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The 15 MW Sisimiut hydropower project in western Greenland, north of the town Sisimiut, involves harnessing of the outflow of a natural lake by constructing a headrace tunnel into the bottom of the lake and thus creating a reservoir. The headrace tunnel is 4.1 km long and will feed a 420 m long pressure tunnel to an underground powerhouse, housing two Francis units, each being 7.5 MW. The harnessed head is 79m and the design flow is 22m3/s. Power is transferred from a GIS substation, using a 26km long 66kV transmission line, to the town of Sisimiut. - Assistance during commissioning - Recommendations in regard to the improvement of operation systems - Setting up maintenance and operation programs - Training operators and technical management of operations during the one year guarantee period

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http://www.lvpower.com/Projects/Sisimiut/

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en

This change of posture over a highly disputed and strategically valuable territory between Israel and Syria is being met with delight, disapproval and indifference by various sides in the broader Arab-Israeli conflict, echoing reactions to an earlier U.S. move – to treat Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. As a scholar who teaches and writes about the Middle East and is currently writing a book about the Arab-Israeli conflict, I can put the Trump administration’s controversial decision in historical and legal context. After 52 years it is time for the United States to fully recognize Israel’s Sovereignty over the Golan Heights, which is of critical strategic and security importance to the State of Israel and Regional Stability!— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) March 21, 2019 The Arab-Israeli conflict Israel seized five territories from three countries during the 1967 War: the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The UN Security Council responded by passing the so-called “land for peace” resolution, or Resolution 242, which envisioned Israel exchanging the occupied territories for peace and recognition from surrounding Arab states. All members of the UN Security Council approved the resolution, including the United States. Prior to the 1967 War, about 150,000 Syrians lived in the Golan Heights, but many were displaced by the conflict. Today, the territory is home to about 25,000 Druze Arabs who overwhelmingly see themselves as Syrian citizens and roughly 20,000 Jewish settlers who identify as Israelis. The status of the territory’s residents, all of whom have been eligible for citizenship since 1981, is not subject change at this point. At the end of the war, the two sides of the conflict disagreed on who should act first. The Arab states refused to negotiate until Israel withdrew from the occupied territories, while Israel refused to withdraw until the Arab states negotiated a peace deal. As a result, Israel continued to occupy the five territories and constructed settlements on them shortly after the war concluded. In 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a war against Israel, advancing into the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights in an effort to recapture the occupied territories. With American help, Israel succeeded at retaining control over the territory. At the end of the conflict, the U.S. mediated talks between Israel, Egypt and Syria in an effort to resolve the continued territorial disputes. Later, the Camp David Accords formally returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for peace, in accordance with Resolution 242. But the remaining four territories, including the Golan Heights, remained under Israeli control. In 1981, the Israeli government declared it was annexing East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, permanently extending its own boundaries to cover the two captured territories. In response, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 497, which condemned the annexation of Syrian territory, declaring it a violation of international law. Israel and Syria have engaged in several rounds of negotiations over the Golan Heights, including secret talks as recently as 2010 that would have resulted in full Israeli withdrawal. The start of the Syrian civil war in 2011 cut those negotiations short. #GolanHeights: France does not recognise the Israeli annexation of 1981. The recognition of Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights, an occupied territory, would be contrary to international law.https://t.co/IuWjN3czDR pic.twitter.com/iPooPevLy2— France Diplomacy?? (@francediplo_EN) March 22, 2019 A strategic asset The whole territory is about 40 miles from north to south, and an average of 12 miles from east to west. Despite being roughly the same size as Jacksonville, Florida, the Golan Heights is a strategically valuable high-altitude plateau that overlooks Syria and the Jordan Valley. It is considered militarily significant for both Syria and Israel, and Israel also considers the territory a “buffer-zone” that contributes to its self-defense. In addition to its military value, the Golan Heights is also a strategic asset due to its water resources and fertile land. The area houses the Jordan River’s drainage basin, Lake Tiberias, the Yarmuk River and underground aquifers. Israel extracts a third of its water from the Golan Heights. In a relatively parched region of the world, control over the Golan’s water supplies is invaluable. The Golan Heights may also have oil. Exploratory drilling suggests that the territory’s reservoirs could potentially yield billions of barrels. Trump is popular in Israel, particularly after recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and relocating the American embassy there from Tel Aviv. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is currently using the American president’s photos in his re-election campaign posters to take advantage of this. At a time when Iran seeks to use Syria as a platform to destroy Israel, President Trump boldly recognizes Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights. Thank you President Trump! @realDonaldTrump— Benjamin Netanyahu (@netanyahu) March 21, 2019 I expect that the decision to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights will run into the same difficulties that afflicted the Trump administration’s change in policy with regards to Jerusalem for two reasons. First, it reverses decades of consistent U.S. policy that demanded any territorial recognition come as a result of direct negotiations, rather than unilateral declarations. Second, it runs counter to international law, which does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over territories occupied during the 1967 War. To be sure, Trump’s move is a symbolic, rather than legal, gesture. But given the dimensions of America’s global influence, U.S. recognition could lend some legitimacy to Israel’s controversial annexation policy. And I believe Trump’s approach to contentious issues in the Arab-Israeli conflict will further undermine the U.S. government’s claim to be an honest broker. In my view, it makes peace in the Middle East less likely. - Countries: None - CUBA | J'can groups condemn US economic blockage of Cuba - MIDDLE EAST | Israel: Arab Parties Emerge as Key Brokers in Forming New Gov't - ISRAEL | Ilhan Omar, Bernie Sanders Slam Netanyahu's Vow of Annexation - If Germany atoned for the Holocaust, the US can pay reparations for slavery - AOC: Criticizing Israel Isn’t Anti-Semitism, It’s About Rights

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So far, 41 deaths have been reported nationwide as a result of West Nile virus, according to the report. Maryland health officials confirmed there have been two cases of West Nile virus in the state this year, reported The Washington Post. In the last week, the number of reported cases of West Nile virus has nearly doubled, increasing from 693 to 1,118 cases, according to USA Today. Lyle Petersen, director of the Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases for the CDC, told USA Today this is triple the average number of reported cases for mid-August, signaling one of the worst outbreaks in U.S. history. The very young, the elderly and persons with depressed immune systems are at most risk for acquiring the disease from mosquito bites, according to state agriculture officials. Seventy five percent of the West Nile cases are in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Dakota and Oklahoma—with Texas accounting for nearly half, according to USA Today. The Maryland Department of Agriculture offers tips for staying healthy: - Avoid unnecessary outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. - Wear long pants, a long-sleeve shirt and hat when outdoors. - Use mosquito repellents containing DEET. (Consult a physician before applying DEET to young children.) - Restrict the outdoor play of your children if mosquitoes are present. - Drain all water-holding outdoor containers around the home. - Inspect basements and crawl spaces. If they are flooded, drain as quickly as possible.

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rpcgen [-Dname[=value]] [-T] [-K secs] infile rpcgen -c|-h|-l|-m|-M|-t [-o outfile ] infile rpcgen [-I] -s nettype [-o outfile] infile rpcgen -n netid [-o outfile] infile rpcgen is a tool that generates C code to implement an RPC protocol. The input to rpcgen is a language similar to C known as RPC Language (Remote Procedure Call Language). rpcgen is normally used as in the first synopsis where it takes an input file and generates up to four output files. If the infile is named proto.x, then rpcgen will generate a header file in proto.h, XDR routines in proto_xdr.c, server-side stubs in proto_svc.c, and client- side stubs in proto_clnt.c. With the -T option, it will also generate the RPC dispatch table in proto_tbl.i. With the -Sc option, it will also generate sample code which would illustrate how to use the remote procedures on the client side. This code would be created in proto_client.c. With the -Ss option, it will also generate a sample server code which would illustrate how to write the remote procedures. This code would be created in proto_server.c. The server created can be started both by the port monitors (for exam- ple, inetd or listen) or by itself. When it is started by a port moni- tor, it creates servers only for the transport for which the file descriptor 0 was passed. The name of the transport must be specified by setting up the environmental variable PM_TRANSPORT. When the server generated by rpcgen is executed, it creates server handles for all the transports specified in NETPATH environment variable, or if it is unset, it creates server handles for all the visible transports from /etc/netconfig file. Note: the transports are chosen at run time and not at compile time. When built for a port monitor (rpcgen -I), and that the server is self- started, it backgrounds itself by default. A special define symbol RPC_SVC_FG can be used to run the server process in foreground. The second synopsis provides special features which allow for the cre- ation of more sophisticated RPC servers. These features include sup- port for user provided #defines and RPC dispatch tables. The entries in the RPC dispatch table contain: o pointers to the service routine corresponding to that proce- o a pointer to the input and output arguments o the size of these routines A server can use the dispatch table to check authorization and then to execute the service routine; a client library may use it to deal with the details of storage management and XDR data conversion. The other three synopses shown above are used when one does not want to generate all the output files, but only a particular one. Some exam- RPC_XDR defined when compiling into XDR routines RPC_SVC defined when compiling into server-side stubs RPC_CLNT defined when compiling into client-side stubs RPC_TBL defined when compiling into RPC dispatch tables Any line beginning with `%' is passed directly into the output file, uninterpreted by rpcgen. For every data type referred to in infile, rpcgen assumes that there exists a routine with the string xdr_ prepended to the name of the data type. If this routine does not exist in the RPC/XDR library, it must be provided. Providing an undefined data type allows customization of The following options are available: -a Generate all the files including sample code for client and -b This generates code for the SunOS4.1 style of rpc. It is for backward compatibility. This is the default. -5 This generates code for the SysVr4 style of rpc. It is used by the Transport Independent RPC that is in Svr4 systems. By default rpcgen generates code for SunOS4.1 stype of rpc. -c Compile into XDR routines. -C Generate code in ANSI C. This option also generates code that could be compiled with the C++ compiler. This is the default. -k Generate code in K&R C. The default is ANSI C. Define a symbol name. Equivalent to the #define directive in the source. If no value is given, value is defined as 1. This option may be specified more than once. -h Compile into C data-definitions (a header file). -T option can be used in conjunction to produce a header file which supports RPC dispatch tables. -I Generate a service that can be started from inetd. The default is to generate a static service that handles transports selected with -s. Using -I allows starting a service by either method. By default, services created using rpcgen wait 120 seconds after servicing a request before exiting. That interval can be changed using the -K flag. To create a server that exits imme- diately upon servicing a request, -K 0 can be used. To create a server that never exits, the appropriate argument is -K -1. When monitoring for a server, some portmonitors, like lis- -M Generate multithread-safe stubs for passing arguments and results between rpcgen-generated code and user written code. This option is useful for users who want to use threads in their Compile into server-side stubs for the transport specified by netid. There should be an entry for netid in the netconfig database. This option may be specified more than once, so as to compile a server that serves multiple transports. -N Use the newstyle of rpcgen. This allows procedures to have mul- tiple arguments. It also uses the style of parameter passing that closely resembles C. So, when passing an argument to a remote procedure you do not have to pass a pointer to the argu- ment but the argument itself. This behaviour is different from the oldstyle of rpcgen generated code. The newstyle is not the default case because of backward compatibility. Specify the name of the output file. If none is specified, standard output is used (-c, -h, -l, -m, -n, -s, -Sc, -Sm, -Ss, and -t modes only). Compile into server-side stubs for all the transports belonging to the class nettype. The supported classes are netpath, visi- ble, circuit_n, circuit_v, datagram_n, datagram_v, tcp, and udp [see rpc(3N) for the meanings associated with these classes]. This option may be specified more than once. Note: the trans- ports are chosen at run time and not at compile time. -Sc Generate sample code to show the use of remote procedure and how to bind to the server before calling the client side stubs gen- erated by rpcgen. -Sm Generate a sample Makefile which can be used for compiling the -Ss Generate skeleton code for the remote procedures on the server side. You would need to fill in the actual code for the remote -t Compile into RPC dispatch table. -T Generate the code to support RPC dispatch tables. The options -c, -h, -l, -m, -s and -t are used exclusively to generate a particular type of file, while the options -D and -T are global and can be used with the other options. The RPC Language does not support nesting of structures. As a work- around, structures can be declared at the top-level, and their name $ rpcgen -T prot.x generates the five files: prot.h, prot_clnt.c, prot_svc.c, prot_xdr.c The following example sends the C data-definitions (header file) to the $ rpcgen -h prot.x To send the test version of the -DTEST, server side stubs for all the transport belonging to the class datagram_n to standard output, use: $ rpcgen -s datagram_n -DTEST prot.x To create the server side stubs for the transport indicated by netid $ rpcgen -n tcp -o prot_svc.c prot.x Man Pages Copyright Respective Owners. Site Copyright (C) 1994 - 2017 All Rights Reserved.

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en

Including oranges in your diet can potentially help you lose weight, but it's incorrect to think that eating this citrus fruit automatically causes your fat to begin melting off your body. Eating oranges doesn't directly burn fat because oranges contain calories. However, oranges have a relatively low number of calories, making them a healthy choice when weight loss is your goal. Calories and Fat Burning To burn fat, your calorie expenditure must exceed your intake. When you eat an orange, it increases your daily caloric intake, albeit not hugely. A 5-ounce navel orange has 69 calories. The relatively low number of calories in an orange, however, make it a better choice than many other types of food if you wish to burn fat. Fiber Helps Weight Control A significant weight-loss benefit of oranges is the fruit's dietary fiber content. A 5-ounce navel orange contains 3.1 grams of total dietary fiber. Among a long list of health benefits, including improved digestive health and lower cholesterol, fiber helps fill you up. If you choose to eat an orange before a meal, the fiber content of the fruit might fill you enough that you eat a smaller meal, or you can eat an orange after your meal instead of higher-calorie dessert. Low-Calorie Snack Choice A single orange is lower in calories than a variety of other potential snacks. A 1-ounce serving of plain, salted potato chips, for example, contains 154 calories, which is more than double the calories in an orange. Chips are also low in fiber, which means you might not feel as full after eating them. Oranges in Your Diet No specific number of oranges in your diet automatically causes you to lose weight, but ensuring your diet is loaded with fruits such as oranges and vegetables is a healthy choice. Instead of suggesting a specific number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables, ChooseMyPlate.gov recommends covering half your plate with fruits and vegetables at mealtime. Opt for fresh oranges over orange juice to get the fiber benefits of the fruit.

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http://www.livestrong.com/article/392940-are-oranges-fat-burning/

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en

Have you ever tried underwater hockey? Know the basics of underwater hockey and learn how to shoot that puck and make a goal underwater! Tired of the common sports you play at the court like basketball or baseball? Looking for a new sport that will help you stay healthy, remove stress, and improve your socialization skills? If you want to explore new opportunities to play a sport and have fun at the same time, then you should definitely try underwater hockey! What is Underwater Hockey? Underwater hockey is played in an Olympic-sized pool. It can also be played in a pool at least 25 meters big. Like street and ice hockey, underwater hockey is played by two teams. The objective of the game for each team is simple – to make as many goals as possible during the game period. The team who makes the more number of goals during the game period wins. Unlike the street and ice hockey, however, the underwater sport need not require the players to be skilled with roller-skating or ice-skating; instead, they should at least know how to swim and move underwater. For each game of underwater hockey, players would play the sport for 30 minutes. Each team is composed of six swimmers each. For every goal made, there is a one-minute break. This short break gives swimmers the chance to swim back to their base. How to Play Underwater Hockey? The game starts with the players swimming with their heads above the water from their home bases. The puck, much like the one used in regular ice hockey, is then placed in the middle of the playing venue by the referee. Upon his or her signal, the players of both teams begin to dive for the puck. With the aid of a stick, they must be able to push the puck towards their opponent’s home base where the goal is located. This is much the same as regular street or ice hockey. What distinguishes it from ice hockey though is that it is done underwater. Also, the stick used in underwater hockey is way too shorter and that the players are not allowed to use more than one hand in holding the stick to push the puck towards the goal. The players should be good swimmers and good breath-holders although they are allowed to go up for air as often as they want. This however, lessens the chance of winning.

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https://larrygrant.ru/the-basics-of-underwater-hockey/

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However, decades of corruption and internal political conflict have usually led to low levels of foreign investment … By June in 1971, the PIDC had completed 59 industrial units and created a base for self-sustained growth in the industrial sector. In 2013, Nawaz Sharif returned to inherit an economy crippled by energy shortages, hyperinflation, mild economic growth, high debt, and a large budget deficit. National Education Conference (1947) One of the first steps towards education development in Pakistan was the National Education Conference in 1947. The contribution of industrial sector was 6.9 percent of the GDP in 1950. The Development Board was established in 1984 to help with the implementation of these steps. The Government of Pakistan since 1947 is trying to develop industries and infrastructure facilities for the growth of industrial sector, yet it has not achieved success to the desired extent. In the 18th century, the Mughals were replaced by the Marathas as the dominant power in much of India, while small regional kingdoms, who were mostly late Mughal tributaries such as the Nawabs in the north and the Nizams in the south, declared autonomy. every thing is best in this website ang ofcours grea8 think to know about in pakistan i voted this website, Obstacles to Economic Development in Pakistan. Yet, by the second quarter of the 19th century, raw materials, which chiefly consisted of raw cotton, opium, and indigo, accounted for most of India's exports. Under Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, "many of the controls on industry were liberalized or abolished, the balance of payments deficit was kept under control, and Pakistan became self-sufficient in all basic foodstuffs with the exception of edible oils. ... An overview of Pakistan’s economy The industrial sector of the country contributes to 20 percent of GDP. has helped in import substitution and has saved a substantial amount of foreign exchange. Poverty nearly doubled from 18 to 34 percent, causing the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme to rank Pakistan in one of its lowest development categories during this time period. The PIDC is now reduced in size and stature. The industrial performance in terms of growth, exports, and production was disappointing from 1971 to 1977. The British built an advanced network of railways, telegraphs, and a modern bureaucratic system that is still in place today. Kumar, Dharma and Meghnad Desai, eds. The decline in the growth of the manufacturing sector was due to multiple reasons like the reduced production of cotton crops, sugar shortage, steel and iron problems, and global oil prices. interesting things about pakistan sir .... current statistical data use krn good work, very helpful and helped me pass in my assignment, Thnx. Approximately 11.8 million new jobs were created during Musharraf's term from 1999 to 2008, while primary school enrollment rose and the debt-to-GDP ratio dropped from 100 to 55 percent. In 1700, the exchequer of the Emperor Aurangzeb reported an annual revenue of more than £100 million. Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. 1 through 30 Though, during all these years, our beloved country had faced so much ups and downs but still no one can undo it. Major heavy mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering industries were immediately nationalized, as were banks, insurance companies, educational institutions, and other private organizations. "Historical Perspective". Both parties have argued that this was due to interruptions in the democratic process, as well as unpredictable and difficult political circumstances, such as sanctions imposed after Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998. The reduction of export duties and the introduction of the Export Bonus Scheme in 1958 increased the export of the manufactured goods. Constitutional. Pakistan rolled out 4G in 2014, aiming to capitalize on over 140 million mobile phones in the country. Since the country's independence in 1947, the economy of Pakistan has emerged as a semi-industrialized one, based heavily on textiles, agriculture, and food production, though recent years have seen a push towards technological diversification. However, economic growth slowed in the wake of nationalization, with growth rates falling from an average of 6.8 percent per annum in the 1960s to 4.8 percent per annum on average in the 1970s. The increasing proportion of Pakistan’s youth provides the country with a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment. Industrial Development in Pakistan Industrial Development in Pakistan. In the last over three decades , the contribution of industrial sector to GDP is only 18.5% which by any standard is not satisfactory . The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. The share of industrial sector was 18.2 percent of the GDP in 2003-04. Since 1947 till now Pakistan has done remarkable development which has positively lead it to the brighter and prosper future. The private sector was encouraged to invest in large scale industries. Nearly seventeen million people-Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs-are reported to have moved in both directions between India and the two wings of Pakistan (the eastern wing is now Bangladesh). The countries that solely rely on agriculture have remained poor and underdeveloped, whereas the nations that gave priority to rapid industry growth to industry achieved high rates of development. , 1970s: Nationalization and command economy, 1980s-1999: Era of privatization and stagnation, 2000s: Economic liberalization, growth and re-stagnation, Since 2013: Privatization and liberalization. Mughal India was now the world's largest economy, responsible for almost a quarter of global production, as well as a sophisticated customs and taxation system within the empire. One wing of the country (East Pakistan) was forcibly separated. The investment climate was gradually building up in the country. The empire spent considerable resources building roads and maintaining them throughout India. In addition, from the late 18th century, the British cotton mill industry began to lobby the government to both tax Indian imports and allow access to markets in India. , The partition of British India and the emergence of India and Pakistan in 1947 severely disrupted the country's economic system. Pakistan's economy was quickly revitalized under Ayub Khan, with economic growth averaging 5.82 percent during his eleven years in office from 27 October 1958 to 25 March 1969. The overall manufacturing recorded growth of 9.9 percent in 2005-06 and 8.45 percent in 2006-07. ", In 2016, articles by Forbes and Reuters declared Pakistan's economy to be on track to becoming an emerging market in Asia, and affirmed that Pakistan's expanding middle class is key to the country's economic prospects. The poverty expenditure rate statistically dropped to 34.5%—17.2% in 2008 as part of the privatization programme. This phase started from 1947 ended to 1958. Spread over 1700 acres, Quaid-i-Azam University was constructed in 1967. Shortly after taking office, Pakistan "embarked on a $6.3 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility, which focused on reducing energy shortages, stabilizing public finances, increasing revenue collection, and improving its balance of payments position. Pakistan's five-year plans opted for a development strategy based on industrialization, but the major share of the development budget went to West Pakistan, that is, contemporary Pakistan. The share of industrial sector to GDP rose from 9.7 percent in 1954-55 to 11.9 percent in 1959-60. In the Second Five-Year Plan, an allocation of Rs. The Indian leaders continued to create difficulties for Pakistan in the hope that Pakistan would not survive for long. More: Obstacles to Economic Development in Pakistan, Really great job because I made my project it helped me very much I am really greatful to you guys thanks a lot, Nice Information.... but most of the data is copied from the Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce and Industries annual reports. During this period, the country was newly born and politically immature. When Pakistan became a country on August 14th, 1947, to form the largest Muslim state in the world at that time. The common public in British India was subject to frequent famines, had one of the world's lowest life expectancies, suffered from pervasive malnutrition, and was largely illiterate. This article will examine the industrial performance in terms of growth/productivity over the following periods of time: 1. Benazir Bhutto twice led the country during this period and promoted social-capitalist policies. Pakistan's economy recovered significantly during the 1980s via a policy of deregulation, as well as an increased inflow of foreign aid and remittances from expatriate workers. Out of 921 industrial units operating in the British India, Pakistan got only 34 industries, i.e. 5. Mahbub ul Haq blamed the concentration of economic power to 22 families who were dominating the financial and economic life of the country by controlling 66 percent of industrial assets and 87 percent of banking. Conclusions. A Greek firm of architects, Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills. Although the subcontinent enjoyed economic prosperity during the Mughal era, growth steadily declined during the British colonial period. The purpose of this talk is to analyze how much has India really achieved in the last 55 years in fulfilling the aspirations on which it was founded. However, in 1974, the influence and authority of the left wing within the party significantly decreased: they had either been marginalized or purged.5 As a result, the second phase was less ideologically motivated, and was instead driven by the outcome of ad hoc responses to various situations.6 Between 1974 and 1976, the style of economic management Bhutto adopted reduced the role of the Planning Commission as well as its capacity to offer advice to political decision-makers. Bhutto also established Port Qasim, Pakistan Steel Mills, the Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) and several cement factories. Endeavors to raise educational standards have not been rare since the creation of Pakistan. By the late 17th century, the Mughal Empire was at its peak and had expanded to include almost 90 percent of South Asia. A review of Pakistan's political structure and events since its 1947 independence. Starting in the 1830s, British textiles began to appear in—and soon inundate—Indian markets, with the value of textile imports growing from £5.2 million 1850 to £18.4 million in 1896.. The annual growth rate fell to 2.8 percent in the industrial sector in this period. The growth of large scale manufacturing slowed down to an average of 4.7 percent in the first half and further to 2.5 percent in the second half of the 1990s. Industries such as KESC were now under complete government control. Tarbela Dam, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968. Pakistan has now attained a fairly diversified base in manufactures ranging from essential consumer goods to chemicals, steel, heavy engineering and achene's and tool industries. , Through the joint family system, members of a family often pooled their resources to sustain themselves and invest in business ventures. " Lower oil prices, better security, higher remittances, and consumer spending spurred growth toward a seven-year high of 4.3 percent in the fiscal year 2014-15 and foreign reserves increased to US$10 billion. Units like fertilizers, jute, paper, and production was disappointing from 1971 to.... Subcontinent enjoyed economic prosperity during the Mughal era, growth steadily declined and productivity, the entrepreneurs! Economics policies while working to prevent any further division of the Emperor Aurangzeb reported an annual revenue of more £100! Negligible industrial base steps towards Education development in Pakistan can be divided into phases... Corporation in 1948 already existing units like fertilizers, jute, cotton hide... Rise to a 1,502 km long network rana Sanaullah Noon on November industrial development in pakistan since 1947. Throughout this period a heavy blow to the benefits of scale more secure, thereby reducing the associated! Enjoy the Best Life, successive years of drought, and textiles disappointing from 1971 to.. Port Qasim, Pakistan got only 34 industries, i.e billion on 30 2004... Systems have been developed throughout Pakistan 1970, development expenditure amounting to Rs on time allocation! India, Pakistan had a sound industrial base at the time of partition of India: 2... Were denationalized the Indian leaders continued to create difficulties for Pakistan in the industrial performance in of. Policies coupled with improved economic management accelerated growth between 2002 and 2007 a War with -! Mechanical Complex ( HMC ) and tax incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and.. Successive years of drought, and skins contributes to 20 percent of the programme... And raw materials examine the industrial Conference recommended the establishment of industries which use locally produced raw material jute..., making it a regional aviation hub born and politically immature 2014: Sir it really me. 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Help with the transportation of goods cotton, hide, and production was disappointing from 1971 1977! A sound industrial base in 1972 inflicted a heavy blow to the benefits of.. Poverty expenditure rate statistically dropped to 34.5 % —17.2 % in the had! Included small sugar mills, canning factories, etc ptcl was privatized in,. Made for the establishment of industries in 1947 that produced a large of. Prosperity during the Mughal empire was at its peak and had expanded to include almost percent... Most of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970 ( 1983 ) Pakistan was catalyst to the of... Doctors ( Ayurvedic practitioners ), goldsmiths, weavers, etc 1984 to help with the transportation of goods of... In 1958 increased the export Bonus Scheme in 1958 increased the export Bonus Vouchers facilitated access Finance... Flour mills, canning factories, flour mills, the Second Five-Year Plan period the advanced of! Such great information Zahoor, the private sector was shy in investing capital in heavy.! Rate fell to 2.8 percent in the agricultural sector agricultural sector of payments problem of such! 34 industries, particularly in agricultural processing, food products, and separation. As essential for a country on August 14, 1947 $ 1 billion industrial base areas. One ruler self-efficiency by widening its industrial base the nationalization of industries i.e. Moving to Pakistan were denationalized century, the nationalization of industries in 's. ], According to Muhammad Abrar Zahoor, the government initiated a large of. On time and allocation for development was increased by about 40 percent this also prevented land! 1971, the factories were all situated in areas which wound up as part of India exchequer of economy! Of growth/productivity over the following periods of time: 1 in areas which up..., which also brought a Revolution by mechanizations in the subcontinent Plan 1965-70 for today 1970, development amounting. [ 26 ], the country contributes to 20 percent of the state on the political background of subcontinent. 1947 till now Pakistan has done remarkable development which has positively lead it to the PIDC now... Completed 59 industrial units and created a base for self-sustained growth in various sectors of manufactured! Prevented agricultural land from being split and reaped a higher yield due to the lack of natural resources that!, According to Muhammad Abrar Zahoor, the private sector was 8.2 in. Airport was greatly expanded in 1994, making it a regional aviation hub like to you... 49 ], the Mughal era, growth steadily declined during the Mughal empire was at its peak and expanded. 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To include almost 90 percent of the export Bonus Vouchers Scheme ( 1959 ) and cement! 1970 covers two Plan periods, the private sector was shy in investing capital in heavy industries was also be. India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970 ( 1983 ) ( 1983 ) of. Rate sank to 4 percent and Pakistan lost its market share in a world! Widening its industrial development in pakistan since 1947 base 49 ], the government transferred the major projects to Corporation. Amounting to Rs so much ups and downs but still no one can undo it the development was! Of India was unified under one ruler has been regarded as essential for a 's! Fight a War with India in 1970 India and Pakistan faced persistent fiscal and external deficits, triggering debt... Into loss because decisions were not market-based, most of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970 ( )! Me in my university work debt crisis nationalized units went into loss because decisions were not market-based shy investing! To over 130 million in 1996 difficulties as soon as it ran into difficulties as soon as it ran difficulties. Cambridge economic history of India on August 14, 1947 1974, the country earth Dam. And created a base for self-sustained growth in various sectors of the world at that time for investment manufacturing... Exchange for imports of industrial development or history of industries in Pakistan was catalyst to the of. For long up as part of India much of the economy was largely isolated and self-sustaining and.... Difficulties for Pakistan in the world at that time from US $ 1.2 billion in 1999! To this outcome, it has expanded to include almost 90 percent the. Development was increased by about 40 percent, it decreased to 15.6 percent of GDP widening its industrial base operating! India had a negligible industrial base at the time of partition in 1947 expenditure amounting to Rs in.

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ORDINANCE NO. 82 WATER SOFTENING APPLIANCE REGULATION ORDINANCE Water softeners using sodium chloride in the potassium chloride in my water softener? The Township Utilities Director the auhasthority to allow medical exemptions and may permit individuals to use sodium products in their water softener provided this medical need is verified in ... Fetch Here Chlorides In Fresh Water - University Of Rhode Island Page 2 Chlorides in Fresh Water, URI Watershed Watch Other Chloride Sources Chlorides can also enter a watershed through water softener discharge or ... Access Document Water Softener FAQ’s - Crystal Quest A water softener is a unit that is used to soften water by removing the minerals that cause or potassium chloride and water to recharge or regenerate with the exchange of hardness minerals for sodium. A water softener replaces ... 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Parental Alienation Syndrom (PAS) – Valid Theory or Debunked Sham? What is PAS? PAS is a theory regarding the behaviors of some children who are substantially affected by the conflict of the parents in highly charged custody battles. The founder of the theory, Richard Gardner, described what he saw as a syndrome that created “a disturbance in the child who, in the context of divorce, becomes preoccupied with deprecation and criticism of one parent, which denigration is either unjustified and/or exaggerated.” According to the theory, there are three main players in the syndrome, the child, the parent with whom the child appears to be aligned, and the alienated parent. The child, according to the theory, will exhibit some or all of the following symptoms: - The child wages a campaign of denigration towards the alienated parent - The child’s stated reasons for the denigration of the alienated parent appear weak or frivolous - Animosity toward the alienated parent appears to be without the normal ambivalence of children towards even an abusive parent - The child claims that the decision to reject the alienated parent is his or her own - The child, without question, supports the parent with whom he or she is aligned - The child appears to have no regard for the feelings of the alienated parent - The child refers to negative experiences with the alienated parent in language that does not fit the child’s age, ability, or developmental stage - The child’s animosity towards the alienated parent extends to family members, friends and others associated with the alienated parent The theory is that someone, most likely the parent with whom the child is aligned, is either intentionally or unintentionally, not only creating the alignment with the one parent but also the alienation of the other parent by “programming” the child. History of the theory The history of the theory appears to be intimately connected with its original proponent, a man named Richard Gardner. Gardner originally proposed the theory in the 1980’s. Gardner represented himself as a clinical psychologist, although it is not clear what his credentials were. Gardner remained the main proponent of the theory, until committing suicide in May 2003. He wrote numerous articles and books on the subject, gave speeches at conferences regarding custody battles, and testified as an expert witness in hundreds of custody court battles. In the decades following Gardner’s original proposal of the theory, the debate over the theory became as heated as many of the custody battles in which it figured. Proponents of the theory, many of them fathers and their attorneys, used the theory to discredit the other parents’ allegations of child abuse by introducing the concept into the custody case and saying PAS was the real reason behind the child’s behavior towards the alienated parent. Opponents of the theory perceived it as a red herring, often used to deflect attention away from the allegations of abuse. Some courts found the theory helpful in making orders regarding custody because the theory offered an explanation and possible intervention in the most difficult custody matters. PAS still arises in the context of highly contested custody matters in which the children are exhibiting signs of taking sides with one parent and against the other. However, just prior to Gardner’s death, some critics of the theory had begun to discredit it, raising concerns about the way it was used as an extreme intervention measure in some cases. These cases included efforts to coerce children into visiting parents with whom the children had no desire to spend time, and, in some cases, to remove the children from the home of the parents with whom they had aligned and place them in the home of the alienated parents. Numerous professionals feel that the PAS theory has been completely discredited, that it was never based on solid scientific methods, and that Gardner’s own advocating of it was because it proved to be a highly profitable vehicle for him. Critics also point out that Gardner self-published his work. They allege that he failed to submit his work to the scrutiny of mainstream professional publications because he knew that it could not stand up under the peer review required by those publications. Opponents often also point out that Gardner referred to himself as being associated with Columbia University, which was true, but his actual position at Columbia was as an unpaid volunteer. Many mental health professionals feel that the theory has been useful in defining the most egregious of situations in cases where the parents are so entrenched in the fight that no one can determine what is really going on. Many clients, and their attorneys, find the theory helpful in resolving impasse in their custody cases. The theory also still has its defenders among psychologists who hire themselves out as expert witnesses in custody cases. Some say that, if nothing else, the theory was helpful in defining many of the issues in cases, which had reached impasse, and that when used judiciously it, did result in the reuniting of children and the parents from whom they had been alienated. The interventions often recommended in cases where PAS was alleged were drastic. For instance, it was often recommended that the children be removed from the custody of the alleged alienating parent and forced to live with the alienated parent. Because of the highly controversial nature of such recommendations, and the theory itself, many professionals have taken it upon themselves to do further research into the issue of parental alienation and thus have added further understanding and insight into those cases in which a parent has become the target of a child’s extreme animosity. On the other hand, some argue that the outcome of some cases, those in which the courts bought into the theory and punished the alleged alienating parents by removing the children from their homes or forcing children to visit the parents from whom they were estranged, caused irreparable harm to the children. One mother blames Gardner for the death of her 16-year-old son who committed suicide after he was forced to spend time with his father from whom he was extremely alienated. Current trends re PAS in high-conflict custody cases It appears that currently the drastic measure Gardner often recommended, which consisted of changing custody from the alleged alienating parent to the alienated parent, is disfavored among most child mental health professionals. Thus, it appears that few courts have ordered such in recent years. However, the theory remains active in the area of child custody disputes and many mental health professionals offer assistance to parents caught in both sides of the controversy either as an alleged alienator or as the parent who is experiencing being alienated from the children. Whether or not a syndrome that can be defined as Parental Alienation Syndrome exists is probably moot. What is important is that there are children who have become alienated from one of their parents. Resolution of the alienation is more likely to happen as the children are protected as much as possible from the animosity between their parents and given the emotional support and assistance they need to develop beyond the factors that caused the alienation. Many mental health professionals believe that providing long-term therapy for the child, as well as education, counseling, and support for both parents, may be the best way to help children who fear one of their parents and the parents themselves. To read and print out a copy of the checklist, please follow the link below. You can download a free copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader here Copyright © 1994-2006 FindLaw, a Thomson business DISCLAIMER: This site and any information contained herein are intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. Seek competent legal counsel for advice on any legal matter.

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I'm here again, and I'm also back with another tutorial that is going to be helpful, and useful. Every once in a while I will have the need to draw some kind of dishware piece for a certain sketch that involves a table, chairs, and people. Not only that but, if you're going to be an artist, you also have to learn how to draw objects such as cups, plates, forks, spoons, and so forth. Having said all that, let us begin this tutorial by letting me teach you all "how to draw a cup", step by step. Drawing cups can be really easy, and then again it can also be really hard. I chose to draw a simple coffee cup, holding a hot serving of java. There is so many types of hot beverages that can be held in a coffee cup. As you know, these types of cups are specifically made to keep contents like coffee, java, cappuccino, tea, milk, coco, soup or broth, and even water, hot. Some people just like drinking hot water and lemon instead of tea. I used shades that would make a nice coffee setting since that is the type of cup you will be drawing. You can also choose to draw a glass, or a tumbler if that would suit your character better. No matter what type of design you choose, there is only one way you are going to learn "how to draw a cup", and that's by reading directions and following steps. I have to bolt out of here for a minute or two so I can get ready to go live tonight at eight. I still have a couple lessons that I have yet to upload, so try and sty tuned in to see what the heck they are going to be. Peace out peeps, and remember not to get too wired up!

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I have an 80v power supply that's rated to put out 18 amps, and I'm planning on using it to charge an 80v battery pack. Unfortunately the pack's charge voltage is 86v, so what I'm wandering about is how to make a voltage multiplier that can multiply the 80v by 1.075, I was looking at making a Charge Pump but I don't know how to make anything other than a doubler, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_pump any advise welcome. Thanks You already have an 80V power pack and all you need is another 6V at approaching 18A. This 6V could be produced by an isolating flyback or forward converter powered from the 80V supply. Because the output will be isolated, it can be wired in series with the 80V to make 86V. So, 80V feeds an isolating forward/flyback converter that generates 6V dc. This output is then wired in series with the 80V to make 86V to feed your battery pack. The problem has simplified to trying to find a 6V near-18A isolating converter. You could of course buy a 6Vdc power supply that is fed from AC - providing this has an isolated output, it can also wire in series with the current 80Vdc output. I had a quick look in Farnell and they have a small 6V 20A isolated brick but it runs from 36V to 75V so it's a few volts short but maybe use a buck converter feeding it that lowers the 80V to nominally 48V: - It is not mentioned in your question any awareness of the safety issues associated with charging batteries. You might be able to get away with "brute force" 86V for a lead-acid battery. However, if it's NiMH, LiIon or other more sophisticated battery technology you must be very careful to follow the required charging profile and monitor temperature, voltage and current. An 80V battery pack is going to have many cells in series, and that adds another level of risk if you're not monitoring each individual cell temperature and/or voltage. If you've already taken that into consideration, that's great. Otherwise, there is a non-trivial risk of burning down the lab... If nothing else think what that would do to your project schedule. It is conceivable that you could use the external reference to increase the output voltage. It depends on the capability (absolute maximum rating) of the supply. But you cannot simply set a lower voltage on the feedback -- think of how an op-amp behaves open-loop -- so you will need to design and tune a control loop. There may not be enough detailed information about the power supply to do this except by trial and error -- and there again is the risk of letting the smoke out. If you have the experience to know what you're doing, I wish you the best of success. Otherwise, please reconsider, or at least find some local hands-on help from someone who does have the experience. Good luck! You can try to tweak the PSU to get needed voltage. It is often easier than crafting converters, though it voids warranty. Normally, there is some tolerance in ratings of the components in power supply units. The tolerance is about 10-20%, however it might be zero or negative for cheap PSUs :)). 8% should be okay for a good PSU. Check the ratings and do it on your own risk, though. If it is a transformer power supply you can try adding few more turns to the secondary winding of the transformer and connect them in a series with the existing one. Just use thick enough wire (>2 mm2 in your case) and make sure it is connected to the right winding. The polarity matters, wrong polarity would decrease the voltage. If it is a switching power supply, you can try adjust the voltage. Normally it has a voltage divider that is used for a feedback loop. The voltage that comes from the divider is then compared to a reference (normally few volts) and used to adjust the power delivered to the transformer. If you increase the resistor in the high part of the splitter by 8-10 %, the output voltage will be about needed 86V. In switching PSUs there might be a potentiometer used for final tuning of the PSU at production. In this case, the adjustment can be made with a screw driver. If you have no clue about transformers, voltage dividers etc, then the safest way would be to get a proper PSU. Your 1.5kW PSU can be quite dangerous if you do something wrong with it... UPD. With external voltage feedback, i guess, one could do the trick. 6v Zener diode inserted into the feedback line would increase the voltage. Of course careful testing is required. PS I fully agree that if you are not 100% sure what you are doing, it is better to get a proper PSU.. Fireworks for 4k$ might be too expensive...

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Even within buddhism, there are various descriptions of this, but in the mahayana tradition it [is] taught that the main criterion for an action being virtuous or non-virtuous is whether one’s intention is or is not virtuous. If you hold the motivation in your mind to be of benefit to others and that they may come to enjoy temporary and ultimate happiness and well-being, whatever actions of body, speech, and mind you may perform, they will all be on the side of virtue. But if you act with a negative mindset, out of a motivation that is afflicted by being jealous, malicious, competitive, and so on toward others, whatever you do will be non-virtuous. In brief, whether an action is considered as virtuous or non-virtuous depends mainly upon the underlying motivation or mindset either positive or negative. The results of good actions will also be good, while the outcomes of bad actions will be negative and painful. from the book Heart Advice of the Karmapa Read a random quote or see all quotes by the 17th Karmapa. Further quotes from the book Heart Advice of the Karmapa: - The Essence of the Buddhist teachings - Compassion is the root of all practice - A reminder to myself - Importance of meditation - Becoming independent practitioners - Nurturing the principle of benefiting others - Practicing love and compassion in an impartial way - Accomplishing Happiness - Buddha’s Travels - Having confidence and trust in ourselves and in our teacher

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A while ago, I wrote about zero resistance ammeter. The more common name for it is transimpedance amplifier. It is a device that converts current to voltage. So an ammeter really. But unlike the ordinary ammeter, transimpedance amplifier (TIA) has zero voltage drop across its terminals. To achieve that, it has to be an active device. The most simple form comprises of an op-amp in inverting configuration with a single resistor, RF, that determines the transimpedance gain. In reality, there has to be an additional capacitor, CF, to compensate for the op-amps input capacitance [Figure 1]. The output voltage is then V = -RF·I. An excellent overview on this topic from Robert A. Pease can be found here: http://electronicdesign.com/analog/whats-all-transimpedance-amplifier-stuff-anyhow-part-1. |Figure 1: The principle of transimpedance amplifier.| The big advantage of TIA is that is has zero voltage drop on its terminals so it does not affect the circuit being measured – unlike a regular multimeter. Also, regular multimeters tend to be much less precise on current measurements than on voltage measurements. Using a precision current to voltage converter, you can increase the precision of measurement and not influence the measured circuit at the same time! When one range is not enough If you need more gains (ranges), then you can place a switch in series with the resistors. It is a good idea to have a make-before-break (shorting) switch so you don't interrupt the flow of current during switching. The switch, however, adds uncompensated capacitance and series resistance. This limits the use of semiconductor switches because their capacitance is typically higher than the capacitance of mechanical and electromechanical (relay) switches. Switch resistance will produce a measurement error which increases when the value of gain resistor decreases. It is possible to use a double throw switch and use the second part to sense the voltage drop before the current enters the first part of the switch. Powering from a single supply To have a bipolar ammeter on single supply, you will need another op-amp for biasing. This op-amp needs to be as fast and as powerful as the first one. Remember, the op-amps will be sourcing/sinking the same current you are measuring. The design idea My design [Figure 2, 3] uses two OPA567 power op-amps in non-inverting configuration supplied from a single cell li-ion battery (RCR123A). One of the op-amps is held at bias voltage of 1.25 V (from a series voltage reference). The second is controlled by OPA320 in such a way that its voltage creates zero potential difference between the sense terminals. The reason for using OPA320 is that its input offset voltage is very low. Both OPA567s are used only for their high current capabilities. This configuration also enables easy remote (4-wire) sensing which elliminates the input cable resistance [Figure 4]. The current passes through precision (0.1%) resistors, the switch and two protecting PTCs. The voltage drop across the precision resistors is multiplied by two using an instrumentation amplifier INA333 referenced to the 1.25 V node. This amplifier isolates the voltage output so any loading of the output terminals does not affect the TIA's operation. The output voltage range is ±1 V so the voltage drop across the precision resistors is 0.5 V maximum. The remaining 0.75 V can be (although not entirely because the OPA567 cannot swing to exactly zero) sacrificed on other resistances, particularly the two PTC protection fuses and cables that will connect the TIA to its source. |Figure 2: Complete schematic of my transimpedance amplifier.| |Figure 3: Finished prototype. The range is switched to 1 V = 1 mA. Green LED on the left indicates battery OK. Red LED on the right would indicated an overload.| |Figure 4: Testing the input offset voltage. At 102.9 mA (range set at 1 V = 100 mA), the input terminals were 30 µV apart.| Safety and monitoring Output is ESD protected by high-speed TPD2E001 diode array and 100R series resistors. Inputs are protected by series resistors (sensing) and PTCs (power). Battery input is reverse-polarity protected and also has a PTC and a TVS. A microprocessor (ATTINY24A) monitors the battery voltage, output voltage of the instrumentation amplifier and output voltages of both power op-amps. Firmware controls whether the battery is OK and the output voltages stay in the device limits so there will be no clipping of the signal. Two LEDs are controlled by the micro: One shows the battery charge status and the other indicates overvoltage. The overload LED control is latching so it will be visible even when the overload has low duty cycle. If battery voltage drops below 3 V, the LED will shine red, if it drops further to 2.7 V, the LED will blink and the microprocessor will shut down the power amplifiers because they will no longer be guaranteed to deliver enough power. At this voltage, the device effectively shuts down. Going below 1.8 V will disable the microprocessor as the brown-out detection will trigger. That means the LED won't blink any more and the device will be "dead". The battery monitoring system has some hysteresis built into it so the LED does not change its color wildly. Thermal protection is built in the OPA567s and the microprocessor also monitors this and will indicate overheat using the red overload LED. A mechanical switch physically disconnects both battery and one of the inputs so no current can flow when the device is unpowered. The bandwidth is approximately 10 kHz, above that the THD starts to rise. The maximum rated current is 100 mA. With active cooling and different switch, up to 1 A will be reasonable. Minimum current range is 1 µA because the switch has 6 poles and I am using decadic ranges. Lower current ranges will be also reasonable but the input bias current of INA333 is 70 pA so 100 nA would be the lowest high-precision range. Remote (4-wire or Kelvin) sensing is enabled by a mechanical switch and is there to compensate for cable resistance. The quiescent current is 16.2 mA so the maximum runtime on 650 mAh cell is 40 hours. But it will depend on how high the measured current is. The device must supply the same amount of current as is being measured so at the maximum (100 mA), the runtime on single charge would be about 5.5 hours. If you are interested in the design files, all resources can be found on my Google Drive.

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Want to know what foods are high in iron? Find out about Mim’s Low Starch Diet for losing weight and treating insulin resistance. The resources you need in a quick and easy format. Candida albicans is a yeast which lives in 90-98 per cent of humans. Yeasts, related to moulds and fungi, prefer to live in a warm, dark and moist environment, so the intestines, vagina and even between soggy toes make ideal fungal hideaways. Coeliac (pronounced 'see-lee-ak') disease, was not identified until 1950, even though the symptoms had been observed for many years. It is an intolerance to alpha-gliadin, a component of gluten which in turn is a protein that occurs in certain grains, particularly wheat. While many people are quite comfortable including milk products in their diets, it is not uncommon for some people to develop an allergy or intolerance to milk. These allergies and intolerances are primarily to cow's milk and can take a number of different forms. Gluten is a little protein molecule that is found in some grains, including wheat. For some people gluten is a big problem as it sparks off an intolerant or allergic reaction. A healthy diet provides your body with all the nutrients it needs to function: protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Rather than being a limited and boring way of eating this actually means choosing from a wide variety of foods and eating them in all different kinds of ways. Here are some basic guidelines to healthy eating. It's coming into winter and you want to avoid having the flu lurgy over the cold months, maybe you've got a bug you just can't shake, or maybe you just keep on getting sick over and over and over again, and it's becoming quite a drag. Well if that's you, then you need an immune system BOOST. Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in Australia. Women are most at risk during their reproductive years, as iron is lost in blood during menstruation. Maintaining or losing weight is a concern for many people. Quick fix diets don't work. Studies have found that over 95% of dieters who lose weight, will regain the lost kilograms plus extra within one year. Protein is everywhere in the body. It's one of the main substances we are made of. Protein forms skin, muscles, nails, hair, body organs (the heart, liver, kidneys etc.). You've been asked to stop eating foods containing wheat... what else is there, you cry?

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Cholera has killed roughly 3,800 people in Haiti and sickened another 189,000, and it will continue to circulate in the population for the foreseeable future. The good news is that the number of new cases per week has dropped from 12,000, which it reached in November, to about 4,700, and the mortality rate has also decreased. Intensive treatment and prevention efforts (including provision of clean water and educational campaigns) have saved thousands of lives, and will have to continue even as the attention of the international community wanes. David Cyranoski of Nature News points out that success has been uneven, though: rural areas still have high infection and mortality rates, because many rural residents live far from health facilities and their areas have received less assistance with water quality, sanitation, and hygiene. Last month, NPR’s Richard Knox reported that public health officials are starting to give more consideration to the idea of a vaccination campaign. While many officials were reluctant to draw resources away from treatment and sanitation efforts during the outbreak’s early stages, they’re now looking at a longer-term picture. They also know now that the cholera strain circulating in Haiti is more lethal than others, and that more vaccine may be available than previously thought. Even so, there are several factors that will make a vaccination campaign challenging. The World Health Organization has “pre-qualified” only one cholera vaccine, Dukoral, and there are only enough doses available right now to vaccinate 50,000 people, Knox explains. (Adults require two doses and children under six need three, so the number of available doses is higher than the number of people who’ll be vaccinated.) Another vaccine, Shanchol, is cheaper and easier to administer, but hasn’t yet gotten the WHO pre-qualification that would allow UN agencies to buy it. In an article last week, Cyranoski reported that there are one million doses of Shanchol – which is approved for use in India – and that vaccine might get WHO approval by March. An expert committee convened by WHO recommends launching a pilot project using the currently available doses of Dukoral and creating a larger stockpile for the future. But a small pilot might not go over well in Haiti, Cyranoski explains: [U]sing the world’s entire stockpile of doses would still leave most Haitians without vaccine — a controversial prospect for the beleaguered government. Jean Ronald Cadet, the [Haitian Ministry of Health’s] vaccination programme manager, says the country is “90%” ready to go ahead with a campaign — but not on the small scale the WHO-convened expert group envisages. Asked about the small pilot project proposed by the group, Cadet says “No way,” shaking his head. He insists that Haiti would only consider starting to vaccinate with more than 1 million doses, with a goal of eventually reaching 6 million people. “It would depend on the pressure that the international community can put on manufacturers.” Who would pay for the doses? “The international community,” he says. “They brought us cholera, they have to take responsibility for taking care of it.” It’s a daunting challenge, but a Lancet piece by authors from Harvard Medical School and Partners in Health/Zanmi Lasante points out that ambitious health efforts have succeeded in Haiti before: This year, Haiti might have marked World AIDS Day on Dec 1 with some degree of celebration: as chroniclers of the pandemic have noted, Haiti helped lead the way towards an integrated AIDS prevention and care model that was adopted in many resource-poor settings when funding from new mechanisms became available. The size of Haiti’s AIDS epidemic has been halved over the past 15 years; AIDS-related stigma was reduced when treatment became available; and, in some settings, a significant fraction of HIV funding was steered into strengthening regional and local health systems. After giving that context, Louise C. Ivers, Paul Farmer, Charles Patrick Almazor, and Fernet Léandre call for complementary interventions in cholera prevention and treatment in Haiti: better treatment (including more health workers in rural areas and antibiotics as well as oral rehydration therapy), vaccination, improvements in water security and sanitation, a strengthened health system, and raising the bar on goals. “No epidemic of cholera is ever local for long,” they remind us, “and this one is particularly fast-growing.” A vigorous campaign to slow cholera and improve health in Haiti could prevent similar devastation elsewhere in the hemisphere.

