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Trapping a mole can be difficult. Flooding is not generally successful; many mole breeds are good swimmers and moles generally return to flooded tunnels as soon as they are dry. Poisoning the creatures is often prohibited by local health officials and can affect food if the mole problem is in a garden area. Trapping a mole with scissor traps or harpoons can be a bit distressing for those with a weak stomach. Use the jar method for a humane and successful catch. Find the active tunnels in your yard. Moles burrow fast, leaving old tunnels alone. Step on a few of the tunnels, then check them a few hours later. Any tunnels that have been rebuilt are active. Collect a jar for each active tunnel. Tape a piece of string with a piece of hard candy tied to it to the inside of your jar. Use a plastic 2 liter bottle if you do not have a large glass jar. Pick a jar that is deep enough that a mole will not climb out. Moles are generally 6 to 8 inches in length. Dig a hole in each active tunnel deep enough to place your jar. The lip of the jar should be flush with the bottom of the tunnel. Rub the outside of the jar with soil to rid it of your scent. Place the cotton wool at the bottom of the jar to keep the mole from hurting itself when it falls. Cover the top of the tunnel with a wood board to hide it. Check the trap every few hours. Once a mole is found, remove the jar from the hole and take the mole to a new area. Be careful not to get your hand too close to the lip of the jar as moles can be quite aggressive.

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CC-MAIN-2014-42

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en

Race in America - A paradox yet to be resolved Question: Madame Secretary… We’re pulling up on the 40th anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King. And regardless of what race we were or what class we belonged to, it was a devastating time for America, without a doubt. And there’s so much talk about race in the race for the White House. What, if any, lessons do you think Americans, as a whole, have learned since then? Secretary Rice: America doesn’t have an easy time dealing with race. I sit in my office and the portrait immediately over my shoulder is Thomas Jefferson, because he was my first predecessor. He was the first secretary of state. And sometimes I think to myself, what would he think — (laughter) — a Black woman secretary of state as his…successor, 65 times removed? What would he think that the last two successors have been Black Americans? And so, obviously, when this country was founded, the words that were enshrined in all of our great documents and that have been such an inspiration to people around the world, for the likes of V aclav Havel, associate themselves with those documents. They didn’t have meaning for an overwhelming element of our founding population. And Black Americans were a founding population. Africans and Europeans came here and founded this country together — Europeans by choice and Africans in chains. And that’s not a very pretty reality of our founding, and I think that particular birth defect makes it hard for us to confront it, hard for us to talk about it, and hard for us to realize that it has continuing relevance for who we are today. But that relevance comes in two strains. On the one hand, there’s the relevance that descendents of slaves, therefore, did not get much of a head start. And I think you continue to see some of the effects of that. On the other hand, the tremendous efforts of many, many, many people, some of whom, whose names we will never know and some individuals’ names who we do know, to be impatient with this country for not fulfilling its own principles, has led us down a path that has put African-Americans in positions and places that, I think, nobody would have even thought at the time that Dr. King was assassinated. And so we deal daily with this contradiction, this paradox about America, that on the one hand, the birth defect continues to have effects on our country, and indeed, on the discourse and effects on perhaps the deepest thoughts that people hold; and on the other hand, the enormous progress that has been made by the efforts of Blacks and whites together, to finally fulfill those principles… Question: (Inaudible) Barack (inaudible) speech about race — did you listen to it? Secretary Rice: I did and, you know, I think it was important that he gave it for a whole host of reasons. But look, I’m not going to talk about the politics. What I’m talking about is how — you asked me about Dr. King and race in America. And I’m telling you that there is a paradox for this country and a contradiction of this country and we still haven’t resolved it. But what I would like understood as a Black American is that Black Americans loved and had faith in this country even when this country didn’t love and have faith in them and that’s our legacy. My grandmother and my great-grandmother, and my father, who endured terrible humiliations growing up — and my father in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and my mother’s family in Birmingham, Ala. — still loved this country. And I’ve often spoken of the Civil Rights Movement as the second founding of America because finally we started to overcome this birth defect. But if anybody believes that Black Americans love this country any less than white Americans do, they ought to go and talk to people who live under very tough circumstances, sometimes doing menial labor and doing tough jobs and really all they want is the American Dream. All they’re focused on is, is their kid going to be well educated enough to go to college and have a better life than they had? And one of the things that attracted me to George W. Bush, one of the primary things, it was not actually foreign policy, it was No Child Left Behind. Because when he talked about the soft bigotry of low expectations, I know what that feels like. And so to my mind, where our understanding of and conversation of race has got to go — and I mean now, race — Black Americans aren’t immigrants. We may call ourselves African-Americans, but we’re not immigrants. We don’t mimic the immigrant story. Where this conversation has got to go is that Black Americans and white Americans founded this country together and I think we’ve always wanted the same thing. And it’s been now a very hard and long struggle to begin to get to the place that we can all pursue the same thing. The above remarks are excerpted from an interview by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice with The Washington Times editorial board, March 27, 2008. By Condoleezza Rice, Ph.D.

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en

Irene Ratridewi Dept of Child Health University of Brawijaya/Saiful Anwar Genera Hospital Malang Jawa Timur Antibiotic usage have undergone improvements since the first discovery of Penicillin. Over prescription and improper use leads to the spread of multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria and becoming a source of healthcare issues today. On the year 2014, WHO stated that MDRO flourish in all WHO regions including Asia and is the main cause of healthcare associated infections which is very expensive to treat. The effort taken is the cooperation of all countries driven by their respective governments in controlling and limiting the use of antibiotics in all sectors ranging from human, livestock and agricultural health. This program in Indonesia begins with the issuance of government policies which will be revised in 2019. The items included are guidelines for hospitals to limit antibiotic use, periodic surveillance reports on both qualitative and quantitative analysis on antibiotics and MDRO (ESBL and MRSA). In Indonesia the antibiotic resistance problems of ESBL increases from 40% (2013) to 60% (2017) and inappropriate antibiotics usage in teaching hospitals increases from 50-80% (2013) to 60-80% (2017). The national AMR committee started in 2016 involving 14 referral hospitals as pilot project. The main issue in handling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the obedience of antibiotic users (doctors), inadequate public understanding on the dangers of antibiotics, unavailability of effectively working antibiotics in Indonesia and communications between tiered healthcare centres which still need to be improved (from community health centres to tier 2 hospitals, tier 1 provincial hospitals, private hospitals and private practices). In the end, the goal of AMR control is to achieve a linear graph between the developments of new antibiotics that are stagnant with the development of MDRO so that deaths form MDRO infections can be avoided. 1. World Health Organization. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva:WHO;2015. 28p. 2. Coyne L, Arief R, Benigno C, Giang VN, Huong LQ, Jeamsripong S, et al. Characterizing Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector in Three South East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam). 2019 Mar 25;8(33):1-25. 3. Holloway K, et al. Antibiotic use in South East Asia and Policies to promote appropriate use; reports from country situational analyses [Internet]. 2017 Sep [cited: 2019 Jul 05];358(j2291):9-13. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j2291/related DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j2291 4. Kakkar M, Chatterjee P, Chauhan AS, Grace D, Lindahl J, Beeche A, et al. Antimicrobial ressistance in South East Asia: time to ask the right questions. 2018;11(1483637):1-5. 5. Bloom G, Cruickshank M, Shaban R, Oberoi M, Sandoval G. Antimicrobial resistance in the Asia Pacific region: a development agenda [Internet]. Manila, Phillipines; WHO; 2017. 85 p. 6. Parathon H, et al. Progress towards antimicrobial resistance containment and conrtol in Indonesia [Internet]. 2017 Sep [cited: 2019 Jul 6];358(j808):1-5. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3808/related DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3808 7. Podolsky SH. The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945-2018) [Internet]. 2018 Oct [cited: 2019 Jul 6];4(124):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0181-x DOI: 10.1057/s41599-018-0181-x 8. Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, Khurshi M, Muzammil S, Rasool MH, et al. Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. 2018;11:1645-1658 9. Ivanovska V, Muller A, Schweickert B, Sharma P, Tao Wenjing, Castro JL, et al. WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption 2016-2018 Early implementation. Geneva: WHO; 2018. 127p. 10. Daniel SD, Lee SM, Dykes GA, Rahman S. Public Health Risks of Multiple-Drug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. In Southeast Asia. 2015 Sep;81(18):6090-7.

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Author : Abhay Vasoya, Heyaben Patel* Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. <strong>Abstract</strong> A drug is a biochemical substance which has biological effects in the body when ingested or otherwise introduced in the body. Its takes many years to discover a new drug as it is has to undergo several operations, several tests and clinical trials leading to huge cost based on expenditure of the research. The drug is to be marketed and manufactured in pharmaceutical industry only if it has passed the USFDA standards. Once the drug passes the USFDA standard the drug is manufactured, and the discoverer is awarded patent for that same drug for certain period of time. As the drug research is much costly the discoverer sets the prices for the drug which is too high, at least not affordable by common community. For this reason, Generic drugs are introduced in the market. In the recent era generic pharmaceutical are the largest contributor of drugs in the market and are in high demand due to cost effective. As all the generic drugs are approved by USFDA and are allowed to be marketed only when the brand drugs discoverer do not hold the patent for the same drug and the brand drugs is in the market for years and well-established safety profile. Although Generic Medication appear to be same as brand drugs, but variation in manufacturing facilities may lead to unseen adverse events. On other side, generic drugs are tested for bioequivalence properties within a certain range compared to brand discoverer drugs, safety and efficacy testing are not required; therefore, it can be said that generic drugs are not therapeutically equivalent to branded innovator drugs the question of requirements of Pharmacovigilance for generic arises when there is plethora of information available for brand drugs regarding safety and adverse effects.

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en

On Aug. 6, 1945, the United States dropped a uranium-fueled atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, another U.S. Army Air Forces B-29 repeated the attack on Nagasaki, Japan, with an even more powerful plutonium bomb. Less than a month after the second bombing, Imperial Japan agreed to formally surrender on September 2. That date marked the official end of World War II — the bloodiest human or natural catastrophe in history, accounting for more than 65 million dead. Each August, Americans in hindsight ponder the need for, the morality of, and the strategic rationale behind the dropping of the two bombs. Yet President Harry Truman’s decision 73 years ago to use the novel, terrifying weapons was not considered particularly controversial, either right before or right after the attacks. Both cities were simply military targets. Hiroshima was the headquarters of a Japanese army unit, and a key manufacturing center and port. Nagasaki — a secondary target after clouds and smoke obscured the city of Kokura — was the site of a huge Mitsubishi munitions plant. Yet the sheer destructive power of the two bombs — the 15-kiloton “Little Boy” Hiroshima bomb and the 21-kiloton “Fat Man” Nagasaki bomb — ensured catastrophic civilian casualties well beyond soldiers and munitions-plant workers. During the blasts — and long afterward, due to radiation showers — perhaps 150,000 Japanese were killed. Truman wanted to use the bombs to avoid invading the Japanese mainland. The recent battle for Okinawa had resulted in an estimated 50,000 American casualties — the bloodiest of all the American battles of the Pacific War. Truman’s military planners warned that invasions of the Japanese mainland to end the war might cost the equivalent of 20 more Okinawa campaigns. Japan’s leaders swore that they would fight to the bitter end, bragging of their planned sacrifice as the “Glorious Death of One Hundred Million.” They planned to draw on 10,000 suicide planes and 10 million soldiers, militiamen, and irregulars. Truman also had other worries. The Soviet Union had done nothing during the war to harm Japan following its cynical 1941 non-aggression pact with the Japanese. But in August 1945, the Soviets were opportunistically preparing to invade a reeling Japanese empire in hopes of stripping Japan of its colonies in China, the Pacific, and Korea. After Josef Stalin’s recent Russian occupation of Eastern Europe, the idea of a Soviet Russia replacing Imperial Japan seemed not much better to Truman. Thousands of Allied prisoners, as well as civilians in Japanese-occupied China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific, were dying each day the war dragged on. More than 1 million Japanese soldiers abroad were still brutally killing the innocent. There were still other, less publicized considerations. The incendiary B-29 bombing campaign from the distant Mariana Islands had already killed far more Japanese than would the two atomic bombs. With new airfields on Okinawa, General Curtis LeMay envisioned a far greater force of four-engine bombers to be sent on daily missions against Japan. LeMay would have had at his disposal nearly 10,000 four-engine bombers, including B-29s, along with transfers of idle B-24s, B-17s, and British Lancaster bombers after the surrender of Germany three months earlier. The ensuing napalm inferno might have precluded the invasion of Japan. But more nonstop firestorms also would have caused far more Japanese deaths than the two atomic bombs — at a time when Japan was already blockaded by the U.S. Navy and running out of food and supplies. In other words, the novelty of the two horrific atomic bombs helped to shock the Japanese emperor into a sudden surrender. And the abrupt end of the Pacific War saved millions of lives — whether Asians under brutal Japanese occupation, Allied soldiers fighting against Japanese expeditionary armies, or Japanese civilians who likely would have been incinerated by an unimaginable second round of the firebombing campaign. In the security and prosperity of peace, it is now common to fault Truman for his seemingly cruel decision. But in 1945, many Americans were blaming the U.S. government for thousands of American deaths from fighting in the Pacific. Right after the war, they complained that the atomic bombs should have been used even earlier to preclude nightmares such as Okinawa. We also forget that Imperial Japan of 1945 was not the model democracy of Japan today, but a brutal, genocidal dictatorship. By August 1945, it already had butchered millions of Asians in occupied China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Japan was still convinced that if the war could just continue, and it could kill thousands more American and British soldiers, then the exhausted Allies might finally negotiate a favorable armistice. It is now hard to imagine any choices worse than dropping an atomic bomb. But in August 1945, there were some that most certainly were. © 2018 Tribune Content Agency, LLC

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

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en

Create a heart brush in GIMP using Paths Tool Heart brush can be used for many purposes such as creating a romantic background, or a Valentine card. With this tutorial you will learn how to create a heart shape brush using Paths Tool in GIMP. Open GIMP, make a New Image, I made mine 3000 x 3000px. If you don’t plan to use your brush for high resolution (large) images you can go for smaller image, something like 800 x 800px. It’s important to create a square image, so the height and width of the image must be the same. Now to make our life later easier, we need to create two guides, one horizontal and one vertical. For this we need to repeat the steps of creating a new guide twice. Go to Image / Guides / New guide. Guides should go exactly through the middle of our image therefore we choose: First guide: Position – Horizontal 1500 Second guides: Position – Vertical 1500 Now we have two lines showing us the middle of the image. Make a New Transparent Layer, call it Heart. To get a perfect heart we will create one side of the heart then copy it and flip it over. Choose Paths Tool and put four points like shown in Fig 1. First and last (forth) point must be located on the vertical guide. Now, pointing to the middle between the first two points pull the line up see Fig 2. Two levels will appear at the both points (one level at each point). Move those levels towards each other to create a curve. Do it roughly at first just so the shape of heart begins to show, we will do adjustments after. Move onto the next two points and do the same thing with levels creating a little curve. Finally, create a small curve between the last two points. Now we need to fine tune our first half of the heart. Note that levels of the path can be made shorter and longer, as well as pulled any way you want/need. So it all allows us to create the exact shape we have in mind. To avoid sharp corners and uneven transition between different parts of the path, you need to make sure you make two levels look as one straight line. It’s good to zoom image closer, it will help you to see whether the line is really straight. Also, to avoid our heart look too round at the bottom, level of the last point should almost lay on the path as shown in Fig 3. Activate Paint Brush Tool and select 100% hardness brush and set Brush size to 30. With layer Heart selected go to Paths, right click and choose Stroke Path or select this option at the bottom of the Path window (second icon from the right). Now select Stroke with a paint tool, then choose Paint tool – Paintbrush and leave Emulate brush dynamics unchecked. You will have now right side of the heart as shown in Fig 4. If your heart path is visible, click on the eye next to it and go to layers. Duplicate Heart layer and flip it horizontally going to Layer / Transform / Flip horizontally see Fig 5. We don’t need Guides any more, to deactivate them go to View / Show guides and uncheck this option. Zoom your image to 100% to see if the points of both sides of the heart connect smoothly if everything looks right, flatten your image going to Image / Flatten. Select Crop tool and select your heart, leave tiny bit of space at every side and press Enter. Next step is simple, but very important, so don’t miss it. Go to Image / Grayscale. Conversion to Grayscale makes all white areas of the image (our brush) disappear when it is saved to brushes. All what is left is to save the brush. However, if you want your heart to be filled with colour, follow the next steps. Take Fuzzy Select tool and click on the white space in the middle of the heart. Next go to Select / Grow and enter 10px. Fill selection with black using Bucket Tool (Fill whole selection should be chosen). Now remove selection go to Select / None. Your image should look as in Fig 6. Final step is to save our brush. Go to File / Export / Username (name you use to log on for your computer, with this name there should be a folder, note, I’m using Windows XP) / GIMP 2.8(in my case, you might have 2.6) double click / brushes double click. Give your brush a name, I call mine Heart and at the bottom go to Select File Type (by extension) , choose GIMPbrush, it should end with gbr and click Export. A new small window will appear. Live Spacing as it is, but in Description field enter the same name as you called your brush, press Export. To activate your new brush you must press Refresh button in the brushes. This article is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge. Content is for informational or entertainment purposes only and does not substitute for personal counsel or professional advice in business, financial, legal, or technical matters.

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CC-MAIN-2019-39

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Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30. You are here The planet Venus stands farthest from the Sun for its current "morning-star" appearance early tomorrow. It rises about four hours before the Sun, and is high in the southeast at first light. Venus has played an important role in the star lore and astronomy of many cultures. Not only is it the brightest object in the night sky after the Moon, but it moves back and forth between evening and morning sky -- a perfect celestial metaphor for death and rebirth. Venus was especially important in Mesoamerica. Mayan astronomer-priests carefully observed the planet, for example, often from viewing platforms built just for that purpose. Over the decades, they compiled detailed records of the planet's motions. They discovered that Venus completes five repeating patterns across the sky every eight years. Their observations allowed them to predict Venus's appearance in the morning or evening sky decades or even centuries into the future. They knew just when it would rise or set, and just where it would rise or set along the horizon. That allowed them to make Venus an important part of everyday life. Rituals and ceremonies were timed to coincide with Venus's most important appearances -- its first appearance in the morning or evening sky, for example, or its greatest distance from the Sun. And its motions along the horizon were incorporated into Mayan architecture -- making Venus one of the most important objects on Earth as well as in the night sky. Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2010 - ‹ Previous - Next ›

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CC-MAIN-2017-47

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Languages › Spanish What Is the Longest Word in Spanish? Count Tops Out at 24 Letters Share Flipboard Email Print Photo by El Colleccionista de Instantes; licensed via Creative Commons. Spanish Vocabulary History & Culture Pronunciation Writing Skills Grammar By Gerald Erichsen Spanish Language Expert B.A., Seattle Pacific University Gerald Erichsen is a Spanish language expert who has created Spanish lessons for ThoughtCo since 1998. our editorial process Gerald Erichsen Updated May 23, 2017 The answer depends on what you mean by the longest word, but regardless of your definition the longest word isn't superextraordinarísimo, the 22-letter word once listed in a famous recordbook and the word that was usually cited as the longest in the language. (It means "most superextraordinary.") The designation of superextraordinarísimo seems arbitrary at best. For one thing, the word isn't in real use. When I first researched this article in 2006, a Google search showed not a single instance where the word was used on a Spanish-language website — except on pages listing what they called the longest Spanish words. (Since I write the original version of this article, claims of superextraordinarísimoit being the longest word have mostly disappeared.) And superextraordinarísimo has two other strikes against it: If one is going to create words by adding prefixes and suffixes, one could just as well make a 27-letter word by using the adverbial form, superextraordinarísimamente. Or one could just as easily use longer root words, ending up with words such as superespectacularísimamente ("most superspectacularly"). But again they're hypothetical words rather than ones that get legitimate use. A better choice for a 22-letter word is esternocleidomastoideo, the name of a certain neck muscle. It can be found in Spanish-language medical texts. But we can do better without coining words. The longest words to be found in general publications appear to be two 23-letter beauties: anticonstitucionalmente ("unconstitutionally") and electroencefalografista ("electroencephalograph technician"), the latter also appearing in the Spanish Royal Academy's dictionary. Since the latter is a noun, it can be made a 24-letter plural, electroencefalografistas, my designation as the longest legitimate Spanish word. Although it's not an everyday word, you can find it in encylocopedias and some phone directories. Of course, there's always the 32-letter nonsense word supercalifragilisticoexpialidoso, the Spanish transliteration of "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious," which appears in Spanish versions of the Walt Disney musical Mary Poppins. However, that word's use is essentially limited to the film and play. By coining cognates of some especially long English words, it would be possible to come up with longer words still. For example, some medical words and names of some chemicals in English top 30 letters, and the longest English word listed in an accepted dictionary is reported to be "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis," a type of lung disease. Conversion of the word to Spanish, made easy by the fact that all the roots have Spanish cognates, presumably would be neumonoultramicroscopicosiliciovolcanconiosis at 45 letters, or something similar. But such words are best spurious rather than legitimate Spanish.

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

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en

Millions of people worldwide celebrate Christmas for various reasons. Some enjoy festive times with friends and family. Others think about God or devote time to helping the poor or needy. By themselves, these are undoubtedly worthy deeds. However, they are clouded by the dark side of this holiday. First, many celebrants believe that Christmas is a birthday celebration for Jesus. However, historians widely concur that the date of his birth is unknown. The Christian Book of Why notes that “the early Christians refused to set aside a date marking Jesus’ birth” because they wanted “to divorce themselves from all pagan practices.” Interestingly, the Bible gives no indication that Jesus ever celebrated his own birthday or anyone else’s. In contrast, he did command his followers to commemorate his death. Second, many scholars agree that most Christmas traditions have their roots in non-Christian and pagan customs. These include Santa Claus, as well as using mistletoe and the Christmas tree, exchanging gifts, burning candles and Yule logs, hanging decorative wreaths, and caroling. Regarding some of these customs, the book The Externals of the Catholic Church observed: “When we give or receive Christmas gifts, and hang green wreaths in our homes and churches, how many of us know that we are probably observing pagan customs?” “When we give or receive Christmas gifts, and hang green wreaths in our homes and churches, how many of us know that we are probably observing pagan customs?” You, though, may wonder what is wrong with following these seemingly innocent customs. Consider this third point as an answer. God does not approve of the blending of pagan customs with pure worship. Through His prophet Amos, Jehovah God said to His wayward worshippers in ancient Israel: “I hate, I despise your festivals . . . Spare me the din of your songs.” Why such strong words? Consider what the people of the northern kingdom of ancient Israel were doing. Their first king, Jeroboam, placed golden calves in the cities of Dan and Bethel and induced the people to worship these rather than to worship Jehovah God properly at the temple in Jerusalem. The king also instituted festivals and appointed priests to help the people celebrate them. What those Israelites did was seemingly for a good cause. After all, were they not doing all these things in the name of worshipping God and pleasing him? God’s strong words through Amos and other prophets indicate clearly just how God felt about such practices. Through the prophet Malachi, God said: “I am Jehovah; I do not change.” (Malachi 3:6) Does that not tell us how God feels about the many Christmas celebrations today? After considering the above facts, millions of people have decided to abstain from celebrating Christmas. Instead, they find joy and true satisfaction in spending time with their friends and family and in helping the poor and needy whenever they wish throughout the year. Many people celebrate Christmas despite knowing its origins. Find out why Jehovah’s Witnesses don’t. Consider six features that identify those who practice true religion.

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CC-MAIN-2017-09

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en

Georgian sugar tongs. Scissor action with scroll handles and stems. Although unmarked, they are undoubtedly of cast silver and are a very fine pair. The cast shell bowls are especially unusual and, in the absence of hall marks, can accurately date the nips to the 1730s and of the reign of George ll. They bear the engraved initials S E M to the central boss. England, circa 1730s Scissor action sugar nips superseded tongs at the beginning of George l’s reign circa 1715 and were in turn superseded in a different form in the 1770s. They reappeared in novelty form in the mid 19th century. 18th century sugar nips are usually only part marked on both finger rings with lion passant and makers’ marks. They can be accurately dated, however, by their form. Bowl form developed from plain with rattail through to plain to shell-shaped. Arms and finger grips developed from plain to ornate. The true name for these implements is Tea Tongs as used in the 18th century. Ref. David Shlosberg’s ‘Eighteenth Century Silver Tea Tongs’ Please fill in the information below

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The picture above gives an idea of how the archival materials are stored. When you request material someone will retrieve it for you as the vaults are restricted to archives staff. There are a number of vaults and several buildings in which they reside. Boxes may contain files, photographs, letters, videos, medals and other ephemera. World War I, initially known as the Great War and then the First War, began July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918. The United States did not become involved until four years later on April 6, 1917 and fought until the war's end on November 11, 1918. During this time, the U.S. mobilized over 4,000,000 military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including 43,000 due to the influenza pandemic. The University Archives holds a wealth of primary records associated with the U.S. involvement in the war. The University Committee on War Records, headed by Dean Thomas Clark, insured that the University kept a detailed record of students and alumni in the military. In the days predating email, letters were one of the few ways to correspond. In a letter to Royal Moss, Dean Clark wrote "You’re correct in imagining that I get letters from all sorts of out of the way points. I have been dictating for three quarters of an hour and I have addressed no one under the rank of lieutenant. I write letters now to majors and generals with as little perturbation as I used to address freshman." Letters and diaries written to family and friends during the war know reside in archives,historical societies, and attics throughout the world, including the University Archives. The University, in cooperation with the United States military, created a Students' Army Training Corps on campus. It was part of a nationwide program initiated by the Committee on Education and Special Training of the War Department during World War I that consisted of 157 colleges and universities. The University Archives also has records that reflect the experience of external organizations during World War I. We have also provided a number of world-wide digital resources of primary source material created during the war.

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Conservation of the Cerrado in the economic logic By Fabricio de Campos, Green Finance Coordinator at WWF-Brazil Notably known as a grain and meat producing region, the Cerrado has become fundamental to the Brazilian balance of trade. Only locally produced soy accounts for 51% of plantation in the country. From the 1970s, the Cerrado became a new and noteworthy Brazilian agricultural frontier. This transformation boosted productivity in agriculture, making Brazil one of the most significant world producers of commodities. In addition to exports, the biome is also strategic for the maintenance of water resources in Brazil, as it houses springs or riverbeds in eight hydrographic basins among the twelve that exist in the country. In other words, it participates directly or indirectly in numerous other economic sectors. The Cerrado is still relevant for its biodiversity and is the holder of valuable cultural and historical heritage. Despite this, it is in a critical state of environmental degradation. Currently, the biggest threats to its integrity are habitat destruction and fragmentation. About 50% of its territory has already been deforested, and approximately 80% has already been modified in some way by man. Mainly due to agricultural and urban expansion as well as road construction. Although deforestation in the Cerrado has decreased slightly in 2019 (2.26%) compared to the previous year, the average deforestation reaches 1 million hectares per year. We understand that it is essential to guarantee the continuity of agricultural production in the region, but it is also necessary to be aware of the soy and beef production chains, which together with the process of land speculation, are the biggest drivers of local deforestation. It is important to emphasize that the Brazilian environmental law (Código Florestal) requires that only 25% of the natural vegetation of the Cerrado be preserved on private properties and only 8.7% of the biome is legally protected by the National System of Conservation Units, differently from what occurs in the Amazon that has much of its territory protected by Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. But precisely for this reason, the initiatives of the private sector and rural producers and government policies make a big difference in reducing deforestation and recovering degraded areas. The recovery of degraded pastures is one of the ways to conserve the Cerrado. With appropriate lines of credit for that, this investment can become an opportunity: the rehabilitation of 10 million hectares of pasture could move between R$ 9 billion and R$ 17 billion in opportunities for the productive and financial sector, depending on the arrangement for this rehabilitation. Another possibility is the restoration of native vegetation, with the development of financial models for the restoration of natural areas, using species of economic interest to bring a return on investment. The financial mechanisms for the producer already exist, but they need to be expanded, with new "green" lines of credit. That is not a legal obligation, nor an expense: the recovery and rehabilitation of productive areas in the Cerrado can bring positive financial returns. Estimates indicate that 30% of the Biome's pastures (more than 23 million hectares according to Lapig/2017) are highly degraded and underutilized. The degeneration of the areas represents annual losses of around R$ 9.5 billion to producers (estimates from Livestock Rally, 2018). For each of them, there is a reduction in the patrimony of at least 50%. Considering the price of land with pastures that should have high production capacity, but are low. (data based on AnualpecIn this context, the small-scale producer suffers most. In smaller property, the loss is proportionally higher, making the business unfeasible. Producers bump into initial transition costs and access to available lines of credit. Thus, for the rehabilitation of pastures to gain the necessary scale in the Cerrado, it is fundamental to create financial mechanisms and expand those that already exist. The ABC Recovery Program, for example, is the main rural line of credit to support the rehabilitation of degraded pastures nowadays. It offers a grace period of up to five years, allows debt amortization in up to 10 years, and has fixed interest rates at 6% per year. The financial mechanisms available are not yet sufficient to meet the challenge of recovering millions of hectares of pasture. The approximate amount for this recovery (pastures areas only) would be approximately R$ 9.45 billion, with R$ 5.4 billion for Midwest Cerrado and another R$ 4.05 billion for Northeast Cerrado in MATOPIBA. Most of these resources could come from the ABC Program and Constitutional Funds. That is why collaboration between public and private financial institutions is essential. The collaboration of financial institutions, such as banks, insurance companies, investors, and securitizers, companies in the value chain, such as traders and slaughterhouses, and rural producers can create financial arrangements that benefit everyone. That would bring security and transparency to the financial application in agricultural production, creating a virtuous circle, with an increase in financial and environmental opportunities. Among the favorable aspects, we highlight the greater use of the productive potential of the land, the rescue of ecosystem services lost during the process of occupation of the biome, and the increased protection of water resources and carbon sequestration. The Cerrado can meet the demand for commodities without having to deforest new areas. In addition to the recovery of degraded areas, there are already techniques such as Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration and Crop-Livestock Integration, which promote greater efficiency and production, and less pressure for deforestation. By ignoring these tools, we are losing a great productive potential, destroying new areas, moving away from the NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) agreed by the Paris Agreement, and accumulating losses from underutilization. Thinking about land use efficiency - applying economic logic - can save the Cerrado. Image Processing and Geoprocessing Laboratory at the Institute of Socioenvironmental Studies at the University of Goiás , 2019.) Anualpec is an online platform that gives you access to the most important statistical updates of the livestock market quickly and easily, facilitating your consultations and decision making. by 2030. The expression MATOPIBA, also called MAPITOBA, results from an acronym formed with the initials of the Brazilian states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí, and Bahia. It designates a geographical extension that partially covers the territories of the four Brazilian states mentioned

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Connecting state and local government leaders New York cities plan to deploy smart technology, from optic scanners to weather sensors, when they retrofit street lights to make them more energy efficient. A New York initiative to retrofit street lights across the state with energy-efficient LED technology is shining a light on more than just cost savings. As cities embark on light replacement campaigns, many are simultaneously experimenting with smart technology that can be attached to utility poles and used to collect data on everything from traffic patterns to snow accumulation. Syracuse, which announced its plan to purchase and retrofit 18,000 streetlights from the National Grid utility company last year, began the process of retrofitting LED lights and installing light control sensors this month, according to Sam Edelstein, the city’s chief data officer. The sensors will allow city officials to control street lights' brightness and receive alerts when the lights go out. Syracuse lawmakers approved $38 million bond financing for the project. Once the streetlight conversion is complete, Syracuse Mayor Ben Walsh said the city is expected to save $3 million annually. But along with the retrofitting process, the city is also examining other types of smart technology that could be attached to the newly acquired utility poles and feed into broader smart technology initiatives. “As we are deploying this technology, we are doing so to enhance the level of services we are providing,” Walsh said during a presentation last week in Washington, D.C. on the city’s streetlight plan. Numerous data collection options are under consideration, including sensors that can collect data on weather and road conditions or detect rising flood waters. Explaining one potential use, Edelstein described flooding conditions at a local creek. Heavy rains or snow melt can lead to flooding and closure of a walking path that follows the creek. “Right now, when it floods we send an engineer to go check if it is flooding, so that’s depending on staff time, remembering to check it,” Edelstein said. “If we can automate those things it’s a savings and better for safety generally.” The New York State Assembly passed legislation in 2015 that opened the door for municipalities to apply for a transfer of ownership of utility-owned streetlights. The legislation helped jumpstart initiatives to make lighting more energy efficient and gave municipalities the leeway to explore other smart technology, Edelstein said. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo in 2018 announced his goal to replace at least 500,000 streetlights throughout the state with energy-efficient LED bulbs. As of April, the New York State Public Service Commission had approved the sale of nearly 45,000 street lights to 18 municipalities. Similar to Syracuse, Schenectady, New York also has an LED conversion and pilot project underway. Both Walsh and Schenectady Mayor Gary McCarthy and spoke about their city’s streetlight projects at the Smart and Secure Cities and Communities Challenge Expo in Washington, D.C. last week. Unlike Syracuse, however, Schenectady did not acquire its utility poles. Instead the city is partnering with a utility company and using grant money as part of a state-led Reforming the Energy Vision demonstration project meant to test energy savings from a large-scale LED deployment. Approximately 4,200 street lights owned by the National Grid utility company will be replaced with LED lights that will be retrofitted with controls and smart technologies. McCarthy said different vendors will provide the lights and monitoring technology so the city and utility can compare and contrast their functionality. He expects the city will save at least $300,000 annually through the LED light conversion. The city is expected to contribute approximately $5 million in funding for the project, with National Grid contributing about $7 million and grants covering another $1 million, McCarthy said. Other smart sensor nodes will also be attached to the utility poles as the retrofitting gets underway. Schenectady is still considering which technology to deploy, but McCarthy said it could include optic or environmental scanners that can pick up visual and weather data, as well as infrastructure to support wireless internet connectivity and 5G broadband deployment. McCarthy acknowledged that the use of any optical or camera equipment would come with privacy concerns that the city would need to vet with residents. Keeping an open mind about the possibilities of the technology will be important throughout the deployment, McCarthy said, adding that the city may gain new insights about how to improve city services through the data collection. Utility companies might not initially be interested in environmental data but it could be used to predict spikes in electricity usage, he said. “You don’t think initially it would be of interest to one party,” McCarthy said. “But there’s going to be some days every year when the utility wants to know how fast the temperature is going up in a specific location because their demand for electrons is going to go up in an hour.” Edelstein said Syracuse was similarly looking forward to gathering new types of data through the sensors and putting it to use to improve city services. “Let’s figure out places there is a gap in how we deliver the service and is there technology that can help us monitor things better,” Edelstein said. Andrea Noble is a staff correspondent for Route Fifty.

