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Q454 | what causes destruction of the ozone layer | Ozone depletion | CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). | 00
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Q454 | what causes destruction of the ozone layer | Ozone depletion | Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere , observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane . | 00
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Q454 | what causes destruction of the ozone layer | Ozone depletion | It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer , cataracts , damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion. | 00
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Q456 | what does it mean to form a more perfect union | Preamble to the United States Constitution | The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. | 00
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Q456 | what does it mean to form a more perfect union | Preamble to the United States Constitution | It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve as it pertains to all of the people of the United States. | 00
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Q456 | what does it mean to form a more perfect union | Preamble to the United States Constitution | As the phrase, "we the people" suggests that the new government originates from the people of the United States and it sets into motion a question as it pertains to that vast population concerning the individual rights and equality among all people; this can be seen most broadly in the divide between republicanism and social democracy . | 00
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Q458 | how do i measure the shot put throw | Shot put | Czechoslovakian shot putter Plihan at the 1957 East German Indoor Athletics Championships | 00
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Q458 | how do i measure the shot put throw | Shot put | The shot put (pronounced ) is a track and field event involving "throwing"/"putting" (throwing in a pushing motion) a heavy spherical object —the shot—as far as possible. | 00
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Q458 | how do i measure the shot put throw | Shot put | The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, women's competition began in 1948. | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | Map of the United Nations (UN) member states, with their territories (including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in blue | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | There are United Nations (UN) member states, and each of them is a member of the United Nations General Assembly . | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | The criteria for admission of new members are set out in the United Nations Charter , Chapter II , Article 4: | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council's fifteen members, with none of the five permanent members voting against . | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | The Security Council's recommendation must then be subsequently approved in the General Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote. | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, and currently all UN members are sovereign states (although a few members were not sovereign when they joined the UN). | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | Because a state can only be admitted to the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, a number of states that may be considered sovereign states according to the Montevideo Convention criteria are not members because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or opposition from certain members. | 00
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Q459 | what countries belong with the united nations | Member states of the United Nations | In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states (currently two: the Holy See and Palestine ), intergovernmental organizations , and other international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty are not precisely defined, to become observers at the General Assembly , allowing them to participate and speak, but not vote, in General Assembly meetings. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The Eiffel Tower (, ) is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris , named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair , it has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 7.1 million people ascended it in 2011. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The third level observatory's upper platform is at the highest accessible to public in the European Union and the highest in Europe as long as the platform of the Ostankino Tower , at , remains closed as a result of the fire of August 2000. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The tower stands tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | Because of the addition, in 1957, of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | Not including broadcast antennas , it is the second-tallest structure in France , after the Millau Viaduct . | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The tower has three levels for visitors. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift (elevator), to the first and second levels. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The walk from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The third and highest level is accessible only by lift—stairs do exist but are usually closed to the public. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The first and second levels have restaurants. | 00
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Q460 | what color is the eiffel tower | Eiffel Tower | The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | Kenneth Wayne "Ken" Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is an American game show contestant and author. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | Jennings is noted for holding the record for the longest winning streak on the U.S. syndicated game show Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | and as being the all-time leading money winner on American game shows . | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | In 2004, Jennings won 74 Jeopardy! | 11
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | games before he was defeated by challenger Nancy Zerg on his 75th appearance. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | His total earnings on Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | are $3,172,700, consisting of $2,520,700 over his 74 wins, a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance, a $500,000 second-place prize in the Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | Ultimate Tournament of Champions, as well as half of a $300,000 prize in the IBM Challenge. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | During his first run of Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | appearances, Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | His total was surpassed by Brad Rutter , who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | Ultimate Tournament of Champions (first aired on May 25, 2005), adding $2,000,000 to Rutter's existing Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | winnings. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows, culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | (first aired on October 10, 2008), though Rutter retains the Jeopardy! | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | record. | 00
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Q464 | How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win? | Ken Jennings | After his success on Jeopardy!, Jennings wrote about his experience and explored American trivia history and culture in his book Brainiac: Adventures in the Curious, Competitive, Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs, published in 2006. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The Canadian Football League or CFL (' [LCF] in French) is a professional sports league located in Canada. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football , a form of gridiron football closely related to American football . | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | Its eight current teams, which are located in eight separate cities, are divided into two divisions of four teams each — the East Division and the West Division . | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The league's 19-week regular season runs from late June to early November; each team plays 18 games with one bye week . | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | Following the regular season, the three teams with the best records in their division (except if the fourth place team in one division has a better record than the third place team in the other division, when the team with the better record makes the playoffs and "crosses over" to the other division's playoff) compete in the league's three-week divisional playoffs , which culminate in the late-November Grey Cup championship, the country's largest annual sports and television event. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The CFL was officially founded on January 19, 1958, making it the second oldest gridiron football league in North America still in operation, although all its teams long predate the modern formation of the league. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | It is the highest level of play in Canadian football, the most popular football league in Canada, and the second-most popular major sports league in Canada, after the National Hockey League . | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | Although ice hockey is Canada's most popular sport, the CFL has increased the popularity of Canadian football in Quebec and Western Canada. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | Canadian football is also played at amateur levels (i.e. youth, high school, CJFL , QJFL , CIS and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League ). | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The 2010s will be a significant decade for the CFL in terms of growth, as teams have renovated, expanded stadiums, or plan to build entirely new stadiums. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The Montreal Alouettes accomplished this first, adding 5,000 seats to Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in time for the 2010 CFL season . | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The Edmonton Eskimos and Calgary Stampeders also renovated their respective stadiums and facilities for the 2010 season. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | In 2011 , the BC Lions played under a new, retractable roof in BC Place after spending one and a half seasons at Empire Field . | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | Then the Winnipeg Blue Bombers will play in an entirely new stadium at the University of Manitoba , scheduled to open in time for the 2013 season. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | The Hamilton Tiger-Cats , Saskatchewan Roughriders and the new Ottawa franchise are also looking at new or extensively-renovated stadiums in the following years. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | There are also hopes of expanding the league to Atlantic Canada (ideally basing a team in either the more populated Halifax , or the more centralized Moncton ), as 2010 and 2011 had regular season games hosted in Moncton. | 00
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Q465 | how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league | Canadian Football League | According to sports historian Douglas Brei , the Canadian Football League holds the distinction of being the only professional sports league in North America, major or minor league, in which each existing franchise has won at least one league title while in their current location. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Each antibody binds to a specific antigen ; an interaction similar to a lock and key. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses . | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen . | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system . | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Antibodies are secreted by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell . | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane -bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | The BCR is only found on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells , or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily ; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains . | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | This region is known as the hypervariable region. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. | 00
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Q466 | what antibodies are produced in large quantities | Antibody | This allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system. | 00
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Q468 | what county is jennings, la | Jennings, Louisiana | Jennings is a small city in and the parish seat of Jefferson Davis Parish , Louisiana , United States , near Lake Charles . | 11
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Q468 | what county is jennings, la | Jennings, Louisiana | The population was 10,383 at the 2010 census , a small decline from the 2000 tabulation. | 00
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Q468 | what county is jennings, la | Jennings, Louisiana | The city is 68 percent white. | 00
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Q468 | what county is jennings, la | Jennings, Louisiana | Jennings is the principal city of the Jennings Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Jefferson Davis Parish. | 00
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Q468 | what county is jennings, la | Jennings, Louisiana | It is also part of the larger Lake Charles-Jennings Combined Statistical Area . | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology . | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative , which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers . | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given size threshold. | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. | 00
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Q469 | how does nanotechnology affect health | Nanotechnology | Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. | 00
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