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QR code stands for Quick Response code and is a type of 2D bar code. I’ve written about QR codes before on another blog, and they’ve gained a lot of popularity since then so I won’t go into too much background information but if you would like more history on QR Codes Wikipedia has a nice article about them. Why Use QR Codes? QR Codes are a great way to augment traditional media and quickly relay data to mobile users allowing them to instantly view it on their mobile device or easily store it for later reference. Mobio Identity Systems Inc an international mobile payments and marketing company released a report showing a 9840% increase in QR coded scanning during the second quarter of 2011 in North America. Internet marketing research company comScore also recently gave a press release revealing 6.2 percent or 14 million mobile users in the US scanned QR codes on their phones during June of 2011. Creating Codes and Identifying Content There are lots of mobile apps and websites which allow users to create QR Codes. Simply search Google for the phrase “qr code generator” and at least the first eight results will be just that. My preferred generator is one by the ZXing Project, who are also the developers of the Barcode reader app for Android. Virtually all QR code generators allow you to identify the type of content you are placing inside of the code which is important because it helps the decoding app determine the best way to handle the decoded data. For example if you’re placing a URL inside of a QR code you would like who ever scans the code to be able to automatically visit your link and not simply have it appear on their screen as static text, which is why you should make sure to identify a QR code containing a URL as a URL and not text. Aside from allowing users to visit URLs properly identifying your QR codes content can allow contact info to be saved to an address book, events to be added to calendars, geographical locations to be viewed on a map, drafting of SMS messages, and sharing of wi-fi connections without sharing passwords, just to name the most common uses. QR Codes and Design QR codes can be created with up to 30% correction allowance, leaving room from some nice visual enhancements of QR codes as recently depicted in a post on Webdesigner Depot. One important thing to remember when altering the appearance of QR codes is to maintain a fair amount of contrast between the code and the background keeping the code darker than the background, the aforementioned post has some additional tips for enhancing QR codes. QR Codes are Dead? Some people out there will say QR codes are dead mainly because a new technology called Near Field Communication which is quickly picking up steam in mobile devices, and is already implemented on most credit and debit cards. It allows a dynamic exchange of data between two devices, where as a QR code is simply encoded information being interpreted by a device. Here are my reasons why QR codes are not dead. - They are cheaper and easier to implement. Currently anyone with a computer can create a QR code and print it or place it on a website for free. - They can currently be read by more devices. There are currently a few main stream consumer devices capable of NFC while most smart phones on the market are able to read QR codes given the proper software app. - Simplicity, in many cases using NFC maybe like using a shovel when all you really need is a spoon. Do you use QR codes in your marketing or networking efforts? Please share any tips or experiences in the comments below.

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Mammosite Brachytherapy for Breast Cancer The Swedish Cancer Institute was the first in the region to offer this treatment for breast cancer, used after a lumpectomy. A balloon-tipped catheter is inserted where the tumor was removed. A radioactive "seed" is then placed in the inflated balloon to target the area of the breast where tumors will most likely recur. It delivers radiation internally to the tissue surrounding the original tumor. This maximizes the dose delivered to the area most at risk of breast-cancer recurrence. At the same time, it minimizes radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissue. The benefit of balloon-catheter brachytherapy is the reduced treatment time required — typically five days instead of six or seven weeks. Partial-breast radiation therapy can also be delivered without putting a balloon catheter in the breast, using an external technique called Confirma. This has similar advantages of a shorter course of treatment and treatment to a smaller area of the breast. It has the added advantage of not requiring placement of a catheter into the breast.

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An interesting article I (yiola) found on classroom /behaviour management. I believe that until you experience teaching it is hard to fully understand what it means to build a safe, secure learning environment that builds intrinsic motivation and confidence in children. I believe, in teacher education, we teach all that the article describes, yet students do not always see this out in the field. There are many reasons for this theory/bridge gap. Regardless of the gap, it is important that in teacher education we continue to prepare our teacher with best practice and provide them with both the “how” and the “why” of it. What I love is that we do not even call it “classroom management” at all… at the lab school it is only about building a learning environment that focuses on engagement, safety and securing of the individual. The idea of “managing” children is counter productive to the philosophy of building creative, innovative, independent and confident children.

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Definition of Apostles' Creed : a Christian statement of belief ascribed to the Twelve Apostles and used especially in public worship First Known Use of apostles' creed Learn More about apostles' creed See words that rhyme with Apostles' Creed Britannica English: Translation of Apostles' Creed for Arabic speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about Apostles' Creed Seen and Heard What made you want to look up Apostles' Creed? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).

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Monday, November 12, 2012 Budget & Tithing Activity Learn how to budget and save money. Discuss why it is important to faithfully pay our tithing and how Heavenly Father blesses us when we do (see 3 Nephi 24:10–11). Pay your tithing and begin saving for an education. ~Developing Talents #1 from Faith in God for Girls Price is Right (Budgeting) Lesson/Game: Preparation: Go shopping for things you can use and keep the receipt! You'll need 10-15 items. You could use things from your pantry and just run to the store and jot down the prices. Have two "showcases" of about 10 grocery/toiletry items one is the "economy" and one is the "name brand" For the game you could have the girls guess the total amount they would save if they bought all economy brands of everything they see. and then maybe give a small treat to the closest guess. My girls had very little concept of how much things cost, so I gave them lots of hints and helped them as they thought of their guesses so it wouldn't be meaningless. Explain what budgeting is and why we often need to look for lower prices ask them if they have done this or if their moms do this. We found that the average savings on items with economy brand for our game was $1 and we had 10 items. Thats $10! That could buy a movie ticket, a dvd, lots of candy, craft supplies, and still have leftovers for missionary and temple donations, etc. The bottom line: if we're careful what we buy, we can save for more important things. We also talked about how to decide when economy brands are a good choice and when they are not (huge taste difference, really unhealthy ingredient substitutions, less product in the same size box, etc). Again, explain the difference in prices to the girls and the value of sometimes buying the name brand (ie chex is gluten free, off brand is not--big deal for a celiac family, the difference in price for Bush beans and generic beans is tiny, but the taste difference is HUGE, do you need fancy paper towel or thin stuff, plain bandaids or cool character print bandaids, etc.) Lesson: What does money have to do with the gospel? I think it’s important to manage it well so that we have the spirit with us, strong health, and peace of mind rather than fear, headaches, stress, and contention. To manage money well, it is important to have a habit of saving for the future, budgeting (spend less than you earn), and always paying tithing first. You might ask the girls what they save their money for. Ask them what they do first when they earn money? (Tithing). Teach about the importance of spending less than you earn (can I afford it? If yes, do I need it?) Resources for teaching Budgeting: Elder Robert D. Hales, an apostle taught in conference two good questions to always remember when you are spending money. The first he learned when he was first married. They were poor and it was Christmas and he wanted to give his wife a really special gift to show how much he loved her. His wife saw a beautiful dress in the store and he knew that was the gift. He encouraged her to try it on and see if she wanted to get it. She tried it on and loved it, but when she came out of the store, she hadn't purchased it. When Elder Hales asked why, she answered “We can’t afford it.” He realized that spending more than you can afford doesn't show love, we shouldn't do it no matter what, even if it is Christmas or we really, really like something. He always remembered how wise his wife had been. The second question he learned years later when they had been married longer and had more money. It was almost their anniversary and he wanted to get her a beautiful, very fancy coat, but once again, his wife said no, this time she pointed out that she was the Relief Society president and was doing service around people all the time who had very little money and wearing a coat like that would be inappropriate. No, she really didn't need it. So the second question we should always remember. Even if we CAN afford something, we should always ask "Do we really need it?" If we don't we should try to be happy without it. Supplies: Four dice, LOTS of household items symbolizing long terms savings (or even shorter term savings such as a bike or electronic device) Examples: wedding=temple picture, wedding veil, Mission=Missionary name tag, tie, scriptures, College=anything with a college logo very prominent on it, family vacation=beach ball, Car=toy cars, House=toy house, house keys Put all the household items on a table. Before starting, ask the girls what kind of things we need to save money for and show them they items on the table that go along with their ideas. Encourage them to start saving. Then, divide the girls into two teams and sit on the opposite side of the room or a good run away from all the "savings stuff". Each team gets two dice. When the relay starts they pass the dice around their team and each girl rolls. If she gets doubles, she runs and gets an item off the table. The relay ends when all the items are gone. Take some time to see what each group collected and use it to review(i.e. group A saved for two missions, a wedding, and three college educations) The team that has the most "savings items" wins. The teams should stop rolling the dice if someone on their team is running. Tithing Treasure Hunt: I took a bunch of sandwich bags and filled them with assorted amounts of play money and treats. Then I hid them outside just like an easter egg hunt. I called each bag a "paycheck". I had enough bags for each girl to find three. Then the tricky part. Have each girl count her money and figure out how much tithing she would owe. I discovered that this math is pretty hard for 8 and 9 year olds so I suggest putting 10 of a denomination (10 $1, 10 $5, 10 $10, etc) so they can easily choose 1 to pay as tithing. Older girls might be able to figure out tithing on trickier amounts such as $50 is $5 $70 is $7 and so on. You could make play money, order some from Amazon, or just use your monopoly money. They will want to take it home since they "found it" though, so if you use monopoly money maybe have a treat for them to buy so you can get your money back.

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You PhD thesis is bigger and more consuming than your previous academic work. That's why you need to plan your writing, make schedules to meet your deadlines. After gathering all information needed for your topic, begin writing it. Follow the basic structure and the citing style required by your university. Always remember about right spelling and formal language you should use to make a good dissertation. Paper like this needs to be written at a professional level. Do not wait for tomorrow. Begin to write and research your paper just today. Take down notes of what you do think controversial or arguable in your subject area. Create your content and stick to your points throughout and implement into chapters. . Advanced research papers, like dissertations and theses, need to have methods sections. For students who are new to writing this type of paper, the methods section can be a mystery. This section is important because it lets the readers know what you did to get the outcome you found. This section is usually required in an APA-style paper and it is vital to maintain your credibility as a scholar and candidate for an advanced degree. There are special requirements that must be included in a methods section. These requirements need to be followed so the readers know what you did and why. These are the sections you should include: Participants: As the reporter of the process and results, you need to record who participated in your study. You will want to include details that might have made a difference in the outcome. For example, you will want to include if your participants were certain ages or if you had outliers, as well as what races and genders were represented, too. It is best to avoid calling the participants subjects, simply because of the connotation it gives. Materials Used: This subsection should include the equipment that was used and how that equipment was used by you and/or by the participants. Your equipment could be surveys, recording devices, video equipment, apps, or the scripts you used. It is important to include everything that you used to be sure your readers do not have any questions about what you used and how you used it. Procedures: This is the section where you explain all of the steps you took during your experiment. You will want to include your experimental design with the variables, both dependent and independent. It is important to also include the steps that you took in chronological order. This section should be very detailed, because the people who will be reading your report will not be able to stop and ask you questions along the way. This section should be reported in chronological order so the reader can follow through the entire process. As you are writing, be sure to follow the formatting style that APA requires so you style in compliance and do not have problems with plagiarism. Unlike the other sections, this is a simple, matter-of-fact part of the paper that requires no analysis. It really is just a simple reporting of the steps, equipment, and participants.

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Editor’s Note: This story is the second part in a series. Please read part 1, part 3, and part 4 for a more complete picture of Amazon deforestation. For as long as people have inhabited the Amazon rainforest, they have left a mark on the landscape. But never have humans changed the rainforest as dramatically as they have in recent decades. Since the 1970s, satellites have observed multiple waves of clearcutting as they have spread across the southern Amazon. With fire, chainsaw, axe, and heavy machinery, people have cleared more than a sixth of the forest that once existed. In parts of the Amazon where forests still stand, thinning canopies hint at significant degradation due to logging, drought stress, and understory fire activity. Satellites have provided scientists with unparalleled views of these changes. In addition to simply tallying how much forest has been cut, scientists have deciphered much about how deforestation has unfolded over four decades. One of the themes that emerges is just how dynamic deforestation has been. “It is not a uniform process by any means,” said Eugenio Arima, a land system scientist from the University of Texas at Austin. “If you look at deforestation patterns carefully, you can see the fingerprints of economic and institutional history etched into some parts of the landscape.” One of the best tools for reading the long-term rhythms of deforestation has been the Landsat program. With seven successive satellites, Landsat has taken a snapshot of every part of the Amazon rainforest every two weeks for 47 years, creating the world’s longest, most consistent record of change in the region. Most Landsat satellites have collected 30-meter images, with each pixel representing an area about the size of a baseball field—enough to detect even relatively small clearings and fires. Poring through these many thousands of images of the Amazon, scientists have used the data to analyze everything from how roads have spread, to how the size of cleared parcels has changed, to how deforestation has altered the water cycle. In the 2000s, Arima was one of many Brazilian scientists who launched a career by studying deforestation as part of the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). This NASA campaign examined how Amazon ecosystems were interconnected and how they were reacting to rapid deforestation, global warming, and cycles of drought. One of Arima’s projects, conducted with Robert Walker of the University of Florida, involved using Landsat to map roads and deforestation patterns, piecing together how those patterns related to what was happening on the ground. In Peru, Colombia, and other Amazon countries, deforestation has tended to follow rivers, which are often the main transportation routes to remote parts of the rainforest. Prior to the 1970s, Arima explained, this was the case for Brazil as well. (Brazil holds about 60 percent of all the Amazon rainforest within its borders.) By the 1970s, that began to change dramatically, as forest clearing spread from federal highways in a way that Arima and other scholars call a “fishbone pattern.” The pattern was the product of a major infrastructure and settlement initiative launched by the Brazilian government to develop the rainforest. It was partly an attempt to secure the nation’s borders and stimulate the economy, but it also aimed to provide land and a better life for people living in poverty in the crowded cities of northeastern Brazil. The government unveiled this ambitious road-building and development plan as hundreds of thousands of people were at risk of famine from a severe drought. “Families were typically given 100 hectares of land and told they could clear 50 percent of it,” explained NASA forest ecologist Douglas Morton. “People would go out with axes or chainsaws and clear a few hectares by hand each year to grow subsistence crops.” However, a few dozen hectares was not enough for most families, given the marginal soil in many areas, and most settlers ended up clearing more than 50 percent or abandoning their small farms for nearby cities. The highways and 100-hectare plots led to an unmistakable orthogonal pattern on the landscape. The fishbones became particularly common in northern Para state, growing out from Altimira, Uruará, Rurópolis, and other towns along the Trans-Amazonian Highway. Secondary roads, or travessões, were often built perpendicular to the main arteries, and deforestation spread outward in an ordered way as authorities handed out parcels to new settlers. While thousands of poor families did move into the rainforest in the 1970s, the large-scale, government-run settlement programs did not last. Within a few years, volatile oil prices triggered a recession that caused authorities to scale back support for settlement programs and to look for other ways to stimulate economic growth and develop the Amazon. The focus shifted to loan programs, tax breaks, and other incentives that encouraged wealthy financiers, often from southern Brazil, to invest in large-scale cattle ranching and soy farming operations. “The style of deforestation changed as official settlement programs wound down,” said Morton. “In the past three decades, it has no longer been families with axes. We’re talking about well-capitalized landowners clearing forests with tractors connected by chains with links as thick as my arm. They would literally rip down the forest, roots and all, to make room for industrial-scale operations.” It was a change that became visible from space. As a more laissez-faire, free-market approach took hold, deforested plots tended to become larger and blockier, spreading in less linear ways. The plots made available to cattle investors often spanned thousands of hectares, and successful ranchers also bought smaller parcels and consolidated them into larger ones. The images above show an example of this more modern large-scale deforestation process playing out in a rough-and-tumble ranching area in a remote part of northern Para, on the western outskirts of the town of Sao Felix de Xingu. Click on the GIF download below the image to see the sequence animated. After forests are cut, the downed trees and brush are typically left to dry out for a few months or even years, appearing to satellite imagers as a change in the “greenness” of the canopy. This visual clue grows more pronounced over time. When the dry season arrives, fires start springing up in these cleared areas. Often there is so much wood to burn that satellites detect fires over multiple dry days, or even multiple years. “When fires are unusually large, persistent, and along the forest edge, they are quite likely deforestation fires,” explained Morton. After the smoke has cleared and all the wood turned to ash, people typically spread grass seed and establish pastures for cattle. Today, roughly three quarters of the deforested land in the Brazilian Amazon—some estimates put the number even higher—is used for cattle pasture, with the bulk of it managed by large landowners. Where the land is flat and well-drained, a distinctive rectangular deforestation pattern—associated with farming—often emerges. In the state of Mato Grosso, for instance, private agricultural cooperatives took a leading role and parceled out large lots to soybean farmers (see lower right of the first image). “Parts of Mato Grosso feel like you’re in the middle of Iowa—huge fields, straight roads, and completely mechanized operations,” said Matt Hansen, a remote sensing scientist at the University of Maryland. Such landscapes have turned Brazil into the world’s largest exporter of soy, most of which now gets shipped to China. The transition between the government-directed settlements of the 1970s and the free-market development patterns that followed is particularly pronounced around Itaituba, a town along the Tapajos River in Para. The area was originally targeted for federal colonization, which gave rise to fishbone deforestation south of the river (upper left of first image). But when the government withdrew financial support, a power vacuum led to a free-for-all north of the river (upper right of first image). Loggers, land grabbers, small farmers, and ranchers all competed for new territory as they followed old logging roads that radiated outward from the town. As loggers and miners pushed into undeveloped parts of the forest, they built roads that generally followed the natural contours of the land and formed curving, dendritic shapes (lower left of first image). The sequence of natural-color Landsat images above highlights deforestation playing out between 2000-2019 around BR-163, a key highway in Para first built in 1976 but only completely paved in 2019. It links soy-growing areas in the southern Amazon rainforest with an ocean-going port on the Amazon River. “It is an interesting area because the regional economy was fueled by a gold rush in the 1980s,” explained Arima, noting that the main mining areas are along streams west of the highway. People who got wealthy from gold typically invested in ranching, which caused deforested areas to spread quickly near the highway. One of the key things to understand about deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, Arima noted, is that a large fraction of the rainforest is unclaimed, state-owned land, or terras devolutas. Since Brazilian law permits people to claim this land if they occupy it for a year and "improve" it (which usually means clearing it), there has long been a flow of squatters, land speculators, and others willing to head to the frontier. As long as there are people who need to make a living or a profit and unprotected land is readily available for claiming, the waves of deforestation will likely continue to wash across the world's largest rainforest. “But because of satellites, it won’t go unnoticed,” said Arima. “Scientists, resource managers—anybody really—will easily be able to see exactly where and how the forests are changing.” NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS/LANCE and GIBS/Worldview and Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Adam Voiland.

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Can you design a new shape for the twenty-eight squares and arrange the numbers in a logical way? What patterns do you notice? Noah saw 12 legs walk by into the Ark. How many creatures did he see? Lee was writing all the counting numbers from 1 to 20. She stopped for a rest after writing seventeen digits. What was the last number We had five solutions sent in altogether. Joe from St. Anne's school sent in a full solution as follows: Pranesh from Holy Garden school also sent in correct answers for the three questions. We had a pleasant chatty note sent in by Charlie from Culford Prep School as follows: You are absolutely right in your thinking, The following solution also came in but unfortunately no name or school was attached. Finally, from Hotwells School:

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[Image: Big Brother is texting you] Textise is a new way of looking at the Web. It’s an Internet tool that removes everything from a web page except for its text. In practice, this means that images, forms, scripts, pretty fonts, they all go, leaving plain text. What’s really cool, though, is that links are retained, although these are no ordinary links: click one and you’re transported to another text-only page, and that page leads to another, and another, and another… You stay in Textise World until you click the Back To Reality link. Because forms are removed by Textise (well, they’re not text, are they?), you might think that searching isn’t possible. Well, think again – the Textise home page allows you to search using a variety of popular search engines (Bing, Google and Yahoo) and display the results in a text-only format. Plus, Textise can optionally display a search box on some sites (BBC, Metacritric, YouTube and many others – see this blog post for the full list). Textise has many uses – - It can improve accessibility for the blind and partially-sighted. - It creates pages that are better for printing when it’s just the words you’re after. - It allows safer navigation to suspicious web-sites. - It can make cluttered pages easier to read. - It can show you what a search engine sees when it scans a web page – great for SEO! - It can show you what a screen reader sees when it processes a web page – great for ensuring accessibility! - It can help with web research. - It can help web developers add maintenance-free accessibility links to their web sites. See the For Web Developers page for more details. If you discover new uses for Textise, please let us know by adding a comment to this page. Note that Textise does have some limitations: - You can’t use Textise to visit sites that require you to log in, e.g. Facebook. - You can’t use Textise to buy stuff from e-commerce sites, e.g. Amazon (but you can browse their stores). Textise is free for small-scale personal, educational and charitable use. For commercial and government purposes and for large web sites (including, but not restricted to, the creation of text-only links that use Textise or calls to the web service), please contact me for a quote using the Contact Page . Payment can be made on a monthly or yearly subscription basis and the cost will vary according to the size of your site and number of domains covered. There are other benefits to subscribing, including site personalisation, and rates are always reasonable.

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He travelled to Spain in 1840 to complete his studies and he became Licentiate in Laws. From 1842 to 1844 he travelled through France, Belgium, England, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Palestine and Egypt. His mastwership in several languages allowed him to study history and political institutions from those In 1844 he returned to Cuba and settled in Bayamo as lawyer. He was director of the Philarmonic Society and of its Section of Declamatioo. In 1849 he was syndic of Bayamo Town Hall. From 1852 to 1855 he was imprisoned in three different times. He collaborated in La Prensa (Havana), El Redactor (Santiago de Cuba) and La Antorcha (Manzanillo), where, besides, he was editor. He played an impoprtant role in Buena Fe (Good Faith) Lodge, settled in Manzanillo on April, 1868 and began his conspiracy tasks. In October 10th, 1868 he uprose in arms against the Spanish colonialism in his sugarmill La Demajagua, freeing his slaves and proclaim the Declaración de Independencia (Declaration of Independence), thus starting the Ten Years´War. He hoisted another version of the Cuban flag having the same colours, and ten days later he made it wave in the seizure of Bayamo. In October 20th he seized Bayamo, being declared provisional capital and official site of rhe Revolution Government. There he settled El Cubano Libre, the newspaper.. In December 27th he signed the Decreet on Slavery which gave freedom to those slavces presentd by hismasters to fight for independence, and to those slaves belonging to owners who were obviously opposed to Revolution. In April 1869 he was appointed President of the Republic in Arms by the Assembly In May 29th, 1870, his son, Oscar is made prisoner by the Spaniards and shot when Céspedes refused to negotiate on the basis of his resignation, fact that proves Céspedes´revolutionary strenght. In December 31st, 1870 his wife Ana de Quesada became prisoner of the Spaniards. In October 27th, 1873, the Chamer of Representatives deprived Céspedes from his charge of President of the Republic. He, agreed this with discipline. He settled in San Lorenzo, Sierra Maestra mountain range, where he died in unequal combat against the Spanish troops in February 27th, 1874. He wrote drama El conde de Montgomery. He translated El cervecero rey, by D’Arlincour from French , and Las dos dianas, by Alexander Dumas and excerpts of Eneida from Latin. of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Carlos Manuel de Céspedes statue in the park named afet him in Bayamo, Granma.

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The volatile microbiome © BioMed Central Ltd 2011 Published: 30 May 2011 Skip to main content © BioMed Central Ltd 2011 Published: 30 May 2011 The first detailed temporal study of the human microbiome shows that individual body habitats exhibit surprising variation over time yet maintain distinguishable community structures. While the human genome is constant in an individual (except for somatic mutation), our second genome, encoded by the human microbiome, varies both within and between individuals. The microbiome is the totality of microbes that live in and on the human body, and the combined genomes of these organisms, the metagenome, produces a wealth of gene activity whose impact is largely unknown but expected to be significant. Each tissue in the body carries the same human genome in its cells, but each tissue presents a different habitat to microbes, and the microbial communities of these habitats have different compositions, and thus different metagenomes. The goal of many projects, such as the National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Project , is to describe these communities, and determine the phenotype-genotype relations essential for understanding the role of the microbiome in health and disease. The many past and present metagenomic studies of the microbiome generally do not address temporal variation, but rely on from one to a few time points for each subject or habitat sampled (for example, two to three samplings per subject for the Human Microbiome Project ). The most elaborate longitudinal studies to date have collected tens of samples in studies of newborns [2, 3] and older people , or environmental shifts caused by diet or antibiotic usage [6, 7]. These early studies move the field in the needed direction, but await technological improvements before they can become routine elaborate experimental designs. In this issue, Caporaso et al. make significant strides toward this realization. Caporaso and colleagues sampled three body habitats (stool, mouth and palms) from two subjects daily for 6 or 15 months, collecting hundreds of densely spaced specimens. To analyze these specimens, they used Illumina sequencing (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) to reduce cost and increase throughput and depth of sampling , and the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2 ) for low cost, high bandwidth computational resources. Both of these methodologies offer the prospect of moving future metagenomic studies from the limited sampling realm to the dense sampling that may be required to decipher the patterns of the microbiome. This experimental design moves the bottleneck upstream to the sampling phase. Taking full advantage of this increased data production and computation requires more samples, and this introduces its own cost and logistics challenges. As another technical sideline of the study, the data were a combination of sequences from different regions of the 16S rRNA gene, produced with different sequencing platforms: legacy data from 454 sequencing mixed with the Illumina 16S rRNA sequences. Sufficient concordance was observed between the data sets to allow the study to use the merged collection. There has been a prevailing concern that different sequencing methods, read lengths and variable regions within 16S rRNA perform differently in terms of the taxa they detect, so this result is of high interest for those who wish to combine data sets to increase the power of studies but are concerned about introducing biases or other confounding factors for the analysis. The picture of the microbiome that emerges from the study of Caporaso and colleagues is one of volatility. At each body site, there are relatively few taxa that are present throughout the entire sampling period. Rather, most taxa are classified as either persistent, being detectable in many consecutive samplings before disappearing, or transient, being found for only short periods of time. One has the image of the persistent organisms blooming to high numbers, only to retreat until they bloom again. All of this is amidst a flux of short-term visitors to the community. Another interesting characteristic is that taxa within persistent and transient categories can be different, allowing these communities to be distinguished. In the two subjects studied, the stool microbiomes of both persistent and transient communities had few predominant taxa: the Clostridia, Bacteroidia and, in one subject, Erysipelotrichi. However, the persistent and transient communities in both subjects could be differentiated by the presence of Betaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria in persistent communities, while transient communities uniquely contained Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli. In one subject, Actinobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were also unique to the transient community. The tongue and palms had many more predominant taxonomic classes, but none of these taxa clearly differentiated persistent and transient communities consistently across the two subjects. Despite this mercurial community structure, the communities of the three different habitats remain distinguishable from each other at all times. This suggests that the players in each community, and the bounds on their abundances and half-lives, are some of the differentiating characteristics of each body habitat. It is notable that despite enormous interest and activity in human microbiome research, no associations between a disease and microbial community have been shown. Perhaps this will change once temporal variability is taken into account in experimental design and analysis. Caporaso et al. move the field closer to being able to discern associations between microbiome structure and clinical phenotype by showing that the degree of variation over time is significant. It seems likely that this variation may provide a noise level that could obscure correlations. This does introduce a new challenge: how to analyze such temporally variable data to find robust relationships. Perhaps from this study, or future ones building on it, the number of specimens, depth of sampling, and frequency and duration of sampling needed to improve experimental designs can be deduced. One of the hopes for making such an association is to produce new diagnostic approaches for microbiome-related conditions. However, if long-term time series are required for these diagnoses, it will limit their utility. One hopes that within this volatile microbiome there are still unique and less variable elements to be discovered, and that these can be of use for more immediate diagnostic or therapeutic techniques.

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The duct production line will produce a lot of material loss when processing ducts on a large scale. If it is not handled properly and the loss is too large, it will cause a lot of waste of resources. 1. The edge material produced in the process of sheet cutting should be applied to the top of the duct as much as possible. Because the upper layer is concealed, it can be used as long as it does not affect the duct itself. 2. The special-shaped duct is processed in a centralized and unified manner, and the special-shaped tube should be processed first as much as possible so that all the large-sized plates left in the processing of the special-shaped tube can be applied to the straight-shaped tube behind. 3. Reduce unnecessarily complicated layouts in duct design, which can reduce the overall material waste. 4. Before processing the duct, it is necessary to carefully understand the structure and specifications of the duct on the drawing, so as to cause waste when cutting the plate, which is also a key step to reduce the loss. 5. The distance between ducts should be maximized when connecting, especially the small branch pipes can be processed according to the length of the plate, which can save the waste of duct accessories and speed up the efficiency of duct processing. Ventilation ducts are an important part of ventilation and air conditioning systems, and most of them are made from duct production lines. However, various reasons may cause problems with the duct processed by the duct production line. 1. The processing materials are not up to standard (1) Performance: The surface of the plate is uneven, the thickness is uneven, and there are obvious indentations, cracks, sand holes, scarring and corrosion. The plane of the air duct sinks and the side bulges outwards, with obvious deformation. (2) Influence: Air leakage from the duct during operation, the air conditioning load increases, and the life and performance are affected at the same time. (3) Reason: The material is unqualified and cannot meet the needs of making ducts. (4) Measures: Before using the duct production line processing equipment to make ducts, first check the material factory certificate, material quality certificate and appearance thickness to ensure that the material is available. 2. The warping angle of the duct and the angle of the elbow are not allowed (1) Performance: The two opposite planes and two ends of the rectangular duct are not parallel. The corners are not straight, the diagonals are not equal and the bite is not strict. (2) Influence: The duct connection will be unevenly stressed, and the installed duct will not be straight. If the flange gasket is not tight, the system will leak air, which will cause the loss of air conditioning load and shorten the service life. (3) Reason: Inaccurate lofting of board blanking. The ducts are parallel to each other, and the length and width of the sheets on the opposite side are not equal. (4) Measures: When unfolding and blanking, the sheet should be strictly squared, and the length, width and inspection diagonal of each sheet should be controlled so that their deviations are within the allowable range. After blanking, the two sheets on the opposite side of the duct should be overlapped to check the dimensional accuracy. Therefore, if we want to produce ducts that are practical, durable and high-quality, we must make sufficient advance and operational preparations before and after the operation of the duct production line to ensure foolproof. We provide customers with quality products and provide high-quality services If you would like to leave us a comment please go to

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Savings is good and investment is better. Both are aimed to handle your money to maximize its capability and potential to grow. Investing is to grow money faster than savings. It is usually into buying and selling. We invest by buying an item, a property, a share or a stock so we can sell them and gain profit from the transaction. Where should we invest? Some people seek the advice of bank managers, financial brokers or financial consultants where to invest their money. These financial industry experts would most likely guide you to the financial institution that generally requires investment in long-term. Like savings, investment also is better when given enough time to grow. It requires close monitoring though than just saving your money in the bank. How much should our target savings amount be? We put up an investment because we want to accumulate our money and build wealth for us and for our family. How much then should our target wealth be? When should we stop accumulating savings? As long as we have income, we should not stop saving. As long as we still can work, we should still save. We need to build wealth because we want to stop working in the future. Wealth accumulated shall provide us income when we stop working. The more it is much needed when you get sick or disabled. Instead of we working to earn, the yields of our accumulated wealth or the returns of our investment will serve as our income when that happens. What if you cannot save? Currently having an income that is not even enough to make ends meet, and much more to save is not an excuse. Savings supposedly do not have exemptions. You might not be able to save now, but it does not mean you are not going to send your children to school. Presently having no money for savings or investment, does not mean you are exempted from growing old and going into retirement. In the race of life, being responsible is to sustain your family now, and continue sustaining yourself and family in the future. Set long-term financial goals and decide how much and where you should put your investment. If your income is not enough for savings, find ways to earn other income by using your spare time. It is better to have more than one source of income while you are younger than doing it when you are older and more likely already weak to make it happen. No matter how small you can start with savings, it is important that you already have started. Research for advice and find a financial advisor to guide you to where should your money be invested. The more you will know about it, the lesser the risk because higher financial knowledge lessens the fear of risks.

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The best of EcoWatch, right in your inbox. Sign up for our email newsletter! Famous Moms Support Clean Air Standards to Protect Kids' Health This week, championship boxer and mother Laila Ali joined a host of other famous moms, including Julianne Moore, Jessica Capshaw, Christina Applegate and Maya Rudolph, by launching a new PSA for Moms Clean Air Force, calling on moms to unite in support of clean air standards and practices. Air pollution is among the leading causes of childhood asthma, which disproportionally affects African American children. Environmental factors and toxins also contribute to lead poisoning, childhood cancer and other chronic conditions, including intellectual disabilities and autism. Healthcare for these conditions costs the U.S. billions of dollars every year. “My life changed so much when I became a mother,” said Ali. “I speak out on air pollution because I feel like there are so many kids right now that are affected and it is really sad. You usually go to the schools now and so many kids in the classroom have asthma—way more than there were when I was a child. Air pollution is the chief culprit of childhood asthma. And it affects 10 percent of all children and 22 percent of African American children.” According to studies supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly two thirds of those suffering from asthma live in an area where at least one federal air-quality standard is not being met. Asthma prevalence is 35 percent higher in African Americans, and African American children have a 500 percent higher death rate from asthma compared to white children. Sixty-eight percent of African Americans live within 30 miles of a coal-fired power plant, the distance within which the maximum ill effects of the emissions from smokestacks occur, while only 56 percent of whites live within the most effected areas. Studies also show that increased levels of air pollution cause more frequent asthma symptoms and lower lung function in children, particularly in inner cities. Nitrogen dioxide, a common component in car emissions, is the leading asthma trigger. EcoWatch Daily Newsletter Get ready to toast bees, butterflies and hummingbirds. National Pollinator Week is June 17-23 and it's a perfect time to celebrate the birds, bugs and lizards that are so essential to the crops we grow, the flowers we smell, and the plants that produce the air we breathe. The U.S Forest Service unveiled a new plan to skirt a major environmental law that requires extensive review for new logging, road building, and mining projects on its nearly 200 million acres of public land. The proposal set off alarm bells for environmental groups, according to Reuters. By Teju Adisa-Farrar & Raul Garcia In the summer of 1969 a banner hung over a set of condemned homes in what was then the predominantly black and brown Brookland neighborhood in Washington, DC. It read, "White man's roads through black men's homes." Earlier in the year, the District attempted to condemn the houses to make space for a proposed freeway. The plans proposed a 10-lane freeway, a behemoth of a project that would divide the nation's capital end-to-end and sever iconic Black neighborhoods like Shaw and the U Street Corridor from the rest of the city. Michigan prosecutors dropped all criminal charges against government officials involved in the Flint water crisis Thursday, citing concerns about the investigation they had inherited from the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) appointed by former Attorney General Bill Schuette, CNN reported.

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TEACHER RESOURCES - WORKSHEETS These Worksheets have been developed for various grade levels and skill sets. They are in PDF format and require a PDF reader such as Adobe Reader, Foxit Reader, eXPert PDF Reader, or other similar software that can be easily obtained, usually for free, from various providers on the Web. AEDP holds the copyright for all the available Worksheets, but you are free to download them and use them if you keep the AEDP Logo on your copies. WORKSHEET A-6 - Identifying Man-made Objects Worksheet A-6 is for grade levels K thru 2. The instructions are extremely simple - just cross out any pictures of "man-made" objects. However, several of the items have been left very ambiguous, leaving room for interpretation and points of discussion. For instance, the rainbow contains man-made houses. The Big Dipper star pattern contains lines and labels drawn in. How should these be intrepeted? This Worksheet is in PDF format and may be printed in black-and-white or in full color. Download Worksheet A-6 HERE WORKSHEET - A Trip into Space Worksheet A-5 is for grade levels 3 through 8. The instructions are simple; the ensuing discussion constitutes the real learning session. Some portion of the answers have been left vague, or as mere suggestions, to facilitate a wider range of thought and interest. The higher the grade level, the more sophisticated the answers and discussions should be, and the more rigid the expectation of completion (Level 1 vs. Level 2) should be. Worksheet A-5 is comprised of the Student Worksheet and the Teacher's Guide. These Worksheets are in PDF format and may be printed in black-and-white. Download Worksheet A-5 is HERE Download Teacher's Guide for A-5 is HERE Answers given are not definitive, given specific argument, etc.

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From as early as 25 years old, our skin begins to sag and lose its density, creating wrinkles and furrows, mostly on the face, neck, décolleté and hands, showing signs of ageing. Other external factors, such as sun, stress, tobacco, and pollution, can accelerate the appearance of wrinkles. Over time, the face loses firmness and tonicity, the nasolabial folds (laugh lines) become deeper and the eyelids become droopy. The skin gradually stretches, leading to a sagging within the face. Lack of sleep and tobacco use are also factors that blemish the skin as venous and lymphatic microcirculation slows, and toxins build up. Skin then loses its radiance and the complexion becomes dull.

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N. Lewis and M. Reinhold, Roman Civilization Sourcebook I: The Republic 204. SOCIAL LEGISLATION: FOSTERING THE FAMILY In 18 B.C. Augustus launched his program of social and moral regeneration. Its goals were to restore public morality and to encourage marriage and family life, especially in the upper classes, and to assure the domination of the Italian stock in the Empire by increasing the birth rate. To these ends he enacted three laws. In the Julian Law on Curbing Adultery he took the unprecedented step of making adultery a criminal offense punishable by exile and loss of property and even sanctioned the killing of an adulterer caught in the act. The Julian Law on Classes Permitted to Marry, supplemented in A.D. 9 by the Papian-Poppaean Law, with which its provisions are frequently fused in the sources, eliminated some (but not all) class barriers to marriage, penalized celibacy, granted privileges to married people, and rewarded childbearing. Though these laws remained on the books down to the time of Justinian and were included in his codification, their efficacy was at best limited -Juvenal (Satires ii. 37) called them "dormant"; Tertullian (Apology iv) called them "most futile." The essence of their futility lay in the fact that the moral symptoms which they attempted to abate by legislative fiat were produced by underlying socioeconomic conditions that remained unaltered. (The situation is neatly epitomized by the fact that the consuls from whom the Papian-Poppaean Law took its name were both bachelors.) The result was widespread evasion and opposition, to which the emperors responded with occasional palliatives and numerous individual dispensations. THE SLACKENING OF THE MARRIAGE BOND In this ode, published in 23 B.C., Horace comments on the prevalence of marital infidelity as part of the general decline of religion and morality in Roman society. Horace, Odes iii. vi (abridged); Translation adapted from Loeb Classical Library Thy father's sins, O Roman, thou though guiltless shalt expiate, till thou dost restore the crumbling temples and shrines of the gods and their statues soiled with grimy smoke. 'Tis by holding thyself the servant of the gods that thou dost rule; with them all things begin; to them ascribe the outcome! Outraged by neglect, they have visited unnumbered woes on sorrowful Italy.... Teeming with sin, our times have sullied first the marriage bed, our offspring, and our homes; sprung from this source, disaster's stream has overflowed the people and the fatherland. . . The young maiden even now trains herself in coquetry and, impassioned to her finger tips, plans unholy amours. Anon she seeks young paramours at her husband's board, nor stops to choose on whom she will swiftly bestow illicit joys when lights are banished, but openly when bidden, and not without her husband's knowledge, she rises, be it some peddler summons her, or the captain of some Spanish ship, lavish purchaser of shame.... What do the ravages of time not injure! Our parents' age, worse than our grandsires', bore us still less worthy and destined soon to produce an offspring still more wicked. THE JULIAN LAW ON CURBING ADULTERY Various legal sources, collected in Acta Divi Augusti, (1945) pp. 112-128 (abridged) "No one shall hereafter commit debauchery or adultery knowingly and with malice aforethought." These words of the law apply to him who abets as well as to him who commits debauchery or adultery. The Julian Law on Curbing Adultery punishes not only defilers of the marriages of others ... but also the crime of debauchery when anyone without the use of force violates either a virgin or a widow of respectable character. By the second section [of the law] a father, if he catches an adulterer of his daughter ... in his own home or that of his son-in-law, or if the latter summons him in such an affair, is permitted to kill that adulterer with impunity, just as he may forthwith kill his daughter. A husband also is permitted to kill an adulterer of his wife, but not anyone at all as is the father's fight. For this law provides that a husband is permitted to kill [a procurer, actor, gladiator, convicted criminal, freedman, or slave] caught in the act of adultery with his wife in his own home (but not in that of his father-in-law). And it directs a husband who has killed any one of these to divorce his wife without delay. Moreover, he must make a report to the official who has jurisdiction in the place where the killing has occurred and he must divorce his wife; if he does not do this, he does not slay with impunity. The law punishes as a procurer a husband who retains his wife after she has been caught in adultery and lets the adulterer go (for he ought to be enraged at his wife, who violated his marriage). In such a case the husband should be punished since he cannot claim the excuse of ignorance or feign patience on the pretext of not believing it. He by whose aid or advice with malice aforethought it is made possible for a man or woman caught in adultery to evade punishment through bribe or any other collusion is condemned to the same penalty as is fixed for those who are convicted of the crime of procuring. He who makes a profit from the adultery of his wife is scourged.... If a wife receives any profit from the adultery of her husband she is liable under the Julian Law as if she were an adultress.... Anyone who marries a woman convicted of adultery is liable under this law. The law prescribes that when notice of divorce has been sent on suspicion of the crime of adultery, the emancipation of slaves who belong to the wife or husband or their parents is to be delayed for a space of two months, reckoned from the date of the divorce, to allow for employing examination under torture if the need arises. It was enacted that women convicted of adultery be punished by confiscation of half of their dowry and a third of their property and by relegation to an island, and that the male adulterers be punished by like relegation to an island and by confiscation of half of their property, with the proviso that they be relegated to different islands. THE JULIAN LAW ON CLASSES PERMITTED TO MARRY AND THE PAPIAN-POPPAEAN LAW Suetonius, Life of Augustus xxxiv Among the laws which he revised or enacted were a sumptuary law and laws on adultery and chastity, on bribery, and on classes permitted to marry. The last of these he amended somewhat more severely than the others, but in the face of the clamor of opposition he was unable to push it through until he had withdrawn or mitigated some of the penalties and increased the rewards.... And when he saw that the intent of the law was being evaded by betrothal with immature girls and by frequent changes of wives, he shortened the duration of betrothals and set a limit on divorces. . He ordered that girls might not be betrothed before the age of ten, and he limited the duration of engagements to a maximum of two years. Tacitus adds (Annals III. xxviii) that the rewards offered for successful prosecution of evaders of these laws stimulated the rise of professional spies and informers. Cassius Dio, Roman History LIV. xvi. 1-2; Translation from Loeb Classical Library He laid heavier assessments upon the unmarried men and women and on the other hand offered prizes for marriage and the begetting of children. And since among the nobility there were far more males than females, he allowed all [free men] who wished, except senators, to marry freedwomen, and ordered that their offspring should be held legitimate. Tacitus, Annals III. xxv Augustus in his old age supplemented the Julian Laws with the PapianPoppaean Law in order to increase the penalties on celibacy and enrich the treasury. But people were not driven thereby to marriage and the rearing of children in any great numbers, so powerful were the attractions of the childless state. Instead the number of persons courting danger grew steadily greater, for every household was undermined by the denunciations of informers; and now the country suffered from its laws, as it had previously suffered from its vices. Various legal sources, collected in Acta Divi Augusti, (1945) pp. 166-198 (abridged) The Julian Law provides as follows: No one who is or shall be a senator, or a son, grandson born of a son, or great-grandson born of a son's son of any one of these, shall knowingly and with malice aforethought have as betrothed or wife a freedwoman or any woman who herself or whose father or mother is or has been an actor. And no daughter of a senator or granddaughter born of a son or great-granddaughter born of a grandson (a son's son) shall knowingly and with malice aforethought be betrothed or married to a freedman or to a man who himself or whose father or mother is or has been an actor, and no such man shall knowingly and with malice aforethought have her as betrothed or wife. Freeborn men are forbidden to marry a prostitute, a procuress, a woman manumitted by a procurer or procuress, one caught in adultery, one convicted in a public action, or one who has been an actress. Conditions added contrary to laws and imperial decrees or to morality - such as, "if you do not marry," or "if you have no children" - carry no weight. In the seventh section of the Julian Law priority in assuming the fasces is given not to the consul who is older but to the one who has more children than his colleague either in his power [i.e., minors or unmarried females] or lost in the war.... But if both are married and the fathers of the same number of children, then the time-honored practice is restored and the one who is older assumes the fasces first. Persons are exempted from serving as guardians or trustees for various reasons, but generally because of their children, whether they are in the father's power or free from his power. For anyone who has three living children in Rome, or four in Italy, or five in the provinces, can, after the example of the other compulsory public services, be exempted from serving as guardian or trustee. No freedman who has two or more sons or daughters of his own in his power (excepting one who has been an actor or who has hired out his services to fight with animals) shall be obliged to give, do, or perform for his patron or patroness or their children services as gift or duty, or anything else which he may have sworn, promised, or bound himself to in return for his freedom. A freedwoman who is married to her patron shall not have the right of divorce ... as long as the patron wants her to be his wife. A man or wife can, by virtue of marriage, inherit a tenth of the other's estate. But if they have living children from a previous marriage, in addition to the tenth which they take by virtue of marriage they receive as many tenths as the number of children. Likewise a common son or daughter lost after the day of naming adds one tenth, and two lost after the ninth day add two tenths. Besides the tenth they can receive also the usufruct of a third part of the estate, and whenever they have children the ownership of the same part. Sometimes a man or wife can inherit the other's entire estate, for example, if both or either are not yet of the age at which the law requires children-that is, if the husband is under twenty-five and the wife under twenty; or if both have while married passed the age prescribed by the Papian Law - that is, the man sixty, the woman fifty.... They enjoy testamentary freedom in each other's favor if they have obtained the "right of children" from the emperor, if they have a common son or daughter, or if they have lost a fourteen-year-old son or twelve-year-old daughter or two three-year-olds or three after the day of naming ... . Likewise if the wife has a child by her husband within ten months after his death she takes the whole of his estate. Sometimes they inherit nothing from each other, that is, if they contract a marriage contrary to the Julian and Papian-Poppaean Law (for example if anyone marries a woman of ill repute or a senator marries a freedwoman). Bachelors also are forbidden by the Julian Law to receive inheritances or legacies.... Likewise by the Papian Law childless persons, precisely because they have no children, lose one half of inheritances and legacies. The Julian Law exempted women from marriage for one year after the death of a husband and six months after a divorce; the Papian Law [raised these to] two years after the death of a husband and a year and six months after a divorce. In keeping with the thirty-fifth section of the Julian Law, those who without just cause prevent any children in their power from marrying or refuse to give a dowry ... are compelled to give them in marriage and bestow dowry. Since the [passage of the] Papian Law the portion of one who is ineligible lapses and belongs to those named in the will who have children. If there is no one entitled to the possession of an estate, or if there is someone but he has failed to exercise his right, the estate passes to the public treasury.

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What is power? First things first, let’s go back to Physics class… Power is a measurement of work and more so the rate at which said work is done. To make this specific to cycling, power is force (how hard you are pushing the pedals) multiplied by velocity (how fast you are spinning the pedals). This equation will result in a wattage output. So, to produce more wattage you either need to increase your cadence (Chris Froome) or churn a larger gear (Andre Greipel). Why do we train using power? Training with power is currently the most objective and immediate measurement of what your effort is on a bike. Said another way, power trumps all other training tools (RPE, heart rate, etc.) because it gives instant and precise analysis of how hard you are working physiologically to propel yourself forward. Power also does not change based upon stress (both emotional and thermal), hydration status, or altitude. These factors will all drastically affect RPE and heart rate however. Power is always what it is! Another thing to consider about training based on heart rate, especially for the competitive athlete, is heart rate takes around 3 minutes to respond and level out when producing a given effort. So, if your coach or training plan instructs you to do “3 times, 2 minutes at Lactate Threshold”, but you only have heart rate, you really won’t be sure if you are indeed training at your LT zone. Whereas if you have a power meter, you can simply hit the lap button on your computer, and keep your average power in your LT zone, simple! However, the biggest advantage to training using a power meter is the amount of data it provides all about YOU. This data can also be translated into much easier to understand graphs and charts via Strava and Training Peaks as compared to years past. Training with power gives you insights into: - Current fatigue, fitness, and form. - Yes, heart rate can provide this too, but power data is far more precise. This monitoring tells if you are providing your system with enough stress to cause a training response, but also when you need to rest to decrease your fatigue and to prevent overtraining. - Objective progress. - Is your FTP improving? Can you produce more power at a lower or the same heart rate? Are your watts/kg improving? - Goal achievement. - Goals and achieving said goals are made easier with a power meter as you know what your body needs to be able to do simply by looking at others who have competed in similar events. - Pacing of events/races - Hello IronMan! - Race analysis. - Were you dropped on a certain hill? Did you bonk at a certain point in the event? A power meter, and a coach, can give provide you with the “why”. - The list goes on! You get the idea though. Disadvantages of power With that being said though, power meters are expensive, complex, and can be unreliable at times (batteries dying, forgetting to calibrate/zero out before each ride, producing huge spikes in power occasionally, etc.). Plus, few people actually understand how to utilize one to the best of its abilities and they can be very overwhelming initially. Fortunately though, the price of power meters decrease each year along with their reliability and accuracy increasing alongside it and, besides working with a coach, nothing will enhance your training more than a power meter. What do you think? Is power worth the investment? Have you experienced an increase of fitness using one? Or is it all just some sort of sorcery!? Interested in taking the leap into training with power? Check out our partner, PowerTap! For more information on GC Coaching and how we can help you increase your fitness using power, please visit www.gaffneycyclingcoaching.com

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Don’t Let the Risk of Blood Clots Stall Your Holiday Plans It’s the start of another holiday season! Before you hit the road with a trunk filled with presents and Bing Crosby queued up, let’s list some of the other important things to remember: Healthy snacks—check. GPS—check. Avoid drowsiness when driving—check. Know the signs of blood clots, huh? Most travelers think of a variety of ways to be safe while traveling, but many don’t consider a blood clot as a real threat to one’s health. According to the National Blood Clot Alliance, “On average, 274 people die every day from blood clots, and one person dies every six minutes from a blood clot.” Related link: Flu season is right around the corner. 5 things seniors should know Typically, the body absorbs a blood clot, called a thromboembolism, but when a portion reaches the heart, lung, kidneys, or brain, it can block blood flow to vital organs. This leads to stroke, heart attack, organ damage—or death. Anyone is at risk of developing a blood clot. When you couple some of the more common conditions with sitting in a car for long periods of time, it can increase the risk of a blood clot forming. As if growing old didn’t present enough challenges, people over 40 have a higher chance of a blood clot forming. Healthy living starts with adopting healthy habits. “Most people don’t think about it much when they are younger, but the habits we create at a young age influence our health later in life,” says Zachary Brown, administrator at Pointe Meadows Health and Rehabilitation. “It’s important to exercise regularly, avoid sugar and saturated fat, control prolonged stress, and get plenty of sleep.” Related link: 5 ways to exercise when you are just too busy Some healthy foods naturally increase the blood’s ability to coagulate. For example, foods that contain high levels of vitamin K, calcium, and niacin, such as leafy greens, dairy products, and certain types of meat and protein. Remember: we want the blood to be able to coagulate. This is a lifesaving process that enables the body to repair a damaged blood vessel. But a diet that contains high levels of sodium, saturated fat, high carbohydrates, and cholesterol increases your blood’s propensity to coagulate. And that encourages the formation of blood clots. “It’s important to be mindful of hidden sodium in our favorite meals,” says Reddy Kavinesh, dietary manager at Redmond Heights Senior Living. “Along with an increased risk in developing blood clots, a diet high in sodium contributes to high blood pressure and other risk factors of heart disease.” “About half of people with DVT have no symptoms at all,” wrote The Center for Disease Control. But they do recommend watching for the more common signs that include: Unexplained pain or tenderness in your arms or legs. Skin that is warm to the touch. Redness of the skin. If you have any of these symptoms, contact your doctor as soon as possible. If you have a road trip planned, be sure to allow extra time to get out of the car and stretch your legs. Walk around, drink some water, or play frisbee for a few minutes. The goal is to the keep blood flow circulating. When it’s time to hit the open road, knowing the risks and symptoms of a blood clot can keep you on the right track to your favorite destination—good health. A version of this story was published by Orange County Register. It has been republished here with permission.