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Treasures Grade 4 pages 324-329 privilege - priv li gde activist Ak ti vist area a RE a Connecticut Ko ne ti cut suffered su ferd dying die ing commitment co mit ment What is the same about all the letters? What hopes do the children want? Which is your favorite letter? How do the writers feel about Rosa Parks? How does she write back to the children? How does she feel about racial segregation? What would you have done if you were told to give up your seat on the bus? Is there racial segregation in your country? Is there religious discrimination in your country? How are minorities treated in your country? How can we change the attitudes that are prevalent against minorities? Social Studies activity Write a letter to a famous person asking for more information. You could write to a famous politician, singer, artist, Lesson Plan by Rachael Alice Orbach - English Teacher

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Some legal experts say it may take weeks, months or years for the United States to extradite Walter Palmer, who hunted and killed the famous lion, Cecil, to Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe’s former attorney general, Sobusa Gula Ndebele, and veteran attorney and former Education Minister, David Coltart, say Palmer’s sought extradition will be a test case for an Extradition Treaty signed by the two nations in 1997. Article One of the Treaty obligates the two countries to" extradite to the other, pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, any person charged with or convicted of an extraditable offense in the Requesting State." Another provision of the Treaty also stipulates that it is designed to enhance the ability of the United States to prosecute serious offenders like narcotics traffickers and terrorists. Ndebele told VOA Studio 7 that extraditing Palmer to Zimbabwe is an uphill task. Coltart, agreed, noting that extradition processes are complicated issues even though nations have specific treaties on such issues. Article 4(1) of the Extradition Treaty signed by Zimbabwe and the United States stipulates generally that extradition shall not be granted if the offense for which extradition is requested is a political offense.

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I. VOLITION IN GENERAL 1. Acts of volition [Nouns] will, volition, conation, velleity; liberum arbitrium; will and pleasure, free will; freedom [more]; discretion; option (choice) [more]; voluntariness; spontaneity, spontaneousness; pleasure, wish, mind; desire; frame of mind (inclination) [more]; intention [more]; predetermination [more]; self-control, determination (resolution) [more]; force of will. [Verbs] will, list; see fit, think fit; determine (resolve) [more]; enjoin; settle (choose) have a will of one's own; do what one chooses (freedom) [more]; have it all one's own way; have one's will, have one's own way. use one's discretion, exercise one's discretion; take upon oneself, take one's own course, take the law into one's own hands; do of one's own accord, do upon one�s own authority; originate (cause) [more]. [Adjectives] voluntary, volitional, willful; free [more]; optional; discretional, discretionary; volitient, volitive. minded (willing) [more]; prepense (predetermined) [more]; intended [more]; autocratic; unbidden (bid [more]); spontaneous; original (casual) [more]; unconstrained. [Adverbs] voluntarily; at will, at pleasure; a volonte, a discretion; al piacere; ad libitum, ad arbitrium; as one thinks proper, as it seems good to; a beneplacito. of one's own accord, of one's own free will; proprio motu, suo motu, ex meromotu; out of one's own head; by choice [more]; purposely (intentionally) [more]; deliberately [more]. [Phrases] stet pro ratione voluntas; sic volo sic jubeo; a vostro beneplacito; beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere; Deus vull; was man nicht kann meiden muss man wilig leiden.

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Two frequently asked questions by people starting to grow microgreens are: "What are cotyledons?", and "What are true leaves on microgreens?" Microgreen seed vendors and writers often forget to explain microgreen terminology before using uncommon words or phrases. We say things like "Harvest during the cotyledon stage" or "Wait until the first true leaves form before harvesting the microgreens." This only confuses people who just started growing microgreens. Making the simple task of growing microgreens seem more difficult or too technical than it really is, and lowering the chances that they'll try growing their own microgreens. Home Microgreens aims to make growing microgreens as easy and fun as possible. Hopefully this article will help those that are new to microgreens by explaining the terminology. Growing microgreens is easy and we want you to have trays of microgreens ready to harvest every day of the year. What Are True Leaves? The photo above is Purple Wave Mustard microgreens showing both cotyledons and the first true leaves. If you haven't read the article on cotyledons or seed leaves, you can read that article by clicking this link. Which leaves in the photo are the true leaves? First true leaves are smaller versions of what the larger mature leaves will be, so they are the leaves that have vascular structures and frilly edges. Now not every first true leaf has frilly edges like the mustard shown above. But they will look more like mature plant leaves. Cotyledons are usually smooth and plain looking, with very basic shapes like ovals or in the case of the mustard above, heart-shaped. Below, we've labeled some of the cotyledons and true leaves on the mustard microgreen photo (you can click on either picture to expand the size). You can see that the cotyledons, or seed leaves, are heart-shaped with smooth edges. While the first true leaves are more vascular, lobed, and have frills along the edge. First true leaves, without a doubt, start providing energy for the plant by photosynthesis. There's some debate if cotyledons are able to photosynthesize Many sources on the internet say they don't. However, a study by Zhang et al. (2010) shows that cotyledons of some plants do contribute energy to the plant by photosynthesis. We believe that the cotyledons of many plants grown as microgreens do produce chlorophyll and help contribute more nutrition to microgreens. The main reason we think that is how much the microgreens grow before growing their first true leaves. But this isn't an article about cotyledons, but we want you to understand how the plants grow so you can produce the most nutritious and flavorful microgreens as possible. We'll get back to the topic on hand. Harvest Before or After the First True Leaves Form? Well, that depends on the microgreen. You harvest many microgreens before the first true leaf forms, for example, broccoli, kohlrabi, turnips, radishes and many more. Others, like the mustard microgreens shown above, should be harvested as the first true leaves form. Not that you can't eat the cotyledons, because you do harvest them along with the true leaves. Flavor is the Real Reason The reason why we wait to harvest some microgreens is that the first true leaves add a much more flavor to the microgreens. The flavor will be more intense after the true leaves form. Generally, we wait for the first true leaves to form on herb microgreens, like basil, cilantro, parsley, before harvest. But we wait on some of the vegetable microgreens, like the mustards and celery too. Confused When to Harvest What? We know it's confusing, and we'll publish an article on which microgreens should be harvest prior too or after the formation of the first true leaves very soon. We'll post a link here when that article is published. Or, you can sign-up below to receive a weekly e-mail update with links to the newest articles as well as growing tips. Subscribe to our newsletter to get updates and the best deals straight in your inbox. More Photos of Microgreen First True Leaves Below are three more microgreen varieties. Again, you can click the image, and the photo will expand. Have a Question? If you have any questions about the information in this post or microgreens in general, please leave a comment below or reach out to me using the Ask a Question page. Leaving a comment or using the Ask a Question page does not add your email to any mailing or marketing list. Microgreen Kits & Seeds Grow Microgreens in Your Home! Shop for Kits, Equipment, and Seed.

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(Last Updated on : 17-05-2016) Naturopathy offers a natural remedy to depression. Diet has a profound effect on the mental health of a person. Even a single nutritional deficiency can cause depression in vulnerable people. Activity and exercise also have a profound effect on the mental state of a person. Relaxation enables the muscles to work more efficiently and eliminates fatigue by promoting venous blood circulation throughout the body. Thus in naturopathy the treatment of depression consists of regulating the diet, exercise, scientific relaxation and meditation. Diet Therapy for Depression The diet of persons suffering from depression should entirely exclude tea , alcohol, chocolate and cola, all white flour products, sugar, chemical additives, white rice and strong condiments. The diet should be restricted to three meals: can be taken in the morning for breakfast with milk and a handful of nuts and seeds. b) Lunch may comprise steamed vegetables , whole wheat chapattis and a glass of butter-milk. c) For dinner, green vegetable salad and all accessible sprouts such as alfalfa seeds, cottage cheese or a glass of butter-milk would be best. Exercises for Depression The depressive mood can be defeated by activity. Those who are depressive will forget their misery by doing something or being active in their lifestyle. At home they can take to decorating, repairing or constructing something new. The pleasure of achievement overcomes the anguish of misery. Exercise also plays an important role in the treatment of depression. It not only keeps the body physically and mentally fit but also provides amusement and mental relaxation. Exercise produces chemical and psychological changes that improve mental health. Exercise may also recover the function of the autonomic nervous system. Exercise also gives a feeling of accomplishment and thus reduces the sense of vulnerability. Some form of active exercise, must be undertaken each day at a regular hour. Walking is one such exercise. such as Vakrasana are highly advantageous in the treatment of depression. The patient must gain control over his nervous system and channelize his mental and emotional activities into relaxing harmonious vibrations. This can be achieved by ensuring sufficient rest and sleep under right conditions. The best method of relaxation is to practice Shavasana. Meditation for Depression involves training the mind to remain fixed on a certain external or internal location. Meditation will help create an amount of balance in the nervous system. Regularity of time, place and practice are very vital in meditation. Regularity conditions the mind to slowing down its activities with a minimum delay. Bath Therapy for Depression A neutral immersion bath therapy for one hour daily is also useful in the treatment of depression. This bath is administered in a bath tub which should be appropriately fitted with hot and cold water connections. The patient should lie in the tub after filling it with water at a temperature ranging from 92 degrees to 98 degrees Fahrenheit. The head should be kept cold with a cold compress. Music Therapy in Depression Types of Yoga Asanas Benefits of Yoga Asanas Nature Cure Treatments Yoga for Anxiety

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GIT is an efficient open source distributed version control system. Copy and paste this (https://git-scm.com/download) link to the browser tab The installation wizard will walk you through the following 10 screens: 1) Welcome Screen 2) Read the license 3) Select Destination folder: By default this will be installed under “C:\Program Files\Git” 4) Select Components: This lets you choose which components of git you like to install. Use the default selections. 5) Select Start Menu Folder 6) Adjusting your PATH environment: Use the default selection “Use Git Bash Only” 7) The SSH executable default will be “Use OpenSSH” 8) Configuring the line ending conversions: This indicates how Git will treat the line ending in the text files. If you are planning to checkout files from a remote Git repository that is running on Linux, use the default selection “Checkout Windows-style, commit Unix-style line endings”. 9) Installing: This will show the progress bar indicating the installation progress. 10) Completing the Git setup wizard: Click on finish to exist the setup. 11) Set environment variable for git: add this two lines in the path section (Replace the drive and path if it not installed at C drive, this is the default path for git installation if nothing specified) To check if the git installed properly type this on command prompt If it installed correctly then the screen will look like this, If not installed properly the screen will be, Create / Clone Remote Repositories You need an account in github.com, If you already have an account sign in or otherwise signup 1) After successful login, the page will show all created repositories there 2) Create new repository by click on the New button 3) Created repository in detail Get the project via ‘git clone’ method,it has two methods: 1. Clone with Https 2. Clone with SSH Take this command from git hub and clone to the localhost in client machine Now the folder contain only the git README file and a .git folder Then we need a IDE for git operations but same time we can manage git via Command prompt, but let’s look with an IDE here we are using Eclipse as IDE

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Amelia Hunt started crawling at 7 months, but not in the traditional way. She had her own style: "Sitting up, she would slide across the floor on her bottom," says her mother, Gayle, of Hoboken, New Jersey. Amelia soon abandoned this for a new -- albeit less efficient -- method. She'd lie flat on her belly and move backward by pushing off with her hands. "Unfortunately, since she couldn't see where she was going, she often got stuck under the couch," explains Hunt. Like Amelia, most babies will try a variety of crawling styles, from the butt scoot and backward inchworm to the bear walk (with arms and legs straight and bottom in the air, she'll "walk" on hands and feet) to the leapfrog (on all fours, she pushes off with her legs and practically jumps forward). Eventually, though, most kids settle on the standard crawl. "By 9 months, Amelia was getting around on her hands and knees like a pro," says Hunt. "Before crawling, a baby must first lose his infant reflexes -- such as flailing his limbs when he's startled -- and learn how to coordinate his arms and legs, which is no small feat," says Parents adviser Steven Shelov, M.D., chairman and vice president of Maimonides Infants and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn. In addition, your little one can't bust a move until he wins an important battle with gravity. "You've got to remember that when a baby is born, he suddenly experiences a pull of gravity ten times stronger than that in the womb," explains Jody Jensen, Ph.D., associate professor in kinesiology and health education at the University of Texas at Austin. "Being able to crawl means your child has learned to resist this pull of gravity while developing the strength to lift up from the ground." Your little one may move backward at first. But with time, he will discover that by shifting his weight from one side to the other, he can coordinate his arms and legs and propel himself forward. (You'll probably notice that your baby spends the weeks -- or months -- before he actually crawls rocking back and forth on his hands and knees.) Although most babies start creeping between 7 and 10 months, it's not unusual for a child to make his first move much later than this. Experts believe chubbier babies crawl later since it's harder to push up onto all fours and drag their extra body weight. And younger siblings may lack the motivation to move if an older sister or brother is constantly carrying them around or bringing toys within their reach. The most important is to schedule plenty of supervised tummy time every day starting at 3 months. Researchers have found that the Back to Sleep Campaign -- which encourages parents to put their infants to sleep on their back to prevent SIDS -- may be causing delays in crawling. Without some time spent on her stomach, your baby is less likely to experiment with pushing off the ground. Put her on the floor for several five- to ten-minute sessions while you watch. (Tucking a small, rolled blanket under her chest may make her more comfortable.) Or try placing her prone on your chest while you lie on the floor. Another way to help her start moving is to get down on the floor with her regularly and put toys just out of her reach. After all, if everything she wants is always easily accessible, she won't have an incentive to try to push, pull, or drag herself forward. Your baby's newfound mobility isn't just exciting, it also changes his perspective on the world and his place in it. "Once your baby starts to move, he realizes that he can go after things that rolled under a couch or chase his mommy," says Jayne Singer, Ph.D., clinical director of Parent-Infant Mental Health at Children's Hospital Boston. "It's truly exciting and empowering for a baby." It can also be bittersweet for you. While it's fun to watch your baby crawl, it's also the first sign that he doesn't need you quite as much. His newfound mobility also means he's more likely to get injured. "People underestimate a baby's speed and strength," says Steve Weinstein, president of the International Association for Child Safety. "Keep in mind that most accidents happen when parents are just six feet away from their child." If you haven't already babyproofed your house, do it now. Put baby gates at the top and bottom of staircases, and move houseplants--which can be a choking hazard--off the floor. This is also a good time to introduce the first stages of discipline. Now that your little one has started exploring, it's your responsibility to firmly but gently tell him no when he gets too close to an electrical outlet or won't stop harassing the dog. Of course, don't let anxiety about his safety get the best of you. "Smile and cheer him on as he moves across the floor," says Dr. Singer. "Your enthusiasm will encourage him to keep trying new things." Babies really do crawl in all different ways. But alert your pediatrician if your child's crawl appears asymmetrical; for example, he pushes off with only one arm or he drags one side of his body as he cruises across the floor. "In rare cases it can be a sign of cerebral palsy," Parents adviser Steven Shelov, M.D., chairman and vice president of Maimonides Infants and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn. "But most likely, this just means your baby has found a peculiar way of getting around." You've been waiting and waiting for your little one to start creeping across the floor, yet he seems perfectly happy to stay put. What's the deal? In about 5 to 7 percent of kids, crawling never happens. Instead, they go straight from sitting, to pulling up, to standing, and then walking. "Parents need to know that this is perfectly normal. It doesn't mean that your child isn't developmentally on target," says Jody Jensen, Ph.D., associate professor in kinesiology and health education at the University of Texas at Austin. Most likely, your baby's temperament is playing a role, since placid babies are often content to stay in one place. Or your little one could be so focused on trying to communicate and say his first words that he's less inclined to test herself physically. However, talk to your doctor if your 1-year-old isn't mobile at all and was also delayed with other physical milestones such as lifting his head and sitting upright. He'll want to rule out problems like low muscle tone, and he may have he vision tested--since babies who can't see objects at a distance don't have the motivation to go after them. A quick snapshot of four of the most common crawling techniques. Standard: The classic crawl: She alternates a hand on one side and a knee on the other to get around. Crab: By bending one knee and extending the other leg, she slowly propels herself sideways. Commando: Lying flat on his belly, he manages to drag himself forward using his forearms. Roll: Before they are strong enough to get up on all fours, some babies roll to get where they want to go. Copyright © 2010 Meredith Corporation.

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Danish steam frigate Jylland Jylland in the museum dedicated to it, Ebeltoft, Denmark 2005. |Builder:||Naval Dock Yard, Copenhagen| |Laid down:||June 11, 1857| |Launched:||November 20, 1860| |Commissioned:||May 15, 1862| |Status:||Naval memorial at Ebeltoft, Denmark| |Notes:||Designed by Dock Master O. F. Suenson| |Class and type:||Niels Juelsail- and screw propelled steam frigate| |Tons burthen:||2456 tons| |Length:||71 m (233 ft)| |Beam:||13.5 m (44 ft)| |Draft:||6 m (20 ft)| |Sail plan:||square-rigged ship| Jylland is one of the world's largest wooden warships, and is both a screw-propelled steam frigate and a sailship. During the Second War of Schleswig in 1864, she participated in the naval action against the Austrian-Prussian fleet in the Battle of Heligoland on 9 May 1864. Jylland along with the Niels Juel and Heimdall bested two Austrian frigates and three small Prussian gun boats, but was unable to maintain the blockade of the Prussian North Sea ports. Jylland sustained considerable damage during the battle. In the 1890s she was reduced to stationary use and barely escaped scrapping in 1908. It was, however, decided to preserve her and she was towed to Ebeltoft in 1960. The hulked frigate further deteriorated until she was placed in dry dock in 1984. Restoration proved to be a major task; over 60% of the timber had to be replaced in addition to the rigging, armament, engines and loose gear. In Danish, she is known as simply Fregatten Jylland, although several ships have used this name. The restoration efforts were completed in 1994 and she is on permanent display in dry dock at the town of Ebeltoft, Denmark. A commemorative coin was issued by the National Bank of Denmark. Jylland - anno 2013 After restoration Jylland is placed in dry dock Jylland was a combined steam- and sailship Brouwer, Norman J. The International Register of Historic Ships. 3rd ed. London: Chatham Publishing, 1999. Robert J Gardiner (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979. - Many photos and a brief story of the ship - Danish Naval History: JYLLAND (1862–1908) - Visit to Jylland in August 2011 Many high resolution photos

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How Children Benefit From Role Play Wednesday, November 23rd, 2011 at 4:32 am At some time or other, you may have worn your mother’s favourite apron while pretending to have a party with your miniature tea sets on a tiny table, serving make-believe tea and scones to your favourite doll. Or you may have been in command of your action figures, leading them to the battlefield in the center of your living room. Promoting Pretend Play As children warm up to the idea of role playing, who ever’s babysitting would usually be assigned a role. It may seem ridiculous for a grown up like you to assist in a play kitchen or act as the customer in a lemonade stand the size of your arm. But the benefits it can bring to your child won’t make it so ridiculous anymore. - When your little boy is playing with his action figures, comment on how the little ones need the guidance of a teacher or the care of a doctor. Because of the many benefits it can give; children should be encouraged to engage in pretend play. But never impose the idea or it will lose its appeal. Here are some scenarios for starting a pretend play: - If your child pretends to be a wild animal ready to pounce on you, go along with it. You can act scared at first and then pretend to tame him by giving imaginary food and petting him on the head. - If you see your little girl constantly dressing up her doll, ask her where her dolly is off to and maybe it’s better for little dolly to have something to eat in the play kitchen before taking off. Benefits of Pretend Play When children realize they can be any character they want to be, their self-confidence could grow. And with this comes the desire and strength to explore new things. . As kids act out the part of somebody else, empathy is planted. Social and Emotional Development – Children can become whoever they want to be in pretend play. Because of this, they are able to get a very basic view of how it’s like to be a doctor with his toy hospital or how it’s like to be a chef with her play kitchen Mental Development – Even if it’s just child’s play, there are also many problem-solving situations that children encounter during role playing. It may be a concern on what material should best replace a lost play kitchen spoon or who among the action figures to pick as the second in command. The process of looking for solutions to obstacles develops the analytical skills of your child. It also promotes resourcefulness, creativity, abstract thinking and logical reasoning. Communication – Whether children are playing with their parents, playmates, dolls or imaginary friends, they will always engage in conversation. A child starts to learn the importance of communication, especially when he or she mimics grown-up talk and actions. When children pretend to read to their dolls or write down grocery lists, they may be motivated to start learning how to read and write. So encourage your child to pretend play. You can start off by presenting a play kitchen or a doctor’s kit. Remember, the skills that your child learns here are the skills that matter in real life. GIVE THE GIFT OF A BRIGHT SAMPLE THE BOOKS BEFORE BUY:Click here to see 4 sample pages of ‘Go for Your Goals’ Book One: ‘The Secret of Making Wishes Come True – Goal Setting and Visualization for Younger Kids’ Click here to see 4 sample pages of ‘Go for Your Goals’ Book Two: ‘How to Get the Things You Want (and Have Fun Doing It)’ Click here to see 4 sample pages of ‘Go for Your Goals’ Book Three: Parents’ Guide to Goal Setting and Visualization Training for Kids Ready for one of your all-time best moments with your kids? Like this post? Subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more!

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On the road It’s late, you’re tired, and all you want to do is get in the car so you can go home. But what if the driver is drunk? The answer is simple — don’t get into the car. If the driver is drunk, it's going to be a long time before it is safe for him or her to drive. To protect yourself, you must find another way home. Ask someone else to drive, call your parents/guardians, call another friend, or take a cab. Some cities have safe ride programs, where you can call a number and get a free ride home. Ask your parents/guardians for help finding out if your city has a safe ride program, before you need it. If the driver is a parent/guardian or another adult, it may be hard for you to say that you won’t get in the car. Don’t be afraid to ask if the person has been drinking. He or she may be surprised or offended by the question, but it’s your right to have a safe ride home. If your parent/guardian is the one who is driving drunk, talk to another adult you trust or contact Alateen for help in the future. Some of the same advice applies to taking rides from a driver who is over-tired. Ask someone else to drive or suggest that the driver stop to rest before continuing. You may also be driving with friends or family members who recently got their driver’s licenses. New drivers may be too willing to take risks on the road, or may be careless and unsafe. Take notice and don’t be afraid to speak up for your safety or to find a different way to get to where you are going. - Always wear your seat belt. Make sure your passengers buckle up, too. - Never drive with more people in your car than you have seat belts for. - Try not to drive with more than one passenger. The more passengers in your car, the more likely you are to get in an accident. More passengers mean more distractions. - Don’t drink and drive. - Don’t drive if you are sleepy. - Don’t talk on the phone, text, put on make-up, brush your hair, or eat while driving. - Don’t play with the radio while you’re driving. Wait until you are stopped or ask your passenger to change the station or adjust the volume. - Always be aware of your surroundings. Be on the lookout for motorcycles, people crossing the street, and bikers. - Don’t be an aggressive driver. Aggressive drivers speed, follow too closely, or weave in and out of lanes. - Do be a defensive driver. Defensive drivers drive the speed limit, follow at a safe distance, and are alert and aware of their surroundings. Keep your car in good working order You may think of a car as simply a way to get from Point A to Point B, but cars need regular care to work properly. Make sure to review these items in your car regularly to keep your car safe and in good condition! Routine maintenance can save you money and keep you safe. - Remember to change the oil. Your car’s oil should be changed every 3,000 – 5,000 miles. The oil level should be checked every few weeks, or monthly. - Pay attention to the transmission. Trouble changing gears could mean a problem with the transmission. Have your transmission fluid checked when you get an oil change; low fluid could mean you have a leak. - Be sure your car has coolant. Coolant is a mixture of antifreeze and water that keeps the temperature of your engine low. - Check your tires. Learn how to check the pressure in your tires and keep them properly inflated. Overinflated and underinflated tires can be dangerous, and they also waste gas. Also, be sure your tires have enough tread. A penny is often the simplest way to check tire tread: Stick a penny into a groove with Lincoln’s head pointing down. If the tread is lower than Lincoln's hair, your tire level is unsafe. - Brake safety. If you hear a whining, screeching, or grinding sound, or if you feel pulling or softness when you press the brakes, get your car looked at by a mechanic right away. - Check belts for wear and tear. If you’re driving an older car, make sure the seat belts aren’t frayed or damaged in any way. You want to be sure they’re in working condition in case of an accident. - Don’t forget to fill up! It may sound obvious, but don’t forget to keep gas in your car. Fill up when your car reaches one-quarter of a tank to keep your car in good working condition and so that you never run out while on the road. Keep these safety tips in mind when riding on a bus or on the subway! - Stay seated on all kinds of buses. Riding the school bus or a public bus can be a lot of fun, especially when you’re with your friends, but it’s important to stay seated. Leaning over the back of a seat to talk to your friend is distracting to the driver and dangerous in case of an accident. Always stay seated on a bus! - If your bus has a seat belt, use it. Some school buses and most public buses do not have seat belts. However, if your bus does have one, buckle up! It will keep you safer in case there’s an accident. - Watch out when exiting the bus. When you get off the school bus or a public bus, take five giant steps out of the door. Then pause for a moment and look around to make sure it is safe to cross the street. If you are exiting a school bus, the driver should wait for you to cross the road, if needed. Never cross in front of a public bus! Wait until the bus has pulled away and you can see when traffic has cleared so you can safely cross the street. - Pay attention on the platform. If you ride a subway, don’t ever play on the subway platform. It would be easy to fall onto the tracks. = This article, publication, website, or organization is from the U.S. government. Content last reviewed September 22, 2009 Page last updated October 31, 2013

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Our immune system is our body’s number one defense mechanism to ensure we don’t get sick. Unfortunately, as we age, our immune system becomes weaker and there are certain lifestyle habits that can speed up this process even further. If you’re concerned about keeping your immune system strong, you may want to cut out these common habits that sabotage your immune system. Majority of our immune-protecting cells are found in the gut, so when it gets damaged so does our immune system. Taking antacids can work against your immune system as they alter your stomach’s pH levels, which are intended to sterilize food. When food can’t be properly sterilized, there is a greater risk of infection. Vitamin deficiencies are often tied to antacid intake, too, and your immune system requires essential nutrients to stay strong. If you’re taking antacids for longer than a three-month period, start uncovering the underlying factors that could be contributing to your heartburn and try to tame it naturally in order to preserve your immune system. You take certain medications Similar to antacids, certain pain medications can harm the lining of the gut and intestines where majority of our immune cells reside. This can increase the risk of infection, which your immune system simply cannot fight off as effectively. If you take pain relievers once in a while, you’re not at risk, compared to someone who takes them for chronic pain. You take antibiotics Antibiotics fight bad bacteria, but they can destroy good bacteria, too. Research has shown that individuals who take antibiotics for chronic infections – especially women who get chronic urinary tract infections and are on antibiotics quite frequently – are at a greater risk for a weakened immune system. If you constantly develop urinary tract infections or other chronic infections, talk to your doctor about antibiotic alternatives or supplement with probiotics to ensure you don’t deplete your good bacteria, too. Excessive alcohol consumption impedes the production of white and red blood cells in the bone marrow, thus weakening your immune system over time. Rather than binge drinking, stick to the limit of two drinks and go some days without drinking altogether. You partake in juice cleanses Juice cleanses are growing in popularity as diet kick-starters and detoxes, but juice cleanses and other restrictive regimens like low-carb diets, rob your body of certain nutrients and overdose it with others, causing a nutritional imbalance. Practice eating whole, complete meals that offer a variety of nutrients in order to keep your immune system strong. You travel frequently Jet-setting may be adventurous and enjoyable, but plane and hotel air, different environments and pollutants, as well as disrupted sleep and eating routines put your immune system under attack. When travelling, you become exposed to different germs and bacteria not normally found in your home environment, so your immune system is always on guard trying to fight off these new dangers. In order to see the world while staying healthy, try to stick to your normal routine as much as possible and be mindful of any food or water warnings specific to your destination. You are lonely Being chronically lonely – which many seniors are – increases your risk of disease. A study from UCLA found that 20 percent of Americans report feeling chronically lonely, and researchers suggest this can change a person’s immune system over time. Being lonely isn’t just about the physical absence of others. Sometimes, individuals feel lonely in a room full of people. Loneliness can be a symptom of a mental health issue or can result from being physically withdrawn from others. Whichever the cause of your loneliness may be, combating it – either through therapy, joining community events, or simply making a phone call –can help give your immune system a boost. So if you find yourself easily catching any bug in the air, your immune system may very well be weakened and any of these seven reasons could be a viable cause. Take the appropriate steps to change these habits in order to stay healthier, longer. Viral infections may accelerate age-related cognitive decline by influencing the immune system. Much of the previous work on the subject found that exposure to certain viral infections including cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2, as well as the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii were able to contribute to cognitive decline. Continue reading… New research suggests that chronic pain changes the immune system. Researcher Moshe Szyf said, “We found that chronic pain changes the way DNA is marked not only in the brain but also in T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for immunity. Our findings highlight the devastating impact of chronic pain on other important parts of the body such as the immune system.” Continue reading…

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Speech and language are some of the most powerful tools that we use to navigate and interact with our world. Watching children develop these skills as they grow can be so exciting and rewarding. Many parents also wonder if their child is developing normally, whether they may have or will develop a speech delay, or whether their child’s sex at birth will play a role in determining these things. If you are concerned about your child’s speech and language development, it’s important to fully assess what’s going on so you can pursue the most effective pediatric speech therapy. Schedule a free introductory call with us here at Great Speech to discuss the challenges you are facing, as well as the best route to overcoming them with our online program. Do Boys Talk Later than Girls? While it is true that on average girls develop speech and language skills earlier than boys, the reason behind this is more complicated than the simple fact that girls mature more quickly in general. In fact, many contributing factors determine whether someone may be delayed in their speech and language skills, with gender/sex having only a minor influence. In general, boys are more likely to develop a speech or language delay than girls. Research in Britain shows that on average, females have a significantly larger vocabulary, they acquire skills and words more quickly and they also are ahead of males in their gesturing skills. Overall, girls also begin speaking an average of 1 month sooner than boys. It is important to note that these differences can be minimal, almost insignificant, and do not necessarily mean that boys are delayed as much as they simply fall behind girls. While it is true that more boys than girls develop a speech or language delay, it is important to note that if you know a boy who is struggling with his speech don’t assume that it is because he is a boy and therefore doesn’t need intervention. There are many factors that contribute to the speed at which speech and language skills are acquired and developed. Some of the reasons girls might develop faster than boys are: The Language Gene Scientists are studying a gene called FOXP2 which they have discovered to be an essential part of speech and language development. There have been many studies, on both animals and humans, that have confirmed that the “Language Gene” FOXP2 is found in higher levels in females. While this likely has some impact on speech and language development, more research is needed and scientists agree it is hard to separate nature from nurture when studying the development of children. Nature vs. Nurture When examining the developmental differences between sexes, scientists agree that it is always important to consider the impact of ‘nurture’ or environmental factors and not only those factors determined biologically. While things are changing quickly and gender equality is closer than ever, the fact remains that unconscious bias and behavior patterns are ingrained within each and every one of us. This means that the majority of people will (in most cases subconsciously) alter their behavior and communication depending on whether they are interacting with a male or female. It is also true that many adults will focus on skills they believe to be part of their child’s gender identity: for example, encouraging a male child to engage in physical activities such as sports or structure building and encouraging female children to engage in more social and domestic forms of play. The way that we engage in play with children can have a major impact on their development. Because of this, it is impossible to study the biological differences in speech and language skill development without also considering the role of environmental influences. There have been many studies on the neurological and cognitive differences between the sexes. A good amount of research has been conducted on the role of sex hormones in the development of speech and language skills. Generally speaking, estrogen has been linked to enhanced verbal and social skills as well as promoting the growth of certain areas of the brain that are directly related to language development. These studies also found testosterone to have an opposite effect, affecting these same ‘language centers’ inversely, especially those related to social and language development and empathy in children. What Are Some Other Factors that Contribute to a Speech or Language Delay? Many factors can contribute to the presence or development of a speech or language delay. Some of the most common known causes are: - Hearing Impairment or Hearing Loss - Significant Psychosocial Issues - Autism Spectrum Disorder - Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities - Scientists and researchers have also identified several risk factors that may increase the probability of a particular person being affected by a speech or language delay. They are: - Premature birth - Being born male - Low birth weight - Parents with limited or no education - Family History of speech or language issues - Prolonged thumb-sucking or pacifier use How can I Support my Child‘s Speech and Language Development at Home? Play: While this may seem like an obvious thing to do, play can be an incredibly powerful tool to help promote the development of speech and language skills in children. Whether you engage in pretend play, role-playing, or working together to build a structure, these interactions are the foundational building blocks of communication skills. Read: The joy of books and reading is a wonderful thing to encourage and promote with your child. Take time to read together every day, and keep a supply of easily accessible and age-appropriate books available to your child. Talk to Them: Again, this may seem simple or obvious but it can be surprising how many parents don’t think to engage their children conversationally in a meaningful way. Including children in conversations as well as collaborating on household activities such as list-making or calendar planning can be an incredibly beneficial and educational activity. You can also schedule a free introductory call to get matched with an online speech language therapist on our team to address to best support your child’s speech and language development. How can Online Speech Therapy help my Child? Speech therapy can be a very helpful and supportive resource, even for children who are developing as they should. Our online speech therapists are highly knowledgeable and possess a huge repertoire of tasks, games, and activities that will help guide and support your child as they develop essential speech and language skills. If you are concerned about your child’s speech and language development, or simply want to know more about how to support your child as they learn and grow, schedule a free introductory call discuss our services and to get matched with one of our highly trained and specialized online speech therapists today! Services can begin in as little as 3 – 5 business days.

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1. In colour theory, an aspect of the perceived intensity of a colour referring to the colourfulness of a stimulus relative to the brightness of another stimulus that appears white under similar viewing conditions. Chromatic colours are all those other than black, white, and grey. See also saturation. 2. In television transmission, the part of the signal (sub-carrier) containing information on colour hue and saturation. 3. A measure of the intensity of a particular colour on a television screen in relation to a standard colour of equal luminance. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. Please, or login to access all content.

