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Q454
what causes destruction of the ozone layer
Ozone depletion
CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
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Q454
what causes destruction of the ozone layer
Ozone depletion
Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere , observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane .
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Q454
what causes destruction of the ozone layer
Ozone depletion
It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer , cataracts , damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion.
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Q456
what does it mean to form a more perfect union
Preamble to the United States Constitution
The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles.
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Q456
what does it mean to form a more perfect union
Preamble to the United States Constitution
It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve as it pertains to all of the people of the United States.
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Q456
what does it mean to form a more perfect union
Preamble to the United States Constitution
As the phrase, "we the people" suggests that the new government originates from the people of the United States and it sets into motion a question as it pertains to that vast population concerning the individual rights and equality among all people; this can be seen most broadly in the divide between republicanism and social democracy .
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Q458
how do i measure the shot put throw
Shot put
Czechoslovakian shot putter Plihan at the 1957 East German Indoor Athletics Championships
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Q458
how do i measure the shot put throw
Shot put
The shot put (pronounced ) is a track and field event involving "throwing"/"putting" (throwing in a pushing motion) a heavy spherical object —the shot—as far as possible.
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Q458
how do i measure the shot put throw
Shot put
The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, women's competition began in 1948.
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
Map of the United Nations (UN) member states, with their territories (including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in blue
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
There are United Nations (UN) member states, and each of them is a member of the United Nations General Assembly .
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
The criteria for admission of new members are set out in the United Nations Charter , Chapter II , Article 4:
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council's fifteen members, with none of the five permanent members voting against .
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
The Security Council's recommendation must then be subsequently approved in the General Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote.
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, and currently all UN members are sovereign states (although a few members were not sovereign when they joined the UN).
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
Because a state can only be admitted to the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, a number of states that may be considered sovereign states according to the Montevideo Convention criteria are not members because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or opposition from certain members.
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Q459
what countries belong with the united nations
Member states of the United Nations
In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states (currently two: the Holy See and Palestine ), intergovernmental organizations , and other international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty are not precisely defined, to become observers at the General Assembly , allowing them to participate and speak, but not vote, in General Assembly meetings.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (, ) is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris , named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair , it has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 7.1 million people ascended it in 2011.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The third level observatory's upper platform is at the highest accessible to public in the European Union and the highest in Europe as long as the platform of the Ostankino Tower , at , remains closed as a result of the fire of August 2000.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The tower stands tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
Because of the addition, in 1957, of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
Not including broadcast antennas , it is the second-tallest structure in France , after the Millau Viaduct .
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The tower has three levels for visitors.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift (elevator), to the first and second levels.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The walk from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The third and highest level is accessible only by lift—stairs do exist but are usually closed to the public.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The first and second levels have restaurants.
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Q460
what color is the eiffel tower
Eiffel Tower
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
Kenneth Wayne "Ken" Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is an American game show contestant and author.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
Jennings is noted for holding the record for the longest winning streak on the U.S. syndicated game show Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
and as being the all-time leading money winner on American game shows .
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
In 2004, Jennings won 74 Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
games before he was defeated by challenger Nancy Zerg on his 75th appearance.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
His total earnings on Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
are $3,172,700, consisting of $2,520,700 over his 74 wins, a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance, a $500,000 second-place prize in the Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
Ultimate Tournament of Champions, as well as half of a $300,000 prize in the IBM Challenge.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
During his first run of Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
appearances, Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
His total was surpassed by Brad Rutter , who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
Ultimate Tournament of Champions (first aired on May 25, 2005), adding $2,000,000 to Rutter's existing Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
winnings.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows, culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
(first aired on October 10, 2008), though Rutter retains the Jeopardy!
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
record.
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Q464
How many consecutive games did Ken Jennings win?
Ken Jennings
After his success on Jeopardy!, Jennings wrote about his experience and explored American trivia history and culture in his book Brainiac: Adventures in the Curious, Competitive, Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs, published in 2006.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The Canadian Football League or CFL (' [LCF] in French) is a professional sports league located in Canada.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football , a form of gridiron football closely related to American football .
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
Its eight current teams, which are located in eight separate cities, are divided into two divisions of four teams each — the East Division and the West Division .
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The league's 19-week regular season runs from late June to early November; each team plays 18 games with one bye week .
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
Following the regular season, the three teams with the best records in their division (except if the fourth place team in one division has a better record than the third place team in the other division, when the team with the better record makes the playoffs and "crosses over" to the other division's playoff) compete in the league's three-week divisional playoffs , which culminate in the late-November Grey Cup championship, the country's largest annual sports and television event.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The CFL was officially founded on January 19, 1958, making it the second oldest gridiron football league in North America still in operation, although all its teams long predate the modern formation of the league.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
It is the highest level of play in Canadian football, the most popular football league in Canada, and the second-most popular major sports league in Canada, after the National Hockey League .
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
Although ice hockey is Canada's most popular sport, the CFL has increased the popularity of Canadian football in Quebec and Western Canada.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
Canadian football is also played at amateur levels (i.e. youth, high school, CJFL , QJFL , CIS and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League ).
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The 2010s will be a significant decade for the CFL in terms of growth, as teams have renovated, expanded stadiums, or plan to build entirely new stadiums.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The Montreal Alouettes accomplished this first, adding 5,000 seats to Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in time for the 2010 CFL season .
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The Edmonton Eskimos and Calgary Stampeders also renovated their respective stadiums and facilities for the 2010 season.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
In 2011 , the BC Lions played under a new, retractable roof in BC Place after spending one and a half seasons at Empire Field .
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
Then the Winnipeg Blue Bombers will play in an entirely new stadium at the University of Manitoba , scheduled to open in time for the 2013 season.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
The Hamilton Tiger-Cats , Saskatchewan Roughriders and the new Ottawa franchise are also looking at new or extensively-renovated stadiums in the following years.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
There are also hopes of expanding the league to Atlantic Canada (ideally basing a team in either the more populated Halifax , or the more centralized Moncton ), as 2010 and 2011 had regular season games hosted in Moncton.
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Q465
how old do you need to be to play professional football in the canadian league
Canadian Football League
According to sports historian Douglas Brei , the Canadian Football League holds the distinction of being the only professional sports league in North America, major or minor league, in which each existing franchise has won at least one league title while in their current location.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen ; an interaction similar to a lock and key.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses .
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen .
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival).
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system .
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Antibodies are secreted by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell .
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane -bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR).
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
The BCR is only found on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells , or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily ; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains .
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
This region is known as the hypervariable region.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region.
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Q466
what antibodies are produced in large quantities
Antibody
This allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system.
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Q468
what county is jennings, la
Jennings, Louisiana
Jennings is a small city in and the parish seat of Jefferson Davis Parish , Louisiana , United States , near Lake Charles .
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Q468
what county is jennings, la
Jennings, Louisiana
The population was 10,383 at the 2010 census , a small decline from the 2000 tabulation.
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Q468
what county is jennings, la
Jennings, Louisiana
The city is 68 percent white.
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Q468
what county is jennings, la
Jennings, Louisiana
Jennings is the principal city of the Jennings Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Jefferson Davis Parish.
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Q468
what county is jennings, la
Jennings, Louisiana
It is also part of the larger Lake Charles-Jennings Combined Statistical Area .
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology .
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative , which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers .
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given size threshold.
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research.
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Q469
how does nanotechnology affect health
Nanotechnology
Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars.
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