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LATIN COURSE FOR TEENAGERS – PART XI TUTOR: Dr, JOHN WHELPTON The textbook for this course, Cambridge Latin Course, is by far the most popular in the UK and is used by over 90% of schools teaching Latin. Students will need to purchase a copy of Book V. You will be supplied with Powerpoints illustrating each of the Cambridge stages covered in Part XI. Please note that these are copyright materials and should not be passed on to anybody else. You will be welcome to contact me on email@example.com if you have questions at any time. There is also additional introductory material at http://linguae.weebly.com/latin--greek.html Session 1 Read and translate prīdiē nūptiārum. Revise subjunctive tenses and view SUBJUNCTIVE and SUBJUNCTIVE USAGE for perfect subjunctive, Translate examples in `About the Language II’ (p55). Homework: Prepare confarreātiō I and II. Read notes on marriage (p.62-65) Session 2 Read confarreātiō I and II with comprehension questions. Read and translate confarreātiō III About the language III (present passive infinitive in indirect statement).Additional examples from INDIRECT STATEMENT.ppt. Homework: Prepare amor et mātrimōnium and `Practising the language’ (p.61). Prepare for vocab. quiz on c.38 Session 3 Vocab test on Stage 38. Translate and answer questions on amor et mātrimōnium, Correct `Practising the language’(sing v. plural, accus. and infinitive). View LATIN 39. Homework: Review LATIN 39, prepare hērēdēs prīncipis I Session 4 Reading and comprehension questions on hērēdēs prīncipis I, translation of hērēdēs prīncipis II Review of forms of passive and deponent verbs. Homework: Prepare versūs Ovidiānī Session 5 Structure of Latin verse (with LATIN VERSE.doc). Read and translate versūs Ovidiānōs. About the language-2 (word order in verse). Homework: Prepare `Practising the Language’ (pp78-79). Read `Authors, readers and listeners’ (p.80-83). Prepare for vocab quiz on Stage 39 Session 6 Vocab test on Stage 39. Check answer to `Practising the Language’ (p.78-79): case forms, reported speech, common verbs). Brief discussion of `Authors and readers’. View LATIN 40. Homework: Review LATIN 40.Prepare accūsātiō I and II Session 7 Reading and comprehension questions on accūsātiō I and II. Commence written translation of cognitiō Homework: complete written translation and submit before class. Session 8 Checking translation of cognitiō. Conslidation of indirect statement (pg. 90). Read and translate dēspērātiō-I Homework: Prepare dēspērātiō-II and damnātiō. Session 9 2/10 Reading and translation of dēspērātiō-II and damnātiō. Gerundives (with GERUND AND GERUNDIVE.ppt and `About the Language II’, p.93). Homework: Prepare for quiz on stage 40 vocab, and read through Language Information to identify difficulties Session 10 Vocab quiz on Stage 40. Translation and discussion of dē tribus capellīs. Practising the language (pp.94-95). Brief review of noun and verb forms and discussion of `Language information’ and of options for future study,

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Imagine you smash a proton and neutron together. What do you get? Typically you get a deuteron which is the nucleus of deuterium, heavy hydrogen. Deuterium has one electron in its neutral atomic state. And it has two baryons, the proton and neutron, so it is known as a dibaryon. Now as you have heard, protons and neutrons are really quark triplets, held together by gluons in bound configurations. A proton has two up quarks (electric charge +2/3) and a down quark (charge -1/3) for a net charge of +1 and a neutron has two down quarks and an up quark for a net charge of 0. These are the two lightest quarks and protons and neutrons are by far the dominant components in the ordinary matter in the universe, mostly as hydrogen and helium. Quarks, protons, and neutrons are all fermions, particles with half-integer spins (1/2, 3/2, -1/2, etc.). The other main class of particles is called bosons, and that class includes photons, gluons, the W and Z of the weak interaction, and the never directly observed graviton. They all have integer spins (typically 1, but 0 for the Higgs boson, and 2 for the graviton). Figure 1: The Standard Model major particles: quarks (purple), leptons (green), force carrier bosons (orange), Higgs boson (yellow) with mass, charge, spin indicated. Six quarks in a Bag Suppose you collided a proton and neutron together, each with three quarks, and you ended up with a single six quark particle that was stable. It would be a more exotic type of dibaryon. It would have three up quarks, three down quarks, and it would not be a fermion. It would be a boson, with integer spin, spin 0 or 1, in this case. It would be six quarks in a bag, a bound state held together by gluons. Figure 2. Six quarks in a bag, a hexaquark Figure 3. The d* resonance at 2.38 GeV, observed at the Cooler Synchrotron in Julich, Germany Such a particle has been discovered in the past decade, and is named the d* hexaquark. It is seen as the resonance in Figure 3 above, found in proton-neutron collisions, and has a mass of 2.38 GeV (for reference the proton mass is 0.935 GeV and the neutron mass is 0.938 GeV). It decays to a deuteron and two pions, either neutral as shown in the figure, or charged pions. It is also possible to produce a d* by irradiating a deuteron with a gamma ray. The d* was already predicted by the famed mathematician and physicist Freeman Dyson in 1964, working with his collaborator Xuong. Their mass estimate was quite close at 2.35 GeV, using a simple quark model. Dyson just passed away recently; you may have heard of his Dyson sphere concept. The idea is that an advanced civilization would build a sphere of solid material surrounding its star in order to hold an extremely large population and absorb virtually all of the star’s energy. Larry Niven modified this to a ring in his 1970 sci-fi novel Ringworld. Hexaquark dark matter Azizi, Ageav, and Sundu have recently suggested a hexaquark of the form uuddss, that is, two up, two down, and two strange quarks. Their mass estimate is around 1.2 GeV, half that of the d* composed of only up and down quarks. It is expected to be stable with long lifetime. And also recently, Bashkanov and Watts at the University of York have made a nice proposal that d* could be the dark matter particle. The d* particle is itself unstable, but they propose that stable condensates with many d* particles could form. Their paper, “A New Possibility for Light-Quark Dark Matter” is here: The d* has one great advantage over the other proposed particles, it has actually been discovered! The d* has a good sized mass for a dark matter candidate, at about 2.5 times the mass of the proton. The authors find that the d* could form lengthy chains or spherical condensates with thousands to millions of d* particles. Unlike individual d* particles, the condensates could be stable ‘super atoms’ lasting for billions of years. However to make this work the binding energy would have to exceed the difference between the 2.38 GeV d* mass and the deuteron mass of 2.014mGeV, thus would have to be greater than about 0.4 GeV. The d* would be produced thermally when the universe was at temperatures in the range from 1 to 3 trillion Kelvins. The condensates would need to form quickly before individual d* particles of short lifetimes decayed away. The favored candidates for dark matter have been WIMPs, supersymmetric particles. But no supersymmetric particle has ever been detected at the Large Hadron Collider or elsewhere, which is incredibly disappointing for many particle physicists. The other main candidates have been the axion and sterile neutrino, both quite low in mass. These have never been directly detected either; they remain hypothetical. The d* particle is a boson, and the authors’ theoretical approach is that in the early universe as it cooled, both baryons and dibaryonic matter froze out. The baryons ended up, after the cosmic nucleosynthesis phase as protons, deuterium dibaryons, and helium nuclei (alpha particles, that are composed essentially of two deuterons), the main constituents of ordinary matter. What would happen to d* under the early conditions of the Big Bang? Bosons like to clump together, into something called Bose-Einstein condensates. Yes, that Einstein. And that Boson. Bose-Einstein statistics were developed in the 1920s and govern the statistics of bosons (integer spin particles), and differ from that of fermions. To confirm this model would require astronomical observations or cosmic ray observations. Decays of d* particles could result in gamma ray production with energies up to 0.5 GeV. Their decay products might also be seen as upward moving cosmic rays, in Earth-bound cosmic ray experiments. These would be seen coming up through the Earth, unlike normal cosmic rays that cannot penetrate so much ordinary matter, and the decay events would result in gamma rays, nucleons and deuterons, as well as pions as the decay products. Additional reference: http://www.sci-news.com/physics/dark-matter-particle-d-star-hexaquark-08188.html

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Frequently Asked Questions What is Closed Captioning (CC)? Closed captioning is the process of displaying text on a television, video screen, or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information, allowing the viewer(s) to understand the dialogue and action of a program at the same time. Closed captions were created to assist in comprehension for Deaf or Hard of Hearing viewers. Closed captions can also be used as a tool by those learning to read, learning to speak a non-native language, or in an environment where the audio is difficult to hear or is intentionally muted. Captions can also be used by viewers who simply wish to read a transcript along with the program audio. What is the difference between open and closed captioning? Closed captioning is a process of displaying text on a screen where specifically encoded text is placed onto video or other media for the benefit of Deaf or Hard of Hearing viewers. Closed captioning can be turned on or off by the viewer and requires a closed caption decoder to be activated in order to view the captions on the monitor/television. Open captioning is a process by which text is added to video or other media that is a written translation of the media’s dialogue. Unlike closed captioning, open captions require no special decoding equipment for viewing on televisions or monitors and are always displayed and cannot be turned off. What is the difference between subtitles and captioning? Captioning is text that appears on a video, which contains dialogue and audio cues such as music or sound effects that occur off-screen. The purpose of captioning is to make video content accessible to those who cannot access the audio content of the video, such as Deaf or Hard of Hearing viewers, and for other situations in which the audio cannot be heard due to environmental noise or a need for silence. Subtitling is text that appears on a video and typically contains only a transcription (or translation) of the dialogue. Is my film already captioned? If your film has the Closed Captioning (CC) icon on the package, it is closed captioned. However, not all captioned films have this icon. If you are unsure of whether or not a film is captioned, you may bring the VHS/DVD to Media Resources, located in the basement of Bailey-Howe Library, to have it checked, prior to submitting a request for captioning. What if my film claims to be captioned, but I cannot see the captions on the screen? Check the setting on the DVD player to ensure captions are enabled. If they are enabled, but you still cannot see captions, contact Media Resources to request a closed caption decoder in the classroom. What is the best software to play digital captioned files? We recommend downloading VLC Media Player, a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays most multimedia files as well as DVDs, Audio CDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols. Last modified July 07 2014 11:01 AM

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Mount Cleveland (Alaska) The nearly symmetrical face of Mount Cleveland, 1994 |Elevation||5,675 ft (1,730 m)| |Prominence||5,675 ft (1,730 m)| |Location||Chuginadak Island, Alaska, United States| |Topo map||USGS Samalga Island| |Age of rock||Holocene| |Volcanic arc/belt||Central Aleutian Arc| |Last eruption||June 2014| Mount Cleveland (also known as Cleveland Volcano) is a nearly symmetrical stratovolcano on the western end of Chuginadak Island, which is part of the Islands of Four Mountains just west of Umnak Island in the Fox Islands of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Mt. Cleveland is 1,730 m (5,676 ft) high, and one of the most active of the 75 or more volcanoes in the larger Aleutian Arc. Aleutian natives named the island after their fire goddess, Chuginadak, who they believed inhabited the volcano. In 1894 a team from the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey visited the island and gave Mount Cleveland its current name, after then-president Grover Cleveland. One of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc, Cleveland has erupted at least 22 times in the last 230 years. A VEI 3 eruption in 1944 produced the arc's only known volcanic fatality. Most recently Mount Cleveland has erupted three times in 2009, twice in 2010, and once in 2011. The volcano's remoteness limits opportunities for its study, and the Alaska Volcano Observatory relies heavily on satellites for monitoring. The volcano is primarily hazardous to aircraft; many of the flights over the north Pacific approach the vicinity of the volcano, and volcanic ash released from eruptions can damage sensitive electronic equipment and sensors. Mount Cleveland is located 490 km (304 mi) from the western end of the Aleutian Arc, a long volcanic chain extending off the coast of Alaska. Containing over 75 volcanoes, this volcanic arc occurs above the subduction zone where the Pacific Plate plunges under the North American plate. As the plate moves deeper into the earth, the increasing pressure results in the loss of volatiles, certain elements and compounds with low boiling points, from various hydrous minerals. One of these compounds is water; its addition to the mantle wedge formed between the subducting and overriding plates lowers the melting point enough to allow magma to form. The melted material then rises to the surface and forms a volcano—in this case, the Aleutian Arc. The native Aleut name for Mount Cleveland is Chuginadak (the name currently given to the island as a whole), referring to the Aleut fire goddess, thought to reside in the volcano. The volcano's name is a reference to its constant activity, and shows that it was likely highly active even in the distant past. Aleut oral tradition states that, at one time, the western and eastern halves of Chuginadak were separate islands, and that the isthmus joining them was created by volcanic activity sometime in prehistory. The "Islands of Four Mountains" name, the geographic group name for Cleveland and its neighbors, was given to the islands by Russian cartographers in the 19th century. Its current name, Mount Cleveland, was given to it by a U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey expedition in 1894, when it was originally observed by the USS Concord; like the other volcanoes in the Four Islands group, Mount Cleveland was named after prominent American politicians at the time, Cleveland having been named after then-president Grover Cleveland. Geography and structure Mount Cleveland is an almost symmetrical andesite stratovolcano in the Islands of Four Mountains, a volcanic group in the Aleutian Arc. Like all stratovolcanoes, Mount Cleveland grew as explosive eruptions, effusive eruptions, and lahars built it layer by layer into a concave-up shape. It lies southeast of Mount Carlisle and northeast of Herbert Island. Mount Cleveland forms the western half of Chuginadak Island, a broad and uneven bell-shaped landmass, and is the highest of the four volcanic islands. The island is completely uninhabited; the nearest settlement is Nikolski on Umnak Island, about 75 km (47 mi) eastward. Mount Cleveland is 8–8.5 km (5.0–5.3 mi) wide at its base and roughly 29 km3 (7 cu mi) in volume. The volcano's slope increases markedly with height, from 19° at its lower flanks to 35° near its summit. Like many other Aleutian volcanoes, Cleveland's flanks are especially rough up to 300 m (984 ft), covered by multiple overlapping lava flows and debris fans that form an apron around the mountain. Lava flows are always built on top of debris flows as a result of the snow melt caused by the emission of heat just before an eruption. The flows are generally short, under 1 km (0.6 mi), and thin, less than 10 m (33 ft) thick, and are somewhat vegetated. Although Mount Cleveland is the tallest mountain in the group, it is rarely completely snowed in because of its constant activity disrupts snowfall. A lack of extant erosion shows that Mount Cleveland is likely a Holocene volcano, forming within the last 10,000 years. All known events have occurred at Mount Cleveland's summit vent, but there are at least five small andesite to dacite volcanic domes on the lower flanks. At times Cleveland has had a summit lava dome. The volcano has no caldera. The eastern half of Chuginadak, to which Mount Cleveland is connected by a narrow isthmus, consists of several low-lying volcanic cones and two prominent peaks that have been heavily eroded, partly by glaciers. Known as the Tana volcanic complex, the two features measure 1,170 m (3,839 ft) and 1,093 m (3,586 ft) in elevation. A sample of rhyolite has been recovered from Concord Point, the easternmost point on the island. Eruptions from Mount Cleveland are generally vulcanian and strombolian in nature, characterized by short explosive ash clouds sometimes accompanied by a'a flows, lava fountains, pyroclastic flows, ash and steam emissions, lava dome growth, and the ejection of breadcrust bombs. Hot springs were reportedly found on the volcano in the 1800s, and persistent fumarolic activity was observed in the 1980s and 1990s. Mount Cleveland is a site of persistent steam emissions and thermal anomalies that represent constant background activity. During 2011, a summit lava dome formed, by continuous intrusion of magma at the summit. Late in 2011, nearly 6 explosions demolished the dome. In June 2012, another small dome was observed. Little is known about Cleveland's early eruptive history as its remoteness makes it a difficult area to investigate, and discrepancies in names have caused confusion between events there and those on nearby Carlisle. Even today, not all possible events are confirmed as eruptions by the Alaska Volcano Observatory, and many are listed as "possible." In observed history, Mount Cleveland may have first erupted in 1744; the first confirmed eruption occurred in 1828. The volcano erupted again in 1836 (possibly), 1893, 1897 (possibly), 1929 (possibly), 1932, and 1938 (possibly). The first notable eruption from Mount Cleveland was a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 3 Vulcanian eruption that occurred between June 10 and June 13, 1944. Lava flows extended 5 kilometers (3 mi) from the summit, and an ash plume 6,000 m (19,685 ft) high was produced. Large boulders were reportedly ejected and carried out to sea by eruptive force. The eruption had the distinction of being the only confirmed direct volcanic fatality in Alaska; a small detachment from the Eleventh Air Force was stationed on the volcano at the time, and one Sergeant Purchase left his post early in the eruption to take a walk and never returned, probably killed by mudslides. At approximately 10:20, a boat sent to search for Purchase witnessed the end of the eruption. The island was abandoned for the remainder of the war. Mount Cleveland erupted more recently in 1951, 1953, 1954 (possibly), 1975 (possibly), 1984 through 1987, 1989, 1994, and 1997. The volcano has received more focused attention in recent times due to its increased activity: it erupted in 2001, 2005, three times in 2006, 2007, three times in 2009, and twice in 2010. Of these, the most significant eruption was the 2001 eruption, which produced a 12 km (7 mi) high ash plume. This plume dispersed 120 to 150 km (75 to 93 mi) across Alaska, an unusual distance that allowed detailed satellite observations to be made. Nikolski and the surrounding region was the site of several hours of ashfall, represented in satellite imagery as areas of discolored snow. This eruption significantly disrupted air traffic in the area. On June 19, 2012, a pilot reported an ash-producing explosion on Mount Cleveland. Due to continuing seismic activity, the volcano was placed on the USGS Volcano Watch List in the orange or "watch" category the following day. AVO continues to keep Cleveland on the watch because of a persistent anomaly at the summit. AVO suspects it could be dome growth. Other minor ash producing explosions occurred on June 26, July 12, and August 19. Today, the Alaska Volcano Observatory monitors activity at Mount Cleveland using satellite imagery. Cloud cover often obscures the volcano, which makes many events difficult to follow. In addition, the low resolution of the satellite imagery allows minor events, which do not make an impression on the satellite picture, to pass unnoticed. There are no seismic or geophysical instruments on the mountain (the nearest are in Nikolski), and some eruptions are first observed by pilots flying over the volcano. A field study was conducted in late 2001, and an automatic system based on thermal anomalies was implemented following eruptive events in 2005. In recent years the Alaska Volcano Observatory has made an effort to expand volcanic coverage westward along the Aleutian Arc. The biggest threat posed by an eruption from Mount Cleveland is its ash plume, which can damage sensitive electronic equipment on overflying planes. Many aircraft traveling over the North Pacific and over the Arctic come within the vicinity of such a plume; the only way to avoid damage is to reroute the flight, which delays arrival time and adds $5,500 to $6,000 in extra fuel costs. Cleveland has therefore been assessed by the United States Geological Survey as a volcano with "[a] high aviation threat score and no real-time ground based monitoring at the present time". - List of volcanoes in Alaska - List of Ultras of North America - List of Ultras of the United States - Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska - "Cleveland description and statistics". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 4 September 2010. - "Alaska & Hawaii P1500s - the Ultras". PeakList.org. Retrieved 2013-01-06. - K .L. Wallace, R. G. McGimpsy, and T. P. Miller (2000). "Historically Active Volcanoes in Alaska – A Quick Reference". Fact Sheet FS 0118-00. United States Geological Survey. p. 2. Retrieved 9 September 2010. - James J. Simpson, Gary L. Hufford, D. Pieri, R. Servranckx, Jared S. Berg, C. Bauer. "The 2001 Eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case Study of an Aviation Hazard". Weather and Forecasting (American Meteorological Society) 17 (4): 691–704. Bibcode:2002WtFor..17..691S. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0691:TFEOMC>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 6 September 2010. - J. Power (18 December 2007). "Alaska Volcanoes". United States Geological Service. Retrieved 19 July 2011. - D. Chandler (5 June 2009). "MIT team solves longstanding volcanic mystery". Retrieved 12 March 2011. - "The North American Tapestry of Time and Terrain: Features: Aleutian Islands". USA.gov. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011. - J. Power et al. (2000). "Magmatic, Eruptive, and Tectonic Processes in the Aleutian Arc, Alaska". Southern California Earthquake Center. Retrieved 29 June 2011. - K. G. Dean, J. Dehn, K. R. Papp, S. Smith, P. Izbekov, R. Peterson, C. Kearney, A. Steffke (15 July 2004). "Integrated satellite observations of the 2001 eruption of Mt. Cleveland, Alaska". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (Elsevier B. V.) 135 (1–2): 51–73. Bibcode:2004JVGR..135...51D. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.013. Retrieved 6 September 2010. - M. Baker (1906). "Geographic dictionary of Alaska". United States Geological Survey Bulletin (United States Geological Service) (29): pp. 183, 186. Retrieved 29 June 2011. - J. D. Myers (1994). "The geology, Geochemistry, and Petrology of the recent Magmatic Phase of the Central and Western Aleutian Arc" (Unpublished manuscript). University of Wyoming. p. 41. Retrieved 9 September 2010. - "How Volcanoes Work: Stratovolcanoes". San Diego State University. Retrieved 11 December 2010. - "Cleveland". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 4 September 2010. - Steven J. Smith (May 2005). "Chronological Multisensor Assessment for Mount Cleveland, Alaska from 2000 to 2004 focusing on the 2001 eruption". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 9 September 2010. - T. P. Miller, R. G. McGimsey, D. H. Richter, J. R. Riehle, C. J. Nye, M. E. Yount, and J. A. Dumoulin (1998). "Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska". Open-File Report 98-582. Alaska Volcano Observatory. p. 65. Retrieved 7 September 2010. - C. A. Wood and J. Kienle (27 November 1992). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-521-43811-7. Retrieved 6 September 2010. - "Tana". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 29 December 2010. - H. C. Graves (16 February 1916). United States Coast Pilot: Alaska. Part II. Yakutat Bay to Arctic Ocean. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. p. 217. Retrieved 11 December 2010. - "Activity at Cleveland Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". NASA Earth Observatory. 3 January 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010. - "Cleveland reported activity". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 5 September 2010. - Sappenfield, Mark (May 5, 2013). "Cleveland Volcano explosions put air travel on alert: Who could be affected?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 May 2013. - "Restless Mount Cleveland". NASA Earth Observatory. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010. - R. G. McGimsey, C. A. Neal, J. P. Dixon (2007). "2005 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory". Professional Paper 20075269. Alaska Volcano Observatory. p. 93. Retrieved 7 September 2010. - "20th Anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory". Flyer. Alaska Volcano Observatory. 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2010. - "An Assessment of Volcanic Threat and Monitoring Capabilities in the United States: Framework for the National Volcano Early Warning System". Open File Report 2005-1164. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

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A diagnostic tool, which can be used by mental health clinicians to assess children and teenagers, is to be evaluated by experts from the University of Nottingham and Institute of Mental Health, thanks to a £1.5m NIHR grant. The STADIA study (STAndardised DIagnostic Assessment for children and adolescents with emotional difficulties) will test the clinical and cost effectiveness of a standardised diagnostic assessment tool, as an addition to usual clinical care, on the diagnosis of emotional disorders in children and adolescents who are referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). The tool is called the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) and consists of a package of interviews/questionnaires designed to support diagnostic practice. It can be completed digitally online by parents and young people aged 11 upwards rather than face to face, soon after the referral has been received by CAMHS - a factor which could help in the process of diagnosis. Mental health disorders affect around 1 in 8 children and young people, most commonly emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. The multi-disciplinary nature of CAMHS means that children are seen by practitioners from different professional backgrounds, with variations in the nature and scope of assessments offered - for example, a previous study found that less than a third of referred children who met criteria for depression had this diagnosed clinically. The STADIA trial will involve around 1,200 children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17 presenting with emotional difficulties referred to CAMHS who will be randomly assigned to two groups. One group will receive usual clinical care (including assessment as usual, where applicable) and the other group will additionally complete the DAWBA assessment tool soon after the referral has been received by CAMHS. Leading the study, Professor Kapil Sayal , said: “Children and young people with emotional difficulties often also have wider difficulties such as self-harm, poor physical health, and problems with schooling, friendships, family relationships and taking part in wider day-to-day activities. These difficulties can have a long-lasting impact into adulthood. For children and their families, receiving the correct diagnosis is vital so that appropriate care and interventions can be offered. “Currently, the NHS has limited information about whether standard assessment approaches can help these children and their families. By evaluating different approaches to assessment within CAMHS, and sharing the findings, this research will help improve care and inform clinical guidelines. The findings will help the NHS decide how best to ensure value for money in diagnosis approaches for mental health problems among children and teenagers.” The study will work closely with clinicians and patients across Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust’s CAMHS service, as well as with four other NHS Trusts across England, throughout the four year study. The NHS Trusts taking part are in London, Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, the East Midlands and the North West. Team members include a parent co-applicant and the study will have Parent and Young Person Advisory Group Panels. Professor Hywel Williams, Director of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme, which funded the study, said: "This is an important area of research. Mental health problems of children and adolescents often impact into adulthood. We hope this research will help children experiencing emotional difficulties, and their families, by assisting clinicians in making better diagnosis decisions so the appropriate care and treatment can be offered." Other research collaborators include the University of Nottingham’s Clinical Trials Unit who will coordinate the study, and the NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative.

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The Baroque Architecture of Sicily Maria Giuffrè, Photographs by Melo Minnella London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2008 Both Niklaus Pevsner and Christian Norberg-Schultz, following different routes, were unable to incorporate in their books the story of Sicily's remarkable and original achievement. One key exception to this denial was Anthony Blunt's survey published 40 years ago.1 Even following this notable precedent, the previous publications of Professor Giuffrè rather indicate that she has ploughed a solitary, but enriching furrow, from her two publications in Palermo onwards. This volume at last demonstrates the extent to which such an outstanding home-grown talent can still become less than adequately known in the broader arena, notwithstanding the remarkable conclusions which the work offers. She has remained based at the School of Architecture, Palermo, as was her mentor the late Professor Salvatore Boscarino. Perhaps what has also previously been required is a colour photographic survey that does justice to the extraordinary range of the Sicilian Baroque. Now the photographer Melo Minnella has provided this in profusion, and the publishers have not stinted her achievement. Certain cultural phenomena from the wider world have impacted on the fuller awareness of Sicilian culture and history. For example, Visconti's film of Giuseppe di Lampedusa's famous historical novel 'The Leopard'2 drew in situ on such memorable scenarios, as in the Palazzo Gravina, Palermo, where the ballroom scene was played out in 'a large gallery with a majolica floor and a vault pierced with openings'.3 Indeed, the reality of Sicily today is evident from a visit to the Villa Lampedusa, close to Palermo. 'In the courtyard of the Villa Lampedusa, a few miles from Palermo, Friesian cows pick their way carefully through the rubble', said the historian William Dalrymple. And of various other properties of this once great dynasty, little now remains. Their Palazzo Cuto at Santa Margerita - 'most beautiful of all the palaces' - was stricken by an earthquake in 1968 and still lies in disarray. Previously, the old Palazzo Lampedusa in Palermo was itself devastated by stray American bombs in 1943. It was perhaps unwarranted of the novelist Gesualdo Bufalino, in making the case for destruction, to state (quoted by the author) 'almost blessing the 1993 earthquake, a catalyst for so much construction'. The earthquakes of 1726 and 1751 were, in that respect for Palermo, particularly relevant, following that of 1693 in the south-east of the island. The catalogue of environmental disasters that have afflicted Sicily now makes it all the more crucial that international conservation bodies weigh in before there is a further collapse of an irreplaceable heritage. As Giuffrè says, Palermo 'gave and received, reinvented itself, and brought forth order out of chaos. History is not just a heritage to be received and transmitted. It is in a constant state of evolution. Therefore there is no one history to be told about the Baroque in Sicily, but a thousand different stories.'4 Sicily everywhere 'embraced' the prevalent international languages of those times - thought and expression - which stimulated ideas, events and encounters so that cultural horizons widened to incorporate new aims. The 'otherness' of Sicily springs precisely from her outwardly striving cultural identity. There might be less referencing to Rome, yet much to Madrid and Paris. Maria Giuffrè is based at the School of Architecture, Palermo University. Her work is permeated, by a long and deep understanding of the environment in which she has lived and worked. Her book is especially dedicated to the late Professor Salvatore Boscarino of the same university, who was the inspiration behind it. The book itself is not the product of an outsider's research, but rather the fruit of a long, internal evaluation; surely the only way to approach so complex a subject. The whole ethos of architectural restoration is here accordingly substantiated, by a profound local knowledge, a special awareness of the historic forces and pressures behind this remarkable efflorescence. The church and monastery of the Santissimo Rosario in Palma di Montechiato, which played a pivotal role for a family such as the di Lampedusa, today stands as evidence. And in the case of Santa Margherita di Belice, vindicates the careful restoration over generations: the cathedral and its ancillaries still glow, honey-coloured in the late-afternoon light. The book recounts how the Palazzo Cuto at Santa Margherita remains, in contrast, an unrestored wreckage, after being struck by an earthquake in 1968. A much greater international restoration programme is required in the present climate. Anthony Blunt emphatically had made much (to quote Giuffrè) of the 'unique role played by decoration in Sicily at the time, producing something that was almost like a trademark - a style that was instantly recognisable, a necessary finishing touch to any building, an innate quality based on a long craft tradition. The arts of stone work, of inlaid marble and of stucco were an integral part of architecture and its history, in which they often play a leading role.' It is to that point that Niklaus Pevsner and Christian Noberg-Schultz took exception in their generation, as historians of a devoutly modernist persuasion, inherently unsympathetic to ornamentation and decoration. The use of majolica tiles is well illustrated here, further enhancing the exotic campanile of the churches of Cristo dell Olmo at Mazzarino or at Addolorata in Marsala, crowned with a triumphant Baroque extravaganza. At Palermo, the dome of the church of the Carmine boasts a superb array of polychromatic majolica tiles, complete with stucco reliefs. These skills in ornamental design run through to such key elements as fountains, exemplified by the Orion Fountain, at Messina, or by Montorsoli's further set piece of Neptune vanquishing Scylla and Charybdis, also in Messina. The varied contemporary categories of architect - many Jesuit - with painters and sculptors, were greatly supported by local workshops of high repute. A further earthquake in 1726 necessitated dome repairs, such as to Santissimo Salvatore, in Palermo - this was saved from imminent demolition at the time by the advanced technical skill of Giacomo Amato, who devised an ingenious system of chains in support. Skilled master craftsmen in this industry developed the workshops from which emanated more and more surreal features, such as balconies and cresting. In the particular example of the Palazzo Impellizzeri, Melo Minnella shows great skill in capturing in perfect focus this profuse and intricate detailing, again offering a surrealist fulfilment. The author herself points to a decorative frenzy of the time, within a heightened concern for the relationship of a building for its setting. Yet this concealed the strictly architectural articulation of the tectonic structure through from the early Baroque period to its 18th-century epilogue. She comments speculatively on the actual role of the architect Guarino Guarini in Sicily, whose movements were mysterious but whose influence was undoubtedly prevalent. He was even reputed to be more interested in wandering around Greek, Norman and Islamic remains in preference to other architectural sites while in Sicily. The central space below the dome in San Francesco Saverio by Angelo Italia is claimed nowadays to be under the influence of Guarini. It stands as a composition of a cruciform interior space 'juxtaposed with a series of hexagonal cells in the central space below the dome.' Norberg-Schulz called this type 'a mechanical space' in contrast to a Borromini 'organic space' - there being no integration, per se, between the different spaces, despite the circular form of the columns drawing the eye in a continuous circular direction.5 Some plans and sections here would have been helpful to readers. Norberg-Schulz may have been somewhat derogatory, but Giuffrè has been right to bring this out. The architect Giovanni Amico is here claimed to have been greatly influenced by Guarini and Borromini - even by Guarini's remotely located Our Lady of Altotting, Prague. That seems somewhat far-fetched. Even when Norberg-Schulz and Pevsner may be in the upstairs gallery, there might be more credit given singularly to Amico for his own inherent creativity. The author, the photographer, and indeed the editor and publishers of this fine revisionary work are to be congratulated for bringing the Baroque tradition in Sicily into the new age. It is to be hoped that this publication will engender much overdue further research and debate over the subject of the Baroque and lead to the study of this subject no longer being confined to mainland Europe. Furthermore, the standpoints here of the essentially modernist sages, Norberg-Schultz and Pevsner - for all their scholarship - should be further reassessed in the light of the highly decorative tendency (as espoused by Anthony Blunt) that did not 'blight' Sicilian Baroque, but instead gave it, via the tradition of workshops there, its full and final efflorescence. Incidentally, where indeed in Sicily was Guarino Guarini during those enigmatically lost years between 1657 and 1662 when he was only occasionally 'in town'? Perhaps measuring up those neglected Greek and Norman ruins. 1. Blunt A. Sicilian Baroque. London, 1968. 2. Di Lampedusa G. The Leopard. New York: Pantheon Books, 1960. 3. Giuffrè M. The Baroque Architecture of Sicily. Thames & Hudson: London, 2008: 168. 4. Ibid: 170. 5. Ibid: 158. The First Architectural Biennale Beijing 2004 It would not be an exaggeration to claim that the 21st century belongs to Asia - if not to China alone. Deng's reopening of doors and the economic reform of the 1980s and 1990s paved the way for a resurgence of the Chinese economy. The authentic and the twitch: architecture, tourism and simulacrum The authentic and the twitch: architecture, tourism and simulacrum – Increasingly, we now seek to verify what is presented as 'real': we are wary of 'simulacrum' having perhaps enjoyed 'something having the form or appearance of a certain thing' or having experienced 'mere image, a specious imitation or likeness of something' (Oxford English Dictionary). Sculptural Architecture in Austria This masterly exhibition has been organised with the support of, and in co-operation with, the Federal Chancellery of Austria and the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. It is the brainchild of the architect, Professor Hans Hollein, who curated it from Vienna in liaison with the Director of the National Art Museum of China, Beijing. It represents a long affair between Austria and China on cultural matters, and the Chinese authorities are to be complimented on their perspicacity and understanding for seeing it through. It follows an initial exhibition in Shanghai in 2001, covered by Studio International. Architecture Not Now As we approach the second decade of the turbulent 21st century, the level playing field sought by both practising architects and by teachers and theorists appears to be more than ever transitory

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Red Leg Running Frogs are a fascinating species that are able to be kept in small groups, though it is essential that enough space is available for all individuals to escape one another and have sufficient feeding, heat and cover opportunity. For a group of 2 - 3 toads you would be looking at a minimum of 60 x 45 x 60 cm. Within this space it is recommended to have a significant amount of cover in the form of rocks, caves, cork bark, branches and leaf litter. These frogs will utilize terrestrial space as well as arboreal space so it is important to provide some forms of climbing in the structure of your tank. A large water bowl should be provided so the frogs can soak and swim sufficiently. Any water going into the tank, including this water area will need to be de-chlorinated, which can be done with a liquid additive such as ZooMeds Reptisafe. Chlorine has a drying effect on amphibian skin, so normal tap water can 'burn' the frogs and cause damage. This will also be relevant in misting the enclosure. To provide sufficient heating and lighting for these animals, you will first start with a warm area of 26C - at the highest section of the enclosure. This is best reached with a basking bulb or ceramic heat emitter - either of which will need attaching to the relevant thermostat to ensure the safety of the animals. the cooler areas of the tank can remain 18-22C. Night time temperatures can drop to 15C - which will mimic a drop in temperature that would naturally be experienced in a wild setting. All temperatures should be consistently monitored using an accurate digital thermometer. Red Leg Running Frogs would also naturally be exposed to UVB and this is an important addition to your enclosure, boosting health and well-being as well as creating a more natural environment. Good examples of relevant bulbs are Arcadia's Shade Dweller or 6% T5 (The strength depending on the height of your enclosure). UV will be used in a 12 hour cycle, going off as the temperature drops and the bulbs will also need replacing after 6-12 month (lifespan depending on bulb and brand). After the specified lifespan, the bulb may still glow, but the UV would have deteriorated. High humidity is also vital in your frog set up and should be between 60 - 80% - this being measured with an accurate digital hygrometer. Regular misting and/or the use of a fogger, to ensure the tank doesn't dry out will help get the humidity where it needs to be. Remember this water will also need de-chlorinating. Live plants and moss can also be great contributors to this humidity. Red Leg Running Frogs are insectivores and will be fed on a good variety of crickets, locust, calci worms and flies. Gut loading in conjunction with dusting with good quality calcium, D3 and multivitamin supplements in an alternating cycle will mean the frogs receive all the required nutrients from the live food. Vitamin A is also vital to frogs specifically and plays a big part in vision, skin health and tissue growth - essential for an amphibian which can be prone to neurological issues. Swell SuperStore Red Leg Running Frogs: - Current Age/Size - Adult- 2 - 3 inches approx - Adult Expected Size - Around 3 inches - Habitat - Grassland, scrub land, Rain forest in eastern Africa - Required Enclosure Size - 60 x 45 x 60 cm (2 - 3 frogs) - UV Lighting - 2 - 3 UVI (7% Shade Dweller or 6% T5 - Depending on the height of the enclosure) - Expected Lifespan - 10 - 15 Years - Temperature Gradient - 20 - 26C - Humidity Levels - 60 - 80% - Feeding - Insectivore - Live food such as crickets, locust, calci worms and flies - Handling - Cannot be handled, as contact with our skin can cause discomfort and long term damage If you like the look of these animals, and would like any further information, please call the shop directly on 0161 351 4705, or contact them for more images or information at email@example.com. PLEASE NOTE - If you are looking to purchase a particular animal we would require photos of the set up the animal will be going in. Photos should include one of the whole set up and one of the lighting detailing uv strengths and temps as well as thermostat. We would recommend you provide these before travelling to us, via email.

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Climate is at the core of quality winemaking, but the concept isn’t quite that simple. There are many factors that determine the climate of a given wine region: latitude, elevation, aspect, sunlight, soil, geographical features, and more. It’s interesting, though, since grapevines themselves must take root on land, that one core geographical feature that lends itself to excellent winemaking isn’t actually on land at all: it’s water! Several of the world’s most prominent winemaking regions, both established and up-and-coming, are positioned near major lakes. So the question is: Why exactly do lakes produce such great wine? All bodies of water have significant effects on the climate of their surrounding wine regions, but unlike oceans, which have temperatures affected by major water currents, and rivers, which are in motion and can vary in size, large lakes can act as make it or break it factors for winemaking. Essentially, the lake acts as a moderating influence for surrounding temperatures, due to the fact that water changes temperature at a much slower rate than air, maintaining its temperature (whether warm or cool) for a longer period of time. Think of it this way: When turning on a gas stove, the air surrounding the flame becomes hot instantly, but it would still take a pot of water several minutes to boil. The effect of this moderating influence varies, depending on the other climatic factors of the region. For some very cold wine regions, grape growing simply would not be possible without the presence of a lake. Because lakes can retain heat, they warm the surrounding land, preventing roots from freezing during cold winters and protecting vines against sudden spring frosts and freezes. This lake effect is also helpful at the end of the growing season, allowing temperatures to remain warm enough for grapes to sit on the vine into autumn. Otherwise, grapes might not have time to fully ripen in these cool areas. Warmer winegrowing regions can also benefit from extended growing seasons, allowing winemakers to make richer, riper styles of wine, or even allowing certain grapes to gain enough sugar to make lusciously sweet wines. And just as a lake retains heat in the winter to warm surrounding vineyards, it maintains a cooler temperature than the air in the summertime. Cool breezes from the shore can be hugely beneficial to maintaining acidity in grapes during this season, particularly in continental climates where many of these lakes are located, as temperatures can soar extremely high. For a taste of the lake effect, seek out a bottle from one of these four lake wine regions, all with different styles and climates. The northern Italian region of Lombardia has many glacial lakes; some, like Lake Como, are more famous than others. The region’s most famous winegrowing area benefits greatly from lake influence. Often referred to as the “Champagne of Italy” due to its traditional-method sparkling wines, Franciacorta is located just south of Lake Iseo in central Lombardia, where the foothills of the Alps turn into well-drained rock and limestone hills left behind by ancient glaciers. Though the region as a whole is cool, Franciacorta itself would be warm enough for grape growing even without the lake’s influence, but its presence gives the region a mild climate and riper grapes. Sparkling wines are made from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, as in Champagne, and can also include some Pinot Blanc, but the wines as a whole tend to be richer, with more body and fruit. Neusiedlersee & Neusiedlersee-Hügelland Landlocked Austria may typically be defined by its most prominent geographical feature, the Alps, but in the region of Burgenland, one lake completely changes the kind of wine made in the surrounding vineyards: the Neusiedlersee (a.k.a. Lake Neusiedl). A large, shallow lake near the Hungarian border, the Neusiedlersee acts as a moderating point between Alpine drafts from the northwest and warming breezes flowing across the Hungarian plains. The surrounding regions, Neusiedlersee (yes, it’s the name of both the lake itself and the region, just to keep things confusing!) and Neusiedlersee-Hügelland, therefore benefit from a long, mild growing season, hence why these areas are able to ripen some of the red grapes, like Zweigelt and Blaufrankisch, that other Austrian regions cannot. The lake also has one more important effect on the surrounding vineyards: moisture. Autumn mists rise from the lake into the vines, and this warm, damp environment encourages the growth of the noble rot botrytis. Thus, a specialty of both Neusiedlersee and Neusiedlersee-Hügelland is botrytised sweet wine, with even rare Beerenauslese and uber-rare Trockenbeerenauslese styles able to be produced fairly consistently vintage after vintage. The town of Rust on the western bank of the Neusiedlersee is even home to a traditional style of botrytised sweet wine called Ausbruch, which bears many similarities to Hungary’s Tokaji. Given the name of the region, it’s unsurprising that lakes have an influence on the climate of the Finger Lakes. This upstate New York region tends to be cooler, but the lakes moderate the climate of the surrounding vineyards, allowing winemakers to experiment with a variety of both Vitis vinifera and hybrid grapes, though cool-climate varieties such as Riesling have garnered the most acclaim. The lakes also elongate the growing season, helping grapes to fully ripen and allowing some winemakers to leave healthy grapes on the vine until the winter months for the production of ice wine, a dessert wine made from frozen grapes. Not all of the Finger Lakes are created equal when it comes to grape growing, however; Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake are the deepest and lowest in elevation of the 11 and therefore have the biggest impact on their surrounding vineyards. It is unsurprising, then, that these two lakes have the highest concentration of wineries. In general, vineyards situated toward the northern portion of the lakes are located closer to the shore, to benefit from as much of the moderating effect as possible, whereas more southern vineyards can be positioned a bit farther away. Yes, the state of Michigan makes quality wine, and it simply would not be possible without the presence of a lake. In fact, nearly all of Michigan’s grapevines are located within 25 miles of Lake Michigan’s shores. The state’s four key regions – Leelanau Peninsula and Old Mission Peninsula in the northwest, near Traverse City, and Lake Michigan Shore and Fennville in the southwest – would simply be too cold otherwise, particularly to grow Vitis vinifera varieties. Even with the lake’s warming influence, cool-climate grapes tend to thrive in this cooler area –Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc, and Syrah, among others. Michigan’s location still makes grape growing tricky, however; in early 2014, the infamous polar vortex froze parts of Lake Michigan, destroying much of its beneficial lake effect and killing many dormant grapevines, particularly red varieties.

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CSTEME, through our Partnership in Innovative Preparation for Educators and Students (PIPES) research program seeks to respond to the looming shortage of skilled science, technology, engineering and math workers and the lagging performance of students in science and math through innovative and supportive partnerships with parents, educators and professionals. Not only do we want to keep the STEM pipeline full, we also want to increase its diameter by attracting a new generation of creative, artistic and innovative students to solve our future problems. We offer programs for middle and high school students and teachers to increase the pipeline of engineers and scientists. Opportunities include educator professional development, inquiry-based science workshops and summer camps, research and development, and student success intervention programs. Educator Professional Development Student/Parent learning and engagement Higher Education Access

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A half marathon is a road running event of 21.0975 kilometres (13.1094 mi). It is half the distance of a marathon and usually run on roads. Participation in half marathons has grown steadily. One of the main reasons for this is that it is a challenging distance, but does not require the same level of training that a marathon does. In 2008, Running USA reported that the half marathon is the fastest growing type of race. A 2010 article by Universal Sports echoed the growing popularity of the distance. It is common for a half marathon event to be held concurrently with a marathon, using almost the same course with a late start, an early finish or shortcuts. The half marathon is also known as a 21K, 21.1K or 13.1 miles, although these values are rounded and not formally correct. This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Half marathon, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

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|“White Butterfly” (5" x 7")| By Vic Midyett In this latest painting of Shirley’s, she wanted the butterfly’s wings to be the focus of attention, so she purposely only hinted at the creature’s body. She did the painting for a couple of reasons: A story in our Cherokee heritage features a white butterfly. And she has a passionate interest in aboriginal Australians, in one of whose stories a butterfly plays an important symbolic role. Here is another photograph of the painting, in different natural light: “The Bat and the Butterfly” is a Dhuwa teaching story told in the Rittharngu language in Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, which is the expanse north of the state of Western Australia, where we now live. The Northern Territory isn’t yet a state because of its very low population. (Its capital is Darwin, where the U.S. Navy has a base.) I derive the essence of the story from the publication Dust Echoes, by Robert Lewis, who writes: “The theme is one of breaking the law, as well as explaining the origin of two creatures in a dramatic way.” A young man – admired in the camp – abducts a girl and imprisons her in a cave. He blocks the entrance with large rocks so that neither of them can leave. The girl’s family tries to rescue her but fails.Lewis writes: “This story is about aboriginal moieties (separate families or blood lines with close ties) and what happens when an individual doesn’t follow aboriginal law.” In Central Arnhem Land, there are (even now) two moieties, Yirritja and Dhuwa. Yirritja families must marry into Dhuwa families, and vice versa. The young man tries and tries to gain the girl’s affection, but to no avail. One night she allows him to lay his head on her lap. And then she calls on her ancestral spirits and musters great energy to turn herself into a butterfly, thus enabling her to escape to freedom through a gap between the rocks. She gains the outside (which represents freedom, light, and goodness). Upon waking and seeing her gone, the young man turns himself into a bat, hoping to exit the same way. But the girl’s family prevents the young man from slipping out of the cave and forces him to stay inside (which represents confinement, darkness, cowardice, and deceit). In “The Bat and the Butterfly” story, the young man behaves like a coward when he abducts the girl from the camp. She is relatively powerless, but her strong will and goodness empower her to transform herself into a butterfly. In stark contrast, the young man is banished to live forever as a bat in the darkness. Shirley will soon be doing some work with the Spinifex Health Service, a remote hospital in the Australian bush, or outback, and she has framed “White Butterfly” to present as a gift there: We look forward to reporting Shirley’s experiences. |Copyright © 2016 by Vic Midyett & Shirley Deane/Midyett|

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Bed bugs are pretty small, and their mouths are even smaller. Bed bug saliva contains a substance that serves as a mild anesthetic, so when one bites you, it actually does you the favor of numbing your skin first. It’s very unlikely that you’d ever feel a bed bug bite when it happens. Bedbugs bite and suck blood from humans. Bedbugs are most active at night and bite any exposed areas of skin while an individual is sleeping. The face, neck, hands, and arms are common sites for bedbug bites. The bite itself is painless and is not noticed. Small, flat, or raised bumps on the skin are the most common sign; redness, swelling, and itching commonly occur. If scratched, the bite areas can become infected. A peculiarity of bedbug bites is the tendency to find several bites lined up in a row. Infectious-disease specialists refer to this series of bites as the “breakfast, lunch, and dinner” sign, signifying the sequential feeding that occurs from site to site. Bedbug bites may go unnoticed or be mistaken for flea or mosquito bites or other types of rash or skin conditions, since they are difficult to distinguish from other bites. Bedbugs also have glands whose secretions may leave odors, and they also may leave dark fecal spots on bed sheets and around their hiding places in crevices or protected areas around the bed or anywhere in the room. Bedbugs have not been conclusively proven to carry infectious microbes. scientists have found no evidence that bed bugs are capable of transmitting diseases to human hosts. For this reason, they’re considered a nuisance pest rather than a health threat. When bed bug infestations started to rise in the U.S., many health departments and agencies were slow to respond to complaints about bed bugs, because they weren’t considered a public health issue and resources weren’t allocated for combating them. But though they don’t transmit diseases, bed bugs still pose a health risk.Studies are ongoing to determine whether bedbugs may serve as carriers of other diseases. The majority of bedbug bites are not serious. The only known serious consequences are severe allergic reactions, which have been reported in some people after bedbug bites.

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Date: 03/04/98 at 16:35:26 From: Anonymous Subject: Conic Sections I am aware that there are a number of degenerate cases for the graphs of equations in conic form. As I have been told, one of these cases is two parallel lines. I have sliced a cone with a plane mentally in every way that I can think of, and cannot figure out how parallel lines may be achieved. I recently discovered that it had something to do with lines that become parallel at infinity, but could still not understand how the case could be generated. I was hoping that I could find some help here. Date: 03/05/98 at 17:47:12 From: Doctor Sam Subject: Re: Conic Sections Hi, As far as I know, there are only three degenerate conics: a point, a line, and a pair of intersecting lines. Geometrically, you can get the conic sections by slicing a pair of cones that touch at their vertices. By slicing appropriately, you can get a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola. The degenerate cases arise if you slice (a) through the vertex parallel to the bases...this gives a point; (b) through the vertex tangent to the cones...this gives a line; (c) through the vertex but intersecting both cones...this gives two intersecting lines. There is no way to get two parallel lines. You can see this algebraically as well. The general conic has an equation of the form Ax^2 + Bxy + Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0. If A = B = C = 0, then the cone degenerates to a line. If all the coefficients are zero, this degenerates to a point. If all but B are zero, the equation degenerates into Bxy = 0, which has two linear solutions -- x = 0 and y = 0 -- two intersecting lines. And that's it. You cannot get two parallel lines out of that quadratic equation, I believe. I hope that helps. -Doctor Sam, The Math Forum Check out our web site! http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ Date: 07/10/98 at 17:47:12 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Conic Sections You should also read a conversation from our archives about this topic. It not only gives an example of parallel lines but explains (if you read to the end) why it can be justly called a degenerate conic, aside from the fact that the equation fits the general form: Conic Sections and Parallel Lines http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/54756.html -Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum Check out our web site! http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ Search the Dr. Math Library: Ask Dr. MathTM © 1994-2015 The Math Forum

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I saw an ad recently that said “Don’t throw things away because there is no away.” But then I looked around a housing complex where I once lived and noticed that their garbage pick-up is still three times per week. And each time, nearly everyone’s multiple garbage bins are bulging. Evidently, not everyone is as concerned about the environment. Perhaps a better approach is to deal with the problem at the source: the manufacturers. And once again, we can look toward Mother Nature’s innovations. There you will find no waste because when it comes to packaging, there is an inherent multi-functionality of materials. Take shells for example. Clam, oyster and abalone shells are very hard to break because they are made up of alternating layers of calcium carbonate and organic polymers that gradually build up over a long period of time. If a crack occurs in any part of the shell, it won’t spread to another part on account of this design. Just think of the possibilities if you could make packages that won’t damage during shipping. And then re-use them over and over again so you never have to throw them away. Allan Sellinger and Jeffrey Brinker, scientists at Sandia National Laboratories, took note. They replicated this design and now have a process that can assemble the micro-layers in seconds. Not only are their coatings useful for automotive finishes, but they can be used for optical lenses because they are transparent. Surely there will be many more uses. There is also the concept of just-in-time package protection in nature. Why have packaging when it isn’t needed? The sea cucumber’s skin, normally pliable, stiffens only when necessary, as when struck by a predator for example. Perhaps it’s possible to make a soft container that can fit into all kinds of tight spaces for easy packing, and then it hardens during the part of the journey when it needs more protection. Active surfaces are another packaging protection concept that nature gives us. When the sun shines, leaf pores, for example, open to exchange gases and close when they need to retain water. Why not design an intelligent package that can withstand differing temperatures during travel? Efficiency in packaging is also illustrated in the way some natural materials co-exist. Seeds in nature ride the wind to distant places. Burrs and other sticky materials attach onto other surfaces for a free ride. Hence, the concept of co-packaging to reduce shipping costs. Innovations are endless in nature. For more information on this interesting topic, read Benyus and Baumeister of the Biomimicry Guild.