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No one wants to be a loser. In the sports world, some players and fans take losing so seriously that they resort to violence. The same attitude colors our approach to international relations, especially During the Vietnam War, many, including Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and President Lyndon Johnson, knew we were unable to win the conflict, yet they lacked the courage to admit they had lost. They prolonged the war because no one wanted to "cut and run." When Richard Nixon ran for president in 1968, he claimed to have a plan to get us out of the war. He would bring "peace with honor"; in other words, he would not lose. Since he could not walk away a winner, he escalated the war. To this day, many conservatives believe that we could have won that war if we had tried harder. The New York Times on April 1, 2007, quoted Rep. John Boehner, the minority leader, on the end of the Vietnam War:"We left chaos and genocide in the streets of Vietnam because we pulled the troops out and didn't have the will to win." Sen. John McCain, a prisoner of war for over five years, considers the war in Vietnam to have been a "noble cause." The U.S could have won the war, he contends, if the president had sent ground forces into North Vietnam and launched a strategic bombing campaign. Today we have diplomatic relations with Vietnam, which has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. While it is still ostensibly Communist, its leaders have loosened their grip on the people. Would the U.S., Vietnam, or the world as a whole be better off today if we had fought on as McCain and Boehner have recommended? It is hard to see how. We would have lost more young men and women, as would the Vietnamese. Winning presumably would have meant establishing a North Vietnam and a South Vietnam independent of each other. I doubt the separate countries after a longer conflict would be as prosperous as the united country is today. Assuming McCain and Boehner are right that we could have won the war in even that sense – a doubtful proposition – spending another three, four, five, or more years achieving victory would have provided no benefits to the U.S., but many costs. What does this tell us about the current war in Iraq? Note that we have already lost more of our armed forces (over 3,200 dead) in the first four years of this conflict than we did in the 10 years for which the U.S. government counts deaths in Vietnam. We cannot win this war, if by "winning" one means creating a unified, democratic, peaceful Iraq with a government friendly to the U.S. Most of the American public would like to see us leave, but without losing. President George Bush plays on this emotion by asserting that we can win if we stay the course. He says setting a definite date for withdrawal is "surrender." If the war is to be lost, which it already is, he wants the acknowledgment of that loss delayed until the next president's term. Supporters of the war claim that pulling out will make the United States look weak and encourage others to take advantage of us. This is simply nonsense. Everyone knows the United States military can conquer almost any country; it may find it impossible to pacify the people, but it can defeat any military. Nevertheless, many claim that we cannot afford to show weakness by leaving Iraq. We see the same belief at work in the current standoff between Britain and Iran, in which neither party wants to back down for fear of seeming weak. Thus, both sides escalate the confrontation. Once Iraq had established a constitution and elected a government, Bush could have announced victory and gone home. Of course, he would have left behind a mounting civil war and an ineffective government unlikely to remain friendly to the U.S. and Israel. He also would have failed to achieve (a) his announced aim of establishing a functioning democracy and (b) his unspoken ambition to build military bases to protect Israel and project U.S. government interests in the Middle East. But the U.S. and Iraq would both be better off today. Unfortunately, the next president will face the same problem. To pull out is to "lose," and the public is unlikely to support a loser. Who among the presidential candidates has the courage to pull our troops out? Note that most of those running talk in terms of redeployment and try to lay the blame for any failure on the Iraqis. Any future president who does withdraw will suffer a backlash from the bitter-enders. Withdrawal will take courage and the willingness to accept defeat on the battlefield and, most likely, at the ballot box. If we continue to pursue an impossible victory, however, we will face mounting casualties and insurmountable expenses.

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CC-MAIN-2014-15

http://www.antiwar.com/orig/moore.php?articleid=10756

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en

A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment for a flat, gravel-covered, 1.3 acre parcel in an urban site in Indianapolis, Indiana indicated that it had been covered with multiple building structures over most of its 100 year use. Facilities had included warehouses, a bar, a restaurant, a baker, and a dentist. However, no records of building demolition had been found during the assessment, although it was suspected that debris from the structure razing had been disposed of on-site. Because of the desire to develop the property, the Phase I ESA recommended a subsurface investigation be conducted to identify suspected impacted and hazardous materials that may have been buried on the site. Due to the expected demolition debris, the use of test pits to uncover areas of concern was recommended. However, since no evidence existed as to where the pits should be located, Mundell was asked to perform a geophysical survey to guide the selection of test pit locations. To accomplish the study objectives, Mundell personnel completed a multi-faceted geophysical survey using electromagnetic and 2-D electrical resistivity equipment to locate and characterize concealed metallic objects such as underground storage tanks, steel drums, utilities and metallic debris, and to map variations in different fill materials. The results indicated significant metallic objects and five distinct areas of similar subsurface fill materials (Areas A through E in the above figure). Using the geophysical results, Mundell recommended the location of eighteen (18) test pits for determining the expected character of the buried materials. The excavations uncovered building and construction debris, concrete slabs, bricks, wood, sheet metal, scrap metal, and slag and ash (see to the left). No obvious chemically-impacted fill materials of concern or asbestos-containing materials were encountered. Using the quantities of materials estimated from the geophysical survey and the types of materials found at the site within the test pits, a cost estimate for developing the property ranged from about $430,000 to $600,000. This included the costs of excavation, transportation and landfill disposal of materials.

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CC-MAIN-2021-31

https://mundellassociates.com/portfolio/geophysical-survey-brownfield-development/

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en

January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month!!! Did you know that cervical cancer is most frequently diagnosed in women between the age of 35-44? The American Cancer Association estimates that in 2021 approximately 14,480 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed, and approximately 4,290 women will die from cervical cancer. Cervix and its function: The cervix is the lowest region of the uterus that connects the uterus to the birth canal and is about two inches long. The cervix widens during childbirth to allow the passage of baby. It also allows the passage of menstrual fluid and the sperms need to pass through the cervix in order to reach the uterus. Most cervical cancers are caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). There are no signs or symptoms in the early stages of the cancer. Signs and symptoms of advanced stages include: vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between period or after menopause, watery fluid drainage that may be heavy and have a foul odor and pelvic pain or pain during intercourse. - Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Can spread with skin to skin contact and sexual activity (vaginal, anal or oral) - Sexual history: Mostly due to early exposure to HPV. Becoming sexually active at young age (younger than 18), many sexual partners and one partner who is a high risk. - Smoking: Women who smoke are twice at a risk to get cervical cancer than non smokers. - Weakened immune system: The immune system is important in destroying cancer cells. Women with weakened immune system might have a precancer develop to an invasive one faster than normal. - Chlamydia infection: Certain studies show that chlamydia bacteria may help HPV grow and live on in the cervix which might increase the risk of cervical cancer. - Long term use of oral contraceptive: Research suggests that long term use of oral contraceptives may increase the risk of cervical cancer ,but the risk goes down once the pills are stopped. - Multiple full term pregnancies: Women with 3 or more births are at a high risk which is thought due to increased exposure to HPV and a possible weak immune system during pregnancy. - Young age at full term pregnancy: Women who had their first full term pregnancy under the age of 20 are at a higher risk. - Economic Status: Many low income women don’t have adequate access to healthcare services and may not get screened or treated for cervical pre cancers. - Diet: Women whose diet low in fruits and vegetables may be at a higher risk for cervical cancer. Prevention and Early Detection: Not all cervical cancers can be prevented but depending on the person’s age and overall health the risk can be reduced. Vaccination and regular screening can help detect/prevent cervical cancer in the early stages . - HPV vaccine: Helps protect children and young adults against some HPV infections. The American Cancer Society (ACS)recommends vaccination to children 9-12 and young adults between 13-26 who haven’t received all their doses. The ACS doesn’t recommend vaccine for people over the age of 26. - Limit exposure to HPV: HPV is passed via skin contact and can be passed without sex. It can spread from one body part to another. You can limit the exposure by limiting the number of sexual partners and avoiding sex with person who have had multiple sex partners. - Use a condom: Condoms can protect somewhat against HPV but can’t completely protect against it as it does not cover all the parts. - Quit smoking: Not smoking is another important way to reduce the risk of cervical cancer and pre-cancer. - Pap test: Used to collect cells from the cervix to be tested in the lab for cancer and pre-cancer. Most invasive cervical cancers are found in women who don’t have a Pap test. - HPV test: Looks for infection by high risk types HPV that are more likely to cause cervical pre-cancer and cancer. Once upon a time was one of the leading cancer to cause death in women in the United States. However, for the last 40 years with vaccine and early detection the number of cases and death due to cervical cancer have decreased significantly. Most frequently diagnosed in women between the age of 35-44 with average age of diagnosis being 50. More than 20% of cancer are found in women over the age of 65 who haven’t had regular screening tests .

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CC-MAIN-2023-50

https://theracurept.com/january-is-cervical-cancer-awareness-month/

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en

New Earth-observing satellite snaps 'blue marble' shot Three-month-old Suomi NPP captures hi-res Earth pic The newly renamed Suomi NPP satellite has snapped a hi-res composite of the Earth from a number of swaths over the surface taken on 4 January. Image of Earth from the Suomi NPP. Credit: NASA/NOAA/GSFC/Suomi NPP/VIIRS/Norman Kuring The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project, or NPP, was launched at the end of October last year. It was recently renamed the Suomi NPP in honour of the late Verner E Suomi, known as the father of satellite meteorology. The mission is a bridge between NASA's Earth Observing System satellites to the next-generation Joint Polar Satellite System, or JPSS, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) programme. Suomi, who was a meteorologist at the Univerity of Wisconsin, pioneered remote sensing of Earth from satellites in polar orbits a few hundred miles above the surface with Explorer 7 in 1959, and geostationary orbits of thousands of miles with ATS-1 in 1966. He was also the inventor of the "spin-scan" camera, which allowed geostationary weather satellites to continuously capture snapshots, giving us the pictures commonly used on TV weather forecasts. "It is fitting that such an important and innovative partnership pays tribute to a pioneer like Verner Suomi," said Mary Kicza, assistant administrator for NOAA's Satellite and Information Service. "Suomi NPP is an extremely important mission for NOAA. Its advanced instruments will improve our weather forecasts and understanding of the climate and pave the way for JPSS, our next generation of weather satellites." You can view the full resolution of the image here. ®

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CC-MAIN-2018-47

https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/01/26/suomi_npp_earth_image/

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en

PARIS.- The exhibition tackles the question of permanence and of artistic development observed in the northern margins of Europe during the spread of Christianity between the 7th and 12th centuries. For the first time in almost fifteen years, a large exhibition on the art of this period in northern Europe gives us the opportunity to discover, or rediscover, some of the most spectacular pieces from the Celtic and Scandinavian countries. Although Europe bears the Greek name of a Phoenician princess, it was not until the Middle Ages that the concept and the geographical space were defined. Within the context of the French Presidency of the European Union, this exhibition is exceptional in its originality, and in the richness of its content. As Christianity expanded beyond the limits of the Roman Empire from the 5th century onwards, the Church was obliged to take many cultural influences into account. Unlike regions which had converted to Christianity, under Roman administration, the evangelising ecclesiastics did not have the benefit of strong political support. So, faced with the challenges presented by the diversity of civilisations and beliefs, the Church sought to use art to integrate cultural differences. Far from claiming to offer an exhaustive view of the art and the archaeology of medieval Celtic and Scandinavian civilisations, this exhibition aims to shed new light on the way institutions that had become all-powerful in the western world, like the Church of Rome, used artistic creation to establish themselves and transmit their message to populations being converted. A selection of about 80 works (sculpture, gold and silverwork, illuminations), mainly from collections in Ireland, England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, illustrate this theme. The exhibition is laid out geographically and chronologically in the first two rooms of the museum, and is divided into two sections: the British Isles and Scandinavia. The British Isles Ireland converted to Christianity very early on and put all its own artistic resources at the service of the Christian Church. Some of the most remarkable illuminated works demonstrate the key role of the Irish monks in the artistic syncretism and spread of aesthetic models throughout the British Isles. Welsh and Scottish works reveal the importance of this Irish heritage while maintaining the distinctive features of these countries. It is a special event to have these Scottish works of art in France, on loan from the National Museums of Scotland. Through these one can see the major archaeological discoveries in Scotland, like the fibulas of Rogart, the stelae and cross of Monifieth, and the impressive Pictish chain of Whitecleugh. The Evangelistary of the College of Arms and the reliquary cross from the Victoria and Albert Museum in London confirm Englands role as the hub of the Celtic and Scandinavian worlds. Far from just being bloodthirsty pirates, commonly associated with the Vikings, the Scandinavians were also a nation of traders and explorers, with an open view of the world, of the civilisations and religions of Europe and those of the Middle East. They very quickly came into contact with typical objects of Christianity. Crosses were used as pendants for bracelets or necklaces. From the beginning of the 9th century, Christianity spread further, and gradually Christians and pagans were living as part of the same family. Alongside imported objects, the Scandinavian Christians made objects such as the Crucifix of Birka from the Museum of the History of Stockholm and the Croix d'Oro from the National Museum of Copenhagen, which demonstrate how Christian forms were adapted to local practices. Having seen the crucifix worn by the Christians, the Scandinavians developed a strong, pagan sign of membership, the Hammer of Thor of Erikstrop. For a long time the two religions existed side by side, and after the year one thousand, objects became monumental in size, with pagan and Christian scenes mixed together as in the Vegusdal Gate from the University of Oslo and the baptismal fonts of Ardre from the Museum of Stockholm.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://artdaily.com/news/26391/Celts-and-Scandinavians--Artistic-Connections-From-7th-to-12th-Century-at-Mus-e-National-du-Moyen-Age

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en

A Membrane Process to Recover and Use Methane Emissions Small Business Information Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1360 Willow Road, Suite 103, Menlo Park, CA, 94025 Andre De Costa AbstractMethane is an important global warming gas. Large amounts of methane and other light hydrocarbons are produced as solution gas in the production of oil, and as biogas from landfills and animal feedlots. Some of this gas is emitted directly to the atmosphere, some is flared, and some (from the very largest sources) is used as fuel in specially modified turbines or engines to generate electricity. The gas is not more commonly used in this way because most sources are small, and the gas is very impure. Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., proposes to develop a membrane process to separate and upgrade the gas. The treated gas will be a much cleaner, richer turbine fuel with which to generate electric power. If this process is to be successful, the systems must be rugged, reliable, and low in cost. This project focuses on adapting current technology to meet these targets. The best application is to treat solution gas formed during oil production operations. The process achieves a simple payback time of only 2.3 years from the value of the heavy hydrocarbon liquids recovered and the electric power produced. There is a total potential market for about 10,000 of these units in North America. Treatment of biogas has a payback time of approximately 5 years. The market for these units will depend on acceptance of regulations requiring these gas emissions to be treated. If successfully developed, the process could be applied very widely. The first target market is to treat gas currently flared in natural gas operations. The second market, treatment of biogas from small landfills and animal feedlots, will be developed later. * information listed above is at the time of submission.

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CC-MAIN-2016-07

https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/229581

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en

Carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and DNA repair. Encyclopedia of toxicology, second edition. Wexler P, Anderson BD, De Peyster A, Gad SC, eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2005 Mar; :440-445 Carcinogen-DNA adducts are addition products formed by covalent binding of all or part of a carcinogen molecule to chemical moieties in DNA; adducts are formed when an activated chemical species (electrophilic, positively charged metabolite) binds covalently to negatively charged moieties in DNA. Carcinogen-DNA adducts of exogenous genotoxic chemical carcinogens may induce errors in DNA sequence (mutations). Subsequent transcription on a damaged template may result in the formation of abnormal proteins or the absence of protein. DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis are considered to bring about changes in gene expression that produce clonal expansions of cells lacking in growth control (tumors). A substantial period of time is required for a tumor to become evident, and DNA damage is considered to be necessary but not sufficient for tumorigenesis, since other events must also take place. DNA adduct levels, measured at any point in time, reflect tissue-specific rates of damage processing that include DNA adduct formation and removal (DNA repair), DNA adduct instability, tissue turnover and other events. In experimental model systems dose-response associations have been observed for DNA adduct formation, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis. Reductions in tumor incidences have been observed when DNA adduct levels have been lowered, either by DNA repair processes or by administration of chemopreventive agents that inhibit DNA adduct formation with no change in dose. Carcinogenesis; Carcinogenicity; DNA-adducts; DNA-damage; Genetics; Genotoxic-effects; Genotoxicity; Mutagenesis; Mutagenicity Wexler-P; Anderson-BD; De Peyster-A; Gad-SC Encyclopedia of toxicology, second edition

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CC-MAIN-2017-43

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20029548.html

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I spent last week on vacation in Stone Harbor, NJ. Sitting on the beach and observing the results of Hurricane Sandy's power--and the Borough's reaction to it--got me thinking. How do we choose when to fight the inevitability of nature? Who should pay for it? When, if ever, do we admit defeat and treat our coastline as a fluid, rather than rigid, boundary? As you can see in the photo above, the water has really scoured the beach, causing almost cliff-like conditions at the high-water line. Higher up on the beach, the large and well-established dunes were eaten away by the hurricane. It's fortunate for property owners on the island that these dunes have been the subject of a lot of focus in recent years. Natural dunes often occur in a double-humped configuration. That is, there are two rows of dunes running parallel to the beach. Because of this, four distinct microclimates are created; the primary (outer) dune facing the beach, the back of that dune, the outer face of the secondary (inner) dune, and the back of that dune. Dunes serve many purposes. They create several microclimates where different flora and fauna live. In the photo below, you can see how the sides of the dunes facing the ocean have more grasses, while the back side has larger plants. If these dunes are allowed to progress naturally, larger vegetation, including trees, will develop as you move away from the ocean. This is determined by how much wind, blowing sand, and salt spray each area is subjected to. (For a more thorough description of this process and a list of the plant species involved, see Ian McHarg's Design With Nature, in the chapter entitled "Sea and Survival".) When I was a kid, there were almost no dunes. Over the past several years, the towns along this stretch of the coast have been developing dune projects, putting in snow fencing to trap sand and planting grasses to hold it in place. As the wind blows more sand onto the dunes, the grasses extend their roots, creating a dense mat that grips the sand. It is this network of roots that held most of the dune mass in place during the storm. The dunes were able to absorb most of the power of the storm, and kept the sea back (mostly), reducing the storm damage to flooding, but not destruction. Now, the beach is being rebuilt. The dredging barge has moved in, and large equipment stands at the ready on the sand. The barge will suck sand from offshore and blow it, along with whatever else is down there, through a three-foot-wide pipe up onto shore. The sand will be spread into place and will bring the beach back to where it was the last time this process was done (three years ago, I think). The total sand to be moved will be about 700,000 cubic yards, or the equivalent of 46,667 standard dump-truck loads. Fortunately for local property owners, the beach fill project is entirely funded with Sandy relief money, costing the Borough nothing. But it begs the question: Who should be paying for this beach reclamation, and should they get a vote? There are strong arguments on both sides. On the one hand, the Jersey Shore is a vacation destination, filled with memories for those who go there. On the other, the vast majority of the homes on these islands are second homes, so why should the government pay to keep them safe? This isn't just a problem that occurs after major storms. The islands along this part of the coast are barrier islands, made of sand and, in their natural state, constantly forming, changing, and reforming. It's only been in the last hundred years or so that people have decided to "stabilize" them, putting up barriers to the sea and periodically taking sand that has drifted away and putting it back. I don't have any clever answers here, but it's food for thought. In the wake of the storm, there's been plenty written about why we need to replenish these beaches and rebuild. There are also articles like this one (written in 2004), questioning whether it should be the federal government that foots the bill. Fortunately, in the case of this storm it seems like people were generally able to put these argument aside and help those in need of immediate assistance. As Jimi Hendrix said, "And so castles made of sand fall in the sea, eventually". If you'd like to keep up with the dredging progress, you can do so here. If you want to be part of the larger discussion, Philadelphia's own WHYY is hosting a series on it entitled "Ready For Next Time? Rethinking the Jersey Shore After Sandy". Read more and see a schedule of events, starting July 15th, here.

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CC-MAIN-2019-09

http://www.tonerarch.com/blog/2013/6/25/stronger-than-the-storm.html

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Bonobos may be the most promiscuous species on the planet. From meddling mothers to feeding ground excitement, their sex lives are unique in the animal world. Humans can easily transmit viruses to chimpanzees and other primates. Human-to-ape disease transmission is thought to be a severe threat to the survival of great apes. Dogs can become as close to you as any other person – but are they ‘legal persons’? Most Americans identify as animal lovers and support either full or partial legal rights for animals. War for the Planet of the Apes used no real primates. Twentieth Century Fox Using real apes and monkeys as actors in film and TV encourages people to see them as pets. Wild chimpanzees are hard to find, but their DNA – left-behind genetic traces – are opening up a new way of studying them. The new species has a smaller head, and a distinctly ‘cinnamon’ colour compared with other orangutans. A group of fewer than 800 orangutans in northern Sumatra has been recognised as a new species - and they are already under threat from deforestation. Southpaws seem to be more common among cats and dogs than humans. The animal kingdom is full of lefties and righties, although rarely is the ratio skewed as much as it is in humans. If you're wondering about your own pet, you can find out with a simple experiment. A bonobo mother and her child. Primate populations are declining around the world. The great apes are in danger of disappearing, and that bears a great risk for humanity itself. The fabulous red-shanked douc. nattanan726 / shutterstock Our closest relatives are being wiped out and it's all our fault. Research suggests friends don't just help in the bad times – they cut damaging stress just by being around. Bonobos are separated from chimpanzees by the River Congo, but they share more genes than we thought. The two species mated 500,000 years ago, leaving a genetic mark to this day. This knowledge could help save them from extinction. Bonobo Jasongo at Leipzig Zoo has a hunch about what you’re thinking. Realizing that others' minds hold different thoughts, feelings and knowledge than your own was thought to be something only people could do. But evidence is accumulating that apes, too, have 'theory of mind.' The new apes in town. 20th Century Fox Why we won't see a Planet of the Apes when humans are gone. Chimpanzees are wily enough to adapt in some ways when people encroach on their turf. Apes and people are sharing habitat more than ever. As apes are pushed into novel situations, we can see how they adapt and maybe find clues into early human evolution.

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CC-MAIN-2019-35

https://theconversation.com/us/topics/great-apes-16586

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en

Preschoolers develop an increasing sense of self-consciousness about their bodies and gender variations. Also, a baby’s self-consciousness deepens as he explores an event by way of position-taking part in or symbolic play. An example of self-awareness is what someone hopes to realize by way of therapy. For some people even reading about cognitive bias, which effects all of us, is shocking and depressing. As youngsters we develop ways to avoid uncomfortable conditions and information, and it’s part of how we’re able to survive. It’s easy to blame other individuals, no less than in our personal minds, for many disappointments we experience in life which might be our own damn fault. The ultimate space of self-awareness is self-confidence, having a strong sense of your own self-price, and never counting on others for your valuation of yourself. Like with programming I think it additionally is determined by learning fashion, some people are social learners, some very visual, some study by doing, etc. For a bit of context, I may put learning to be self-aware in a “issue to be taught class” with programming, hardware digital design, and drawing practical pencil drawings. So if we confuse self-awareness with self-management we probably get somewhat complicated experiences and resist, or even reject, attempting to work a bit extra on it. Now if this was the entire story no one would be able to overcome unhealthy experiences of the previous, simply associating a present notion with a nasty reminiscence would lead to amygdala hijacking. Fortunately consciousness doesn’t appear to be a a method process, however quite the combination of a prime down process(larger cortical features) and a backside up (primary instincts and emotions) course of. It takes a lot of work, and sometimes seems like it isn’t serving to, not price it, especially to start with. But I’d say it is the similar for the other subjects I talked about earlier, like programming. Greater self-awareness also might render us higher workers and team players, who’re less self awareness likely to lie, cheat and steal (Eurich, 2018). The value of self-awareness has been acknowledged for millennia. Part of the thriller of self-awareness is tied to the flexibility to pay attention to ourselves in a particular way. On the opposite hand if I’m self-conscious enough to know I need more self-awareness we’re back to the difficult point you mention. An example here might be someone who has stain on their shirt and didn’t discover until it’s too late an someone points it out after an important meeting. Someone with distorted boundaries of self may inform themselves if they’d extra self-awareness they’d have prevented the embarrassment. “Know thyself” was inscribed on the forecourt of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Greek philosophers believed self-data was the highest form of information. I like this even for the first two phrases alone – paying consideration. As for educating self-consciousness, you may have to begin with what and why earlier than how. The incurious must be dragged kicking and screaming and a few will abandon ship. Many of these are scary and for good reason as extra self-awareness, for better and worse, awaits on the other aspect. We all are likely to reject unfavorable issues we hear in favor of positive ones, even if the adverse ones are more correct. Learning about our blind spots, weaknesses or insecurities is emotionally tough. Self Awareness Workshop.Self Awareness Workshop in Singapore. Self Awareness Workshop Singapore.

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

https://knowlesti.sg/self-awareness-3/

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In Ireland of the 1950s, many people left school at fourteen years of age. They went to America or England to find work. The education they received in Ireland was of a very high standard. By the time we left national school we had a great grasp of English, Irish and arithmetic. Consider the sums we could do. I came across examples of these lately: 1. A man bought a house for £1,750. He let it for £120 per year but had to pay out £41 5s for the year in ground rent, rates, etc. What was his percentage profit on his outlay? 2. Make out a shop bill for the following: - 4½ lb. butter at 2s. 8d per lb - ¾ stone of sugar at 7d per lb - 42 bottles of milk at 5½d each - 45 eggs at 4s 6d per doz - ¼ lb. tobacco at 1s 10½d per ounce. 3. Estimate the yield of turnips from a field of 4ac. 3rds. 16 sq. per. at the rate of 15 tons per acre. In order to do these type of sums, we had to learn lists of weights and measurements, which I can still recite: "Sixteen ounces one pound, fourteen pounds one stone, etc,. Some further example were: Suits in a Dublin shop were marked in dollars for American visitors. One suit was marked “13 guineas or $38.22.” What was the rate of exchange? An advertisement read: “Carpenters wanted. 3s 2½d. per hour + 6d. per day tool money + 38s 6d per week country money.” If a carpenter, on these terms, worked on 6 days a week for a total of 44 hours, what would he earn in 13 weeks?’ Isn’t there almost a social history in some of these? What was "country money"? I came across more lessons we learned long ago, lessons about Adam and Eve, as well as geography, Irish, and English: THE FIRST SIN: God told Adam that he and Eve might eat the fruit of every tree in the garden, except of one, and that one they must not touch. This was very little to require, and had our first parents obeyed God they would have lived forever and would have been happy in this beautiful garden. But one day the devil tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit, and told her that if she ate it she would become as wise as God Himself. Eve was foolish and wicked enough to believe this, and in spite of God’s command, she ate the forbidden fruit. Then, not satisfied with sinning herself, she coaxed Adam to eat the fruit also, and in this way sin was brought upon the earth.’ (Blame the woman!) COMPOSITION: A day spent working, gathering blackberries. ENGLISH: Say whether the words in italics are adjectives or pronouns: 1. Give me that book: leave this where it is. 2. This pen is better than that. 3. One day you will be one of the world’s workers. In Sister Dymphna’s fourth class we had geography just after lunch time. For our homework we had to learn the towns in the counties (see below) and say what was produced in each town. I recall clearly reciting these in my head, as I ate my dinner, while "The Kennedys Of Castleross" was on the wireless. Woe betide us if we didn’t know them: Westmeath (An Iar – Mhidhe) Mullingar (An Muileann Cearr): Tobacco, woollens, livestock mart, creamery. Athlone (Áth Luain): Woollens, cotton, linen. Galway (Gaillimh): Fisheries, woollens, marble, millinery, agricultural implements. University College. Tuam (Tuaim): Sugar factory. Ballinasloe (Beal Atha na Sluaighe): Cattle-, horse-, and sheep fairs. Boots and shoes. I found all these examples in a book called "Favourite lessons we learnt in school," written by Thomas F. Walsh We learned ‘off by heart’ – ‘Cad a dhéanfá dá mbeadh do rothar pollta?’ (What would you do if your bike had a puncture?) We knew our tuiseals and aimsirs (verb tenses) inside out. We learned "liom, leat, leis, leí, linn, libh, leo" (with me, with you, with him, etc,.) and much, much more. Most of my teachers were kind and encouraging. I was bright and studious with a mother who helped us all with our homework. I was lucky. Pity the poor, slow-learner who couldn’t grasp any of this. There were no resource teachers or, indeed, any understanding of pupils with special needs when we were in national school. There were some very misguided, bad teachers who thought that knowledge could be ‘beaten into’ young children. “Ah, sure it didn’t do us any harm,” I heard a man once remark. He is very wrong. I know adults in their 60s who, after a few drinks, regularly relive their fear and dread of certain teachers, with great suppressed anger and rage. Subconsciously, we absorb the landscape of our childhood and it colors the rest of our lives. For some, their confidence in themselves was destroyed forever by these teachers. Nowadays, school in Ireland is very different. My grandson, aged seven, can’t wait to return to his new class in September. He enjoys learning and so do all his classmates. And teachers enjoy teaching, too.

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Faunal dating definition, teacher resources They occur in most of the crystals found in igneous rocks and are common in the minerals quartzfeldsparolivine and pyroxene. Nevertheless, they can provide an abundance of useful information. For example, if a valley is formed inside an impact craterthe valley must be younger than the crater. Pottery and concave-based arrowheads show affinities to those from Early Khartoum and the Fayyum, respectively. The lateral variation in sediment within a stratum is known as sedimentary facies. Archaic biological features and organisms are succeeded in the fossil record by more modern versions. There was a stone industry of choppers and retouched flakes, but it may not be associated with Solo Man. It is usually calculated from the most abundant bone or tooth from either the left or right side of the animal. This is no longer accepted and de Mortillet's epochs are now thought to represent cultures and to have local validity only. Original horizontality[ edit ] The principle of original horizontality states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds. This allows for strata to be identified and dated by the fossils found within. Many of the same principles are applied. De Mortillet saw his epochs as periods of time or as stages of development with a universal validity, and Faunal dating definition scheme was basically a refinement of the Three Age System. Relative Dating - Definitions Flashcards | Quizlet In England, Ireland, and Flanders, they were built during the Faunal dating definition medieval period. For the palaeontological criteria of Lartet he substituted archaeological ones based on tool forms rather than faunal remains. Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin 's theory of evolutionthe principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The sites provide a complete dated sequence of Upper Palaeolithic occupation in the Ukraine. Individual inclusions are oval or round in shape and consist of clear glass, together with a small round vapor bubble and in some cases a small square spinel crystal. The formation of melt inclusions appears to be a normal part of the crystallization of minerals within magmas, and they can be found in both volcanic and plutonic rocks. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. The occupation was not continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous. Each period had 'type names' after a 'type site ' where the diagnostic material was well represented -- such as Mousterian, Aurignacian, and Solutrean. Mammal fauna is of the Lower Pleistocene and may be an early form of horse. Glacial flora and fauna were replaced by modern forms and the flint industries are often distinguished by an abundance of microliths. A fossilized Neanderthal bone will never be found in the same stratum as a fossilized Megalosaurusfor example, because neanderthals and megalosaurs lived during different geological periodsseparated by many millions of years. Faunal associations are Upper Pleistocene, and age estimates range from 60, years. Principles of relative dating[ edit ] Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a natural science in the 18th century. Formation in Hebei Province, China, thought to be 1 million years old and containing northern China's earliest Palaeolithic tools of quartzite choppers and flakes. In marshy areas, a moat provided an extra means of drainage when the climate was deteriorating and acted as a source of both dry-season water and edible aquatic flora and fauna. Simply, the earlier fossil life forms are simpler than more recent forms, and more recent forms are most similar to existing forms principle of faunal succession. Often, the sedimentary basin is within rocks that are very different from the sediments that are being deposited, in which the lateral limits of the sedimentary layer will be marked by an abrupt change in rock type. As he continued his job as a surveyorhe found the same patterns across England. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. Extensive scattered prehistoric occupation is attested from c bp, with assemblages of wild plant foods and ceramics. Seeds were well-preserved and include two kinds of barley, doum Teenage girl dating advice, date palm, possible sorghum and several weed species indicative of the presence of cultivation. Sediment will continue to be transported to an area and it will eventually be deposited. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault. This article needs additional citations for verification. Terrace site in the Solo River valley in Java, Indonesia, which had remains of Pleistocene fauna and advanced Homo erectus Solo Man of cFaunal dating definition ago. Using microscopic observations and a range of chemical microanalysis techniques geochemists and igneous petrologists can obtain a range of useful information from melt inclusions.

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WASHINGTON, June 29 (UPI) -- Recycling of so-called rare earth elements could ease global concerns about a reliable supply of the substances now mined mostly in China, researchers say. Writing in the journal Environment Science & Technology, scientists say the dozen or so rare earth elements, or REEs, have unique physical and chemical properties making them essential for defense applications, computers, cellphones, electric vehicles, batteries, appliances, fertilizers, liquid crystal displays and other products. But having only one major source supply, China, is a worry, they say. "Since 1990, China has played a dominant role in REE mining production; other countries are almost completely dependent on imports from China with respect to rare earth resources," the researchers wrote. Researchers say a "recycle and reuse" strategy could lessen that dependence. They say they've done the first-ever analysis of the amount of REEs available in in-use products in the United States, Japan and China, the major users of the materials. They found nearly 99,000 tons REEs were included in products manufactured in 2007. This "invisible" stock, equivalent to more than 10 years of mining production, "suggests that REE recycling may have the potential to offset a significant part of REE virgin extraction in the future ... and minimize the environmental challenges present in REE mining and processing," the researchers said.

