with age. When the female is still a fetus, there are around 6 to 7 million oocytes in the ovaries, however, the number decrease to 3 to 4 million at the time of birth. By the time a female reaches puberty, there are only 300,000 oocytes left in them. Nearly 30 to 50 oocytes compete with each other during each menstrual cycle to form a mature follicle that finally releases an egg for fertilization. As a result, the number of oocytes fall rapidly with advancing age. The menstrual cycles start to shorten just before menopause as more oocytes are recruited, leading to a rapid follicular loss. 5) Menstrual cycle explained: What exactly happens each month? A normal menstrual cycles last for 28 days, wherein the menstrual bleeding starts on Day 1 of the cycle and may last for 4 to 7 days. The menstrual cycle can be divided into three phases: follicular, ovulatory and luteal. Each phase is characterized by a set of changes in the ovaries, uterus and the hormone levels. This is what exactly happens inside ovary during each menstrual cycle: The level of progesterone continues to remain high in case of successful pregnancy. The changes in hormones during each menstrual cycle are depicted in the graph below.

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