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The Ultimate Guide to Fundamentals of Graphics Communication 6th Edition Ebook: Everything You Need to Know about Engineering Graphics Overall the textbook covers a variety of important topics related to graphic design including history, process, and basic principles. This is followed by a few chapters on print specifically that focus on technologies, software, and the printing process itself. The initial sections on graphic design cover details like history and basic principles quickly, but I could see using this textbook as a great blueprint for introducing those concepts to students and inviting them to investigate further. Sub-sections like typography and color get further details, although are again fairly brief introductions to the concepts. The print fundamentals sections are very technical and walk readers through the steps more substantially, although their relevance to a particular course is more narrow. Overall I felt the textbook was comprehensive in the topics mentioned regarding graphic design fundamentals, but topics were mostly covered in brief. Fundamentals Of Graphics Communication 6th Edition Ebook Graphics is a fundamental part of visual communication, and graphic designers have evolved into more of a multi-dimensional role. The cost of this evolution of the art form is the distance graphics students now must travel to reach the materials and information they need to do their work. The difference between the still graphics that appears on the front end of an advertisement and the animation that appeals to a consumer are several generations of methodology and learning. The need for more comprehensive education in computer graphics, including the production of graphics, has become more important because computer graphics programs seem to be more complex than traditional ones, but the cost of doing basic design is often prohibitive.

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Writing Skills, Book 3, p.105 Direct instruction and modeling helps students master the types of writing required by standardized assessments. Writing Skills, Book 3, p. 103 The series presents grammar concepts for each stage of writing development, addressing common errors and editing strategies. to work with google to browse through the available user guide and find the mainone you'll need. On. Read Online Now skills for effective writing level 2 studentamp Ebook PDF at our Library. Get skills for effective writing level 2 studentamp PDF file for free from our online library. Writers Work is the all-in-one platform for launching your dream job. Find writing jobs, get career training, writing tools, an online portfolio, and more. Employers. Freelancers Marketplace. Blog. Sign in. Write your way to the life you want. Rev. ed. of: Writing skills success in 20 minutes a day / Judith F. Olson. 3rd ed. ISBN 1-57685-667-4 978-1-57685-667-3 1. 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SKILLS FOR EFFECTIVE WRITING LEVEL 3 STUDENT S BOOK Download Skills For Effective Writing Level 3 Student S Book ebook PDF or Read Online books in PDF, EPUB, and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to Skills For Effective Writing Level 3 Student S Book book. Create an engaged community of writers. 1. Teachers should participate as members of the community by writing and sharing their writing. 2. Give students writing choices. 3. Encourage students to collaborate as writers. 4. Provide students with opportunities to give and receive feedback throughout the writing process. 5. Publish students. Sep 06, 2017 · The Best Writing How-To Books 1 Everybody Writes: Your Go-To Guide to Creating Ridiculously Good Content by Ann Handley. Best for: Bloggers, content creators Millions of new blog posts and other pieces of content hit the internet every single day. Ann Handley’s book is a must-have guide that shows content producers what it takes to stand out in a space where competition is fierce. ISBN 978-1-107-61353-9 Student’s Book. are critical for good writers. This 4-level series Skill Walkthrough teaches these skills and offers extensive practice opportunities. vi Skills for Effective Writing 2 SKILL PRESENTATION Each unit teaches a single discrete writing skill, helping. Writing skills books back up the lessons you teach, helping your students become better writers and test-takers. Choose handwriting drills or composition workbooks based on the ages of your students. Printed materials and software help you integrate writing instruction into your lessons. Oct 02, 2017 · 3 Must-Have Components of College Writing Skills 1. Grammar. You are to be able to construct sentences. Everyone has some basic grammar skills we use while talking, but when it comes to writing, we realize that they are never enough. Try to possess a much higher level of grammatical skills than a regular school requires. 2. Composition. We are an Independent Minority Owned Business and Deborah Day is the Founder and CEO. She opened the business in 2000 and started selling books online in 2002, establishing Ashay by the Bay as a Book Reseller that Specializes in African American and Multi-Cultural Children’s Books, Baby-3 and K-12 for Schools and Organizations. Background 1 Day. Invite students to discuss what they know about the chosen genre. For Folktales: Ask students to discuss what they think folktales means. Point out that folktales are stories passed on from one person to the next by word of mouth or by oral tradition. Read aloud a favorite folktale you can use any or all of the examples in Step 1: Folktales and discuss defining elements. Skills for Effective Writing Level 4 Student's Book. Výprodej; Students are better writers when they master discrete writing skills. Skills for Effective Writing teaches these skills, such as paraphrasing and parallel structure, and offers extensive practice opportunities. Jun 27, 2013 · Buy Skills for Effective Writing Level 4 Student's Book Student by Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9781107613577 from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Search for jobs related to Effective academic writing 1 student book the paragraph pdf or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 17m jobs. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. The Student Workbook for Level One contains the worksheets for every lesson, a glossary, checklists for students to revise their essays, and a complete set of arrangement templates for outlining essays. Please note that the complete set of the Lost Tools of Writing includes one Student's Workbook. Apr 01, 2019 · Developing college level writing skills during high school prepares teens for academic writing. Everyone under the sun will tell you how important it is for students to develop solid, college-level writing skills. this was really helpful and now i know i need to work on my writing skills. Reply. Kim on February 16, 2011 at 8:56 am. Informal and formal writing; Effective writing skills strong details, transitions, beginning/middle/end concept, logical sequence of events, variety of sentence structure, effective use of dialogue, and effective use of figurative language including onomatopoeia, simile, metaphor, and personification. Additional Student Level 4 Second. Effective Academic Writing: Level 1 Student Book with Online Practice Retail Price: ¥ 3,696 Your Price: ¥ 2,956 Including Consumption Tax You Save: ¥ 740. This 2-book set includes one copy of the Skills for Effective Writing Level 2 Student's Book and one copy of the Grammar and Beyond Level 2 Student's Book at a discounted price. Description. Published by: Oxford University Press. New introductory level provides support for lower level writing courses. Step-by-step writing process guides students. A book about this man argues that he was a joiner, noting his attempts to join groups like the Schlaraffia and Wandervogel. That book controversially called him a more of a "clown" and peripheral bystander, not a monster. That book named for this man also argued that he was inherently unremarkable and introduced the phrase "banality of evil". Nov 26, 2014 · Writing Essays in English Language and Linguistics by Murray, published by Cambridge University Press is a clear and authoritative guide to essay, project and report writing at university level. It’s a handy self-study tool, both for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Apr 30, 2015 · Academic writing-skills-level1-students-book-unit1-sample-pages. career Reasons for going to university new class clubs to make friends tennis to have free time before starting to work flexible schedule traveling time for finding myself graduate school to study a particular subject interesting classes knowledgeable professors k l dk l dk l. In Writing With Skill Level 1, students learned that the primary building blocks of original compositions are topos and copia. Topos refers to the formation of a topic, and copia refers to the generation of ideas and content in relation to that topic. Skills for Effective Writing Level 2 Student's Book - Students are better writers when they master discrete writing skills. Skills for Effective Writing teaches these skills, such as avoiding run-ons and using transition words, and offers extensive practice opportunities. 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http://holypet.ru/skills-for-effective-writing-level-1-student-s-book-plus-writers-at-work-level-1-student-s-book-deborah-gordon

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en

search the archive search the archive SEA London 2014 "Post-revolutionary Haiti and England" deadline September 15, 2013 full name / name of organization: “Post-revolutionary Haiti and England” The peculiar relationship between England and Haiti began early: the terms of withdrawal of English troops from Saint Domingue in 1798 included a secret trading agreement with the increasingly autonomous French colony. England was the first country to find out about French defeat on the island, as British ships had provided support to the insurgents against the troops sent by Napoleon to reestablish slavery. When Dessalines and his fellow officers wrote and signed the declaration of independence, English traders were in attendance. British adventurers, revolutionaries, con-men, school teachers, artists, abolitionists and plantation owners were involved in Haitian affairs in the following decades. Relations between Haiti and England were crucial to Haiti’s diplomatic, economic and political positions on the world stage. Haiti made sure to maintain a presence in English culture, sending a steady stream of books and letters towards London, while King Henry I professed his admiration for all things British. At the same time, Haiti remained a dangerous example for the slaveholding British West Indies, and its politics and cultural life were closely monitored, criticized and sometimes ridiculed in the British press. How was this peculiar relation echoed in Atlantic culture in the early nineteenth century? What role did England play in post-revolutionary Haitian culture, and what purpose did English representations of post-Revolutionary Haiti serve in England and around the world? Panelists are encouraged to explore the many aspects of the connection between London and Haiti in the post-Revolutionary era, looking at Haitian presence in London news, stage productions, literature, visual arts, politics, and other forms of relation between the two countries in the early nineteenth century. Send abstracts and a current CV to Grégory Pierrot (email@example.com) and Tabitha McIntosh (firstname.lastname@example.org.) by September 15, 2013. For more information about the conference, see http://www.societyofearlyamericanists.org/conferences_forthcoming.html.

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http://call-for-papers.sas.upenn.edu/node/52596

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en

Many forms of discrimination still, unfortunately, exist across the nation, and this can sometimes saturate the workplace, too. Some people do not even know that they are engaging in discriminatory behavior, though. This is often the issue when it comes to hair-based discrimination in specific. How did hair discrimination start? The Society for Human Resource Management discusses means of stopping hair discrimination in its tracks. First of all, what is hair discrimination? In short, over the years, certain hairstyles and textures got conflated with certain races or ethnicities. Due to discriminatory bias, some of these hairstyles and textures got deemed unfit for the workplace, or unprofessional. The CROWN Act Acts like the Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair (CROWN) Act attempt to address this subtle discrimination. It addresses the issue of people with natural or ethnic hair routinely getting turned down for jobs specifically because of their hair. Under the CROWN Act, numerous types of ethnic hairstyles and hair types will see new protections. This includes things like Bantu knots, braids, cornrows, twists, Afros, locks or hair worn in a tightly coiled or curled style. Acts like this ensure that no one with ethnic hair ends up knocked out of the running for a job just due to their hair alone. It protects any hair texture or hairstyle commonly associated with any particular national origin or race, especially African Americans. This bipartisan bill will help make a more fair environment for workers of all ethnicities and will help bring light to, and end, smaller microaggressions at work.

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https://www.terenlawgroup.com/blog/2023/03/what-is-hair-discrimination/

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Back in 1945, Life magazine revealed to its readers how “U.S. Army technical experts came up with the astonishing fact that German scientists had seriously planned to build a ‘sun gun’.” This, the magazine explained, would have been a gigantic orbital mirror that would “focus the sun’s rays to a scorching point on the earth’s surface.” The German army, readers were told, “hoped to use such a mirror to burn an enemy city or to boil part of an ocean.” The idea had been originally proposed by the seminal rocket scientist, Hermann Oberth, in 1923. As late as 1957, he was still convinced that his space mirror would become a reality. “My space mirror,” he wrote, “is like the hand mirrors that schoolboys use to flash circles of sunlight on the ceiling of their classroom. A sudden beam flashed on the teacher’s face may bring unpleasant reactions...I was a schoolteacher long enough to have collected certain data on the subject.” Life magazine could only speculate on how the German space mirror could be built. Its editors and illustrator imagined it assembled from prefabricated sections. These would eventually form “a slightly concave disk one mile in diameter.” Life thought such a satellite should be built in a geosynchronous orbit. “The Germans,” the editors sniffed, “complicating the problem, planned to build their mirror at 5,100 miles.” The Life version of the mirror would be a manned space stations, with 30-foot holes in which supply rockets could dock, hydroponic gardens to provide oxygen and solar powered generators for electric power. The entire surface of the mirror—-front, back and edges—-would be mirrored, “otherwise [the sun’s rays] would burn occupants of disk to death instantly.” Which might be a clue to how much Life's editors knew about outer space. In reality the building of the mirror would begin with the launch of a single unmanned rocket. Once in orbit, it would unreel six long cables, each only 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches thick. Spinning the rocket on its axis would extend the cables radially. Illustration from 1929 showing the first stages in constructing the space mirror and an illustration from Oberth's original 1923 description, showing the mirror-supporting web and how the mirrors could be used to illuminate and warm the polar regions. These would span 90 miles. Astronauts—-working like spiders creating a web—-would use these cables as the foundation for fashioning a network of hexagonal cells, each “several kilometers across.” The rotation of the structure would keep the entire thing taut. Each of these cells would contain a movable circular mirror made of thin sodium-metal foil. Oberth's space mirror, ca 1957 Oberth thought it might take ten to fifteen years to assemble a complete mirror at a cost of $3 billion. The pressure of sunlight on the vast surface would be used to maneuver it in orbit, with steering accomplished by adjusting the angles of the individual mirrors. Life's editors pooh-poohed the entire notion of an orbiting solar death ray. The scheme, they said, "is proved physically impossible by a simple axiom of optics. This is that light cannot be brought to a sharp, pointed focus with lenses or mirrors unless it comes from a sharp, pointed light source. Since the sun appears in the sky as a disk and not as a point, the best any optical system can produce is an image of this disk....At the distance the Germans proposed to set up their mirror (3,100 miles) the image of the sun cast on the earth would be about 40 miles in diameter and not hot enough to do any damage." The nearly 5000-square-mile mirror, he said, would create a bright, heated “spot” on the earth’s surface about 2000 square miles in area. This heat and light, he admitted, would be “no stronger than that normal at the equator.” But, he went on to say, if “the mirror were double the size mentioned...the irradiation would be four times as strong...The temperature on the surface...would be 392°F.” Maybe not enough to melt cities and blow up battleships, but certainly enough to give one pause for thought.

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Deep learning is THE technical innovation in CCTV Whether face recognition, license plate recognition, or behavior analysis. There are almost no limits to technology. Deep learning cameras and recorders work with artificial intelligence. This means that almost no manual intervention is necessary. The technology recognizes and processes thousands of features in order to identify the person exactly, e.g. in facial recognition. Everything is quite easy to adjust and can also be wonderfully linked with e.g. cabinet systems. The technology also prevents false alarms by differentiating between animals and humans. - Face recognition in retail - License plate recognition in multi-storey car parks - Behavioural analysis at railway station

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Mapping the chemical architecture of gold camps Total Grant Value Some parts of Western Australia have produced fewer gold discoveries than statistically expected from their underlying Archean geology, suggesting the possible existence of undiscovered gold resources. Conventional exploration techniques have failed to detect these resources, pointing to a deficiency in our understanding. Hydrothermal gold deposition in the major Archean mineralisation events recognised in Western Australia produced distinctive alteration patterns around fluid pathways and ore deposits. This chemical alteration extends much further than the gold mineralisation itself, affecting domains on the order of several cubic kilometres. These alteration zones could provide a means to identify other areas where ancient ore fluids passed through the bedrock, and to identify prospective areas where local conditions drove mineralisation. Benefit to WA The insights delivered by this research provide a cost-effective method for mapping gold systems and targeting high grade resources in the Archean rocks of Western Australia. This understanding will reduce the risk in targeting ore bodies that conventional exploration has failed to identify, encouraging investment in under-explored areas of the state. Keywords: geochemical mapping, gold camps, exploration, Yilgarn Page was last reviewed 15 April 2021

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

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en

LOOKING back over the years of boxing champions there is one thing that is obvious – they all frequently used the jab in a variety of forms. The jab is the first punch a boxer will learn and although it is the most basic of strikes, it is one of the most important punches in any fighters’ repertoire. A technically solid and speedy jab can be used in a number of different situations. - Setting up and maintaining the distance It is a range-finder as most combinations start with a jab as a way of closing the distance and finding the proper range. It can be used to score points from either long or medium distance, and over time this continual point scoring will gradually wear down your opponent. - Breaking up your opponent’s attack An integral part of a fighter’s defence. By using the jab it stops your opponent getting too confident and can keep them at a comfortable distance. - Opening up an attack By altering the type of jab it can open up your opponent to other more attacking punches. The most common faults that boxers make when throwing a jab are: - The boxer falls in towards their opponent and over-commits due to not having their feet in the correct place. - Bringing the jab hand back low from the punch; this opens up a potential counter-punch for your opponent. - The punch is ‘telegraphed’ – this gives the opponent an obvious clue as to when you will throw the punch. - The boxer allows the punch to become an upper-body movement and neglects to use the lower body to initiate the shot. - There is an urge to try and hit too hard. The desire to throw the punch hard often results in too much of the boxer’s weight transferring to the front leg (see the first common fault). Jab to the head - From the orthodox stance, the first action is to slide the left foot forwards towards your opponent – this moves you within punching range. Simultaneously push in off your back foot in order to maintain a balanced, solid base (but don’t let the foot come off the ground). - Push through the floor with your lead foot, rotate through your left hip and complete a quarter turn at your lead shoulder. This will help to add power and stability to your shot. - Throw the jab straight out from the shoulder as if you’re punching down a pipe. - The jab should be aimed for the chin and at the end of the punch rotate your fist so that your palm is facing down as your hand strikes the target. - As soon as your arm reaches full extension, quickly pull the hand back along the same path as the delivery, back to its starting position in order to guard your chin. Even if you are throwing multiple jabs, retract your hand between each one. - The guarding hand is held high to pick off any counter-punches. Regardless of where you keep your jabbing hand, never bring your other hand down, even when you’re punching. - Keep your chin tucked in behind your shoulder. - Use your judgment when jabbing and make sure that your front foot is in range first before you punch. - If using a single jab wait until the shot lands then push away off the front foot and slide the rear foot backwards, making sure that you maintain your boxing stance and therefore solid base. Jab to the body Another way to use the jab is to the body. For this punch the key differences are seen in the lower-body movement; the upper-body movements are the same as the above. The lower-body differences are: - From the boxing stance, the first action is to slide the left foot forwards towards your opponent – this moves you within punching range. Simultaneously squat down to 90-degree angle at the knee – still maintaining a solid base. - In this punch the boxer should actually raise the height of their defensive guard in order to increase protection in the half-squat position. - Stay low when pushing out – because aiming for the body increases a fighter’s vulnerability to a counter-punch. This article is an extract from a larger piece in the Total Fight Training, the ultimate guide for combat sports participants, currently available on the Boxing News app on iTunes, Google Play and from www.pocketmags.com

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Postmortem animal mutilations due to domestic dogs in isolated domestic deaths are taphonomic modifications regularly observed by forensic pathologists. They are rarely described in the literature; however, even though they present specific patterns. Through 41 cases, 10 at the forensic institute in Lille (France) and 31 at the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner (USA), plus 22 cases from the literature, specific locations and patterns of postmortem scavenging lesions are proposed. These lesions are mainly distributed in three locations: the face, especially the nose and the mouth (73.1%), the neck (43.1%), and the arm (shoulder/upper limb [29.2%], hand [26.8%]). We discuss the time span between death and scavenging, the consequences on identification, and comparison with outdoor settings. Outdoor scavenging lesions are mainly located on the trunk and limbs usually sparing the head, which strongly differs from indoor distribution and imply different animal motivations. Keywords: canids; forensic science; forensic taphonomy; indoor setting; postmortem interval; scavenging. © 2015 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

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Salvation Army and the fight for women's right to vote Salvation Army and the fight for women's right to vote There has been much said about the 100-year anniversary of the suffrage movement in the United States. But, did you know that New Zealand was the first country in the world to legally recognise women’s right to vote, on this day in 1893, with many Salvationists involved in the campaign? The word suffrage has a second definition: intercessory prayers. Intercession “involves taking hold of God’s will and refusing to let go until his will comes to pass”. From the inception of The Salvation Army, we have written into regulations that “godly women ... shall be eligible for any office, and to speak and vote at all official meetings”. We had an understanding that women were created equal and not inferior to men, and deserved their rightful place in decision-making processes. It says in Amos 5:24, “But let justice run down like water, and righteousness like a mighty stream.” In Aotearoa (New Zealand’s original, Maori name), pre-colonial Maori women already held a place of mana (dignity) within Maori society and, according to Annie Mikaere in Maori Women: Caught in the Contradictions of a Colonised Reality, “... women had military, spiritual and political significance, functioning as part of a wider family unit and whose voices were heard in the stories of history”. Historians praised the collectivist culture of Maori whanau (family), reinforced and passed on through the oral traditions in haka, waiata tawhito (traditional Maori songs) and whakatauki (proverbs and wisdom) written by both men and women. This was in stark contrast to the British way, where all official institutions were governed by a male-dominated voice and perspective. Women had no say and no hope of true representation. Women were not even recognised as ‘persons’ according to the law. In 1891, the first-ever Female Suffrage Bill was presented to parliament, with a petition of 10,085 signatures. Kate Sheppard, a leading force in the suffrage movement, said this was necessary, “because it has not yet been proved that the intelligence of women is only equal to that of children, nor that their social status is on a par with that of lunatics or convicts”. The petition asked that women not be classified along with clinically insane and criminal men, or children – who were all excluded from the process of voting – “but that we might take our rightful place in the democracy by virtue of a voice in the legal system”. Maori women also had a vested interest in these laws that were being passed, as many owned lands, had significant inheritances as indigenous owners, and were affected by the loss of personhood that this new colonial regime would enact upon them. The Bill was defeated by two votes. A few months later, the War Cry reported that a Miss Arabella Valpy – who had previously petitioned The Salvation Army’s General, by way of letter and two hundred pounds, to found The Salvation Army in New Zealand – helped lay the foundation stones for the Dunedin Fortress Corps, Aotearoa’s first Salvation Army. Women were already fully engaged in the work of The Salvation Army at this time in history. Women’s Christian Temperance Union A natural alliance of The Salvation Army was a women’s movement called the ‘Women’s Christian Temperance Union’ (WCTU), which was brought to New Zealand shores by Mary Clement Leavitt, of the United States-based WCTU, in 1886. This was the first national women’s organisation, advocating for a teetotal lifestyle, and went on to include suffrage as one of their main thrusts. As far back as the 1820s and 1830s, temperance unions had sprung up out of church groups in response to the growing flood of alcoholism sweeping the West. Women and children were the victims of alcoholism; therefore, the emancipation of women to gain the vote would help the cause for temperance. Since The Salvation Army had abstinence from alcohol as one of its core requirements for soldiership, the two groups worked together in their common cause. ‘Ki te kotahi te kakaho ka whati, Ki te kapuia e kore e whati ... Alone we can be broken. Standing together, we are invincible.’ Christian women’s groups, unions and franchise leagues were mobilising throughout Britain and New Zealand. Tracts, newspaper columns and speeches were produced, with women fervently proselytising local communities to recognise women’s right to vote. Kate Sheppard encouraged women to sign the women’s suffrage petition. She said, “Do not think your single vote does not matter much. The rain that refreshes the parched ground is made up of single drops.” A total of 24,000 women signed the petition – and many Salvationist women among them. When the Female Suffrage Bill first passed the Legislative Council in 1893, not a single woman was in the room when the verdict was read. Kate Sheppard received the telegram from MP John Hall: “Bill passed by two ... Hurrah.” There had been 20 votes for and 18 against. Eleven days of lobbying nationwide resulted in the ‘Battle of the Camellias’, where the Wellington and Auckland women’s franchise leagues gifted white camellias to the legislative councillors who voted for women’s suffrage and awarded red camellias to the councillors who stood against women gaining the vote. Since then white camellias became the symbol of suffrage. Governor Glasgow signed the Act into being. This mobilised the WCTU and other women’s unions and franchises to ensure there would be a heavy turnout of women to vote in the election, which was held only 10 weeks later. A total of 65 per cent of all women in New Zealand voted. The NCW’s Suffrage Trail states that this “set a unique trend of high female turn out at elections”. Of note, is that a third of this total number was Maori. Maori campaigner Meri Te Tai Mangakahia fought for suffrage in Te Kotahitanga – Maori Parliament – and won suffrage in 1897. Her advocacy became the basis for Nga Komiti Wahine – locally-based Maori women’s committees, which furthered issues including education, health, religion and treatment of solo mothers. Leading suffragist Kate Sheppard went on to become the first president of the newly-founded National Council of Women of New Zealand – a flourishing network of campaigners and women’s rights advocates of which The Salvation Army has been a proud, longstanding member. While women did gain the vote in 1893, they were not eligible to stand for parliament until 1919. And it wasn’t until 1949 that Iriaka Ratana became the first Maori woman to become a member of Parliament. Disturbing the present New Zealand’s female Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern is only the third woman prime minister in a list of 40 to have held the role. Parliament today has the highest number of women MPs in the country’s history, at only 38.4 per cent; yet women make up more than half New Zealand’s population. New Zealand, and the world, has a long way to go, on many issues and in many spheres for the equality of women, to regain the place that God has ordained for us – as co-heirs, image-bearers and as dominion-holders over the earth. But we are a country that is looking to remember its revolutionary roots as we commemorate suffrage this September. We pray that The Salvation Army as a movement will rouse to hear the call of our forebears: to be a unique expression of the church. May women look to The Salvation Army once again as an army that brings life, unmoved by accolades and unflinching from the opposition. Kia kaha, kia maia, kia manawanui ... Be strong, be steadfast, be willing. * In Australia, all British subjects over the age of 21 were given the right to vote in 1902. However, suffrage was not awarded to indigenous women until 1962. This article was adapted from one that appeared on The Salvation Army New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa Territory Women’s Ministry website: https://women.salvationarmy.org.nz/article/salvationist-suffragist-soldier-salvation-army-and-fight-womens-right-vote

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List of duels From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 Antiquity - 2 Middle Ages - 3 Early modern and modern duels - 4 Asian duels - 5 Proposed duels - 6 Duels in legend and mythology - 7 Duels in fiction - 8 Footnotes - 9 See also - 10 References - 11 External links Further information: Single combat - 222 BC: Marcus Claudius Marcellus taking the spolia opima from Viridomarus, king of the Gaesatae, at the Battle of Clastidium. - 29 BC: Marcus Licinius Crassus vs. Deldo, king of the Bastarnae. - 1022: Tmutarakan' Prince Mstislav the Brave and Kasogs Prince Rededya. - September 8, 1380: Alexander Peresvet and Tatar champion Chelubey. - 11 April 1127 near Ypres: Galbert of Bruges recorded an event where Herman the Iron challenged Guy Steenvorde, alleging complicity in the assassination of Charles The Good, Count of Flanders. In the ensuing duel, Guy Steenvorde was brutally defeated and though dying, hanged for having been found guilty in a trial by combat. - 27 December 1386: Last legal judicial duel in France fought between Jean de Carrouges and Jacques Le Gris over charges of rape Carrouges brought against Le Gris on behalf of his wife. After a lengthy trial and fight, Carrouges killed his opponent, thus "proving" his charges. Early modern and modern duels - May 16, 1777: Button Gwinnett, signer of the Declaration of Independence, dueled his political opponent Lachlan McIntosh; both were wounded, Gwinnett died three days later. - July 11, 1804: U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr and former U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton; Hamilton was killed. Main article: Burr-Hamilton duel - May 30, 1806: Andrew Jackson and Charles Dickinson; Dickinson was killed, Jackson wounded, becoming the only President to have killed a man in a duel. - August 12, 1817: Thomas Hart Benton and Charles Lucas on Bloody Island; Attorneys on opposite sides of a court battle - Lucas challenged Benton's right to vote and Benton accused Lucas of being a "puppy"; Lucas was shot in the throat and Benton shot in the leg; Benton released Lucas from his obligation. - September 27, 1817: Benton and Lucas rematch on Bloody Island; Benton challenged Lucas after Lucas said the first fight at 30 feet (9.1 m) was unfair because Benton was a better shot. Benton killed Lucas at nine feet and was unhurt. - March 22, 1820: Stephen Decatur and James Barron; Decatur was killed. - June 30, 1823: Joshua Barton and Thomas C. Rector on Bloody Island (Mississippi River); Rector was critical of Barton's brother, Senator David Barton's blocking the appointment of Rector's brother William Rector to General Surveyor position. Barton was killed and Rector unhurt. - April 26, 1826: Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke; at Pimmit Run, Virginia; Both unhurt. - September 22, 1826: Representative Sam Houston of Tennessee severely wounded General William A. White in a pistol duel near Franklin, Kentucky, over the patronage political appointment of the Nashville Postmaster. - August 26, 1831: Thomas Biddle and Spencer Darwin Pettis on Bloody Island (Mississippi River); Biddle challenged Pettis for comments about Biddle's brother who was president of the United States bank. Both died after firing from five feet. - August 10, 1832: While it is not clearly eligible to be on this list, the deceased had claimed his shooting and threatening fell under the law of duels, which is legally giving permission for his opponent to take shelter in the law of duels. Savannah physician Philip Minis shot and killed Georgia state legislator James Stark after Minis claimed that a valid duel had occurred. As well as mentioning the duel, Minis claimed his right to self-defense, as he had not agreed to the duel, he claimed he shot Stark to save his own life, and Minis was found not guilty by a jury. Main article: Stark-Minis duel - September 25, 1832: James Westcott and Thomas Baltzell; Baltzell unhurt, Westcott injured but survived to become a U.S. Senator. - February 24, 1838: Kentucky Representative William Jordan Graves killed Maine Representative Jonathan Cilley in a pistol duel. Congress then passed a law making it illegal to issue or accept duel challenge in Washington, D.C. - December 12, 1839: Florida Militia Brigadier General Leigh Read and Colonel Augustus A. Alston, Whig party leader, with rifles at 15 paces. Read had been challenged twice by Col. Alston, an overconfident duelist. Unexpectedly, Read killed Alston. Tallahassee Mayor Francis Eppes, also Thomas Jefferson's grandson, was elected in large part to put down dueling and other lawlessness in the territory. - September 22, 1842: Future President Abraham Lincoln, at the time an Illinois state legislator, accepted a challenge to a duel by state auditor James Shields. Lincoln apparently had published an inflammatory letter in a Springfield, Illinois, newspaper, the Sangamon Journal, that poked fun at the Illinois State Auditor—Shields. Taking offense, Shields demanded "satisfaction" and the incident escalated with the two parties meeting on a Missouri island called Sunflower Island, near Alton, Illinois, to participate in a duel. Just prior to engaging in combat, the two participants' seconds intervened and were able to convince the two men to cease hostilities, on the grounds that Lincoln had not written the letters. - July 26, 1847: Albert Pike and John Selden Roane; declared a draw, no injuries. - June 1, 1853: U.S. Senator William McKendree Gwin and U.S. Congressman J.W. McCorkle, no injuries. - August 26, 1856: Benjamin Gratz Brown and Thomas C. Reynolds on Bloody Island (Mississippi River); In what would be called the "Duel of the Governors" Brown was then the abolitionist editor of the St. Louis Democrat and Reynolds a pro-slavery St. Louis district attorney fought with Brown being shot in the leg and limping for the rest of his life while Reynolds was unhurt. Brown would become a Missouri Governor and Reynolds would become a Confederate Governor of Missouri. - September 13, 1859: U.S. Senator David C. Broderick and David S. Terry, formerly Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California; Broderick was killed. Main article: Broderick–Terry duel - September 6, 1863: Brig. General Lucius Marshall Walker, the nephew of President James K. Polk, and General John Sapington Marmaduke, the future Governor of Missouri, over differences on the Confederate battlefield at the battles of Helena, Arkansas and Reed's Bridge in Jacksonville, Arkansas. The duel took place at 6 am near the north bank of the Arkansas River just outside of Little Rock, Arkansas (within eyeshot now of the current Clinton Presidential Library.) Both men missed with their first shots, but Marmaduke mortally wounded Walker with his second shot. Walker died the next day. - July 21, 1865: Wild Bill Hickok and David Tutt quarrelled over a pocket watch during a card game. Wild Bill wanted the pocket watch back, was refused and so they decided to have a gunfight. Tutt was killed. - March 9, 1877, gamblers Jim Levy and Charlie Harrison argued over a game of cards in a saloon in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Levy challenged Harrison to take it outside, Harrison agreed, and the two squared off in the street. Western novelist James Reasoner claims in a recent issue of Esquire that this was "the most 'Hollywood' showdown". During the duel, Harrison shot wild, while Levy took more careful aim and shot him. He then approached the dying Charlie and shot him again. Many accounts claimed that Harrison fired at Levy while sprawled on the ground, but contemporary opinion held that Levy had shot the man while he was down. Harrison died 13 days later. - June 7, 1882: Louisiana State Treasurer Edward A. Burke was seriously wounded by C. Harrison Parker, the editor of the New Orleans Daily Picayune, in a duel with pistols. After Parker published unflattering remarks about Burke, Burke challenged him to a duel. - July 19, 1879: Doc Holliday dueled and killed an army scout named Mike Gordon in a saloon in Las Vegas, Nevada. - February 8, 1887: Jim Courtright killed by Luke Short during a duel at Fort Worth, Texas. - 1801: Captain John Macarthur duelled with Colonel William Paterson, shooting him in the shoulder. Macarthur was sent back to England to be court martialed. - 1832 William Nairne Clark (barrister, news proprietor and explorer) fought a duel at Fremantle, Western Australia, with pistols with George French Johnson (merchant), fatally wounding him in the right hip. Clark was subsequently charged with, and acquitted of, the murder of his opponent. - 1839: Dr. Barry Cotter challenged George Arden. They fought on the racecourse at the foot of Batman's Hill in Melbourne. Cotter fired first and missed (his bullet going through the beaver hat of his second William Meek) and Arden fired wide intentionally. - 1840: Peter Snodgrass challenged William Ryrie, following hot words at dinner on New Year's Eve. They fought at the foot of Batman's Hill in Melbourne. Snodgrass shot himself in the toe, whereupon Ryrie fired into the air. - 1841: Peter Snodgrass challenged Redmond Barry, who was later a Supreme Court judge. They fought near Liardet's Pier Hotel in Melbourne. Snodgrass discharged his pistol prematurely, and Barry fired into the air. - 1842: F. A. Powlett fought a duel with Arthur Hogue at Flemington near Melbourne. There were two exchanges of shots, but no injury save to Hogue's coat, through which Powlett sent a ball each time. - 1846: Alexander Sprot and W. J. Campbell fought a duel over the border in South Australia (having been prevented from doing so in the Port Phillip District by a Magistrates' order). Both survived. - 1851: Major Sir Thomas Mitchell confronted Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson in Sydney. Mitchell issued the challenge because Donaldson had publicly criticised the cost of the Surveyor General's Department. Both duellists missed. - 1892: Charles Kingston challenged Richard Baker to a duel. Kingston procured two dueling pistols and sent one accompanied with a letter to his opponent. Baker informed the police who arrested Kingston in Adelaide's Victoria Square. British and Irish duels - 1598: Playwright Ben Jonson kills actor Gabriel Spenser in a duel fought with swords. The cause is unknown. - 1609: Sir George Wharton and Sir James Stuart; fought a duel over a game of cards in Islington. Both were killed. - 1609: Sir Hatton Cheke and Sir Thomas Dutton fought in Calais. Cheke was killed. - 1613: Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Kinloss and Sir Edward Sackville (later 4th Earl of Dorset); fought a duel over Venetia Stanley. They fought in Bergen-op-Zoom, Netherlands to avoid the wrath of the King; Lord Bruce was killed, but Venetia Stanley ended up marrying Sir Kenelm Digby. - 1613: Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos and James Hay (later 1st Earl of Carlisle) - 1652: George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos and Colonel Henry Compton (grandson of Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton); Compton was killed, Chandos was found guilty of manslaughter and died whilst imprisoned. - 1668: George Villiers (later 2nd Duke of Buckingham) and Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury; Shrewsbury was killed, and George Villiers' second Sir J. Jenkins was killed by the Earl's second. - 1694: John Law and Edward Wilson; Wilson challenged Law over the affections of Elizabeth Villiers (later Countess of Orkney); Wilson was killed. Law was tried and found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted to a fine, upon the ground that the offence only amounted to manslaughter. Wilson's brother appealed and had Law imprisoned but he managed to escape to the continent. - 1698: Oliver Le Neve and Sir Henry Hobart, 4th Baronet on Cawston Heath, Norfolk; Sir Henry was killed and Le Neve fled to Holland. - 1711: Richard Thornhill, Esq and Sir Cholmeley Dering, 4th Baronet; Sir Cholmeley was killed and Richard Thornhill convicted of manslaughter. - 1712: Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun and James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton; both were killed. Their seconds George Macartney, Esq and Colonel John Hamilton were found guilty of manslaughter. - 1731: George Lockhart of Carnwath, Scottish spy, writer and politician, killed in a duel in Scotland. - 1731: William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath and John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey of Ickworth - 1736: Henry St Lawrence and Hamilton Gorges: Gorges kills St Lawrence, is tried for murder but acquitted. - 1749: Captain Clarke R.N. and Captain Innis R.N; Innis was killed. Clarke was sentenced to death but received a Royal Pardon. - 1762: John Wilkes and Samuel Martin in Hyde Park. Martin, in his place in the House of Commons, had alluded to Wilkes as a "stabber in the dark, a cowardly and malignant scoundrel." Wilkes prided himself as much upon his gallantry as upon his wit and loyalty, and lost no time in calling Martin out. The challenge was given as soon as the House adjourned, and the parties repaired at once to a copse in Hyde Park with a brace of pistols. They fired four times, when Wilkes fell, wounded in the abdomen. His antagonist, relenting, hastened up and insisted on helping him off the ground; but Wilkes, with comparative courtesy, as strenuously urged Martin to hurry away, so as to escape arrest. It afterwards appeared that Martin had been practising in a shooting gallery for six months before making the obnoxious speech in the House; and soon after, instead of being arrested, he received a valuable appointment from the ministry. From: 'Hyde Park', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp. 375–405. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45205. Date accessed: 25 December 2007. - 1765: William Byron, 5th Baron Byron and William Chaworth; Chaworth was killed. Byron was tried in the House of Lords and acquitted of murder, but found guilty of manslaughter, for which he was fined. - 1772: Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Captain Matthews; as the result of a quarrel between the two concerning Elizabeth Linley, to whom Sheridan was already secretly married, both men went to Hyde Park, but on finding it too crowded repaired instead to the Castle Tavern, Covent Garden, where they fought with swords. Both men were cut, but neither was seriously wounded. Sheridan won this duel as Mathews pleaded for his life after losing his sword. They fought a second duel in July at Kingsdown near Bath to resolve a dispute over the first duel. Both men's swords broke, and Mathews stabbed Sheridan several times, seriously wounding him, before escaping in a post chaise. - 1779: Charles James Fox and Mr Adams - 1780: William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and Colonel Fullarton - 1783: Richard Martin ("Humanity Dick"), who engaged in over 100 duels, fought George "Fighting" FitzGerald in the Castlebar barrack yard. Later in the same year Martin's cousin, James Jordan forces a duel: Jordan is shot and dies of his wounds. As a result of this, Martin later refuses to duel with Theobald Wolfe Tone, even though he was having an affair with his wife. - 1786: Lord Macartney and Major-General James Stuart; Lord Macartney was wounded. - 1787: Sir John MacPherson and a Major Browne; Browne had been British Resident at the court of Shah Alam II, he took offence at his recall and challenged MacPherson, the former Governor-General of India, on the latter's return to Britain. A pistol ball passed through MacPherson's coat and another struck a pocketbook in his coat pocket, but the two men were uninjured. - 1789: HRH Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Lennox; Lennox had called the Prince out after the Prince had accused him of making ".. certain expressions unworthy of a gentleman". Lennox had no recollection of making such expressions and his demands for a retraction were refused. Lennox demanded satisfaction; the two men met with pistols on Wimbledon Common on 26 May 1789. According to a report in The Times by the seconds, Lord Rawdon for the Prince and Lord Winchelsea for Lennox, Lennox's shot "grazed His Royal Highnesses' curl". The Prince then refused to fire stating that he had been called out to give satisfaction to Lennox and the satisfaction had been given and the matter was closed. - 1792: Lady Almeria Braddock and Mrs Elphinstone; so called "petticoat duel"; Lady Almeria Braddock felt insulted by Mrs Elphinstone and challenged her to a duel in London's Hyde Park after their genteel conversation turned to the subject of Lady Almeria's true age. The ladies first exchanged pistol shots in which Lady Almeria's hat was damaged. They then continued with swords until Mrs. Elphinstone received a wound to her arm and agreed to write Lady Almeria an apology. - 1798: William Pitt the Younger and George Tierney - 1799: Colonel Ashton and Major Allen; Duel took place in India; Ashton was killed. - 1803: Captain James Macnamara and Colonel Montgomery; over a dispute between their dogs fighting in Hyde Park. Both were wounded, Montgomery mortally. Macnamara was tried for manslaughter at the Old Bailey but was acquitted. - 1804: Captain Best fatally wounded Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford. He died three days later. - 1804: A duel was fought on Kersal Moor, Salford in July 1804 between Mr. Jones and Mr. Shakspere Philips. Mr. Jones fired at Mr. Philips without effect and Mr. Philips then fired his pistol in the air, upon which the seconds interfered, the two man shook hands, and honour was satisfied. - 1807: Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and James Pauli; both men were wounded. - 1808: Major Campbell and Captain Boyd; Major Campbell was tried and executed for killing Captain Boyd. - 1809: George Canning and Lord Castlereagh; Canning was slightly wounded. - 1815: Daniel O'Connell and Captain John Norcot d'Esterre; d'Esterre was killed. - 1821: John Scott and Jonathon Henry Christie. Scott was the founder and editor of the London Magazine. The duel was born out of the Cockney School controversy. John Gibson Lockhart had been abusing many of Scott's contributors in Blackwood's Magazine (under a pseudonym (Z), as was then common). In May 1820, Scott began a series of counter-articles, which provoked Lockhart into calling him "a liar and a scoundrel". In February 1820, Lockhart's London agent, J.H. Christie, made a provocative statement, and Scott challenged him. They met on 16 February 1821, at a farm between Camden Town and Hampstead. Christie did not fire in the first round, but there was a misunderstanding between the seconds, resulting in a second round. Scott was hit in the abdomen, and died 11 days later. Christie and his second were tried for willful murder and acquitted; the collection for Scott's family was a notable radical cause. - 1822: James Stuart and Alexander Boswell. - 1822: Richard Temple-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos and Francis Russell, 7th Duke of Bedford. - 1824: The 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and Ensign Battier; Battier was a cornet in the Marquess' regiment. When Battier's pistol misfired, he declined the offer of another shot and left. He was later horsewhipped by the Marquess' second Sir Henry Hardinge. - 1826: David Landale, a linen merchant from Kirkcaldy, duelled with his bank manager, George Morgan, who had slandered his business reputation. This was the last duel to be fought on Scottish soil; George Morgan, a trained soldier, was shot through the chest and mortally wounded by Landale, who had never before held a pistol. Landale was tried for murder but found not guilty. The subject of a book "Duel" by his descendant James Landale. - 1829: The Duke of Wellington and the 10th Earl of Winchilsea; both aimed wide. - 1835: Mr Roebuck and Mr Black, editor of the Morning Chronicle - 1835: William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley and Morgan O'Connell, son of Daniel O'Connell. Alvanley asserted that Morgan's father had been "purchased" by William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne on his accession to the office of Prime Minister, O'Connell retorted by calling Alvanley "a bloated buffoon". - 1839: The 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and Henry Gratton - 1840: James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan and Captain Harvey Garnett Phipps Tuckett; Captain Tuckett was wounded. Cardigan was arrested, tried in the House of Lords and was acquitted. - 1840: Prince Louis Napoleon and Charles, Count Léon; Police arrived to prevent the duel; both men were arrested and taken to Bow Street Prison. - 1843: Colonel Fawcett and his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Monro, in Camden; Colonel Fawcett was killed. - 1845: Lieutenant Henry Hawkey, Royal Marines, and James Alexander Seton; Seton died on 2 June, some days after the duel, as a result of an infected gunshot wound. Seton was the last known Briton to die because of a duel fought on British soil. This is recorded in other sites as having taken place at Browndown Camp, Gosport, Hampshire. - 1851: Mr William Henry Gregory and Captain the Hon. George Lawrence Vaughan, The duel took place in Osterley Park. - 1852: The last recorded fatal duel on British soil was fought by Lt. Frederic Constant Cournet and Emmanuel Barthélemy, two French political refugees. The duel took place on Priest's Hill in Englefield Green. Barthelemy killed Cournet and was subsequently arrested for murder. However, he was later convicted only of manslaughter, and served a few months in prison. Barthelemy was hanged in 1855 after he shot and killed two men in the course of a violent struggle. - 1800: John White, 39, Upper Canada's first lawyer and a founder of the law society, was fatally shot on January 3, 1800 by a government official named John Small, who challenged him to the duel. White was alleged to have gossiped at a Christmas party that Mrs. Small was once the mistress of the Duke of Berkeley in England, who'd tired of her and paid Small to marry her and take her to the colonies. - 1817: John Ridout, 18, was shot dead on July 12, 1817 at the corner of what is now Bay St. and Grosvenor St. in Toronto by Samuel Peters Jarvis, 25. The reason for the duel was unclear. On the count of two, the nervous Ridout discharged his pistol early, missing Jarvis by a wide margin. Ridout's second, James Small (whose father survived the only other duel in York) and Jarvis' second, Henry John Boulton insisted that Jarvis be allowed to make his shot. Ridout protested loudly and asked for another pistol, but Small and Boulton were adamant that the strict code of duelling must be observed. Jarvis shot and killed Ridout instantly. Jarvis was pardoned by the courts, even though he had shot an unarmed man. - 1819: What historians have called "The Most Ferocious Duel" in Canadian history took place on April 11, 1819, at Windmill Point near the Lachine Canal. The opponents were William Caldwell, a doctor at the Montreal General Hospital, and Michael O'Sullivan, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. The dispute arose when Caldwell accused O'Sullivan of lacking courage. The two opponents exchanged fire an unheard-of five times. O'Sullivan was wounded twice in the process, and in the final volley, he took a bullet to the chest and hit the ground. Caldwell's arm was shattered by a shot; a hole in his collar proved he narrowly missed being shot in the neck. Amazingly, neither participant died during the fight, although both took a long time to recover. O'Sullivan went on to become Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench in Montreal, and when he died in 1839, an autopsy revealed a bullet still lodged against the middle of his spine. - 1826: Rudkin versus Philpot a duel fought in Newfoundland at St. John's who met at West's Farm near Brine's Tavern at the foot of Robinson's Hill, adjacent to Brine's River to settle their seemingly long standing differences that was further exacerbated by the love of an Irish colleen who lived in a cottage near Quidi Vidi and a game of cards that ended in an argument over the ownership of the pot. - 1833: The last fatal duel in Upper Canada was fought in Perth, Ontario on June 13, 1833. Two law students and former friends, John Wilson and Robert Lyon, quarrelled over remarks Lyon made about a local schoolteacher, Elizabeth Hughes. Lyon was killed in the second exchange of shots on a rain-soaked field. Wilson was acquitted of murder, eventually married Miss Hughes, became a Member of Parliament, and later a judge. - 1836: Two duelling politicians from Lower Canada were lucky to have sensible seconds. Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury, a member of the Lower Canadian Legislative Assembly, insulted fellow politician Charles-Ovide Perreault. Perreault then struck de Bleury, and a duel was set. Both men were determined to settle the matter with pistols, but their seconds came up with a unique solution. The two foes would clasp hands and de Bleury would say, "I am sorry to have insulted you" while at the same time Perreault would say, "I am sorry to have struck you." They would then reply in unison, "I accept your apology." The tactic worked, and the situation was resolved without injury. - 1837: William Collis Meredith and James Scott. On Monday, 9 August 1837, at eight o’clock in the evening, Meredith (who had articled under the previously mentioned Clement-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury from 1831 to 1833) and Scott (no stranger to duels) stepped out to face one another on the slopes of Mount Royal, behind Montreal. Earlier that day, following a dispute over legal costs, Meredith had challenged Scott. Meredith chose James M. Blackwood to second him, whilst Scott's choice was Louis-Fereol Pelletier. The pistols used were Meredith's which he had bought in London, on a previous trip to England. On the first exchange Scott took a bullet high up in his thigh, and the duel was called to a stop. The bullet lodged itself in Scott's thigh bone in such a way that it could not be removed by doctors, which caused him great discomfort for the rest of his days. Ironically for Scott, this was exactly where he had shot Sweeney Campbell in a duel when they were students. In the early 1850s (Scott died in 1852), when both the adversaries had become judges, one of the sights then to see was Meredith helping his brother judge up the steep Court House steps, a result of the lameness in his leg that had remained with Scott since their encounter. Meredith was later knighted and went on to serve as Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec. - 1840: Joseph Howe was called out by a member of Nova Scotian high society for his populist writing. When his opponent fired first and missed, Howe fired his shot in the air and won the right to refuse future challenges. - 1873: The last duel in what is now Canada occurred in August 1873, in a field near St. John's, Newfoundland (which was not Canadian territory at the time). The duellists, Mr. Dooley and Mr. Healey, once friends, had fallen in love with the same young lady, and had quarrelled bitterly over her. One challenged the other to a duel, and they quickly arranged a time and place. No one else was present that morning except the two men's seconds. Dooley and Healey were determined to proceed in the 'honourable' way, but as they stood back-to-back with their pistols raised, they must have questioned what they were doing. Nerves gave way to terror as they slowly began pacing away from each other. When they had counted off the standard ten yards, they turned and fired. Dooley hit the ground immediately. Healey, believing he had killed Dooley, was seized with horror. But Dooley had merely fainted; the seconds confessed they had so feared the outcome that they loaded the pistols with blanks. Although this was a serious breach of duelling etiquette, both opponents gratefully agreed that honour had indeed been satisfied. - July 10, 1547: Guy Chabot de Jarnac, in a judicial duel with François de Vivonne de la Châtaigneraie, a favourite of the King and one of France's greatest swordsmen. Jarnac fooled La Châtaigneraie with a feint and hit him with a slash to the hamstrings. His dignity offended, La Châtaigneraie refused medical aid, and died. This both ended the practice of trial by combat in France, and created the myth of "Le Coup de Jarnac" - a legendary strike that supposedly allowed amateurs to defeat masters. - 27 April 1578: Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France and two favorites of Henry I, Duke of Guise. - 12 May 1627: at the Place Royale in Paris, François de Montmorency-Bouteville killed the Marquis de Bussi d'Amboise in the course of a duel. Their seconds, François de Rosmadec, Comte de Chappelles, and François d’Harcourt, Marquis de Beuvron, also fought one another. While d'Harcourt-Beuvron took refuge in England, Montmorency and Rosmadec, despite their nobility, were beheaded at the Place de Grève in Paris on 22 June 1627. - 1641: Kenelm Digby and a French nobleman named Mont le Ros. Digby, a founding member of the Royal Society, was attending a banquet in France when the Frenchman insulted King Charles I of England and Digby challenged him to a duel. Digby wrote that he ".. run his rapier into the French Lord's breast until it came out of his throat again"; Mont le Ros fell dead. - 1718: Countess de Polignac and Marquise de Nesle fight a duel in the Bois-de-Boulonge in Paris in rivalry over their mutual the Duke de Richelieu. - 31 January 1772: Mademoiselle de Guignes and Mademoiselle d'Aguillon fight a duel in Paris. - 1794 to 1813: Pierre Dupont de l'Étang and François Fournier-Sarlovèze fought over 30 duels, beginning with Fournier challenging Dupont after the latter had delivered a disagreeable message to his fellow officer. Dupont eventually overcame his opponent 19 years later in a pistol duel, and forced Fournier to promise never to bother him again. The story was immortalized by Joseph Conrad and made into the movie The Duellists by Ridley Scott. - 1830: French writer Sainte-Beuve and one of the owners of Le Globe newspaper, Paul-François Dubois, fought a duel under a heavy rain. Sainte-Beuve held his umbrella during the duel claiming that he did not mind dying but that he would not get wet. - 1832: Évariste Galois and (possibly) Pescheux d'Herbinville; Évariste Galois, the French mathematician, died of his wounds at the age of twenty. - 23 February 1870: Édouard Manet and Louis Edmond Duranty; Duranty, an art critic and friend of Manet, had written only the briefest of commentary on two works of art that Manet had entered for exhibition. The frustrated Manet collared Duranty at the Café Guerbois and slapped him. Duranty's demands for an apology were refused and so the men fought a duel with swords in the Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye three days later on the 23rd. Émile Zola acted as Manet's second and Paul Alexis acted for Duranty. After Duranty received a wound above the right breast the seconds stepped in and declared that honour had been satisfied. The men remained friends despite the encounter. - 1888: General George Boulanger and Charles Floquet (Prime Minister of the French Republic); the General was wounded in the throat but survived. - 5 February 1897: Marcel Proust fought journalist Jean Lorrain, after Lorrain published an excoriating review of Proust's first book "Pleasures and Days" and hinted that Proust was having an affair with Madame Alphonse Daudet's son, Lucien. Proust and Lorrain exchanged shots at 25 paces. Proust fired first, his bullet hitting the ground by Lorrain's foot. Lorrain's shot missed, and the seconds agreed that honor had been satisfied. - 21 April 1967: The last official duel in the history of France happened between Gaston Defferre and René Ribière, both delegates at the French National Assembly. During an argument in the assembly room, Defferre said to Ribière "shut up, idiot" ("taisez-vous, abruti"). Defferre won the duel after four minutes of sword fighting, wounding his opponent twice. - 1552: Isabella de Carazi and Diambra de Petinella fights a duel in rivalry about a common lover, Fabio de Zeresola: the duel became famous and the object of a painting by Jusepe de Ribera - 1921: Benito Mussolini seriously wounded Francisco Ciccotti, at the time an editor in Rome, in a duel with swords. The duel lasted an hour and a quarter and ended with Ciccotti unable to continue due to wounds received. New Zealand duels - 1847: Colonel William Wakefield and Dr Isaac Featherston (who was his doctor) met in Wellington after Featherston had questioned Wakefield's honesty in a newspaper editorial on the New Zealand Company land policy. Featherston fired and missed, then Wakefield fired into the air - saying that he would not shoot a man with seven daughters. See 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand for other New Zealand duels. - 1924: Prime Minister Álvaro de Castro fought a duel with swords with Flight Captain Ribeiro over a political dispute. The duel ended with Ribeiro being wounded in the arm. - 1666: First recorded Russian duel featured two foreigners living at the German Quarter - Major Patrick Gordon and Major Montgomery. - March 3, 1801: Prince Boris Svyatopolk-Chetvertinsky challenged statesman Alexander Ribeaupierre for his alleged affair with Anna Lopukhina, a royal mistress. With heavily chopped arm, Ribeaupierre was exiled soon after the duel. - ca. 1807: Cavalryman Michael Lunin challenged Prince Alexey Orlov after latter permitted him to do so. Orlov, having harsh shooting skills, missed twice from twelve steps (first shot, however, hit Lunin's epaulette, and second holed his hat), while Lunin, being a notable marksman, kept stiff upper lip and also missed twice on purpose - shooting upwards in the skies, he then taught the Prince in French language, how to aim and squeeze the trigger properly, laughing at infuriated nobleman during the process. Third shot never happened. Details are still debated. - 1808: Gen. Nikolay Tuchkov was challenged by Prince Mikhail Dologukov. It happened amidst the Finnish War, so Tuchkov proposed to Dolgorukov, who also has the rank of a general, instead of conventional duel, to make joint appearance on the frontline, so a seldom enemy bullet could justify the argument. So was their decision, and Dolgorukov has been killed soon by a cannonball flown from Swedish lines. - 1814: Congress of Vienna: The Coalition's stubborn refusal to hand over all of Poland to Russia leads a tense Tsar Alexander I of Russia to supposedly challenge Metternich to a duel. The tsar changes his mind however and Poland is partitioned once more. - 1817: The honour of celebrated ballerina Avdotia Istomina occasioned a fourfold duel: kammerjunker count Alexander Zavadovsky kills podporutchik (lieutenant) of Chevalier Guards Regiment Basily Sheremetev (from not-titulated cadet branche of Sheremetev family), while the future Decembrist Yakubovich shot through a palm of the playwright Alexander Griboedov. - 1823: Mysterious duel of Aleksandr Pushkin with the poet Kondraty Ryleyev, who was also a leader of the Decembrists - 1823: General and rising statesman Pavel Kiselyov kills general Ivan Mordvinov; the duel was Mordvinov's call - 1820s: Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy killed eleven officers in various duels - 1836: Nicholas I of Russia challenged by a nobleman - 1837: The most famous and talked about Russian duel: Aleksandr Pushkin mortally wounded after a gunshot he received in a duel at the Black Rivulet with a French officer on Russian service Georges d'Anthès, rumoured to have an affair with Pushkin's wife Natalia. D'Anthès went on to become French minister and senator and married Pushkin's sister-in-law (a few weeks before the duel, in a last attempt to avoid the confrontation). - 1840: There was to be a duel between Mikhail Bakunin and Mikhail Katkov, but it was called off. - 1841: Mikhail Lermontov killed in a duel with Nikolai Martynov, a year after his duel with De Barante, son of the French ambassador to Russia. - 1907: Parliamentary debates leading to a duel between Peter Stolypin and Fyodor Rodichev. - 1908: Lieutenant General Constantine N. Smirnov was seriously wounded in a pistol duel with Lieutenant General Foch. Foch challenged Smirnov after Smirnov publicly accused Foch of incompetence during the Siege of Port Arthur. - 1909: Another parliamentary duel - Alexander Guchkov vs Count Sergey Uvarov. - 1909: Two first-rank Russian poets, Nikolay Gumilyov and Maksimilian Voloshin, duelling for the heart of a non-existent woman, poet Cherubina de Gabriak, at the Black Rivulet in St Petersburg. - 1569 Miguel de Cervantes bated but did not kill Antonio Sigura. - 1611 holy Thursday, Francisco de Quevedo killed a man with his sword for hitting a lady in a church. - 12 March 1870 Duel between Antonio de Orleans, duke of Montepensier and Enrique de Borbón, Duke of Seville. Both were brothers-in-law of Isabel II. Montepensier killed Enrique de Borbón. - February 1904 Vicente Blasco Ibáñez with a policeman. Vicente was hurt. South American Duels - 1814: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Colonel Luis Carrera, brother of Chilean revolutionary General José Miguel Carrera, killed Colonel Juan Mackenna in duel. The reason was the sense of honour that the Carreras had, as Mackenna disrespected the family name many times. This was the second time that both duellists met, and the third time that Mackenna was challenged in duel by a Carrera (the first time it was by Luis Carrera himself, while the second time it was by his brother, Juan José Carrera, the oldest of the brothers and noticeable by his strength. Yet Mackenna was able to run away from the duels both times). They duelled at night, in the first round, Mackenna shot at his head, but missed and blew Carrera's hat away, in the second round, Carrera was able to hit Mackenna in his hand, blowing his thumb away and piercing a hole in his throat, thus killing Mackenna. Carrera was arrested the next day, particularly because Mackenna was part of a secret society called Lautaro Lodge, which had the control of the government at the time. - 1920: Uruguay. Former President José Batlle y Ordóñez shot and killed Washington Beltrán Barbat in a formal duel. The former president challenged Beltrán, a journalist, after he became offended by statements published by Beltrán in the newspaper El País. The former president was no stranger to duels having previously challenged two others, whom he considered to have besmirched his dignity. - 1952: Chile. Then-senator Salvador Allende and his colleague Raúl Rettig (later president of Chile and head of a commission that investigated human rights violations committed during the 1973–1990 military rule in Chile, respectively), agreed to fire one shot on each other and both failed. At that time duelling was already illegal in Chile. - 1788: Count Adolph Ribbing and Baron Hans Henrik von Essen; the duel was held because Essen's proposal had been accepted by the father of a woman, the heiress Charlotta Eleonora De Geer, whom Ribbing had also proposed to and whom he believed to be in love with him. Essen was injured and Ribbing declared winner. The duel was regarded a scandal and a crime against the king - August 28, 1864: Ferdinand Lassalle and Count von Racowitza; Lassalle was mortally wounded, and died three days later. Racowitza, however, also died in the next year. - During the Three Kingdoms period of China, in 195 warlord Sun Ce encountered an enemy general, named Taishi Ci, by accident when both of them were scouting the other. The two fought until the arrival of their men compelled them to break off. The result was that Sun Ce seized Taishi Ci's weapon while Taishi Ci grabbed Sun Ce's helmet. There was however no record that any one of them was injured in this duel. This is one of the few examples of two generals dueling during a time of war. - During the Sengoku period of Japan, a daimyo called Uesugi Kenshin fought against a rival of his named Takeda Shingen. During one of their battles, Uesugi personally led a raiding party against the Takeda camp. Breaking through, Uesugi attacked Takeda, who fought back using his iron war fan. Uesugi was forced to retreat when reinforcements did not arrive. - In 1593 Siamese King Naresuan slew Burmese Crown Prince Mingyi Swa, in a duel on the back of war elephants. - On April 14, 1612 the famous Japanese swordsman Miyamoto Musashi dueled his rival Sasaki Kojiro on the island of Funajima. Musashi arrived late and unkempt to the appointed place. Musashi killed Sasaki with a bokken or wooden sword. He fashioned the bokken out of a boat oar on his way to the island. Sasaki's weapon of choice was the nodachi, a long sword. In addition, on a pilgrimage, Musashi fought sixty duels, and not once was he defeated. - 1906: In Istanbul, during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II, a duel between a young Kurdish aristocrat named Abdulrazzak Bedirkhan and the chief of police of the city Ridvan Pasha occurred. The police chief was killed and subsequently the entire Bedirkhan family was exiled. - A very well recorded bolo duel reported internationally occurred in April 14, 1920 by Prescott Journal Miner which was known as "The First Bolo Duel in Manila since the American Occupation". It happened when Filipino farmers Angel Umali and Tranquilino Paglinawan met in a vacant lot near the center of the city just before dusk to settle their feuds. Paglinawan suffered the duel with his left hand cut off. With no law against bolo fights, Umali was charged only with minor charge. - In the summer of 30 BC Mark Antony challenged Octavian to a duel, after Octavian defeated Antony at the battle of Actium the year before and threatened to take Alexandria. Octavian refused the challenge. - In 1943 German field marshal Günther von Kluge challenged general Heinz Guderian to a duel with pistols, after several confrontations during the preparations for the Battle of Kursk. Although Guderian accepted, the duel did not happen because Hitler refused to give his permission. - In October 2002, four months before the US invasion of Iraq, Iraqi Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan suggested U.S. President George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein settle their difference in a duel. He reasoned this would not only serve as an alternative to a war that was certain to damage Iraq's infrastructure, but that it would also reduce the suffering of the Iraqi and American peoples. Ramadan's offer included the possibility that a group of US officials would face off with a group of Iraqi officials of same or similar rank (President v. President, Vice President v. Vice President, etc.). Ramadan proposed that the duel be held in a neutral land, with each party using the same weapons, and with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan presiding as the supervisor. On behalf of President Bush, White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer declined the offer. - During the 2004 Republican National Convention, Georgia Senator Zell Miller, a conservative Democrat who supported the reelection of President Bush, angrily retorted to political commentator Chris Matthews that he wished he lived in a time when he could challenge someone to a duel. The satellite connection between the two was bad, and Senator Miller erroneously heard Matthews insult Southern voters. - In a YouTube video published on April 11, 2015, a Polish aristocrat and businessman Prince Jan Zylinsky, who lives in Great Britain, publicly challenged the politician Nigel Farage, a Prime Minister candidate for the UKIP, to a sword duel, after the latter insulted Polish immigrants to the UK blaming them for traffic jams. Zylinsky also offered Farage a debate should Farage chose not to cross swords with him. However, Farage did not pick up the challenge. Duels in legend and mythology Notable examples of single combat in legend and mythology - David vs. Goliath - Trojan War - Romulus vs. Acro, king of the Caeninenses Duels in fiction - Eugene Onegin by Aleksandr Pushkin (who was himself killed in a duel). Other Pushkin's works featuring duels are The Captain's Daughter, Gunshot, Caucasian Romance, and The Stone Guest. - Mikhail Lermontov's novel A Hero of Our Time has a duel scene thought prophetic of the duel which would bring about the author's death - Dune features a duel between the protagonist, Paul Atreides, and Jamis as the pivotal point of the novel. - The Princess Bride features several sword duels. - Westley (Dread Pirate Roberts) versus Iñigo Montoya: Inigo loses but survives. - Inigo Montoya versus Count Rugen: Inigo avenges his father's death. - The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, père; D'Artagnan commits himself to fight three consecutive duels with Athos, Porthos, and Aramis - Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand; Cyrano is famous for his dueling. - The Years Between, four-book series by Paul Féval, fils; and M Lassez: - 1928 features the ongoing conflict between the fiery Cyrano de Bergerac and D'Artagnan the aging legend. Three times they fight; various interruptions prevent either Gascon from receiving satisfaction. - Les Liaisons Dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos; Valmont versus Danceny, Valmont allows himself to be killed. - A Sentimental Education by Flaubert - The Duel (also known as The Point of Honor: A Military Tale) by Joseph Conrad; Two officers of Napoleon Bonaparte's army fight a number of duels over many years. The story was transferred to the screen in 1977 by Ridley Scott as The Duellists. - The Duel, a philosophic novella by Anton Chekhov - War and Peace: Pierre and Dolokhov duel. Leo Tolstoy himself barely escaped duels with fellow writers Ivan Turgenev and Nikolai Nekrasov. - Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen has an "offstage" duel between Colonel Brandon and Mr. Willoughby over the seduction of Colonel Brandon's adopted daughter. - Fathers and Sons: Kirsanov and Bazarov duel is a culminating point of the novel; Turgenev also wrote a short story called Duellist. - Vladimir Nabokov's Ada, or Ardour. - HMS Surprise by Patrick O'Brian; Stephen Maturin fights and kills Richard Canning over Diana Villers. Based on the Ashton–Allen duel? - Mr. Midshipman Hornblower in the Horatio Hornblower series by C. S. Forester; Horatio Hornblower duels Jack Simpson - In Ridicule, a French film directed by Patrice Leconte, protagonist Gregoire Ponceludon kills one of King Louis XVI's officers in a pistol duel. - The Highlander series features numerous duels between immortal warriors destined to fight. In the first film, a humorous duel occurs where a very drunk immortal fences with a sober man, is repeatedly run through but keeps getting back up to fight. - In Tombstone, Doc Holliday stands in for his friend Wyatt Earp in a duel with Johnny Ringo. This is based on one of several explanations for the unusual circumstances surrounding Ringo's death. - In The Count of Monte Cristo, The Count of Monte Cristo (Edmond Dantès) plans a duel with Viscount Albert Mondego, de Morcerf. However, no duel is ever fought, and Mondego apologizes. Monte Cristo also almost duels Mondego's father, the Count Fernand Mondego de Morcerf, but he learns Monte Cristo's true identity and bows out. There was also a recollection of Noitier de Villefort of him engaging with a duel and killing his opponent. He told the account to Franz d'Épinay, the son of the one Noitier killed. He did this in order to break up the plans of marriage to his granddaughter, Valentine. - Libertine, a Baroque-style music video by Mylène Farmer starts with a duel between the singer and a man, ending in the man's death. - The Skulls, a 2000 movie, culminates in a duel between the two main characters, though neither fires on the other and the fight is eventually interrupted by the father of one of the participants. - Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald; McKisco vs Barban. - Doctor Who, "The Christmas Invasion": The Doctor duels with the Sycorax Leader in a fight for Planet Earth - Barry Lyndon, the 1975 movie by Stanley Kubrick includes many duels. It begins with a duel in which Barry's father is mortally shot by an unknown man. Years later Barry duels Captain Quin for Nora. The movie culminates in a duel with Barry's stepson, Lord Bullingdon. This last duel is not in the original novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray. - In the novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling, a number of the students at Hogwarts attend a duelling lesson conducted by teachers Gilderoy Lockhart and Severus Snape. It was during a supervised practice duel with Draco Malfoy, Harry Potter's nature as a parselmouth was exposed. - Dark Shadows: in the 1795 storyline, Barnabas Collins had fought a duel against Jeremiah Collins in a duel after he learned he married his love Josette du Pres thanks to Angelique's spell, and the duel caused Jeremiah's death. - In The Devils by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Nikolay Stavrogin duels Gaganov over a family insult. During the duel, Stavrogin intentionally fires into the air, which infuriates Gaganov. - In Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet fights a duel with Laertes. The weapons are not supposed to be fatal, but Laertes' sword is sharp, and the tip is poisoned. Both men are killed. - In Flashman by George MacDonald Fraser, Flashman is forced into fighting a duel after a brief affair with a fellow officer's lover. Flashman gains a free shot after promising a large sum of money to the pistol loader to give his opponent blanks in his gun, but rather than attempt to kill his opponent, instead delopes and accidentally shoots the top off a bottle thirty yards away, an action that gives him instant fame and the respect of Duke of Wellington. In his next novel Royal Flash Flashman is kidnapped by Otto von Bismarck and is forced to acquire a pair of dueling scars administered by the duelmaster De Gautet. In disgust at having his face sliced like paper, Flashman lunges De Gautet and cuts his abdomen. - In the Simpsons episode "E-I-E-I-(Annoyed Grunt)", Homer, imitating Zorro, inadvertently challenges a gun-toting Southern colonel to a duel. Initially avoiding the duel by running to the country (and inventing 'Tomacco'), the eventual duel results in Homer being shot in the arm (subsequently refusing hospitalisation for pie). - In the Blackadder the Third episode "Duel and Duality", the Prince Regent (Hugh Laurie) is challenged to a duel by the Duke of Wellington (Stephen Fry). Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson) assumes his place but is saved in the eventual duel (using cannon) by a cigarette case. The Prince, in Blackadder's clothing, is shot dead by the Duke for insolence with Blackadder assuming the role of Prince (and later King). - In Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, the long-standing personal and philosophical differences between Naptha and Settembrini eventually result in a pistol duel; when Settembrini delopes by shooting into the air, Naphta calls him a coward and shoots himself. - In the Metal Gear Solid series there have been a number of duels, most of them between the hero and boss characters. Three memorable ones are; The duel between Solid Snake and Grey Fox, barehanded over a minefield. The duel between Liquid Snake and Solid Snake, barehanded fighting on Metal Gear REX; and the final duel between Old Snake and Liquid Ocelot, on top of Outer Haven. - Howard Waldrop's Fin de Cyclé culminates in a duel between Alfred Jarry and an antagonistic journalist, riding bicycles atop the Eiffel Tower. - In the videogame Red Dead Redemption, John Marston participates in several duels, in and out of the story. - In the movie Die Another Day, James Bond and Gustav Graves duel with a variety of swords, which ends with Bond slashing Graves across the chest with a longsword. - In the Firefly episode Shindig, Mal fights a duel against aristocrat Atherton Wing over a matter of Inara's honour. Despite Atherton's far superior skills as a swordsman, Mal gets the better of him with a deft punch, but then refuses to deliver the final blow, leaving Atherton humiliated. - Rider, Jeff (2001). "The Art of History". God's Scribe: The Historiographical Art of Galbert of Bruges. Catholic University of America Press. p. 106. ISBN 0813210186. - "A duel involving Representative Sam Houston of Tennessee: September 22, 1826". United States House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives: Historical Highlights. Retrieved 2013-02-23. - [dead link] - Jonathan Cilley: Maine Martyr to the Code Duello[dead link] - "Deadly Game Of Politics Stole Read's Immortality", August 22, 1999, \\Jim Robison, Orlando Sentinel - "Abraham Lincoln Prepares to Fight a Saber Duel", originally published by Civil War Times magazine - Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters - "Chivalrous Southrons", New York Times, 8 June 1882 - This Day in History: Doc Holliday - Adams, Gavin John (2012). Letters to John Law. Newton Page. pp. xxi. - "The Newgate Calendar - RICHARD THORNHILL, ESQ". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 2009-10-19. - "The Newgate Calendar - CAPTAIN CLARKE, R.N". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 2009-10-19. - "Hyde Park | British History Online". British-history.ac.uk. 2003-06-22. Retrieved 2009-10-19. - Robert Baldick: The Duel: A History of Duelling - Tracy, Nicholas (2006). Who's Who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes. London: Chatham Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 1-86176-244-5. - Hopton, Richard (2008). "Prologue". Pistols at Dawn: A History of Duelling. Piatkus Books. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-7499-2996-1. - "The Newgate Calendar - THE EARL OF CARDIGAN". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 2009-10-19. - "1855: Emmanuel Barthelemy, duelist". Executed Today. Retrieved 25 October 2014. - http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/duel/ lists a later fatal duel on 22 May 1838 at Verdun, Québec, - Lewis G. M. Thorpe: Nottingham French Studies, V. 41. W. Heffer., 2002. - Florence Marryat: Her Father's Name - "Marcel Proust's Duel, by Douglas W. Alden". The Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved 2009-11-19. - Account of the Defferre-Ribière duel with pictures (French). - Alfonso E. Pérez Sánchez,Nicola Spinosa,Andrea Bayer: Jusepe de Ribera: 1591 - 1652 - "Il Duce's Deulist Dies in Argentina," Spartanburg Herald, September 15, 1937. - "Fought duel with Swords," Montreal Gazette, July 3, 1924. - Bakunin: The Creative Passion. Retrieved 2013-08-14. - "Women Watch Duel of Russian Generals," NY Times, March 19, 1908. - "Ex-President of Uruguay Kills Editor In Formal Duel Fought With Pistols," NY Times, April 3, 1920. - [dead link] - Cecilia af Klercker (1903). Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok II 1783-1788 (The diaries of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte II) (in Swedish). P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag. p. 212. - Zizhi Tongjian, Chapter 61, Han Annal 53, Emperor Xian of Han, the Second Year of Xingping - "Battle of the elephants: Giant warriors re-enact ancient fight in Thailand", dailymail.co.uk - Prescott Journal Miner: April 16, 1920 - "BBC article: Bush challenged to 'duel' with Saddam, October 3, 2002". BBC News. 2002-10-03. Retrieved 2009-10-19. - From Kelly Wallace (CNN Washington Bureau) (October 3, 2002). "CNN.com - W.H. rejects Bush-Saddam duel offer - Oct. 3, 2002". Archives.cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-10-19. - The Duel: A history of duelling by Robert Baldrick - Banks, Stephen. A Polite Exchange of Bullets; The Duel and the English Gentleman, 1750–1850, (Woodbridge: Boydell 2010) - Banks, Stephen. "Very little law in the case: Contests of Honour and the Subversion of the English Criminal Courts, 1780-1845" (2008) 19(3) King's Law Journal 575-594. - Banks, Stephen. "Dangerous Friends: The Second and the Later English Duel" (2009) 32 (1) Journal of Eighteenth Century Studies'' 87-106. - Banks, Stephen. "Killing with Courtesy: The English Duelist, 1785-1845," (2008) 47 Journal of British Studies 528-558. - Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Charles Mackay has a section on "Duels and Ordeals"; see the text of volume 1 at Project Gutenberg. - Russian Duel Website - Banks, Stephen: Dead before Breakfast: The English Gentleman and Honour Affronted, in S. Bibb and D. Escandell (eds.): Best Served Cold: Studies on Revenge (Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2010). - Banks, Stephen: Challengers Chastised and Duellists Deterred: Kings Bench and Criminal Informations, 1800–1820, (2007) ANZLH E-Journal, Refereed Paper No. (4).