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Summer is on its way, and blue skies abound! So why not make a nature journaling project inspired by them? In all my years of loving all things cyan, I recently discovered the cyanometer. What in the world is that you ask? Great question! It’s a historic device that measures the blue of the sky. Why? Well, why not? The sky has captivated humans through the ages, and back in 1789 Swiss physicist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure decided to make his own attempt at the age old question – “Why is the sky blue?” De Saussure was a brilliant natural scientist with a strong desire to measure things. Saussure suspected the blue of the sky was an optical effect because on different days the sky faded from a pale white gray of the clouds to a deep blue. “…Saussure concluded that the colour [of the sky] must indicate its moisture content.” (credit) His suspicion was correct, but to get to that conclusion, he needed a tool to measure the sky – enter the cyanometer! Horace-Bénédict de Saussure’s cyanometer from 1760. So Saussure created a dial of 53 tints and shades of prussian blue to use as a meter for tracking the blue of the sky. He hoped that this tool would help further accuracy in the field of meteorology and weather prediction. While the cyanometer didn’t help so much with that, the work he accomplished with did it help earn Saussure the title of founder of modern meteorology. The cyanometer is a useful too for nature journalers and those interested in tracking and documenting the natural world around them. De Saussure concluded, correctly, that the color of the sky was dependent on the amount of suspended particles in the atmosphere In the end, was Lord Rayleigh and Gustav Mie who scientifically answered why the sky is blue, but De Saussure’s discovery of cyanometer proves to this day to be a tool that can help inspire natural historians and artists alike to track, replicate, and ponder the blues of the sky. Wonder Wednesday 81: Make a Cyanometer Create your own cyanometer and track blue skies throughout the seasons in your nature journal. Discover what wonders reveal themselves to you over time! If you want to do this activity with little ones, I have a modification for you in the “Extensions” section. - Watercolor paper 150-300 lbs is best because you want that stiffness - 2 concentric bowls – or if you want to include geometry lessons into this activity, break out the compass, protractor, and your circle formulas! - Paint brush and water - Prussian Blue watercolor paint and palette - Scratch paper and paper towel - Clothes pin (or popsicle stick and tape) Preparation of the Cyanometer: Trace your larger bowl onto your paper. Then trace the smaller bowl inside. Try to center the smaller inner bowl as well as possible if you are eyeballing it like I did. Or, if you are using geometry tools and formulas, make them exactly centered. Then, find the center of the circle (eyeballing like me or geometrically) and use the ruler to draw vertical and horizontal lines through the center. Continue splitting the circle up into pieces by drawing the lines (again eyeballing like me or geometrically). You can decide how many pieces you want to make. I chose 16 pieces. Cut out the outer, larger, circle from the paper. Carefully poke a hole in the very center and then cut out the inside of the circle just under your numbers – you can do this precisely or just eyeball it like I did. Use a waterproof pen like a thin sharpie or a pigma micron pen to number just to the inside circle of each piece. Get 2 cups of clean water. One will stay mainly clean and one you will use for fading the blue. Have your paper towels and scratch paper handy. Now, prepare a clean paint palette with only Prussian Blue watercolor paint. A white palette works best for creating these gradations. At this point, if making monochromatic gradation swatches is new to you, practice making different saturations on scratch paper. Do this by starting with very diluted paint added to your wet brush and paint your lightest grade and gradually add a bit more paint to saturate each gradation until you use just enough water to make the paint flow. Then, do the same on your wheel. Decide if you are more comfortable going light to dark or vice versa and begin. I personally tend to always start lighter because it’s easier to add more paint than to take it away. Make swatches that grade from nearly white at 1 to nearly black at 16 (or your highest number). Use your scratch paper to test your color next to the pervious swatch to make sure you got it about right before placing it down. You may need to daub off some paint if you went a little too dark while painting, or go back and do a second layer once it drys if you need to go a little darker on any particular swatches. Let the swatches dry completely. I’d say the sky falls between 10-11 today, but if I shift over to the cloudier area it’s more like a 6. Clip the clothes pin in between swatches at the bottom of your cyanometer. (Or tape a popsicle stick to the back.) Go outside and see where the day’s sky falls on the meter and begin your sky tracking adventure! Keep your cyanometer in your nature journal and use it as part of your tracking system with your date and time. Create a “sky journal” and document all your sky observations across the seasons and times of day. Over time, could this help you discover how the blues of the sky could attune your awareness to weather. (ex.- very cold days quite often have very blue skies) Use this to help you paint skies in your creative nature connections. Looking at the sky through your cyanometer can help you discover where the sky should be lighter or darker in your landscape paintings. Have you noticed how the blues of the sky can depend on where you are in the world? If you go on a trip, create the “preparation” steps for a cyanometer before you go, tuck it into your travel nature journal, and create one based on the color blue of the sky where you are. Perhaps you need to make it from cobalt, ultramarine, or aquamarine instead of prussian blue? Use this with young children to discover how many blues they can find in the sky. If children are too young to paint, gather paint sample chips in blues and create smaller cyanometers by having them arrange the chips in a light to dark gradient and glue them onto a circle. In a Montessori classroom the color tiles work can be used as a preparation activity for creating a cyanometer. What’s your favorite thing about a blue sky day? Share in the comments below! Share your outdoor blue sky with your cyanometer pics on Instagram #wingswormsandwonder! Seeds to Sprout:

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Basic GTD: Organizing actionsAUTHOR: Francisco Sáez Actions to be done at a specific date or time go to the Calendar. These actions are typically detected at the time of processing. Resist the urge to add to the Calendar actions you’d like to do that day. You must think of the Calendar as a sacred territory that reflects your inevitable commitments of every day. If an action must not be done at a given time, then it should be done as soon as possible and it goes to Next Actions. The best way to organize this kind of actions is to assign them the proper context to execute them. This context is just the tool, location, person or situation needed to carry out an action. The definition of these contexts is totally dependent on your lifestyle, but some of the most common are When you are in the mood to make #calls, it is important to have the phone number handy, written in the same item. Sometimes it is useful to divide the context #errands in sub-lists grouped by geographical areas. Some people—your boss, partner, spouse, etc.—can be treated as contexts so you can go over the things related to them the next time you talk to them. If you are not the right person to perform the action, it must go to your Waiting for list. Jot down the person responsible in each item and review the progress of these actions as often as necessary. This is the first of three articles related to organization:

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This lesson covers the letters from the Russian alphabet that look and sound like their counterparts in English. These letters include the following five А К М О Т Additionally we will deal with the letter В. An important distinction to realize is that the Russian alphabet when handwritten can take on an unexpected appearance. The six letters covered in this lesson are shown below in their hand-written form! Notice that the all the letters appear more or less the way that you would expect, except for the Т (bottom middle letter in the picture), which looks a bit like an M from the point of view of an English speaker! Words and Phrase: is that called) Я НЕ ПОНИМАЮ (I

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How many animals are killed for cosmetic testing? Why is cosmetic testing on animals bad? Thus, because animals are subjected to agonizing pain, suffering and death when they are used in laboratory and cosmetics testing, animal research must be stopped to prevent more waste of animal life. Finally, the testing of products on animals is completely unnecessary because viable alternatives are available. Is cosmetic testing on animals necessary? Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require cosmetic testing on animals, it does allow a company to take whatever steps necessary to prove product safety. When did cosmetic testing on animals start? How many animals die during testing? More than 100 million animals suffer and die in the U.S. every year in cruel chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics tests as well as in medical training exercises and curiosity-driven medical experiments at universities. What animals are tested on the most? Twenty-two percent of all regulated animals used in labs are guinea pigs, by far the most used animal in research and testing, followed by rabbits (17%) and hamsters (11%). Does Dove test on animals? Dove has long shown a commitment against animal testing: since the mid-1980s, Dove has not tested (nor commissioned others to test) its products on animals, nor tested (nor commissioned others to test) any ingredients which are contained in its products since 2010, which was more than two years ahead of the EU animal … Can animals feel pain during animal testing? Animals used in research laboratories undergo considerable pain and distress from frequent routines and procedures that are capable of creating pain. Is PETA against animal testing? PETA is at the forefront of stopping this abuse. Our dedicated team of scientists and other staff members work full time exposing the cruelty of animal tests in order to ensure their imminent end. … While some of the experimentation conducted on animals today is required by law, most of it isn’t.5 дней назад Does Gucci test on animals? Gucci is owned by the company Coty, which explicitly says that they don’t test on animals. … Companies are required, by Chinese law, to test on animals. What animals are tested on? Many different species are used around the world, but the most common include mice, fish, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, farm animals, birds, cats, dogs, mini-pigs, and non-human primates (monkeys, and in some countries, chimpanzees). Video: Watch what scientists have to say about alternatives to animal testing. What can be used instead of animal testing? These alternatives to animal testing include sophisticated tests using human cells and tissues (also known as in vitro methods), advanced computer-modeling techniques (often referred to as in silico models), and studies with human volunteers.5 дней назад Who started animal testing? The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on animals. Does Mary Kay still test on animals? Mary Kay does not conduct animal testing on our products or ingredients. … Mary Kay is committed to the elimination of animal testing and is a strong advocate of utilizing alternative methods to substantiate the safety of our ingredients and products.11 мая 2018 г.

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After a number of violent crimes in the news were alleged to have been committed by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including the school shooting in Parkland, many wonder if there is a link between autism and violent crime. There is a perception in the public that people with ASD are more prone to committing violent crimes. However, studies show that people with ASD alone are no more violent than the general population and that there may be other factors contributing to the association of ASD with violence. There is a belief that because people with ASD may lack social skills or can be socially withdrawn that they are hostile. People with ASD appear to have limited or no empathy for other people, and there is a public perception that this can lead to violent propensities. While it may be true that people with ASD can have behavioral difficulties, this does not necessarily mean they are prone to violent behavior. According to a study conducted in Sweden and published in the Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry last year, an ASD diagnosis alone does not increase the risk of violence. The study analyzed over 295,000 individuals, almost 6,000 of which had an autism diagnosis. Researchers tracked these individuals for violent crime convictions between the ages of 15 and 27 using criminal records. During the study, individuals with autism initially appeared to have a greater risk of violence, but the association was significantly reduced once the presence of other disorders was taken into account. The study concluded that the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, other psychiatric disorders, and substance abuse were better predictors of violent behavior. People with autism may have other disorders present which leads to the perception that autism is connected to violence. Once these other disorders were taken into account, the study showed that the rate of violence in people with only ASD was lower than the rate of violence in people without ASD. Therefore, the evidence indicated that having ASD may actually reduce the risk of violence. If you or a loved one has an intellectual or developmental disability and has been arrested or convicted of a crime, you need an experienced criminal defense attorney on your side. Elizabeth Kelley specializes in representing individuals with mental illnesses. To schedule a consultation call (509) 991-7058.

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ShareFacebook Twitter AddThis When I was a little girl, it wasn’t so much the sight of pansies in the garden but the first taste of strawberries which heralded the arrival of spring. Red and fragrant: even non-foodies can rely on their instinct to recognise the quality of spring and summer fruit. This leads us to the first rule: the flavour of sunshine emerges from the very first bite. The most important factor influencing the taste of fruit is ripeness. But how can the poor consumer buy fruit without tasting it? If the shopkeeper discourages his customers from doing so (contrary to the fascinating local markets where this is still the norm), it is up to us, wherever in the world we are, to seek out the marvellous scent of strawberries that will guide us towards making a wise choice. Fruit that has ripened on a tree or plant will have a different flavour from that grown in a greenhouse or stored for days in a warehouse. What makes the difference in quality food – and summer fruit and vegetables are a perfect example – is their intrinsic vitality. Fruit can be dead or alive. Your sense of smell will be your most precious ally: when shopping for strawberries, cherries, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries, it will be your guiding light. Learn to use it and it will be invaluable for all types of fruit and other foodstuffs as well. On the subject of strawberries, there is one golden rule to follow: their taste is inversely proportional to their size. The tiny ones hand- picked in the woods in June cost a fortune. Greenhouse-grown fruit and vegetables are not seasonal products since the climatic conditions of greenhouses are created artificially. However, without wishing to condemn greenhouse crops, we have to bear in mind that we are not buying seasonal fruit. Always remember that you are entitled to ask where the produce comes from, if this is not specified on the packaging. When buying fruit, prefer locally grown or organic products. Furthermore, as a general rule, the skin or peel of any type of fruit should be intact, without cuts, blemishes or bruises. Small fruits, up the size of apricots, are sold in baskets or plastic boxes which are sometimes transparent. One of the commonest tricks employed by shopkeepers is to display the freshest and healthiest strawberries or cherries whilst concealing those that are too ripe and slightly mouldy. Try not to buy baskets that are closed in such a way as to prevent the fruit being examined. The ideal customer is a shrewd lady who, before buying a basket of blackberries, insists on the shopkeeper turning it out on the counter each time and only putting back the healthy ones: if we think about it, why should we pay for fruit that is going to go straight into the rubbish bin? Buying a good melon is tantamount to buying a lottery ticket. Check the weight: the melon must have a correct weight in proportion to its size; the stalk should detach easily and the sides should give slightly when pressed. The scent of the melon should be noticeable without being too sweet, which would indicate over-ripeness; the footstalk should not be withered – it is ripe when soft rather than dry, and easily detachable. Also in the case of water melon, pay attention to the footstalk which should never be excessively dry. Avoid those fruits with a yellowish skin or which sound empty when tapped. The flesh should have a scarcely compact appearance, with a light texture and an abundance of filaments. Apricots should be deep yellow and, in the case of some varieties, show small freckles on their skin, which indicates that they are ripe and ready for eating. Appearance is all-important in the case of peaches and apricots whose skin should be velvety, intact and blemish-free. Peaches should be firm to the touch without being excessively hard and should not have any bruised or soft areas. The skin colour should also be bright. A final hint: despite the fact that this fruit ripens in the warm spring-summer climate, it does not take kindly to refrigeration.

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Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics – defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions. This brief explains how social science can inform infodemiology by making it more attuned to different social, political and cultural contexts and to the relationships between people and formal institutions. By providing an understanding of the contexts and cultures in which infodemics circulate, social scientists can help infodemic managers to work with people to make decisions based on the most accurate and appropriate information. The brief will first set out what needs to be done and then offer six ways to do it. The brief was developed by the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) led by Santiago Ripoll, and by Jennifer Cole, Royal Holloway University of London, a WHO Infodemic Manager. The brief is the responsibility of the SSHAP.

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Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle Start Cycling Aquarium Guide Cycling your aquarium is the first thing, and the most important thing you must do to provide a healthy and stable home for your fish! Aquarium maintenance is easy if you have an aquarium nitrogen cycle going on. The aquarium cycle is more commonly known as the nitrification process and is the biological filter for your tank. Aquarium filtration systems work to keep your water pristine and provide a safe home for your fish, and the biological filter is perhaps the most important filtration system to have. There are three methods of cycling an aquarium covered in this article. In the table below there are Three Methods for Cycling a New Tank, but first let's look at why you want to have a biological filter and cycled your tank. Let's explore what the aquarium nitrogen cycle is and how it works. Then we'll cover some important things to watch out for to keep it working! Why cycle your aquarium: The important reason for cycling an aquarium is because of deadly ammonia present in the aquarium. Ammonia kills fish and ALL fish tanks produce ammonia Ammonia enters the aquarium through either fish waste, uneaten foods, and/or detritus that start decomposing. Ammonia can be removed through chemical filtration, but that method requires an ongoing testing and maintenance chore, usually weekly. A cycled aquarium maintains itself through a natural biological process. Beginning the aquarium nitrogen cycle and continuing the cycle for the entire life of the tank are important to keeping fish alive and healthy. The cycle starts when ammonia becomes present in the tank. Ironically, though ammonia will kill your fish, it is essential for the nitrification cycle. It is the 'food' that feeds the beneficial bacteria, allowing the bacteria to live and thrive, which then provides a balance environment so your fish will thrive. Simple! How the nitrogen cycle works: The nitrification cycle is actually pretty simple. It can seem hard because of a couple terms that are not familiar in our everyday language. But basically this is a simple three-step process. - Step One The first thing that happens when you put fish in the tank is ammonia is produced. This is from the fish waste or excess foods that are decomposing. - Step Two As the amount of ammonia starts to increase, a bacteria forms called nitrosomonas. This bacteria begins to convert the ammonia into nitrite. As the ammonia is converted to nitrite, the amount of ammonia will begin to drop and now the nitrites will begin to rise. Soon your ammonia test will show no more ammonia in your tank. This usually happens within the first week and a half of a normal cycle. Nitrite is also very toxic to fish, though not as hazardous as ammonia. - Step Three As the nitrite levels increase, another bacteria forms, called nitrobacter. This second bacteria begins to convert the nitrite into nitrate. As it is converted to nitrate, the amount of nitrite will drop and the nitrates will begin to rise. Soon your nitrite test will show no more nitrite in your tank. This happens between three to six weeks in a normal cycle. Nitrate is harmless to fish but is one of the nutrients that plants and algae need and is the final product produced in the nitrification cycle. One of the reasons that water changes are recommended is to keep nitrates at lower levels. The time it takes to cycle an aquarium can be sped up by 'seeding' the aquarium with commercially prepared bacteria. Then the entire cycle will only take between 1 - 2 weeks. This seed bacteria is available in either a freeze dried or liquid form. You can also add bacteria rich media from an established aquarium, like some of the gravel. The seeding should be done after ammonia is starting to form in the newly setup aquarium. You must wait until there is ammonia or the seeded bacteria will starve. What about the nitrates produced: Nitrate is the end product of the nitrogen cycle. The simplest way to remove nitrates is through regular water changes. For the most part nitrate is not harmful to fish unless in enormous quantities and for prolonged periods of time, and even then it is only some types of fish are at risk. You will most likely not run into this problem in a regular home aquarium. Nitrates can actually be beneficial if you have live plants, as it is a nutrient for them. Tanks without live plants to utilize this nutrient however, can get excess algae growth. This holds true for both freshwater and saltwater fish only aquariums, but not for the reef aquarium. Nitrates are usually strictly controlled in the reef aquarium because they can cause undesireable algae growth. - Needs a place for beneficial bacteria to live and grow: When you set up your aquarium you will be using a filter of some sort which will provide a home for this bacteria. The most common filters are undergravel filters, external filters, or internal filters. Each of these has a media with a lot of surface area for the bacteria to live and grow on. On the undergravel filter the media is the gravel itself, other filters use some sort of synthetic filter media, such as foam or filter pads. The most important thing to think about when choosing the media is that it provides a lot of 'surface' area for the bacteria colony to grow on. Sponges are laced with holes so a lot of surface area is created inside the entire sponge, pads are similar. - Needs oxygen to survive: The higher the oxygen content of the water, the healthier the bacteria will be. To have oxygen in your water, the water needs to be flowing. Where the water is exposed to the air, usually on the surface, an exchange happens. Here other molecules in the water rise to the surface and are exchanged with the oxygen molecules. Then your filters pump moves the water through the aquarium, and the newly oxygenated water flows over the bacteria. Tips to keeping your tank cycled: Once your tank is cycled there are some things to be aware of so that you don't loose your beneficial bacteria. When the bacteria is removed or dies, the ammonia levels begin to rise and you can quickly lose your fish. - Make sure your pump (filter) is always working. Water that is not moving becomes stagnant. If your pump quits or the water stops flowing for some other reason, it is estimated that it takes about 6 hours for the bacteria to die from lack of oxygen. - If your filter media becomes exposed to air and dries out your bacteria will die. - When you remove the sponge or pad media from your filter to clean it, you can easily wash the beneficial bacteria off of it. It is best if you have two sponges or pads. This way you can swap between the two each time you do maintenance, cleaning one and leaving the other. Next time you do maintenance clean the opposite one. It takes about 1 - 2 weeks for a cleaned pad to re-colonize when there is a healthy colony still in the aquarium. - When you remove the sponge or pad media from your filter to replace it, you loose all the bacteria growing on it. Again it is best to have another sponge or pad, and only replace one at a time. If you loose your beneficial bacteria or it dies, you will have to re-cycle your aquarium again to grow a new batch of bacteria! Described here are three different methods to cycle your aquarium. You will need to monitor the ammonia and nitrite levels (using test kits) throughout the cycle period, until they are both zero (or very close to zero). When they are both zero, the aquarium is cycled and is safe for fish. Method 1 - Cycling with fishThis first method is the classic 'traditional' method used for many years. It cycles the aquarium using inexpensive hardy fish. Hardy fish to cycle an aquarium with include Danios, Platies, and even goldfish. 1. Traditional Method: - Have the temperature stabilized at 74° to 80° F(26° - 28° C). - Place 1 hardy, inexpensive fish for each 2-3 gallons of aquarium water. Inexpensive fish include danios, platys, barbs, mollies, etc. These fish will provide the initial ammonia to get the biological filter started (see Biological filtration above). This should take about thirty days to six weeks. - This can be stressful to the fish, especially if you add large numbers of fish. Fewer fish will be less stress as changing water parameters go slower and they have a chance to adjust. - After about six weeks, when the aquarium has "cycled", you can add additional fish (see nitrification cycle under Biological filtration above). Method 2 and 3 - Fishless cycling: These next two methods cycle the aquarium without the use of fish. One is with the use of ammonia, and the other is with the use of fish food. Cycling an aquarium without fish These points apply to both of the non-fish methods: - Higher temperatures of 86° - 95° F ( 30° - 35° C) can be used for optimum bacteria when cycling without fish, but you must stabilize the aquarium slowly back to lower temperatures before you add fish. - You can speed and enhance the nitrification process by introducing a starter culture of bacteria. One way to do this is by is seeding the aquarium with some gravel or filter media with existing bacteria from an established aquarium. Another way is by adding commercial preparations of nitrifying bacteria, there are several different brands available at pet stores. 2. Cycling using ammonia: - Introduce pure ammonia to cycle the aquarium. You can buy unscented ammonia with no additives from a supermarket or a bottle of ammonium chloride. - Add ammonia from a dropper, 3 - 5 drops per 10 gallons of water per day to get and maintain a reading of 5 ppm. - Initially there will be no nitrites. Monitor nitrites daily and continue the daily ammonia dose until you get a nitrite reading. At this point you can reduce the daily amount of ammonia to 2 - 3 drops per 10 gallons. Continue this until both the ammonia test and the nitrite test reads 0 ppm. - This method can take as little as three weeks or up to six weeks to complete the nitrification cycle, but adding a starter culture as described above can speed the time up considerably. - When the cycle is complete reduce the temperature slowly back to 74° to 80° F(26° - 28° C). Reducing it quickly can stress the bacteria. - Do a major water change, about 90%, and add activated carbon to remove any possible additives which might have been in the ammonia. 3. Cycle using fish food: - Simply feed the tank with a fish food, presumable daily to keep an ongoing decomposing process. As the food decays it will to produce ammonia and get the biological filter started. - This method takes about the same amount of time as the fish method above. - The main drawback to this method is that it is difficult to get a large enough initial bacteria colony. So when you introduce the fish, they may add a larger ammonia load than the colony can handle. Consequently you may get some additional ammonia and then nitrite spikes, though they should be less dramatic and shorter lived than the initial cycling spikes. - Another drawback is that the decaying food, besides producing ammonia, can add other by-products such as phosphates.

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Fertilizing Your Garden By Joe Kennedy How do you grow a large veggie garden, like a community garden, and get enough fertilizer to make everything thrive? Going to the store and paying higher and high prices for packaged, synthetic, petroleum-based fertilizers that’s been shipped from the mainland is not the answer. So where do we get it? Look around and try to remember the things that have high amounts of nitrogen in them. Some easy-to-find, high-nitrogen materials include grass clippings from lawns and roadsides, the leaves, seeds, pods and twigs from the monkey pod and koa, and the dirt from under these trees. Other sources can come from the leaves and roots from high nitrogen plants like sun hemp, peas, beans , clover, glycine vine, as well as seaweed. Human and animal urine is also rich in nitrogen. The best way to use it is to add it to the mulch, then water it in with the hose profusely, about 10 times more water than urine. There are a lot of animals and objects in a nature-garden that can make soil fertile and productive. Geckos, all kinds of insects and pollinators, earthworms, microorganisms, algae, even aquatic organisms if you have a small pond — all these life-forms can work to make your plants thrive.