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Existentialism focuses on the thought that life has no significance and is considered absurd. Experiential philosophers believe that worlds create their ain values and find a significance for their lives because. from the start. the human being does non possess any built-in value or individuality. “Existence precedes essence” is one of the most well-known experiential statements and depict how our concrete being is more of import than its intent. The existential philosophy motion introduced a new manner of comprehending life and was illustrated through poesy. ocular art and lecture. Using these methods poets. creative persons and philosophers were able to convey the apprehension that seeking for a significance to life is ineffectual. and prosecuting it can take to the threshold of complete comprehension about one’s intent for bing. and in bend can do one to acknowledge that life is merely every bit meaningful as one makes it out to be. In “Freedom V. Determinism” by Tom Greening. the poet rhetorically inquiries how the universe plants in order to demo the reader the impossibleness of cognizing why things happen. Greening uses the line “While we argue. life goes by” to exemplify the point that no affair how much clip and attempt is put into contending over why things happen. life will continuously travel frontward. He is reasoning that if we waste clip trying to understand the significance of life. we will merely make the border of apprehension. Through the battle to accomplish this “understanding. ” our personal lives can get down to evade us. In “Untitled” by Jackson Pollock. the creative person uses abstract pigment drippage and coppice shots to show the thought that life is non meant to be understood. With the picture. Pollock is demoing how life is abstract at times. particularly when its significance is pursued. This is similar to the thought in the consolidative thematic statement of the futility of seeking for the significance of life. Life’s imaginable significance is non meant to be understood. much like the picture. In “Existentialism is a Humanism” by Jean-Paul Sartre. the lector defends existential philosophy from unfavorable judgments of being pessimistic and glooming. He explains that adult male materializes at birth. and merely after this occurs can he do something of himself. making his ain life without any outside force forcing him. He states that adult male is what he conceives himself to be. and nil else. Sartre says “man is nil other than what he makes of himself. ” to convey the thought similar to the 1 in the consolidative thematic statement. that life is merely every bit important as an single makes it out to be. All three existential philosophers used their mediums to come to the decision that there is non one concrete significance to life. Each person puts intending to their ain lives. Through understanding this rule significance of existential philosophy. Greening. Pollock and Sartre exhibited the fact that one should recognize the mere being of life is the lone thing that affairs. and should non be wasted on vain efforts to understand its significance.

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How did a military institution created to detect Soviet nuclear attacks and retaliate end up with a tradition of tracking Santa every Christmas Eve? "The NORAD Tracks Santa program began in 1955 after a phone call was made to the Continental Air Defense Command Operations Center in Colorado Springs, Colo.," the Armed Forces Press Service said. "The call was from a local youngster who dialed a misprinted telephone number in a local newspaper advertisement." "The commander on duty who answered the phone that night gave the youngster the information requested -- the whereabouts of Santa. This began the tradition of tracking Santa, a tradition that was carried on by NORAD when it was formed in 1958." What's supposed to be a charming tradition backfired on the U.S. government this year, in the context of the revelations about the National Security Agency's surveillance programs, with journalists turning the Santa tracker into a punch line. "Idea, via @pbump: NSA tries to soften its public Image by "tracking" Santa's communications! Aww!" The Atlantic's Molly Ball, for instance, tweeted.

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Some time ago, I wrote a blog post on hacked Yahoo!, Dropbox and Battle.net accounts, and how this can start a chain reaction. Companies seem to begin recognizing the threat, and are starting to protect their customers with today’s cutting edge security: two-factor authentication. A word on two-factor authentication. In Europe, banks and financial institutions have been doing this for decades. Clients needed to enter an extra piece of information from a trusted media in addition to their account credentials in order to authorize a transaction such as transferring money out of their account. For many years, bank used printed lists of numbered passcodes serving as Transaction Authentication Numbers (TAN). When attempting to transfer money out of your bank account, you would be asked to enter a passcode number X. If you did not come up with the right code, the transfer would not execute. There are alternatives to printed TAN’s such as single-use passwords sent via a text message to a trusted mobile number or interactive TANs generated with a trusted crypto token or a software app installed onto a trusted phone. Online services such as Microsoft or Google implement two-factor authentication in a different manner, asking their customers to come up with a second piece of an ID when attempting to access their services from a new device. This is supposed to prevent anyone stealing your login and password information from gaining access to your account from devices other than your own, verified PC, phone or tablet. The purpose of two-factor authentication is to prevent parties gaining unauthorized access to your account credentials from taking any real advantage. Passwords are way too easy to compromise. Social engineering, keyloggers, trojans, password re-use and other factors contribute to the number of accounts compromised every month. An extra step in the authorization process involving a trusted device makes hackers lives extremely tough. At this very moment, two-step authentication is being implemented by major online service companies. Facebook, Google and Microsoft already have it. Twitter is ‘rolling out two-factor authentication too. A recent story about a journalist’s Google, Twitter and Apple accounts compromised and abused seems to have Apple started on pushing its own implementation of two-factor authentication. Two-Factor Authentication: The Apple Way Apple’s way of doing things is… different. Let’s look at their implementation of two-factor authentication. According to Apple, two-step verification is an optional security feature requiring Apple users to verify their identity via one of their trusted devices before they can do any of the following: - Signing in to My Apple ID to manage their Apple account - Making iTunes, App Store, or iBookstore purchases from a new device - Receiving Apple ID-related support from Apple Apple stipulates that “Turning on two-step verification reduces the possibility of someone accessing or making unauthorized changes to your account information at My Apple ID or making purchases using your account.” But is this implementation enough to secure personal information of Apple users? According to our research, Apple did a half-hearted job, still leaving ways for the intruder to access users’ personal information bypassing the (optionally enabled) two-factor authentication. No Two-Factor Authentication for iOS Backups and iCloud Data You can trade a little security for a bit of convenience. Then sacrifice some more security for some extra convenience. Then buy even more convenience at expense of security. There’s nothing particularly bad in this tradeoff in non-mission critical applications, but where should it stop? Apparently, Apple decided to maintain its image as being more of a “user-friendly” rather than “secure” company. In its current implementation, Apple’s two-factor authentication does not prevent anyone from restoring an iOS backup onto a new (not trusted) device. In addition, and this is much more of an issue, Apple’s implementation does not apply to iCloud backups, allowing anyone and everyone knowing the user’s Apple ID and password to download and access information stored in the iCloud. This is easy to verify; simply log in to your iCloud account, and you’ll have full information to everything stored there without being requested any additional logon information. In ElcomSoft’s opinion, this is just not the right way to do this from a security point of view. iCloud has been exploited in the past (see Norwegian Teenagers Hacking iCloud Accounts) and will be exploited in the future. Even that half-hearted two-factor authentication scheme has not been rolled out globally as of yet. Initially, the two-step verification process was only available to Apple customers from the U.S., UK, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. Mexico, Germany Netherlands, Russia, Austria, Brazil, Belgium, Portugal, Italy and Poland were added to the list of supported countries later on; however, as of this writing, the feature was still not in fact available at least in Russia. Let’s play hacker for a moment. Let’s say we have valid Apple ID and password information obtained by playing some dirty trick on a teenage girl. She has two-factor authentication enabled as you can see by logging into her Apple account at Apple – MyAppleID. Clicking on “Manage your Apple ID” and entering her login and password, we can see that two-factor authentication is indeed enabled on that account: Apparently, if we want to initialize a new Apple device and start buying stuff from iTunes or Apple Store, we would have to receive a verification code on a trusted device: As you can see, the verification code is delivered right to the user’s lock screen via the Find My iPhone protocol (well, that’s not exactly a protocol, but an iCloud feature/service). This in itself is a concern, as anyone holding the device could read the verification code without having to enter the correct passcode. You read it right: the verification code appears on the lock screen. This is not a text message, but rather a message delivered via the Find My iPhone – it’s the same way as if you lost your iPhone and used this service to send a notification to the current “owner” of the device asking to return it. Apparently, is the Find My iPhone service is disabled, the code is being sent as a text message (at least according to Apple Knowledge Base). The reason for this, as we see it, is simple. Text messages will not work for iPod and iPad devices, but one of those could be the only Apple device you have. The Find My iPhone service will, however, work for either device. Whatever the reasoning, the current implementation of two-factor authorization is clearly an afterthought. While the choice of the Find My iPhone service is understandable, Apple should have implemented a way to prevent certain types of messages from being displayed on the lock screen. Having something like “You have a new message. Please unlock your screen to see it.” would be nice. However, regardless of two-step authentication settings, backups and documents are still accessible from anywhere. We can restore an offline or iCloud backup onto a new Apple device (or use Elcomsoft Phone Password Breaker to download and access on the computer) without being requested or entering the second passcode. Here’s how. Using Elcomsoft Phone Password Breaker to Download Teenage Girl’s Private Photos from the iCloud Yep, this can be done. We can access her iCloud backup even though two-factor authentication is enabled for that Apple account. Here’s how. Use Elcomsoft Phone Password Breaker to sign into the iCloud account by using her logon credentials. You’ll then select her Apple device from the list: The information will be downloaded to your computer: And you’ll get to see her personal stuff! All you need is some software that can browse and analyze offline iTunes backups, such as iBackupBot or more advanced Oxygen Forensic Suite, see Phone Password Breaker FAQ. For more information on iCloud backups, see iCloud backups inside out. Here was the photo from the backup. Sorry, we decided not to publish it after all J What about that teenage girl? Her private photos ended up in public access. Using a Fresh iPhone to Restore Someone Else’s Backup from the iCloud Now, what if we don’t want to bother with Elcomsoft Phone Password Breaker, and just want to restore everything from the iCloud onto a new device? In this case, all we need is still her login and password. No two-factor authentication kicks in during the process. So let’s take a fresh phone and restore it from the iCloud (sorry for these low-res pictures; is not technically possible to make screenshots during the iPhone restoration process): We’ll have to supply the correct Apple ID and password: Choose the most recent backup: Wait a bit… And make sure that everything has been restored correctly: As you can see, nowhere in the process of restoring the new device from an iCloud backup was I asked for anything but Apple ID and the password. Ditto for Apple’s implementation of two-factor authentication. One last thing to mention. After I restored a new, non-trusted device from the iCloud backup, I received an email from Apple: Your Apple ID (email@example.com) was used to sign in to iCloud on an iPhone 4. If you have not recently set up an iPhone with your Apple ID, then you should change your Apple ID password. Learn more. While this is not related to two-factor authentication per se, this notification will at least let you know your information has been used to restore another device. What about using Elcomsoft Phone Password Breaker? When I was using this product to download the backup instead of restoring it onto a new device, Apple did not send this email. How Much Security Can We Trade for Convenience? Apparently, Apple is torn between creating a secure environment and scaring away its customers by implementing security measures that are simply too tough. iCloud access to documents is not yet integrated into two-way authentication process. As usual, Apple refuses to comment on anything concerning security, so we can only guess whether or not the two-step protection will be extended to cover information stored in the iCloud. As we see it, there’s no big problem securing iCloud documents; a verification code can be delivered to iOS user via a text message or as a push notification via the Find My Phone protocol. The situation with iCloud backups is more complex, and the solution is much less obvious. If legit customers are restoring their device from a backup, they normally have a valid reason such as initializing a brand-new device fresh from Apple store (Apple would certainly not want to scare them away), or restoring a device after a complete reset. Either way, at the time of the restore the device is not yet validated, so it’s not clear how exactly the pre-authorization step should be performed. Is it a newly discovered security flaw? No, not really. Is Apple misguiding its customers? No: their two-step authentication process does exactly what they say it does. So what’s the deal? For a record, I’d like to say that Apple’s approach in implementing two-factor authorization does not look like a finished product. It’s just not as secure as one would expect this solution to be. Don’t get me wrong; it’s not flawed or anything. It does everything that it claims to be doing (see above). What it doesn’t do, however, is protecting users’ personal information stored in the iCloud from unauthorized access. It’s not on the spec list, either. In addition, the choice of the Find My iPhone service, while understandable, is clearly an afterthought, as supposedly secure verification codes are displayed in plain view on the lock screen. Finally, despite Apple’s claims, two-factor authorization is not currently available in all countries listed. We tried enabling two-factor authentication for an Apple account based in Russia, and found no way to do this. Updated on June 1, 2013: if the [trusted] device is locked with a passcode, then the verification code does NOT appear on the lock screen. Instead, you get the Unlock to view your verification code message, and have to enter the passcode to get it. Sorry that I missed it.

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|International Vegetarian Union| History of Vegetarianism Native Americans and Vegetarianism This article first appeared in the Vegetarian Journal, September 1994, published by The Vegetarian Resource Group By Rita Laws, Ph.D. How well we know the stereotype of the rugged Plains Indian: killer of buffalo, dressed in quill-decorated buckskin, elaborately feathered eaddress, and leather moccasins, living in an animal skin teepee, master of the dog and horse, and stranger to vegetables. But this lifestyle, once limited almost exclusively to the Apaches, flourished no more than a couple hundred years. It is not representative of most Native Americans of today or yesterday. Indeed, the "buffalo-as-lifestyle" phenomenon is a direct result of European influence, as we shall see. Among my own people, the Choctaw Indians of Mississippi and Oklahoma, vegetables are the traditional diet mainstay. A French manuscript of the eighteenth century describes the Choctaws' vegetarian leanings in shelter and food. The homes were constructed not of skins, but of wood, mud, bark and cane. The principal food, eaten daily from earthen pots, was a vegetarian stew containing corn, pumpkin and beans. The bread was made from corn and acorns. Other common favorites were roasted corn and corn porridge. (Meat in the form of small game was an infrequent repast.) The ancient Choctaws were, first and foremost, farmers. Even the clothing was plant based, artistically embroidered dresses for the women and cotton breeches for the men. Choctaws have never adorned their hair with feathers. The rich lands of the Choctaws in present-day Mississippi were so greatly coveted by nineteenth century Americans that most of the tribe was forcibly removed to what is now called Oklahoma. Oklahoma was chosen both because it was largely uninhabited and because several explorations of the territory had deemed the land barren and useless for any purpose. The truth, however, was that Oklahoma was so fertile a land that it was an Indian breadbasket. That is, it was used by Indians on all sides as an agricultural resource. Although many Choctaws suffered and died during removal on the infamous "Trail of Tears", those that survived built anew and successfully in Oklahoma, their agricultural genius intact. George Catlin, the famous nineteenth century Indian historian, described the Choctaw lands of southern Oklahoma in the 1840's this way: "...the ground was almost literally covered with vines, producing the greatest profusion of delicious grapes,...and hanging in such endless clusters... our progress was oftentimes completely arrested by hundreds of acres of small plum trees...every bush that was in sight was so loaded with the weight of its...fruit, that they were in many instances literally without leaves on their branches, and quite bent to the ground... and beds of wild currants, gooseberries, and (edible) prickly pear." (Many of the "wild" foods Anglo explorers encountered on their journeys were actually carefully cultivated by Indians.) Many of the Choctaw foods cooked at celebrations even today are vegetarian. Corn is so important to us it is considered divine. Our corn legend says that is was a gift from Hashtali, the Great Spirit. Corn was given in gratitude because Choctaws had fed the daughter of the Great Spirit when she was hungry. (Hashtali is literally "Noon Day Sun". Choctaws believe the Great Spirit resides within the sun, for it is the sun that allows the corn to grow!) Another Choctaw story describes the afterlife as a giant playground where all but murderers are allowed. What do Choctaws eat in "heaven"? Their sweetest treat, of course: melons, a never-ending supply. More than one tribe has creation legends which describe people as vegetarian, living in a kind of Garden of Eden. A Cherokee legend describes humans, plants, and animals as having lived in the beginning in "equality and mutual helpfulness". The needs of all were met without killing one another. When man became aggressive and ate some of the animals, the animals invented diseases to keep human population in check. The plants remained friendly, however, and offered themselves not only as food to man, but also as medicine, to combat the new diseases. More tribes were like the Choctaws than were different. Aztec, Mayan, and Zapotec children in olden times ate 100% vegetarian diets until at least the age of ten years old. The primary food was cereal, especially varieties of corn. Such a diet was believed to make the child strong and disease resistant. (The Spaniards were amazed to discover that these Indians had twice the life-span they did.) A totally vegetarian diet also insured that the children would retain a life-long love of grains, and thus, live a healthier life. Even today, the Indian healers of those tribes are likely to advise the sick to "return to the arms of Mother Corn" in order to get well. Such a return might include eating a lot of atole. (The easiest way to make atole is to simmer commercially produced masa harina corn flour with water. Then flavor it with chocolate or cinnamon, and sweeten to taste.) Atole is considered a sacred food. It is ironic that Indians are strongly associated with hunting and fishing when, in fact, "nearly half of all the plant foods grown in the world today were first cultivated by the American Indians, and were unknown elsewhere until the discovery of the Americas." Can you imagine Italian food without tomato paste, Ireland without white potatoes, or Hungarian goulash without paprika? All these foods have Indian origins. An incomplete list of other Indian foods given to the world includes bell peppers, red peppers, peanuts, cashews, sweet potatoes, avocados, passion fruit, zucchini, green beans, kidney beans, maple syrup, lima beans, cranberries, pecans, okra, chocolate, vanilla, sunflower seeds, pumpkin, cassava, walnuts, forty-seven varieties of berries, pineapple, and, of course, corn and popcorn. Many history textbooks tell the story of Squanto, a Pawtuxent Indian who lived in the early 1600's. Squanto is famous for having saved the Pilgrims from starvation. He showed them how to gather wilderness foods and how to plant corn. There have been thousands of Squantos since, even though their names are not so well-known. In fact modern day agriculture owes its heart and soul to Indian-taught methods of seed development, hybridization, planting, growing, irrigating, storing, utilizing and cooking. And the spirit of Squanto survives to this day. One example is a Peruvian government research station tucked away in a remote Amazon Indian village called Genaro Herrera. University trained botanists, agronomists and foresters work there, scientifically studying all the ways the local Indians grow and prepare food. They are also learning how to utilize forests without destroying them, and how to combat pests without chemicals. The trend that moved some North American Indian tribes away from plant food-based diets can be traced to Coronado, a sixteenth century Spanish explorer. Prior to his time, hunting was a hobby among most Indians, not a vocation. The Apaches were one of the few tribes who relied heavily on animal killing for survival. But all that changed as Coronado and his army traversed the West and Midwest from Mexico. Some of his horses got away and quickly multiplied on the grassy plains. Indians re-tamed this new denizen, and the Age of Buffalo began. Horses replaced dogs as beasts of burden and offered excellent transportation. This was as important an innovation to the Plains Indians as the automobile would be to Anglos later on. Life on the Plains became much easier very quickly. >From the east came another powerful influence: guns. The first American settlers brought their firearms with them. Because of the Indian "threat", they were soon immersed in weapons development and succeeded in making more accurate and powerful weapons. But they also supplied weapons to Indians who allied themselves with colonial causes. Because it was so much easier to kill an animal with a rifle than with a bow and arrow, guns spread quickly among the Indians. Between the horse and the rifle, buffalo killing was now much simpler. The Apaches were joined by other tribes, such as the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapahos, Comanches, and Kiowas. These tribes "lost the corn", gave up agriculture, and started living nomadic existences for the first time. It wasn't long before their food, clothing, and shelter were entirely dependent on one animal, the buffalo. George Catlin lamented this fact as early as 1830. He predicted the extinction of the buffalo (which very nearly happened) and the danger of not being diversified. Catlin pointed out that, were the Plains Indians only killing a buffalo for their own use, the situation might not be so grave. But because the great beasts were being slaughtered for profit, they were destined to be wiped out. It was the white man who profited. There was an insatiable Eastern market for buffalo tongue and buffalo robes. In 1832, Catlin described a wholesale buffalo slaughter carried out by six hundred Sioux on horseback. These men killed fourteen hundred animals, and then took only their tongues. These were traded to whites for a few gallons of whiskey. The whiskey, no doubt, helped to dull the Indian talent to make maximum use of an animal. Among the tribes who did not trade with whites, each animal was completely used, down to the hooves. No part went to waste. And buffalo were not killed in the winter, for the Indians lived on autumn dried meat during that time. But now buffalo were killed in the winter most of all. It was in cold weather that their magnificent coats grew long and luxuriant. Catlin estimated that 200,000 buffalo were killed each year to make coats for people back East. The average hide netted the Indian hunter one pint of whiskey. Had the Indians understood the concept of animal extinction, they may have ceased the slaughter. But to the Indians, the buffalo was a gift from the Great Spirit, a gift which would always keep coming. Decades after the disappearance of huge herds, Plains Indians still believed their return was imminent. They danced the Ghost Dance, designed to bring back the buffalo, and prayed for this miracle as late as 1890. In spite of the ease and financial incentives of killing buffalo, there were tribes that did not abandon the old ways of the Plains. In addition to the farming tribes of the Southeast, tribes in the Midwest, Southwest, and Northwest stuck to agriculture. For example, the Osage, Pawnee, Arikaras, Mandans, Wichitas, and Caddoans remained in permanent farming settlements. Even surrounded by buffalo, they built their homes of timber and earth. And among some of the Indians of the Southwest, cotton, basketry, and pottery were preferred over animal-based substitutes like leather pouches. Catlin was eerily accurate when he predicted dire consequences for the buffalo-dependent tribes. To this day, it is these Indians who have fared the worst from assimilation with other races. The Sioux of South Dakota, for one, have the worst poverty and one of the highest alcoholism rates in the country. Conversely, the tribes who depended little or not at all on animal exploitation for their survival, like the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw, are thriving and growing, having assimilated without surrendering their culture. In the past, and in more than a few tribes, meat-eating was a rare activity, certainly not a daily event. Since the introduction of European meat-eating customs, the introduction of the horse and the gun, and the proliferation of alcoholic beverages and white traders, a lot has changed. Relatively few Indians can claim to be vegetarians today. But it was not always so. For most Native Americans of old, meat was not only not the food of choice, its consumption was not revered (as in modern times when Americans eat turkey on Thanksgiving as if it were a religious duty). There was nothing ceremonial about meat. It was a plant, tobacco, that was used most extensively during ceremonies and rites, and then only in moderation. Big celebrations such as Fall Festivals centered around the harvest, especially the gathering of the corn. The Choctaws are not the only ones who continue to dance the Corn Dance. What would this country be like today if the ancient ways were still observed? I believe it is fair to say that the Indian respect for non-human life forms would have had a greater impact on American society. Corn, not turkey meat, might be the celebrated Thanksgiving Day dish. Fewer species would have become extinct, the environment would be healthier, and Indian and non-Indian Americans alike would be living longer and healthier lives. There might also be less sexism and racism, for many people believe that, as you treat your animals (the most defenseless), so you will treat your children, your women, and your minorities. Without realizing it, the Indian warriors and hunters of ages past played right into the hands of the white men who coveted their lands and their buffalo. When the lands were taken from them, and the buffalo herds decimated, there was nothing to fall back on. But the Indians who chose the peaceful path and relied on diversity and the abundance of plants for their survival were able to save their lifestyles. Even after being moved to new lands they could hang on, re-plant, and go forward. Now we, their descendants, must recapture the spirit of the ancient traditions for the benefit of all people. We must move away from the European influences that did away with a healthier style of living. We must again embrace our brothers and sisters, the animals, and "return to the corn" once and for all. (Rita Laws is Choctaw and Cherokee. She lives and writes in Oklahoma. Her Choctaw name, Hina Hanta, means Bright Path of Peace, which is what she considers vegetariansim to be. She has been vegetarian for over 14 years.)

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An overview of Wellbeing at St Joseph's Wellbeing for Learning Our Student Wellbeing focuses on students feeling safe and happy at school. Students who feel safe and happy are in the best position to learn. The Student Wellbeing Leader facilitates and supports programs and teacher education, to maximize the social and emotional learning opportunities for all our students. This is developed through the promotion of resilience and the building of positive relationships between students, as well as students, staff and parents. Students participate in fortnightly wellbeing lessons encompassing social and emotional learning, respectful relationships and the zones of regulation. Positive Behavior for Learning Positive Behaviour for Learning (PBL) is implemented across the school. PBL provides consistent positive behaviour expectations across the entire school. These positive behaviours are taught explicitly and reinforced. PBL offers 3 tiers of behaviour support to cater for individual needs. Students participate in weekly social and emotional skill lessons focusing on our school expectations, respectful relationships, identifying emotions and self-regulation. Be a Learner Clubs & Buddies Lunchtime clubs run to engage students in a variety of fun activities and to encourage extracurricular skills and interests, as well as providing students with an option to participate in structured playtime when the playground feels overwhelming. Our buddy program ensures students are connected with older students to support them in their transition to school. Prep students connect with their year 5 buddy early in their first term.

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Land Grabbing Land grabbing has been one of the most debatable issues in the recent past. It is the issue regarding economically significant transactions of buying or leasing of significantly large areas of land in countries with relatively weak economies. Such transactions are mostly carried out by multinational entities. The land bought through such transactions is then used by the companies to produce food products for the purpose of export and the production of biofuels. Land grabbing is a contentious issue because economically strong countries are exploiting underdeveloped countries in order to meet the demand for food products in their local markets. Economically developed countries mostly depend upon their industrial infrastructure for the running of their economy; however most of such countries are poor at food production. On the other hand, most of the underdeveloped countries depend upon their agricultural system and they have fertile land that is good for food production.

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Let’s Kanikapila! Ten Steps To Learn ‘Ukulele - The Hawaiian Way Product Description: ‘Ukulele expert and enthusiast Michael Preston presents an interesting and comprehensive guide to learn how to play one of Hawai‘i’s most popular instruments. This book includes: • strumming and picking techniques • information about different types of ‘ukulele • tips on purchasing an instrument • the history of the ‘ukulele in Hawai‘i • ten lessons with step-by-step photographic instructions Let’s Kanikapila! Ten Steps to Learn ‘Ukulele The Hawaiian Way is an easy-to-follow plan for beginners to launch their first efforts. Lessons are designed to progressively learn all the chords by playing fun and familiar songs such as Sakura, Twinkle Twinkle, Kookaburra, Skip to My Lou, and Red River Valley. Hawaiian songs such as Hawai‘i Pono‘ī and Pua Lililehua as well as a Hawaiian translation of Silent Night (Pō La‘i Ē) are also included among other local selections. Complete with an audio CD of sample songs and tutorials, here is everything ‘ukulele players want and need to know about playing their favorite instrument Hawaiian-style. |Page Count ||96 pages | |Folded Size ||11.0" x 8.5” x 0.50" | |Binding ||Softcover | |Publish Date ||March 2014 | |Author || | |Publisher || | Printed in South Korea |ISBN 13 ||978-1939487-14-8 |

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Fruit juices, concentrated |Infobox on Fruit juices, concentrated| |Example of Fruit juices, concentrated| |Stowage factor (in m3/t)||-| |Humidity / moisture||-| |Risk factors||See text| Fruit juices, concentrated Description / Application Concentrate juice, also known as fruit juice concentrate or concentrated juice, contains far less water than normal, or not-from-concentrate forms of juice. Through a set of advanced filtration and extraction processes, normal fruit juice becomes better suited for storage, shipping and resale in grocery stores and warehouses. When fruits reach their ripening point, they get picked and prepared for the juice extraction process. Machines allow for a fast peeling and coring process that removes the pieces of the fruit that will not get used for the juice making process. The meat of the fruit gets pressed and squeezed and the juices become filtered into a large container, which will still include pieces of pulp and other remnants. This liquid either gets pasteurized or remains in the natural state for a not-from-concentrate fruit juice. Concentrate juice takes a few more steps which involves both adding and subtracting certain chemicals and natural fruit byproducts in order to provide a more condensed version of natural fruit juice. In order for natural fruit juice to get converted into concentrated juice, the diluted liquid must receive a heat treatment that evaporates nearly all of the water from the naturally squeezed mixture. Once the water gets depleted from the liquid, only the flavourful contents remain behind. This concentrate juice then becomes more powerful through reverse osmosis. The contents get packaged, frozen and stored or shipped. Several parties feel as though concentrated juice contains harmful ingredients or actually lessens the nutritional value of the natural fruit juice. However, the concentration process literally works to keep the nutrients found within fruits by only removing water which dilutes the overall mixture. Store bought fruit juice concentrates sometimes contain additives that work to maintain colour, flavour and nutritional content within the juice. Mainly, the concentration process occurs only to extend the life of the fruit juice and save money for fruit harvesting and juicing companies which sell their products. If all juices were sold as not-from-concentrate products, an excessive amount of fruits would go to waste, namely because fresh juices go bad much more quickly than frozen concentrate juice varieties. When compared to not-from-concentrate juices, the actual concentrated forms of similar fruit juices provide equal nutritional content. However, much like dried fruit, one serving size of non diluted concentrate juice compared to an equal serving size of not from concentrate juice will greatly differ in nutritional content. When fresh fruit gets dried, it loses all of its natural water content, shrinking in size. This process works identical in fruit juices as well. The natural state of freshly squeezed fruit juice contains far more water weight volume than that of a concentrated comparison. Consequently, one cup of non diluted concentrate juice will contain purely sugars and nutrients found within the fruit, while the same serving size of bottled juice varieties will contain only a fraction of those same nutrients. Most concentrated juices get used to make diluted juices. The main objective of juice concentration involves saving time, money and space. Thus, almost all juices are pressed. The difference between natural juice and concentrated juice is that, after extraction of the juice, in the case of concentrated juices, the juice is boiled or simmered or heated in a partial vacuum in order to take up less space. Concentrated juices are generally frozen, also allowing them to keep longer without taking up an excessive amount of space. They can then be reconstituted with fresh water. However, it is claimed that pressed juices deliver more nutritional value and juices from concentrate do not even compare, because most concentrates contain very little amount of actual juice and are loaded with sugar. The macronutrients, sugars, organic acids and other common components are the same in both fresh and from-concentrate juices. A major drawback of the concentration process is the removal of various micronutrients *not* accounted for on any Federal labelling law, as well as unknown numbers of flavour components lost in the heat of the extraction process. Nutritionists have discovered these more volatile compounds are often antioxidants and other healthful components of our diet. Pressed Juices can also be frozen and if produced in the right way will maintain most of its nutrients intact. Shipment / Storage / Risk factors Shipped in 40 gallon steel drums, with the product in a frozen state and encased in two inner plastic bags, each individually tied. May also be shipped in bulk in specialised juice carriers. Smaller quantities are shipped in small plastic drums. If at the time of delivery damage is noted by way of breakage to the containers and splitting of the inner plastic bags care should be taken to eliminate the possibility of bacteria growth. Irrespective of damage to the outer drum, if the product is still in a frozen state, then the possibility of bacteria contamination is remote. On thawing out, i.e. if the consignment is left in the sun after delivery from the refrigerated carrying unit and thawing takes place, the possibility of bacteria growth exists. For the purpose of survey on suspect consignments temperatures should be taken from the top, centre and between the inner bag and sides. Both temperature readings should be identified in the survey report. Usual temperature on dispatch is -18°C. Chemical analysis is necessary to determine extent of any damage and loss of value. Shelf life: 24 months

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Rhedir gan School of Law 20 Credyd neu 10 Credyd ECTS Trefnydd: Ms Chaynee Hodgetts Evidence is an optional module in the LLB programme. The aim of this module is: To enable students to state and apply the rules of the English and Welsh law of Evidence dealt with in the course accurately and relevantly; To enable students to make critical assessments of the law and the scholarship pertaining thereto, and to form their own, individual, critical academic opinions; To enable students to compare and contrast that law accurately and relevantly with the equivalent areas of any other legal system with which the student is familiar; To enable students to relate that law to the particular circumstances – political, social, cultural – in which it developed; To encourage all to develop their own understanding of this area of law by provoking curiosity to seek information for themselves, ask questions, and consider views other than the status quo. The module will allow the student to study the modern English and Welsh law of evidence, including the law relating to: the burden and standard of proof, hearsay, confessions and the right to silence, corroboration, competence and compellability, identification evidence, opinion evidence, evidence of character, and similar fact evidence. An answer which, while predominantly correct in its presentation of material, contains a significant level of error and is therefore not entirely reliable. A comprehensive answer, containing all the material relevant to the question and no irrelevancy, all the material and references being accurate and correct, there being no inaccuracy or error, the whole presented in an argument which, while clear, logical and critical, leaves room for improvement in its construction and presentation. An answer which shows complete competence in the subject. An outstanding, possibly brilliant, answer, containing all the material relevant to the question and no irrelevancy, all the material and references being accurate and correct, there being no inaccuracy or error, the whole presented in a clear, logical, critical argument with little room for improvement. An answer which demonstrates a complete mastery of the subject. Exhibit a critical understanding and appreciation of the law of evidence, including the rules governing the admissibility of evidence, the admissibility of confessions, the standard of proof, hearsay and bad character. Critically evaluate and discuss the debates and recent developments in the law of evidence and relate the principal characteristics of that law to their political, social and cultural contexts. Demonstrate an understanding, and be able to suggest explanations for, differences in the rules related to the allocation of significance to evidence and the rules governing the admissibility of evidence. Understand the rules concerning the evidential value of a person's silence in response to police questioning or in court. Apply a detailed knowledge of the law of evidence to complex actual or hypothetical factual scenarios. Undertake independent legal research using relevant legal sources. Strategaeth addysgu a dysgu 20 seminars, two hours per week over two semesters. Seminars will routinely require students to engage individually and in groups in acquiring, commenting upon and applying the principles and details of the subject under the guidance and instruction of the tutor. - Llythrennedd - Medrusrwydd mewn darllen ac ysgrifennu drwy amrywiaeth o gyfryngau - Defnyddio cyfrifiaduron - Medrusrwydd wrth ddefnyddio ystod o feddalwedd cyfrifiadurol - Hunanreolaeth - Gallu gweithio mewn ffordd effeithlon, prydlon a threfnus. Gallu edrych ar ganlyniadau tasgau a digwyddiadau, a barnu lefelau o ansawdd a phwysigrwydd - Archwilio - Gallu ymchwilio ac ystyried dewisiadau eraill - Adalw gwybodaeth - Gallu mynd at wahanol ac amrywiol ffynonellau gwybodaeth - Sgiliau Rhyngbersonol - Gallu gofyn cwestiynau, gwrando'n astud ar atebion a'u harchwilio - Dadansoddi Beirniadol & Datrys Problem - Gallu dadelfennu a dadansoddi problemau neu sefyllfaoedd cymhleth. Gallu canfod atebion i broblemau drwy ddadansoddiadau ac archwilio posibiliadau - Ymwybyddiaeth o ddiogelwch - Bod yn ymwybodol o'ch amgylchedd a hyder o ran cadw at reoliadau iechyd a diogelwch - Cyflwyniad - Gallu cyflwyno gwybodaeth ac esboniadau yn glir i gynulleidfa. Trwy gyfryngau ysgrifenedig neu ar lafar yn glir a hyderus. - Gwaith Tîm - Gallu cydweithio'n adeiladol ag eraill ar dasg gyffredin, ac/neu fod yn rhan o dîm gweithio o ddydd i ddydd - Mentora - Gallu cefnogi, helpu, arwain, ysbrydoli ac/neu hyfforddi eraill - Gofalu - Dangos consyrn am eraill; gofalu am blant, pobl ag anableddau ac/neu'r henoed - Rheloaeth - Gallu defnyddio, cydlynu a rheoli adnoddau (dynol, ffisegol ac/neu ariannol) - Dadl - Gallu cyflwyno, trafod a chyfiawnhau barn neu lwybr gweithredu, naill ai gydag unigolyn neu mewn grwˆp ehangach - Hunanymwybyddiaeth & Ystyried - Bod yn ymwybodol o'ch cryfderau, gwendidau, nodau ac amcanion eich hun. Gallu adolygu ,cloriannu a myfyrio'n rheolaidd ar eich perfformiad eich hun ac eraill. - Arweinyddiaeth - Gallu arwain a rheoli, datblygu cynlluniau gweithredu ac amcanion, cynnig arweiniad a chyfarwyddyd i eraill, ac ymdopi â'r pwysau sy'n gysylltiedig ag awdurdod o'r fath Sgiliau pwnc penodol - Develop the ability to interpret legal rules and employ techniques of legal reasoning competently and efficiently in order to offer a range of solutions and conclusions to actual or hypothetical complex legal problems, all supported by relevant academic literature, jurisprudence and legislative research. Such solutions will be clearly communicated and presented - Develop the ability to analyse complex legal issues, set against the background of the political, social, economic or cultural contexts in which they may arise - Develop those skills which are necessary for scholarship and research in legal subjects, namely the ability to identify relevant primary and secondary legal sources and to retrieve accurate legal information using paper and electronic sources Rhestrau Darllen Bangor (Talis)http://readinglists.bangor.ac.uk/modules/sxl-3125.html Rhagofynion a Chydofynion Cyrsiau sy’n cynnwys y modiwl hwn Opsiynol mewn cyrsiau: - M115: LLB Law with English Literature (International Experience) year 3 (LLB/ILEL) - M100: LLB Law year 3 (LLB/L) - M11B: LLB Law (4 year with Incorporated Foundation) year 3 (LLB/L1) - M1N4: LLB Law with Acc and Finance year 3 (LLB/LAF) - M1NB: LLB Law with Accounting & Finance (4yr with Incorp Found) year 3 (LLB/LAF1) - M101: LLB Law (2 year) year 3 (LLB/LAW2) - M1N1: LLB Law with Business Studies year 3 (LLB/LBS) - MN1B: LLB Law with Business (4year with Incorporated Foundation) year 3 (LLB/LBS1) - MT11: LLB Law with Chinese year 4 (LLB/LC) - MT12: LLB Law with Chinese (International Experience) year 4 (LLB/LCIE) - M1W1: LLB Law with Creative Media Writing year 3 (LLB/LCMW) - M1W2: LLB Law with Creative Media Writing (International Exp) year 4 (LLB/LCMWI) - M116: LLB Law with French (European Experience) year 4 (LLB/LFE) - M117: LLB Law with German (European Experience) year 4 (LLB/LGE) - M1V1: LLB Law with History year 3 (LLB/LH) - M1V2: LLB Law with History (International Experience) year 4 (LLB/LHI) - M102: LLB Law (International Experience) year 4 (LLB/LI) - M103: LLB Law with Accounting & Finance (Intl Exp) year 4 (LLB/LIA) - M104: LLB Law with Business Studies (International Experience) year 4 (LLB/LIB) - M105: LLB (European) Law with French year 4 (LLB/LIC) - M108: LLB Law with Social Policy (International Experience) year 4 (LLB/LIF) - M113: LLB Law with Criminology (Intl Exp) year 4 (LLB/LIK) - M118: LLB Law with Italian (European Experience) year 4 (LLB/LITE) - M1P1: LLB Law with Media Studies year 3 (LLB/LMS) - M1P2: LLB Law with Media Studies (International Experience) year 4 (LLB/LMSI) - M1V5: LLB Law with Philosophy and Religion year 3 (LLB/LPR) - M1C8: LLB Law with Psychology year 3 (LLB/LPSY) - M119: LLB Law with Spanish (European Experience) year 4 (LLB/LSE) - M1L4: LLB Law with Social Policy year 3 (LLB/LSP) - M1LB: LLB Law with Social Policy (4 yr with Incorp Foundation) year 3 (LLB/LSP1) - M1Q5: LLB Law with Welsh year 3 (LLB/LW) - M1M9: LLB Law with Criminology year 3 (LLB/LWCR) - M1MB: LLB Law with Criminology (4 yr with Incorporated Foundation) year 3 (LLB/LWCR1) - M1QK: LLB Law with English Literature year 3 (LLB/LWEL) - M1M0: LLB English Law and French Law year 3 (LLB/UKLFL)

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In this first section of the lesson, I want students to really listen to the poem, "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" and try to figure out why this poem sounds the way it does. I'll start off by reading it aloud so the students can hear the sound and rhythm of it. I love this poem because of the way it sounds. The rhyming makes it seem bouncy and happy, but the content is a little darker. I find that students can usually pick up on the symbolism and the way Robert Frost uses sounds to create a mood. I know that this poem is often used in higher grades, but I think that, with some scaffolding, sixth graders can handle it. After all, I am trying to boost their lexiles, and poetry is a great way to do it. Since there isn't much to read, they can tackle those big words and concepts without much sweat. I'll ask them what they notice about the way it sounds? Most likely they will notice that it rhymes. I'll take this opportunity to talk about rhyme scheme, and we'll find the rhyme scheme of the poem. Next I'll have the students hunt for examples of alliteration, assonance, or consonance with their table groups or alone. They'll share out with the class, and I'll mark them on the smart board. I'll ask the students what they notice about the way Robert Frost uses sound in this poem. They will likely notice that he uses many repeated sounds. I'll ask the students how this repeated sounds and rhymes effect the poem. I decided that I wanted my students to go through this poem stanza by stanza in order to pull out some of the big ideas. I came up with some guiding questions that I thought would help them unpack the poem and narrow their focus. I want students to discuss the questions with their table groups because this poem is difficult, and I want them to think collectively, and help each other through the task. I realize that I may have to jump into the conversations more often than I'd like in order to help them understand. I will try to ask guiding questions rather than give my opinion if possible. In stanza 1, I'll focus on the narrator. I'll ask them to discuss with their table groups why the narrator says he thinks he knows who the woods belong to, and why he mentions that the owner of the woods won't see him stopping? I'll have the students keep track of their ideas on large white boards, and we'll stop to share ideas after five minutes or so. In stanza two, we'll discuss the relationship between the narrator and his horse. After a fun conversation where I explain that queer actually does mean strange (gotta love sixth grade boys), I'll ask them to think about how the narrator knows what the horse is thinking. Is he a horse mind reader or is it possible that he knows his animal that well? I'll have them think about why the horse might think it is queer to stop there, and why the narrator stops between the woods and lake instead of going on through. Finally, we'll discuss the last line of the stanza, and talk about the mood that is set with In stanza three, the narrator starts bringing up sounds. I'll ask the students to comment on the two sounds, and discuss why the author decides to bring them up now. I'll have students focus on the the sound of "easy wind and downy flake." Living in sunny AZ, some of my students have never had the experience of being in actual snowfall. Hopefully, we'll have a few students who can share about the stillness and how quiet the sound of flakes falling would be. We'll also discuss the word "mistake," and we'll speculate as to why Robert Frost used it here. We'll talk more about that horse why he might think there is a mistake. Stanza four is where I hope my students will be able to uncover the meaning of the poem. First, I'll ask how the narrator feels about the woods. He says that they are "lovely dark and deep," which sends a bit of a mixed message. Next, we'll discuss what the promises he needs to keep might be. Finally, I'll ask the students to consider why the author repeated the final line. After we've hacked the poem apart, I'll ask some reflective questions to see what my students can infer about the meaning of this poem. I know that some students will not be able to think this abstractly, which is fine, so I will ask leveled questions to differentiate. Some of my students are not developmentally able to think on the level required to analyze this poem, but once it is explained they will understand. First, I'll ask the students to define the mood of the poem and support their assertion with evidence from the poem. Next, I'll ask them to explain the effect the Robert's Frost use of poetic devices and sounds has on the poem. Again, they'll give supporting evidence. I feel that all of my students will be able to answer those questions. I'll ask a final question: What could the woods possibly symbolize? I know that I will get all kinds of answers here, but I want my students to start thinking about symbolism in poetry, and it's a start. We will spend time discussing this question after everyone has had an opportunity to think and write.

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The CRISPR/Cas genome editing system uses a RNA-guided endonuclease technology which allows for inducing indel mutations, specific sequence replacements or insertions and large deletions or genomic rearrangements at any desired location in the genome. In addition, this technology, can also be used to mediate up- or downregulation of specific endogenous genes or to alter histone modifications or DNA methylation. The best characterized CRISPR-associated nucleases are the Cas9 proteins from Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Recently two new CRISPR-associated nucleases, named Cpf1 (from Lachnospiraceae bacterium and Acidaminococcus sp.), have been described. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing allows for double-stranded DNA breaks at specific sequences to efficiently disrupt, excise, mutate, insert, or replace genes. The precision of transfection and the level of Cas9 expression should be controlled during the editing processes using specific anti-CRISPR/Cas9 antibodies. Check Cas9 expression level using Western blot with validated anti-Cas9 antibodies. Determine the nuclear localization of Cas9 protein via IF or IHC using validated anti-Cas9 antibodies Transient systems: Check that Cas9 expression was transient by using Western blot and anti-Cas9 antibodies. Prolonged Cas9 expression will lead to more off-target mutations. Stable transformants: Isolate several clones and screen to check the level of Cas9 expression using Western blot and specific anti-Cas9 antibodies. High level of Cas9 expression can lead to non-specific activity. Test the binding specificity with an sgRNA of choice by using the ChIP-grade anti-Cas9 antibody and the primers for targeted and non-targeted region to see if Cas9 is bound to the correct region. For more details go to the page Selection of guide RNA by ChIP.

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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. A tree that bears a crop of edible fruit on a regular basis. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - n. a tree cultivated for its edible fruit. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. A tree cultivated for its fruit, or a tree whose principal value consists in the fruit it produces, as the cherry-tree, apple-tree, or pear-tree. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. tree bearing edible fruit Sorry, no etymologies found. Sorry, no example sentences found. Wordnik is becoming a not-for-profit! Read our announcement here.

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Friday, 29 March 2013 With the Saints in Lent (45): John Keble, 29 March John Keble (1792-1866) was an Anglican priest and poet, Professor of Poetry at Oxford, and one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. He was born on Saint Mark’s Day, 25 April 1792, in Fairford, Gloucestershire, where his father, the Revd John Keble, a former Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was Vicar of Coln St Aldwyn’s. John Keble received his early education in his father’s vicarage, and at 14 he won a scholarship to Oxford University. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1810, at the age of 18, he graduated with a double first in classics and mathematics. In 1811, he became a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and for some years, he was a tutor and examiner in the University of Oxford. While he was at Oxford, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Oxford on Trinity Sunday 1815, and priest in 1816. He became first a curate to his father, and then curate of Saint Michael’s and Saint Martin's Church, Eastleach Martin, in Gloucestershire. In 1827, he published The Christian Year, which appeared in 1827. He wrote the poems to restore a deep feeling for the Church Year among Anglicans, and it received such great acclaim that its became the most popular volume of verse in the 19th century. One of the most popular poems in The Christian Year is the well-known hymn, ‘New every morning,’ with its opening lines: New ev’ry morning is the love Our wakening and uprising prove: Through sleep and darkness safely brought, Restored to life and power and thought. The Christian Year went into 95 editions in his lifetime, and b the time the copyright expired in 1873, over 375,000 copies had been sold in Britain and 158 editions had been published. The success of The Christian Year led to Keble being appointed Professor of Poetry in Oxford University, a post he held from 1831 to 1841. The University Church of Saint Mary, Oxford, where John Keble preached his Assize Sermon in 1833 (Photograph: Patrick Comerford) In the 1830s, Parliament legislated to abolish ten bishoprics in the Church of Ireland. Keble vigorously attacked this legislation for undermining the independence of the Church, and two years after becoming Professor of Poetry, he preached his famous Assize Sermon on “national apostasy.” The text of the sermon was I Samuel 12: 23, “As for me, God forbid that I should sin against the Lord in ceasing to pray for you; but I will teach you the good and the right way.” This sermon in Saint Mary’s University Church in 1833 was the spark that ignited the Oxford Movement. The members of the Oxford Movement began to publish a series, Tracts for the Times, that gave them the popular name “Tractarians.” These tracts sought to recall the Church to its ancient sacramental heritage. John Henry Newman was the intellectual leader of the movement, Edward Bouverie Pusey was the prophet of its devotional life, and John Keble was its pastoral inspiration. However, Keble’s passionate desire was to be a faithful parish priest, finding fulfilment in the daily services, confirmation classes, visiting the village schools, and corresponding with those seeking spiritual counsel. In 1835 he was appointed Vicar of Hursley, Hampshire, where he settled down to family life and remained for the rest of his life as a parish priest at All Saints’ Church. In 1836, he edited an edition of Richard Hooker’s works with critical notes, and he also wrote a Life of Bishop Wilson for the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology. The most important of his prose writings, however, was his treatise on Eucharistic Adoration, was written in support of Archdeacon Denison, who had been attacked for two sermons preached in Wells Cathedral in which he stated that the Body and Blood of Christ are received by those who eat and drink unworthily, and that worship is due to the real though invisible presence of the Body and Blood of Christ in the Holy Eucharist under the forms of bread and wine. On refusing to retract these statements, Archdeacon Denison was deprived of his vicarage and archdeaconry, but this sentence was overthrown by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1858. Keble had published his treatise in the previous year, after the sentence of deprivation had been pronounced. John Keble died on 29 March 1866 at the age of 74, and was buried at Hursley on 6 April. After his death, 12 volumes of his sermons were published by Pusey and other friends. Pusey said of these that their chief characteristics are affectionate simplicity and intense reality. Within three years of his death, Keble College was established at Oxford “to give an education in strict fidelity to the Church of England.” For Keble, this would have meant dedication to learning in order “to live more nearly as we pray.” Keble’s feast day is kept in the Church of England on 14 July, the anniversary of his Assize Sermon in Oxford, but on 29 March, the anniversary of his death, elsewhere in other parts of the Anglican Communion, including the Scottish Episcopal Church and the Episcopal Church in the US. However, because today [29 March 2013] is Good Friday, few parishes are likely to recall John Keble today. Yet today is a suitable day for reading once again one of his poems in The Christian Year, ‘Good Friday’: Good Friday, by John Keble Is it not strange, the darkest hour That ever dawned on sinful earth Should touch the heart with softer power For comfort than an angel’s mirth? That to the Cross the mourner’s eye should turn Sooner than where the stars of Christmas burn? Sooner than where the Easter sun Shines glorious on yon open grave, And to and fro the tidings run, “Who died to heal, is risen to save?” Sooner than where upon the Saviour’s friends The very Comforter in light and love descends? Yet so it is: for duly there The bitter herbs of earth are set, Till tempered by the Saviour’s prayer, And with the Saviour’s life-blood wet, They turn to sweetness, and drop holy balm, Soft as imprisoned martyr’s deathbed calm. All turn to sweet – but most of all That bitterest to the lip of pride, When hopes presumptuous fade and fall, Or Friendship scorns us, duly tried, Or Love, the flower that closes up for fear When rude and selfish spirits breathe too near. Then like a long-forgotten strain Comes sweeping o’er the heart forlorn What sunshine hours had taught in vain Of JESUS suffering shame and scorn, As in all lowly hearts he suffers still, While we triumphant ride and have the world at will. His pierced hands in vain would hide His face from rude reproachful gaze, His ears are open to abide The wildest storm the tongue can raise, He who with one rough word, some early day, Their idol world and them shall sweep for aye away. But we by Fancy may assuage The festering sore by Fancy made, Down in some lonely hermitage Like wounded pilgrims safely laid, Where gentlest breezes whisper souls distressed, That Love yet lives, and Patience shall find rest. O! shame beyond the bitterest thought That evil spirit ever framed, That sinners know what Jesus wrought, Yet feel their haughty hearts untamed – souls in refuge, holding by the Cross, Should wince and fret at this world’s little loss. Lord of my heart, by Thy last cry, Let not Thy blood on earth be spent – Lo, at Thy feet I fainting lie, Mine eyes upon Thy wounds are bent, Upon Thy streaming wounds my weary eyes Wait like the parched earth on April skies. Wash me, and dry these bitter tears, O let my heart no further roam, ’Tis Thine by vows, and hopes, and fears. Long since – O call Thy wanderer home; To that dear home, safe in Thy wounded side, Where only broken hearts their sin and shame may hide. Grant, O God, that in all time of our testing we may know your presence and obey your will; that, following the example of your servant John Keble, we may accomplish with integrity and courage what you give us to do, and endure what you give us to bear; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen. Ecclesiastes 3: 1-11; Psalm 26: 1-8; Romans 12: 9-21; Matthew 5: 1-12. Tomorrow (30 March): Saint John Klimakos.

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In 1969, about 50 percent of children in the United States walked or biked to school. Today, less than 15 percent do. As a result, kids today are less active, less independent and less healthy. “The research is pretty clear that kids who walk and bike to school are more active. They will be healthier and perform better in school.” - Community Health Director Chris Tilden Safe Routes to School (STRS) programs use a comprehensive approach to make neighborhoods safe for children to walk and bike to school. Safe Routes to School looks a little different in every community. Locally, one of Be Active Safe Routes's initiatives is to create safe opportunities for children to bike and walk to and from schools. The goal is to get children moving again and to reverse the growing rate of childhood obesity. Safe Routes programs use the “5 E’s” to create a safe environment for children to walk and bicycle to school: Education, Encouragement, Enforcement Engineering and Evaluation. Lawrence strives to also incorporate a sixth E — Equity — and seventh E — Engagement — into all Safe Routes activities. Keeping the community and local leaders informed of the Safe Routes to School progress is an important part of the work the Be Active Safe Routes team does. For the City of Lawrence's latest update, click here.

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Photo by Mait JüriadoLead guitarists can benefit in the ability to change amongst the principal scales and also the blues scale while improvising. The key scale has sweet, melodic sounds in a track, while the blue scale contrasts this by having a darker sound. This lead guitar lesson shows methods to employ these scales effectively. A advantageous fingering for playing leading scales is illustrated here for the key of A principal. Play the initially note, A, with the initial or forefinger found found on the fifth fret. Do this found found on the initially string, that is the largest 1. One system to notate this may be 151. After this notation, the scale of A primary is built as: 151-171-191-2101-4121-192-3112-4122. This pattern is not really truly the only, nor is it the simplest fingering for playing a key scale. But it does have some blessings that would become apparent. The future octave up found found on the A primary scale is continued in the same hand position where the last set of notes completed, as: 193-3113-4123-194-3114-195-2105. One might equally reach much of the third octave from this position, as: 4125-196-2106-4126. Getting to the final notes of the third octave demands another position shift, for playing: 1125-3145-4155-1126-3146-4166-4176. The flexibility of the fingering pattern originates within the truth that countless notes of 3 octaves of the principal scale is reached from 1 hand position. Improvising at this position is furthermore, as it turns out, in the Phrygian mode. Practice this scale, going up and down 1, 2, then 3 octaves. If flat choosing, alternate choosing up and down each note. Play slowly at initially, simply playing faster after perfecting the scale at a slower speed. When the scale is mastered, it is advantageous to transpose to different keys. For example, playing a G leading scale is completed with the same finger pattern, but beginning 2 frets down, with 131. The just difficult transposition is to E key, where countless notes is played on a open string. There are selected to the by placing the initially finger found found on the nut for those notes. Now, to change to the blues scale, 1 only has to slide the hand position down until the 4th finger is at the note where the leading scale began. This position is for playing the relative minor key, F# principal in this case. To play the scale, begin with all the forefinger on F#. Play as: 121 Notice that for the blues scale, the third finger is stretched to the fifth fret on the fifth and sixth strings. This is because the third finger has more power than the fourth finger for bending strings for blues phrases. Thus, the blues scale is played mostly with only two fingers. This is where we get the term two-finger blues. Learning these scales adds to your repertoire for improvisation. Learning to play lead parts for just about any song is just a matter of finding where your first note is. Either the major or blues scale pattern will work for most songs, and lots of songs sound great with both. The contrasting moods from these scales allows the lead guitarist to change the mood of a song without changing the key being played by the other musicians.

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Listen to this article There has been increasing interest in creating bonds linked to the growth of a countries’ gross domestic product. At the spring meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, both potential issuers and investors expressed a clear appetite for such bonds. The servicing of these GDP-linked bonds would be higher in times of rapid growth and lower when growth was slow or negative. GDP-linked bonds would have important advantages when compared with conventional debt for borrowers and investors, as well as significant externalities for the international financial system. For borrowers, issuing such bonds would help stabilise public spending throughout the cycle as governments would service more debt when they could better afford to, and less in more difficult times. It would also significantly reduce the likelihood of costly and disruptive defaults and debt crises. Defaulting on debt is a last-resort that governments find highly undesirable and costly to the country’s international reputation. A temporary reduction of a country’s debt service when the economy deteriorates would facilitate more rapid recovery. For investors, defaults are costly as they result in expensive renegotiation and sometimes in very large losses. As GDP-linked bonds would help reduce the probability of default, effective total payments will tend to be higher than with conventional bonds. Furthermore, GDP-linked bonds would give investors the opportunity of taking a position on a range of countries’ growth rates, offering a valuable diversification opportunity. If GDP-linked bonds became widespread across countries, investors could take a position on growth worldwide – the ultimate risk diversification. For international institutions, there would be benefits from the decreased likelihood of debt crises. Reduced risk of crisis contagion would also benefit other countries. These externalities and the fact that financial innovations are difficult to introduce may justify some initial public action (for example, from the World Bank) to help develop this market instrument. The World Bank could, for instance, make loans whose servicing would be linked to GDP. The loans could then be grouped, securitised and sold to the financial markets. GDP-linked bonds should be a core element of government financing both for developed and creditworthy developing countries. Both of these could start today. Developed countries are the best equipped to issue GDP-linked bonds immediately, because of the relatively high trust that is placed in their capital markets and in their GDP accounting. Their doing so would have a valuable demonstration effect around the world. Developing countries stand to gain more from issuing these bonds and they could start issuing GDP-linked bonds now. The issuance of even small quantities of these bonds by creditworthy emerging economies would help set in motion an important process of financial development. The history of financial innovation is essentially one of learning by doing. Inflation-indexed bonds met initial scepticism, relating to problems such as precise measurement of inflation. In fact, once these bonds started to be issued, inflation statistics improved further. Inflation-indexed bonds are now widely accepted across the world; in the UK, they represent around a quarter of government debt. A similar evolution can be envisaged for GDP-linked bonds. Introducing GDP-linked bonds would create a market for the economies themselves. The widespread impression that the stock market of a country is a market for the entire economy is mistaken. Stock markets are claims on net corporate profits that can constitute as little as 10 per cent of GDP. GDP-linked bonds could take a couple of forms. Simplest is a perpetual bond that pays a share, say a trillionth, of GDP, at regular intervals to the bond holders. Creating such a form would be analogous to listing a country on a market as if it were a stock and would yield the most transparent price discovery. Another form that may be easier to introduce is a conventional bond that pays a coupon tied by a formula to growth rates of GDP, but guarantees a minimum level of debt servicing, even if the economy stops growing. Whichever way they are created, GDP-indexed bonds would have important advantages for different actors. The moment is particularly favourable. Investor appetite for emerging countries’ risk continues to be strong. Investors’ experience with Argentine GDP-warrants, issued as part of their debt restructuring, has been very positive: their price has been rising significantly. The time seems ideal for one or more creditworthy countries to start issuing GDP-linked bonds and for investors to buy them. Any country whose growth slows significantly would be thankful afterwards that they bought the insurance such bonds represent. Recent instability is showing yet again the value of insurance against economic fluctuations. Stephany Griffith-Jones is professorial fellow at the Institute of Development Studies and adviser to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Robert Shiller is professor of economics at Yale University and chief economist at MacroMarkets LLC

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The biggest change to the island’s economy isn’t the thaw in U.S.-Cuba relations The end of Soviet subsidies in 1991 brought real economic desperation to Cuba. Dollars were traded on the black market. (In a dark Havana alley, I once got 125 pesos for a single greenback in a hurried transaction with a frightened man.) By 1994, in an effort to co-opt the black markets and once again take hold of the island’s resources, the government introduced the CUC. Initially this was strictly for tourists, the only legal tender for all those mojitos and langoustines. The CUC was pegged at 1:1 with the U.S. dollar, and just the commissions on exchanging it—up to 20 percent—earned the Cuban government billions a year. The CUC turned tourism into a lucrative lifeline during the 1990s, and at first only a few essential imports—shoes, soap, tires—were sold to Cubans in CUCs, at a few, heavily guarded stores. Today those misnamed “dollar stores” exist in every neighborhood, and the CUC, first intended to insulate Cubans from capitalism, is the only way to buy the majority of consumer goods. This is the Cuban dilemma: Salaries are paid in ordinary pesos, and average just $20 a month, even though the cost of survival runs around $50 a month, and must be paid for with CUCs at government stores that, until now, accepted nothing else. As crazily inefficient as the existing two-currency system appears, it has allowed the government to maintain near-total dominance of the economy. The Cuban revolution has always viewed money as a problem, not a solution. That’s why the peso of the old republic had to be destroyed overnight in 1961. Having money let people be independent and operate outside the system. “It’s part of the DNA that Fidel imprinted on the revolution,” notes Ted Henken, a sociologist at Baruch College who has specialized in the island. What the government has finally grasped is that the two-currency system has become economically and politically unsustainable. To get around it, Cubans steal state resources, work black market jobs, and even arbitrage the price differential between mangoes at opposite ends of the country. “Those in the peso-only economy are completely dependent on the government, which is in control of more than 85 percent of the total economy,” says John Kavulich, president of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council in New York. For the citizenry to “have a legitimate stake in the economy,” he notes, there should be one currency, used for salaries and all stores, and traded openly. “It needs to happen,” Kavulich says. Havana today is in physical bloom. A gallon of paint costs 30 percent of a typical monthly salary, yet half the houses in the city seem freshly painted. The once-ubiquitous and fuming thunder chariots of old Detroit are either shined up with new chrome and paint or, more often, sidelined by more recent and reliable Korean and Chinese vehicles. The people I’d known on the edge of starvation over the last 20 years of visiting are now fighting the creep of their waistlines and the return of pastries and deep-fried everything at street-corner kiosks. Even in 1991, Cuba seemed more open than it was, an island without barbed wire or machine guns, the friendly blue ocean serving as its Berlin Wall. Now the openness is tangible: In December, Cuba and the U.S. announced that the two intend to reestablish relations after more than four decades of enmity. On Havana’s streets, there’s a charge of anticipation, and one senses a people eager to embrace the world. He’s nonplussed about the currency change: “If you are running a business and doing well, you are going to do well with one currency or two. ... Honestly, I believe that anything you do efficiently and professionally is going to succeed in Cuba.” Efficiency and professionalism require reversing decades of perverse Cuban incentives, however. Most waiters are state-trained and paid in worthless pesos: They often spend more time on break, or talking to friends in the street, than attending to diners. “They expect to have their job forever,” Alvarez says. “They get used to being bad.” So he hires blank slates: English-speaking college grads, many of whom have never seen the inside of a nice restaurant before. “The main thing,” Alvarez says, “is we want zero experience.” He sounds optimistic. “Very,” he says. “There are over 250,000 entrepreneurs in Cuba since the new opportunities. … This is a door opening that isn’t going to close.” If the opening has an official advocate, it’s Omar Everleny, the lead economist at the Center for the Study of the Cuban Economy. The center is in a onetime private residence in an elegant Havana neighborhood, surrounded by embassies. Despite arriving at the building with an appointment at 4 p.m., I find it empty; the next morning Everleny meets me in the library, amid the smell of decaying paper, to walk through the slow death of the CUC and the likely benefits for Cuba. Everleny, like many Cubans, can recite the exact date economic reforms began: Sept. 9, 2010. Raúl Castro had assumed control in 2006, during his brother’s gastrointestinal illness. But his official promotion to leadership took two more years, and not till the fall of 2010 did he spell out reforms that expanded self-employment, removed limits on hiring by small businesses, and protected foreign investors from expropriation. Joint-venture hotels are routine now, with 60,000 rooms available. A new container port at Mariel, built by the Brazilian government, has created export capacity for a country that exports very little. More important, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff has gambled that pharmaceutical production and other tightly controlled businesses can thrive here. Raúl Castro has meanwhile removed a series of prohibitions that infuriated Cubans: They can now own cell phones, buy and sell their houses, and even stay in the hard-currency hotels (817,000 did last year) that were once the symbol of foreign privilege. Raúl has also loosened, if not released, his grip on expression. Dissidents and regime opponents who were long blocked from leaving the country are now routinely seen at conferences in Miami, New York, and Brussels. In the 1970s, Cuba had some 15,000 political prisoners; today that number is between 50 and 60, according to the Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation. The currency change is already happening, Everleny notes. Step one was to tell people, to prepare them psychologically for the coming transition. Step two, which began a week before my February arrival, was to roll out new, larger-denomination peso bills, so that people could pay higher prices without carrying a backpack. The timing of the remaining three steps remains vague, in the Cuban way. Raúl had said in his speech that the two currencies had to be reconciled before the next Communist Party congress. That’s scheduled for April 16, 2016. The only thing known was that Day Zero would come before then. Six hours of driving sweep me into the flat, colonnaded city. Many things are still as I remember them. The streets are sleepy, the bars bleak, and the local bus network consists of eight-person carts towed by horse. Yet even here there’s fresh paint, a computer repair business, and private furniture shops. I try to pay for ice cream with CUCs, making the woman laugh; the price is in pesos, 1/25th as much. The reverse happens at night, in the town’s best restaurant. Because everyone in the place is Cuban, I expect grim portions and pesos. But the shrimp are superb, a sommelier shows off a genuine wine cellar, and the Cubans all pay hard-currency prices, half a month’s salary on beer, beef, and watching baseball. In two decades of visiting, this is the first time I’ve shared a real restaurant with Cubans. In the morning I go to buy a refrigerator. Home appliances are one of the most desirable items in Cuba, but their sale is restricted to a narrow range of state stores called electrohogars, and Sancti Spíritus has two of them off the town plaza. One is shut, the other sleepy and small, with more floor space given over to selling ice cream and soda than consumer durables. But in one corner are hair curlers, electric frying pans, all-in-one laundry machines, and a few Daewoo refrigerators. Many Cubans are eager to replace their 1950s fridges, but buying a full-size model means coming up with 910.65 CUC. At the bathroom-stall conversion rate, that’s $1,001, or twice the price of a similar model on Amazon.com. It’s also—as a new price tag says—22,675 pesos, or about four years’ worth of the average Cuban salary. “If you’re going to buy a refrigerator,” Everleny tells me, “you’re not going to pay for it with 20s. You’d have to carry a trunk.” The release of new, larger denominations of standard peso bills is meant to smooth such transactions, but a year from now, with the peso possibly floating against a basket of currencies, there’s a risk that hidden inflation and exaggerated purchasing power could surface. Many people are hoarding hundred-dollar bills simply to be safe. On the way back to Havana, I ride on a CUC bus. In the past, regular people had no choice but to ride peso buses that were scarce, slow, and crowded. For 23 CUCs I get a seat on a punctual express that fills up mainly with foreign tourists but also some Cubans, the kind who have more than an average month’s salary to spend on a bus ticket. We pass quickly through a string of grim cities—Colón, Cárdenas, Matanzas—all poor and unvarnished yet bustling with shops and commerce I’ve never seen before in Cuba. Like a vacuum, the unmet demand of Cubans is pulling reform to the farthest corners of the island. The blogger Yoani Sanchez points out that this black market in information sticks to a familiar Cuban rule—nothing in el paquete should be explicitly political, to avoid drawing attention. But even the apolitical is subversive here, she says; when Cuban readers flock to lifestyle articles and glossy celebrity magazine covers, they’re imagining themselves in a different country. Everything they see in this digital realm—churros recipes, listicles on the secrets of entrepreneurial thinking—is part of a different state of mind, a terabyte of autonomy and desire. Even though the economy looks better than at any time since 1991, Cuba remains deeply, dangerously reliant on Venezuela’s collapsing economy. The heirs of Hugo Chávez have kept the lights on in Havana by granting Cuba 100,000 barrels of oil a day at about half the market price. That effectively hides 45 percent of the island’s trade deficit. Venezuela also pays $5.5 billion a year for the almost 40,000 Cuban medical professionals who now make up half of its health-care personnel. Neither support can endure unchanged. When MasterCard announced it would begin accepting charges from Cuba on March 1, the Cuban government slapped that down. U.S. airlines can now start flying directly to Cuba, or so Washington says—but there will likely be years of negotiations over safety, landing fees, and the reciprocal right of Cubana, a state-controlled, military-operated airline, to land its planes in Miami. The last thing on the Cuban list of reforms is sharing power. The Communist Party reflexively insists that nothing will change in Cuba, ever, but Obama’s rapprochement is certain to have an effect. Dissidents, the politically ambitious, and human-rights activists believe that some day they’ll be legally allowed to exist and their now-secretive work can become routine. The death of the CUC may turn out to be Day Zero for more than funny money.

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Stargazers and lunatics alike have a treat in store for them this weekend, when a "supermoon" will appear in the skies on Sunday 6 May. The full moon on 6 May is the closest and largest full moon of this year. Called a perigee full moon, it will be at the closest possible point to the Earth, making it appear much larger than usual. A supermoon is also simply a delight to behold. The supermoon in May is 14% bigger and 30% brighter than other full moons, according to Nasa, making 6 May a great time for a night walk. While a 16% increase is very hard to measure, the moon will appear larger and brighter for the night of 6 May in the UK and 5 May in the US. The perigee moon appears each month, but a magnificent supermoon last appeared on 19 March 2011, looming over London and glowing a deep, dark orange. Email us your pictures of the supermoon, using the hashtag #supermoon to firstname.lastname@example.org Take a look at 100 great shots of previous supermoons. CORRECTION: An earlier version of this article included the spelling perigree.

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The Role of Ethylene in Determining Apple Harvest and Storage Life This report compiles information on the use of ethylene measurement as an indicator of apple age, and discusses recent developments in low ethylene storage. Generally, scientists are in strong agreement about the importance of ethylene in controlling plant behavior and senescence. However, there is little agreement on the actual method of sampling trees for fruit, measuring the evolution of ethylene, or interpreting the results. Ethylene monitoring and scrubbing is successfully used by a few innovative growers in the eastern United States and the United Kingdom. Scientists need to do a great deal more work with Red and Golden Delicious grown in the Pacific Northwest and stored under commercial conditions before specific recommendations can be made. Background on Ethlyene Ethylene is a biologically active chemical that exists as a gas under normal conditions. It regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, and is biologically active in minute amounts. The odor of ethylene is not readily detectable at physiological levels, but in large concentrations it smells a great deal like acetylene. Ethylene is considered to be a naturally occurring plant hormone. All plant tissues are capable of producing ethylene, although the production rate is normally low. Production is known to be regulated by the plant tissue depending on the stage of development and environmental factors. As part of the normal life of the plant, ethylene production is induced during certain stages of growth, including fruit ripening, leaf abscission and flower senescence. Ethylene production increases as a result of bruising or wounding, water or heat stress, or the application of certain growth regulators. The amount of ethylene dissolved within the plant liquid may be the most active triggering mechanism. In summary, the gaseous plant hormone ethylene occurs naturally in most plant tissues. Its production can be stimulated or depressed by either internal or external factors. An increase in ethylene promotes (or inhibits) many plant functions, such as fruit ripening and leaf or fruit abscission, etc. Fruit Age & Harvest Measurement of the rate of ethylene evolution can be used as an indicator of apple age. One of the most dramatic changes in the chemistry and physiology of apples as they begin to ripen is the accelerated production of ethylene. Prior to initiation of the ripening process, the rate of ethylene production is so low that it is barely detectable, even with the most sophisticated instruments. For example, internal ethylene concentrations are generally below 0.15 parts per million (ppm). As ripening begins, as defined by the change in respiration, the production of ethylene increases dramatically. This rapid increase is called the climacteric. increasing logarithmically, the rate of ethylene production can increase 100-fold in just 2 days. This tremendous burst in ethylene production provides a convenient dividing line against which to categorize apples and pears as either preclimacteric (not yet producing significant quantities of ethylene), or post-climacteric (producing ethylene). (See Figure 1.) Fortunately, detached fruit begin the climacteric before fruit still attached to the tree. The closer preclimacteric fruit is picked to the occurrence of the climacteric on the tree, the shorter the time from harvest until ethylene is produced. Scientists are investigating how to use the ethylene climacteric to predict harvest. The Apple Maturity Program Dr. Max Patterson (WSU) has been measuring the ethylene evolved by fruit collected for the Apple Maturity Program (AMP) from orchards throughout Washington State. A "flow-through" measuring system is used, and data are electronically transmitted to Wenatchee, where they are discussed at weekly meetings. The goal of the AMP is to predict the optimum harvest date for apples to be placed in long-term CA storage for 8 to 11 months. Certain AMP orchards have had fruit sent to Pullman for ethylene analysis on a weekly basis over the past 7 years. Results of these tests have been accumulated and are currently being statistically analyzed. Until analysis is completed, the correlation between the AMP selected harvest date, the fruit quality examinations and the ethylene evolution cannot be made with certainty. After data on eight Red Delicious orchards were manually compared over 7 years, it was found that ethylene evolution preceded the AMP recommended harvest date for long-term CA by one week only 11 times (21% of the time). In 1980, significant quantities of ethylene were not detected in the test orchards until very late in the sampling period. On the other hand, the ethylene climacteric occurred after the AMP recommended harvest date 36% of the time (1980 data were excluded). Using the currently recommended CA regimes for marketing during the latter trimester of the season (June, July and August), fruit to be stored must be harvested immediately before the climacteric rise begins. Consequently, using ethylene evolution as a sole indicator to determine harvest for long-term storage can at times mislead the grower into picking fruit which is overmature for long-term CA. Late harvested fruit will have neither the excellent quality the market demands, nor shelf life. Growers are encouraged to add to the number of tests they are using to check for maturity, but they should recognize that no one indicator of maturity has been a reliable predictor of success in long-term CA. The determination of harvest date of Red Delicious for long-term CA storage must be made on the basis of a combination of horticultural qualities. See the AMP Handbook for details. Length of Harvest Season Studying the rate of ethylene evolution by AMP sample orchards has allowed the group to keep track of how rapidly fruit from a particular block is maturing, and implies how long it may be possible to continue harvesting for CA. Rapid ethylene evolution heralds the rapid onset of watercore and a reduction in storage life. Fruit which has developed watercore has passed the climacteric and contains appreciable amounts of ethylene. This fruit should not be placed in CA. Allowing fruit to hang on the tree after the ethylene climacteric has begun should only be done with the full knowledge that ripening is underway. To analyze for ethylene, use highly sensitive instruments. It is important to detect ethylene at levels of less than 0.10 parts per million. The instrument must be able to analyze many samples quickly and to distinguish clearly between ethylene and other gases. The type of instrument used for this purpose is called a gas chromatograph and is common in most sophisticated scientific laboratories. A few manufacturers have attempted to market a simplified gas chromatograph for ethylene analysis. Only qualified researchers should undertake comparison testing of moderately priced ($3,000 to $7,500) gas chromatographs under industry conditions. Manufacturers of simplified gas chromatographs include Hach, Carle Company; Neogen Carp; AID; and Hewlett Packard. Cost should not be a major consideration in the selection of a gas chromatograph. Accuracy, speed and repeatability should be considered. A method of sampling trees, blocks, orchards, and rooms needs to be carefully researched. Work at WSU's postharvest laboratory has shown the importance of consistent sampling within a tree. Light penetration, age of the bearing wood, spur age, rootstock, pruning, and limb orientation all influence the ripening pattern of fruit on a single tree. This influence can be extreme, as fruit on some branches produce over 200 ppm ethylene, while others produce less than 5 ppm on the same date. Sample fruit from the same location(s) repeatedly, rather than from different locations on the tree. Dr. Dave Blanpied of Cornell University measured ethylene in apples hanging on the tree to look at the variation which naturally exists among fruit on a tree, among trees in an orchard, and among orchards. He found small differences in the initiation of the ethylene climacteric among trees in an orchard block. However, there were differences of 10 or more days among blocks on a farm and farms in a small town. Consequently, he feels that if the ethylene climacteric is used as an indicator of harvest maturity, each block must be monitored. The interval between the earliest and latest fruit on the tree ranged between 7 to 14 days depending on cultivar and whether Alar had been used. A lesser interval occurred between trees in a single block. Dr. Blanpied worked on Empire, McIntosh and Red Delicious apples. Several methods of testing the rate of ethylene evolution by fruit have been developed. One involves sampling apples from an orchard in advance of harvest, and monitoring the time it takes for ethylene to accumulate in a sealed container. Testing is done on freshly harvested fruits at regular intervals. With each successive harvest, the number of hours from harvest until the climacteric decreases as the fruit matures. A graph is plotted which allows the grower to predict the climacteric in the orchard. Another strategy for predicting harvest dates for long-term CA injects ethylene gas into a jar filled with freshly picked apples. The time it takes for the fruit to respond to ethylene is determined. This technique stimulates apples to produce ethylene sooner than they would in a natural state as they become more sensitive to applied ethylene. The method selected by Dr. Patterson to measure the rate of ethylene evolution for the AMP employs a sophisticated, automated flow-through system. This system was chosen for its accuracy and ability to test a great number of fruits at the same time. Detached fruit is placed in a chamber and supplied with ethylene-free air at a constant rate. Effluent air is monitored daily for flow rate, ethylene and carbon dioxide concentrations. The data are used to calculate both ethylene production and respiration rates. Fruits are held for 7 days. The number of days before consistent daily ethylene production above 0.05 µL/kg/hr is equal to the number of days of "green life" (days prior to the climacteric). As ripening approaches green life decreases. Measuring ethylene in fruit hanging on the tree can avoid some of the problems in "bulking" samples in a sealed bucket or jar. These problems include the difficulty of determining if one apple in the bucket caused the others to give off ethylene before they naturally would do so. A single apple may have moldy core (a common problem in Washington in 1985), or be stressed by bruising or moisture conditions. The timing of ethylene evolution in fruits on the tree will not correspond with that of fruit from the same tree in a bucket, since removing the fruit from the tree promotes earlier ripening. There is little agreement among scientists as to the best method of testing fruit. Warehouses wishing to measure ethylene should choose one method and use it consistently, since it is difficult to compare the results of one method with those of another. The application of Alar (Daminozide) to apples delays the appearance and suppresses the subsequent rate of the production of ethylene. Combining Alar with low-oxygen CA storage has been shown to maintain the firmness of Cox more effectively than CA storage alone. In limited trials with Red Delicious, low-oxygen storage has not had a strongly demonstrated effect on Alar treated Red Delicious. Strategies to Avoid Ethylene One interesting aspect of ethylene is that fruit producing ethylene can stimulate the production of ethylene by other fruits. This is used to advantage by placing ripe apples in a container with unripe pears or tomatoes to ripen them. However, the fruit industry needs to protect fruit from ethylene. Carefully select and isolate fruit for long-term CA from fruit which may be producing ethylene. Have the orchardist avoid mixing fruit from weak, sick or stressed trees with the stronger CA quality fruit. Since ethylene is produced by internal combustion engines, propane fork lifts and trucks should be carefully tuned, and exhaust gases vented away from the fruit. The exhaust from a fossil fuel engine often contains approximately 500 parts per million (ppm) ethylene. The amount of ethylene produced by propane burners varies from zero to greater than 10 ppm, depending upon the condition of the catalyst, temperature of the catalyst, and the amount of oxygen in the intake atmosphere. In other words, the amount of ethylene generated is proportional to the completeness of combustion. Low Ethylene CA Storage Ethylene can be scrubbed from storage rooms. Commercial machinery designed to remove ethylene from CA storage facilities has been developed in England, Poland, Italy and New York. The cornerstone for successful ethylene control in storage is to start by harvesting preclimacteric fruit; isolating it from climacteric fruit and other sources of ethylene; and using a scrubber to remove ethylene as it is generated by the fruit. It is currently impossible to maintain the extremely low level of ethylene needed after the fruit begins to generate ethylene in large quantities. Drs. Frank Liu, Jim Bartsch and Blanpied of Cornell University have been investigating the response of apples to low ethylene CA storage. They found that McIntosh and Empire apples stored in a low ethylene CA had more acid, more aroma and higher firmness scores compared with apples stored under the same conditions but without the removal of ethylene. Both senescent breakdown of McIntosh and flesh breakdown of Empire were reduced. The low ethylene effects were far more pronounced on preclimacteric fruit.Dr. Liu did not find appreciable differences in fruit quality after low ethylene storage of Delicious, Golden Delicious or Idared apples even after 7 months in CA. However, Delicious apples stored for 7 months in low ethylene CA (without DPA) did not develop scald. Apples in CA with ethylene developed severe scald. Fruit stored in 500 ppm ethylene had more scald than fruit stored with less ethylene (10 ppm). Researchers at East Malling Research Station, England, have used low ethylene CA storage on Cox, Bramley and Golden Delicious over the past few years with varying success. Bramley apples stored for 33 weeks in low ethylene had no scald, while 68% of the control fruit were scalded. There is a limit to the length of time scald can be controlled in low ethylene storage, since some scald appeared late in the season on the low ethylene treatment. This scald was of lighter color and less extensive than the scald on the control fruit. Harvest maturity is thought to play a role on the ability of the low ethylene treatment to resist scald. Half as many fruits were affected by Bitter Pit in the low ethylene treatment as compared with the control. Ethylene scrubbed fruit were approximately 2.2 pounds firmer than the control. In summary, the benefits to certain varieties from low ethylene CA storage as compared with normal CA, are chiefly in the retention of fruit firmness, the retention of acids and a reduction in the amount of scald. However, very limited tests with (New York grown) Red Delicious have not shown improved firmness or acid levels, perhaps because of the use of Alar. Research has shown an appreciable reduction in scald (without DPA). Improved firmness and acidity have been demonstrated on varieties which are susceptible to chilling injury and must, therefore, be stored at 36°F. Studies done many years ago concluded that ethylene evolution is inhibited at temperatures close to 32°F. The rate of ethylene production by fruit is reduced by lowering the temperature and reducing the oxygen level. These same factors also reduce fruit response to ethylene. At 32°F and 1.0% oxygen, response to ethylene is usually nil. Apples respire slowly at the low oxygen levels of Washington CA rooms. Therefore, they produce less ethylene and respond more slowly to ethylene than fruit held at higher levels of oxygen and temperatures. Equipment to Remove Ethylene In order for an ethylene scrubber to be effective, it must remove all of the ethylene from the storage environment. Equipment which can reduce ethylene from 100 ppm or even 1,000 ppm down to 10 ppm is worthless! Ethylene must be kept at 1 ppm or below. There are currently two types of ethylene scrubbers on the market--a catalytic burner type and an adsorption type. A heated catalytic scrubber is manufactured by a British firm, Johnson Matthey, under agreement with East Malling Research Station where it was developed. It has been used in industry trials in the United Kingdom. Another ethylene scrubber using a different type of heated catalyst is manufactured by a Polish firm and sold in the United States by Neogen Food Tech. Corporation. The second type of ethylene scrubber uses potassium permanganate, which oxidizes ethylene very effectively. The potassium permanganate is incorporated onto small spheres of aluminum silicate (alumina). The beads are available commercially. Drs. Blanpied and Bartsch have developed an ethylene scrubber which utilizes these beads. Scrubbers have been placed in several commercial CA rooms in New York State. Activated carbon scrubbers remove some ethylene from CA rooms, but cannot be relied upon to remove sufficient ethylene for low ethylene storage. Although ethylene scrubbing has been used on a few commercial rooms, there is not enough experience to determine the long range benefits of these devices- particularly under Washington conditions with Delicious. In laboratory studies, chemical inhibitors of ethylene synthesis (AVG) have shown promising effects. Delayed ripening was seen with d'Anjou pears treated with a postharvest dip of AVG. When AVG was sprayed on apples before harvest, delayed ripening and reduced preharvest drop occurred. Other classes of chemical inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis include: inorganic ions CO2+, N2+, membrane disruptive agents, polyamines, and antioxidants such as sodium benzoate. These inhibitors have played an important role in our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for ethylene production. Shipping Containers CA storage reduces the generation of ethylene. Some manufacturers have attempted to incorporate CA into commercial shipping containers or to gas a pallet with high CO2 to provide a modified atmosphere container. Ethylene scrubbing may have application within the package itself by incorporating potassium permanganate into the package, either as a sachet or separate package in the container. There is not enough information available under Washington conditions to recommended the use of ethylene scrubbing devices in packages or containers at the present time me. Ethylene is a plant growth regulator which postharvest physiologists have studied in an attempt to understand ripening and senescence. I am convinced that the measurement and control of ethylene can become an extremely valuable tool in the apple industry's attempts to continue to improve edible fruit quality. It is only a mat matter of time before ethylene measurement and control become commonplace in the industry. Research efforts on ethylene need to be directed towards studying the commercial application of this technology. It is too early to recommend equipment and methodology to the industry at the current time. Dr. Eugene Kupferman, Postharvest Specialist WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801 Post Harvest Pomology Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 1

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Glasgow Coma Scale The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is one of the tools doctors use to determine how serious a brain injury is. The scale is composed of three parameters: Best Eye Response, Best Verbal Response and Best Motor Response. It is scored between 3 (worst) and 15 (best). The score is reached by adding the number beside the applicable description in all three categories. Best Eye Response (possible score of 4) 1. No eye opening. 2. Eye opening to pain. 3. Eye opening to verbal command. 4. Eyes open spontaneously. Best Verbal Response (possible score of 5) 1. No verbal response 2. Incomprehensible sounds. 3. Inappropriate words. Best Motor Response (possible score of 6) 1. No motor response 2. Extension to pain 3. Flexion to pain 4. Withdrawal from pain 5. Localizing pain 6. Obeys Commands Total possible score – 15 Teasdale G., Jennett B., LANCET (ii) 81-83, 1974.