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Lifelong learning is the continuous building of skills and knowledge throughout the life of an individual. It occurs through experiences encountered in the course of a lifetime. These experiences could be formal (training, counseling, tutoring, mentorship, apprenticeship, higher education, etc.) or informal (experiences, situations, etc.) Lifelong learning, also known as LLL, is the "lifelong, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons. As such, it not only enhances social inclusion, active citizenship and personal development, but also competitiveness and employability. From Harper Collins Dictionary: (Social Science / Education) Lifelong Learning is the provision or use of both formal and informal learning opportunities throughout people's lives in order to foster the continuous development and improvement of the knowledge and skills needed for employment and personal fulfillment. It shares mixed connotations with other educational concepts, like Adult Education, Training, continuing education, permanent education and other terms that relate to learning beyond the formal educational system. Stage of Lifelong Learning Edit Lifelong education means education resulting from integration of formal, non-formal, and informal education so as to create ability for continuous lifelong development of quality of life. Learning is therefore part of life which takes place at all times and in all places. It is a continuous lifelong process, going on from birth to the end of our life, beginning with learning from families, communities, schools, religious institutions, workplaces, etc. Learning in the 6-24 age group Edit Learning of the 6 – 24 age group primarily takes place in educational institutions, from primary and secondary to tertiary levels. Family life, social organizations, religious institutions, and mass media can also play a role in non-formal and informal learning during this time. The objective of learning in this period is the holistic development of learners in four aspects, namely: physical, intellectual, social capacity, emotional and mental development. Learning in the 25-60 age group Edit Learning during the working life of the 25 – 60 age group can learn informally through the use of instructional media, mostly from their occupations, work-places, colleagues, touring, mass media, information technologies, environment and nature. Adults learn from experiences and problem solving. They therefore need continuous development of intellect, capability and integrity. Learning in the 60+ age groupEdit Learning in old age (over 60 years old) elderly people can learn a great deal from activities suitable to their age e.g. art, music, sports for the elderly, handicrafts and social work. They are highly respected in Thai society; capable of searching for knowledge and provide intellectual support to local communities. They can also carry out voluntary work in community organizations, clubs and associations. Such work makes their lives meaningful as well as bringing benefits to society. History of Lifelong Learning in US Education Edit Until the middle of the 1800s, higher education focused on educating the young in traditional, classical curricula. By the mid-19th, century Europe and the United States used the best technology of their day, the postal system, to open educational opportunities to people who wanted to learn, but were not able to attend conventional schools. The students who most benefited from such correspondence education included those with physical disabilities, women who were not allowed to enroll in educational institutions open only to men, people who had jobs during normal school hours, and those who lived in remote regions where schools did not exist. By the end of the century, however, a number of vibrant institutional movements had appeared that expanded the scope of traditional education and the range of learners who were served. Colleges and universities grew to embrace technical and scientific subjects, vocational education, applications of research to practical matters and problem solving correspondence courses through continuing education. Education, training, and professional development for living a good life and making a good living thrived together in public colleges and universities. Community colleges grew to become critical providers of traditional and adult learning. Many private institutions, especially those in urban or metropolitan areas, also introduced adult learning to serve proximate populations. Private, for-profit universities and proprietary vocational schools moved aggressively into the traditional and the adult learning market. New technologies and the introduction of the Internet introduced online, blended and e-learning, making it even easier to serve adult learners. Continuing education and distance learning organizations lead the way by adopting technologies and flexible operations to support the varied needs of adult learners. By the end of the 20th century, most major universities were expanding their traditional, degree-credit offerings with a variety of adult, continuing, and executive education experiences, some for credit, and some non-credit. New education programs were offered through a combination of organizational mechanisms: Extension Divisions, Adult and Continuing Education Units, Schools of Professional Study, Executive Education Programs and Distance Learning Units. The diversity of these programs and their unique operations propagated completely new organizations within the traditional institution. New processes for education delivery and learner support mechanisms advanced to meet the dynamic needs of the adult learner marketplace. The early 21st century began the age of education globalization with local education institutions continuing their expansion efforts both within and outside North America, in an attempt to meet growing market demand. The breakdown of geographic boundaries has facilitated both local and global competition. Today’s depressed economic environment and challenged workforce have dramatically increased the needs and demands of learners to retool their capabilities, acquire new competencies and align knowledge to the emerging new economy to avoid being laid off. At the same time, leaders within traditional education institutions, colleges and universities, are aggressively seeking new sources of revenues to counteract current federal, state and local budgeting shortfalls. A challenged economic environment coupled with the reduction in traditional institutional funding has created a perfect storm of opportunity for organizations adept at evaluating, creating and offering new education programs. Those institutions with historical developments and expansions in adult learning, continuing education and executive education have recognized an innate ability to meet the diverse needs of today’s economically challenged learner. Lifelong Learning in Europe Edit One of the first uses of the term lifelong education can be traced to Yeaxlee, although it was the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) during the 1960s and 1970s that popularised the concept as a way of connecting the various stages of formal education and linking them with informal and non-formal learning. It was seen as a way of seeking to broaden the concept of education and foster education for all, while promoting education for both social development and economic growth. Two key publications of the time UNESCO publication Learning to Be Faure and Ettore Gelpi’s Lifelong education and International Relations.</ref> At the same time the french organization OECD promoted the concept of recurrent education, specifically to support economic growth and the upskilling of workers in Europe. This focus reached a new momentum by 1996, through Jacques Delors’ report Learning the Treasure Within and the year itself being designated as the European Year of Lifelong Learning. To make the European public aware of the importance of lifelong learning, to foster better cooperation between education and training structures and the business community, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, to help to establish a European area of education and training through the academic and vocational recognition of qualifications within the European Union, and to stress the contribution made by education and training to the equality of opportunities. Today in the 21st century, we find ourselves proclaiming the global importance of lifelong learning. Globalization has produced outcomes and processes which make the learning of new skills and competencies of paramount importance. Lifelong Learning in a Learning Society Edit It may be broadly defined as Learning that is pursued throughout life: learning that is flexible, diverse and available at different times and in different places. Lifelong learning crosses sectors, promoting learning beyond traditional schooling and throughout adult life (ie post-compulsory education). This definition is based on Jacques Delors’ four ‘pillars’ of education for the future. - Learning to know - mastering learning tools rather than acquisition of structured knowledge. - Learning to do – equipping people for the types of work needed now and in the future including innovation and adaptation of learning to future work environments. - Learning to live together, and with others – peacefully resolving conflict, discovering other people and their cultures, fostering community capability, individual competence and capacity, economic resilience, and social inclusion. - Learning to be – education contributing to a person’s complete development: mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality. Learning to be is the hallmark of Peter Vail Permanent white water means "permanent life outside one's comfort zone”. Vail argues that the only way today’s managerial leader can cope, survive, and be successful in this white water world is to become a continual learner. The central question is, “What would learning be like in permanent white water?” This is underpinned by "Learning to Learn". Lifelong learning can instil creativity, initiative and responsiveness in people thereby enabling them to show adaptability in post-industrial society through enhancing skills to: - Manage uncertainty, - Communicate across and within cultures, sub-cultures, families and communities, - Negotiate conflicts. The emphasis is on learning to learn and the ability to keep learning for a lifetime. Learning Society looks beyond formal educational environments and locates learning as a quality not just of individuals but also as an element of systems. The notion of learning society gained considerable recognition because: If learning involves all of one's life, in the sense of both time-span and diversity, and all of society, including its social and economic as well as its educational resources, then we must go even further than the necessary overhaul of 'educational systems' until we reach the stage of a learning society. The learning society is an educated society, committed to active citizenship, liberal democracy and equal opportunities. This supports lifelong learning within the social policy frameworks of post-Second World War social democracies. The aim is to provide learning opportunities to educate adults to meet the challenges of change and citizenship. Support for this conception was put forward largely by liberal educators in the metropolitan areas of the industrialized North in the 1960s and 1970s. Characteristics of Lifelong Learning Edit The concept of lifelong learning spans a wide range of education and training issues and speaks to many different audiences. Common themes conveyed in literature on lifelong learning articulate four characteristics which transform ‘education and training’ into the concept of ‘lifelong learning’. The first characteristic of lifelong learning is that it encompasses both formal and non-formal/informal types of education and training. Formal learning includes the hierarchically structured school system that runs from primary school through the university and organized school-like programs created in business for technical and professional training. Whereas informal learning describes a lifelong process whereby individuals acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educational influences and resources in his or her environment, from family and neighbours, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media. Self-motivated learning Edit The second common theme of lifelong learning is the importance of self-motivated learning. There is a heavy emphasis on the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own learning. Lifelong learners are, therefore, not defined by the type of education or training in which they are involved, but by the personal characteristics that lead to such involvement. Cassandra B. Whyte emphasized the importance of locus of control and successful academic performance. Personal characteristics of individuals who are most likely to participate in learning, either formally or informally throughout their lives, have acquired: - The necessary skills and attitudes for learning, especially literacy and - The confidence to learn, including a sense of engagement with the education and training system; and - Willingness and motivation to learn. Although education and training may have economic benefits for individuals, it is recognised that economic incentives alone are not necessarily sufficient to motivate people to engage in education and training. A range of motivational barriers need to be identified and addressed in order for some people to participate in education and training. While some of these barriers are economic and can be overcome with financial assistance, many people are deterred from engaging in education and training by social and personal factors. An Australian survey of participants in adult education courses identified a range of factors motivating people to undertake adult learning, such as: - To upgrade job skills; - To start a business; - To learn about a subject or to extend their knowledge; - To meet new people; - To develop self-confidence; - To get involved in the community; and - To develop personal skills; - To participate in social networking By acknowledging the range of factors that act as both a motivation and barrier to engagement in education and training, lifelong learning policies tend to promote participation in learning for its own sake rather than as a means to a specific end (ie. employment). The goal of participation in learning thus appears to be more significant than the reason why. This can be seen as an acknowledgment of the range of factors that motivate people to participate in formal and informal learning other than, or in addition to, instrumental goals. Self-funded learning Edit Self-funded learning is the third characteristic of the lifelong learning literature. The concept of self-funded learning is linked to the characteristic of self motivated learning. In recognition of the costs involved in subsidising lifelong involvement in education and training, the lifelong learning policy agenda emphasises the responsibility of individuals to finance their own continuing education and training with minimal support from government. The West report defines a lifelong learner as a person who takes responsibility for their own learning and who is prepared to invest time, money and effort in education or training on a continuous basis. Universal participation Edit The fourth distinctive feature of the lifelong learning policy literature is a commitment to universal participation in education and training. In advocating 'lifelong learning for all', the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) argues that universal participation is necessary for meeting the economic demands of the 21st century. The concept of universal participation includes both informal and formal learning for all purposes - social, economic and personal. In arguing that universal participation in lifelong learning is necessary for social cohesion in a time of rapid economic and social change, the Delors report proposes four characteristics of lifelong learners that would be the Pillars of a learning society: - Learning to do (acquiring and applying skills, including life skills); - Learning to be (promoting creativity and personal fulfilment); - Learning to know (an approach to learning that is flexible, critical and capable);and - Learning to live together (exercising tolerance, understanding and mutual respect). International institutions concept of lifelong learning Edit The World Bank asserts that lifelong learning is essential for individuals to keep pace with the constantly changing global job market and technology. It is preparation for a destabilized life of changing jobs, job requirements and geographical locations. In this vision of the nomadic worker, people must constantly adapt to new living conditions, technology and work requirements. This requires, advocates of lifelong learning state, learning skills that help the individual to adjust to an ever changing world. The World Bank’s approach to lifelong learning involves a combination of competencies. The Bank defines the knowledge and competencies needed for lifelong learning as: ...including basic academic skills, such as literacy foreign language, math and science skills and the ability to use information and communication technology. Workers must use these skills effectively, act autonomously and reflectively and join and function in socially heterogeneous groups. UNESCO’s discourse on lifelong learning has focused on the full development of the individual. The 1972 report commissioned Learning to Be: The World of Education today and Tomorrow argues that the emphasis should be on learning to learn and not on matching schooling and the needs of the labour market. The report states, “The aim of education is to enable man to be himself...and the aim of education in relation to employment and economic progress should be not so much to prepare...for a specific, lifetime vocation, as to ‘optimise’ mobility among the professions and afford permanent stimulus to the desire to learn and to train oneself.” The report’s perspective is that the love of learning creates a desire to lifelong learning and maintenance of a learning society; and therefore the goal of lifelong learning is to give people the power to exercise democratic control over economic, scientific and technological development. However in the 1990s, UNESCO’s humanistic approach to lifelong learning was sidelined due to the rhetoric of the knowledge economy and human capital development. Despite this UNESCO avoided the purely economic arguments for lifelong learning, which is evident in its 1996 report on lifelong learning titled :earning: The Treasure Within. This report defines lifelong learning as adaptation to changes in technology and as the continuous “process of forming whole human beings- their knowledge and aptitudes, as well as the critical faculty and the ability to act” The OECD’s lifelong learning framework emphasises that learning occurs during the entire course of a person’s life. “Formal education contributes to learning as do the non-formal and informal settings of home, the workplace, the community and society at large”. There are four key features of the lifelong learning approach, as conceived by the OECD. First, it offers a systemic view of learning, since it examines the demand for, and the supply of, learning opportunities, as part of a connected system covering the whole lifecycle and comprising all forms of formal and informal learning. Secondly, it emphasises the centrality of the learner and the need for initiatives that cater for the diversity of learner needs. This represents a shift of attention from the supply of learning to the demand side. Thirdly, the approach emphasises the motivation to learn, and draws attention to self-paced and selfdirected learning. Fourthly, it stresses the multiple objectives of education policy, which include economic, social or cultural outcomes; personal development, and citizenship. Thelifelong learning approach also recognises that, for the individual, the priorities among these objectives can change over the lifecycle; and that each objective has to be taken into consideration in policy development. According to the European Commission on Lifelong Learning, the scale of current economic and social change, the rapid transition to a knowledge-based society and demographic pressures resulting from an ageing population in Europe are all challenges which demand a new approach to education and training, within the framework of lifelong learning. Lifelong learning is thus defined as: ‘All learning activity undertaken throughout life, with the aim of improving knowledge, skills and competence, within a personal civic social and/ or employment-related perspective’ The European Commission on Lifelong Learning initiative hopes to empower citizens to move freely between learning settings, jobs, regions and countries in pursuit of learning. Hence, lifelong learning focuses on learning from pre-school education until after retirement ("from the cradle to the grave") and covers all forms of education (formal, informal or non-formal). The European Commission’s Lifelong Learning Initiative enables people at all stages of their lives to take part in stimulating learning experiences, as well as helping to develop the education and training sector across Europe. Developing nations concept of lifelong learning Edit Whilst the dominant debates around lifelong learning have been from Westernised countries, there are other related perspectives that are in seen around the world. Lifelong learning in traditional African societies has spiritual, political, economic and cultural aspects. There has been particular emphasis on traditional African societies practicing indigenous African pedagogies that embrace lifelong learning principles as foundations for active citizenship and nation-building. These values are not concerned with a global competitive market or the strength of individualism and self determination. A good example is the spiritual dimension which locates the individual in the presence of a supreme being and at the centre of communal life. All activities must promote the existence of the community and put its interests before the self. Whilst there is evidence that these values are also changing through globalisation influences, the influence of ancestors, the extended family and traditional democratic processes of decision making through consensus at community meeting places are primary value systems in African contexts. Lifelong learning is articulated in the South African Development Community definition as a visionary concept defined as: A key purpose of lifelong learning is democratic citizenship, connecting individuals and groups to the structures of social, political and economic activity in both local and global contexts. Compared with European notions of lifelong, there are some differences. Firstly, democratic citizenship is placed at the forefront. Secondly, individuals and groups are included in the target audience. Thirdly, people are being connected to local and global contexts. Whilst the concept of global network connections is implied in European documents, the role of connection here indicates a more holistic perception that Africa can be a mutual player within a wider world. The combined effect of this definition is to capture almost incidentally the spirituality and social situatedness of Africa’s pre-colonial heritage. It stands apart from, but does not reject, European lifelong learning agendas. The difficulty in Africa is not its capacity to contribute to the intellectual debate, rather the sustainability of its own ideology through implementation. which stressed the importance of lifelong learning ‘for fulfilling our new responsibilities at work, for teacher upgrading, for coping with changes in society and technology, and for reacting effectively to HIV and AIDS. It framed these needs within a goal to make lifelong learning ‘both possible and satisfying’. The ensuing National Policy on Adult Learning was published in 2003 by the Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture. Its first aim is to create a ‘learning nation’, emphasising that the population needs to be ‘active learners if we are to achieve our vision of liberation from poverty, hunger, ignorance and disease’. The changing way in which people learn in lifelong learning Edit "Traditional vs. Lifelong Learning" Edit Knowledge consists of different types: - Knowing about - news events, basics of a field, introductory concepts - Knowing to do - drive a car, solve a math problem, code a program, conduct research - Knowing to be - to embody knowledge with humanity, to be a doctor or psychologist, to be an ethical person, to be compassionate, to relate, to feel - Knowing where - to find knowledge when needed, web search, library, database, an organization, knowing who to approach for assistance - Knowing to transform - to tweak, to adjust, to recombine, to align with reality, to innovate Journals, books, libraries, and museums house knowledge. Most knowledge in these structures is in the "about" and "doing" levels. Knowing to be, where to find knowledge, and knowing to transform are all outside of these. Higher-level understanding is through reflection and informal learning. Traditional educational systems, in which the teacher is the sole source of knowledge, are ill suited to equip people to work and live in a knowledge economy. Some of the competencies such a society demands—teamwork, problem solving, motivation for lifelong learning—cannot be acquired in a learning setting in which teachers dictate facts to learners who seek to learn them only in order to be able to repeat them. A lifelong learning system must reach larger segments of the population, including people with diverse learning needs. It must be competency driven rather than age related. Within traditional institutional settings, new curricula and new teaching methods are needed. At the same time, efforts need to be made to reach learners who cannot enrol in programs at traditional institutions. Providing people with the tools they need to function in the knowledge economy requires adoption of a new pedagogical model. This model differs from the traditional model in many ways. Teachers and trainers serve as facilitators rather than transmitters of knowledge, and more emphasis is placed on learning by doing, working on teams, and thinking creatively. The lifelong learning model enables learners to acquire more of the new skills demanded by the knowledge economy as well as more traditional academic skills. In Guatemala, for example, learners taught through active learning—that is, learning that takes place in collaboration with other learners and teachers, in which learners seek out information for themselves—improved their reading scores more and engaged more in democratic behaviours than learners not in the program. In the United Kingdom learners taught thinking skills in science were able to improve their performance in other subjects, and the effects increased over time. Table 2.3 Characteristics of Traditional and Lifelong Learning Models Traditional learning Edit - The teacher is the source of knowledge - Learners receive knowledge from the teacher - Learners work by themselves - Tests are given to prevent progress until students have completely mastered a set of skills and to ration access to further learning - All learners to the same thing - Teachers receive initial training plus ad hoc in-service training. - “Good” learners are identified and permitted to continue later education Lifelong learning Edit - Educators are guides to sources of knowledge - People learn by doing - People learn in groups and from each other - Assessment is used to guide learning strategies and to identify pathways for future learning. - Educators develop individualized learning plans - Educators are lifelong learners. Initial training and ongoing professional development are linked - People have access to learning opportunities over a lifetime. Strategies for implementing Lifelong Learning Edit There are five key areas for countries to consider when seeking to implement strategies for lifelong learning for all and in determining the priorities for policy reforms. First, recognise all forms of learning, not just formal courses of study. Secondly, the importance of developing foundation skills that are wider than those traditionally identified as central, including in particular, motivation and the capacity for self-directed learning. The international evidence clearly shows that those people without an upper secondary qualification and without strong literacy skills are among the least likely to participate in further education and training as adults, or as adults to take part in training within enterprises. A culture of learning is important for promoting adult learning; and that an important determinant is the degree to which governments and the social partners are convinced of the need to refresh and upgrade adult skills. Thirdly, there is emphasis on the reformulation of access and equity priorities in a lifelong context, by looking at the opportunities that are available to individuals across their life-cycle and in the different settings where learning can occur. It is argued that knowledge-based economies and societies cannot afford to exclude a large part of their population from access to education and learning resources. Furthermore, inequalities in society often raise problems of mutual understanding and adjustment within organisations, in society at large and in the democratic process. Fourthly, the OECD stressed the importance of considering resource allocation across all sectors and settings, including – one might add – the incentives facing the various participants and the likely effect of such incentives on outcomes in terms of lifelong learning. Fifthly, the requirement for collaboration in policy development and implementation among a wide range of partners, including ministries other than education. Benefits of lifelong learning Measuring lifelong learning Edit The Canadian Council on Learning's Composite Learning Index (CLI) is a combination of 17 statistical indicators that are used to measure annual progress in lifelong learning in more than 4,500 Canadian communities. The yearly CLI report focuses on four main pillars of learning: Learning to Know, Learning to Do, Learning to Live Together, and Learning to Be. The indicators include assessments of youth literacy skills, high school dropout rates, participation in secondary education, participation in job-related training, volunteering, access to community institutions, broadband internet access, and learning through sports, culture, media, and cultural resources. Benefits of lifelong learning Edit A number of important socio-economic forces are pushing for the lifelong learning approach. The increased pace of globalisation and technological change, the changing nature of work and the labour market, and the ageing of populations are among the forces emphasising the need for continuing upgrading of work and life skills throughout life. The demand is for a rising threshold of skills as well as for more frequent changes in the nature of the skills required. It has also been said that: Lifelong learning's core values of learning, exploring, and serving, coupled with benefits for the mind, body and spirit make it an incredibly powerful tool for personal transformation and enhancement. Criticisms of lifelong learning. Nancy Merz Nordstrom, M.Ed., lists the top 10 benefits of lifelong learning as such: 10) Lifelong learning helps fully develop natural abilities. 9) Lifelong learning opens the mind. 8) Lifelong learning creates a curious, hungry mind. 7) Lifelong learning increases our wisdom. 6) Lifelong learning makes the world a better place. 5) Lifelong learning helps us to adapt to change. 4) Lifelong learning helps us find meaning in our lives. 3) Lifelong learning keeps us involved as active contributors to society. 2) Lifelong learning helps us make new friends and establish valuable relationships. 1) Lifelong learning leads to an enriching life of self-fulfillment. The main criticism of lifelong learning is the predominantly economic interpretation of the term. It has become problematic for many educators and practitioners who have come forward with such terms as “Lifelong (L)Earning” and “Learning to Earn” as their succinct criticism of the way the term is being promoted. This present situation is a continuation of the OECD lifelong learning discourse made public in its report, Recurrent Education: A Strategy for Lifelong Learning (1973), which reframed the lifelong learning discussion in largely economistic and employability terms. Gelpi points out that “in the industrialized countries, at the time of the economic boom of the 1960’s, the ideology of ‘lifelong education=general education’ reflected in effect the necessity for the rapid training of workers at average and higher levels in the vocational field. See also Edit - ↑ http://www.google.com/search?q=Definition+of+Long+Life+Learning&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a Defintion of LifeLong Learning, Bnet, last accessed: 14 Oct 2010 - ↑ [Department of Education and Science (2000). Learning for Life: White Paper on Adult Education. Dublin: Stationery Office. http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1a/c6/5e.pdf] - ↑ Commission of the European Communities: "Adult learning: It is never too late to learn". COM(2006) 614 final. Brussels, 23.10.2006. - ↑ Rojvithee, A., 2005, Introduction Definition of Lifelong Learning, Global Forum on Education: The Challenges for Education in a Global Economies, OECD. [www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/2/35469178.pdfb] - ↑ Yeaxlee, B. A. (1929) Lifelong Education: A sketch of the range and significance of the adult education movement(London: Cassell). - ↑ 6,0 6,1 Preece, J., 2006, Beyond the Learning Society: The Learning World?, University of Glasgow, UK, vol. 25, issue 3, pp. 307-320. - ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Faure, E., Herrera, F., Kaddoura, A-R. Petrovsky, A.V., Rahnema, M. and Ward, F.C., 1972, Learning To Be: The world of education today and tomorrow, UNESCO, Paris. - ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Delors, J., 1996, Learning: The treasure within Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century, UNESCO - ↑ Anonuevo, C., Ohsako T., Mauch W., 2001, Revisiting Lifelong Learning for the 21st Century, UNESCO. - ↑ Learning as a Way of Being: Strategies for Survival in a World of Permanent White Water. Jossey-Bass, Inc 1989 - ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Watson, L., 2003, Lifelong Learning in Australia, Canberra, Department of Education, Science and Training <http://www.dest.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/DBF92E32-99DA-4253-9C81 F52157022BF6/805/03_13.pdf. - ↑ Marcia Conner, 2009, Introducing Informal Learning, Marcia Conner, viewed 30 September 2010, - ↑ Whyte, Cassandra B. (1978).Effective Counseling Methods for High-Risk College Freshmen. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance.6 (4) 198-200. - ↑ Lauridsen, Kurt, and Whyte, Cassandra B. (1980). An Integrated Counseling and Learning Assistance Center.New Directions Sourcebook - Learning Assistance Centers, Jossey-Bass, Inc. - ↑ National Board of Employment, Education and Training. 1996 Lifelong Learning-Key Issues. Canberra: AGPS. - ↑ West, R 1998, Learning for life. Final report Review of Higher Education Financing and Policy. Canberra: AGPS. - ↑ 17,0 17,1 The World Bank, 2003, Lifelong Learning in the Global Knowledge Economy: Challenges for Developing Countries, The World Bank, viewed on 30 September 2010, p.g. 43. - ↑ Borg, C., Mayo P., 2005, The EU Memorandum on Lifelong Learning. Old wine in new bottles?, University of Malta, vol. 3, no.2, pp. 203-255. - ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Burbules, N & Torres C., 2000, Globalization and Education: An Introduction, Routledge. P.g. 49. - ↑ UNESCO, 1996, Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty- First Century, UNESCO Publishing, viewed 30 September 2010, p.g 19. - ↑ 21,0 21,1 Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) (2001), Education Policy Analysis, OECD, Paris. - ↑ 22,0 22,1 Smith, C. & Ferrier F., 2002, Lifelong Learning: Proceedings of a Symposium, Monash University Centre for the Economics of Education and Training. . - ↑ European Society of Association Education, 2005, What is Lifelong Learning? The view from the European Commission, European Society of Association Education, viewed 30 September 2010, . - ↑ European Commission: Education and Training, 2007, The Lifelong Learning Programme: Education and Training Opportunities for all. - ↑ 25,0 25,1 Avoseh, M. B. M., 2001, Learning to be active citizens: Lessons of traditional Africa for lifelong learning. P.g. 351. - ↑ 26,0 26,1 Preece, J. and Mosweunyane, D., 2004, Perceptions of Citizenship Responsibility Amongst Botswana Youth , Gaborone: Lentswe la Lesedi. P.g. 310. - ↑ Aitcheson, J. (2003) Adult literacy and basic education: A SADC perspective. Adult Education and Development, 60, 161–170. - ↑ Ministry of Basic Education and Culture Namibia, 1993, Towards Education for All: A development brief foreducation, culture and training, Macmillan. - ↑ Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture Namibia, 2003, National Policy on Adult Learning, Republic of Namibia P.g. 317. - ↑ http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/wikis/KnowingKnowledge/index.php/Shifting - ↑ De Baessa, Yetilú, Ray Chesterfield, and Tanya Ramos., 2002, Active Learning and Democratic Behaviour in Guatemalan Rural Primary Schools, Compare 32 (2). - ↑ Adey, P. & Shayer M, 1994, Improving Learning Through Cognitive Intervention, General Teaching Council for England, London, [www.gtce.org.uk/research/raisestudy.asp]. - ↑ Canadian Council on Learning, 2010, The CLI Indicators, http://www.cli-ica.ca/en/about/about-cli/indicators.aspx, viewed 18 October 2010. - ↑ Nordstrom N., 2006, Learning Later: Living Greater, Sentient Publications, United States. - ↑ Nordstrom N., 2008, Top 10 Benefits of Lifelong Learning, Published on SelfGrowth.com, United States. - ↑ Gelpi, E., 1985, Lifelong Education and International Relations, Lifelong education and participation, Malta, The University of Malta Press. - ↑ Ivan Illich and Etienne Verne. Imprisoned in the Global Classroom. Writers & Readers Publishing, 1981. ISBN 0904613305

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Clean Your Boat – Save Your Lake ATHENS — Invasive species, plants or animals that find their way to new places they don’t belong and cause economic, environmental or ecological damage, have wreaked havoc throughout the U.S. A couple of well-known examples are the lamprey invasion of the Great Lakes and everybody’s favorite in Texas, the fire ant. Texas is home to a number of aquatic invasive species. Two species in particular are at the top of the most-wanted list: zebra mussels and giant salvinia. Zebra mussels are small, less than 1 ½ inches long as adults, and currently exist in Lake Texoma (on the Red River of the Texas/Oklahoma border) and in West Prong Sister Grove Creek above Lake Lavon. Zebra mussels hitchhike their way from lake to lake on boats and boat trailers. Zebra mussels, once they invade, attach themselves to almost any underwater object and quickly form large colonies on rocks, boat hulls, boat docks, pipes or even your trotline. They can make water recreation dangerous because of their razor-sharp edges, harm boats and motors, damage public-water intake structures and alter aquatic ecosystems to the detriment of native species and sport fish. Giant salvinia, first found in Texas in 1997, is a free-floating fern that can double in size in just a few days and can form mats up to three feet thick. It can take over an entire cove in a matter of weeks, choking out all aquatic life below its thick mats and making boating, swimming or fishing impossible. One way to curb the spread of these destructive hitchhikers is to clean, drain and dry boats and trailers after recreating on any Texas water body known to have aquatic invasive species. (Hydrilla, the only known aquatic invasive in the Big Country, is found at Lakes O. H. Ivie and Hubbard Creek). First, CLEAN all debris and plant material from the boat and trailer. Second, DRAIN all water from the boat, engine, livewells and bait buckets. Third, let the boat and trailer DRY for at least a week before using the boat in a non-infested water body. If your boat has invasive species on it or if you don’t have time to let it sit out and dry for at least a week, wash it using a high pressure washer with hot (140 degree F), soapy water. No Big Country water body has either zebra mussels or giant salvinia. Let’s keep it that way. For more information on Texas invasive species, go to www.texasinvasives.org. You can also visit YouTube on the internet and search “don’t let invasives take over texas lakes” or, for a humorous public service announcement, search “giant salvinia PSA texas parks and wildlife.” These videos are also on our Facebook page (http://www.facebook.com/tpwdifabilene).

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LegacyPiles of mine lead-containing mine waste, kids with high blood-lead levels and poor reading scores. PICHER, Okla. — The wind blows hard here these days, carving the 100-foot minimountains of mine waste into buttes and whipping dust into the yards and homes nearby. In 2000, the last time a comprehensive study was done, 12 percent of the small children tested had levels of lead in their blood above the hazard threshold — about two and a half times the national average.And as night follows day, the responsible industries deny that there's any danger. That was good news. In 1997, lead levels had been twice as high among children under 6 here and in the nearby communities Cardin and Hockerville, all of them near the center of the Tar Creek Superfund site. One child in four was then at risk for problems related to lead exposure, like lowered I.Q.'s and behavioral disorders. These communities, where lead and zinc were mined for 60 years, are at a crossroads. In the last six years, the Environmental Protection Agency has spent $120 million to clean up the yards of families living in the middle of one of the oldest sites on the Superfund list of the country's most contaminated toxic waste sites. If the cleanup is responsible for lower lead levels among children, then further cleanup may make them safer. But if the wind off the hillsides recontaminates the land and the air, the scattershot damage that lead may inflict on young nervous systems will remain a danger. Unlike Love Canal, the Superfund site in upstate New York that was declared clean in March, the massive Tar Creek mining site, whose lead ore became bullets fired in two world wars, offers a cautionary tale. Like a patient riddled with overlapping infections, Tar Creek has exhibited almost every symptom of a modern wasteland. Acidic, rust-red waterways threaten to pollute subterranean aquifers and pose a risk to wells and downstream lakes. Houses have been swallowed by subsidence above abandoned mine shafts; sports fields in Picher sit atop a massive underground cavern. Robert Joyce, a lawyer for the two companies, said, "We believe very strongly, based on the evidence we have, that dust is not the source of lead contamination in Picher." Don Robbins, the director of environmental services at Asarco, which also operated in the area, said, "There's no doubt that there's some concentration of lead in the tailings, but we believe that the concentration of lead in the tailings and the chemical form of that lead would not provide a significant risk to the children in the community." Those companies and three others are defendants in a class-action suit brought by 11 Picher residents, seeking damages for health consequences and asking a federal judge to order a relocation program.

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Liver failure is a life-threatening condition in which large parts of your liver are damaged and your liver is no longer functioning. Overview and Symptoms A healthy liver supports all of the body’s metabolic functions. For example, it converts nutrients from food into what our bodies need, filters toxins from our bodies, regulates blood sugar and electrolytes, and more. Liver failure may occur gradually over a period of time (chronic liver failure) as a result of liver disease or quickly (acute liver failure) as a result of overdose, poisoning, or a virus. Common symptoms of early stage liver failure include: - Loss of appetite - Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Common symptoms of advanced liver failure include: - Fluid build-up and painful swelling of the legs and abdomen - Bruising and bleeding easily - Enlarged veins in the lower esophagus and stomach - Enlarged spleen - Liver cancer Acute liver failure may be treated effectively when detected early. For patients who have chronic liver disease, the first goal of treatment is to save the parts of the liver that are still functioning. Liver transplant is the treatment for advanced or end-stage liver disease. The Liver Failure Program at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center gives patients and referring physicians access to a team of specialists who focus in caring for patients with deteriorating liver function.

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Seventy years ago, allied forces marched into the camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau, putting an end to the cruel atrocities committed by the Nazis. Unprecedented in human history, more than a million inmates – primarily Jews – were systematically killed. This ‘industrialized murder’ was motivated by the race-based ideology of the Nazis, who sought to murder every last Jew and any others they considered to be inferior. In response to the atrocities of the Holocaust and the Second World War, the Charter of the United Nations was designed, aiming to establish a new “vision of what the world should be”. A world in which all people are able to exercise their human rights in freedom, dignity and equality, in full accordance with international human rights law.

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Abstract The hypersonic effect is a phenomenon in which sounds containing significant quantities of non-stationary high-frequency components (HFCs) above the human audible range (max. 20 kHz) activate the midbrain and diencephalon and evoke various physiological, psychological and behavioral responses. Yet important issues remain unverified, especially the relationship existing between the frequency of HFCs and the emergence of the hypersonic effect. In this study, to investigate the relationship between the hypersonic effect and HFC frequencies, we divided an HFC (above 16 kHz) of recorded gamelan music into 12 band components and applied them to subjects along with an audible component (below 16 kHz) to observe changes in the alpha2 frequency component (10–13 Hz) of spontaneous EEGs measured from centro-parieto-occipital regions (Alpha-2 EEG), which we previously reported as an index of the hypersonic effect. Yaaron dosti mp3 download 320kbps mr jatt. Our results showed reciprocal directional changes in Alpha-2 EEGs depending on the frequency of the HFCs presented with audible low-frequency component (LFC). When an HFC above approximately 32 kHz was applied, Alpha-2 EEG increased significantly compared to when only audible sound was applied (positive hypersonic effect), while, when an HFC below approximately 32 kHz was applied, the Alpha-2 EEG decreased (negative hypersonic effect). These findings suggest that the emergence of the hypersonic effect depends on the frequencies of inaudible HFC. Citation: Fukushima A, Yagi R, Kawai N, Honda M, Nishina E, Oohashi T (2014) Frequencies of Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Differentially Affect Brain Activity: Positive and Negative Hypersonic Effects. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95464. Editor: Joel Snyder, UNLV, United States of America Received: November 15, 2013; Accepted: March 26, 2014; Published: April 30, 2014 This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The hypersonic effect is a phenomenon in which sounds containing significant quantities of non-stationary high-frequency components (HFCs) above the human audible range (max. 20 kHz) activate the midbrain and diencephalon and evoke various physiological, psychological and behavioral responses. Yet important issues remain unverified, especially the relationship existing between the frequency of. Funding: This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 22240049 and by MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 22135008 for MH. This work was partly supported by JSPS through the “Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers” for EN, initiated by the Council for Science and Technology Policy. Driver vga cardex pro cdx g31. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Introduction It is generally accepted that humans cannot perceive air vibrations in the frequency range above 20 kHz as sound. Oohashi et al. Reported, however, that a non-stationary sound containing significant quantities of high-frequency components (HFC) beyond the human audible range evokes a significant increase in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the midbrain and the thalamus, and in the occipital alpha frequency component of spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) as compared with an otherwise identical sound from which the HFCs are removed,,. In addition, the inclusion of HFCs renders a sound more pleasant – and evokes a specific behavior, that is, the listener spontaneously increases the comfortable listening level (CLL) of the presented sound –. We call such phenomena collectively “the hypersonic effect.” The phenomena induced by the inclusion of HFCs in EEG and the resulting subjective impression have been replicated by other research groups.

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Who says hearing loss isn’t deadly? Those with hearing loss might be alive but many of us aren’t quite living either. It takes the average person seven years to get hearing aids or seek help. In that seven years we die a little each year. Hearing loss kills self-esteem: - Did I hear that right? Should I answer only to be wrong again? Look stupid again? - Asked for a repeat one too many times and got “Never mind” or “I SAID…” - Not being able to perform simple, everyday tasks like answer the phone or understand simple English. - Hole up in my own world and read books where I don’t risk being a pest or being wrong, again. Hearing loss kills social interaction: - Large gatherings be it a dinner or a party are a buzz, low hum and sprinkled with laughter. That’s all I know. Intense concentration trying to keep up with what’s said as conversation bounces around leads to burn out. I then phase out to give my brain a break only to be told later, “You weren’t paying attention.” - People call out to me, I didn’t hear and we continue walking. I’m labeled stuck up or unfriendly. - Social outings often include movie theaters, restaurants and concerts. All three venues play hell on hearing aid instruments making speech all the more difficult to understand. - Staying home to read my book or watch DVDs with captions. Thank goodness TV captioning became mandatory in the 1990’s. Hearing loss kills careers: - Many work places have bad acoustics creating another sort of deafness that doesn’t involve silence at all. It’s noise with no definition. - Meetings without assistive listening devices (ALDs) are impossible to keep up with. Employers fight against accommodation. The same for phone accommodations. - I’m afraid to ask for help, afraid it will show weakness especially in today’s world of downsizing. - Bluffing, trying to remain as small as possible in an effort to hide or quitting. Hearing loss kills relationships: - “What good are you if you can’t hear someone breaking in at night?” - A partner using hearing loss to his/her advantage. “I asked you about a golf membership and since you didn’t answer, I assumed it was okay to get one.” Did he ask me from the other side of the house??? - “You would be nothing without me. You need me to hear.” Dependency bonds. - Faking it, being alone or submitting to a unsatisfying relationship because of low self-esteem. That’s why hard of hearing people isolate themselves. What have I done to combat it? Bought hearing aids and joined a hearing loss group for support and came away with knowledge and courage too. Educated myself about sensorineural hearing loss so I could explain how I hear to others and exactly what I need to understand better. I started advocating for myself. Come to our meetings to borrow a little courage, learn about hearing loss and coping strategies. Learn to advocate for yourself and within our community. Meeting dates and times are to the right. “Be fearless. Have the courage to take risks. Go where there are no guarantees. Get out of your comfort zone even if it means being uncomfortable. The road less traveled is sometimes fraught with barricades bumps and uncharted terrain. But it is on that road where your character is truly tested. And have the courage to accept that you’re not perfect nothing is and no one is — and that’s OK.” Katie Couric (born 1957); American journalist.

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Determining the Functional Limitation of Your Disability Do you know how to describe your disability and how it impacts you? Most students don’t. One skill that all students with disabilities should develop is the ability to talk about his or her disability and need for accommodations. Most students aren't sure where to start or what information is relevant. The first questions you should ask yourself are “How does my disability affect me?” and "How am I struggling in my studies?" The answers to these questions will usually lead you to the modifications that you need to accommodate your disability. Here are some questions that can guide you: When thinking about your past: - What problem situations can you attribute to your disability? - What tasks have you done well? - How have you modified tasks or environments to compensate for your condition in the past? - What adaptive devices or assistive technology has been helpful to your success? - What support services have been helpful in the past? When thinking about your disability: - Can you name your disability? - When were you diagnosed with the condition? - Are there any cyclical or episodic flare ups? - Are there any known triggers - environmental, emotional or otherwise? - Do you have ongoing medical treatment for your condition? If yes, what is the treatment and what impact does it have on your ability to function? How does your disability impact: - Writing narratives? - Manipulation of objects? - Speed of reaction or bodily movements? - Social interactions? - Research in a library or via the Internet? - Mathematical calculations? - Ability to meet deadlines? When thinking about learning and taking studies: - How do I learn best? - What are my assets? - What are my challenges? - What accommodations have I used in the past? - When I have done well in the past, what strategies or resources did I use? - What have I tried that hasn’t worked? Return to the Student Handbook or continue to Documentation: What Is It? When Is It Required? Why Should I Consider Assessment or Reassessment?

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Each year in the United States, around 610,000 people die from heart disease. It accounts for 1 in 4 deaths in the country and is the leading cause of death among men and women. Circulation problems around your heart can be connected to heart attacks, irregular heart rhythms and other heart-related illnesses. However, these problems are treatable if they’re spotted in time. But many people don’t recognize the first signs of heart trouble and ignore them or attribute them to other illnesses. The tragic consequences of this ignorance, and treatment that often arrives too late, range from lifelong health problems to death. With that in mind, you should never ignore the following six symptoms: You find you’re breathing harder just walking up stairs? Not a good sign! If you have trouble, particularly with breathing, as a result of light physical exercise (like walking), this can indicate cardiovascular weakness or a heart disease. Of course, there are other reasons for this, like asthma, a respiratory disease or diminished oxygen levels in your blood, but you should get it checked out to be on the safe side. 2. Inflamed Joints Something a lot of people don’t know: higher blood pressure can also lead to joint inflammation and high blood pressure increases the risk of a heart-related illness. So if you’re suffering from swollen joints, you should also check your blood pressure. 3. Sweating for no reason You sweat even though it isn’t hot and you’re perfectly relaxed? Then you should be vigilant, because it can mean that you have heart trouble. A heart attack is often preceded by a cold sweat. Feeling pain in your body now and then can have many causes. Hardly anyone thinks about a heart problem as a result of pain in their shoulders, chest, belly, back, neck, chin or arms. But this could be exactly what’s behind it, because heart diseases lead to decreased blood circulation. Poor circulation in the different parts of the body then causes pain. In particular, chest pains should always be a warning sign, because they happen only when the heart disease is already at an advanced stage. 5. Pale Skin There are many possible causes for this symptom, ranging from simple iron deficiency on through to cancer. But reduced blood flow due to heart problems can be the root cause of severely pale skin. This symptom shows itself especially clearly before a heart attack or with serious fluctuations in blood pressure. Alongside other symptoms like breathlessness or upper abdominal pain, a few weeks or shortly before a heart attack, women in particular suffer from severe fatigue. The oxygen supply in the blood is barely sufficient. Blocked blood vessels or circulation disorders can be the cause of this. Many heart attacks and other heart problems could be avoided if patients did more to take care of their health. Stress, high blood pressure, obesity and a lack of exercise are a few of the main causes of heart problems. Many health professionals recommend walking for 40 minutes at least four times a week as a preventative measure. A fiber-rich, low-fat diet is also very important. If you’re a smoker or regularly drink alcohol, you should consider changing your habits. But above all, listen to your body! The symptoms here don’t automatically indicate a heart problem, but it’s always important to take your health seriously and watch out for the warning signs.