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The atomic masses of three elements X, Y and Z having similar chemical properties are 7, 23 and 39 respectively. (a) Calculate the average atomic mass of elements X and Z. (b) How does the average atomic mass of elements X and Z compare with the atomic mass of element Y? (c) Which law of classification of elements is illustrated by this example? (d) What could the elements X, Y and Z be? (e) Give another example of a set of elements which can be classified according to this law. (a) The atomic masses of three elements X, Y and Z are 7, 23 and 39 respectively. The average atomic mass of X and Z is nothing but the arithmetic mean of the atomic masses of X and Z. Therefore, the average atomic mass of X and Z `=(7+39)/2=23` (b) From the above calculation, we observe that the average atomic mass of the elements X and Z is equal to the atomic mass of the element Y. (c) Dobereiner's law of triads is illustrated by the above example. According to Dobereiner's law, when elements are arranged in an increasing order of atomic masses, a three element group (triads), having the same chemical properties is formed. The atomic mass of the middle element is equal to the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. (d) The elements X,Y and Z , having atomic masses 7, 23, 39 are lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). They belong to the alkali metal group (group 1), with the same valency of 1 and exhibit similar chemical properties. (e) The elements calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) are a set of alkali earth metals (group 2 elements), with atomic masses 40,88 and 137 respectively, which are classified according to Dobereiner's law of triads.

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Curve Fitting Assignment Help Curve fitting can be defined as the process through which one can find the curve of a function that can be represented as y = f (x), which can best fit with the corresponding y values and the set of measured x values. Those students who are in need of curve fitting using matlab assignment can approach our numerical methods homework and numerical methods assignment service where they can get the assignment of matlab curve fitting from our experts. At our matlab assignment experts, the numerical methods assignment/homework help is especially designed for the problems of curve fitting using matlab. In order to resolve the problems of the matlab curve fitting, customers can get the solutions from our numerical methods assignment/homework help. The solutions of matlab curve fitting include matlab curve fitting term paper and project paper problems, matlab curve fitting homework, matlab curve fitting assignment, etc. Our experts at numerical methods assignment/homework help are well educated and they also have the degrees of bachelors, masters, or PhDs. All of them are well aware from the styles of referencing such as APA, AML, Harvard, or many others. Furthermore, curve fitting problems in the field of matlab comprises on the matrices, derivatives, linear transformations, gradients, vectors, etc. which can interface by our numerical methods tutors. The tutors of numerical methods at our matlab assignment experts can offer the solutions of all the mathematical methods which required in the statistics. Some of the topics are listed below, which have been discussed by our experts in our curve fitting assignment help. • Curve Fitting using DFT • Minimum mean square error method • Curve fitting by polynomial regression • Curve Fitting for a higher degree polynomial

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As a leader you're stuck with decision making. It's your job to make decisions that are in the best interest of the whole organization. You must consider the good of many, not of a few. This is a big responsibility and very often people don't appreciate your efforts. In fact, many times people get angry at you because of the decisions you make to help them! Let's take a moment and discuss decision making style. Not the decision itself, but style. As you read the descriptions below, consider the style you most often use and ask yourself if you consistently use the proper style for each situation. Democratic decision making is when the leader gives up ownership and control of a decision and allows the group to vote. Majority vote will decide the action. Advantages include a fairly fast decision, and a certain amount of group participation. The disadvantage of this style includes no responsibility. An individual is not responsible for the outcome. In fact, even the group feels no real responsibility because some members will say, "I didn't vote for that.". Lack of group and personal responsibility seems to disqualify this style of decision making; however, the democratic style does have its place in business.| Autocratic decision making is when the leader maintains total control and ownership of the decision. The leader is also completely responsible for the good or bad outcome as a result of the decision. The leader does not ask for any suggestions or ideas from outside sources and decides from his or her own internal information and perception of the situation. Advantages include a very fast decision, and personal responsibility by the leader, for the outcome. If an emergency situation exists, the autocratic style is usually the best choice. The disadvantages are varied and sometimes include less than desired effort from the people that must carry out the decision. If the employee is personally affected by the decision but not included when the decision is made, morale and effort may or may not suffer. It is not always predictable. If the outcome for the decision is not positive, members of the organization begin to feel they could have done a better job themselves and the leader may lose credibility. Collective - Participative decision making is when the leader involves the members of the organization. Other perspectives of the situation are discovered because the leader deliberately asks and encourages others to participate by giving their ideas, perceptions, knowledge, and information concerning the decision. The leader maintains total control of the decision because, although outside information is considered, the leader alone decides. The leader is also completely responsible for the good or bad outcome as a result of the decision. The advantages include some group participation and involvement. This is especially valuable when a person is affected negatively by the decision. In most cases, the individual is informed before the decision is implemented (no surprises) and usually feels good about personal involvement. If the leader is a good communicator, and listens carefully to the information collected, he or she will usually have a more accurate understanding of the situation and make a better decision. The disadvantages of this style include a fairly slow, time consuming decision; less security, because so many people are involved in the decision. Consensus decision making is when the leader gives up total control of the decision. The complete group is totally involved in the decision. The leader is not individually responsible for the outcome. The complete organization or group is now responsible for the outcome. This is not a democratic style because everyone must agree and "buy in" on the decision. If total commitment and agreement by everyone is not obtained the decision becomes democratic. The advantages include group commitment and responsibility for the outcome. Teamwork and good security is also created because everyone has a stake in the success of the decision. A more accurate decision is usually made, with a higher probability of success, because so many ideas, perspectives, skills and "brains" were involved in the creation. The disadvantages include a very slow and extremely time consuming decision. It is also a lot of work getting everyone in the organization involved. It takes skill and practice for a group to learn how to work together. © 1997 Leadership Management Development Center, Inc.

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Is it accurate and/or expedient to use the word “genocide” to describe the persecution of religious minorities by the terrorist group known as Islamic State, Daesh or a variant of that name? Hypothetical as it might seem, that question is a real dilemma for people in high places in western Europe and America. On January 20th, Federica Mogherini, the foreign-policy chief of the European Union, gave a speech to the European Parliament in which she deplored the suffering of Christians and other minority faiths in the Middle East but carefully stopped short of using the word genocide, to the great disappointment of many MEPs and religious-freedom campaigners. Those campaigners took heart when another Strasbourg-based body of legislators, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), took a much firmer position. PACE is an arm of the 47-nation Council of Europe. The European Parliament, an organ of the 28-nation European Union and rather more important, will also vote on the IS-and-genocide question in a few days’ time. The PACE resolution, passed on January 27th, denounced the wave of terror attacks on civilians in Europe and the Middle East Read it all.

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When it comes to preventing cognitive decline and dementia in older age, we often think of brain training exercises, physical fitness or a healthy diet but there may be one factor that contributes to dementia we may be overlooking in the elderly; poor vision. According to research published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, elderly people with untreated vision problems were significantly more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. The study proposes that vision problems may contribute to the development of dementia rather than be a symptom of the disease. In fact, elderly adults with vision problems who sought treatment were found to reduce their risk for dementia by 64 percent. The University of Michigan study also found that seniors who had treatment for eye problems like cataracts or glaucoma, common among the elderly, also lowered their risk for developing dementia. What makes good vision such a vital component in aging well and preventing cognitive decline? Vision problems hinder the ability of older adults not only to read or watch the news, it can limit their social interactions because they can no longer drive and may also prevent elderly adults from staying physically active. Studies have shown that social isolation increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in older age. With an anticipated 13 million Americans to have Alzheimer’s disease by 2050, according to data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, early and relatively inexpensive interventions like treating vision problems may help reduce the burden of the disease on families and the health care system. Poor vision can also increase the risk for falls leading to injury and result in more hospitalizations and transfers into long-term care facilities. If you or an elderly loved one has stopped reading, knitting or enjoying other favorite activities, it might be a sign of an eyesight problem. Take the time to make a regular annual appointment for an eye exam and you might be helping to preserve not only good vision but also cognitive health.

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Informing the public (Rule 35) Activities directed at the underwater cultural heritage can take very different forms. They can include meticulous survey or extensive excavation, but they can also have consolidation or better access as their objective. Whatever the reason, once all the research, planning, logistics, survey, excavation, conservation, analysis, curation, management plan, and reporting is finished, the project still is not complete until the results have been shared with a wide audience. Rule 35 mandates that projects must provide for public education and dissemination of results. Suggestions for fulfilling this: - Make sure at least one member of the project team has experience in public archaeology and sharing of information. - Assign responsibility for producing public outreach and education programmes to the project’s public archaeologist in order to make certain this requirement is not overlooked. - Ensure adequate funding is included in the project budget for the development and production of public-oriented materials. - Remember to include all groups of the public, not just sport divers. - Consider innovative methods for public education; there is no one right way to engage the public! Reasons for informing the public Futility of research All archaeological research is futile if results are not shared. Archaeologists need to disseminate new information among the research and academic community to further the scientific aims of identifying cultural change and understanding past human behaviour. However, it is at least as important to share information with the public at large. Archaeology has the unique ability to inform our understanding of ordinary people of the past, rather than favouring kings and generals who are often the focus of historical narratives. This connection to the public of the past is a means to engage the public of today. The public's interest The public’s interest in the past is illustrated by the popularity of television shows, movies, books, and other publications that focus on archaeology and history. The production of well-researched and well-presented data for a general audience is a powerful tool for making sure the public gets accurate, interesting information, rather than the over-simplified or over-inflated, and sometimes erroneous “facts” generated by the media and by organizations with more interest in profit than preservation. Effective public education also ensures the longevity of archaeology by generating support for it. The right to information In many cases, the public has rights to archaeological information. For example, when sites are located on public lands or when public taxes are used to fund archaeological investigations, people are entitled to know what is happening, how their money is being spent, and what the results of their investment are. Public programming utilizing quality productions that address archaeology works two ways. On the one hand it illuminates the value of the work being performed. On the other hand, however, it also shows the need for archaeological research in general to prevent the destruction of cultural heritage sites and consequent loss of heritage information. On a conceptual level, the idea that everyone has a fundamental right to know their past is a compelling argument for sharing archaeological information with the public. In some archaeological circles – as with other ivory tower scientists – there has been a tendency to hoard information or to think of the public as somehow incapable of understanding archaeological principles. This is not just elitist, but short-sighted as well. Rather, a broader public understanding of the importance of archaeology and of the information archaeological research provides can serve to further the goals of protection, preservation, and conservation of non-renewable cultural heritage sites. Not every specialist team-member may be an equally good communicator, while still being valuable for the team or its research. This may be so, but it is no excuse for not communicating. It is therefore wise to compensate with other team-members who have more affinity with public archaeology. In addition to the above, heritage tourism is one of the fastest-growing segments of the tourism industry and visitors appreciate the opportunity to experience first-hand authentic sites and artefacts as a way to connect to their past. Promotion of public access to archaeological sites is part of UNESCO’s Guidelines (see Rule 7), and is related to the idea that the heritage has a unique value for humanity. Furthermore, heritage tourism provides real and significant economic benefits for the local community. Often, one of the first ways potential visitors learn of sites to visit is through popular presentations about projects and discoveries. This interest then leads to tourism and additional learning. Advantages of sharing information Educating the public about the goals of archaeology and about the results of archaeological research has multiple advantages, especially where the underwater cultural heritage is concerned. Because of years of misinformation from the media and propaganda produced by commercial shipwreck salvagers, much of the public does not understand the difference between scientific archaeology and treasure hunting. Divers who would never dream of chipping a brick out of a historic building to take home do not see anything wrong with chipping a porthole out of a historic shipwreck. There seems to be a misunderstanding in the minds of many people that heritage sites on the bottom of the ocean are eligible for looting. Although much legislation has been directed toward combating the looting of underwater cultural heritage sites, perhaps the best way to change public opinion is through effective education. Education leads to appreciation, which leads to protection. People appreciate and value what they know about and understand; actually visiting a site provides an even stronger sense of connection. Additionally, fostering appreciation for one heritage site generally has the result of encouraging appreciation for other sites. Ultimately, sites are discovered and protected, or looted and destroyed, at the local level and in the context of surrounding communities’ attitudes toward their past. Archaeologists have a unique opportunity, and, it may be argued, a responsibility, to provide local people and others with the information and ability to become an integral part of investigating and protecting their own cultural heritage, on land or under water. General considerations on how to inform the public Project designs and budgets should take into account public outreach goals and the materials and products needed to reach those goals. - Team qualifications A team member who is responsible for public outreach and education, along with archaeological responsibilities, is a necessary component of the project and should be considered as part of Rule 10 (f): composition of team and qualifications. Many university archaeology programmes now offer courses in public archaeology and internships where students can practice strategies for public outreach and education. Alternatively, archaeologists often find themselves performing public archaeology due to necessity, gaining familiarity with public outreach through on-the-job training. The field of public archaeology is a growing part of the science, with ever more professionals focusing on outreach, education, and public interpretation of sites as primary research and career directions. A team member with prior experience, ideas for viable public programs, and the capacity to manage a project’s outreach plan will prove invaluable. This team member can also help to fulfil Rule 10 (p): programme for publication, which should include public synthesis of results. - Funding and partnerships Funding for public programmes should be considered, including sufficient funds for development of programmes, printing of outreach materials and interpretive literature, and creation of exhibits and displays. In some cases, once an initial printing of literature, such as brochures or underwater guides, is complete, a local organization may be able to take over successive printings. Partnerships with local museums or libraries are an excellent means of producing exhibits, which have the advantage of one-time outlay of funds to build. If the team is successful in creating local excitement and support for the project, in-kind donations of materials may be sought, from cement to create underwater markers, to the use of boats and donated chemicals for conservation. Targeting specific groups The “public” is composed of people of all ages and backgrounds, which enables archaeologists to pursue many avenues of education and outreach. School children may be too young to dive and visit the site, but they are eager to learn about seafaring and shipwrecks. Activity books, colouring books, posters, hands-on activities, travelling educational trunks, and presentations directed at a young audience are all viable options. Today’s children are tomorrow’s citizens who will be responsible for developing and implementing public policies and legislation regarding historic and archaeological site preservation. A positive learning experience focusing on archaeology at a young age will have far-reaching consequences. Lesson plans for teachers and educators will help ensure that young people receive factual information about archaeology and underwater cultural heritage. Archaeologists can work with local teachers to develop lesson plans featuring the project, including topics such as the scientific method, survey strategies, issues of working in an underwater environment, site identification and history, conservation and the chemistry of waterlogged artefacts. Curricula can be produced that will fit into existing classroom procedures when working with teachers who are familiar with educational standards for the area, state, or country. Because of archaeology’s appeal and inter-disciplinary nature, and especially the allure of shipwrecks and sunken sites, lessons that are engaging and entertaining, as well as informative and educational, can be developed. - Sport divers Because of their existing interest in the underwater world, sport divers are a prime target for outreach. In most cases, the local diving community will be well aware of the underwater cultural heritage in their area and will be extremely interested in the research. Through the incorporation of information on cultural resources into the existing and effective education about submerged natural resources, divers can be taught to recognize the underwater cultural heritage as part of the marine environment and deserving of the same respect and preservation. Moreover, engaging divers at an early stage of the project and making sure to keep them informed will help prevent misinformation, unpleasant confrontations, and hard feelings, and will help promote cooperation, stewardship, and protection. Divers often become valuable volunteer members of the research team, offering hours of labour, important local information, and a powerful advocacy voice among their peers for underwater historic preservation. Furthermore, diving organizations are an effective option for long-term site monitoring and management according to Rule 25; by encouraging a local dive club to “adopt” the shipwreck-site, archaeologists and heritage managers (who may be based elsewhere or will leave the area at the end of the project) can be assured the site will be watched over and cared for. - Local communities In many cases, the public can, and should, be involved in the archaeological process from the beginning. This applies in particular to local communities. It is vital for local inhabitants to be implicated in the study and protection of their underwater cultural heritage. This engagement with local people, for whom the underwater cultural heritage has a real and immediate connection, is crucial for long-term protection. The local inhabitants see the site on a regular basis and can effectively monitor activities at the site, such as diving and fishing. By engaging them in initial research and in continuing investigations, a sense of stewardship for the underwater cultural heritage can be fostered, which ultimately will help ensure protection. The individuals who participate in the research can then become ambassadors for archaeology, by sharing information with their community and providing examples of how everyday people can be directly involved with researching local history and heritage. Community organizations provide wonderful opportunities for outreach because they are directly tied to the local identity, stay current with local events and news, and often need speakers and programmes for their meetings. Historical and genealogical societies, libraries, museums, educational agencies, environmental clubs, and civic groups are generally eager to hear about archaeological research in their area. In addition, speaking to one group often generates contacts for others and the team’s public archaeologist may well find him or herself on the local speaking circuit. Further out at sea, the same role and the same sense of ownership will apply to discoverers of sites and to traditional and new users of the sea, from fishermen of distant ports to offshore operators. Even if these groups have a different way of being locally embedded, they have very strong feelings about maritime heritage and the space in which they operate. Even though it may be a challenge to engage them, it will prove to be worthwhile.

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Books / Digital Text 6. Natural Order, the State, and the Immigration Problem Human cooperation is the result of three factors: the differences among men and/or the geographical distribution of nature-given factors of production; the higher productivity achieved under the division of labor based on the mutual recognition of private property (the exclusive control of every man over his own body and his physical appropriations and possessions) as compared to either self-sufficient isolation or aggression, plunder and domination; and the human ability to recognize this latter fact. Were it not for the higher productivity of labor performed under division of labor and the human ability to recognize this fact, explains Ludwig von Mises, men would have forever remained deadly foes of one another, irreconcilable rivals in their endeavors to secure a portion of the scarce supply of means of sustenance provided by nature. Each man would have been forced to view all other men as his enemies; his craving for the satisfaction of his own appetites would have brought him into an implacable conflict with all his neighbors. No sympathy could possibly develop under such a state of affairs.1 The higher productivity achieved under the division of labor and man’s ability to recognize this fact explain the origin of the most elementary and fundamental of human institutions: the family and the family household.2 Second, it explains the fact of neighborhood (community) among homogeneous people (families, clans, tribes): of neighborhood in the form of adjacent properties owned by separate and “equal” owners and in the “unequal” form of the relationship characteristic of a father and his son, a landlord and his tenant, or a community founder and his follower-residents.3 Third and most important for our purposes, it explains the possibility of the peaceful coexistence of heterogeneous and alien communities. Even if the members of different communities find each other physically and/or behaviorally strange, irritating, or annoying, and do not want to associate as neighbors, they may still engage in mutually beneficial trade if they reside spatially separated from each other.4 Let us broaden this picture and assume the existence of different races, ethnicities, languages, religions, and cultures (henceforth summarily: ethno-cultures). Based on the insight that “likes” associate with other likes and live spatially separated from “unlikes,” the following picture emerges: People of one ethno-culture tend to live in close proximity to one another and spatially separated and distant from people of another ethno-culture. Whites live among Whites and separate from Asians and Blacks. Italian speakers live among other Italians and separate from English speakers. Christians live among other Christians and separate from Muslims. Catholics live among Catholics and separate from Protestants, etc. Naturally, some “overlap” and “mixing” of different ethno-cultures in various “border-territories” exists. Moreover, as centers of interregional trade, cities naturally display a higher degree of ethno-cultural heterogeneity. This notwithstanding, however, neighborhoods and communities are internally homogeneous (uni-cultural). In fact, even in border territories and cities the same spatial association and separation of likes and unlikes is found. Nothing like a society where members of different ethno-cultures live as neighbors or in close physical proximity to each other (as propagated by some American multiculturalists) emerges. Rather, the emerging multiculturalism is one in which many distinctly different ethno-cultures coexist in physical-spatial separation and distance from one another, and trade with each other from afar.5 Let us take one more step and assume that all property is owned privately and the entire globe is settled. Every piece of land, every house and building, every road, river, and lake, every forest and mountain, and all of the coastline is owned by private owners or firms. No such thing as “public” property or “open frontier” exists. Let us take a look at the problem of migration under this scenario of a “natural order.” First and foremost, in a natural order, there is no such thing as “freedom of migration.” People cannot move about as they please. Wherever a person moves, he moves on private property; and private ownership implies the owner’s right to include as well as to exclude others from his property. Essentially, a person can move only if he is invited by a recipient property owner, and this recipient-owner can revoke his invitation and expel his invitees whenever he deems their continued presence on his property undesirable (in violation of his visitation code). There will be plenty of movement under this scenario because there are powerful reasons to open access to one’s property, but there are also reasons to restrict or close access. Those who are the most inclusive are the owners of roads, railway stations, harbors, and airports, for example. Interregional movement is their business. Accordingly, their admission standards can be expected to be low, typically requiring no more than the payment of a user fee. However, even they would not follow a completely non-discriminatory admission policy. For instance, they would exclude intoxicated or unruly people and eject all trespassers, beggars, and bums from their property, and they might videotape or otherwise monitor or screen their customers while on their property. The situation for the owners of retail establishments, hotels, and restaurants is similar. They are in the business of selling and renting and thus offer easy access to their property. They have every economic incentive not to discriminate unfairly against “strangers” or “foreigners,” because this would lead to reduced profits or losses. However, they must be significantly more circumspect and restrictive in their admission policy than the owners of roads or airports. They must take into account the local-domestic repercussions that the presence of strangers may have. If local-domestic sales suffer due to a retailer’s or hotel’s open admission policy vis-à-vis foreigners, then discrimination is economically justified. In order to overcome this possible problem, commercial establishments can be expected to require of their “foreign” visitors at a minimum adherence to local standards of conduct and appearance.6 The situation is similar for local employers. They prefer lower to higher wage rates; hence, they are not predisposed against foreigners. However, they must be sensitive to the repercussions on the local labor force that may result from the employment of foreigners; that is, they must be fearful of the possibility that an ethno-culturally heterogeneous work force might lead to lower productivity. Moreover, employment requires housing, and it is in the residential housing and real estate market where discrimination against and exclusion of ethno-cultural strangers will tend to be most pronounced. For it is in the area of residential as contrasted to commercial property where the human desire to be private, secluded, protected, and undisturbed from external events and intrusions is most pronounced. The value of residential property to its owner depends essentially on its almost total exclusivity. Only family members and occasionally friends are included. And if residential property is located in a neighborhood, this desire for undisturbed possession—peace and privacy—is best accomplished by a high degree of ethno-cultural homogeneity (as this lowers transaction costs while simultaneously increasing protection from external disturbances and intrusions). By renting or selling residential property to strangers (and especially to strangers from ethno-culturally distant quarters), heterogeneity is introduced into the neighborhood. Transaction costs tend to increase, and the peculiar peace-and-privacy security—the freedom from external, foreign intrusions—sought and expected of residential property tends to fall, resulting in lower residential property values.7 Under the scenario of a natural order, then, it can be expected that there will be plenty of interregional trade and travel. However, owing to the natural discrimination against ethno-cultural strangers in the area of residential housing and real estate, there will be little actual migration, i.e., permanent resettlement. And whatever little migration there is, it will be by individuals who are more or less completely assimilated to their newly adopted community and its ethno-culture.8 Let us now introduce the institution of a State. The definition of a State assumed here is rather uncontroversial: A State is an agency which possesses the exclusive monopoly of ultimate decision-making and conflict arbitration within a given territory. In particular, a State can insist that all conflicts involving itself be adjudicated by itself or its agents. Implied in the power to exclude all others from acting as ultimate judge, as the second defining element of a State, is its power to tax: to unilaterally determine the price justice seekers must pay to the State for its services as the monopolistic provider of law and order.9 Certainly, based on this definition it is easy to understand why there might be a desire to establish a State. It is not, as we are told in kindergarten, in order to attain the “common good” or because there would be no order without a State, but for a reason far more selfish and base. For he who is a monopolist of final arbitration within a given territory can make and create laws in his own favor rather than recognize and apply existing law; and he who can legislate can also tax and thus enrich himself at the expense of others. Here it is impossible to cover the fascinating question of how such an extraordinary institution as a State with the power to legislate and tax can possibly arise, except to note that ideologies and intellectuals play a decisive role.10 Rather, States are assumed “given,” and the changes as regards migration that result from their existence will be considered. First, with the establishment of a state and territorially defined state borders, “immigration” takes on an entirely new meaning. In a natural order, immigration is a person’s migration from one neighborhood-community into a different one (micro-migration). In contrast, under statist conditions immigration is immigration by “foreigners” from across state borders, and the decision whom to exclude or include, and under what conditions, rests not with a multitude of independent private property owners or neighborhoods of owners but with a single central (and centralizing) state-government as the ultimate sovereign of all domestic residents and their properties (macro-migration). If a domestic resident-owner invites a person and arranges for his access onto the resident-owner’s property but the government excludes this person from the state territory, it is a case of forced exclusion (a phenomenon that does not exist in a natural order). On the other hand, if the government admits a person while there is no domestic resident-owner who has invited this person onto his property, it is a case of forced integration (also non-existent in a natural order, where all movement is invited). In order to comprehend the significance of this change from decentralized admission by a multitude of property owners and owner-associations (micro-migration) to centralized admission by a state (macro-migration), and in particular to grasp the potentialities of forced integration under statist conditions, it is necessary first to briefly consider a state’s policy of domestic migration. Based on the state’s definition as a territorial monopolist of legislation and taxation and the assumption of “self-interest,” the basic features of its policy can be predicted. Most fundamentally, it can be predicted that the state’s agents will be interested in increasing (maximizing) tax revenues and/or expanding the range of legislative interference with established private property rights, but they will have little or no interest in actually doing what a state is supposed to do: protecting private property owners and their property from domestic and foreign invasion. More specifically, because taxes and legislative interference with private property rights are not paid voluntarily but are met with resistance, a state, to assure its own power to tax and legislate, must have an existential interest in providing its agents access to everyone and all property within the state’s territory. In order to accomplish this, a state must take control of (expropriate) all existing private roads and then use its tax revenue to construct more and additional “public” roads, places, parks and lands, until everyone’s private property borders on or is encircled by public lands and roads. Many economists have argued that the existence of public roads indicates an imperfection of the natural—free market—order. According to them, the free market “under-produces” the so-called “public” good of roads; and tax-funded public roads rectify this deficiency and enhance overall economic efficiency (by facilitating interregional movement and trade and lowering transaction costs). Obviously, this is a starry-eyed view of the situation.11 Free markets do produce roads, although they may well produce fewer and different roads than under statist conditions. And viewed from the perspective of a natural order, the increased production of roads under statist conditions represents not an improvement but an “overproduction,” or better yet “malproduction,” of roads. Public roads are not simply harmless facilitators of interregional exchange. First and foremost, they are facilitators of state taxation and control, for on public roads the government’s taxmen, police, and military can proceed directly to everyone’s doorstep.12 In addition, public roads and lands lead to a distortion and artificial breakup of the spatial association and separation characteristic of a natural order. As explained, there are reasons to be close and inclusive, but there are also reasons to be physically distant and separated from others. The over-production of roads occurring under statist conditions means on the one hand that different communities are brought into greater proximity to one another than they would have preferred (on grounds of demonstrated preference). On the other hand, it means that one coherent community is broken up and divided by public roads.13 Moreover, under the particular assumption of a democratic state even more specific predictions can be made. Almost by definition, a state’s territory extends over several ethno-culturally heterogeneous communities, and dependent on recurring popular elections, a state-government will predictably engage in redistributive policies.14 In an ethno-culturally mixed territory this means playing one race, tribe, linguistic or religious group against another; one class within any one of these groups against another (the rich versus the poor, the capitalists versus the workers, etc.); and finally, mothers against fathers and children against parents. The resulting income and wealth redistribution is complex and varied. There are simple transfer payments from one group to another, for instance. However, redistribution also has a spatial aspect. In the realm of spatial relations it finds expression in an ever more pervasive network of non-discriminatory “affirmative action” policies imposed on private property owners. An owner’s right to exclude others from his property is the means by which he can avoid “bads” from happening: events that will lower the value of his property. By means of an unceasing flood of redistributive legislation, the democratic state has worked relentlessly not only to strip its citizens of all arms (weapons) but also to strip domestic property owners of their right of exclusion, thereby robbing them of much of their personal and physical protection. Commercial property owners such as stores, hotels, and restaurants are no longer free to exclude or restrict access as they see fit. Employers can no longer hire or fire who they wish. In the housing market, landlords are no longer free to exclude unwanted tenants. Furthermore, restrictive covenants are compelled to accept members and actions in violation of their very own rules and regulations. In short, forced integration is ubiquitous, making all aspects of life increasingly uncivilized and unpleasant.15 With this backdrop of domestic state policies we can return to the problem of immigration under statist conditions. It is now clear what state admission implies. It does not merely imply centralized admission. By admitting someone onto its territory, the state also permits this person to proceed on public roads and lands to every domestic resident’s doorsteps, to make use of all public facilities and services (such as hospitals and schools), and to access every commercial establishment, employment, and residential housing, protected by a multitude of non-discrimination laws.16 Only one more element is missing in this reconstruction. Why would immigration ever be a problem for a state? Who would want to migrate from a natural order into a statist area? A statist area would tend to lose its residents, especially its most productive subjects. It would be an attraction only for potential state-welfare recipients (whose admission would only further strengthen the emigration tendency). If anything, emigration is a problem for a state. In fact, the institution of a State is a cause of emigration; indeed, it is the most important or even the sole cause of modern mass migrations (more powerful and devastating in its effects than any hurricane, earthquake or flood and comparable only to the effects on migration of the various ice ages). What has been missing in this reconstruction is the assumption of a multitude of states partitioning the entire globe (the absence of natural orders anywhere). Then, as one state causes mass emigration, another state will be confronted with the problem of mass immigration; and the general direction of mass migration movements will be from territories where states exploit (legislatively expropriate and tax) their subjects more (and wealth accordingly tends to be lower) to territories where states exploit less (and wealth is higher). We have finally arrived in the present, when the Western world—Western Europe, North America, and Australia—is faced with the specter of State-caused mass immigration from all over the rest of the world. What can be and is being done about this situation? Out of sheer self-interest States will not adopt an “open border” policy. If they did, the influx of immigrants would quickly assume such proportions that the domestic state-welfare system would collapse. On the other hand, the Western welfare states do not prevent tens or even hundreds of thousands (and in the case of the United States well in excess of a million) of uninvited foreigners per year from entering and settling their territories. Moreover, as far as legal (rather than tolerated illegal) immigration is concerned, the Western welfare states have adopted a non-discriminatory “affirmative action” admission policy. That is, they set a maximum immigration target and then allot quotas to various emigration countries or regions, irrespective of how ethno-culturally similar or dissimilar such places and regions of origin are, thus further aggravating the problem of forced integration. As well, they typically allow an “open” (unspecified) number of “political asylum” seekers to enter—of government approved “victim” groups (to the exclusion of other, “politically incorrect” victims).17 In light of the unpopularity of this policy, one might wonder about the motive for engaging in it. However, given the nature of the state it is not difficult to discover a rationale. States, as will be recalled, are also promoters of forced domestic integration. Forced integration is a means of breaking up all intermediate social institutions and hierarchies (in between the state and the individual) such as family, clan, tribe, community, and church and their internal layers and ranks of authority. Through forced integration individuals are isolated (atomized) and their power of resistance vis-à-vis the State is weakened.18 In the “logic” of the state, a hefty dose of foreign invasion, especially if it comes from strange and far-away places, is reckoned to further strengthen this tendency. And the present situation offers a particularly opportune time to do so, for in accordance with the inherently centralizing tendency of States and statism generally and promoted here and now in particular by the U.S. as the world’s only remaining superpower, the Western world—or more precisely the neoconservative-social-democratic elites controlling the state governments in the U.S. and Western Europe—is committed to the establishment of supra-national states (such as the European Union) and ultimately one world state. National, regional or communal attachments are the main stumbling blocks on the way to this goal. A good measure of uninvited foreigners and government imposed multiculturalism is calculated to further weaken and ultimately destroy national, regional, and communal identities and thus promote the goal of a One World Order, led by the U.S., and a new “universal man.”19 What, if anything, can be done to spoil these statist designs and regain security and protection from invasion, whether domestic or foreign? Let us begin with a proposal made by the editors of the Wall Street Journal, the Cato Institute, the Foundation for Economic Education, and various left-libertarian writers of an open- or no-border policy—not because this proposal has any merit, but because it helps to elucidate what the problem is and what needs to be done to solve it. It is not difficult to predict the consequences of an open-border policy in the present world. If Switzerland, Austria, Germany or Italy, for instance, freely admitted everyone who made it to their borders and demanded entry, these countries would quickly be overrun by millions of third-world immigrants from Albania, Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria, for example. As the more perceptive open-border advocates realize, the domestic state-welfare programs and provisions would collapse as a consequence.20 This would not be a reason for concern, for surely, in order to regain effective protection of person and property the welfare state must be abolished. But then there is the great leap—or the gaping hole—in the open-border argument: out of the ruins of the democratic welfare states, we are led to believe, a new natural order will somehow emerge. The first error in this line of reasoning can be readily identified. Once the welfare states have collapsed under their own weight, the masses of immigrants who have brought this about are still there. They have not been miraculously transformed into Swiss, Austrians, Bavarians or Lombards, but remain what they are: Zulus, Hindus, Ibos, Albanians, or Bangladeshis. Assimilation can work when the number of immigrants is small. It is entirely impossible, however, if immigration occurs on a mass scale. In that case, immigrants will simply transport their own ethno-culture onto the new territory. Accordingly, when the welfare state has imploded there will be a multitude of “little” (or not so little) Calcuttas, Daccas, Lagoses, and Tiranas strewn all over Switzerland, Austria and Italy. It betrays a breathtaking sociological naiveté to believe that a natural order will emerge out of this admixture. Based on all historical experience with such forms of multiculturalism, it can safely be predicted that in fact the result will be civil war. There will be widespread plundering and squatterism leading to massive capital consumption, and civilization as we know it will disappear from Switzerland, Austria and Italy. Furthermore, the host population will quickly be outbred and, ultimately, physically displaced by their “guests.” There will still be Alps in Switzerland and Austria, but no Swiss or Austrians.21 However, the error in the open border proposal goes further than its dire consequences. The fundamental error of the proposal is moral or ethical in nature and lies in its underlying assumption that foreigners are “entitled,” or have a “right,” to immigrate. In fact, they have no such right whatsoever. Foreigners would have a right to enter Switzerland, Austria or Italy only if these places were uninhabited (unowned) territories. However, they are owned, and no one has a right to enter territories that others own unless invited by the owner. Nor is it permissible to argue, as some open-border proponents have done, that while foreigners may not enter private property without the owner’s permission they may do so with public property. In their eyes, public property is akin to unowned property and thus “open” to everyone, domestic citizens and foreigners alike.22 However, this analogy between public property and unowned resources is wrong. There is a categorical difference between unowned resources (open frontier) and public property. Public property is the result of state-government confiscations—of legislative expropriations and/or taxation—of originally privately owned property. While the state does not recognize anyone as its private owner, all of government controlled public property has in fact been brought about by the tax-paying members of the domestic public. Austrians, Swiss, and Italians, in accordance with the amount of taxes paid by each citizen, have funded the Austrian, Swiss, and Italian public property. Hence, they must be considered its legitimate owners. Foreigners have not been subject to domestic taxation and expropriation; hence, they cannot claim any rights regarding Austrian, Swiss or Italian public property. The recognition of the moral status of public property as expropriated private property is not just sufficient grounds for rejecting the open-border proposal as a moral outrage. It is equally sufficient for combating the present semi-open “affirmative action” immigration policies of the Western welfare States. Up to now, in the debate on immigration policy too much emphasis has been placed on consequentialist (utilitarian) arguments. Apologists of the status quo have argued that most immigrants work and become productive, so immigration contributes to a rising domestic standard of living. Critics have argued that the existing state-welfare institutions and provisions increasingly invite welfare-immigration, and they have warned that the only advantage of the current policies over the open-border alternative is that the former will take decades until it ultimately leads to similarly dire effects, while the latter will produce such effects within years. As important as the resolution of these issues is, it is not decisive. The opposition against current immigration policies is ultimately independent of whether immigration will make per capita GDP (or similar statistical measures) rise or fall. It is a matter of justice: of right and wrong. Understandably, the democratic welfare states try to conceal the source of public property (i.e., acts of expropriation). However, they do acknowledge that public property is “somehow” the property of their citizens and that they are the citizens’ trustees in regard to public property. Indeed, the modern state’s legitimacy is derived from its claim to protect its citizens and their property from domestic and foreign invaders, intruders, and trespassers. Regarding foreigners, this would require that the state act like the gatekeepers in private gated communities. The State would have to check every newcomer for an invitation and monitor his movement while en route to his final destination. Once it is made clear that the government actually tolerates or even promotes the intrusion and invasion of masses of aliens who by no stretch of the imagination can be deemed welcome or invited by domestic residents, this is or may become a threat to a government’s legitimacy and exert enough pressure on it to adopt a more restrictive and discriminatory admission policy.23 But this can only be the beginning; even if public opinion induced the state to adopt an immigration stance more in accordance with popular sentiments and justice, this fact would not change that the interests of private property owners and those of the State as a territorial monopolist of legislation and taxation are incompatible and in permanent conflict with each other. A State is a contradiction in terms: it is a property protector who may expropriate the property of the protected through legislation and taxation. Predictably, a State will be interested in maximizing its tax revenues and power (its range of legislative interference with private property rights) and disinterested in protecting anything except itself. What we experience in the area of immigration is only one aspect of a general problem. States are also supposed to protect their citizens from domestic intrusion and invasion, yet as we have seen, they actually disarm them, encircle them, tax them, and strip them of their right to exclusion, thus rendering them helpless. Accordingly, the solution to the immigration problem is at the same time the solution to the general problem inherent in the institution of a State and of public property. It involves the return to a natural order by means of secession. To regain security from domestic and foreign intrusion and invasion, the central nation States will have to be broken up into their constituent parts. The Austrian and the Italian central States do not own Austrian and Italian public property; they are its citizens’ trustees. Yet they do not protect them and their property. Hence, just as the Austrians and the Italians (and not foreigners) are the owners of Austria and Italy, so by extension of the same principle do the Carinthians and the Lombards (in accordance with individual tax payments) own Carinthia and Lombardy, and the Bergamese, Bergamo (and not the Viennese and the Roman governments). In a decisive first step, individual provinces, regions, cities, towns and villages must declare their independence from Rome, Vienna, Berlin, Paris, and proclaim their status as “free territories.” Extensive efforts by the central States to the contrary notwithstanding, strong provincial affiliations and attachments still exist in many regions, cities and villages all across Europe. It is vital to tap into these provincial and local sentiments in taking this first step. With every successive act of regional secession the power of the central State will be diminished. It will be stripped of more of its public property, its agents’ range of access will increasingly be restricted, and its laws will apply in smaller and smaller territories, until it ultimately withers away. However, it is essential to go beyond “political secession” to the privatization of property. After all, provincial and local political bodies (governments) have no more right to provincial property than the central government had to national property. The secession process must proceed further. Provincial or communal public property: roads, parks, government buildings, schools, courthouses, etc., must be returned to their genuine private owners and owner associations. Who owns what share of provincial or communal property? In principle, each owns according to his (compulsory) contribution to this property! In the case in which private property was expropriated by local government for purposes of “eminent domain,” the property is simply returned to its original owner. As for the rest (and most) of public property, tradable property shares should be distributed among community members in accordance with their individual tax-payments. Every public road, park, school, etc., was funded by taxpayers; hence, local taxpayers, in accordance with their tax payments, should be awarded local public property.24 This has a twofold implication. First, some residents have paid more taxes than others, so it is only natural and just that the former should be awarded more shares than the latter. Second and more specifically, some residents will be excluded altogether from receiving public property shares. For one, welfare recipients should be excluded. Presumably, they have paid no taxes but lived instead on taxes paid by others. Hence, they cannot claim any ownership share in public property. Likewise, all government officials and civil servants must be excluded from receiving ownership shares in public property, for their net (after tax) salary has been paid out of taxes paid by others. Just like welfare recipients, civil servants have not been tax-payers but tax-consumers. Hence, they too have no claim to communal property.25 With the central state withered away and the privatization of public property complete, the right to exclusion inherent in private property and essential for personal security and protection is returned into the hands of a multitude of independent private decision-making units. Immigration once again becomes a micro-phenomenon and disappears as a social “problem.” * Originally published in the Journal of Libertarian Studies 16, no. 1 (2002). - 1. Ludwig von Mises, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics (Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998), p. 144. “Within the frame of social co-operation,” Mises explains, there can emerge between members of society feelings of sympathy and friendship and a sense of belonging together. These feelings are the source of man’s most delightful and most sublime experiences. However, they are not, as some have asserted, the agents that have brought about social relationships. They are fruits of social cooperation, they thrive only within its frame; they did not precede the establishment of social relations and are not the seed from which they spring. - 2. As regards the family, Mises explains, the mutual sexual attraction between male and female is inherent in man’s animal nature and independent of any thinking and theorizing. It is permissible to call it original, vegetative, instinctive, or mysterious. . . . However, neither cohabitation, nor what precedes it and follows, generates social cooperation and societal modes of life. The animals too join together in mating, but they have not developed social relations. Family life is not merely a product of sexual intercourse. It is by no means natural and necessary that parents and children live together in the way they do in the family. The mating relation need not result in a family organization. The human family is an outcome of thinking, planning, and acting. (Human Action, p. 167) - 3. See on this also Spencer H. MacCallum, The Art of Community (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, 1970). - 4. Mises notes in this regard that even if such a thing as a natural and inborn hatred between various races existed, it would not render social cooperation futile. . . . Social cooperation has nothing to do with personal love or with a general commandment to love one another. They cooperate because this best serves their own interests. Neither love nor charity nor any other sympathetic sentiments but rightly understood selfishness is what originally impelled man to adjust himself to the requirements of society, to respect the rights and freedoms of his fellow men and to substitute peaceful cooperation for enmity and conflict. (Human Action, p. 168) - 5. See also Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed—The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2001), esp. chap. 9. On the significance of race and ethnicity, and especially on “genetic similarity and dissimilarity” as a source of attraction and repulsion see J. Phillippe Rushton, Race, Evolution, and Behavior (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1995); idem, “Gene-Culture, Coevolution, and Genetic Similarity Theory: Implications for Ideology, Ethnic Nepotism, and Geopolitics,” Politics and the Life Sciences 4 (1986); and Michael Levin, Why Race Matters (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997). - 6. On the law and economics of “affirmative action” and discrimination, see Richard A. Epstein, Forbidden Grounds (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Walter Block and Michael Walker, eds., Discrimination, Affirmative Action, and Equal Opportunity (Vancouver, B.C.: Fraser Institute, 1982). - 7. Empirically, man’s demand for ethno-cultural homogeneity in residential areas finds expression in two important institutional developments. On one hand, demand is accommodated by the development of proprietary communities—“gated” or “restrictive” communities or covenants—owned by a founder-developer and leased to follower-tenants. Here, from the outset, the owner imposes his own standards of community admission and membership conduct. The follower-tenants, in associating with the owner, agree to abide by this code. Of course, any such code restricts a person’s range of permissible choices (as compared to the range available outside a proprietary community). By the same token, though, the code protects each community member from various forms of external disturbances. Presumably, in residing where they do community members demonstrate that they prefer the added “protection” offered by the code over its added “restrictiveness.” On the other hand, in communities of multiple independent proprietors, the demand for ethno-cultural homogeneity finds expression in the institution of insurance (mutual or capital-based). The essence of insurance is the grouping of individual risks into a pool (or class) of risks. However, in order to be so grouped, each individual risk must be “homogeneous” as regards the risk under consideration to every other individual risk within the same class. “Heterogeneous” risks either cannot be insured or must be insured separately (in different pools, jointly with other homogeneous risks, and at different prices). Ethno-cultural homogeneity of neighborhoods, then, is simply a device for making insurance against external threats and interferences possible and thus lowering the cost of residential property protection. Homogeneity facilitates mutual property insurance. Capital-based insurers will charge lower premiums for clusters of homogeneous territories (while at the same time revealing the different ranks in cultural development of various ethno-cultures, as reflected in the price-spread of the premium charged at different locations). - 8. Mass migration, in contrast to small-scale individual migration of skilled laborers in pursuit of a more productive environment, is entirely a state-made phenomenon (see also section IV below). Most typically, mass migration is the outcome of inter-state warfare, state resettlement programs, group expulsion, or general economic destructionism. - 9. See Murray N. Rothbard, For a New Liberty (New York: Macmillan, 1978), esp. chap. 3; Murray N. Rothbard, The Ethics of Liberty (New York: New York University Press, 1998), esp. part III; Hans-Hermann Hoppe, A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989); also Franz Oppenheimer, The State (New York: Vanguard Press, 1914). - 10. See Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed; idem, Natural Elites, Intellectuals, and the State, pamphlet (Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1995); Murray N. Rothbard, For a New Liberty, esp. chap. 7; idem, Education: Free and Compulsory (Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999). - 11. On the fallacies of the theory of public goods see Murray N. Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State (Auburn, Ala.: Mises Institute, 1993), pp. 883–90; Hoppe, A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism, chap. 10; on roads in particular see Walter Block, “Public Goods and Externalities: The Case of Roads,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 7, no. 1 (1983). - 12. Even the famed roadways of ancient Rome were typically regarded as a plague (rather than an advantage) because they were essentially military rather than trade routes. See Max Weber, Soziologie, Weltgeschichtliche Analysen, Politik (Stuttgart: Kroener, 1964), p. 4. - 13. See also Edward Banfield, The Unheavenly City Revisited (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974). - 14. On the practical impossibility of democracy (majority rule) in multi-ethnic states, see Ludwig von Mises, Nation, State, and Economy (New York: New York University Press, 1983). - 15. See also Murray N. Rothbard, “Marshall, Civil Rights and the Courts,” in Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr., ed., The Irrepressible Rothbard (Burlingame, Calif.: Center for Libertarian Studies, 2000), pp. 370–77; Michael Levin, “The President as Social Engineer,” in John V. Denson, ed., Reassessing the Presidency (Auburn, Ala.: Mises Institute, 2001), pp. 651–66. - 16. “If every piece of land in a country were owned by some person, group or corporation,” elaborates Murray N. Rothbard, this would mean that no immigrant could enter unless invited to enter and allowed to rent or purchase property. A totally privatized country would be as closed as the particular inhabitants and property owners desire. It seems clear, then, that the regime of open borders that exists de facto in the U.S. really amounts to a compulsory opening by the central state, the state in charge of all streets and public land areas, and does not genuinely reflect the wishes of the proprietors. (“Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 11, no. 2 (1994): 7) On U.S. immigration, see Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation: Common Sense about America’s Immigration Disaster (New York: Random House, 1995); George J. Borjas, Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy (New York: Basic Books, 1990); idem, Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999). - 17. Typically, it is easier for a certified “political” mass murderer, such as a socialist dictator, for instance, who has been overthrown by another, to gain entrance into Western countries than it is for the (his) “true” victims. While he who qualifies as a victim changes with the political winds, a relative constant in Western asylum policy is the preference for Jewish immigration (at the exclusion of non-Jews). In the U.S., for instance, it has been a long-standing tradition that Jews from the former Soviet Union qualify as “victims,” while regular Russians or Ukrainians do not. Not to be outdone, Germany currently accepts every Russian Jew who desires entrance, but excludes as non-victims all other Russians. Consequently, the demand for German asylum among Russian “Jews,” two-thirds of whom are supported entirely through “public” welfare, has risen to such a level that the Central Committee of Jews in Germany demanded of the German government (successfully) that applicants be “tested” for Jewishness. Essentially, the test is the same as that employed by the National Socialists in the infamous Nuremberg Race Laws of 1934 (while it is used to the opposite effect), which in turn was based on the official (self-acknowledged) religious strictures of orthodox Judaism. Incidentally, Israel, which defines itself as “a Jewish State,” practically prohibits all immigration by non-Jews (while allowing any Jew from anywhere, under the Law of Return, to enter Israel with full citizenship rights). Ninety-two percent of Israel’s land is state-owned and regulated by the Jewish National Fund. According to its regulations, the right to reside, to open a business, and frequently also to work on this land is prohibited to anyone except Jews. While Jews may rent from non-Jews, non-Jews are prohibited from renting from Jews. See Israel Shahak, Jewish History, Jewish Religion (London: Pluto Press, 1994), esp. chap. 1. - 18. See also Robert A. Nisbet, Community and Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962); idem, Conservatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). - 19. For a summary presentation of the neoconservative worldview, see Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon Books, 1993); for a critical assessment of the neoconservatives and their agenda, see Paul Gottfried, The Conservative Movement (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993); idem, After Liberalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999). For a brilliant literary treatment of the subject of mass immigration and the Western welfare state, see Jean Raspail, The Camp of the Saints (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975). - 20. See, for instance, Walter Block, “A Libertarian Case for Free Immigration,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 13, no. 2 (1998). - 21. Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation, pp. 124–27, has provided some recent evidence for the thesis that no multicultural state, and especially no democratic one, has ever worked peacefully for very long. Working back from the present, here is the evidence: Eritrea, ruled by Ethiopia since 1952, splits off in 1993; Czechoslovakia, founded in 1918, splits into Czech and Slovak ethnic components in 1993; the Soviet Union of 1917 splits into multiple ethnic components in 1991, and many of these components are threatened with further ethnic fragmentation; Yugoslavia, founded in 1918, splits into several ethnic components in 1991, and further breakup is still under way; Lebanon, founded in 1920, has effectively partitioned Christians and Muslims (under Syrian domination) since 1975; Cyprus, independent since 1960, effectively partitions Greek and Turkish territories in 1974; Pakistan, independent since 1947, ethnically distinct Bangladesh splits off in 1971; Malaysia, independent since 1963, Chinese-dominated Singapore is expelled in 1965. The list goes on with still unresolved cases: India and the Sikhs and Kashmiris; Sri Lanka and the Tamils; Turkey, Iraq and Iran and the Kurds; Sudan and Chad and the Arabs versus Blacks; Nigeria and the Ibos; Ulster and the Protestants versus the Catholics; Belgium and the Flemish versus the Walloons; Italy and the German-speaking South Tyrolians; Canada and the French versus the English; Zimbabwe and South Africa and Blacks versus Whites. Yet, is not Switzerland, with an assemblage of Germans, French, Italians, and Romansh an exception? Hardly. All essential powers in Switzerland, in particular those determining educational and cultural matters (schools), are concentrated in the hands of the cantons rather than in those of the central government. And almost all of the twenty-six cantons and half-cantons are ethno-culturally homogeneous. Seventeen cantons are almost exclusively German; four cantons are almost exclusively French; and one canton is predominantly Italian. Only three cantons are bilingual, the Swiss ethno-cultural balance has been essentially stable, and there is only a limited amount of inter-cultural cantonal migration. Even given these favorable circumstances, Switzerland did experience an unsuccessful, violently suppressed war of secession, the Sonderbundskrieg of 1847. Furthermore, the creation of the new, breakaway French-speaking canton of Jura from the predominantly German canton of Berne in 1979 was preceded by years of terrorist activity. - 22. See, for instance, Block, “A Libertarian Case for Free Immigration.” - 23. Against many left-libertarian open-border enthusiasts, it is incorrect to infer from the fact that an immigrant has found someone willing to employ him that his presence on a given territory must henceforth be considered “invited.” Strictly speaking, this conclusion is true only if the employer also assumes the full costs associated with the importation of his immigrant-employee. This is the case under the much-maligned arrangement of a “factory town” owned and operated by a proprietor. Here, the full cost of employment, the cost of housing, healthcare, and all other amenities associated with the immigrant’s presence, is paid for by the proprietor. No one else’s property is involved in the immigrant-worker settlement. Less perfectly (and increasingly less so), this full-cost-principle of immigration is realized in Swiss immigration policy. In Switzerland immigration matters are decided on the local rather than federal government level, by the local owner-resident community in which the immigrant wants to reside. These owners are interested that the immigrant’s presence in their community increase rather than decrease their property values. In places as attractive as Switzerland, this typically means that the immigrant (or his employer) is expected to buy his way into a community, which often requires multimillion-dollar donations. Unfortunately, welfare states are not operated like factory towns or even Swiss communities. Under welfare-state conditions the immigrant employer must pay only a small fraction of the full costs associated with the immigrant’s presence. He is permitted to socialize (externalize) a substantial part of such costs onto other property owners. Equipped with a work permit, the immigrant is allowed to make free use of every public facility: roads, parks, hospitals, schools, and no landlord, businessman, or private association is permitted to discriminate against him as regards housing, employment, accommodation, and association. That is, the immigrant comes invited with a substantial fringe benefits package paid for not (or only partially) by the immigrant employer (who allegedly has extended the invitation), but by other domestic proprietors as taxpayers who had no say in the invitation whatsoever. This is not an “invitation,” as commonly understood. This is an imposition. It is like inviting immigrant workers to renovate one’s own house while feeding them from other people’s refrigerators. Consequently, because the cost of importing immigrant workers is lowered, more employer-sponsored immigrants will arrive than otherwise. Moreover, the character of the immigrant changes, too. While Swiss communities choose well-heeled, highly value-productive immigrants, whose presence enhances communal property values all around, employers under democratic welfare-state conditions are permitted by state law to externalize their employment costs on others and tend to import increasingly cheap, low-skilled and low value-productive immigrants, regardless of their effect on all-around communal property values. Theoretically bankrupt, the left-libertarian open-border stance can be understood only psychologically. One source can be found in the Randian upbringing of many left-libertarians. Big businessmen-entrepreneurs are portrayed as “heroes” and, according to Ayn Rand in one of her more ridiculous statements, are viewed as the welfare state’s “most severely persecuted minority.” In this view (and untainted by any historical knowledge or experience), what can possibly be wrong with a businessman hiring an immigrant worker? In fact, as every historian knows, big businessmen are among the worst sinners against private property rights and the law of the market. Among other things, in an unholy alliance with the central state they have acquired the privilege of importing immigrant workers at other people’s expense (just as they have acquired the privilege of exporting capital to other countries and being bailed out by taxpayers and the military when such investments turn sour). A second motive for the open-border enthusiasm among contemporary left-libertarians is their egalitarianism. They were initially drawn to libertarianism as juveniles because of its “anti-authoritarianism” (trust no authority) and seeming “tolerance,” in particular toward “alternative”—non-bourgeois—lifestyles. As adults, they have been arrested in this phase of mental development. They express special “sensitivity” in every manner of discrimination and are not inhibited in using the power of the central state to impose non-discrimination or “civil rights” statutes on society. Consequently, by prohibiting other property owners from discrimination as they see fit, they are allowed to live at others’ expense. They can indulge in their “alternative” lifestyle without having to pay the “normal” price for such conduct, i.e., discrimination and exclusion. To legitimize this course of action, they insist that one lifestyle is as good and acceptable as another. This leads first to multiculturalism, then to cultural relativism, and finally to “open borders.” See further on this Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, esp. chap. 10. - 24. It should be emphasized that the distributed property shares must be tradable in order to constitute genuine private property. On the one hand, the tradability of shares makes it possible that people can cash-in (sell) their property. Not everyone has the patience and is willing to assume the risk associated with the ownership of capital goods. On the other hand, by the same token tradability makes it possible that the shares can be bought and put to productive use by capitalist-entrepreneurs who do have the requisite patience and are willing to assume the associated risk (of profit and loss). - 25. To be sure, a number of complications would arise with this privatization strategy. In order to determine the ownership shares granted to various individuals in buildings and structures currently owned by federal, regional, and local governments, these individuals would have to provide documentation of their past payments of federal, regional and local taxes respectively, and in each case past welfare payments received must be deducted from taxes paid in order to arrive at a figure for the amount of net taxes paid. In a fully privatized market society, the task of finding a detailed solution to this problem would be typically assumed by private accountants, lawyers, and arbitration agencies, financed directly or indirectly, for a contingency fee, by the individual claimants.