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Library Fact Sheets Printable Fact Sheet 18th Wing (Pacific Air Forces) As the host unit at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan, the mission of the 18th Wing is to deliver unmatched combat airpower and a forward-staging base to provide sovereign options that promote peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region, ensure the common defense of our allies, and enhance the United States' unparalleled global engagement capability. As the largest combat wing in the Air Force, operating out of the largest Air Force installation in the Pacific, the 18th Wing is ideally suited to accomplish these critical objectives. The Wing operates within the framework of the US-Japan security alliance which was formally established in 1960 with the signing of a Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. The treaty allows U.S. forces to use facilities and areas in Japan in order to promote Japanese and American mutual interests, contribute to the defense of Japan and preserve regional peace and security. The 18th Wing supports these objectives by providing a responsive staging and operational air base with integrated, deployable, forward-based airpower. Located in a critical region, 18th Wing Airmen and aircraft play a vital geostrategic role in deterring potential threats and maintaining peace and stability. The base's central location also enables the Wing to serve as a staging base for humanitarian and disaster relief efforts throughout the western Pacific, as it did in the aftermath of the December 2004 tsunami that devastated portions of Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. The 18th Wing's current fleet of aircraft represents a broad spectrum of combat capability -- F-15C/D air-to-air fighters, KC-135 air refueling tankers, E-3 AWACS airborne command and control aircraft, and HH-60 Pave Hawk combat search and rescue helicopters. This robust fleet of aircraft allows the Wing to deter potential threats in the region and respond quickly to any contingency. The Wing's diverse mission is accomplished by its five groups: operations, maintenance, mission support, civil engineer and medical. The Wing also provides facilities for U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Army and other forces assigned to or transiting Kadena. The 18th Operations Group is comprised of eight squadrons and one flight. The group has more than 800 personnel who conduct the Wing's flying mission on- and off-station with approximately 80 aircraft. The 18th Maintenance Group has six squadrons with more than 2,400 members. The group's 18th Munitions Squadron operates and maintains a war reserve materiel munitions area for the entire Pacific. The 18th Component Maintenance Squadron maintains the only four-bay engine test cell facility within Pacific Air Forces. The 18th Mission Support Group is the largest in the Air Force, boasting six squadrons and more than 3,800 personnel. The group provides a full spectrum of mission support to enable combat airpower as well as morale and welfare services for military members, families and guests. The 18th Civil Engineer Group has two squadrons and approximately 1,500 personnel. The group is responsible for base maintenance and facilities improvement and oversees all U.S. military housing on Okinawa, which totals approximately 8,100 units. The 18th Medical Group is comprised of four squadrons and has about 500 members. The medical group provides medical care to base and joint service personnel, seeing almost 500 patients daily. It has medical professionals on Kadena and in the US Naval Hospital Okinawa on nearby Camp Lester. The Wing manages approximately $6 billion in resources, including a $4 billion aircraft fleet. Other equipment and capital assets are valued at more than $2 billion. Major 18th Wing Units and Weapon Systems 18th Operations Group - 44th Fighter Squadron - F-15C/D Eagle - 67th Fighter Squadron - F-15C/D Eagle - 909th Air Refueling Squadron - KC-135 Stratotanker - 961st Airborne Air Control Squadron - E-3 AWACS - 33rd Rescue Squadron - HH-60 Pave Hawk - 31st Rescue Squadron - 18th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron - 18th Operations Support Squadron - 623rd Air Control Flight 18th Maintenance Group - 18th Maintenance Operations Squadron - 18th Equipment Maintenance Squadron - 18th Munitions Squadron - 18th Component Maintenance Squadron - 18th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 718th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 18th Mission Support Group - 18th Communications Squadron - 18th Force Support Squadron - 18th Security Forces Squadron - 18th Logistics Readiness Squadron - 18th Contracting Squadron 18th Civil Engineer Group - 18th Civil Engineer Squadron - 718th Civil Engineer Squadron 18th Medical Group - 18th Aerospace Medicine Squadron - 18th Dental Squadron - 18th Medical Support Squadron - 18th Medical Operations Squadron

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Two generations removed from the passage of Title IX in 1972, women college coaches are near an all-time low. But historically, if you are Black or another woman of color, these numbers have always been low. According to the latest NCAA demographics data (2015), 49 percent of Division I head and assistant coaches of women sports are women and 51 percent were male in 1995-96, and it’s 44 percent female and 56 percent male in 2014-15 a five percent decline for the women. However, in the racial/ethnic breakdown, 84 percent were White and 16 percent non-White in 1995-96, and 77 percent White and 23 percent non-White in 2014-15, a seven percent gain for non-Whites. Nicole LaVoi, the University of Minnesota Tucker Center co-director, discussed this among several other topics during her October 19 lecture titled “Paradox, Pitfalls & Parity: Where Have All the Women Coaches Gone?” “I can’t point to one thing — there are a lot of things happening simultaneously,” stated LaVoi. However, on the second “P” — pitfalls — she continues, “Of coaches of color, both men and women, women of color is the minority of the minority” in all three NCAA college divisions. A 2015 NCAA “Perceived Barriers” report surveyed 529 females of color and found that the three top obstacles to more Blacks and other females of color in leadership roles are 1) few are hired, 2) job availability, and 3) stereotyping of women in athletics. These barriers LaVoi described are also discussed in her new book, Women in Sports Coaching. “I want to get more stories from [Black females and other women of color] because their stories are a little different” from those of White females, she told the MSR. “I need to do a better job of bringing their voices to the forefront.” LaVoi also talked about “homogenous reproduction” — people tending to hire only people who look like themselves, a common practice in college sports. The few Blacks who are in hiring positions often aren’t accused of this practice. “They don’t want to be, like, ‘I’m Black so I don’t want to hire all Black coaches,” said the professor to the MSR after the lecture. She also talked about “statistical tokens” and “marginization” when women hold “less important” roles. Black female assistant coaches often are “pigeonholed” in such positions “rather than tracked into head coaching roles,” noted LaVoi. Black women and other women of color often must deal with a “triple bond,” LaVoi continued. “They are women — African American or [other] women of color — and they face racism. People believe that Black females” are more suited as athletes than coaches and leaders, she observed. And in those cases where Black females are head coaches, “They feel scrutinized and under a lot of pressure to perform. If you’re a token at your workplace, you are more likely to see negative outcomes and more likely to burn out and quit.” Among those who attended LaVoi’s lecture last week were two of her students, both Black female student-athletes who want to be coaches one day, they told the MSR. “Sarah” (the student didn’t want her name or sport published) said, “It was a little bit scary to see that women don’t have a lot of opportunities. But if I push hard at it, I can break through it.” Senior soccer player Simone Kolander spoke of her desire to coach as well: “It’s definitely something I like to do. A lot of my work experience has been in coaching youth soccer and youth basketball.” After her lecture, LaVoi told the MSR, “It’s not just about women. It’s about race, gender, sexual orientation to create inclusiveness. For change to happen, it doesn’t happen by women only. We need to enlist the men as well.” Information from the NCAA and the Women’s Sports Foundation was used in this report. Charles Hallman welcomes reader responses to email@example.com.

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Named after Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph. Morse code is used to transmit messages using simple methods such as flashlight, buzzer, telegraph, tapping, etc. The code utilizes a combination of dots and dashes to represent letters of the alphabet and numbers. Dots are short bursts, where dashes are longer bursts equal to 3 three dots in duration. Input letters, words, or sentences and click Translate. Click Play to hear the code. Input Morse code using . (dot) and - (dash), separating letters with spaces, and words with a /. Translator by: Stephen Christopher Phillips - http://www.soton.ac.uk/~scp93ch/

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Intro to Biotechnology Transcript Intro to Biotechnology Intro to Biotechnology BY C. KOHN, WATERFORD WI The mapping of the genomes of different species was made possible as a result of recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA: when genes from two different species are combined and introduced into a cell Sections of DNA were introduced into E. coli bacteria which then reproduced and copied the genes. However, recombinant DNA can be used to create much more than a sequenced Recombinant DNA has made the science of Biotechnology: the manipulation of the genetics of organisms to make useful products Biotechnology is not necessarily a new science Selective breeding of livestock and the use of microbes to make wine are ancient examples of biotechnology However, with the use of recombinant DNA and other has changed modern life. Making Recombinant DNA The production of recombinant DNA from multiple sources is relatively the same whether you intend to sequence a genome or produce Bt corn. First, a gene must be cut using a restriction enzyme (a chemical scissors for DNA that always cuts at the same sequence of bases) Copies of DNA always yield the same restriction fragments when exposed to a restriction enzyme (meaning DNA copies are always cut in a predictable way). Making Recombinant DNA If a restriction enzyme cuts DNA in such a way that a single-stranded portion remains, this is called a Sticky ends are important because they allow the addition of new genes so long as they have the complementary sequence to the E.g. a new gene would have to have a TTAA sticky end to ‘fit’ inside these Creation of Recombinant DNA 1. A restriction enzyme cuts DNA 2. Restriction fragments are created 3. A new gene with complementary sticky ends is 4. DNA ligase (an enzyme) permanently seals the new gene into the genome. Even if a new gene has complementary sticky ends, a DNA ligase enzyme is necessary to “cement” the new gene into the genome. Without DNA ligase, the bond is only temporary. DNA Ligase is the “super glue” that makes a bond permanent Once DNA ligase has formed a permanent bond with the new gene and the original genome (the “vector), we have recombinant A cloning vector is the DNA that carries the Creating Clone Libraries If you recall, recombinant DNA was used to sequence the human genome. Sections of human DNA were inserted into E. coli chromosomes to replicate the human By cutting the bacterial genome and inserting the human DNA, we were creating recombinant DNA. Each time the bacteria divided, they reproduced the same human gene. Later, the human gene could be removed using the same restriction enzyme to cut the bond created by DNA ligase. The DNA, now copied, could be better studied and sequenced using the Sanger method. Uses of Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA provides many uses beyond sequencing a genome. One of the industries most affected by biotechnology and the use of recombinant DNA is agriculture. Bt Corn is perhaps the most famous examples of a GMO: a plant or animal that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms. Right: control vs. Bt corn In a GMO, genetic material from another organism is inserted into the plant or animal genome. These genes can come from any living source, including bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. In the case of Bt Corn, an inserted gene for a natural insecticide came from Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium found naturally in the soil. B. thuringiensis bacteria naturally produce a toxin (the Bt delta toxin) which kills specific predatory insects during the larval stage. It does not other insects in the way broad-spectrum insecticides do, making it an ideal replacement to synthetic chemical pesticides. Bt was actually available as a separate pesticide since 1960 and has an excellent safety record, making it an ideal choice as a GMO. Production of Bt Corn Production of Bt Corn was relatively straightforward: The gene for the Bt toxin was sequenced and The gene was removed from the B. thuringiensis genome using a restriction enzyme. The genome of corn was spliced using the same The gene was inserted and made permanent using The modified corn genome was inserted into a corn cell nucleus. The corn cell, when it divided, produced the Bt gene along with the rest of the corn’s genome. Bt in action. Because Bt corn has the gene for the Bt toxin, it produces this protein just like any other protein in a When an insect ingests the Bt toxin protein produced by the corn, the Bt toxin binds to the stomach wall of Within hours the stomach wall is broken down by the toxin. Is It Safe? Bt corn was approved by the USDA for human consumption in 1995. Is it safe? This might be a good question, given the Bt toxin kills insects by destroying their intestinal tracts “Delta endotoxins and VIPs produced by the currently available events all are rapidly broken down in the stomach and thus are not potential food allergens.” – Colorado State i.e. your own stomach will rapidly break down the toxins before they can Bt corn is considered generally safe a not a threat to It is regulated by both the EPA and FDA for human and environmental It has been used for over 15 years with no record of serious issue. Does this mean it is safe? Bt & Monarchs Concern has also been raised about the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterflies. Research by the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service has shown that other than an early version of Bt Corn (which has since been replaced), the impact on monarchs is negligible and insignificant. Plus, the alternative to Bt corn is the use of chemical pesticides, which are far more harmful Rice is one of the most widely consumed grains in the However, rice is not a rich source of many vitamins, including Vitamin A deficiency is a major problem in many countries, leading to blindness and other health Golden rice was an early attempt to use GMOs to solve a major nutritional problem in Some plants naturally produce β-carotene, which our own bodies use to produce Vitamin A Golden rice is a genetically modified version of rice that helps the body produce Vitamin A through increased levels of β-carotene Rice endosperm (the white starchy inside) does not naturally produce β-carotene Selective breeding therefore would not have worked to produce a breed of rice that makes Producing Golden Rice Agronomy researchers identified the pathway necessary for a plant to produce β-carotene as well as the enzyme proteins that fulfilled this role. A special kind of bacterium, tumafaciens, was used to insert β-carotene genes from daffodils into the rice genome. Agrobacterium can transfer DNA between itself and plants Galls (stem growths) on plants are naturally caused by Agrobacterium Using Agrobacterium, the genes for the entire β- carotene protein pathway were inserted into the rice The β-carotene genes also turned the white endosperm of the rice into a This is why it is now called Current research is aiming to create farm animals that are engineered to be pharmaceutical “factories” In other words, these GM animals would produce medical substances in their bodies the same way they produce any other kind of protein. Most of this kind of research focuses on milk-production as a source of the production of medical pharmaceuticals. For example, these Argentinean cows were engineered to produce insulin in their milk (along with all other milk proteins) Ideally, diabetic patients would not need to take insulin shots – they’d only need to drink a glass Genetically Modified Organisms have also been sought for their potential benefit to the environment. One major area of research is the use of GMOs to clean up toxic waste sites and oil spills. Some bacterial strains have been developed that can degrade some compounds found in oil spills into a more neutral and less harmful Other microbes are being engineered to break down wastes that are not currently biodegradable (such as plastics), or extract toxic heavy metals such as copper, lead, and nickel. GM organisms are currently being developed to convert cellulose (in plant cell walls) into a easily-convertible form for the greater production of environmentally sustainable biofuels (such as ethanol and biodiesel). Cellulose is the most widely abundant organic molecule on the planet and absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere. If a microbe could be developed to efficiently convert cellulose into a source of fuel, we could eliminate our dependence of fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources of energy. At the same time, the effects of climate change could be minimized by removing CO2 from the

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Many people don't know that using eggshells in the garden can help in many ways. If you are wondering what to do with crushed eggshells (or whole eggshells for that matter), keep reading. We will look at how eggshells can help your compost, soil and even keep away a few common pests. A common question is can you put eggshells in compost heaps? The answer to this is yes, you can. Adding eggshells to compost will help add calcium to the make up of your final compost. This important nutrient helps plants build cell walls. Without it, plants cannot grow as fast, and, in the case of some vegetables like tomatoes and squash, fruit will develop blossom end rot because there is simply not enough building material (calcium) coming into the plant. Using eggshells in the vegetable garden compost can help prevent this. While you don't need to crush eggshells before composting them, doing so will speed up how fast the eggshells break down in the compost. You also may want to consider washing your eggshells before composting them so that you do not attract animals, as well as reducing the slight risk of disease which raw eggs pose. Eggshells can also be added straight to the soil. Many people plant eggshells with tomatoes, peppers, squash and other vegetables that are susceptible to blossom end rot. While planting eggshells directly with plants most likely will not help this season's plants (because the eggshells will not break down fast enough to create calcium), eggshells in the soil will decompose eventually and will help add calcium directly to the soil. Eggshells can also be used in the garden to help fight off pests like slugs, snails, cutworms and other crawling pests. Crushed eggshells works much like diatomaceous earth on these pests. When crawling pests cross over an area in the garden where crushed eggshells have been spread, the eggshells make several small cuts in the pests. The pests then dehydrate and die due to these cuts. Crushing eggshells for pest control is as easy as tossing your empty eggshells into a food processor for a few seconds or just rolling them under a bottle or rolling pin. After the eggshells are crushed, sprinkle them around the areas in your garden where you are having problems with slugs and other crawling pests. Using eggshells in the garden is a great way to make use of something that would normally just get thrown out. You can put eggshells in compost, in soil or use them as a kind of organic insecticide, which means that not only are you helping reduce trash, but helping your garden too. Copyright © 2005-2016 Botanic Garden All Rights Reserved Contact management E-mail : email@example.com

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Just like children should listen when parents tell them to eat their vegetables, engineers should follow layout guidelines when semiconductor manufacturers recommend them. Open any switching power-supply datasheet or design handbook and the message is the same: follow these layout guidelines, OR ELSE. Even if the schematic has all the proper connections and the bill of materials (BOM) has components rated for the application, many power-supply designs are doomed to fail due to poor layout. When troubleshooting a design that ‘should work,’ most problems can be traced back to the layout guidelines found in these handbooks and datasheets. Just like children should listen when parents tell them to eat their vegetables, engineers should follow layout guidelines when semiconductor manufacturers recommend them. For a simple buck converter, some of these guidelines include: It’s one thing to know the recommendations; it’s another thing entirely to follow them. Unlike parents, who sometimes struggle to demonstrate the immediate benefits of eating vegetables to their kids, engineers can immediately demonstrate the consequences of poor power-supply layout to their bosses. To experience the effects of breaking each of these rules ourselves, we intentionally built boards that disobeyed the recommendations and characterized each one. Quick and reliable power-supply design To start our design, we named a general-purpose step-down application: Since the intent of this design was to examine the effects of different board layouts, we needed to produce a well-designed schematic with appropriate component ratings (and de-ratings), a BOM with all orderable components, and a circuit we could simulate to compare the achieved performance versus the expected values. To generate a new design as quickly as possible, with all of the above capabilities, we used Maxim’s EE-Sim design tool. We entered our input/output specifications and generated final simulation results with an orderable BOM. After entering the schematic into our CAD program, we had the circuit based on the MAX17506 step-down converter (Figure 1). Figure 1 Final design for +3.3V, 16.5W step-down converter To investigate different layout considerations, we built one ‘optimized’ board to compare with the simulation results and serve as our scientific control and five ‘variant’ boards that each disobeyed one of the rules listed above. Board #1 – Optimized layout The first optimal board layout is shown in Figure 2, with the top layer in red, second layer in orange, third layer in green, and bottom layer in blue. Note that: Figure 2 Optimal layout of the MAX17506 buck converter design When the time came to validate the optimal layout versus the simulation results, the board was tested for efficiency, output voltage ripple, load transient performance, and the switching-node waveform. These results were compared to the original EE-Sim simulation results to judge how well the board was designed. Efficiency: Simulation versus optimized layout Perhaps the most scrutinized specification when evaluating any power converter’s performance is its efficiency, or how well the converter transfers the input power to the output. After verifying that the board turned on successfully, power efficiency was the first comparison made between simulation and bench data. Figure 3 shows the comparison of the expected versus achieved efficiencies. Figure 3 Simulation versus measured efficiency Overall, the optimized board produced similar results to the EE-Sim efficiency simulation. The achieved efficiency was ~4% higher at a lighter load of 500mA, but ~1% lower at a full load of 5A. This established a good baseline to compare with the non-recommended layouts. Load transient: Simulation versus optimized layout Another heavily scrutinized performance benchmark for a power converter is how it responds to transient changes in the load current. These waveforms are also used to indirectly measure a converter’s stability, as loop stability measurements require specialized equipment that may not be available. In our design parameters, we specified 0.1V maximum overshoot/undershoot, and Figure 4 shows the simulated load transient response versus the achieved response. Figure 4 Simulated load transient response (left) versus achieved response (right). In the simulation, a load step from 2.5A to 5A yielded a 70mV undershoot in output voltage that recovered within 190us, and the measured response yielded an 80mV undershoot that recovered within a 180us. When the load dropped from 5A to 2.5A, the simulation showed a 70mV overshoot that resolved in 180us and the measured response showed an 80mV overshoot that resolved within 180us. This near-perfect match in simulation and characterization inspired confidence in the layout of our first board. Output voltage ripple: Simulation versus optimized layout The output ripple of a converter depends on many factors, including the output capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR), feedback network placement, load current, etc. Since we specified a 0.1V maximum overshoot/undershoot in our design, the voltage ripple for a static load current was expected to be much smaller. Figure 5 shows the simulated output voltage ripple given a 2.5A load, as well as the measured ripple on our optimized layout board. Figure 5 Simulated (left) versus measured (right) output ripple with 2.5A load The simulated output voltage ripple was 5.2mVPP, and the measured output ripple was closer to 10mVPP. Additionally, while care was taken to minimize the measurement loop from the output to our oscilloscope probe to GND, there is still some expected switching interference coupled into the output voltage waveform due to the ESL effect of the capacitor. Switching-node waveform: Simulation versus optimized layout In the design, we configured the MAX17506 for a fixed frequency of 313kHz in pulse-width modulation (PWM) mode. Thus, for a static load current, the switching node should appear to be a square wave switching between GND and +12V with a near-constant duty cycle. Figure 6 shows the simulated and measured switching-node waveforms. Figure 6 Simulated (left) versus measured (right) switching-node waveforms With a target frequency of 313kHz, the expected switching period was 3.2us. For 2.5A, the switching waveform in the simulation showed a 3.4us period and 1.1us on-time, and the measured switching waveform showed a 3.1us period and 0.9us on-time. After comparing the efficiency, voltage ripple, load transient response, and switching node waveform of our initial design with the ‘optimal’ layout to the simulation results from EE-Sim, we established a baseline in-lab performance to serve as the basis of our layout study. [Continue reading on EDN US: Board #2 – No exposed paddle vias to GND plane] Syafiqa Zupli is an associate member of technical staff at Maxim Integrated. Mohamed Ismail is an electrical engineer at Synapse Product Development.

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For more than a thousand years now, vinegar has been used across the world for a wide range of reasons. Apple must or cider is used for making apple cider vinegar which is first of all fermented where yeast and bacterial convert the sugar to alcohol, then to acetic acid. Apple cider vinegar boasts of being incredibly rich in a wide range of minerals such as sodium, potassium, phosphorous, chloride, and magnesium and phosphorous. Trace minerals are also included like fluorine and copper as well as various vitamins such as A, B2, E, pectin and bioflavonoid. Even though science is yet to prove the various claim regarding apple cider vinegar and its incredible health benefits, it is used for a wide range of roles ranging from homemaking to beauty and health. Some of the health benefits of apple cider vinegar described here below are supported scientific evidence while others are yet to:

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Americans have long debated the proper role of government in the economy. In 2010 that debate focused on issues including government rescues of big financial institutions and automobile manufacturers in the recent severe recession, mandated expansion of health insurance coverage to more people, tougher financial regulation and offshore oil drilling. The debate goes back to the nation’s founding. A range of taxes imposed by the British helped trigger the Revolutionary War in 1775. Alexander Hamilton, the United States’ first secretary of the Treasury, succeeded in establishing a national central bank but lost his campaign for a federal policy to promote strategically important industries. The central bank charter was allowed to expire in the 1830s; the United States had no central bank from then until the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913. Government intervenes in the economy in at least four ways: • It provides such goods and services as roads, education, public safety and national defense. • It transfers income between groups of people, most notably to retirees from younger workers through the Social Security and Medicare programs. • It collects taxes and borrows money to pay for spending. • It regulates business activity. Federal, state and local governments have from the beginning regulated the economy, intervening to help the interests of specific regions, industries and individuals. Just how far the government should go in doing this has long been the source of much debate. The legal justification for federal economic regulation rests on a few sections of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. These give Congress authority to collect taxes and duties, borrow on the credit of the nation, pay the federal government’s debts, create a U.S. currency and regulate its value, establish laws governing bankruptcy and naturalization of immigrants and grant patents and copyrights. The most general — and controversial — language lies in Article I, Section 8, which authorizes Congress “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.” Courts interpreted the Constitution’s “commerce clause” narrowly in the 19th century. Later, with the consent of the courts, the federal government interpreted the clause to justify far-reaching programs that the nation’s Founding Fathers could probably never have imagined. In the 1960s, for example, the courts affirmed civil rights laws against racial discrimination on the basis of Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of court rulings sought once again to narrow the scope of the commerce clause to issues directly connected with economic activities. In the life cycle of an American business, the first step is the least regulated of all. An entrepreneur seeking to form a new business need only register with state tax authorities. Those entering specific professions like medicine and law may need a license, typically awarded only after passing a comprehensive examination, but starting a company requires no permission. No legal business in the United States escapes some regulation. Laws passed by Congress and regulations adopted by administrative agencies so authorized by Congress seek to prevent businesses from exercising monopoly power or operating fraudulently. Financial regulations aim to protect people’s savings and investments from business mismanagement or unscrupulous practices [see the sidebar on financial regulation]. Health and safety regulations are designed to protect the public from unsafe foods, drugs, toys, autos, airlines and other products and services. Another set of statutes and regulations protects workers’ health and safety on the job. Other legal provisions balance the rights of workers and employers. In most states workers are considered “at will” employees, meaning they can be discharged whenever the employer chooses — except in narrowly defined circumstances. Under federal law, workers may not be fired because of their race, gender, age or sexual preference. A federal “whistle blower” law protects employees who disclose an employer’s illegal activities. Congress in 1898 gave workers the right to organize labor unions and authorized government mediation of conflicts between labor and management. During the Great Depression, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) that more specifically set out the rights of most private-sector workers to form labor unions, to bargain with management over wages and working conditions and to strike to obtain their demands. The Fair Labor Standards Act passed in 1938 established a national minimum wage, prohibited oppressive child labor and provided for overtime pay in designated occupations. Enforcement of U.S. antitrust laws (or competition laws) for more than a century reflects the evolving debate over government regulation. By the end of the 19th century, concerns about economic power had focused on monopolies that controlled commerce in industries as diverse as oil, steel and tobacco, and whose operations were often cloaked in secrecy because of hidden ownership interests. The monopolies typically took the form of “trusts,” with shareholders giving control of companies to a board of trustees in return for a share of the profits in the form of dividends. More than 2,000 company mergers were accomplished from 1897 through 1901. In the latter year, Theodore Roosevelt became president and began a “trust-busting” campaign aimed at what he called the “malefactors of great wealth.” Under Roosevelt and his successor, William Howard Taft, the federal government won antitrust lawsuits that broke up most of the major monopolies, including John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil trust; J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company, which dominated railroads in the Northwest; and James B. Duke’s American Tobacco trust. The government’s main antitrust authority resides in two laws. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 aims to stop conspiracies among companies to fix prices and restrain trade; it also empowers the federal government to break up monopolies into smaller companies to promote competition. The Clayton Act of 1914 defines anti-competitive and unfair practices more specifically and gives government the right to prevent mergers of companies that could undermine competition. Additional federal statutes address specific industries. In deciding how far government should go to protect competition, the focus at the start was on the conduct of dominant companies, not their size and power alone. In 1911, the Supreme Court set down its “rule of reason,” which stated that only unreasonable restraints of trade — those that had no clear economic purpose — were illegal under the Sherman Act. A company that gained monopoly power by producing better products or following better strategies should not face antitrust penalties. During the Great Depression, however, Congress passed the Robinson-Patman Act aimed at maintaining a balance between nationwide manufacturing and retailing businesses on one side and small businesses on the other. The idea that the law should preserve a competitive balance by restraining dominant companies regardless of their conduct was reinforced by court decisions into the 1970s. At the peak of this trend, the federal government was pursuing antitrust cases against IBM Corporation, the largest computer manufacturer at the time, and AT&T Corporation, the national telephone monopoly. In the 1980s, under President Ronald Reagan, the federal government shifted its competition policies in line with the philosophy of University of Chicago academics, such as Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman. According to “Chicago School” theory, government antitrust enforcement usually fails to promote competition. Chicago School proponents assert that self-correcting market forces will almost always restore competition. Each presidential administration interprets antitrust law with varying degrees of aggressiveness. Under President Bill Clinton in the 1990s, for example, the Justice Department prosecuted the Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) company for allegedly conspiring with Asian partners to monopolize the sale of several feed products and additives. Eventually three ADM executives went to prison, and the company paid $100 million in fines. The Clinton administration also launched in 1998 a case against Microsoft Corporation, which then controlled most of the market for personal computer operating systems software. When Microsoft built its Internet Explorer browser software into its dominant Windows operating system, antitrust regulators accused Microsoft of leveraging its market power over operating systems to dominate the browser market. A federal judge ruled against Microsoft, but an appeals court overruled that decision. In the appellate judge’s view, Microsoft’s offer of its browser software for free, while hurting smaller competitors, nevertheless benefited consumers and allowed the kind of innovation that ultimately promotes economic competition. President George W. Bush halted the Justice Department’s case against Microsoft. The severe recession that began in late 2007 has shattered many people’s belief that markets are self-correcting and have no need for regulation. President Barack Obama pledged to enforce antitrust law with vigor. His Justice Department prosecuted cases against a number of foreign air freight carriers and against a number of Asian manufacturers of liquid crystal display panels, resulting in collection of more than $1 billion in fines in 2009, the second highest total for any year. Rapid globalization has also forced reconsideration of competition law. Fewer U.S. markets remain primarily domestic; more U.S. producers compete against foreign companies that operate under different regulatory regimes. For more than a decade, the Justice Department has been forging cooperative agreements with antitrust authorities in foreign countries. It entered into such an agreement with its Russian counterpart in 2009 and has started engaging relatively new competition authorities in China and India.

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Fragments of 18th-century wine bottle found decades apart now back together in South Carolina CHARLESTON, S.C. – More than 42 years ago in this historic city, an archaeologist found a piece of a rare wine bottle seal left behind by early British colonists. Twenty six years later, another archaeologist coincidently visited the same area and discovered a similar fragment of a seal with a name inscribed. Nearly 300 years after the seal was designed, those two fragments from what turned out to be the same bottle have been finally been reunited — a breakthrough that archaeologists call historic and a “miracle.” “Holy Cow! It’s kind of an archaeological miracle that that happened,” Syracuse doctoral candidate Sarah Platt said. “It’s not often that we find those kinds of pieces so far apart and that they were excavated by two separate archaeologists, 30 years apart.” In 1976, a fragment of the emerald green, silver dollar-sized glass wine bottle seal, imprinted with the words “Wragg and 1722,” was discovered by archaeologist Elaine Herold during an excavation at the Heyward-Washington House. “She unearthed just an amazing collection of artifacts, including some sealed bottles from the late 18th century,” said Martha Zierden, Charleston Museum’s curator of historical archaeology. Zierden said that what Herold had uncovered was just a fragment of an 18th-century wine bottle seal, but it stuck out as an unusual artifact since the collection did not have anything else like it. In 2002, Zierden returned to the site and did some excavating inside the stable and carriage house, less than 50 feet away from the location where Herold had found the wine bottle fragment 26 years earlier. Zierden said she recovered a similar array of artifacts as Herold. But it wasn’t until earlier this year, while Platt was reviewing the Charleston Museum’s earliest collection, that she discovered the fragment from 2002 was the missing half to the fragment found in the 70s. “The fact that I’m coming along, almost 20 years later, and then finding it, is pretty remarkable,” Platt said. “It’s very unusual.” She said she immediately brought it to her mentor’s attention. “It rang a bell. So we went to our collections upstairs, found it … not only was it similar, but they matched,” Zierden said. “I don’t know of any other case of an artifact discovery like that.” The Charleston Museum has wine bottle seals from the 18th century on display. But the Wragg seal is the earliest dated seal in the museum’s collection. “Among the hundreds, thousands, probably 4 million artifacts that have come from the city that we housed, we have no more than 15 bottle seals, so that’s how unusual they are here,” Zierden told Fox News. Wealthy British colonists had the personalized seals made and affixed to wine bottles in the 18th century. All wine bottles during the era were all hand-blown. The seals themselves are actually an extra glob of circular molten glass. “….that glob of molten glass is affixed to the shoulder of the bottle and becomes impressed on it,” she said. “So it’s really like a round disk that sits on a bottle.” The seals often had the owner’s last name or initials and a date. “You know, in all my years here, there has been a couple of moments where you make a big discovery,” Zierden said. “To have some that are autographed or have a name on it are rare enough. But, then to find these two pieces mended, being discovered so many years apart and then reanalyzing them so many more years apart, it was a pretty shocking discovery and very exciting.” Making the monogrammed bottles is extremely expensive, so historians believe only rich British colonists could afford bottles with their “signature.” “They would certainly be a special order,” Zierden said. “We presume they were given as gifts or sort of traveled from family to family.” The duo says there is still more work to be done, even after their big discovery. “It’s about figuring out these people and how these things got here,” Platt said. Platt said the next steps involve going to the archives and find out more about the family who owned the bottle. “Who were the Wraggs that were of a certain status that are living in Charleston at this time?” Platt said. “Why would they have been interacting with the Milners at all? What does it mean that this object is here?”

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Studying Emerging Issues Protects our Customers Now and in the Future Some chemicals that are not regulated by the EPA are currently being studied for their presence in drinking water sources and treated drinking water. These chemicals are referred to as emerging compounds because their presence in drinking water was not studied or detected in the past. Due to advances in testing and the possible increase in the sources of these compounds, their detection at very small levels is now possible. While these compounds may be detected at very low levels in water, people are regularly exposed to products containing these compounds in much higher concentrations through medicines, personal care products, food, and other sources. The levels at which most of these compounds are found in water are very small in comparison and their presence does not necessarily pose a risk to humans. However, sensitive subpopulations may be at greater risk from exposure to these compounds and should consult their healthcare providers for additional guidance. Emerging compounds include pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) are chemicals that interfere with the action of natural hormones responsible for reproduction, development and behavior. Examples include pesticides, herbicides and natural and synthetic hormones. Pharmaceuticals (P) are prescription and over-the-counter medications for animals and humans. Personal Care Products (PCPs) are common personal hygiene products such as lotions, fragrances and cosmetics. Together these compound are referred to as EDCs and PPCPs. Emerging Compound Testing DC Water and many other water utilities across the country monitor unregulated compounds as required by EPA's third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3). DC Water tests these compounds to comply with UCMR3. You can also review DC Water’s drinking water quality report for complete water quality information. Reducing the presence of emerging compounds Although advanced treatment technologies may be useful in minimizing exposure to these chemicals, the most effective approach is to reduce the presence of these contaminants in our source water. DC Water works closely with regional stakeholders through the Potomac Drinking Water Source Protection Partnership to address the problem of emerging compounds in our drinking water supply. If you have questions or concerns regarding the quality of your water, please contact the Drinking Water Division at 202-612-3440.

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Presence of nitrogen in Martian soil samples and a demonstration of how abundant carbon monoxide in Martian atmosphere could be utilised by organisms to generate energy, seem to boost the argument of life on the planet in the recent past. Significant concentrations of nitrate in soil and rock samples examined by Curiosity rover, points to the presence of nitrogen in ancient Mars, says a study. Nitrogen is a critical component of amino acids and biomolecules that make life on Earth possible, but cannot be availed directly from the air by life forms. It has to be fixed into the reactive form of nitrates. While the samples were collected at three different spots near rover's landing site — Rocknest, John Klein and Cumberland, the soil samples from the two latter sites had led scientists earlier to conclude that billions of years ago, the area was part of a potentially life-supporting lake-and-stream system. The discovery of fixed nitrogen adds to that conclusion. Another study suggests that atmospheric carbon monoxide was a feasible energy source for microbes on the planet, reports Space.com. Both papers are published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). "It's more support for this environment that would have had the ingredients that life would have needed," said Jennifer Stern of Nasa's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, lead author of the nitrogen study. Stern and her team reported measurements made by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument aboard Nasa's rover Curiosity. Curiosity's discovery isn't foolproof evidence of Martian life as nitrogen-nitrogen bonds can also be broken by the thermal shocks caused by lightning and asteroid or comet impacts. It may have been generated billion years ago when Mars and other bodies in the inner solar system were bombarded by objects, Stern said. However, there are chances the nitrogen was fixed on modern Mars. In 2005, Europe's Mars Express orbiter detected nitrogen oxide (NO) high in the Red Planet's atmosphere. It could have formed after sunlight split apart oxygen, carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen. "This suggests that N is currently being fixed in the Martian thermosphere, although it is unknown how much, if any, is transported to the lower atmosphere and surface," the researchers wrote in their PNAS paper. A more detailed data covering nitrogen isotope would be required to compare the nitrate signatures from modern and primordial atmosphere to say conclusively e origin of the nitrogen. The other paper from Louisiana State University suggests that carbon monoxide (CO) that could have served as an energy source on ancient Mars could also play a role in future human colonisation of the planet. The CO toxic to many organisms can generate energy when oxidized by organisms into carbon dioxide (CO2). But where the Earth's atmosphere is just 0.3 parts per million (ppm) or so CO by volume, the Martian atmosphere, in comparison, contains 800 ppm CO currently, and concentrations of the stuff may have been much higher in the past. Gary King subjected Earth microbes to modern Martian surface conditions of low pressure, high CO2 concentrations (CO2 makes up 95% of the Red Planet's atmosphere), low oxygen levels and low to moderate temperatures, among other characteristics to study their ability to oxidize CO. King specifically targeted the conditions that might prevail at features known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), seasonal dark streaks that have been observed by Nasa's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in a number of locales. He found that soil samples collected in three different salty systems on Earth — the Big Island of Hawaii, Chile's Atacama Desert and the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah — did indeed take up CO under RSL conditions. King believes CO-oxidizing organisms such as A. ehrlichii MLHE-1 could be part of an effort to transform the Red Planet into a place more hospitable to humans.

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What is it about? We analysed the results from 103 trials comparing different exercises in people with knee or hip osteoarthritis. The exercises were grouped into aerobic (e.g. swimming or jogging); mind-body (e.g. tai chi or yoga); strengthening (e.g. lifting dumbbells or squats); flexibility (e.g. hamstring or gastrocnemius stretch) skill (e.g. wobble board); or mixed (using more than one) exercise types. We then compared the relative benefit for improving pain, function, performance and quality of life for knee and hip osteoarthritis. Photo by Inspired Horizons Digital Marketing on Unsplash Why is it important? Guidelines recommend exercise as a core treatment for osteoarthritis. Our study suggests that the most effective type depends on what you want to achieve. Aerobic and mind-body exercises were the most effective for reducing pain and improving function. Whilst strengthening and flexibility exercises appear good for moderate improvement of multiple outcomes. Read the Original This page is a summary of: Relative Efficacy of Different Exercises for Pain, Function, Performance and Quality of Life in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis, Sports Medicine, March 2019, Springer Science + Business Media, DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01082-0. You can read the full text: The following have contributed to this page

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Sir Arthur Keith (February 5, 1866 - January 7, 1955) was a Scottish anatomist and anthropologist, who became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Hunterian Professor and conservator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London (not to be confused with the Hunterian Museum Glasgow Scotland; the two were founded by brothers). A leading figure in the study of human fossils, he became President of the Royal Anthropological Institute. The latter role stimulated his interest in the subject of human evolution, leading to the publication of his book A New Theory of Human Evolution, in which he supported the idea of group selection. Where others had postulated that physical separation could provide a barrier to interbreeding, allowing groups to evolve along different lines, Keith introduced the idea of cultural differences as providing a mental barrier, emphasising territorial behaviour, and the concept of the 'in-group' and 'out-group'. Man had evolved, he claimed, through his tendency to live in small competing communities, a tendency which was at root determined by racial differences in his 'genetic substrate'. Writing just after World War II he particularly emphasised the racial origins of anti-Semitism, and in 'A New Theory of Evolution' he devoted a chapter to the topics of anti-Semitism and Zionism in which he argued that Jews live by a 'dual code'

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On this page DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) is, in short, a way of creating a digital signature in an email. Manipulating the origin is a common technique used when phishing or sending spam to make the email look trustworthy to the recipient. The public key of the DKIM signature is published in a DNS record for the domain. This makes it possible for the recipient to know that it was the owner of the sending domain that also signed the email. End-users will normally not see if an email has a DKIM signature. This is handled in the background by the email service. If the signature is not valid/exist the email will be rejected, put into a spam folder or marked as a potential fraud. Use in the Curity Identity Server The Curity Identity Server supports the use of DKIM and can sign outgoing emails. Enabling DKIM is done per Email Provider and can only be configured when the type is After enablement, DKIM is configured by setting which signing key should be used. The selector is the identifier for the public key for that domain. DKIM allows multiple signing keys for the same domain. Setting up the DNS record The public key and metadata are stored in a TXT DNS record. These records allow for free text, making them suitable for DKIM as well as other standards to prove domain ownership or just to provide additional data that should be associated with the domain. The name of the record would be [domain]. The result would be something like The content of the record must contain at least the public key, but other options exist as well. v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhk...AB version (v) is key type (k) is rsa and the public key (p) starts with DKIM is supported by the Curity Identity Server and makes sure of the integrity of the email. DKIM is often combined with other techniques like Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) for additional email security. These measures are often required to let emails through spam filters. DKIM allows for various options on what to sign. Refer to the product documentation for information about which parts are signed in the Curity Identity Server. Join our Newsletter Get the latest on identity management, API Security and authentication straight to your inbox. Start Free Trial Try the Curity Identity Server for Free. Get up and running in 10 minutes.Start Free Trial

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November 25, 2014 CDC estimates that 1,201,100 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 168,300 (14%) who are unaware of their infection.1 Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. Still, the pace of new infections continues at far too high a level -- particularly among certain groups. HIV Incidence (new infections): The estimated incidence of HIV has remained stable overall in recent years, at about 50,000 new HIV infections per year.2 Within the overall estimates, however, some groups are affected more than others. MSM continue to bear the greatest burden of HIV infection, and among races/ethnicities, African Americans continue to be disproportionately affected. HIV Diagnoses (new diagnoses, regardless of when infection occurred or stage of disease at diagnosis): In 2012, an estimated 47,989 people were diagnosed with HIV infection in the United States. In that same year, an estimated 27,928 people were diagnosed with AIDS. Overall, an estimated 1,170,989 people in the United States have been diagnosed with AIDS.3 Deaths: An estimated 13,834 people with an AIDS diagnosis died in 2011, and approximately 648,459 people in the United States with an AIDS diagnosis have overall.3 The deaths of persons with an AIDS diagnosis can be due to any cause -- that is, the death may or may not be related to AIDS. Figure 1: Estimated New HIV Infections in the United States, 2010, for the Most Affected Subpopulations Subpopulations representing 2% or less are not reflected in this chart. Abbreviations: MSM, men who have sex with men; IDU, injection drug user. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) of all races and ethnicities remain the population most profoundly affected by HIV. In 2010, the estimated number of new HIV infections among MSM was 29,800, a significant 12% increase from the 26,700 new infections among MSM in 2008.2 Although MSM represent about 4% of the male population in the United States,4 in 2010, MSM accounted for 78% of new HIV infections among males and 63% of all new infections.2 MSM accounted for 54% of all people living with HIV infection in 2011, the most recent year these data are available.1 In 2010, white MSM continued to account for the largest number of new HIV infections (11,200), by transmission category, followed closely by black MSM (10,600).2 The estimated number of new HIV infections was greatest among MSM in the youngest age group. In 2010, the greatest number of new HIV infections (4,800) among MSM occurred in young black/African American MSM aged 13-24. Young black MSM accounted for 45% of new HIV infections among black MSM and 55% of new HIV infections among young MSM overall.2 Since the epidemic began, an estimated 306,885 MSM with an AIDS diagnosis have died, including an estimated 5,302 in 2011.3 Heterosexuals and injection drug users also continue to be affected by HIV. Since the epidemic began, almost 89,683 persons with an AIDS diagnosis, infected through heterosexual sex, have died, included an estimated 3,516 in 2011.3 New HIV infections among women are primarily attributed to heterosexual contact (84% in 2010) or injection drug use (16% in 2010). Women accounted for 20% of estimated new HIV infections in 2010 and 23% of those living with HIV infection in 2011.1,2 The 9,500 new infections among women in 2010 reflect a significant 21% decrease from the 12,000 new infections that occurred among this group in 2008.2 Injection drug users represented 8% of new HIV infections in 2010 and 15% of those living with HIV in 2011.1,2 Since the epidemic began, nearly 184,673 injection drug users with an AIDS diagnosis have died, including an estimated 3,723 in 2011.3 Blacks/African Americans continue to experience the most severe burden of HIV, compared with other races and ethnicities. Blacks represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but accounted for an estimated 44% of new HIV infections in 2010. They also accounted for 41% of people living with HIV infection in 2011.1,2 Since the epidemic began, an estimated 265,812 blacks with an AIDS diagnosis have died, including an estimated 6,630 in 2011.3 Unless the course of HIV in the United States changes, at some point in their lifetime, an estimated 1 in 16 black men and 1 in 32 black women will be diagnosed with HIV infection.5 Hispanics/Latinos are also disproportionately affected by HIV. Hispanics/Latinos represented 16% of the population but accounted for 21% of new HIV infections in 2010.2 Hispanics/Latinos accounted for 20% of people living with HIV infection in 2011.1 Disparities persist in the estimated rate of new HIV infections in Hispanics/Latinos. In 2010, the rate of new HIV infections for Latino males was 2.9 times that for white males, and the rate of new infections for Latinas was 4.2 times that for white females.2 Since the epidemic began, more than 99,281 Hispanics/Latinos with an AIDS diagnosis have died, including 2,310 in 2011.3 * For assessing disease risk, the term MSM is often used instead of gay, homosexual, or bisexual because it refers to a risk behavior, rather than an identity that may or may not be tied to a behavior.

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There seems to be so many words used to describe the various times of day. So much so, that it can often be confusing to understand the difference between them. Dawn and sunrise are two such examples. Confused, I decided to spend some time looking at each of the terms, what they actually mean and if in fact they are the same. So what is the difference between dawn vs sunrise? Dawn is a time of day, whereas sunrise is an event that occurs during this time. In other words, dawn is a process whereas sunrise is a specific point and development within that very same process. While the two terms can often be confused, or used incorrectly, they are in fact referencing two independent things. Let us know take a closer look at each one in further detail, before moving onto some other similarly related questions you may have around this time of day. What Is Dawn? Dawn is a distinct period of time that occurs at the very end of the night. It occurs just before sunrise, and is considered to mark the beginning of twilight. Dawn can be distinctly recognized by the appearance of indirect sunlight which happens when the center of the suns disc has reached 18° below the observer’s horizon. Dawn technically lasts until sunrise, and when direct sunlight begins to dominate the landscape. What Is Sunrise? Sunrise is when the suns breaks the horizon, and when the upper part of the sun can be visibly seen by an observer. It marks the beginning of the morning. The timing of sunrise differs depending on the time of the year, along with the observers location (longitude, latitude, altitude, and time zone). Difference Between Dawn And Sunrise While dawn and sunrise occur at a similar time, the main difference is that one is a process whereas the other is an event. Dawn is seen as a time of the day (and process), whereas sunrise an event that happens during this time. The same goes for ‘evening’ and ‘sunset’ – where the sunset happens in the evening of the day. In fact, the first hint of daylight occurs before the sun actually rises. It is only when the sun becomes visible that the term sunrise should be used. The process as a whole however, from first light to full risen, is still considered to be dawn. How Long Is Dawn Before Sunrise? The duration of dawn before sunrise varies dramatically depending on latitude. For example, at the equator it can be as little as 70 minutes, whereas in the polar regions it can span multiple hours. Its all about the location of the sun comparative to earth. So, where you are on earth largely impacts what you can expect. What Is The Hour Before Dawn Called? The hour before dawn is commonly called ‘The Blue Hour’, which occurs during Civil Twilight. During this time, the sun is sufficiently below the horizon, but indirect sunlight gives the atmosphere a mostly blue shade. There is enough natural light to distinguish between things perfectly, yet not enough to completely light everything up. So, you would expect street lights to still be on during the blue hour. Generally speaking, the blue hour/civil twilight lasts for around 20 to 30 minutes, depending on the observers season and latitude. So, if the sun were to rise in your location at 7 a.m., you could expect this period around 6:30-6:50 a.m. What Is Pre Dawn Light Called? Pre dawn light is known as zodiacal light. This interesting phase of light occurs twice per day; at the sunrise or sunset point of the horizon, before dawn breaks or after twilight ends. - If you live in the east, it can most commonly be observed during the late summer or early autumn. - If you live in the west, it can most commonly be observed during the late winter or early spring. This light is quite bright, comparable to that of the Milky Way and is considered a seasonal phenomenon. There are many terms used to describe the different phases of the day and night. For Dawn and Sunrise remember that they are two distinctly different things. The best way to do so is to imagine dawn as a period and a process, whereas sunrise is an event. Either way, they do occur at the same time. And consider that you also have the same phenomena occurring in the evening, which is often why you get the similarly related sunset vs dusk question.

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Let's take a look behind the scenes of a modern drinking water filters and purifiers to understand how it works and the technologies involved. Drinking water filters have become essential in many households. Gravity based drinking water filter system removes impurities from water source, making it safer and better-tasting. Water Filtration System: Each water filter system depending on the quality of the water source, the cost of installation and maintenance, and the environmental impact. . The heart of a drinking water filter is its filtration system, which removes impurities and contaminants from the water. Various technologies are used in combination to achieve efficient filtration. Rama Gravity system providing a convenient and reliable way to ensure access to clean and safe drinking water. The benefits of using a Rama drinking water filter include reducing exposure to contaminants, saving money on canned water, and protecting the environment from plastic waste. Some common filtration methods includes: 1. Activated Carbon: Activated carbon filters use charcoal to adsorb organic compounds, chlorine, and some metals from water. Activated carbon filters are effective in removing chlorine, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), bad taste, and odor from water. The activated carbon, typically made from charcoal, has a large surface area with numerous pores that trap impurities as water passes through. Ultrafiltration (UF) uses a membrane with larger pores than RO to filter out larger particles, bacteria, and some viruses. It is effective in improving water clarity and removing suspended solids. Many drinking water filters incorporate pre-filters to remove larger particles and sediment from the water. These pre-filters often use a combination of activated carbon and sediment filters to ensure the main filtration system operates effectively and lasts longer. 4. Sand filtration: This method uses a layer of sand as the porous medium. The mixture is poured onto the sand and the liquid passes through, leaving the solid on the sand. This method is used for filtering large amounts of solids from liquids or gases, such as in water treatment plants. Gravity filtration is a technique used to separate solid particles from a liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a porous medium that only allows the fluid to pass through. Some common gravity filtration methods includes: - Monitoring and Maintenance: Regular maintenance, such as filter replacement and system cleaning, is crucial to optimize performance and prevent bacterial growth. It's important to note that the specific design and components of drinking water filters can vary between manufacturers and models. Understanding the filtration technologies employed and regularly maintaining the filter system will help ensure the longevity and effectiveness of the filter in providing clean and safe drinking water. we shares the importance of regular maintenance and cleaning for these systems to ensure their longevity. How Gravity Water Filters Work? Gravity water filters are a simple and effective way to purify water without using electricity or chemicals. They use the natural force of gravity to pull water through a filter element that removes contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, heavy metals, and chemicals. The process of gravity water filtration is simple: 1. Fill the upper chamber of the filter with untreated water from any source, such as a river, lake, well, or tap. 2. The water flows through the filter element, which is usually made of ceramic, carbon, or a combination of both. 3. The filtered water collects in the lower chamber, ready to drink or use for cooking, washing, or other purposes. 4. Repeat the process as needed until the filter element needs to be replaced or cleaned. Gravity water filters are a great technology for anyone who wants to have clean and safe water at home or on the go. They are easy to use, maintain, and transport. They can also save money and reduce environmental impact by avoiding bottled water and plastic waste. Rama Water Filters are one of the most popular gravity filtration methods available today. They are known for their effective filtration process, which removes contaminants from water without the use of electricity or chemicals. Rama Water Filters use a combination of sediment, activated carbon, and catalytic carbon to reduce chlorine taste and odor, bacteria, viruses, and other impurities from your drinking water. In addition to removing contaminants from drinking water.

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Hydropower is energy derived from the flow of water. The ancient Greeks used water wheels to grind grain more than 2000 years ago. Since the 1700's, the power of falling water has helped people in the United States perform their tasks and bring us into the industrial age. |NEXT: Multi-Purpose Dams Of The Pacific Northwest| |About Hydropower | Multi -Purpose Dams Of The NW | Federal Hydro Projects | Hydro Cycle | Power Generation | Flood Control | River Navigation | Recreation | Storage | Fish Passage | Irrigation|

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NASA has been working on creating a new, cheaper method to launch spacecrafts. Their latest proposal involves train tracks, a rail gun and a scramjet. Here's what they're trying to do: In April, President Obama urged NASA to come up with, among other things, a less expensive method than conventional rocketry for launching spacecraft. By September, the agency's engineers floated a plan that would save millions of dollars in propellant, improve astronaut safety, and allow for more frequent flights. All it will take is two miles of train track, an airplane that can fly at 10 times the speed of sound, and a jolt of electricity big enough to light a small town. The system calls for a two-mile- long rail gun that will launch a scramjet, which will then fly to 200,000 feet. The scramjet will then fire a payload into orbit and return to Earth. The process is more complex than a rocket launch, but engineers say it's also more flexible. With it, NASA could orbit a 10,000-pound satellite one day and send a manned ship toward the moon the next, on a fraction of the propellant used by today's rockets. It may sound too awesome to ever be a reality. But unlike other rocket-less plans for space entry, each relevant technology is advanced enough that tests could take place in 10 years, says Stan Starr, a physicist at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. NASA's scramjets have hit Mach 10 for 12 seconds; last spring, Boeing's X-51 scramjet did Mach 5 for a record 200 seconds. Rail guns are coming along too. The Navy is testing an electromagnetic launch system to replace the hydraulics that catapult fighter jets from aircraft carriers. "We have all the ingredients," says Paul Bartolotta, a NASA aerospace engineer working on the project. "Now we just have to figure out how to bake the cake." How To Fly Into Orbit: Rev Up The Rail Gun A 240,000-horsepower linear motor converts 180 megawatts into an electromagnetic force that propels a scramjet carrying a spacecraft down a two-mile-long track. The craft accelerates from 0 to 1,100 mph (Mach 1.5) in under 60 seconds- fast, but at less than 3 Gs, safe for manned flight. Fire The Scramjet The pilot fires a high-speed turbojet and launches from the track. Once the craft hits Mach 4, the air flowing through the jet intake is fast enough that it compresses, heats to 3,000ºF, and ignites hydrogen in the combustion chamber, producing tens of thousands of pounds of thrust. Get Into Orbit At an altitude of 200,000 feet, there isn't enough air for the scramjet, now traveling at Mach 10, to generate thrust. Here spaceflight begins. The two craft separate, and the scramjet pitches downward to get out of the way as the upper spacecraft fires tail rockets that shoot it into orbit. Stick The Landing The scramjet slows and uses its turbojets to fly back to Earth for a runway landing. Once the spacecraft delivers its payload into orbit, it reenters the atmosphere and glides back to the launch site. The two craft can be ready for another mission within 24 hours of landing. Popular Science is your wormhole to the future. Reporting on what's new and what's next in science and technology, we deliver the future now.

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The library is a great place to start your research for class projects! Here are some resources the library offers: Primary sources are first-hand, authoritative accounts of an event, topic, or historical time period. They are typically produced at the time of the event by a person who experienced it, but can also be made later on in the form of personal memoirs or oral histories. Think original documents. Secondary sources interpret or critique primary sources. They often include an analysis of the event that was discussed or featured in the primary source. You can use any of our databases from off campus if you have the correct user name and password for access. We may not post these publicly, so they reside on a Google Site page that requires your JBS email login for access. Click HERE to see a clickable list of databases along with their user names and passwords.

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Threw and through are pronounced the same, but they have different meanings and uses. The words ‘threw and through’ are homonyms, which sounds the same, but they cannot be used interchangeably. This is due to the fact that these words are not only spelled differently, but their meanings also vary. Through refers to the motion of a person or an object in and out something. It means that you’re moving somewhere from beginning to end in a linear manner. It can also be used when you are done with something. On the contrary, threw can be used when something is launched by using a hand with a bit of force through the air. It means that you propelled something through the air. Difference between Threw and Through – - Threw means to hurl something with force, into the air by using arms and wrist. It implies to launch or cast something in any way, using hands into the air, wherein there is a forward movement of arms and wrist. - The word ‘threw’ is a simple past tense form of the verb ‘throw’, whose past participle form is ‘thrown’. Threw is mainly used when something is to be disposed of or trashed. - It primarily refers to release something with hands using a little or great force by a forward movement of arms and wrist, through the air, so as to get rid of it. - The word ‘threw’ is an irregular verb but in the simple past form of the word ‘throw’, whose past participle is thrown. Threw is the past tense of the verb throw. It’s the word you use to say that something threw you for a loop or threw you off. - Examples: She took all the toffees out of the wrapper and threw it away. While playing ludo, Kate threw the dice and moved one of the four tokens. - Through refers to getting into something from one side and moving out of it from the other one. This word is used to denote ‘how something happens’. It can be used in different ways, i.e. it either denotes motion from one end to another of an opening/channel or it indicates by way of or when something is accomplished or over. - We use the preposition ‘through’ to indicate some form of movement from one end to another, to refer to penetration or passage. Through is primarily used to indicate by way of or to pass from something. - As an adjective or adverb, it is used to indicate time, when talking about the accomplishment of something. - The word ‘through’ is mainly used as a preposition in the sentences, but it can also be used as an adjective and adverb. Through are an adverb and a preposition. It’s used to say that you entered on one side of something and exited on the other. - Examples: The lane is quite narrow, cars cannot get through. Peter is going through a critical phase in his life.

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Mean ROTI is presented for the preceding minute for the European region. Click here for latest data file. The Rate of TEC index (ROTI) is defined as standard deviation of the rate of TEC (ROT) assuming the ionosphere as a thin layer. Hence the index provides information about temporal ionospheric irregularities. DLR’s ROTI is calculated for the European region between 25°N – 75°N and 20°W – 45°E. As input GPS dual-frequency data is acquired from different providers, like IGS and EUREF, in real-time via the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy in Frankfurt. These data is used to calculate relative TEC as input for the ROTI processing. The standard deviation is calculated over a one minute window and the ROT is calculated each second. The ROTI measurements are mapped into a regular grid (2°x2° lat/lon). Each grid cell presents the mean of the ROTI measurements located in this cell. You need an IMPC user account to access archived data. Please use the registration form to request such account.

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Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning represent two polar approaches to critical reasoning. But what is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? We’re going to break down inductive vs deductive reasoning by looking at examples from Meet the Parents, 12 Angry Men, and more. By the end, you’ll know how inductive and deductive reasoning are used, and how to implement them in your own writing. How to Tell Inductive from Deductive Background on critical reasoning Deductive reasoning is a top-to-bottom approach which stipulates that defined premises must add up to a true conclusion. What are “premises?” Premises are components of an argument. For example, if the premises state: All good dogs follow their owner. My dog is a good dog. Then the logical conclusion would be: Therefore, my dog will follow me. This deduction is logically sound. What does “sound” mean? Soundness, in a philosophical sense, is proof that an argument is both logically valid and its premises are true. If the conclusion is proven false, then the deduction will be logically unsound. For example, if my dog doesn’t follow me, then either the premise “all good dogs follow their owner” or “my dog is a good dog” has to be unfounded. In such a case, researchers must adjust the premises and conclusion, or abandon the hypothesis altogether. Conversely, inductive reasoning is a bottom-to-top approach which stipulates that specific observations can be used to draw general principles. For example, if the observation is: The home team has won every game I have attended. Then the logical induction would be: The home team will win the next game I attend. This induction is known as predictive because it predicts the likeliness of a future event based on past data. Predictive inductions are just one type of inductive reasoning; there are many more. But before we get too far ahead of ourselves, let’s check out a great video on the basics of inductive vs deductive reasoning. Inductive and deductive reasoning may sound like difficult concepts to understand – but they’re actually very simple. Of course, the intricacies of the subtypes can get tricky; I find myself getting tricked up from time to time. But just remember: deductive reasoning is a top-to-bottom approach and inductive reasoning is bottom-to-top approach. So, without further ado, let’s define inductive reasoning. INDUCTIVE REASONING DEFINITION What is inductive reasoning? Inductive reasoning is a “bottom-up” process of making generalized assumptions based on specific premises. Inductions are usually made at a subconscious level, but they play an integral role in our actions and beliefs. For example, an induction could state that everybody at a party was wearing blue shirts, Laura was at the party, therefore she was wearing a blue shirt. Characteristics of Inductive Reasoning: - Bottom-to-top reasoning - Effective for world building - Predictive, not certain Inductive reasoning is an exercise in generalization; AKA taking specific observations and generalizing into greater truths. This video takes a quick look at the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is a probability metric. Deductive reasoning is a certainty metric. Now let’s define deductive reasoning. DEDUCTIVE REASONING DEFINITION What is deductive reasoning? Deductive reasoning is a “top-down” process of understanding whether or not an assumption is true, based on logic and experimentation. Deductions begin with a general assumption, then shrink in scope until a specific determination is made. For example, a general assumption may state that all dogs have eyes; this is a logical premise, but I could argue that I have eyes, therefore I must be a dog, which would prove the deduction to be illogical. Characteristics of Deductive Reasoning: - Top-to-bottom reasoning - Effective for reaching certain conclusions - Not a “foolproof” method What Does Inductive and Deductive Mean? Inductive reasoning examples Inductive logic dictates that specific experiences can be used to induce conclusions. So, what does this process actually look like? For an answer to that question, check out this clip from Meet the Parents: Let’s break down the inductive reasoning in this scene. Here, Greg (Ben Stiller) expresses distrust in the airline’s ability to transport his bag. Why? Because the airline previously lost his bag. Thus, he concludes that it’s likely the airline will lose his bag again. “Your airline sucks at transporting bags. Because I already did that once and you lost it. And then I had everything screwed up very badly… how do you know my bag will be safe below with all the other luggage? Are you physically going to take my bag and put it beneath the plane?” — Ben Stiller in Meet the Parents It may sound silly to say, but this example from Meet the Parents really is a great example of inductive reasoning. Now, let’s break down some different types of inductive reasoning! Take a specific observation and make a generalized conclusion. Example: “There was a home run in the last baseball game. Therefore, there will probably be a home run in the next baseball game.” Statistical inductions take data into account to give a more accurate prediction. Example: “There has been a home run in seven out of the last ten baseball games. So, there’s a 70% chance there will be a home run in the next game. Bayesian inferences add circumstantial information to statistical data. Example: “I’ve only ever seen baseball games at one stadium, so my data may not accurately reflect the whole league. This is when you take a generalization about a group and apply it to an individual. Example: “All the players who have hit home runs have been outfielders, so the next home run hitter will be an outfielder too.” Comparing two things with a shared quality and inducing that they must have another shared quality too. Example: “Your favorite player hit a home run. My favorite player hit a home run. Therefore, your favorite player and my favorite player are the same player. 6. Causal Inference When you infer a correlation between two causal events. Example: “I only see players hit home runs during night games. I suspect I’ll see a home run tonight since I’m going to a night game.” Inductive reasoning is used all the time in everyday life. Next time you think about a “foregone conclusion,” consider how that perspective developed – what observations or experiences made you think that way? And how can you improve your inductive reasoning to better reflect the complex nature of critical thought? How is Deductive Reasoning Different from Inductive Reasoning? Deductive reasoning examples Deductive logic dictates that assumptions can be proven true or false by matching the veracity of premises to a conclusion. But what does “the matching of premises to a conclusion” look like in practice? Well, one good example can be found in the 12 Angry Men screenplay. We imported the 12 Angry Men screenplay into StudioBinder’s screenwriting software to take a look at deductive reasoning in writing. The law of the United States of America states that “the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” In criminal cases, deductive reasoning is used by the prosecution to “build a case” against the defendant. It is the onus of prosecutors to argue that certain premises add up to a conclusion that proves the defendant’s guilt. In 12 Angry Men, the prosecutors argue that evidence and witness testimonies (premises) prove the conclusion that the defendant murdered his father. The jury is tasked with deciding whether the prosecution’s deductive reasoning is sound; or in other words, that the defendant can be proved guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. In the end, spoilers beware, the jury decides that the prosecution’s deductive reasoning is unsound. Several of the prosecution’s premises are proven to be not-valid, thus rendering the conclusion false. Now, let’s break down some different types of deductive reasoning! Syllogism is probably the most simple of the 3 types of deductive reasoning. In simplest terms syllogism states that if A=B and B=C, then A=C. It takes two separate clauses and connects them together. Example: carrots are vegetables, vegetables are plants, therefore carrots are plants. 2. Modus Ponens A modus ponens is when a deduction is presented as a conditional statement, proven by subsequent clauses: the antecedent and consequent. Example: every person in my group has brown hair. Carlos is in my group, therefore he must have brown hair. 3. Modus Tollens A modus tollens is the opposite of a modus ponens. Whereas the latter affirms a conditional statement, the former refutes it. For example: The boiling point of water is 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The water is colder than 212 degrees Fahrenheit, therefore it will not boil. Inductive and deductive reasoning may be two polar strategies to critical reasoning – but they’re both incredibly useful. What is an Allegory? Want to learn more about how philosophical principles are used in writing? Check out our next article on the art of allegories in which we break down examples from Snowpiercer, Fight Club, and more. By the end, you’ll know what an allegory is and how it’s used in film/literature.

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[Description(s) from The National Gazetteer (1868)] "KILMADOCK, a parish in the county Perth, Scotland, containing the post towns of Doune and Deanstown, 26 miles S.W. of Perth, and 44 from Edinburgh. The parish is about 8 miles square, and is bounded by county Stirling, and the parishes of Port of Monteith, Callander, Strowan, Dunblane, Kincardine, and Lecropt. The Forth traces part of the S. boundary, and the Teith crosses the north-eastern extremity of the parish, which is intersected by several small streams, tributaries to these rivers. There are several small lochs, as Ludnich and Maghaig. The soil is very variable, and the surface is hilly. From Naigh More Hill is a fine view. This parish is in the presbytery of Dunblane, and synod of Perth and Stirling. The minister has a stipend of £288. The church, which is at Doune, was built in 1822. In that town are also the Free church, Independent and Methodist chapels, and several schools. There is a Presbyterian church in the parish. The ancient church occupies the site of a Culdee monastery of St. Murdoc, which had six dependent chapels. Doune Castle is the seat of the Earl of Moray, who is the chief landowner. Other residences are Gartincaber and Cambusmore." "BUCHANY, a village in the parish of Kilmadock, in the county of Perth, Scotland, not far from Doune." "CAMBUS-WALLACE, a village in the parish of Kilmadock, in the county of Perth, 1 mile to the N.W. of Doune. It is seated on the banks of the river Teith. The chief residences are Doune House, a seat of the Earl of Moray, and Cambusmore House." "DEANSTON, a village in the parish of Kilmadock, in the county of Perth, Scotland. It is situated on the S. bank of the river Teith, 1 mile W. of Doune, with which it is connected by a bridge. It is chiefly known for the extensive cotton-works established here in 1785; and also as being coupled with the name of James Smith, the inventor, agriculturist, and philanthropist, who spent the best portion of his life here." "DELVORICH, a village in the parish of Kilmadock, in the county of Perth, Scotland." "DOUNE, a small post town in the parish of Kilmadock, in the county of Perth, Scotland. It stands on the left or N. bank of the Teith, at its junction with the Ardoch, midway between Stirling and Callander. The principal object of interest in the neighbourhood is the ancient castle of Doune, situated near the town, on a mound apparently more or less artificial. The Leith flows underneath its walls, and considering its age, which is at least 500 years, it is wonderfully complete. Its walls, 40 feet high and 10 feet thick, form a square, the sides of which are 96 feet in length, and there is a massive tower 80 feet high in the N.E. corner. It was successively held by the earls of Monteith, the Duke of Albany, and the Moray family. In 1745 it was occupied by the adherents of Prince Charles. The Scottish Central railway has a station here. Doune Lodge, a seat of the Earl of Moray, stands a mile N.W. of Doune. Fairs are held here in February, May, July, November, and December." "DRUMVAICH, a hamlet in the parish of Kilmadock, in the county of Perth, Scotland." "NORRIESTON, a quoad sacra parish in the parishes of Kilmadock and Kincardine, county Perth, Scotland, 2 miles N. of the Forth, and 6 S.E. of Callendar. It comprehends the detached portion of the parish of Kincardine, with the improving village of Morrieston and the village of Thornhill. The village is situated on an eminence adjoining the road from Stirling to Aberfoil. This parish is in the presbytery of Dunblane and in the patronage of the heads of families and male communicants. The minister has a stipend of £95. The church is an ancient edifice, formerly a chapel-of-ease to Kincardine. There is also a Free church." "ROW, a hamlet in the parish of Kilmadock, county Perth, Scotland, 1½ mile S.E. of Donne. There was formerly a chapel-of-ease." "TEITH, (or Bridge-of-teith), a village in the parish of Kilmadock, county Perth, Scotland, 4 miles from Doune, and 25 S.W. of Perth. It is situated on the river Teith." [Description(s) from The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868) Transcribed by Colin Hinson ©2003]

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Florida Keys officials have approved a framework for county roads that need to be adapted to rising sea levels. Monroe County commissioners on Wednesday approved recommendations for pilot projects in the Upper and Middle Keys to help prevent tidal flooding. According to a statement from county spokeswoman Cammy Clark, the board also approved interim elevation standards for future county road projects to account for rising sea levels. Commissioners also ordered an analysis of all 300 miles of county roads in the Keys to identify those at the greatest risk for tidal flooding. The county estimates almost half its roads could be affected by flooding by 2030 if sea levels rise up to 7 inches. Under sea level rise projections up to 24 inches, 188 miles of county roads could be exposed to flooding.

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When first responders arrive at an emergency situation such as a collapsed building, they enter blind, uncertain of what they will encounter or how to reach their targets. North Carolina State University researchers think cyborgs are the answer. A paper they will present next month proposes using live insects like cockroaches to map the insides of difficult-to-reach locations. The insects would each be connected to a tiny electronics pack that allows people to control their movements, organizing them into a swarm that can map the location of walls more precisely than if the insects spread out randomly. “We focused on how to map areas where you have little or no precise information on where each biobot is, such as a collapsed building where you can’t use GPS technology,” senior paper author Edgar Lobaton said in a release. “One characteristic of biobots is that their movement can be somewhat random. We’re exploiting that random movement to work in our favor.” The insects are first allowed to spread out randomly. Then their controller sends a signal to move until they hit a continuous surface like a wall, which they are then directed to follow. Commands are relayed via electrodes connected to the insects’ antennae. Location information taken in through sensors would be beamed back via radio signals. Software translates the signals into a map of the interior. Insects could be equipped with sensors to take in other types of data too, including the presence of chemical or radioactive threats. Cyborg cockroaches recently raised ethical questions after an educational company revealed a kit that would allow even young students to create their own mind-controlled cockroaches. While a co-founder said the roaches feel little pain from the surgical procedure necessary to attach the electronics pack, the first publicly available, do-it-yourself cyborg kit unsurprisingly still has some trailblazing to do before people become comfortable with the concept.

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NACCHO is strengthening local health departments' capacity to prevent and control infectious diseases. Despite the extraordinary successes generated by immunizations, pharmaceuticals, and evidence-based public health interventions, the spread of infectious diseases remains a critical issue. Sexually transmitted infections, vaccine-preventable diseases, and emerging threats like COVID-19 all demonstrate the need for strong infectious disease prevention and control programs. Local health departments play a significant role in health promotion, infectious disease surveillance, outbreak response, immunization delivery, and screening, care, and treatment. Approaches to preventing infectious disease or controlling its spread depend on identifying causes and understanding how they can most effectively be addressed. The following resources are available for free to help your Local Health Department prevent infectious disease in your community.

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The well known Fibonacci sequence is 1 ,1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21.... How many Fibonacci sequences can you find containing the number 196 as one of the terms? When asked how old she was, the teacher replied: My age in years is not prime but odd and when reversed and added to my age you have a According to Plutarch, the Greeks found all the rectangles with integer sides, whose areas are equal to their perimeters. Can you find them? What rectangular boxes, with integer sides, have. . . . If: A + C = A; F x D = F; B - G = G; A + H = E; B / H = G; E - G = F and A-H represent the numbers from 0 to 7 Find the values of A, B, C, D, E, F and H. Can you work out how many of each kind of pencil this student A hallway floor is tiled and each tile is one foot square. Given that the number of tiles around the perimeter is EXACTLY half the total number of tiles, find the possible dimensions of the hallway.