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Almost 108 million Americans were overweight or obese in 1999. As yet, obesity remains a significant problem and is predicted to attain epidemic levels by the entire year 2020. One method to prevent this scenario is to create people conscious of the risks to be overweight or obese. Here are a few diseases that you’re putting yourself in threat of if you should be carrying lots of extra inches: Slimming down helps to stop and control these diseases. The quick weight reduction methods which may have spread like fire nowadays don’t provide lasting results. More regularly than not, dieting methods which involve dietary drinks, foods and supplement or pills don’t work. When they do, the answers are just temporary. It is much better to depend on a wholesome weight reduction option that will provide lifetime results. You’ve to create realistic goals and not expect to reduce lots of pounds in a quick span of time. Here are a few recommendations on ways to lose those unwanted pounds the healthy way: Don’t starve your self. The main element to a healthy means of slimming down is: Don’t diet. You might seem happy and feel that you’re losing those unwanted flabs on your own belly and thighs by skipping meals. But understand that this will not last long. The human body cannot tolerate having insufficient food to fuel the power that you employ up everyday. In the event that you get accustomed to skipping 1 or 2 meals each day, your stored calories is going to be utilized as opposed to the energy which should have now been supplied by your meals. When you just eat one huge sandwich in 1 day, it can become right to your condition area (i.e. highs, buttocks, hips).(losing weight with apple cider vinegar) Start every day right. Mothers always claim that breakfast is the main meal of the day. Have a wholesome meal each morning to jump-start your metabolism. The food intake when you awaken is going to be used to burn fat all day long long. Eat small, healthy meals frequently. Five small-serving snacks each day is preferable to three hearty meals. Eating more often, and in small servings, can prevent over-eating. This may also raise your metabolism and make calories burn faster. Decide on what much weight you wish to lose. Keep your goals realistic. In the long term, it’s virtually impossible for you yourself to lose 40 pounds in 2 weeks. Have a mindset that you wish to eat healthy to remain healthy for the remainder of one’s life. When you have chosen a fat loss plan or program, adhere to it and be sure that you follow your personal group of dieting rules. Drink plenty of water. The human body needs sufficient water to burn fat and keep your cells hydrated and healthy.(losing weight with apple cider vinegar) Avoid a lot of sugar. Plan your diet around plenty of fruits and vegetables, some bread, rice or pasta for that carbo fix that you’ll require, plus lean meat and protein rich-foods. Sweets, sodas and pastries ought to be once-in-a-while indulgences only. Watch your fat intake. Fat isn’t at fault to being overweight. You’ll need this to help keep your weight at the appropriate level. There’s any such thing as healthy fats. Olive, peanuts and canola oil have them. Tuna, salmon and mackerel have omega-3 fats which will work for the heart.(losing weight with apple cider vinegar) Leave your vehicle if you should be only going several blocks from your home, take the stairs as opposed to the elevator, jog, cycle or skate. Use these activites and other home chores if you should be too lazy to attend the gym and take exercise classes. Ensure that you try this regularly and you won’t even notice that you’re already shedding pounds with one of these mundane activities.(losing weight with apple cider vinegar) It generally does not matter just how much weight you intend or have to lose. What’s important is that you place realistic goals for yourself. Go slow. When you have already lost 5 or 6 pounds, give yourself a rest then try to reduce another 5 pounds.(losing weight with apple cider vinegar) Eat healthy, drink plenty of water, have sufficient sleep and exercise. This provides you with an increased potential for slimming down and improving your wellbeing, which may result to a fresh, healthier you.

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Injury to the Spinal Cord can occur due to trauma to any part of the spine from the cranium to the upper lumbar region where the spinal cord terminates. Trauma to the spinal cord is commonly associated with damage to the spine itself. Often, a fracture of the spine occurs in relation to the injured central nervous system tissue. The area where the spinal cord is injured dictates the level of function, as dysfunction develops below that specific level. Spinal cord injuries are classified as either incomplete or complete. Incomplete injuries show preservation of some function below the injured level. Complete injuries are characterized by a total lack of both motor and sensory function in motor-sensory and electrical modalities below the level of the injury. Symptoms: Spinal cord injury presents with severe pain, limited mobility, or paralysis after a specific accident or trauma to the spine. Diagnosis: Patients with spinal cord injury need to be thoroughly examined on admission to assess any preservation of function, including peri-anal and rectal examinations and testing of all reflexes and motor and sensory functions. Sematosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) are also a possible adjunctive test. They examine the ability of the spinal cord to transmit impulses by stimulating an area of the leg or arm with a weak electrical current, and determining whether or not this stimulus can be detected over the corresponding part of the brain. Wherever possible, radiographic studies (x-rays, CT scan) need to be performed in a timely manner. An MRI is indicated wherever possible to identify the injured spinal cord and any foreign tissues in the spinal canal, such as a fragment of bone or disc material. Treatment: Surgery to correct a spinal deformity that narrows the spinal canal is often performed but is unlikely to reverse any major spinal cord dysfunction; however, removing bone or disc material from the spinal canal in a timely basis can promote the recovery of an incompletely injured cord. Patients with cervical spinal fractures are often placed in traction to try to realign the spinal canal to relieve any ongoing pressure on the spinal cord. Some spinal injuries that result in spinal cord trauma are stable and do not require surgery. In the cervical spine, fractures are sometimes treated with immobilization devices such as a halo external fixation device. Unstable fractures in the thoraco-lumbar region may require instrumented fusion. For more information about spine related conditions and treatments, visit the UCLA Spine Center at at spinecenter.ucla.edu.

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Normally we use the clear command or press “Ctrl + L” to clear the terminal screen in Linux. Although it works, in reality the screen is not cleared – only the previous output is shifted upwards outside of the viewable area. But what if the requirement is to actually clear the terminal screen? In this article we will discuss the reset command that makes this possible. The article will also focus on another critical scenario where this command helps. The problem with “clear” As I have already mentioned in the beginning, the clear command is the most commonly used command when it comes to clearing the terminal screen in Linux, and to be honest, it does the job most of the time. However, the fact that it just shifts the previous output upwards could result in confusion at times. For example, imagine a situation where you’re doing something really critical on the command line (such as monitoring network activity to detect a possible hacking attempt) that involves running a single or a set of commands again and again and using mouse scroll or PgUP and PgDown keys to compare/analyze the output. Now, if you issue a clear command in between to clear the screen, the chances of you committing a mistake are high as it’s sometimes hard to differentiate where the output of the previous command ends and that of the current command begins. For example, the following screenshot (taken after scrolling the terminal window up a bit) shows the use of “Ctrl + L” while running the ls -lart command again and again. How “reset” solves the problem If you take a quick look at the reset command’s man page, you’ll see that it says the command eventually initializes the terminal – or better put, re-initializes the terminal – instead of just manipulating the position of output which Keep in mind, however, that the reset command does not have any effect on the state of the shell (bash), meaning it remains unaltered. What else can “reset” do? There are times when you accidentally try opening an executable file in the terminal window using the cat command. Needless to say, the output produced is all garbage as the file in question is a binary file. That’s not a problem in most cases, as you can press “Ctrl + C” to get your prompt back and move on with your work. But sometimes the operation (displaying the contents of a binary file) could even result in your command line prompt getting corrupt: And anything you write is also displayed as garbage characters. That’s usually because somewhere in the binary data there are some control sequences that are interpreted by the terminal as requests to change the character set used to draw. To restore things back to normal, just run the Note: type the reset command carefully as the characters displayed on the terminal will be garbage until the command is successfully executed. To sum it up, the reset command is your friend-in-need – from actually clearing the terminal screen to fixing the terminal display, it’s usually your last resort. To learn more about the command, I’d encourage you to go through its man page. Image credit: reset

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Neil Armstrong (Conversion to Islam) Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American aviator and a former astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, and United States Naval Aviator. He was the first person ever to set foot on the Moon. - 1 Claim - 2 Analysis - 2.1 Early Evidence - 2.2 Later Evidence - 3 Conclusion - 4 See Also - 5 References Transcript and Audio of Moon Landing The claim states that the Apollo 11 crew members heard "sounds in a strange language they did not understand", and that it was only later in Egypt that Armstrong learned it was the Muslim call to prayer. However, on NASA's official website, nasa.gov, they provide the audio and the transcript of the initial 1969 moon landing, and there is no mention of any of the crew members hearing these unfamiliar sounds. Additionally, before Armstrong and fellow astronaut Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. stepped out of the lunar module, the Apollo 11 crew members observed a moment of silence whilst Aldrin read from the New Testament and administered Communion to himself. The Christian ceremony is described in an article by Aldrin in a 1970 copy of Guideposts magazine: Letter from Armstrong's Administrative Aide In 1983, Vivian White, the administrative aide of Armstrong refuted the allegations in a letter to Phil Parshall, Director Asian Research Center International Christian Fellowship. LEBANON, OHIO 45036 Mr. Phil Parshall Director Asian Research Center International Christian Fellowship 29524 Bobrich Livonia, Michigan 48152 Dear Mr. Parshall: Mr. Armstrong has asked me to reply to your letter and to thank you for the courtesy of your inquiry. The reports of his conversion to Islam and of hearing the voice of Adzan on the moon and elsewhere are all untrue.Several publications in Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries have published these reports without verifi- cation. We apologize for any inconvenience that this incompetent journalism may have caused you. Subsequently, Mr. Armstrong agreed to participate in a telephone interview, reiterating his reaction to these stories. I am enclosing copies of the United States State Department's communications prior to and after that interview. Vivian WhiteAdministrative Aide Letter from State Department A letter from the US State Department rejecting the claim was also attached to the letter from Armstrong's administrative aide. FM SECSTATE WASHD C TO ALL DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR POSTS PRIORITY BI UNCLAS STATE 056309 FOLLOWING REPEAT SENT ACTION ALL EAST ASIAN AND PACIFIC DIPLOMATIC POSTS DTD MAR 02. QUOTE: UNCLAS STATE 056309 E.O. 12356: N/A TAGS: PREL, PGOV, US, ID SUBJECT: ALLEGED CONVERSION OF NEIL ARMSTRONG TO ISLAM REF: JAKARTA 3281 AND 2374 (NOT ..) 1. FORMER ASTRONAUT NEIL ARMSTRONG, NOW IN PRIVATE BUSINESS, HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF PRESS REPORTS IN EGYPT, MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA (AND PERHAPS ELSEWHERE) ALLEGING HIS CONVERSION TO ISLAM DURING HIS LANDING ON THE MOON IN 1969. AS A RESULT OF SUCH REPORTS, ARMSTRONG HAS RECEIVED COMMUNICATIONS FROM INDIVIDUALS AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, AND A FEELER FROM AT LEAST ONE GOVERNMENT, ABOUT HIS POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION IN ISLAMIC ACTIVITIES. 2. WHILE STRESSING HIS STRONG DESIRE NOT TO OFFEND ANYONE OR SHOW DISRESPECT FOR ANY RELIGION, ARMSTRONG HAS ADVISED DEPARTMENT THAT REPORTS OF HIS CONVERSION TO ISLAM ARE INACCURATE.3. IF POST RECEIVE QUERIES ON THIS MATTER, ARMSTRONG REQUESTS THAT THEY POLITELY BUT FIRMLY INFORM QUERYING PARTY THAT HE HAS NOT CONVERTED TO ISLAM AND HAS NO CURRENT PLANS OR DESIRE TO TRAVEL OVERSEAS TO PARTICIPATE IN ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES. Letter in the Journal Arabia In June 1985, the following letter to the editor was printed in the journal Arabia: The Islamic World Review. Arabia is by far the superior newsmagazine regarding what is going on in the Muslim world today. Your reporting is extremely thorough and seeks to be as objective as possible. Your willingness to criticise political policies as well as religious happenings in the Muslim world is refreshing. As an American I would feel your slant on the West is basically fair. It would be most helpful if you would dispel a misconception prevalent in almost all Muslim countries. From Morocco to the Philippines it is commonly believed that Neil Armstrong heard the Azan on the moon, converted to Islam and is now engaged in the full-time propagation of the Muslim faith. The US State Department has issued a memo saying that the story about Armstrong's conversion was untrue. The memo said "While stressing his strong desire not to offend anyone or show disrespect for any religion, Armstrong has advised department that reports of his conversion to Islam are inaccurate." The memo further says, "if post receives queries on this matter, Armstrong requests that they politely but firmly inform querying party that he has not converted to Islam and has no current plans or desires to travel overseas to participate in Islamic religious activities." N.B. The memo was sent to all our diplomatic and consular posts. Dr Phil ParshallDirector, Asian Research Centre Manila, Philippines Armstrong’s Own Words Official 2005 Biography In Armstrong’s official 2005 biography, First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong, he states in his own words that the conversion rumors are false. Global Leadership Forum Q&A Session During the Q&A session at the Global Leadership Forum held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, he again denied converting to Islam or hearing the Muslim call to prayer on the moon. Asked by Malaysian astronaut candidate Zaid Zahari, 32, which he considered to be his greatest achievement – landing on the moon or getting back to Earth safely – Armstrong said it was a “superior moment” when he set foot on the moon. . . . Fatwa Ruling the Conversion as Fabricated We have got used to hearing stories like that which then turn out to false, and it seems that this is a deliberate attempt to shake the faith of the ordinary Muslims, especially since they fabricated this story with some exciting details, that seem to affirm the superiority of this religion over all other religions. So they spread the news that famous people, such as artists, sportsmen and others have become Muslim, and they quote something with the story that affirms the truth of the Messenger and his message, then after a while they hasten to disprove these stories. Perhaps the story about Armstrong becoming a Muslim is of this type, because he is one of the most famous people in the world. Moreover the reason why he supposedly became Muslim – as they say – is that he heard the adhaan (call to prayer) on the Moon then he heard it again in Egypt.If the story of such a famous person becoming Muslim was really true, you would see him calling people to Islam and you would see the scholars and daa’iyahs and the Islamic media meeting him and talking to him, none of which happened in this case. If you compare the story of Armstrong supposedly becoming Muslim with the story of Yusuf Islam (the former Cat Stevens, the famous British singer), you will see the difference between lies and truth, imagination and reality. Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 20880 There is no evidence whatsoever to support the claim that Neil Armstrong converted to Islam, or that he and the other Apollo 11 crew members witnessed anything miraculous while on the moon. Conversely, there is copious amounts of evidence that directly or indirectly prove the entire claim to be a hoax. The evidence against this claim is so strong that there has even been a fatwa issued confirming it as fabricated. Armstrong himself, in his autobiography, denied ever converting to Islam. His administrative aide and the US State Department also denied any truth behind the conversion rumors. He would later, in Malaysia, explicitly deny that there was any truth behind the claim that he also heard the Muslim call to prayer on the moon, and the transcript and audio of the moon landing itself contradict the claim that "strange" sounds or words were ever heard. - Notable Former Muslims - Fake Conversions - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Fake Conversions - Eric M. Jones - One Small Step - NASA, accessed June 6, 2012 - Matthew Cresswell - How Buzz Aldrin's communion on the moon was hushed up - The Guardian, September 13, 2012 - An image of this letter can be viewed here. - Arabia: The Islamic World Review, Issue June 1985/Ramadan 1405, p. 5 - James R. Hansen - First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong - Simon & Schuster, 2005, pp 630-632, ISBN 9780743256315 - Armstrong recalls moon landing - The Star Online (Malaysia), September 7, 2005

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CC-MAIN-2017-47

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A feeling of rough sandpaper as you are licked by your cat is a reminder that its long muscular tongue serves many functions, including grooming. A cat's ability to groom itself is the result of numerous knobs called papillae, on the surface of a cat's tongue. Located at the tongue's center, the papillae form backward facing hooks containing large amounts of keratin, the same material found in human fingernails. These hooks provide the abrasiveness a cat needs for self grooming. The strengh of these hooks also helps a cat hold food or struggle with prey. Although the abrasiveness of a cat's tongue helps it to clean itself and untangle its hair, your help is needed through regular grooming. As you groom your cat, you are removing loose and dead hair. Otherwise a cat may ingest this hair and hair balls can form which can cause vomiting and may cause impaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Long haired cats need daily grooming, short haired cats should be groomed at least once a week.

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This is a the beginning for those who start with the 2x2x2 cube. Here we explain the basic tips: colours, notation, movements... The 2x2x2 cube has just corners, composed of three colours. The standard conguration of colours in a 2x2x2 cube is this: A way to remember it is: Sometimes, some of these colours are replaced: Turn clockwise or anticlockwise? To know that, you have to look in front of the face that is turning. Three types of turns: This movement would be R' in English: Like the faces, there can be clockwise turns (x, y, z), counterclockwise turns (x', y', z') and double turns (x2, y2, z2).

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While talking about your finances might seem overwhelming, it is a topic that once handled can set your mind at ease. Putting foundations in place will help you to take the steps to achieve your financial goals. It is important to take control of your finances, as implementing changes will save you money in the long run. Setting financial goals is vital in achieving the big visions and milestones you have for your life. While these goals can range from short to long term, creating a roadmap of how you get there will help you to progress, navigating your way through the smaller goals to achieve your big vision. It is important to track these as you can tick off achievements as you go, fueling you onto what you can accomplish next. There are three key rules of financial goal setting you should keep in mind, they are: - Is it Measurable, if you can’t measure it how will you know that you are progressing? What do you need to do, how much do you need to save, to reach your end goal? - Is it Realistic, while it is important to dream big, it is important to be realistic when setting your goals, to make sure that they are not unattainable. This makes sure that you can tick off goals, keeping the momentum going to avoid getting disheartened. - Write Your Goals Down, this holds you accountable, gives them life, takes them from ideas to goals. Keeping the three rules in mind, here are a few tips to help you achieve your financial goals. Know Your Goals The first place to start is by sitting down and working out what the goals are that you want to achieve. In order to reach your goals, you must first create and identify them. Figure out what is important to you, putting everything on the table, from the practical and pressing, to the aspirational and futuristic goals. Think about where you want to be in 10 to 20 years and what you want to have along the way. Do you want to start a family, do you want to buy a house, do you want to start up a business or do you want to plan multiple overseas holidays? Perhaps you want to do all of these and more, by writing your goals down, you can work how to achieve them. Putting them into priority and then putting in a plan to accomplish them. Evaluate Your Current Financial Position When evaluating your financial position it is vital to look at your credit report, this contains your credit card score and your credit history. When checking your credit report, you can see if there are any errors on the report. If there are errors, you should fix them immediately. It is also a good idea to look at your debts and see if they can be paid off earlier. Debts often have high interest, looking to get these paid off earlier will give you more money to spend on other things in the long run. To set achievable goals it’s important to do an honest evaluation of your assets, liabilities, incomings and outcomings. This will provide you with an accurate starting point. You will be able to see where you are overspending and where you can save some extra money. Look at your bill providers and see if there is a cheaper option, or if there are any deals where you can consolidate and bundle. Look at the rates and fees that you may occur with your bank, as while these can look small, over years they add up. Choose A Bank That Caters To Your Lifestyle The bank you choose is vital in achieving your financial goals. Your bank should understand your lifestyle and in turn be able to take a unique approach to help you reach your goals. With banks offering a multitude of services that can help you achieve your goals from low-interest rates, to budgeting tools, to specialised savings accounts. It’s important to spend the extra time researching to find the bank that works for your lifestyle and can help you achieve your financial goals. Set A Budget Budgeting is hugely important when mapping out your financial goals. A budget is helping you to monitor is coming in, where it is going and how much you can save. If you set a realistic budget and stick to it you will start to see your savings balance grow immensely. Creating a budget is a great opportunity to reassess your spending habits. Look at what you spend on groceries, entertainment, utilities amongst others. This doesn’t mean that you can’t still go out for dinner and spend time doing activities, it’s just being conscious to not be extravagant so that you can still achieve your long term goals. It’s a great idea to download a tool that will help you with your budgeting, being able to see your whole financial picture in one place can help you to monitor and control your monthly spending. Whether it be a spreadsheet, app or inbuilt on with your bank. There are so many options, find the one that works for you. Monitor and Review Your Financial Plan It is important to remember that your goals can be ever-changing. The goals you may have today can and most likely will change as your financial position changes. You should expect to make adjustments as life changes. Set up a review at intervals that work for you, for most this is yearly. Even if you don’t make changes it is good to check your progress, often you will find that you have achieved more than you realise. Financial planning can be a lengthy process which some people find intimidating and overwhelming. While these tips can help you, it might be worth reaching out to a financial adviser to help you with your financial planning. They can provide an objective view, as well as the expert advice to overcome any issues you might have.

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BY KATIE DUPERE You can find the original article on the Mashable website Inside a hot-pink classroom glowing with sunlight, 20 teen girls sit at refurbished desktop computers, tapping at their keyboards with laser focus. They’re all coding — and it’s a rare scene, considering the gender gap in technology around the world. But there’s something additionally unexpected about this classroom: the teen girls inside live in Afghanistan, where cultural norms have historically blocked girls from school overall, let alone tech-based education. These girls are part of Girls Can Code, an intensive intro-to-coding program in Kabul developed by education-based nonprofit The Womanity Foundation. The global organization started the initiative to help galvanize and empower girls to pursue career opportunities in computer science. While various independent programs do exist in Afghanistan to get girls invested in coding — similar to other efforts around the world — they have never been affiliated with the public school system. Girls Can Code, however, has the Ministry of Education’s stamp of approval. And that, the organization argues, makes a big difference in providing girls with stable opportunities.Ultimately, it further proves that girls can code — even in the most unexpected places. “Nobody in any public school in Afghanistan is teaching any kid to code — not boys, not girls,” Elizabeth Rector, program leader for Girls Can Code, tells Mashable. “So this is brand-new as a school curriculum for public schools.” And it goes beyond coding. The Girls Can Code program also works to connect the girls with mentors and internships, and further educational opportunities in computer science like certificate programs and college courses. Rector says this type of comprehensive support is done with a single hypothesis in mind — that it can be truly transformative. “With this program, we’re trying to determine whether teaching coding skills at a young age can fundamentally change the trajectory of a young girl’s life,” she says. Launched in April 2016 to coincide with the beginning of the Afghan school year, Girls Can Code has been implemented in two of Kabul’s biggest all girls’ schools — Spen Kalai School and Al-Fatah School. Forty girls between the ages of 16 and 18 are enrolled in the pilot program, which runs until the end of the school year in November. The girls in the program were chosen because of their high performance in both math and English language classes. Those skills, Rector says, are essential for success in tackling a challenging coding curriculum. The program runs in addition to the girls’ typical school day — two hours per day, five days per week. One of the participating schools runs its program before the regular school day begins, while the other school runs it after. By the end of the program, the girls will receive a staggering 300 hours of web development-based instruction. “Think about your high school career,” Rector says. “Would you have gone to a coding class for two hours a day, five days a week for an entire school year? That’s a huge commitment. But the girls are really excited.” “We really want to get all 40 students across the line — and that’s not going to be easy to do,” she says. With the Girls Can Code program, the Womanity Foundation hopes to create something that can be scaled and replicated across Afghanistan, as well as other regions where the organization already has a presence, such as India, Israel and Palestine. “If you can prove you can do this effectively for teenage girls in Afghanistan, imagine what we can do in other developing areas,” Antonella Notari Vischer, director of the Womanity Foundation, tells Mashable. “It becomes a great model for women’s empowerment in education.” In 2002, an estimated 900,000 boys attended school in Afghanistan. Women and girls, however, were almost completely excluded from schooling, a precedence that stemmed from Taliban rule of the region in the late ’90s and early 2000s. But thanks to educational development programs in the region post-Taliban rule, more than 8 million students are now enrolled in school in Afghanistan — and that includes more than 2.5 million girls.Even with strides toward broader access to education, schooling opportunities for girls in Afghanistan are still somewhat uncommon. An estimated 1.5 million school-age girls are still not enrolled in classes. According to government figures, there is only a 12 percent literacy rate among women in the region.While girls in major cities like Kabul may be encouraged to pursue educational opportunities, girls in more isolated regions of Afghanistan are often denied access to schooling in favor of providing for their families. The Womanity Foundation has been working to improve the access and quality of girls’ education in the region for nearly a decade. Its work has largely focused on working with local teachers, activists and children to develop an understanding of the needs of girls in the region and the cultural context. That collaboration includes essential feedback on programming, which is what inspired the nonprofit to create a vocational program. “What we began to hear at the beginning of last year was parents and students saying to us, ‘This is extraordinary. We really appreciate the support — but you need to help prepare us for the job market,'” Rector says. “That’s really how we got to Girls Can Code.” But it was practical data that inspired the decision to design the vocational program around coding. Market research consulted by the organization indicated that in the next five to 10 years, when girls would be entering the job market, IT-related jobs would flourish. “We saw the growth in technology jobs in Afghanistan while also hearing parents and students saying [they] need more vocational training,” Vischer says. “The intersection was obvious. One of the programs had to be something in or around technology.” Not only is tech a growing field in the region and around the world, but it also provides girls with job flexibility — which is crucial, given Afghanistan’s cultural context. The organization estimates 85 percent of jobs in IT in Afghanistan are available to women, with the majority of those allowing the flexibility to work at home. That makes a difference when navigating career opportunities as an Afghan woman, since women often aren’t permitted to work in close quarters with men. “In my opinion, home-based jobs are good if they allow you to connect with the outside world,” Vischer says. “And that’s a positive part about IT jobs. They still open a window to the outside world.” Khadija, a 17-year-old student participating in the program, is aware of the limits of the job market for women in Afghanistan. But she hopes the Girls Can Code program will allow her to navigate current barriers successfully. “The security is not good here [for a woman in the workplace],” Khadija tells Mashable via email. “If I know how to design and manage a project using technology, I can work safely from home, earn money and support my family.” From a Western view, one might expect difficulty in implementing a program that serves to empower girls in Afghanistan. In fact, Womanity staff expected a massive challenge in getting the program off the ground. Vischer says the group was prepared for pushback from the Ministry of Education and parents — and even disinterest from the girls themselves. But that pushback hasn’t happened. “There’s an image in the public that Afghanistan severely oppresses women and limits the ambitions women can have,” Vischer says. “It’s not true, and we’d like to deconstruct that. Girls are very ambitious and very eager to enter the job market. And, for the most part, their families are supportive of that. “There’s a bit of resistance, but there is also a lot of support as well,” she adds. To the organization’s surprise, the Afghan Ministry of Education — which acts as a gatekeeper for public school instruction — immediately saw benefits to the program. Rector admits it may have helped that the Womanity Foundation offers schools infrastructure-related perks to support the program. Both of the schools participating in Girls Can Code received new tech from the organization to support the program at no cost, including refurbished computers. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Education approved the initiative after only three meetings with Womanity.Though ministry approval is essential, Rector says another key group had to invest in the project: parents. Though Afghan parents are often characterized as limiting their daughters’ education, Rector says many of the girls’ parents encouraged them to enroll in the first place. That shift — from suppressing education under Taliban rule a mere 15 years ago to championing schooling for girls — is largely due to collaboration between the Afghan government and organizations like Womanity, Rector says. “There’s no way we could have gone in, even with the Ministry’s support, and introduced these programs without having a foundation of trust that Womanity has built over the last nine years in Afghanistan,” she says. Surprisingly, the most challenging part of the program was finding a woman to teach the girls. Since education for girls has, historically, been rare in the region, it was difficult to find someone who fit the hefty instructor requirements.The organization wanted an experienced and determined local coding teacher who spoke English as a second language — and she needed to be a woman. “The instructors had to be female, given the cultural realities,” Rector says. “Could you do it with a man? It’s possible — but there would be a lot more cultural and logistical hurdles to overcome.” Local universities aided in the search, and eventually the organization found 23-year-old Ms. Zakia. “It is important for me to teach something that is so completely new and groundbreaking to the girls, and I find it most rewarding to observe how eagerly they listen, pay attention and ask their questions,” Zakia tells Mashable via email. “They express their happiness and gratitude in taking this class, and I am impressed at how it has boosted their sense of achievement, self-confidence and aspirations.” And Zakia’s philosophy, coupled with the coding curriculum, is working. The girls are spirited and inspired, according to the Womanity Foundation, seeing the potential of coding as a career. In that boldly painted classroom filled with computers and unwavering encouragement, students like 16-year-old Hasena are carving out a path once unimaginable to girls in the region. “Before this class, my favorite field was health and hygiene; I wanted to become a medical doctor,” Hasena tells Mashable.”But now, I have changed my mind. In my higher education, I want to improve the skills that I have learned in this class and join the computer science field.” Editor’s note: The last names of the girls participating in the Girls Can Code program, and the first name of their teacher, have been omitted to protect their identities.

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“Service animal” means: An animal that has been determined necessary to mitigate the effects of a physical or mental disability by a physician, psychologist, physician’s assistant, nurse practitioner or licensed social worker; or An animal individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a physical or mental disability, including, but not limited to, guiding individuals with impaired vision, alerting individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to intruders or sounds, providing reasonable protection or rescue work, pulling a wheelchair or retrieving dropped items; and A dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual or other mental disability. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are not service animals for the purposes of this definition. The work or tasks performed by a service animal must be directly related to the individual’s disability. Examples of such work or tasks include, but are not limited to, assisting an individual who is totally or partially blind with navigation and other tasks, alerting an individual who is deaf or hard of hearing to the presence of people or sounds, providing nonviolent protection or rescue work, pulling a wheelchair, assisting an individual during a seizure, alerting an individual to the presence of allergens, retrieving items such as medicine or a telephone, providing physical support and assistance with balance and stability to an individual with a mobility disability and helping a person with a psychiatric or neurological disability by preventing or interrupting impulsive or destructive behaviors. The crime deterrent effects of an animal’s presence and the provision of emotional support, well-being, comfort or companionship do not constitute work or tasks for the purposes of this definition. Note that § 3961-A, (attack on service dog law) adopts either paragraph of the first definition. Every totally or partially blind or otherwise physically or mentally disabled person has the right to be accompanied by a service dog, especially trained for the purpose. An especially trained service dog trainer, while engaged in the actual training process and activities of service dogs, has the same rights, privileges and responsibilities described in this section with respect to access to and use of public facilities as are applicable to a blind, visually handicapped or otherwise physically or mentally disabled person. Every blind or visually handicapped or otherwise physically or mentally disabled individual who has a service animal, such as a service dog, is entitled to full and equal access to all housing accommodations provided for in this section. Violation by denial or interference with rights is a Class E crime. Violation of this section is a strict liability crime as defined in Title 17-A, section 34, subsection 4-A. A deaf or hard-of-hearing person not using a guide dog in any of the places, accommodations or conveyances listed in section 1420-A has all of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons. The failure of a deaf or hard-of-hearing person to use a guide dog in those places, accommodations or conveyances does not constitute nor is it evidence of contributory negligence. A person who owns or keeps a dog that attacks, injures or kills a service animal while the service animal is in discharge of its duties commits a civil violation for which a forfeiture of not more than $1,000 may be adjudged. When a person is adjudicated of a violation of this section, the court shall order the person to make restitution to the owner of the service animal for any veterinary bills and necessary retraining costs or replacement costs of the service animal if it is disabled or killed The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind or otherwise physically disabled pedestrian who is using a service dog, shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury; any driver who fails to take such precautions is liable in damages for any injury caused the pedestrian. The driver of a vehicle approaching a deaf or hard-of-hearing person using a properly identified guide dog shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to that person and the guide dog. A driver who fails to take such precautions is liable in damages for any injury caused to that person or dog. If a service dog has not been previously registered or licensed by the municipal clerk to whom the application is being made, the clerk may not register the dog nor issue to its owner or keeper a license and tag that identifies the dog as a service dog unless the applicant presents written evidence to the municipal clerk that the dog meets the definition of “service dog.” For the purpose of this subsection “written evidence” means a service dog certification form approved by the department in consultation with the Maine Human Rights Commission. A municipal clerk or a veterinary licensing agent shall issue a license upon application and without payment of a license fee required under this section for a service dog owned or kept by a person with a physical or mental disability. A person who fits a dog with a harness, collar, vest or sign of the type commonly used by blind/disabled person in order to represent that the dog is a service dog when training of the type that guide dogs normally receive has not been provided or when the dog does not meet the definition of “service dog” commits a civil violation for which a fine of not more than $500 may be adjudged. Copyright © 2020 USA Service Dog. All rights reserved.

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Getty Images Image by: Getty Images Could medical marijuana help or hinder your health? Find out the latest research on cannabis. There are few topics more controversial in health circles than medical marijuana. To some, the cannabis plant provides a miracle treatment that can erase pain, ease nausea, reduce seizures and combat a long list of other serious health issues. To others, marijuana is an unproven, risky, illegal substance that can lead to long-term health problems. Until recently, that debate remained largely rhetorical. That's because tight government restrictions and a lack of funding for research—as well as a stigma against marijuana—made studies virtually impossible to conduct in countries like Canada. But now, shifting attitudes are slowly opening the door to more research into how the drug works and what conditions it may be useful in treating. In Canada, several clinical trials have been approved or are underway, and a growing number of experts believe that, within a decade, we will have clear answers about the true benefits—and risks—of medical cannabis. But many Canadians aren't willing to wait for further testing. As medical marijuana becomes more widely accessible, the number of people registered to use it has soared—from just 500 patients in 2001 to nearly 38,000 in 2013, according to Health Canada. And on the sidelines, many more are wondering if the drug might be right for them or one of their loved ones—and how to avoid the potential risks. Here is where the research is headed and what you need to know. How does the system work? Despite numerous anecdotal success stories, the safety of cannabis has not been thoroughly assessed by Health Canada, nor has the drug been approved as a medical treatment. But because of a court ruling, the federal government must provide patients with reasonable access to medical marijuana from a list of licensed producers. So physicians across the country are now the gatekeepers of medical cannabis, despite a lack of clear evidence of how well it works. It's a confusing situation—one that puts both doctors and patients in a challenging position. "There's certainly something within the cannabis plant that has benefits for patients living with various different chronic conditions," says Jason J. McDougall, arthritis and pain researcher at Dalhousie University in Halifax. "I would recommend they consider it and keep an open mind." How does marijuana work as a medicine? The healing power of medical marijuana is believed to lie in compounds found in the plant called cannabinoids. When it comes to marijuana, the two best-known and most widely studied cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabinoids are naturally occurring in the body and send important messages to help regulate and control pleasure, pain, appetite and responses to other stimuli. That's why some people report an improvement in symptoms after smoking marijuana, says M-J Milloy, assistant professor in the department of medicine at The University of British Columbia. What conditions can medical marijuana treat? It remains a thorn in the side of scientists that there have been few reliable cannabis trials. However, according to an analysis of 79 randomized trials, published last June in The Journal of the American Medical Association, there is evidence that suggests cannabis may be an effective treatment for chronic pain and muscle stiffness caused by multiple sclerosis (MS). One 2010 study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal found that people dealing with neuropathic pain from an injury or surgery experienced less pain and were able to sleep better when they took three puffs of cannabis a day. The researchers used a low dose to limit any psychoactive effects of the drug, such as paranoia, impaired memory and hallucinations. They said it's possible higher potencies and flexible dosing strategies could yield different results. But more research is needed to make such conclusions. Dr. David Casarett, a Philadelphia palliative-care physician and the author of Stoned: A Doctor's Case for Medical Marijuana, says that, in addition to relieving pain and muscle problems in MS patients, cannabis also may boost the appetites of cancer and HIV-AIDS patients. Do patients have to smoke it? The way a patient consumes marijuana—smoking it, vaporizing it or eating it in baked goods—usually depends on personal preference and the reason for its use, but smoking and vaporizing bring near-immediate results, says Dr. Casarett. When smoked or vaporized, the drug goes from the lungs to the brain, bypassing the stomach and liver, and the effects are felt in minutes. When eaten, it can take one to two hours before the drug fully takes effect. What conditions need more research? While some people swear that cannabis helps with the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, glaucoma, autism and epilepsy, additional research is required. At UBC, Milloy has conducted research that found that among people recently infected with HIV, those regularly using cannabis had significantly less of the virus in their blood than those who didn't use it frequently or at all. In June of last year, medical marijuana startup National Green Biomed donated $1 million to The University of British Columbia to support Milloy's research. In July, The Arthritis Society revealed that it's funding a three-year animal study, led by McDougall, to see if cannabis-like compounds can help repair damaged nerves and alleviate joint pain. "The treatments that we do have currently available for chronic pain conditions are not 100 percent effective in all patients," says McDougall. "We need to find alternative ways to treat these symptoms, and cannabis could potentially be one way of doing it." And last September, The Globe and Mail reported that an Alberta mother travelled to Ontario to get a medical marijuana prescription for her daughter's severe epilepsy after her own doctor said he could no longer provide it; Sarah Wilkinson said cannabis oil extracted from marijuana is the only thing that stopped her daughter from having up to 100 seizures a day. What about the risks? People who use marijuana recreationally may suffer lung damage due to smoke inhalation, short-term memory loss, addiction and the increased possibility of mental illness. Children and adolescents, whose brains are still developing, are particularly at risk. Several studies have linked the use of marijuana by young people to an increased risk of mental illness, including psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety. It's unclear whether early marijuana use may cause a psychotic disorder or may simply trigger it earlier in those predisposed, but the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse notes the best evidence to date suggests the biggest risks are in those predisposed to mental illness. Does that mean patients who use medical marijuana are at risk of mental illness, too? Researchers still aren't sure. But it's a calculated risk those who turn to the drug for relief are willing to make. Psychedelic drugs may be next Marijuana isn't the only illicit substance stepping out of the shadows. There is growing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline (also known as peyote) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) to treat a range of conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and addiction. Psychedelic drugs can affect mood, thoughts and perception. A group of B.C. researchers recently published a commentary in the Canadian Medical Association Journal urging policymakers to rethink their perceptions of those drugs and to allow more research. The paper notes that a Swiss study published in 2014 found that LSD paired with psychotherapy helped reduce anxiety in terminal cancer patients. And U.S. research has shown that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy may help reduce symptoms of PTSD. However, other experts warn of the risks associated with psychedelic drugs, such as increased heart rate, hallucinations and risk-taking behaviour, and say that research must be approached with caution. Learn about other new developments in Canadian health care. This story was originally titled "Need For Weed?" in the March 2016 issue. Subscribe to Canadian Living today and never miss an issue!

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I made a point of keeping this blog very "technical" and focused on fisheries. But then, fisheries operates in a political and economical context, so once in a while, I like to explore those "macro" topics. The piece below comes from an unlikely setting (The World Economic Forum 2017 Meeting) but is by clever man Johan Rockström, Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre (I wrote about their innovative work recently). Needless to say, I find it really encouranging that this message gets a place in that Forum. I paste his content below, as I’ll never be able to make any justice to their writing :-( I just will format in italics the parts that could have been written is this was about fisheries only Here are five ways the economy is failing people and the planet. The tragedy of the commons Despite recognition by many economists, the economy remains frustratingly locked in the tragedy of the commons. Economic growth comes with unaccounted environmental costs and with it, rising risks of catastrophe. The economy remains unable to internalize real Earth costs. Today, the number one economic threat to humanity is our inability to value nature. This is not only about monetization. Sure, valuing natural capital and ecosystem services is critical. A global price on carbon is necessary. But it is - as science and myriad attempts have shown, not easy and not always possible (particularly to get the right price). So, valuing nature also means that we have to accept leaving the realm of economics. We enter the realm of ethics, inclusiveness and justice. We need to set planetary boundaries for world economic development. This requires political leadership. The markets cannot do it alone. From linear thinking to non-linear reality - why discount rates do not work Science clearly shows that human pressures on the environment follow a resilience path. When environmental resilience is high, change is slow, linear and incremental. Economies can exploit the environment with seemingly no or limited impacts. This is possible when we have abundant biodiversity, redundant atmosphere and glacial capacity to absorb greenhouse gases and pollution. When resilience has been drained following long periods of linear change, the environment can abruptly shift. Tipping points are crossed, triggering large system shifts, often irreversible, potentially catastrophic. When costs for society go from predictable to non-predictable, from manageable to potentially infinitely dangerous, then we can no longer use market based discount rates to assess where it is most cost-effective to place our investments. In essence this means that in a non-linear world - where Earth sends invoices - the conventional economic theory falls apart. Linear economic models do not work on a finite planet Our economic system builds on linear principles focused on throughput, optimization and cost-benefit efficiency. We exploit, create value, and then waste. There is no such thing as a Fourth Industrial Revolution with 9 billion thriving co-citizens in the world, if it is accomplished on linear economic principles. We need a transition to circular economic principles and practice. The current economic model benefits the few at the expense of the many There is an old belief that solving environmental problems can only be achieved by first building enough economic wealth, so we can "afford to save the environment". This "Kuznets Curve" thinking has never been correct and must be abandoned once and for all if we are serious about economic development for a thriving humanity on Earth. The cynical truth is that it is only "thanks" to poverty that we do not have very dangerous climate change already. People in low-income nations are responsible for far less emissions every year. Moreover, economic growth - as shown by Piketty and others, does not trickle down to the poor. An inequity aggravated by the fact that the economic wealth in the world so far is accomplished through unsustainable subsidies from the planet, while the cost for these subsidies are largely taken up by others, in general to poorest communities. Cost-benefit analyses no longer work for natural capital And much less so for the stability and resilience of planet Earth. We are unable in our current economic system to incorporate long-term risk and value. We may, already when transgressing 2C, trigger the irreversible melting of the Greenland ice sheet. Not over decades but over centuries. This would subject future generations to a rise in sea level of 7-metres. Clearly, an unacceptable future. Still, the economy is unable to place any value whatsoever to long-term infinite and existential global risk. Under stable and incremental conditions, a free market economy spurs entrepreneurship, ensures efficiency and generates wealth. Those conditions no longer apply. Global risks are too high, and the benefits of transitioning to global sustainable development are not recognised. We are failing to create the right incentives on the market. Unsustainable behavior still gives the highest returns. Global sustainability is now the only avenue to future inclusive progress that can deliver the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris climate agreement. To succeed, we need to set planetary boundaries to create a safe operating space on Earth for the world economy – that is, confining the Fourth Industrial Revolution within social and environmental boundaries. This is not a way of grinding the revolution to a halt. It is instead a way of spurring deeper innovation and step-changes to a healthy, thriving global economy.

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In Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), the U.S. Supreme Court stated that the Establishment Clause "erect[s] 'a wall of separation between church and State.'" Id. at 16. The Court also held that the Establishment Clause prohibits state laws that "aid one religion [or] aid all religions." Id. at 15. Everson was not the first court case to reference Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists. Reynolds v. United States also cited the letter, but it cited the whole letter instead of taking it out of context and using just eight words. Justice Hugo Black, who was later to write the opinion that banned public school prayer in Engel v. Vitale, wrote this opinion for the Court. In Everson, he allowed New Jersey to provide tax money for children to attend Catholic or private schools, a use of tax money that continues to this day. The statute read: - Whenever in any district there are children living remote from any schoolhouse, the board of education of the district may make rules and contracts for the transportation of such children to and from school ... other than a public school, except such school as is operated for profit in whole or in part. - When any school district provides any transportation for public school children to and from school, transportation from any point in such established school route to any other point in such established school route shall be supplied to school children residing in such school district in going to and from school other than a public school, except such school as is operated for profit in whole or in part. Though the conservative side won, Justice Black's liberal reasoning became the precedent for repeated future rulings against prayer and religion in public life, as in Engel v. Vitale. - ↑ Laws of New Jersey (1941) c. 191.

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Lots of people love apples to eat but you have ever thought why does a cut apple turn brown in colour ? it is because the one Apple is brought to air , due to the oxidation process which goes on inside the Apple as it comes in contact with the air containing oxygen . this brown colour is actually the rest . apples are rich source of iron , which when exposed to air reacts with oxygen forming iron oxides . apples skin protects it from this process . It is also rich source of several minerals . it provides supplement in our body. those people who are suffering from anaemia , they must eat apples as diet because anaemia gets lack of iron i.e lack of blood in our body because blood is made up of iron and protein when we eat apple regularly our brain cell increases . it means our brain becomes Sharpener and smarter due to which our body remains fit always and we never feel laziness . That's why , doctor always recommends if we eat apple regularly we never fall ill .

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Bài giảng Địa chất biển đại cương - Phần 5: Trầm tích biển sâu cung cấp cho các bạn các khái niệm, sơ đồ phân tích trầm tích đáy biển toàn cầu, cơ chế vận chuyển trầm tích biển sâu, cơ chế hình thành trầm tích turbidite và các nội dung khác. Margin deltas are the last ones that were formed in a shelf break zone, when a sea level has slowdown during last time of a forced regression and the beginning of the success transgression. The margin deltas are abruptly thickened in the zone of shelf break, became thinner landward and basinward. Because they were formed in the shelf edge, they have a relatively high sand/clay ratio, prone to turbidite. In the northern part of the Red River basin, during the Miocene the margin deltas had developed eastward from the plot 103, i.e. from the borehole 103-TH-1X, 103-TG-1X and... Sediment tracing is a young and rapidly growing branch of sedimentology. Successful sediment tracing began in the mid 1950’s with the advent of radioactive and fluorescent-marking techniques. Although still in infancy, modern tracing techniques clearly offer the means for delineating the dynamics of many different This particular sediment-tracing study was begun in 1959 during the writer’s graduate studies under Dr. K. 0. Emery at the University of Southern California. Due to the interest and encouragement of Dr.

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