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Here is a poke to the lovers and non-lovers of Mathematics: You have to enjoy it or it will intimidate you, wink at you and mock you into submission. That said, there is no end to the tasty nostalgia, your dreadful memories notwithstanding. So, I list down some of the concepts that consumed all our childhood while trying to decrypt them, only for those silly grades. If one of the readers happens to be a school-goer, do know it’s not just your schools but also the Math workbooks for distance learning where you can get a grasp of the important concepts. Boy, don’t we miss these! a2 +b2 = c2 Definition: Pythagoras Theorem states that in any right-angled triangle, the area of the square of hypotenuse side (ages since we wrote the word hypotenuse) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares of the smaller sides (the two sides that meet at a right angle). Pythagorean was a magic door to solving the most complex problems of geometry, and learning it was apparently no effort. It was the sweetest realization ever when attempting a class test, you realized that the question with highest weightage was the one revolving around Pythagoras theorem. Algebra’s X & Y Equations Consider this for a memorabilia: (4x +3) (x-2) = 0 Using the principle of zero products, which says, if ab = 0, either a, b, or both must be equal to zero. 4x+ 3 = 0, x – 2 = 0 4x = -3 , x = 2 x = (-3/4) or x = -2 Don’t the above 8 lines bring back a whole Tsunami of memories? So, how many of you can still get through the question without tripping? After warming up with counting from 1 to 100, Unitary Method was our first official date with Mathematics. And I wager, it was a not-so-interesting one. The grumbling apart, Unitary is one of those *few* concepts that still applies to the real, non-geeky world. Mode and Mean, Sets Now, here was a question in exams we seldom got wrong. Whilst finding medians was a cakewalk, the concept of Mode did require a bit of scratching around. Integration and Differentiation While df/dx was a no-brainer, a∫b always winked at me in ridicule. The fact that Integration was just a reverse of Differentiation sounded so easier said than done. Integration was endlessly compounding, with one equation leading to another and we never knew when we reached the final level of union. Permutation and Combination Inseparable names like Laurel and Hardy, Permutation and Combination goes about its business at a very lazy speed. No matter how easy you find solving problems with these methods, you would end up quitting mid-way. Not sure how many second me, but it has been a while since we roamed this knotty territory. The nostalgia, however, refuses to shrug off.

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Greece contains 21 major rivers that spawn additional tributaries. Many of the rivers, which often originate in other countries, are shallow and turbulent, making them difficult or impossible to navigate by boat. However, the ecosystems established next to the rivers and their estuaries, as well as cultural events in the towns surrounding them, show these rivers are still an important part of the country’s geography. Aliakmon is the longest river of Greece; 320 km long, rising in the mountains near Lake Prespa, N Greece, and flowing SE then NE into the Thermaic Gulf. The Aliakmon forms the western part of the extensive Vardar River delta. It is also known as the Vistritsa River

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Environmentally Sustainable Issues in Philippine Agriculture AbstractFarming and fishing are major sources of livelihood in rural households in the Philippines. Farming systems in the country are complex, multi-faceted, and geared to promote efficient production and a steady source of income. However, these have also wrought unwanted consequences on the environment, notably soil erosion, water pollution, groundwater depletion, loss of natural habitats, and loss of biological diversity. Farming systems are affected by exogenous environmental factors; in turn, the farming systems also affect agricultural production resource bases. Initiatives from various sectors to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of farming systems and to protect the agricultural production bases are in place in terms of policies, programs, and action projects. Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large. Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture in its journal Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development. Volume (Year): 2 (2005) Issue (Month): 1&2 (June & December) Note: ORDER INFORMATION. Dr. Lorna C. Malicsi, SEARCA, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. E-mail: Contact details of provider: Postal: College 4031, Laguna, Philippines Phone: (63-49) 536-2365 Fax: (63-49) 536-7097 Web page: http://www.searca.org/ More information through EDIRC Philippines; agriculture; environment; sustainability; Find related papers by JEL classification: - Q51 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Valuation of Environmental Effects - Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth - Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy You can help add them by filling out this form. reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.Access and download statisticsgeneral information about how to correct material in RePEc. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Claudia Svetlana Z. Cabrera). If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.

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Q: Why Does the Water Taste Different? - As the seasons change, water supplies undergo natural processes that impact the taste and odor of drinking water. These changes, while some times a nuisance, do not indicate unsafe drinking water. Grand Prairie water is tested daily to ensure that it meets all state and federal regulations, which are based on human health research. If these standards are not met, we are required to notify you. - The seasons that typically have the greatest impact on the taste and odor of our drinking water are spring and summer. Heavy spring rainfall, higher temperatures and more sunlight accelerate the growth of algae in the water. Algae are microscopic plants, which grow in rivers and lakes. - In the spring, heavy rains bring organic matter (sediment) into the watershed, sometimes leading to “earthy” or “musty” tastes. This matter acts as a “fertilizer” to the algae, encouraging its growth, especially during long periods of sunlight. - Most episodes of taste and odor cannot be removed by conventional treatment processes. The algae “bloom” must run its course before the taste and odor subside. - In the summer, the city supplements its purchase of surface water with water wells. The mix of these different supplies is noticeable to those who have become used to surface supplies during the course of the year. Our ground water meets the same standards as our surface water, but tastes different. - Ground water naturally contains a high dissolved mineral content, which will give it a more distinct taste. The presence of natural minerals gives water much of its taste. Water without minerals (distilled) tastes flat. - Sometimes people detect the odor of chlorine in their water. This is a disinfectant used to ensure the biological integrity of the water and is mandated for use by the federal government. Usually the odor will be most apparent after first turning on the water. After a few minutes, the odor usually fades. Before the use of chlorine, waterborne diseases were a major problem. Its use has virtually eliminated diseases such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery. - “Milky” water is often caused by the presence of tiny air bubbles. To confirm this, pour some water in a glass. If the water starts to clean immediately from the bottom up, the cause was entrapped air bubbles. - Cooling water in your refrigerator in an open container will improve the taste and odor of your water. - Speakers on water conservation are available to talk to civic groups, community and charitable organizations. For more information, call 972-237- 8377 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org

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How can you tell when someone’s smile is fake? See if you can tell from the 2 images below:* A real, spontaneous smile incorporates tiny muscles around the eye that are nearly impossible to contract at will. You can see this for yourself in an exhibit called “Polite Smile, Delight Smile” part of the Exploratorium’s new Mind exhibition. This corners-of-the-eyes giveaway, as well as many other subtle, yet revealing, facial gestures, was discovered by Paul Ekman, now a professor emeritus of psychology from the University of California, San Francisco. Ekman’s been studying the universality of facial expressions and the secrets our faces reveal for over four decades. The notion that certain expressions of emotion are programmed into us wasn’t so well received when he proposed it in the 1960s. At that time, social scientists believed facial expressions were cultural. Then, in 1967, Ekman embarked on an expedition to Papua New Guinea, where he asked people belonging to an indigenous tribe that had virtually no contact with the developed world to imitate the expressions they would have in certain situations, such as meeting an old friend or discovering a decaying animal. Ekman found that the ways these people’s faces expressed sadness, fear, surprise, anger, and disgust involved the same eye and mouth muscle movements that people from Western cultures displayed. The collection of photos he took there will be on display at the Exploratorium from January 22 –April 27, 2008. Today, Ekman is lauded by psychologists. He’s considered the leading expert on detecting deceit, and his ideas are used to train CIA, Homeland Security, and other law enforcement officers to detect when they are being lied to by someone they’re questioning and to spot unusual behavior. He devised a tool known as the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which catalogues the musculature behind thousands of facial expressions. Some of the most subtle of these Ekman calls “microexpressions,” fleeting muscle movements that reveal emotions the subject is trying to suppress. With the knowledge that these revealing expressions are universal, FACS allows a trained person to “read” someone’s emotions by observing their facial muscles. When Ekman’s book Emotions Revealed came out in 2003, I thought it would be great to master the subject matter. Who wouldn’t benefit from learning to understand the fleeting messages people send oh-so-subtly? But the more I thought about it, the more uneasy I began to feel. Something didn’t sit right with me about the practice of decoding people without their knowledge. Then again, isn’t that what any of us do when we “sense” that someone was nervous or untruthful or secretly overjoyed? It’s not like our microexpressions are hidden. We express them in plain sight. They may be the source of an intuitive person’s “sixth sense.” But to formally study these expressions with the intent of detecting emotions that the subjects themselves are unaware of–is that a violation of privacy? Ekman would say no. He insists that he can’t read minds, only emotions, and that leaves out most of the personal details. Still, there’s something unsettling about the idea that feelings I’ve long considered private are written all over my face. * BTW, the real smile is image 1. Did you guess correctly? Leave a comment to tell us how you knew. Robin Marks is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the Exploratorium in San Francisco, CA. latitude: 37.8041, longitude: -122.448

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Circuit Training involves performing exercises on stations, covering all aspects of fitness, strength, stamina and co-ordination. An Overview of Circuit Training Circuit training is a form of body conditioning using high-intensity aerobics. An exercise circuit is one completion of all exercises in the program. Following completion of one circuit, all exercises are performed again to complete a total of 2-6 circuits. - Improves mobility, strength and stamina - Develops strength and endurance - Appropriate form of training for most sports - Can be adjusted to suit age, fitness and health of the athlete - A wide range of exercises to select from which will maintain enthusiasm Find Circuit Training Activities Near You Use the search below to find local activities near you.

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Various power electronics products are being designed every day for a range of applications. Increasingly, these projects are taking advantage of a growing trend in the printed circuit board industry: heavy copper and extreme copper printed circuit boards. What defines a heavy copper circuit? Most commercially available PCBs are manufactured for low-voltage/low-power applications, with copper traces/planes made up of copper weights ranging from 1/2oz/ft2 to 3oz/ft2. A heavy copper circuit is manufactured with copper weights anywhere from 4oz/ft2 to 20oz/ft2. Copper weights higher than 20oz/ft2, and up to 200oz/ft2 are also possible and are referred to as extreme copper. For our discussion here, we will focus primarily on heavy copper. The increased copper weight, combined with a suitable substrate and thicker plating in the through holes, can transform the once unreliable, weak circuit board into a durable and reliable wiring platform. Sample featuring 2oz, 10oz, 20oz, and 30oz copper features on the same layer. The construction of a heavy copper circuit endows a board with benefits such as: - Increased endurance against thermal strains - Increased current-carrying capacity - Increased mechanical strength at connector sites and in PTH holes - Use of exotic materials to their full potential (i.e., high temperature) without circuit failure - Reduced product size by incorporating multiple copper weights on the same layer of circuitry (see image above) - Heavy copper-plated vias carry higher current through the board and help to transfer heat to an external heat sink. - Onboard heat sinks directly plated on to the board surface using up to 120oz copper planes - Onboard high-power-density planar transformers Although the disadvantages are few, it's important to understand the heavy copper circuit's basic construction to fully appreciate its capabilities and potential applications. Heavy copper circuit construction Standard printed circuit boards, whether double-sided or multilayer, are manufactured using a combination of copper etching and plating processes. Circuit layers start as thin sheets of copper foil (generally 0.5oz/ft2 to 2oz/ft2) that are etched to remove unwanted copper and plated to add copper thickness to planes, traces, pads, and plated through holes. All of the circuit layers are laminated into a complete package using an epoxy-based substrate, such as FR4 or polyimide. Boards incorporating heavy copper circuits are produced in exactly the same way, albeit with specialized etching and plating techniques, such as high-speed/step plating and differential etching. Historically, heavy copper features were formed entirely by etching thick copper-clad laminated board material, causing uneven trace sidewalls and unacceptable undercutting. Advances in plating technology have allowed heavy copper features to be formed with a combination of plating and etching, resulting in straight sidewalls and negligible undercut. Plating of a heavy copper circuit enables the board fabricator to increase the amount of copper thickness in plated holes and via sidewalls. It's now possible to mix heavy copper with standard features on a single board. We refer to this as PowerLink. Advantages include reduced layer count, low-impedance power distribution, smaller footprints, and potential cost savings. Normally, high-current/high-power circuits and their control circuits were produced separately on separate boards. Heavy copper plating makes it possible to integrate high-current circuits and control circuits to realize a highly dense yet simple board structure. The heavy copper features can be seamlessly connected to standard circuits. Heavy copper and standard features can be placed with minimal restriction, provided the designer and fabricator discuss manufacturing tolerances and abilities prior to final design (see the image on the next page).

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The twelfth edition in the nova-Paper series outlines the cornerstones of the transition from fossil carbon to renewable carbon for all organic chemicals and materials. Visuals, German version and PDF file available at: www.nova-institute.eu/press/?id=218 In order to fight climate change, we need to curb our consumption of fossil resources. The renewable carbon strategy, outlined in this “nova-Paper #12″, addresses the core problem of climate change, which is extracting and using additional fossil carbon from the ground. The paper is a reaction to the increasing need for reform in the chemical industry and offers a comprehensive approach for policy and industry alike. In the energy sector “decarbonisation” strategies are being implemented to end the use of fossil carbon. However, this approach is not feasible for organic chemistry, which is defined by the use of carbon. The authors emphasize that industry has to go beyond just using renewable energy. All fossil carbon use has to end, as the carbon contained in the molecules of organic chemicals and materials is prone to end up in the atmosphere sooner or later. Only a full phase-out of fossil carbon will help to prevent a further increase in CO2 concentrations. The equivalent to decarbonisation in the energy sector is a transition to renewable carbon in the chemical and plastics industries. The paper defines renewable carbon as such: Renewable carbon entails all carbon sources that avoid or substitute the use of any additional fossil carbon from the geosphere. Renewable carbon can come from the biosphere, atmosphere or technosphere – but not from the geosphere. Renewable carbon circulates between biosphere, atmosphere or technosphere, creating a carbon circular economy. The vision is stated clearly: By 2050, fossil carbon shall be completely substituted by renewable carbon, which is carbon from alternative sources: biomass, direct CO2 utilisation and recycling. This fundamental change in the chemical industry is seen as the only way for chemicals, plastics and other organic materials to become sustainable, climate-friendly and part of the circular economy – part of the future. nova-Paper #12 gives a full and in-depth picture on renewable carbon and related strategies. It entails clear definitions, pro and cons of the different renewable carbon sources, a discussion of the huge market potential, scenarios for the chemical and polymer industries fully based on renewable carbon and political measures to support a quick transition to renewable carbon. The paper is the background paper of the new “Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)” (www.renewable-carbon-initiative.com), launched on 23 September 2020, and the concept and ideas outlined in the paper are already bearing fruit. Eleven leading companies from six countries founded the initiative under the leadership of nova-Institute. The aim of the initiative is to support and speed up the transition from fossil carbon to renewable carbon for all organic chemicals and materials. More than 130 well-known experts support the initiative personally. nova-Papers are proposals to stimulate the discussion on current topics of the renewable carbon economy, by creating new perceptions based on scientific facts and by inviting relevant stakeholders to participate in decision-making processes and debates. Please download the full nova-Paper #12: “Renewable Carbon – Key to a Sustainable and Future-Oriented Chemical and Plastic Industry – Definition, Strategy, Measures and Potential” at www.bio-based.eu/nova-papers

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In my last post I touched on the shipwreck of the Dundonald on Disappointment Island in 1907, and the rescue of its survivors by the Hinemoa when she was taking scientists to the Auckland Islands. The Auckland Islands were on a major shipping route, but the available charts were not always accurate, and several ships were wrecked there in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The twelve Dundonald crew who survived spent eight months on the islands during a freezing sub-antarctic winter, eating what they could catch, and making shelter without any equipment. Smashed on the cliffs The Dundonald was sailing from Sydney to England with a cargo of wheat when she ran aground on the 6th of March, 1907. Some survivors gave their story to the newspapers when they finally returned to the mainland. These extracts from Charles Eyre’s account were published in the Auckland Star on 2 December 1907. ” The weather on the night of the 6th of March was very thick and heavy … Suddenly the land was seen right ahead. We tried to wear the ship short round, but she would not stay, and went stern first into a crevice of the cliffs. Orders were given to clear the lifeboats, but it was found to be useless, as there was a big sea, and rocks all around us … One tremendous sea washed clean over us, and although we managed to hang on, the next one washed us all away … I caught hold of one of the shrouds and climbed up (the mast)”. The next day Eyre found that several other men had spent the night clinging to the mast. Eventually they struggled to shore. “There were sixteen of us out of 28 that got ashore, which left twelve to be accounted for as drowned … we were all very much exhausted when we got ashore, being very hungry and cold … Later on we discovered there was no depot (of emergency supplies) on that island. This was a great disappointment to the mate … he sank rapidly and died the twelfth day after the wreck.” The mate was an elderly man called Jabez Peters, from Glasgow. Among those who died in the wreck were Captain Thorburn and his young son, and sailors from around the UK and Scandinavia. “The first day after getting ashore, we subsisted on raw mollymawk. … We managed to scrape through the winter all right by living on sea hawks, mollymawks, and seals … we did not know how to kill (the seals). At first we used to whack them with a stick, but one of the fellows happened to hit one on the nose, and it rolled over, so after that we had no difficulty in dispatching them.” The men soon realised they would need some form of shelter to survive the snows of winter. ” We then decided to dig holes in the ground, which we did with our hands. Above the holes we built up sticks and put sods on top, forming huts about six feet long and four feet wide”. One of their huts was used as a cook-house by the scientific expedition which eventually discovered and rescued the men. A desperate plan “(We) knew the depot was on the other island, which was about six miles distant, but we did not know how to get across. … In July three men built a boat of canvas and sticks. To do this we had to put pieces of our clothes and blankets and sew them together, and the task was all the harder as the ship’s sailmaker and carpenter were both drowned.” The first boat made it to the main island, but the men couldn’t find the depot, and returned empty handed after several days of searching. A second boat was smashed as it left shore. “We build a third (boat) in October … we got to the large island, but as we reached the shore we struck a rock and the boat was smashed, sending us all into the water … the mishap put out a fire we had carried in the boat on a sod. We had carried it in order to save matches, of which we had only two. These got wet, and even after drying them for three days we could not get a light.” Without a fire, the men subsisted miserably on raw seal meat. The men walked fifteen miles across the island to locate the depot. “There was a good boat at the depot, but no sails, so we cut up our clothes to make a sail … we had found clothes at the depot and exchanged them for what we were wearing, and we had also cut each others’ hair and beards, which over the seven months we were on the other island had grown so long that we looked like a lot of ‘spring poets’. As we got near our old camp our mates did not know us in our new ‘toggery’ and they thought we were sealers.” The survivors then moved over to the main island and kept close watch for the Government steamer which called at the islands every six months. The small amount of biscuits and tinned meat they found in the depot was carefully rationed in the meantime – the butter, coffee, tea and sugar which should have been there had been stolen. Charles and the others were finally rescued when the Hinemoa arrived on 16 November. Before they left the islands, they retrieved the first mate’s body from Disappointment Island and buried him at the small cemetery at Port Ross, alongside other shipwrecked mariners. The ceremony was attended by all the survivors, the crew of the Hinemoa, and the members of the scientific expedition.

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The Global Perspective on HIV/AIDS and Mental Health July 26, 2012 As AIDS 2012 (the XIX International AIDS Conference) continues in Washington, DC, we are reminded of the numerous, multiple, and far-reaching impacts this epidemic has had in the past 30-plus years. The burden of being HIV positive, or caring for loved ones living with the disease, is not restricted to the physical toll. For many people, there are equally important mental health needs (PDF). We at HHS understand that addressing HIV means addressing the whole person. Those affected by HIV/AIDS may experience anxiety, depression, or mania. Mental health issues can arise from HIV medications (some can make depression worse, for example) and from the virus itself (some infections can lead to changes in behavior and functioning). Furthermore, mental health challenges may come from the stress of dealing with the death of a loved one or from the reality of having a serious disease. HHS is working at the global level to make sure that when addressing health needs, both physical and mental issues are taken into consideration. At the Sixty-Fifth World Health Assembly this past May, the United States supported an historic resolution, The Global Burden of Mental Disorders and the Need for Comprehensive, Coordinated Response from Health and Social Sectors at the Country Level (PDF). This resolution urges member states to develop comprehensive policies and strategies to address, "the promotion of mental health, the prevention of mental disorders and early identification and care, support, treatment and recovery of persons with mental disorders." It also calls upon the World Health Organization to develop a comprehensive mental health action plan. Passed by the Assembly, the resolution noted that mental health problems do not occur in a vacuum, but rather often are associated with disease, including HIV. HHS is also supporting numerous programs and activities that address HIV and global mental health issues. In April, Secretary Sebelius traveled to Haiti to visit with people affected by the 2010 earthquake. During a visit to St. Damien Hospital , the Secretary participated in a discussion with mental health practitioners and patients about the importance of psychosocial support for children living with HIV and their caregivers. So, we're making strides and are headed in the right direction. But there is much work in this area still to be done. We at HHS will continue to highlight the importance of mental health in dealing with HIV/AIDS as well as with a host of other global health issues. During this important time when we recognize the achievements made in global AIDS work and we look forward to "turning the tide," let's all consider the impacts of mental health. Editor's note: SAMHSA and OGA have collaborated on several sessions at AIDS 2012. Visit the links below to learn more about the sessions and view any slides or videos shared by the conference: Nils Daulaire, M.D., M.P.H., is director of the Office of Global Affairs at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This article was provided by HIV.gov. Add Your Comment: (Please note: Your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)

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Nothing is more mysterious and dramatic to plant in your garden than black flowers. The color may seem like bad luck, but it also describes acceptance toward death, loss, and mystery. Most “black” flowers just have dark maroon, purple, or blue shades. Nevertheless, they still bring drama and unique look among the more popular bright colors. Here are 20 flowers with “black” shades you can plant in the garden. Table of Contents - 1. New York Night Hellebore - 2. Bat Flower (Tacca chantieri) - 3. Midnight Poppy - 4. Black Magic Hollyhock (Alcea rosea) - 5. Chocolate Cosmos (Cosmos atrosanguineus) - 6. Pansy (Viola tricolor) - 7. Hyacinth ‘Dark Dimension’ - 8. Queen of Night Tulip - 9. Black Forest Calla Lily (Zantedeschia) - 10. Black Dahlia - 11. Black Petunia - 12. Black Charm Asiatic Lily - 13. Viola ‘Molly Sanderson’ - 14. Black Baccara Rose - 15. Iris ‘Before the Storm’ (Iris germanica) - 16. Old Black Magic Bearded Iris - 17. Black Widow Cranesbill Geranium - 18. Dianthus ‘King of the Black’ - 19. Chocolate Lily (Fritillaria camschatcensis) - 20. Ninebark ‘Diabolo’ (Physocarpus opulifolius) 1. New York Night Hellebore New York Night is hybrid hellebore with a deep plum or black-purple color. The five wide petals surround a small yellow center. These flowers start blooming in late winter, welcoming the spring in a dramatic way. They live in any soil and thrive with low maintenance but cannot tolerate direct sunlight. Bat flower is a tropical plant with bat-like flower petals and long “whiskers”. The plant thrives under partial shade, because it originated from the rainforest floor. Bat flower loves rich, well-drained soil and regular watering. 3. Midnight Poppy The Midnight is one of the oriental poppy hybrids. It grows from a single, 30-cm high stalk. The color is deep burgundy. Midnight poppies are great summer blooms, which thrive on sandy soil and under full sun. Cutting the stalk into foliage and leaving the seedpods after blooming ensure robust growth. Black Magic Hollyhock is perhaps one of the darkest among the so-called “black flowers”. Black Magic is a perennial flower that thrives in well-drained soil, under the full sun. It tolerates almost any soils except wet or winter one. Black Magic Hollyhock needs pruning in fall for robust growth. 5. Chocolate Cosmos (Cosmos atrosanguineus) Chocolate cosmos is a Mexican perennial plant with dark red flowers. The flowers bloom from summer to fall and produce chocolate-like scent. They love fertile, well-drained soil with full sun. Chocolate cosmos cannot tolerate frost and need regular deadheading. Pansies have dark purple varieties that are referred to as “black”, but they have the same characteristics with regular pansies. The flowers grow in spring, requiring full sun with regular watering and well-drained soil. They are perfect for gardens and planters. Dark Dimension is a beautiful, almost-black hyacinth hybrid that has a sweet fragrance. The flowers bloom in spring, attracting bees and butterflies. Dark Dimension is deer-resistant, and the small blooms form a compact structure. They are perfect as cut flowers. 8. Queen of Night Tulip Queen of Night is an exotic tulip hybrid that requires low maintenance. Delighting gardeners since 1944, Queen of Night has dark wine blooms that appear in May. The flowers thrive under full sun and on well-drained soil. Queen of Night looks great when paired with white or purple flowers. The Black Forest hybrid of Calla lily has wine color that looks almost black. These flowers are attractive for hummingbirds, growing from mid-summer to winter. While they can handle cold weather, Calla lilies must be sheltered indoor when the temperature drops to freezing level. 10. Black Dahlia Black is one of the rarest hybrid colors of dahlias, but the maintenance is similar to others. The flowers love full sun with well-drained soil and regular watering. Black dahlias are quite low-maintenance, but they cannot handle frost. 11. Black Petunia Black petunia is the newest hybrids of petunia, launched in 2010. There are several variations of this new hybrid, such as Black Velvet (deep purple petunias) and Phantom (black with yellow stripes). The new variations are reportedly less tolerant to drought and don’t provide enough garden coverage. 12. Black Charm Asiatic Lily Black Charm is an Asiatic lily hybrid that has deep purple flowers, shaped like cups with opened tops. The flowers have no fragrance, but they are easy to maintain. Black Charm plants love rich, well-drained soil and full sun. However, they need partial shade in warmer regions. 13. Viola ‘Molly Sanderson’ Viola ‘Molly Sanderson’ has dark purple color with a thin yellow dot in the middle. The flowers are quite hardy, tolerating various soil types. They grow in summer, usually from June to August. The flowers grow in the spread as wide as 10 cm. 14. Black Baccara Rose Black Baccara Rose has a really dark red color, but it may appear darker in winter. The roses prefer loamy, well-drained soil with full sun. Black Baccara Rose needs organic feeding in winter and fertilizer in spring. The flowers have no scent. 15. Iris ‘Before the Storm’ (Iris germanica) Iris ‘Before the Storm’, also known as Bearded Iris, has almost-black blooms standing on 92-cm stalks. The flowers have a sweet scent and are resistant to deer or rabbits. Iris ‘Before the Storm’ loves rich, well-drained soil and full sun. They are perfect to emphasize a rock garden. 16. Old Black Magic Bearded Iris Old Black Magic Bearded iris is a perennial flower that looks exotic but requires low maintenance. The flowers have an almost black shade that simmer under the light. They thrive on well-drained soil with regular watering. Black bearded iris blooms in April and May, but requires division after blooming. Read more : Primrose Flower Planting and Care Guide 17. Black Widow Cranesbill Geranium Black Widow Cranesbill Geranium as crinkled petal edges and spotted leaves. They thrive on neutral or slightly acidic soil, with full sun (although it can handle partial shade). The flowers bloom from late spring to mid-summer. 18. Dianthus ‘King of the Black’ This carnation hybrid has double, dark burgundy blooms with ruffled petals. They stand on firm stalks and emit a clove-like aroma. King of the Black loves moist, well-drained soil and full sun. The flowers are deer-resistant and can attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds. 19. Chocolate Lily (Fritillaria camschatcensis) Chocolate lily is a native flower of California. They love full sun and well-drained soil. The flowers are thinner than regular lilies, but they emit chocolate-like scent. Chocolate lily attracts bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. 20. Ninebark ‘Diabolo’ (Physocarpus opulifolius) ‘Diabolo’ is a hybrid of ninebark bush planted for its dramatic foliage. The flowers are small and white, but the wide leaves are dark purple. The leaves are most attractive in winter, and the flowers grow in spring. ‘Diabolo’ loves slightly acidic, well-drained soil and full sun. You may also like : - 20 Popular Types of Peonies with Their Stunning Beauty - 20 African Flowers to Add Beauty to Your Garden These black flowers are not just beautiful. They are dramatic, rare, and will create a strong statement in your garden.

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One of the challenges we face in modern society is preserving the meaning of holidays for our children. This is true of Christmas and Easter, but even the National Holidays like President’s Day, Labor Day, and Memorial Day have lost their soul for many Americans. These have become bonus vacation days, rather than a day to reflect, pray and remember. In addition to parades and picnics, it is up to us to impart to our children the import of the sacrifice so many brave men and women have made in the name of freedom and justice. As Catholics, we also remember that those who have passed continue in a relationship with us in the Communion of Saints. One day last week, I took a walk with my Augustyne. At 5-years-old, he assured me that he would keep up and not compromise my exercise, which isn’t hard since he is in much better shape than I! I took him my usual route, through one of our town’s older cemeteries. Once he learned how to spot the grave of a veteran, he pointed out every flag on the grounds, searching for soldiers and hoping that they died peacefully at home long after the war was over. When we turned back to our street, he said, “I didn’t know that cemeteries aren’t scary!” He is right. A cemetery is a place to pray and remember. One important and simple way to infuse a day with meaning is through song. Most adults know their patriotic songs and hymns. Unfortunately, many children do not. Do not assume that your children are learning these songs in school. Stick to just a verse for the little ones, but introduce The Star Spangled Banner, God Bless America, My Country Tis of Thee, etc. I know my grandfather, a World War II veteran, would have chosen music as the way to be remembered. He was the musical heart of our family and to this day, I most often remember him through an old barbershop tune, or one of his favorite hymns like, I Come to the Garden Alone. So teach your children a new song this holiday and perhaps take a stroll through a local cemetery. Appreciate and use the freedoms we enjoy to honor the sacrifice of our soldiers. Teach your children to pray for those who fought to defend us. Eternal rest grant unto them, oh Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them. May they rest in peace. Amen.

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Explain how a color motif is used in Macbeth and why is it important. I'm planning to compare Macbeth and another novel through the use of colors. But I am not sure if it is evident in Macbeth. Please help! 3 Answers | Add Yours In Act I of Macbeth as Lady Macbeth reads her husband's letter, she remarks, Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o'the' milk of human kindness To catach the nearest way.... (1.1.17-18) This is another use of the imagery of white as symbolic of weakness to accompany one that has been previously mentioned. Later, in this same scene, Lady Macbeth, calling upon the spirits, asks that her milk be taken for gall; that is, any kindness in exchange for bitterness. In the final scene of Act I, after Macbeth expresses reluctance to harm Duncan who has honored him lately, Lady Macbeth chastises him for being a coward using the color green: Was the hope drunk Wherein you dressed yourself? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale At what it did so freely? Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valor As thou art in desire? (1.7.38-41) And, again, Lady Macbeth employs milk imagery (white) as equivalent to weakness as she speaks of taking the baby "that milks me" and "dashed the brains out." The colors of silver and gold are used in alluding to the king, Duncan as Macbeth repents his act of murder. These colors represent both strength of character and royalty: ...Here lay Duncan, His silver skin laced with his golden blood And his gashed stabs looked like a breach in nature For ruin's wasteful entrance: there, the murderers, Steeped in the colors of their trade, ....(2.3.123-127) Of course, the play is replete with red imagery as the blood motif runs throughout Macbeth. Black, too, connotes death and evil. One example is in Act III before Banquo's death, as Macbeth says, "Whiles night's black agents to their preys do rouse...(3.2.58) And, in Act IV, there is music and a song entitled "Black Spirits." Well, the simplest use of color in Macbeth, would be red, for the appearance and significance of blood in the play. In Act II, Scene iii, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth make reference to the blood that cannot be washed from their hands. Macbeth: Will all great Neptune's oceans wash this blood Clean from my hands? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. Then, Lady Macbeth takes up the theme of color when she re-enters, saying: My hands are of your colour; but I shame To wear a heart so white. There are numerous references to blood in the play, the most next obvious coming in Act V, Scene i, when Lady Macbeth enters sleepwalking and attempting to wash the "spots" of blood from her hands. Earlier at the banquet in Act III, Scene iv, Macbeth is spooked by the murderer of Banquo who arrives with "blood on [his] face." And then beginning from line 77 in the same scene, after the appearance of the ghost of Banquo, Macbeth has quite an extensive bit of text about the shedding of blood through time. These are some examples of the many references to blood and its color throughout the play, the most siginifcant aspect of its use possibly being that those who have murderous blood on their hands (or their face) cannot wash off the guilt. There are numerous instances of color motifs in Macbeth, if you had mentioned the title of the novel I could have given appropriate examples which could have been more useful to you. However, a few striking examples are as follows: 2. Although his ambition is 'black' his nature is 'milky white' as evidenced in his wife's remark, "It is too full o' the milk of human kindness." Act I Sc.5. 3. The same color 'white' which symbolizes 'purity' and 'innocence' takes on a negative connotation when it represents 'cowardice' when Lady Macbeth remarks, The colors 'black' and 'white' are the binary opposites which function as objective correlatives for the entire play which are encapsulated in the motto of the witches, We’ve answered 324,494 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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The emerald ash borer has killed millions of ash trees since it was accidentally introduced to the U.S. in the early 1990s. Rob Lawrence, a forest entomologist with the Missouri Department of Conservation, says it’s just a matter of time until the emerald ash borer spreads to St. Louis. “It moves on its own slowly, but the problem is that emerald ash borer hitchhikes on firewood real easily so when folks are moving firewood around, it can jump several states in just a matter of a few days.” "Ultimately we’d like to chose the species or cultivar that’s the replacement tree, and then decide how we’re going to take this on — replacing these 900 trees," Bradley said. "Are we going to do it all at once, or break it into zones? That’s just a big question." The public has until August 24th to provide comments.

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Since those early days, this aim has progressed even further and we now offer schools our Read to Dogs programme, which commenced some 10 years ago. Over the last few years it has been developed to help break down barriers whereby children might find it difficult to read, and to help improve their reading overall. Read to DogsThe children find comfort from the dogs and are able to relax when they are with them and the volunteers, which helps them to become more confident readers who are then able to participate more in school work. Volunteers and teachers see amazing results. Not every dog can do this work, and both dog and human volunteers are carefully assessed prior to becoming a Read to Dogs partner. As more schools hear about the benefits, we are finding we are getting even more schools contacting us requesting a visit. Our volunteers are finding it is good for many of our dogs to have variety in their work, so they will visit the elderly and sick as well as children in schools. As such, our Read to Dogs programme is growing all the time. We have heard some lovely stories from our volunteers about the improvements to the children’s reading they have seen and positive comments from teaching staff. We have also heard lovely stories about when the children have seen the dogs outside of the school grounds and enthusiastically explained to their parents about the fantastic dogs they have met. The Read to Dogs programme also works to safely break down barriers in cases where children are might be frightened of dogs, by teaching canine body language and how to spot signs of discomfort from a dog. With the help of their teacher or qualified therapist, the programme has even assisted some children with overcoming severe dog phobia. Participating schools can attest to the success of the programme, not just in terms of monitored improvements in reading, but in the enthusiasm of the children asking when the dog and volunteer will next visit. We are supported with our work by The Kennel Club’s Bark & Read Programme.

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